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              <usCitation>511 U.S. 39</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>511 U.S. 39 (1994)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Postal Service</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Probation and Parole</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sentencing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Destruction of Mail</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Miscellaneous</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-031-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Probationer, or parolee</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Georgia Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-01-10</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Ruth Bader Ginsburg</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Harry A. Blackmun</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <subject>
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              <topic>4 Day Delay</topic>
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              <topic>Warrantless Arrest</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Families</topic>
              <topic>Mclaughlin</topic>
              <topic>48 Hours</topic>
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              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
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                   <topic>Crimes Against Children</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>4 Day Delay</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Homicide</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Warrantless Arrest</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-032-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Nevada">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Nevada">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
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              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
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              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
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              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Ruth Bader Ginsburg</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Harry A. Blackmun</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Ore., 511 U.S. 93 (1994)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Surcharge</topic>
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              <topic>Interstate Commerce</topic>
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              <topic>Negative Commerce Clause</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Compensatory Fee</topic>
              <topic>Intrastate Commerce</topic>
              <topic>State or Local Government Tax</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Surcharge</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Discrimination</topic>
                                        
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              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>State or Local Government Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-033-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Bus or motorized passenger transportation vehicle</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Oregon">State department or agency</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Oregon">State Agency</adminAction>
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              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Article I, Section 8, Paragraph 3 (interstate commerce clause)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>State or territorial law, reg, or const provision unconstitutional</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Clarence Thomas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John Paul Stevens</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Ticor Title Ins. Co. v. Brown, 511 U.S. 117 (1994)</title>
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         <subject>
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                   <topic>Insurance Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Rule 23</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>No Merits: Writ Improvidently Granted</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-034-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Insurance company, or surety</petitioner>
              <respondent>Consumer, consumer organization</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Arizona U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-03-01</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Per curiam (orally argued)</decisionType>
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              <disposition>Petition denied or appeal dismissed</disposition>
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              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>John Paul Stevens</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B., 511 U.S. 127 (1994)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Juries</topic>
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              <topic>Families</topic>
              <topic>Peremptory Strikes</topic>
              <topic>Legitimation</topic>
              <topic>Jury Selection</topic>
              <topic>Paternity</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Sex Discrimination (Excluding Sex Discrimination in Employment)</topic>
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        </subject>
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                   <topic>Juries</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sex-Based Discrimination</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Sex Discrimination (Excluding Sex Discrimination in Employment)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-035-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Father</petitioner>
              <respondent>Mother</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Alabama">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Alabama">State Appellate Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Conflict between federal court and state court</certReason>
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              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourteenth Amendment (equal protection)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Harry A. Blackmun</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Central Bank of Denver, N.A. v. First Interstate Bank of Denver, N.A., 511 U.S. 164 (1994)</title>
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              <topic>Security Exchange Act</topic>
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              <topic>Business and Corporate Law</topic>
              <topic>Liability</topic>
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              <topic>Aiding and Abetting</topic>
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                   <topic>Security Exchange Act</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Private Civil Liability</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal or State Regulation of Securities</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-036-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Bank, savings and loan, credit union, investment company</petitioner>
              <respondent>Bank, savings and loan, credit union, investment company</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Colorado U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Securities Act of 1933, the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, or the Williams Act</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Harry A. Blackmun</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
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            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
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              <docketId>1993-038-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Unidentifiable</petitioner>
              <respondent>Electric or hydroelectric power utility, power cooperative, or gas and electric company</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>U.S. v. Irvine, 511 U.S. 224 (1994)</title>
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              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>Federal Estate Tax</topic>
              <topic>Disclaimer</topic>
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                   <topic>Tax Avoidance</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Wills, Trusts, and Estates Law</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal Taxation of Gifts, Personal, Business, or Professional Expenses</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-039-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Taxpayer or executor of taxpayer&apos;s estate, federal only</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</adminAction>
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              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Internal Revenue Code and pre-IRC revenue acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>David H. Souter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244 (1993)</title>
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              <docketId>1993-040-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Female employee or job applicant</petitioner>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Rivers v. Roadway Exp., Inc., 511 U.S. 298 (1994)</title>
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              <docketId>1993-041-01</docketId>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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              <docketId>1993-042-01</docketId>
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              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fifth Amendment (Miranda warnings)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>Anthony M. Kennedy</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <subject>
              <topic>Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976</topic>
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              <topic>Solid Waste</topic>
              <topic>Hazardous Waste</topic>
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              <topic>Environment</topic>
              <topic>Environmental Law</topic>
