[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 244 (Thursday, December 21, 2023)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 88290-88294]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-27938]
[[Page 88290]]
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DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Employment and Training Administration
20 CFR Part 656
RIN 1205-AC16
Labor Certification for Permanent Employment of Foreign Workers
in the United States; Modernizing Schedule A To Include Consideration
of Additional Occupations in Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (STEM) and Non-STEM Occupations
AGENCY: Employment and Training Administration, Department of Labor.
ACTION: Request for information.
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SUMMARY: The Department of Labor's (Department or DOL) Employment and
Training Administration (ETA) is considering revisions to Schedule A of
the permanent labor certification process to include occupations in
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) and other non-
STEM occupations and invites employers and other interested parties to
comment on this Request for Information (RFI). ETA's Office of Foreign
Labor Certification developed this RFI and is publishing it for comment
so that the public may provide input, including data, statistical
metrics or models, studies, and other relevant information, on how the
Department may establish a reliable, objective, and transparent
methodology for revising Schedule A to include STEM and other non-STEM
occupations that are experiencing labor shortages, consistent with
requirements of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). The
Department wants to ensure that it is striking an appropriate balance
between the need to provide U.S. workers notice of available permanent
job opportunities and the opportunity to apply for those job
opportunities, and, where insufficient U.S. workers are available to
satisfy an employer's need for permanent labor, the need to provide
employers access to foreign labor through effective administration of
the permanent labor certification program. Information received from
the public will help inform decisions regarding whether or how to
improve Schedule A and ensure that its purpose in responding to
national labor shortages is more effectively met.
DATES: Submit written comments on or before February 20, 2024.
ADDRESSES: You may submit written comments electronically by the
following method:
Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov.
Follow the instructions on the website for submitting comments.
Instructions: Include the docket number ETA-2023-0006 in
your comments. All comments received will be posted without change to
https://www.regulations.gov. Please do not include any personally
identifiable or confidential business information you do not want
publicly disclosed.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For further information, contact Brian
Pasternak, Administrator, Office of Foreign Labor Certification,
Employment and Training Administration, Department of Labor, 200
Constitution Avenue NW, N-5311, Washington, DC 20210; Telephone (202)
513-7350 (this is not a toll-free number). For persons with a hearing
or speech disability who need assistance to use the telephone system,
please dial 711 to access telecommunications relay services.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Legal Framework
Section 212(a)(5)(A) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(5)(A), deems
inadmissible certain foreign nationals who seek to enter the United
States for purposes of employment, unless the Secretary of Labor first
certifies that: (1) there are insufficient U.S. workers at the place
where the foreign worker would be employed who are able, willing,
qualified and available for the job the foreign worker seeks; and (2)
employment of the foreign worker would not adversely affect the wages
and working conditions of U.S. workers in similar jobs.\1\
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\1\ See also 20 CFR 656.1 and 656.2.
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In an effort to address the workforce needs of employers at a time
when the U.S. economy was rapidly expanding, the Department first
established a mechanism in the mid-1960s by regulation for pre-
certifying job vacancies of occupations for which U.S. workers were in
short supply nationwide, which became known as Schedule A of the
permanent labor certification program.\2\ Schedule A is set forth in
the Department's permanent labor certification regulations at 20 CFR
656.5 and enumerates a list of occupations for which the Department has
predetermined that the statutory requirements have been met. The
occupations currently listed in Schedule A are divided into two groups.
Group I consists of physical therapists and professional nurses; Group
II consists of occupations that require foreign workers to possess
exceptional ability in the sciences, arts, or performing arts.\3\ An
employer seeking to hire foreign nationals in shortage occupations on
Schedule A is able to forego the need to test the labor market normally
required under the Department's process for permanent labor
certification, is able to bypass filing an application for permanent
employment certification with the Department, and instead files an
uncertified application for permanent employment certification directly
with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) at the time the
employer files its immigrant visa petition, or Immigrant Petition for
Alien Workers, Form I-140.\4\
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\2\ See 30 FR 14979 (Dec. 3, 1965) (publishing initial Schedule
A).
\3\ See 20 CFR 656.5(b) and 656.15(d); see also See Final Rule,
Labor Certification Process for the Permanent Employment of Aliens
in the United States, 42 FR 3440 (Jan. 18, 1977), available at
https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/OALJ/PUBLIC/INA/REFERENCES/FEDERAL_REGISTER/42_FED._REG._3440_(JAN._18,_1977).PDF (establishing
the initial framework for Group II).
