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         <identifier type="preferred citation">512 U.S. 1 (1994)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">512 U.S. 1</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Juries</topic>
              <topic>Threshold</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Sentencing</topic>
              <topic>Aggravating Circumstances</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Caldwell Violation</topic>
              <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
              <topic>Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Death Penalty (Cf. Extra Legal Jury Influence, Death Rights) Penalty)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Juries</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Threshold</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sentencing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Aggravating Circumstances</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Caldwell Violation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Death Penalty (Cf. Extra Legal Jury Influence, Death Rights) Penalty)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-066-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Oklahoma">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Oklahoma">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Oklahoma">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-03-22</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Eighth Amendment (cruel and unusual punishment)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Carlton, 512 U.S. 26 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 26</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-512/USREPORTS-512-26</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Retroactive</topic>
              <topic>Estate Tax</topic>
              <topic>Estate Tax Deduction</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Wills, Trusts, and Estates Law</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
        </subject>
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              <decisionDate>1994-06-13</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1993</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>512 U.S. 26</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>512 U.S. 26 (1994)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Retroactive</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Estate Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Estate Tax Deduction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Wills, Trusts, and Estates Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-067-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Taxpayer or executor of taxpayer&apos;s estate, federal only</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>California Central U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-02-28</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Internal Revenue Code and pre-IRC revenue acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>City of Ladue v. Gilleo, 512 U.S. 43 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 43</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-512/USREPORTS-512-43</identifier>
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         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">512 U.S. 43</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1dec69c94</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Signs</topic>
              <topic>Time, Place, and Manner Restriction</topic>
              <topic>Residential Signs</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Speech</topic>
              <topic>City Ordinance</topic>
              <topic>Content Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Viewpoint Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment, Miscellaneous (Cf. Comity: First Amendment)</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
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              <courtTerm>1993</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>512 U.S. 43</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Signs</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Time, Place, and Manner Restriction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Residential Signs</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Freedom of Speech</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>City Ordinance</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Content Discrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Viewpoint Discrimination</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>First Amendment, Miscellaneous (Cf. Comity: First Amendment)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-068-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Missouri">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</petitioner>
              <respondent>Owner, landlord, or claimant to ownership, fee interest, or possession of land as well as chattels</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Missouri Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-02-23</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>First Amendment (speech, press, and assembly)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>Municipal or other local ordinance unconstitutional</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John Paul Stevens</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Department of Taxation and Finance of N.Y. v. Milhelm Attea &amp; Bros., 512 U.S. 61 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 61</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-512/USREPORTS-512-61</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Indian Trader Statutes</topic>
              <topic>American Indians</topic>
              <topic>Sales and Excise Tax</topic>
              <topic>Reservation Property</topic>
              <topic>Federal Indian and Tribal Law</topic>
              <topic>Tax Avoidance</topic>
              <topic>Tax Administration and Collection</topic>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>Indigenous Peoples</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Tribal Sovereignty</topic>
              <topic>Native Americans</topic>
              <topic>Tax-Exempt Organizations</topic>
              <topic>North America</topic>
              <topic>Native Peoples</topic>
              <topic>Indian Trader</topic>
              <topic>Cigarette Tax</topic>
              <topic>Indians, State Jurisdiction Over</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
        </subject>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-512-61</accessId>
              <reportNumber>61</reportNumber>
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                   <topic>Indian Trader Statutes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>American Indians</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sales and Excise Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Reservation Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Indian and Tribal Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Avoidance</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Administration and Collection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Indigenous Peoples</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tribal Sovereignty</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Native Americans</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax-Exempt Organizations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>North America</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Native Peoples</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Indian Trader</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Cigarette Tax</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Indians, State Jurisdiction Over</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-069-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="New York">State department or agency</petitioner>
              <respondent>Wholesale trade</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="New York">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="New York">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-03-23</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>O&apos;Melveny &amp; Myers v. F.D.I.C., 512 U.S. 79 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 79</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1dec69cad</identifier>
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              <topic>Torts</topic>
              <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Conflict</topic>
              <topic>Preemption</topic>
              <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
              <topic>Federalism</topic>
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              <courtTerm>1993</courtTerm>
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                   <topic>Torts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Conflict</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Preemption</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-070-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Attorney, or person acting as such, includes bar applicant or law student, or law firm or bar association</petitioner>
              <respondent>Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Central U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Howlett v. Birkdale Shipping Co., 512 U.S. 92 (1994)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Negligence</topic>
              <topic>Torts Law</topic>
              <topic>Ships and Boats</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Duty to Warn</topic>
