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              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1997-03-03</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1996</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>520 U.S. 17</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Patent Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Intellectual Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Corporations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Claim Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Doctrine of Equivalents</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Product Development and Innovation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Intellectual Property Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Infringement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Patent Prosecution</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Patents</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Patents and Copyrights: Patent</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-033-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Manufacturer</petitioner>
              <respondent>Manufacturer</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Ohio Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1996-10-15</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
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              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Clarence Thomas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Arizonans for Official English v. Arizona, 520 U.S. 43 (1997)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Pullman Abstention</topic>
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              <topic>Arizona</topic>
              <topic>Government</topic>
              <topic>Federal Courts</topic>
              <topic>Case or Controversy</topic>
              <topic>Language</topic>
              <topic>Officials and Employees</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
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                   <topic>Certification</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Mootness (Cf. Standing to Sue: Live Dispute)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-034-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Arizona">Governmental employee or job applicant</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Arizona">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Arizona U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1996-12-04</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
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              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Ruth Bader Ginsburg</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Adams v. Robertson, 520 U.S. 83 (1997)</title>
              <partNumber>520 U.S. 83</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-520/USREPORTS-520-83</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Dismissal</topic>
              <topic>Health Insurance</topic>
              <topic>Alabama</topic>
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              <topic>No Merits: Writ Improvidently Granted</topic>
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                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Dismissal</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Health Insurance</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Alabama</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>No Merits: Writ Improvidently Granted</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-035-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Buyer, purchaser</petitioner>
              <respondent>Insurance company, or surety</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Alabama">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Alabama">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1997-01-14</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Other</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Writ Improvidently Granted</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Per curiam (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Petition denied or appeal dismissed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Commissioner v. Estate of Hubert, 520 U.S. 93 (1997)</title>
              <partNumber>520 U.S. 93</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-520/USREPORTS-520-93</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">520 U.S. 93 (1997)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">520 U.S. 93</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1dec73759</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Trusts and Estates</topic>
              <topic>Charitable Deductions</topic>
              <topic>Estate Tax</topic>
              <topic>Widows and Widowers</topic>
              <topic>Tax Administration and Collection</topic>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>Administration Expenses</topic>
              <topic>Dollar-For-Dollar Deduction</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Marital Deductions</topic>
              <topic>Tax Deficiency</topic>
              <topic>Death and Dying</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation of Gifts, Personal, Business, or Professional Expenses</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
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              <courtTerm>1996</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>520 U.S. 93</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Trusts and Estates</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Charitable Deductions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Estate Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Widows and Widowers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Administration and Collection</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Administration Expenses</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Marital Deductions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Deficiency</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Death and Dying</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation of Gifts, Personal, Business, or Professional Expenses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-036-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Taxpayer or executor of taxpayer&apos;s estate, federal only</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Tax Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1996-11-12</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Internal Revenue Code and pre-IRC revenue acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Judgment of the Court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Young v. Harper, 520 U.S. 143 (1997)</title>
              <partNumber>520 U.S. 143</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-520/USREPORTS-520-143</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">520 U.S. 143 (1997)</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Prisoners&apos; Rights</topic>
              <topic>Conditional Release</topic>
              <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Preparole</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Probation and Parole</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Oklahoma</topic>
              <topic>Overcrowding</topic>
              <topic>Due Process: Prisoners&apos; Rights and Defendants&apos; Rights</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
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              <courtTerm>1996</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>520 U.S. 143</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Prisoners&apos; Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Conditional Release</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Preparole</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Oklahoma</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Overcrowding</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Due Process: Prisoners&apos; Rights and Defendants&apos; Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-037-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Probationer, or parolee</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Oklahoma">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Oklahoma Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1996-12-09</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Clarence Thomas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154 (1997)</title>
              <partNumber>520 U.S. 154</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
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              <topic>Standing</topic>
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              <topic>Environmental Law</topic>
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              <topic>Citizen Suits</topic>
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              <topic>Zone of Interests</topic>
              <topic>Civil Actions</topic>
              <topic>Endangered Species Act</topic>
              <topic>Standing to Sue: Statutory Standing</topic>
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              <decisionDate>1997-03-19</decisionDate>
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                   <topic>Environmental Protection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Standing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Endangered Species</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Environmental Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Biological Opinion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Citizen Suits</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Zone of Interests</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Actions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Endangered Species Act</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Standing to Sue: Statutory Standing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-038-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Oregon">Local governmental unit other than a county, city, town, township, village, or borough</petitioner>