\4\ See 8 CFR 204.5(k)(4)(i); 8 CFR 204.5(l)(3)(i); see also 20
CFR 656.15.
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II. Background
Schedule A was proposed in 1965 by the Secretary of Labor via
rulemaking modifying then 29 CFR 60.2: ``Certification and
noncertification schedules. (a) Determination. To reduce the delay in
processing an alien's request for visa, the determination has been made
by the Secretary of Labor pursuant to section 212(a)(14) that: (1) For
the categories of employment described in Schedule A and in the
geographic areas therein set forth, there are not sufficient workers
who are able, willing, qualified, and available for employment in such
categories, and the employment of aliens in such categories and in such
areas will not adversely affect the wages and working conditions of
workers in the United States similarly employed.'' \5\ Historically,
the post-1965 permanent labor certification program, by design, relied
on labor market statistics compiled by state employment service
offices. The Department used that information as the basis for Schedule
A. In the 1960s and 1970s, Schedule A was the product of an extensive
process of economic and labor market analysis of employment demand and
supply by the Department. Schedule A occupations were later identified
through the application of multiple factors, including unemployment
rates; occupational
[[Page 88291]]
projections; evidence submitted by trade associations, employers and
organized labor; and technical reviews by Federal and State staff with
expertise in these areas.\6\ The occupational listings in the Schedule
were reviewed and modified at regular intervals to reflect changing
economic and labor market conditions and to prevent adverse effects on
the wages or working conditions of U.S. workers. Schedule A has been
revised eight times, the last time in 2004.\7\ The most recent
revisions to Schedule A listings in 2004 only added foreign workers of
exceptional ability in the performing arts to Group II; the other
revision in 2004 was procedural and clarified the professional
qualifications for eligible nurses under Schedule A.\8\ Some comments
requesting the expansion of Schedule A listings in 2004 were rejected
because the suggestions exceeded the scope of the proposal.
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\5\ Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, Availability of and Adverse
Effect Upon American Workers, 30 FR 14494, 14494 (Nov. 19, 1965),
available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1965-11-19/pdf/FR-1965-11-19.pdf.
\6\ See Proposed Rule, Labor Certification Process for the
Permanent Employment of Aliens in the United States; Labor Market
Information Pilot Program, 58 FR 15242, 15242 (Mar. 19, 1993),
available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1993-03-19/pdf/FR-1993-03-19.pdf.
\7\ See, e.g., 31 FR 16412 (Dec. 23, 1966), 33 FR 12808 (Sept.
10, 1968), 36 FR 2462 (Feb. 4, 1971), 42 FR 3440 (Jan. 18, 1977), 45
FR 83933 (Dec. 19, 1980), 52 FR 20593 (June 2, 1987), 56 FR 54920
(Oct. 23, 1991), and 69 FR 77326 (Dec. 27, 2004).
\8\ 69 FR 77326, 77333.
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In part because Schedule A has not been comprehensively examined or
modified in approximately three decades, and in part because Schedule A
by definition allows employers to bypass filing an application for a
labor certification, the Department does not have comprehensive data on
how employers utilize Schedule A and the types of work performed
thereunder.
In order to help gather evidence about how to determine whether to
expand or alter Schedule A, the Department is seeking information from
the public that will help inform this decision. In this RFI, the
Department provides an overview of key research, data, and trends
related to STEM occupations. We also welcome comments from the public
on non-STEM occupations, including those that may be related to but not
traditionally considered STEM occupations as well as those that are
outside of the STEM arena but nonetheless may also face labor
shortages.
Anecdotal evidence and industry research suggest that economic and
labor market conditions have changed for certain industries and
occupations that rely on foreign workers and various visa programs,
especially in the area of STEM occupations, including occupations in
the field of artificial intelligence (AI).\9\ In particular, jobs in
the STEM fields often require a bachelor's degree or higher, leaving
few opportunities for workers younger than 25 who do not have a
bachelor's degree.\10\ As a result, in 2021, workers between the ages
of 16 and 24 made up 12.7 percent of total employment across all
occupations but only 6.8 percent of all STEM workers in the United
States.\11\ STEM opportunities for young workers without a college
degree do exist, but they mostly fall in technician occupations.
