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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Drug Trafficking</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Weapons</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mandatory Minimum Sentencing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Controlled Substances</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sentencing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Gun Control</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
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              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Narcotics Includes Regulation and Prohibition of Alcohol</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>2010-002-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Defendant</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Pennsylvania Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseSource>
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              <chiefJustice>John G. Roberts, Jr.</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>2010-10-04</dateArgument>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Ruth Bader Ginsburg</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John G. Roberts, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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         <titleInfo>
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              <topic>Civil Actions</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights Act of 1871</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Municipal Liability</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
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              <topic>Declaratory Judgment</topic>
              <topic>Civil Liability</topic>
              <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Policy or Custom Requirement</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
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                   <topic>Crimes Against Children</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Policy or Custom Requirement</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>2010-003-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="California">County government or county governmental unit, except school district</petitioner>
              <respondent>Parent or parents</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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              <dateArgument>2010-10-05</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts (42 U.S.C. �� 1983)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Stephen G. Breyer</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John G. Roberts, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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         <titleInfo>
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         <subject>
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              <topic>Patents and Copyrights: Copyright</topic>
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                   <topic>Intellectual Property Law</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Patents and Copyrights: Copyright</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>2010-004-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Wholesale trade</petitioner>
              <respondent>Shipper, including importer and exporter</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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                   <legalProvisions>No Legal Provision</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <majority>4</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Madison County v. Oneida Indian Nation, 562 U.S. 42 (2011)</title>
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         <subject>
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              <topic>Tax Administration and Collection</topic>
              <topic>Native American Law</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Tribal Sovereign Immunity</topic>
              <topic>Native Peoples</topic>
              <topic>Sovereign Immunity</topic>
              <topic>Property</topic>
              <topic>Indians (Other than Pertains to State Jurisdiction Over)</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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                   <topic>Property Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Lien Foreclosures</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Sovereign Immunity</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Indians (Other than Pertains to State Jurisdiction Over)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>2010-005-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="New York">County government or county governmental unit, except school district</petitioner>
              <respondent>Indian, including Indian tribe or nation</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New York Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>John G. Roberts, Jr.</chiefJustice>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>No Legal Provision</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>No Legal Provision</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>John G. Roberts, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Mayo Foundation v. United States, 562 U.S. 44 (2011)</title>
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              <topic>Tax Administration and Collection</topic>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>Income Tax</topic>
              <topic>Federal Insurance Contributions Act (F.I.C.A.)</topic>
              <topic>Chevron Deference</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Social Security</topic>
              <topic>U.S. Department of the Treasury (D.O.T.)</topic>
              <topic>Withholding Tax</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation of Gifts, Personal, Business, or Professional Expenses</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
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                   <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedures</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Administration and Collection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal Insurance Contributions Act (F.I.C.A.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Chevron Deference</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal Taxation of Gifts, Personal, Business, or Professional Expenses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>2010-006-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Hospital, medical center</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of the Treasury</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Minnesota U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>John G. Roberts, Jr.</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>2010-11-08</dateArgument>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Social Security, as amended, including Social Security Disability Benefits Reform Act</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John G. Roberts, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John G. Roberts, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Ransom v. FIA Card Services, 562 U.S. 61 (2011)</title>
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              <topic>United States Bankruptcy Code</topic>
              <topic>Means Testing</topic>
              <topic>Banks and Financial Institutions</topic>
              <topic>Means Test</topic>
              <topic>Ownership Costs</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005</topic>
              <topic>Internal Revenue Service (I.R.S.)</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy Law</topic>
              <topic>Operating Costs</topic>
              <topic>Vehicle Ownership</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy (Except in the Context of Priority of Federal Fiscal Claims)</topic>
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                   <topic>Finance and Financial Sector</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Chapter 13</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Disposable Income</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Means Test</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Ownership Costs</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Internal Revenue Service (I.R.S.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Bankruptcy Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Operating Costs</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Vehicle Ownership</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Bankruptcy (Except in the Context of Priority of Federal Fiscal Claims)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>2010-007-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Debtor</petitioner>
              <respondent>Creditor, including institution appearing as such, e.g., a finance company</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
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              <topic>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (N.A.S.A.)</topic>
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              <docketId>2010-010-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</petitioner>
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                   <writer>Samuel A. Alito, Jr.</writer>
                                        
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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              <topic>Unlawful Employment Practice</topic>
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              <docketId>2010-014-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</petitioner>
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                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John G. Roberts, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
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              <docketId>2010-013-01</docketId>
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                   <writer>Ruth Bader Ginsburg</writer>
                                        
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              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Sonia Sotomayor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John G. Roberts, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
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              <topic>Civil Liability</topic>
              <topic>Child Health</topic>
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              <docketId>2010-015-01</docketId>
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                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John G. Roberts, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
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              <docketId>2010-016-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Railroad</petitioner>
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                   <writer>Elena Kagan</writer>
                                        
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              <docketId>2010-017-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="California">State</petitioner>
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                   <writer>Ruth Bader Ginsburg</writer>
                                        
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                   <writer>Stephen G. Breyer</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John G. Roberts, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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              <topic>Ongoing Emergency</topic>
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              <topic>Confrontation Clause</topic>
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              <topic>Nontestimonial Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Crawford V. Washington</topic>
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              <topic>Davis V. Washington</topic>
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                   <writer>Sonia Sotomayor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John G. Roberts, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
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                   <writer>John G. Roberts, Jr.</writer>
                                        
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                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
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                   <writer>Samuel A. Alito, Jr.</writer>
                                        
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              <topic>Torts</topic>
              <topic>Westboro Baptist Church</topic>
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              <docketId>2010-023-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Father</petitioner>
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              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Maryland U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <writer>John G. Roberts, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John G. Roberts, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Downward Variance</topic>
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              <docketId>2010-024-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Defendant</petitioner>
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                   <writer>Sonia Sotomayor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John G. Roberts, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
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              <title>Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521 (2011)</title>
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              <topic>Federal Court Subject Matter Jurisdiction</topic>
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              <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
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              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
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              <docketId>2010-027-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Prisoner, inmate of penal institution</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Texas">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</respondent>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>Ruth Bader Ginsburg</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John G. Roberts, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
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              <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
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              <topic>Sentencing</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Sex Offenses</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Collateral Attack</topic>
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                   <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>2010-025-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Rhode Island">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person convicted of crime</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Rhode Island U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Samuel A. Alito, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John G. Roberts, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
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              <topic>Personnel Records</topic>
              <topic>Weapons</topic>
              <topic>Armed Forces</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Information Act (F.O.I.A.)</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Information Act and Related Federal or State Statutes or Regulations</topic>
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              <docketId>2010-026-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Protester, demonstrator, picketer or pamphleteer (non-employment related), or nonindigent loiterer</petitioner>
              <respondent>Secretary or administrative unit of the U.S. Navy</respondent>
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                   <writer>Elena Kagan</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John G. Roberts, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
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              <topic>Batson V. Kentucky</topic>
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                   <topic>Sex Offenses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Batson V. Kentucky</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of (A.E.D.P.A.)</topic>
                                    
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              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Desegregation (Other than as Pertains to School Desegregation, Employment Discrimination, and Affirmative Action)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>2010-028-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="California">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person convicted of crime</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>John G. Roberts, Jr.</chiefJustice>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>28 U.S.C. �� 2241-2255 (habeas corpus)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <decisionType>Per curiam (no oral argument)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <assigner>John G. Roberts, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
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