              <topic>Licensing and Registration</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Natural Resources - Environmental Protection (Cf. National Supremacy: Natural Resources, National Supremacy: Pollution)</topic>
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              <docketId>1993-043-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Illinois">State</petitioner>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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              <title>U.S. v. Alvarez-Sanchez, 511 U.S. 350 (1994)</title>
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              <topic>Inculpatory Statements</topic>
              <topic>Safe Harbor</topic>
              <topic>Suppression</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Six Hour Post Arrest Safe Harbor Period</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Subconstitutional Fair Procedure: Timeliness</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
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                   <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Subconstitutional Fair Procedure: Timeliness</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-044-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Central U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
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              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Clarence Thomas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>In re Anderson, 511 U.S. 364 (1993)</title>
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              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Indigents: U.S. Supreme Court Docketing Fee</topic>
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                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Indigents: U.S. Supreme Court Docketing Fee</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1993-045-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Indigent, needy, welfare recipient</petitioner>
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              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
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              <disposition>Petition denied or appeal dismissed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Beecham v. United States, 511 U.S. 368 (1994)</title>
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              <topic>Restoration of Rights</topic>
              <topic>Weapons Possession</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Convicted Felon</topic>
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                   <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Firearms</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-046-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
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              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit</caseOrigin>
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              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
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              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of America, 511 U.S. 375 (1994)</title>
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              <topic>Contracts</topic>
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                   <topic>Contracts Law</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-047-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</respondent>
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              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John Paul Stevens</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>C &amp; A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown, N.Y., 511 U.S. 383 (1994)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Recycling</topic>
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              <topic>Solid Waste</topic>
              <topic>Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>Interstate Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Environment</topic>
              <topic>Local</topic>
              <topic>Environmental Law</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>State or Local Government Regulation, Especially of Business (Cf. Federal Pre-Emption of State Court Jurisdiction, Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation)</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
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                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-048-01</docketId>
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              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John Paul Stevens</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Mileage Guide</topic>
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                   <writer>David H. Souter</writer>
                                        
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
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                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
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                   <topic>Bankruptcy (Except in the Context of Priority of Federal Fiscal Claims)</topic>
                                        
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                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
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                   <topic>Incidental</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-054-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>National Labor Relations Board, or regional office or officer</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</respondent>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>National Labor Relations, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Staples v. U.S., 511 U.S. 600 (1994)</title>
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              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Machine Gun</topic>
              <topic>Licensing and Permits</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Unregistered Weapons</topic>
              <topic>Automatic Weapon</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Intent</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Firearms</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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                   <topic>Mens REA</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Question of Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Firearms</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-055-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Oklahoma Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Clarence Thomas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Associated Industries of Missouri v. Lohman, 511 U.S. 641 (1994)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-511/USREPORTS-511-641</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
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              <topic>Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
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              <topic>Sales and Excise Tax</topic>
              <topic>Use Tax</topic>
              <topic>State or Local Government Tax</topic>
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                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Interstate Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sales and Excise Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Use Tax</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>State or Local Government Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-056-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Business, corporation</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Missouri">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Missouri">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Missouri">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1994-03-28</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Article I, Section 8, Paragraph 3 (interstate commerce clause)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>State or territorial law, reg, or const provision unconstitutional</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Clarence Thomas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Morgan Stanley &amp; Co., Inc. v. Pacific Mut Life Ins. Co., 511 U.S. 658 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>511 U.S. 658</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-511/USREPORTS-511-658</identifier>
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              <docketId>1993-057-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Broker, stock exchange, investment or securities firm</petitioner>
              <respondent>Insurance company, or surety</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Texas Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-04-26</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Equally divided vote</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion></majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>4</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>McKnight v. General Motors Corp., 511 U.S. 659 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>511 U.S. 659</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Civil Rights Act</topic>
              <topic>Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Frivolous</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Employment Discrimination: On Basis of Race, Age, Religion, Illegitimacy, National Origin, or Working Conditions.</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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                   <topic>Civil Rights Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Employment Discrimination: On Basis of Race, Age, Religion, Illegitimacy, National Origin, or Working Conditions.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-058-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts (42 U.S.C. �� 1981)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Waters v. Churchill, 511 U.S. 661 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>511 U.S. 661</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Government Employees</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Public Concern</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Speech</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment, Miscellaneous (Cf. Comity: First Amendment)</topic>