Technician jobs are an important part of meeting future demand, but
they do not address the demand for jobs which require a Bachelor's
degree or higher. For instance, workers in that age group accounted for
21.8 percent of all life, physical and social science technicians in
the United States. A smaller percentage of younger workers held STEM
jobs as life scientists (4 percent) or social scientists (2.1
percent).\12\ Within the various technician-related occupations
approximately 15 percent of workers in this age group were employed as
agricultural and food science technicians, biological technicians or
chemical technicians with another 8 percent serving as environmental
science and geoscience technicians.\13\ Under several Administrations,
efforts have been and are presently being made at various levels, as a
result of federal government, state government, and industry and non-
profit initiatives, to attract and train young workers as technicians
in STEM fields, such as through Registered Apprenticeship programs
provided by the Department's Apprenticeship USA program and nonprofit
organizations and by community colleges.\14\
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\9\ On October 30, 2023, President Joseph R. Biden Jr. issued
the Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development
and Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI E.O.), which defines AI at
section 3(b). E.O. 14110, 88 FR 75191, 75193 (Nov. 1, 2023),
available at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence.
\10\ See Laughlin, L. et al., Who Are the STEM Workers Under Age
25?: Technician Is A Common Job Among Young STEM Workers, U.S.
Census Bureau (Nov. 22, 2022), available at https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/11/stem-workers-under-age-25.html.
\11\ See id.
\12\ See id.
\13\ See id.
\14\ See, e.g., Daniel Kuh, Ian Heckler and Alphonse Simeon,
Registered Apprenticeship in Science and Engineering (May 2019),
available at https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/100390/registered_apprenticeship_in_science_and_engineering.pdf, and
U.S. Department of Labor, Apprenticeship USA, available at https://www.apprenticeship.gov/events/diversity-stem-session-iv-innovation-today-and-tomorrow.
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While ETA is familiar with the BLS's Occupational Employment Wage
Statistics (OEWS) data and Employment Projections data,\15\ as well as
the U.S. Census Bureau's (Census Bureau) American Community Survey
(ACS) data and Current Population Survey (CPS) data, these data sources
alone do not appear to be sufficient for determining appropriate
revisions to Schedule A. None of the datasets of OEWS, CPS, and ACS or
projections is designed to identify potential labor shortages, as
identifying such shortages requires knowing about labor demand, labor
supply, and how they interact. However, employment surveys or
projections cannot indicate unmet demand because they only record the
demand that has been met.\16\
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\15\ A complete list of OEWS occupations included in the STEM
definition by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) is available at
https://www.bls.gov/oes/stem_list.xlsx; however, different studies,
research, and sources referenced herein might construe the
definition of a STEM occupation more narrowly or more broadly than
BLS. See, e.g., Bureau of Labor Statistics, Standard Occupational
Classification, About 2018 SOC System, Options for Defining STEM
Occupations Under the 2018 SOC, Attachments B and C, available at
https://www.bls.gov/soc/Attachment_B_STEM_2018.pdf and https://www.bls.gov/soc/Attachment_C_STEM_2018.pdf.
\16\ See Ass'n of Science and Technology Centers, U.S. Federal
Agencies and STEM Engagement, available at https://www.astc.org/impact-initiatives/advocacy/federal-agencies/.
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Over the last decade, the federal government has taken steps toward
diversifying the pipeline of STEM talent in the United States,
primarily supporting STEM education opportunities for historically
underrepresented groups in these fields.\17\ According to the U.S.
Government Accountability Office,\18\ the America Creating
Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology,
Education, and Science Act (COMPETES Act) was passed with the overall
goal of increasing federal investment in scientific research to improve
U.S. economic competitiveness and increased support for education in
STEM fields.\19\ The COMPETES Act was signed into law on August 9,
2007. The COMPETES Act authorized various
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programs at the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Departments
of Energy, Commerce, and Education intended to strengthen STEM
education and research in the United States. Since its inception, the
COMPETES Act has been reauthorized numerous times as various
organizations have discovered that the United States's competitiveness
in STEM education has deteriorated relative to advances by other
countries. The most recent reauthorization, which took place in 2022,
added several provisions to strengthen and expand the U.S. STEM
workforce and ensure that it more accurately reflects the diversity of
the nation.\20\
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\17\ See U.S. Gov't Accountability Office, Diversifying the
Pipeline of STEM Talent (Jun. 18, 2018), available at https://
www.gao.gov/blog/2018/06/19/diversifying-the-pipeline-of-stem-
talent#:~:text=Over%20the%20last%20decade%2C%20the%20federal%20govern
ment%20has,opportunities%20for%20historically%20underrepresented%20gr
oups%20in%20these%20fields.