              <topic>Longshore and Harbor Workers&apos; Compensation Act</topic>
              <topic>Indemnification</topic>
              <topic>Turnover Duty</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Worker Safety and Health</topic>
              <topic>Reasonable Care</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Other than as in Sufficiency of Evidence, Election of Remedies, Punitive Damages</topic>
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              <usCitation>512 U.S. 92</usCitation>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Negligence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Torts Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Ships and Boats</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Duty to Warn</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Longshore and Harbor Workers&apos; Compensation Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Indemnification</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Turnover Duty</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Worker Safety and Health</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Reasonable Care</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Liability, Other than as in Sufficiency of Evidence, Election of Remedies, Punitive Damages</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-071-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Pennsylvania Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-04-20</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Longshoremen and Harbor Workers&apos; Compensation</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Livadas v. Bradshaw, 512 U.S. 107 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 107</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-512/USREPORTS-512-107</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
              <topic>Collective Bargaining</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Conflict</topic>
              <topic>Preemption</topic>
              <topic>Wages and Hours</topic>
              <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
              <topic>Federalism</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <courtTerm>1993</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>512 U.S. 107</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>512 U.S. 107 (1994)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Collective Bargaining</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Conflict</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Preemption</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Wages and Hours</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-072-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</petitioner>
              <respondent state="California">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="California">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>California Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve important or significant question</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-04-26</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Labor-Management Relations</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>David H. Souter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd of Accountancy, 512 U.S. 136 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 136</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-512/USREPORTS-512-136</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Marketing and Advertising</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Speech</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Speech</topic>
              <topic>Substantial State Interest</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Communications</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Advertising</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Speech, Attorneys (Cf. Commercial Speech)</topic>
              <topic>Attorneys</topic>
        </subject>
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              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1993, June 13 through September 30, 1994;Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd of Accountancy, 512 U.S. 136 (1994);512 U.S. 136</searchTitle>
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              <decisionDate>1994-06-13</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1993</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>512 U.S. 136</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>512 U.S. 136 (1994)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Marketing and Advertising</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Freedom of Speech</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commercial Speech</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Substantial State Interest</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Communications</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Advertising</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Commercial Speech, Attorneys (Cf. Commercial Speech)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Attorneys</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-073-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Attorney, or person acting as such, includes bar applicant or law student, or law firm or bar association</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Florida">State department or agency</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Florida">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin state="Florida">State Appellate Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Florida">State Appellate Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-04-19</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>First Amendment (speech, press, and assembly)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Ruth Bader Ginsburg</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Harry A. Blackmun</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Simmons v. South Carolina, 512 U.S. 154 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 154</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-512/USREPORTS-512-154</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Jury Instructions</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Future Dangerousness</topic>
              <topic>Probation and Parole</topic>
              <topic>Sentencing</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
              <topic>Extra-Legal Jury Influences: Jury Instructions (Not Necessarily in Criminal Cases)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
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              <decisionDate>1994-06-17</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1993</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>512 U.S. 154</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>512 U.S. 154 (1994)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Jury Instructions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Future Dangerousness</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Probation and Parole</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sentencing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Extra-Legal Jury Influences: Jury Instructions (Not Necessarily in Criminal Cases)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-074-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="South Carolina">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="South Carolina">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="South Carolina">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-01-18</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourteenth Amendment (due process)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <decisionType>Judgment of the Court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Harry A. Blackmun</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy, 512 U.S. 186 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 186</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-512/USREPORTS-512-186</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">512 U.S. 186 (1994)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">512 U.S. 186</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1dec69c7f</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Agriculture and Food</topic>
              <topic>Regulations</topic>
              <topic>Interstate Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Commerce Clause</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