              <respondent>Department or Secretary of the Interior</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Oregon U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1996-11-13</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Article III, Section 2, Paragraph 1 (case or controversy requirement)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC, 520 U.S. 180 (1997)</title>
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              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
              <topic>News Media and Reporting</topic>
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              <topic>Television and Film</topic>
              <topic>Must-Carry Provisions</topic>
              <topic>Government Interests</topic>
              <topic>Federal Communications Commission (F.C.C.)</topic>
              <topic>Communications</topic>
              <topic>Carriage</topic>
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              <docketId>1996-039-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Cable TV</petitioner>
              <respondent>Federal Communications Commission (including a predecessor, Federal Radio Commission)</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>District Of Columbia U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>District Of Columbia U.S. District Court</caseSource>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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              <title>United States v. Lanier, 520 U.S. 259 (1997)</title>
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              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Sex Offenses</topic>
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                   <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Assault</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1996-040-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
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              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Tennessee Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>David H. Souter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Young v. Fordice, 520 U.S. 273 (1997)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Voter Registration</topic>
              <topic>Preclearance</topic>
              <topic>Elections and Politics</topic>
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              <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
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              <topic>Mississippi</topic>
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                   <topic>Voter Registration</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Elections and Politics</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Voting Rights Act of 1965, Plus Amendments</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-041-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Voter, prospective voter, elector, or a nonelective official seeking reapportionment or redistricting of legislative districts (POL)</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Mississippi">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
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              <caseSource>Mississippi Southern U.S. District Court</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Voting Rights Act of 1965, plus amendments</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Stephen G. Breyer</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Lambert v. Wicklund, 520 U.S. 292 (1997)</title>
              <partNumber>520 U.S. 292</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Abortion</topic>
              <topic>Best Interest</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Health</topic>
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                   <topic>Parental Notice of Abortion Act</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Abortion</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Abortion: Including Contraceptives</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Privacy</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1996-042-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Montana">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</petitioner>
              <respondent>Juvenile</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Montana U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Other reason</certReason>
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              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Per curiam (no oral argument)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>In re Vey, 520 U.S. 303 (1997)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Repetitious Filings</topic>
              <topic>Conviction</topic>
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              <topic>Docketing Fees</topic>
              <topic>In Forma Pauperis</topic>
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                   <topic>Repetitious Filings</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Conviction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Docketing Fees</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>In Forma Pauperis</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Indigents: U.S. Supreme Court Docketing Fee</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1996-043-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Indigent defendant</petitioner>
              <respondent state="United States">State or U.S. Supreme Court</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
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                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Supreme Court Rules</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Petition denied or appeal dismissed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Chandler v. Miller, 520 U.S. 305 (1997)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Searches</topic>
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                   <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fourth Amendment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Privacy (Cf. Libel, Comity: Privacy)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Privacy</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-044-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Political candidate, activist, committee, party, party member, organization, or elected official</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Georgia">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Georgia Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1997-01-14</dateArgument>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourth Amendment</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>State or territorial law, reg, or const provision unconstitutional</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Ruth Bader Ginsburg</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John Paul Stevens</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Blessing v. Freestone, 520 U.S. 329 (1997)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Social Welfare</topic>
              <topic>Substantial Compliance</topic>
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              <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
              <topic>Arizona</topic>
              <topic>Families</topic>
              <topic>Child Support</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
              <topic>Public Assistance</topic>
              <topic>Social Security</topic>
              <topic>Family Law</topic>
              <topic>Social Security Act</topic>
              <topic>Standing to Sue: Private or Implied Cause of Action</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
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                   <topic>Standing to Sue: Private or Implied Cause of Action</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-045-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Arizona">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</petitioner>
              <respondent>Mother</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Arizona U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Aid to Families with Dependent Children provisions of the Social Security Act, plus amendments</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party, 520 U.S. 351 (1997)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Association</topic>
              <topic>Elections and Politics</topic>
              <topic>Minnesota</topic>
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              <topic>Election Law</topic>
              <topic>Ballots</topic>
              <topic>Antifusion Laws</topic>
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              <topic>Ballot Access (Of Candidates and Political Parties)</topic>
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              <decisionDate>1997-04-28</decisionDate>
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              <usCitation>520 U.S. 351</usCitation>
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                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Ballot Access (Of Candidates and Political Parties)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-046-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Minnesota">County government or county governmental unit, except school district</petitioner>