\18\ See U.S. Gov't Accountability Office, America COMPETES Act:
It Is Too Early to Evaluate Programs Long-Term Effectiveness, but
Agencies Could Improve Reporting of High-Risk, High-Reward Research
Priorities (Oct. 7, 2010), available at https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-11-127r.
\19\ See 42 U.S.C. 6621.
\20\ See id.; see also Public Law 111-358, title I, sec. 101,
124 Stat. 3984 (Jan. 4, 2011), Public Law 114-329, title III, sec.
304 (Jan. 6, 2017); and Public Law 117-167, div. B, title V, sec.
10522(e) (Aug. 9, 2022).
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The Department notes that various articles and studies have been
written and conducted outlining reasons why there has been a STEM
shortage in the United States including: a lack of interest in STEM
occupations, a STEM branding problem with younger generations, and
employers' lack of access to foreign talent.\21\
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\21\ See, e.g., Weiner, B., Why the U.S. Has a STEM Shortage and
How We Fix it (Part 1), Recruiting Daily (Nov. 6, 2018), available
at https://recruitingdaily.com/why-the-u-s-has-a-stem-shortage-and-how-we-fix-it-part-1/ and Pagllieri, G., STEM Hiring Trends in 2022:
What Employers Need to Know, Randstad (Feb. 8, 2022), available at
https://www.randstadusa.com/business/business-insights/future-workplace-trends/stem-hiring-trends-2022-what-employers-need-to/.
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Executive Order 13806, published in 2017, directs the Secretary of
Defense to conduct a government-wide risk analysis of manufacturing and
the defense industrial base and propose recommendations to improve
economic and national security.\22\ In 2021, the U.S. Department of
Defense (DOD) assessed the macroeconomic forces affecting the U.S.
industrial base in response to Executive Order 13806 and outlined
several problems, included diminishing STEM education.\23\ DOD found
that the United States is graduating fewer students with STEM degrees
as a percentage of population compared to China and that the United
States no longer has the most STEM graduates worldwide, as it is being
rapidly outpaced by China.\24\ The report also noted that, as of 2017,
American students made up approximately 21 percent of the computer
science student body and 19 percent of electrical engineering majors
among the nation's universities. In support of the DOD's conclusion
that STEM-focused sectors are struggling to attract and retain top-tier
technical talent from the United States,\25\ data from the National
Science Board (NSB) reveals that more than one-half of all graduates of
engineering, computer science, and mathematics doctoral programs at
U.S. universities are foreign-born, as universities are turning to
foreign students to address a shortfall of U.S. candidates for those
programs.\26\ Many of these foreign-born, U.S.-educated and trained
students entering the U.S. workforce have become U.S. permanent
residents or U.S. citizens, leading the NSB to conclude that
``immigration represents a key component to building the capacity of
the U.S. STEM workforce.'' \27\
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\22\ Assessing and Strengthening the Manufacturing and Defense
Industrial Base and Supply Chain Resiliency of the United States, 82
FR 34597 (Jul. 21, 2017), available at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/07/26/2017-15860/assessing-and-strengthening-the-manufacturing-and-defense-industrial-base-and-supply-chain.
\23\ See Fiscal Year 2020 Industrial Capabilities Report, Dept.
of Defense (January 14, 2021), p. 13, available at https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2472854/dod-releases-industrial-capabilities-report/.
\24\ Id. at p. 102. See also id. at p. 15 (``Ultimately, the
most important asset [the U.S.] defense industrial base possesses
isn't machines or facilities, but people. America needs an ambitious
effort, like the Eisenhower National Defense Education Act, to
support education and training for manufacturing skills required to
meet DoD and wider U.S. requirements. As the Industrial Capabilities
Report notes, while China has four times the U.S. population, it has
eight times as many STEM grads, while Russia has almost four times
more engineers than the United States. [The United States has] lost
ground also in many equally important touch labor industrial skills
sets.'')
\25\ Id. at pp. 86 (``Promising STEM and trade-skill oriented
personnel are leaving the sector industry for other occupations.
Individuals with these skills are becoming harder to recruit and
retain due to barriers of pay, location, and cyclical sector
demand.'') and 113 (``In keeping with priorities articulated by
executives, workforce-related efforts undertaken by the U.S.
Services due to the coronavirus pandemic focused on retaining rather
than growing or enhancing the industrial workforce.'')