              <topic>Milk and Milk Products</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Governmental: Tort or Contract Actions by or Against Government or Governmental Officials Other than Defense of Criminal Actions Brought Under a Civil Rights Action.</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <reportNumber>186</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>19</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1994-06-17</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1993</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>512 U.S. 186</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>512 U.S. 186 (1994)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Agriculture and Food</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Regulations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Interstate Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commerce Clause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Milk and Milk Products</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Liability, Governmental: Tort or Contract Actions by or Against Government or Governmental Officials Other than Defense of Criminal Actions Brought Under a Civil Rights Action.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-075-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Farmer, farm worker, or farm organization</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Massachusetts">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Massachusetts">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin state="Massachusetts">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Massachusetts">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-03-02</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Article I, Section 8, Paragraph 3 (interstate commerce clause)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>State or territorial law, reg, or const provision unconstitutional</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John Paul Stevens</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>MCI Telecommunications Corp. v. American Telephone &amp; Telegraph Co., 512 U.S. 218 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 218</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-512/USREPORTS-512-218</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">512 U.S. 218 (1994)</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1dec69c97</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
              <topic>Telecommunications</topic>
              <topic>Communications Act</topic>
              <topic>Regulatory Scheme</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Fundamental Changes</topic>
              <topic>Detariffing</topic>
              <topic>Modify Any Requirement</topic>
              <topic>Federal Communications Commission (F.C.C.)</topic>
              <topic>Communications</topic>
              <topic>Federal and Some Few State Regulations of Public Utilities Regulation: Telephone or Telegraph Company</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
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              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1994-06-17</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1993</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>512 U.S. 218</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>512 U.S. 218 (1994)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Telecommunications</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Communications Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Regulatory Scheme</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fundamental Changes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Detariffing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Modify Any Requirement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Communications Commission (F.C.C.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Communications</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal and Some Few State Regulations of Public Utilities Regulation: Telephone or Telegraph Company</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-076-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Telephone, telecommunications, or telegraph company</petitioner>
              <respondent>Telephone, telecommunications, or telegraph company</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Federal Communications Commission (including a predecessor, Federal Radio Commission)</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit (includes the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia but not the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, which has local jurisdiction)</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit (includes the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia but not the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, which has local jurisdiction)</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-03-21</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Communication Act of 1934, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Hawaiian Airlines, Inc. v. Norris, 512 U.S. 246 (1994)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Grievances</topic>
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              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Preemption</topic>
              <topic>Torts</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
              <topic>Collective Bargaining</topic>
              <topic>Dispute Resolution</topic>
              <topic>Major Disputes</topic>
              <topic>Whistleblower</topic>
              <topic>Railway Labor Act</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Discharge</topic>
              <topic>Congressional Intent</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Court Jurisdiction</topic>
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                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Preemption</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Torts</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Discharge</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Congressional Intent</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Court Jurisdiction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-077-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Airline</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Federal Aviation Agency or Administration</adminAction>
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              <caseSource state="Hawaii">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-04-28</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Railway Labor</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Director, Office of Workers&apos; Compensation Programs v. Greenwich Collieries, 512 U.S. 267 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 267</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-512/USREPORTS-512-267</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">512 U.S. 267 (1994)</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1dec69c62</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>True Doubt Rule</topic>
              <topic>Exemption</topic>
              <topic>Burden of Proof</topic>
              <topic>Benefits Claim</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
              <topic>Black Lung Benefits Act</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Procedure Act</topic>
              <topic>Sufficiency of Evidence: Typically in the Context of a Jury&apos;s Determination of Compensation for Injury or Death</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1993, June 13 through September 30, 1994;Director, Office of Workers&apos; Compensation Programs v. Greenwich Collieries, 512 U.S. 267 (1994);512 U.S. 267</searchTitle>
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              <decisionDate>1994-06-20</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1993</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>512 U.S. 267</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>512 U.S. 267 (1994)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>True Doubt Rule</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Exemption</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Burden of Proof</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Benefits Claim</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Sufficiency of Evidence: Typically in the Context of a Jury&apos;s Determination of Compensation for Injury or Death</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-078-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Office of Workers&apos; Compensation Programs</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of Labor</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseSource>
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              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-04-25</dateArgument>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Administrative Procedure, or Administrative Orders Review</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Barclays Bank PLC v. Franchise Tax Board of Cal., 512 U.S. 298 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 298</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-512/USREPORTS-512-298</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Worldwide Combined Income</topic>
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              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Interstate Commerce</topic>
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              <topic>Separate Accounting</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Income Tax Liability</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Franchise Tax</topic>
              <topic>State or Local Government Tax</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <decisionDate>1994-06-20</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1993</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>512 U.S. 298</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>512 U.S. 298 (1994)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Worldwide Combined Income</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Franchise Tax</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>State or Local Government Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-079-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="California">State or local governmental taxpayer, or executor of the estate of</petitioner>