              <respondent>Political candidate, activist, committee, party, party member, organization, or elected official</respondent>
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                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Richards v. Wisconsin, 520 U.S. 385 (1997)</title>
              <partNumber>520 U.S. 385</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-520/USREPORTS-520-385</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1dec73835</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Madison</topic>
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              <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
              <topic>Possession</topic>
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              <topic>Controlled Substances</topic>
              <topic>Suppression</topic>
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              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Fourth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Search and Seizure (Other than as Pertains to Vehicles or Crime Control Act)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
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              <decisionDate>1997-04-28</decisionDate>
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              <usCitation>520 U.S. 385</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Madison</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Search and Seizure (Other than as Pertains to Vehicles or Crime Control Act)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1996-047-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Wisconsin">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Wisconsin">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Wisconsin">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourth Amendment</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Board of Com&apos;rs of Bryan Cty. v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397 (1997)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-520/USREPORTS-520-397</identifier>
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              <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
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              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Officials and Employees</topic>
              <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights Act</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
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                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Officials and Employees</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-048-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Oklahoma">County government or county governmental unit, except school district</petitioner>
              <respondent>Physically injured person, including wrongful death, who is not an employee</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Texas Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts (42 U.S.C. �� 1983)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Strate v. A-1 Contractors, 520 U.S. 438 (1997)</title>
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              <topic>Federal Indian and Tribal Law</topic>
              <topic>North Dakota</topic>
              <topic>Tribal Courts</topic>
              <topic>Right-of-Way</topic>
              <topic>Torts</topic>
              <topic>Indigenous Peoples</topic>
              <topic>Personal Injury Actions</topic>
              <topic>Fort Berthold Indian Reservation</topic>
              <topic>Native Americans</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Tribal Jurisdiction</topic>
              <topic>Native Peoples</topic>
              <topic>Nonmembers</topic>
              <topic>Indians, State Jurisdiction Over</topic>
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                   <topic>Negligence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>North America</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>American Indians</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Torts</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Personal Injury Actions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fort Berthold Indian Reservation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Native Americans</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Native Peoples</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Indians, State Jurisdiction Over</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-049-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Indian, including Indian tribe or nation</petitioner>
              <respondent>Government contractor</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>North Dakota U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <writer>Ruth Bader Ginsburg</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <docketId>1996-050-01</docketId>
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                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Voting Rights Act</topic>
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              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Public Participation and Lobbying</topic>
              <topic>Redistricting</topic>
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              <topic>Voting Rights Act of 1965, Plus Amendments</topic>
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                   <topic>Voting Rights Act of 1965, Plus Amendments</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1996-051-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Attorney general of the United States, or his office</petitioner>
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              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Inter-Modal Rail Employees Assn. v. Atchison, T. &amp; S. F. R. Co., 520 U.S. 510 (1997)</title>
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              <topic>Discharge</topic>
              <topic>Employee Retirement Income Security Act of (E.R.I.S.A.)</topic>
              <topic>Interference with Attainment of Rights</topic>
              <topic>Employee Retirement Income Security Act (Cf. Union Trust Funds)</topic>
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                   <topic>Employee Retirement Income Security Act (Cf. Union Trust Funds)</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1996-052-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Railroad</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Central U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Lambrix v. Singletary, 520 U.S. 518 (1997)</title>
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              <topic>State and Local Courts</topic>
              <topic>Sentencing</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Florida</topic>
              <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
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                   <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-053-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Florida">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Florida Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Harbor Tug &amp; Barge Co. v. Papai, 520 U.S. 548 (1997)</title>
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              <topic>Water Law</topic>
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                   <topic>New Assignment</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1996-054-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</petitioner>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Jones, or Death on the High Seas</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Camps Newfound/Owatonna, Inc. v. Town of Harrison, 520 U.S. 564 (1997)</title>
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              <topic>Commerce Clause</topic>
              <topic>Maine</topic>
              <topic>Protectionism</topic>
              <topic>Dormant Commerce Clause</topic>
              <topic>Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>Interstate Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Tax-Exempt Organizations</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>State or Local Government Tax</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
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              <courtTerm>1996</courtTerm>
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                   <topic>Property Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commerce Clause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Maine</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Protectionism</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Dormant Commerce Clause</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Interstate Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>State or Local Government Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-055-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Nonprofit organization or business</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Maine">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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              <caseSource state="Maine">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
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              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Article I, Section 8, Paragraph 3 (interstate commerce clause)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>State or territorial law, reg, or const provision unconstitutional</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John Paul Stevens</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Edwards v. Balisok, 520 U.S. 641 (1997)</title>