\26\ See The STEM Workforce of Today: Scientists, Engineers, and
Skilled Technical Workers, National Science Board (Aug. 31, 2021),
at p. 72, available at https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20212/assets/nsb20212.pdf.
\27\ Id. at p. 9.
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Subsequently, a non-profit organization, produced an analysis of
data from the Census Bureau stating that foreign-born STEM workers have
made important contributions to the U.S. economy in terms of
productivity and innovation.\28\ Its research found that, as the demand
for STEM workers continues to increase, foreign-born STEM workers will
likely continue to complement the U.S. workers and play a key role in
U.S. productivity and innovation.\29\
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\28\ See Fact Sheet, Foreign-Born Workers in the United States,
American Immigration Council (Jun. 14, 2022), available at https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/foreign-born-stem-workers-united-states.
\29\ Id. (citing microdata from the U.S. Census Bureau's 2000,
2010, and 2019 American Community Surveys).
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At the same time that the U.S. has shown greater reliance on
foreign workers and foreign-born U.S.-educated workers, the U.S. is
undergoing significant demographic changes indicating that the U.S.
faces many challenges in supplying its own domestic STEM workforce. In
2017, a scientific journal determined that the U.S. had seen
significant demographic trends with an aging STEM workforce that saw a
decline in scientists ages 35 to 53 and a rise in scientists older than
53 between 1993 and 2010.\30\ The report points out that during the
same time period the average age of the scientific workforce increased
from 45.1 to 48.6, whereas the average age of the general workforce
only increased from 42.2 to 45.4, indicating that the STEM workforce is
both older and is aging more rapidly.\31\ Private sector studies have
found that, as the ``baby boomer'' generation moves into retirement,
millennials \32\ will compose the largest share of the labor market.
Millennials, however, are not showing an increased tendency to major in
high-demand areas of STEM fields despite a higher proportion of this
population choosing to attend college.\33\ These studies suggest that
younger generations trail older generations in choosing STEM majors,
except for computer and information services, instead
disproportionately choosing to major in business, health professions,
and visual and performing arts compared to older generations.\34\
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\30\ See Blau, David M. and Weinberg, Bruce A., Why the U.S.
Science and Engineering Workforce Is Again Rapidly, Proceedings of
the Nat'l Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (Apr.
11, 2017), pp. 3379-84, available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5393244/pdf/pnas.201611748.pdf (citing data from the
1993-2010 Surveys of Doctorate Recipients of the National Science
Foundation, available at https://nsf.gov/statistics/srvydoctoratework/).
\31\ Id. at p. 3380.
\32\ See Dimock, M., Defining Where Millennials End and
Generation Z Begins, Pew Research Center (Jan. 17, 2019), available
at https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/17/where-millennials-end-and-generation-z-begins/.
\33\ See Deloitte Insights, Issues By the Numbers, A New
Understanding of Millennials: Generational Differences Reexamined,
Deloitte Univ. Press (Oct. 2015), p. 2, available at https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/articles/understanding-millennials-generational-differences/DUP1276_Millennials_report_MASTER_101615.pdf.
\34\ Id. at p. 4.
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According to BLS data of job openings, hires, separations, and
total employment in the United States, employment growth is projected
to slow
[[Page 88293]]
over the next decade because of slowing population growth and changing
demographics. The data outlined that the labor force participation rate
for those ages 65 years and older is expected to increase to 23.3
percent in 2028, up from 19.6 percent in 2018 due to lack of sufficient
retirement savings and employer-provided health insurance and
employers' increased willingness to hire and retain older workers who
may have institutional knowledge that is not easily replaceable, while
the labor force participation of those ages 16-24 is expected to
decline during that same period.\35\
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\35\ See Dubina, Kevin S. et al., Projections Overview and
Highlights, 2018-2028, Bureau of Labor Statistics Monthly Labor
Review (Oct. 2019), available at https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2019/article/projections-overview-and-highlights-2018-28.htm#top.
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These trends are also more pronounced for certain demographics. For
example, additional analysis finds women are underrepresented in STEM
careers and are being hindered in STEM by social barriers, like gender
stereotypes and lack of representation, and discouragement.\36\
According to a management consulting firm, the next wave of efficiency
gains in global manufacturing will be driven by digitalization and big
data on the shop floor, which will require more skilled workers with
STEM knowledge, problem solving skills, and programming
familiarity.\37\ Additionally, the Census Bureau states that women make
up approximately 47 percent of the American workforce but only 30
percent work in manufacturing. Among ways the manufacturing industry
has been attracting more women are attempts to reduce the gender gap is
by encouraging girls to study STEM subjects at a young age.\38\
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\36\ See Meyer B. and Daugherty, J., Paving the Way to Gender
Equity Through STEM Education, U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation
(Mar. 3, 2021), available at https://www.uschamberfoundation.org/blog/post/paving-way-gender-equity-through-stem-education.