              <respondent state="California">State commission, board, committee, or authority</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="California">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin state="California">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="California">State Appellate Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-03-28</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Article I, Section 8, Paragraph 3 (interstate commerce clause)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Ruth Bader Ginsburg</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Reed v. Farley, 512 U.S. 339 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 339</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-512/USREPORTS-512-339</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Prisoners&apos; Rights</topic>
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              <topic>Custody</topic>
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              <topic>Speedy Trial</topic>
              <topic>Correctional Facilities and Imprisonment</topic>
              <topic>Detainer</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Prejudice</topic>
              <topic>Extradition</topic>
              <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
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              <decisionDate>1994-06-20</decisionDate>
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                   <topic>Prisoners&apos; Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Interstate Agreement on Detainers</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-080-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Indiana">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Indiana Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-03-28</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>28 U.S.C. �� 2241-2255 (habeas corpus)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Ruth Bader Ginsburg</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Dolan v. City of Tigard, 512 U.S. 374 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 374</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-512/USREPORTS-512-374</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Floods and Storm Protection</topic>
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              <topic>Uncompensated Taking of Property</topic>
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              <topic>Storm Drainage</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Eminent Domain</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Property</topic>
              <topic>Due Process: Takings Clause, or Other Non-Constitutional Governmental Taking of Property</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
        </subject>
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              <decisionDate>1994-06-24</decisionDate>
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                   <topic>Floods and Storm Protection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Uncompensated Taking of Property</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Due Process: Takings Clause, or Other Non-Constitutional Governmental Taking of Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-081-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Owner, landlord, or claimant to ownership, fee interest, or possession of land as well as chattels</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Oregon">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Oregon">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin state="Oregon">State Appellate Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Oregon">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Putative conflict</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1994-03-23</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fifth Amendment (takings clause)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Honda Motor Co. v. Oberg, 512 U.S. 415 (1994)</title>
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              <topic>Denial Review</topic>
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              <topic>Punitive Damages</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Damages</topic>
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                   <topic>Excessive</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Denial Review</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Liability, Punitive Damages</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-082-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Auto manufacturer</petitioner>
              <respondent>Physically injured person, including wrongful death, who is not an employee</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Oregon">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Oregon">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1994-04-20</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourteenth Amendment (due process)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>State or territorial law, reg, or const provision unconstitutional</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Harry A. Blackmun</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Davis v. United States, 512 U.S. 452 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 452</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Miranda Warning</topic>
              <topic>Judiciary</topic>
              <topic>Armed Forces</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Court of Military Appeals</topic>
              <topic>National Security</topic>
              <topic>Miranda V. Arizona</topic>
              <topic>Miranda Warnings</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
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                   <topic>Navy</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Homicide</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Miranda Warnings</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-083-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Military personnel, or dependent of, including reservist</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Military Review</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Military Appeals, renamed as Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court and state court confusion or uncertainty</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-03-29</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
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              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 477</partNumber>
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              <topic>Conviction</topic>
              <topic>Prisoners&apos; Rights</topic>
              <topic>Damages</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
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                   <topic>Civil Liability</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Conviction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Prisoners&apos; Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Damages</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-084-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Prisoner, inmate of penal institution</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Indiana">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Indiana Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1994-04-18</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts (42 U.S.C. �� 1983)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Thomas Jefferson Univ. v. Shalala, 512 U.S. 504 (1994)</title>
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              <topic>Anti-Redistribution</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Deference</topic>
              <topic>Medicare</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Review of Administrative Agency&apos;s or Administrative Official&apos;s Actions and Procedures</topic>
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                   <topic>Interpretation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Anti-Redistribution</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Deference</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Medicare</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Judicial Review of Administrative Agency&apos;s or Administrative Official&apos;s Actions and Procedures</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1993-085-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Hospital, medical center</petitioner>
              <respondent>Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Pennsylvania Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-04-18</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Medicare provisions of the Social Security Act</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Consolidated Rail Corporation v. Gottshall, 512 U.S. 532 (1994)</title>
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              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Emotional Distress</topic>
              <topic>Worker Safety and Health</topic>
              <topic>Federal Employers&apos; Liability Act (F.E.L.A.)</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Zone of Danger</topic>
              <topic>Negligent</topic>
              <topic>Torts Law</topic>
              <topic>Election of Remedies: Legal Remedies Available to Injured Persons or Things</topic>
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                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Emotional Distress</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Worker Safety and Health</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Employers&apos; Liability Act (F.E.L.A.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Negligent</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Torts Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Election of Remedies: Legal Remedies Available to Injured Persons or Things</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-086-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Railroad</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Pennsylvania Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-02-28</dateArgument>