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         <subject>
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              <topic>Washington</topic>
              <topic>Prison Disciplinary Proceedings</topic>
              <topic>Good-Time Credits</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
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              <topic>Correctional Facilities and Imprisonment</topic>
              <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights Act</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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                   <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-056-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Washington">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</petitioner>
              <respondent>Prisoner, inmate of penal institution</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Washington Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1996-11-13</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts (42 U.S.C. �� 1983)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Edmond v. United States, 520 U.S. 651 (1997)</title>
              <partNumber>520 U.S. 651</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Court-Martial</topic>
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              <topic>Military Law</topic>
              <topic>Judiciary</topic>
              <topic>National Security</topic>
              <topic>Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals</topic>
              <topic>Appointments Clause</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Military Personnel</topic>
              <topic>Military: Draftee, or Person Subject to Induction</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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              <decisionDate>1997-05-19</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1996</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>520 U.S. 651</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Court-Martial</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Civilian Judges</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Military Law</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Military: Draftee, or Person Subject to Induction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-057-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Military personnel, or dependent of, including reservist</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of Transportation</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Military Review</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Military Appeals, renamed as Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1997-02-24</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Hyde, 520 U.S. 670 (1997)</title>
              <partNumber>520 U.S. 670</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-520/USREPORTS-520-670</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1dec737f6</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Allowances</topic>
              <topic>Plea Agreement</topic>
              <topic>Pleadings</topic>
              <topic>Fair and Just Reason</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Guilty Plea</topic>
              <topic>Withdrawal</topic>
              <topic>Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
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              <decisionDate>1997-05-27</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1996</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>520 U.S. 670</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Allowances</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Plea Agreement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Pleadings</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Withdrawal</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-058-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Defendant</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1997-04-15</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, or relevant rules of a circuit court</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681 (1997)</title>
              <partNumber>520 U.S. 681</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Unofficial Conduct</topic>
              <topic>Harassment</topic>
              <topic>Government</topic>
              <topic>Retaliatory Punishment</topic>
              <topic>Arkansas</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Deferral of Litigation</topic>
              <topic>Officials and Employees</topic>
              <topic>Separation of Powers</topic>
              <topic>Executive Powers</topic>
              <topic>Sex Offenses</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Presidential Immunity</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Governmental: Tort or Contract Actions by or Against Government or Governmental Officials Other than Defense of Criminal Actions Brought Under a Civil Rights Action.</topic>
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                   <topic>Unofficial Conduct</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Executive Powers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sex Offenses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Presidential Immunity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Liability, Governmental: Tort or Contract Actions by or Against Government or Governmental Officials Other than Defense of Criminal Actions Brought Under a Civil Rights Action.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-059-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Political candidate, activist, committee, party, party member, organization, or elected official</petitioner>
              <respondent>Injured person or legal entity, nonphysically and non-employment related</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Arkansas Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve important or significant question</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1997-01-13</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Article I, Section 7, Paragraph 2 (separation of powers)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Suitum v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 520 U.S. 725 (1997)</title>
              <partNumber>520 U.S. 725</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Ripeness for Adjudication</topic>
              <topic>Property Law</topic>
              <topic>Fifth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Property</topic>
              <topic>Due Process: Takings Clause, or Other Non-Constitutional Governmental Taking of Property</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Transferable Development Rights</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Justiciability</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Property</topic>
                                    
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              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process: Takings Clause, or Other Non-Constitutional Governmental Taking of Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-060-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Owner, landlord, or claimant to ownership, fee interest, or possession of land as well as chattels</petitioner>
              <respondent>Interstate compact</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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                   <writer>David H. Souter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. LaBonte, 520 U.S. 751 (1997)</title>
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              <topic>Maximum Term</topic>
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                   <topic>Sentence Enhancement</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Sentencing Guidelines</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1996-061-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
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              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>United States Sentencing Commission</adminAction>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>Clarence Thomas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>McMillian v. Monroe County, 520 U.S. 781 (1997)</title>
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         <subject>
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              <topic>Witnesses</topic>
              <topic>Suppression</topic>
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              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Officials and Employees</topic>
              <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights Act</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Alabama</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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                   <topic>Exculpatory Evidence</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-062-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Alabama">County government or county governmental unit, except school district</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Alabama Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts (42 U.S.C. �� 1983)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>De Buono v. NYSA-ILA Medical and Clinical Services Fund, 520 U.S. 806 (1997)</title>
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              <topic>Labor</topic>