\37\ See Kautzsch, T. and Chien A., Bringing Manufacturing Jobs
Back to the US?, Oliver Wyman, available at https://www.oliverwyman.com/our-expertise/insights/2017/nov/perspectives-on-manufacturing-industries-vol-12/manufacturing-in-a-changing-world/bringing-manufacturing-jobs-back-to-the-US.html.
\38\ See Dowell, Earlene K.P., Manufacturing Opens More Doors to
Women, U.S. Census Bureau (Oct. 3, 2022), available at https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/10/more-women-in-manufacturing-jobs.html.
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Furthermore, there remain significant racial disparities in the
technical workforce among women.\39\ Recent surveys have shown that
Black and Hispanic U.S. workers are vastly underrepresented in the STEM
workforce.\40\ According to an August 31, 2021, NSB report females with
their highest degree in science and engineering (S&E) tend to work
proportionately less in S&E occupations compared to men. Among women in
S&E there are also tremendous disparities, with 45 percent of Asian
women with such degrees working in STEM, compared to 24 percent, 22
percent, and 15 percent respectively for white, Hispanic or Latino, and
Black women.\41\ The U.S. Chamber of Commerce noted that the NSF
implemented a strategy to address these issues through a newly funded
Community College Presidents' Initiative in STEM Education by
introducing STEM programs at the earliest stages of post-secondary STEM
education as community colleges serve the most diverse student body in
higher education and serve as a gateway to further higher
education.\42\
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\39\ See Boggs G., et al., Addressing the STEM Workforce
Shortage, U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation (Oct. 17, 2022),
available at https://www.uschamberfoundation.org/blog/post/addressing-stem-workforce-shortage (``Women are underrepresented in
several STEM occupations, particularly in computer jobs and
engineering. The racial and gender inequalities have significant
income implications. Even among workers with similar education, STEM
workers earn significantly more. At a time when we need to address
STEM labor shortages, we cannot afford to leave segments of our
population behind.'' (citing data from The Skilled Technical
Workforce: Creating America's Science and Engineering Enterprise,
National Science Board (Sept. 3, 2019), available at https://www.nsf.gov/nsb/publications/2019/nsb201923.pdf).
\40\ See Funk C. and Parker, K., Women and Men in STEM Often at
Odds Over Workplace Equity, Pew Research Center (Jan. 18, 2019), p.
24, available at https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2018/01/PS_2018.01.09_STEM_FINAL.pdf.
(``Blacks make up 11% of the U.S. workforce overall but represent 9%
of STEM workers, while Hispanics comprise 16% of the U.S. workforce
but only 7% of all STEM workers. And among employed adults with a
bachelor's degree or higher, Blacks are just 7% and Hispanics are 6%
of the STEM workforce.'')
\41\ See The STEM Workforce of Today: Scientists, Engineers, and
Skilled Technical Workers, National Science Board (Aug. 31, 2021),
p. 69, Intersectionality In Stem, available at https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20212/participation-of-demographic-groups-in-stem (``Female S&E highest degree holders tend to work
proportionately less in S&E occupations (26%) compared to men (45%)
(Figure LBR-30; Table SLBR-32). However, the extent to which women
with their highest degree in an S&E field worked in S&E occupations
varied by race or ethnicity. Among women with their highest degree
in an S&E field, Asian women worked proportionately more in S&E
occupations (45%) compared to White (24%), Hispanic or Latino (22%),
other races or ethnicities (21%), and Black or African American
women (15%) (Figure LBR-30).'')
\42\ See Community College Presidents' Initiative in STEM
Education, Resources, available at https://www.ccpi-stem.org/resources/ and Sdavkovich V. et al., Have You Heard About the
Community College Presidents' Initiative in STEM?, HigherEdJobs (May
31, 2022), available at https://www.higheredjobs.com/articles/articleDisplay.cfm?ID=3065 (citing Fast Facts 2022, American
Association of Community Colleges (May 11, 2022), available at
https://www.aacc.nche.edu/research-trends/fast-facts/ (``51 percent
of community college students taking college credit classes are
students of color.''))