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                   <topic>Government Employees</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Freedom of Speech</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>First Amendment, Miscellaneous (Cf. Comity: First Amendment)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-059-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Hospital, medical center</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Illinois">Female governmental employee or job applicant</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Illinois Central U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1993-12-01</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>First Amendment (speech, press, and assembly)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <decisionType>Judgment of the Court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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              <title>PUD No. 1 of Jefferson County v. Washington Dept. of Ecology, 511 U.S. 700 (1994)</title>
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              <topic>Bodies of Water</topic>
              <topic>Navigable Waters</topic>
              <topic>Environment</topic>
              <topic>Clean Water Act</topic>
              <topic>Discharge</topic>
              <topic>Hydroelectric Project</topic>
              <topic>Environmental Law</topic>
              <topic>Natural Resources - Environmental Protection (Cf. National Supremacy: Natural Resources, National Supremacy: Pollution)</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
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                   <topic>Bodies of Water</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Navigable Waters</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Environment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Clean Water Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discharge</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Natural Resources - Environmental Protection (Cf. National Supremacy: Natural Resources, National Supremacy: Pollution)</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-060-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Washington">Local governmental unit other than a county, city, town, township, village, or borough</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Washington">State department or agency</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Washington">State Agency</adminAction>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Water Pollution Control (Clean Water), plus amendments</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Harry A. Blackmun</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Nichols v. U.S., 511 U.S. 738 (1994)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Misdemeanor</topic>
              <topic>Enhancement</topic>
              <topic>Indigent</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Counsel</topic>
              <topic>Sentencing</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Right to Counsel (Cf. Indigents Appointment of Counsel or Inadequate Representation)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
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                   <topic>Misdemeanor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Enhancement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Indigent</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Counsel</topic>
                                        
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              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Right to Counsel (Cf. Indigents Appointment of Counsel or Inadequate Representation)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-061-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Tennessee Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit</caseSource>
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              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Sixth Amendment (right to counsel)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Department of Revenue of Montana v. Kurth Ranch, 511 U.S. 767 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>511 U.S. 767</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Criminal Fines</topic>
              <topic>Civil Forfeiture</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Double Jeopardy Clause</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Civil Penalties</topic>
              <topic>Taxes</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Punitive</topic>
              <topic>Double Jeopardy</topic>
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        </subject>
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                   <topic>Criminal Fines</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Forfeiture</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Double Jeopardy Clause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Taxes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Double Jeopardy</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-062-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Montana">State department or agency</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Montana">State or local governmental taxpayer, or executor of the estate of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Montana U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Conflict between federal court and state court</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1994-01-19</dateArgument>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fifth Amendment (double jeopardy)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>State or territorial law, reg, or const provision unconstitutional</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>John Paul Stevens</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Key Tronic Corp. v. U.S., 511 U.S. 809 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>511 U.S. 809</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Necessary Costs of Response</topic>
              <topic>Attorney&apos;s Fees</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>American Rule</topic>
              <topic>Natural Resources - Environmental Protection (Cf. National Supremacy: Natural Resources, National Supremacy: Pollution)</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Necessary Costs of Response</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Attorney&apos;s Fees</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>American Rule</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Natural Resources - Environmental Protection (Cf. National Supremacy: Natural Resources, National Supremacy: Pollution)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-063-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Manufacturer</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Washington U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-03-29</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed and reversed (or vacated) in part and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825 (1994)</title>
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              <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
              <topic>Prisoners&apos; Rights</topic>
              <topic>L.G.B.T. Rights</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Bivens</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Eighth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Correctional Facilities and Imprisonment</topic>
              <topic>Deliberate Indifference</topic>
              <topic>General Population</topic>
              <topic>Segregation</topic>
              <topic>Prison Officials</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Liable</topic>
              <topic>Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty (Cf. Liability, Civil Rights Acts)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Prisoners&apos; Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>L.G.B.T. Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Bivens</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Correctional Facilities and Imprisonment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Deliberate Indifference</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>General Population</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Segregation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Prison Officials</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Liable</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty (Cf. Liability, Civil Rights Acts)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-064-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Indiana Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-01-12</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Eighth Amendment (cruel and unusual punishment)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>David H. Souter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Digital Equipment Corp. v. Desktop Direct, Inc., 511 U.S. 863 (1994)</title>
              <partNumber>511 U.S. 863</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Intellectual Property Law</topic>
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              <topic>Trademark Infringement</topic>
              <topic>Trademarks</topic>
              <topic>Right to Not to Go to Trial</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Administration: Review of Non-Final Order</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
        </subject>
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              <decisionDate>1994-06-06</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1993</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>511 U.S. 863</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>511 U.S. 863 (1994)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Intellectual Property Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judiciary</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Trademark Infringement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Trademarks</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Right to Not to Go to Trial</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Judicial Administration: Review of Non-Final Order</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1993-065-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Computer business or manufacturer, hardware or software</petitioner>
              <respondent>Computer business or manufacturer, hardware or software</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Utah U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1994-02-22</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>David H. Souter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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