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              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Employment Benefits</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Employee Retirement Income Security Act of (E.R.I.S.A.)</topic>
              <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
              <topic>Federalism</topic>
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                   <topic>Trusts and Estates</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-063-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="New York">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employer-employee trust agreement, employee health and welfare fund, or multiemployer pension plan</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New York Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Employee Retirement Income Security, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Arkansas v. Farm Credit Servs. of Central Ark., 520 U.S. 821 (1997)</title>
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              <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
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              <topic>Production Credit Associations</topic>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Finance</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Administration: Jurisdiction or Authority of Federal District Courts or Territorial Courts</topic>
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              <docketId>1996-064-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Arkansas">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Farmer, farm worker, or farm organization</respondent>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
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                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
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              <topic>Louisiana</topic>
              <topic>Pension</topic>
              <topic>Employee Benefits</topic>
              <topic>Death and Dying</topic>
              <topic>Pre-Emption of State Law</topic>
              <topic>Testamentary Transfer</topic>
              <topic>Employee Retirement Income Security Act of (E.R.I.S.A.)</topic>
              <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
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                   <topic>Employee Benefits</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Death and Dying</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Pre-Emption of State Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Testamentary Transfer</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Employee Retirement Income Security Act of (E.R.I.S.A.)</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-065-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Wife, or ex-wife</petitioner>
              <respondent>Child, children, including adopted or illegitimate</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Louisiana Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict and to resolve important or significant question</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1997-01-15</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Employee Retirement Income Security, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John Paul Stevens</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Saratoga Fishing Co. v. J. M. Martinac &amp; Co., 520 U.S. 875 (1997)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>East River Doctrine</topic>
              <topic>Physical Damage</topic>
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              <topic>Ships and Boats</topic>
              <topic>Torts</topic>
              <topic>Product Liability</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Maritime and Admiralty Law</topic>
              <topic>Goods and Services</topic>
              <topic>Civil Actions</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Other than as in Sufficiency of Evidence, Election of Remedies, Punitive Damages</topic>
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                   <topic>East River Doctrine</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Liability, Other than as in Sufficiency of Evidence, Election of Remedies, Punitive Damages</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-066-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Fisherman or fishing company</petitioner>
              <respondent>Manufacturer</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Stephen G. Breyer</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Lords Landing Village Condominium Council of Unit Owners v. Continental Ins. Co., 520 U.S. 893 (1997)</title>
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                   <topic>Diversity Jurisdiction</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Judicial Administration: Change in State Law (Cf. No Merits: Remand to Determine Basis of State Court Decision)</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-067-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Owner, landlord, or claimant to ownership, fee interest, or possession of land as well as chattels</petitioner>
              <respondent>Insurance company, or surety</respondent>
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                   <assigner>John Paul Stevens</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Bracy v. Gramley, 520 U.S. 899 (1997)</title>
              <partNumber>520 U.S. 899</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Prisoners&apos; Rights</topic>
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              <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
              <topic>Good Cause</topic>
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              <topic>Discovery</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Bias</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Courts</topic>
              <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Discovery and Inspection (In the Context of Criminal Litigation Only, Otherwise Freedom of Information Act and Related Federal or State Statutes or Regulations)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Discovery and Inspection (In the Context of Criminal Litigation Only, Otherwise Freedom of Information Act and Related Federal or State Statutes or Regulations)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-068-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Illinois">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Illinois Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, or relevant rules of a circuit court</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Johnson v. Fankell, 520 U.S. 911 (1997)</title>
              <partNumber>520 U.S. 911</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Interlocutory Appeal</topic>
              <topic>Qualified Immunity</topic>
              <topic>Public Employment</topic>
              <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
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                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-069-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Idaho">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Idaho">Female governmental employee or job applicant</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Idaho">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
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              <certReason>State court conflict</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1997-02-26</dateArgument>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts (42 U.S.C. �� 1983)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Gilbert v. Homar, 520 U.S. 924 (1997)</title>
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              <topic>Suspension</topic>
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              <topic>Hearings</topic>
              <topic>Pennsylvania</topic>
              <topic>Officials and Employees</topic>
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              <topic>Due Process: Hearing, Government Employees</topic>
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                   <topic>Section 1983</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Drug Charges</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Due Process: Hearing, Government Employees</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1996-070-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Pennsylvania">State</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Pennsylvania">Governmental employee or job applicant</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Pennsylvania Middle U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourteenth Amendment (due process)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <docketId>1996-071-01</docketId>
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              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <assigner>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>False Claims Act</topic>
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                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1996-072-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Airplane manufacturer, or manufacturer of parts of airplanes</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</respondent>
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                   <writer>Clarence Thomas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
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              <caseOrigin>Texas Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>Ruth Bader Ginsburg</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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              <docketId>1996-074-01</docketId>
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