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Not only is the United States facing headwinds in developing enough
U.S.-born students pursuing STEM careers to replace those entering
retirement, but broader market trends also suggest that the need for
STEM workers will increase in future years. The growth rate of
employment in STEM fields is projected to expand significantly--
specifically, by 10.8 percent through 2032, compared to 2.8 percent for
all occupations.\43\ Although growth in STEM occupations is led by
substantial increases in mathematical science occupations (29.2
percent) and computer occupations (14.2 percent), the expected growth
for every major STEM occupational classification is expected to exceed
the growth for all occupations.\44\
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\43\ See Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections:
Employment in STEM Occupations, Table 1.7, Occupational Projections,
2022-32, and Worker Characteristics, 2022 (Numbers in Thousands),
available at https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm, and Table 1.11, Employment in
STEM Occupations, 2022 and Projected 2032 (Sept. 6, 2023), available
at https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/stem-employment.htm.
\44\ Id. at Table 1.7. (In addition to those two occupations,
BLS projects increases as well for physical scientists (5.3%), STEM
post-secondary teachers (6.8%), life scientists (7.1%), and
engineers (6.9%), all of which exceed the 2.8% average growth across
all occupations.)
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However, the NSB, in its analysis of the U.S. STEM labor force,
argued that new scientific and technological advancements and
discoveries, such as quantum technologies, space exploration, and
medical vaccines, are ``rapidly changing the world of work and, as a
result, continue to challenge the traditional framework used to define
the STEM labor force in the United States.'' \45\ The basis of this
report introduced a limited analysis of the skilled technical workforce
(STW)
[[Page 88294]]
which included occupations that require a high level of knowledge in a
technical domain but did not require a bachelor's degree.\46\ As a
result, the NSB suggested to broaden the definition of STEM to include
workers without a bachelor's degree who are employed in S&E, S&E-
related, and non-STEM middle-skill occupations.\47\ The NSB also argued
that building a STEM workforce demanded expanding the definition of
STEM to include middle-skill occupations, such as construction,
extraction, and production, pointing out that the 2019 ACS survey that
finds nearly 20 million STEM workers without a bachelor's degree worked
in middle-skill occupations.\48\ Furthermore, others have argued that
the COVID-19 outbreak has resulted in shortfalls of STEM workers and
suggested that immigration can alleviate those shortages.\49\ Upon
review of BLS' Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS),
reflecting the number of yearly job openings measured as an annual mean
to monthly job openings, one organization argued that the shortfalls of
STEM workers has been building continuously since 2020 and cannot be
solved through the domestic workforce.\50\
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\45\ See supra note 26, at pp. 7 (``As such, the STEM workforce
described in this report includes occupations that have historically
been known to require STEM skills and expertise (e.g., life
sciences, physical sciences, engineering, mathematics and computer
sciences, social sciences, and health care) as well as occupations
that are not typically considered STEM fields but that do, in fact,
require STEM skills (e.g., installation, maintenance and repair,
construction trades, and production occupations))'' and 11; see also
supra note 10. Non-STEM occupations primarily include occupations in
management (excluding S&E and S&E-related managers, industrial
production managers, and farmers, ranchers, and agricultural
managers), sales (excluding sales engineers), transportation and
material moving (excluding transportation inspectors and pumping
station operators), office and administrative support, and education
and training. See Table SLBR-1 for a full list of non-STEM
occupations.
\46\ Id.
\47\ Id.; see also Employed Adults in STEM and Non-STEM
Occupations, by Broad and Detailed Occupation: 2019, available at
https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20212/data/table/SLBR-1#.
\48\ Compare supra note 26, at p. 11, with supra note 43 (noting
BLS employment projections rank construction as the industry sector
with the third highest projected growth over the next 10 years
behind health care and education services). See also U.S. Census
Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS), available at https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs.
\49\ See Esterline, C., The Case for Updating Schedule A,
Niskanen Center (Oct. 2022), available at https://www.niskanencenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PolicyBriefTHE-CASE-FOR-UPDATING-SCHEDULE-A.pdf (highlighting specific benefits of
using Schedule A during COVID pandemic); see, e.g., Peri G. and
Zaiour, R., Labor Shortages and the Immigration Shortfall, Econofact
(Jan. 11, 2022), available at https://econofact.org/labor-shortages-and-the-immigration-shortfall and Kenan Institute of Private
Enterprise, Why America Needs High Skill Immigrants, Kenan Insight
(Jul. 22, 2020), available at https://kenaninstitute.unc.edu/kenan-insight/why-america-needs-high-skilled-immigrants/ (discussing need
for expanding immigration during the COVID pandemic).