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              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Employers&apos; Liability, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Clarence Thomas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Jury Instructions</topic>
              <topic>Civil Commitment</topic>
              <topic>Health</topic>
              <topic>Mental Health</topic>
              <topic>Insanity</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Affirmative Defense</topic>
              <topic>Extra-Legal Jury Influences: Jury Instructions (Not Necessarily in Criminal Cases)</topic>
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                   <topic>Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Juries</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jury Instructions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Commitment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Health</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mental Health</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Insanity</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Extra-Legal Jury Influences: Jury Instructions (Not Necessarily in Criminal Cases)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-087-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Mississippi Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Clarence Thomas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <topic>Hearsay</topic>
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              <docketId>1993-088-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Georgia Middle U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Rules of Evidence</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC, 512 U.S. 622 (1994)</title>
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         <subject>
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              <topic>Technology</topic>
              <topic>Television Transmission</topic>
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              <topic>Freedom of Speech</topic>
              <topic>Content-Based</topic>
              <topic>Communications</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Television and Film</topic>
              <topic>Must Carry Provision</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment, Miscellaneous (Cf. Comity: First Amendment)</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
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                   <topic>Freedom of the Press</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Television Transmission</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>First Amendment, Miscellaneous (Cf. Comity: First Amendment)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1993-089-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Cable TV</petitioner>
              <respondent>Federal Communications Commission (including a predecessor, Federal Radio Commission)</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>District Of Columbia U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>District Of Columbia U.S. District Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-01-12</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet, 512 U.S. 687 (1994)</title>
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         <subject>
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              <topic>Judaism</topic>
              <topic>Establishment Clause</topic>
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              <topic>Religion</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Religion</topic>
              <topic>Cultural Heritage</topic>
              <topic>Parochiaid: Government Aid to Religious Schools, or Religious Requirements in Public Schools</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
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                   <topic>Parochiaid: Government Aid to Religious Schools, or Religious Requirements in Public Schools</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-090-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="New York">Local school district or board of education</petitioner>
              <respondent state="New York">State or local governmental taxpayer, or executor of the estate of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="New York">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="New York">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-03-30</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>First Amendment (establishment of religion)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>State or territorial law, reg, or const provision unconstitutional</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>David H. Souter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Harry A. Blackmun</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Madsen v. Women&apos;s Health Center Inc., 512 U.S. 753 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 753</partNumber>
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              <topic>Injunctions</topic>
              <topic>Content-Neutral</topic>
              <topic>Viewpoint</topic>
              <topic>Restrictions</topic>
              <topic>Burden</topic>
              <topic>Buffer Zone</topic>
              <topic>Abortion</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Protest and Dissent</topic>
              <topic>Abortion: Including Contraceptives</topic>
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        </subject>
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                   <topic>Abortion: Including Contraceptives</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Privacy</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-091-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Protester, demonstrator, picketer or pamphleteer (non-employment related), or nonindigent loiterer</petitioner>
              <respondent>Health organization or person, nursing home, medical clinic or laboratory, chiropractor</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Florida">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Florida">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Conflict between federal court and state court</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-04-28</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>First Amendment (speech, press, and assembly)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed and reversed (or vacated) in part</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Mine Workers v. Bagwell, 512 U.S. 821 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 821</partNumber>
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              <topic>Strike Related Activities</topic>
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              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
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              <topic>Contempt</topic>
              <topic>Juries</topic>
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              <topic>Contempt of Court or Congress</topic>
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                   <topic>Strike Related Activities</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Contempt of Court or Congress</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-092-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Union, labor organization, or official of</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Virginia">Court or judicial district</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Virginia">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Virginia">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1993-11-29</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Harry A. Blackmun</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>McFarland v. Scott, 512 U.S. 849 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>512 U.S. 849</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
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              <topic>Great Writ</topic>
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              <topic>Stay of Execution</topic>
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              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
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                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Harry A. Blackmun</assigner>
                                    
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                   <topic>Minority Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Elections and Politics</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Public Participation and Lobbying</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Voting Rights Act of 1965, Plus Amendments</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1993-096-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Political candidate, activist, committee, party, party member, organization, or elected official</petitioner>
              <respondent>Voter, prospective voter, elector, or a nonelective official seeking reapportionment or redistricting of legislative districts (POL)</respondent>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>David H. Souter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
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