\50\ See Esterline, supra note 49, at pp. 3 (``According to
BLS's JOLTS, from 2011 to 2021 the number of job openings increased
on average 12 percent per year accounting for the downturn seen in
early 2020. Further data from BLS's JOLTS points that in August 2022
approximately 6 million Americans were unemployed, yet job openings
in the same month exceeded 10 million.'') and 8 (``While much can
and should be done to improve STEM education in the United States or
to increase the matching potential between American skills and
interests and current job openings, the statistics still show that
this alone will likely not be enough.'').
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In evaluating the utility of expanding Schedule A to include STEM
occupations, the Department invites the public to provide input on the
appropriate data sources and methods for determining whether labor
shortages exist, whether Schedule A should be used to alleviate any
labor shortages in STEM occupations should it be determined from these
data sources and methods that such shortages exist, and if so, how the
Department could establish a reliable, objective, and transparent
methodology for identifying STEM occupations that are experiencing
labor shortages. Additionally, the Department invites the public to
provide input on whether to limit examination of STEM only to those
OEWS occupations used in most of the recent BLS publications,\51\ or
whether the STEM occupations should be expanded to include additional
occupations that cover STW occupations, and whether it is justifiable
to find for each such occupation that there are not and will not be
sufficient U.S. workers ready, willing, able and qualified to perform
positions in those occupations nationwide, considering significant
government and private sector investment in STEM education and research
to enhance STEM labor market participation among U.S. workers generally
and among underrepresented groups specifically. Similarly, the
Department encourages the public to provide input as to whether there
are non-STEM occupations which should be added to Schedule A and, if
such occupations exist, to provide the data sources and methods of
determining such shortages exist. This input will assist the Department
in fulfilling its obligation under the INA to ensure the employment of
foreign workers will not adversely affect the wages and working
conditions of U.S. workers. Information received from the public will
help inform decisions regarding whether or how to improve Schedule A
and ensure that its purpose in responding to national labor shortages
is more effectively met.
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\51\ Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and
Wage Statistics (Feb. 4, 2022), available at https://www.bls.gov/oes/topics.htm#stem.
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The Department invites general comments and suggestions concerning:
(A) whether any STEM occupations should be added to Schedule A, and
why; and
(B) defining and determining which occupations should be considered
as falling under the umbrella of STEM, and why.
The Department is also specifically seeking input on the questions
listed below.\52\ To the extent possible and wherever appropriate,
responses to this RFI should indicate the question number(s) and
include specific information, data, statistical models and metrics, and
any resources relied on in reaching conclusions for its claims, rather
than relying on general observations.
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\52\ The Department's issuance of this RFI and the input sought
in this request are consistent with the AI E.O., which directed the
Secretary of Labor, within 45 days of issuance the AI E.O., to
publish a RFI soliciting public input to identify AI and other STEM-
related occupations, as well as additional occupations across the
economy, for which there is an insufficient number of ready,
willing, able, and qualified U.S. workers for purposes of updating
Schedule A. See AI E.O., supra note 9, at Sec. 5(e).
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Accordingly, the Department invites the public to answer one or
more of the following questions in their submissions:
1. Besides the OEWS, ACS, and CPS, what other appropriate sources
of data are available that can be used to determine or forecast
potential labor shortages for STEM occupations by occupation and
geographic area?
2. What methods are available that can be used alone, or in
conjunction with other methods, to measure presence and severity of
labor shortages for STEM occupations by occupation and geographic area?
3. How could the Department establish a reliable, objective, and
transparent methodology for identifying STEM occupations with
significant shortages of workers that should be added to Schedule A?
4. Should the STEM occupations potentially added to Schedule A be
limited to those OEWS occupations used in most of the recent BLS
publications, or should the STEM occupations be expanded to include
additional occupations that cover STW occupations?
5. Beyond the parameters discussed for STW occupations, should the
Department expand Schedule A to include other non-STEM occupations? If
so, what should the Department consider to establish a reliable,
objective, and transparent methodology for identifying non-STEM
occupations with a significant shortage of workers that should be added
to or removed from Schedule A?
Brent Parton,
Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Employment and Training,
Labor.
[FR Doc. 2023-27938 Filed 12-20-23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4510-FP-P