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              <respondent>Bankrupt person or business, or business in reorganization</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Ohio Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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            </law>
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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         <subject>
              <topic>Finance and Financial Sector</topic>
              <topic>Liquidation</topic>
              <topic>Estate</topic>
              <topic>Capital Gains Tax</topic>
              <topic>Chapter 11</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy</topic>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>Wills, Trusts, and Estates Law</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy Law</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
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                   <topic>Estate</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Capital Gains Tax</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-034-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Creditor, including institution appearing as such, e.g., a finance company</petitioner>
              <respondent>Debtor</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Florida Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Internal Revenue Code and pre-IRC revenue acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>David H. Souter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools et al., 503 U.S. 60 (1992)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Title IX</topic>
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              <topic>Education</topic>
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              <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
              <topic>Damages</topic>
              <topic>Remedies</topic>
              <topic>School Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Civil Actions</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Sex Discrimination (Excluding Sex Discrimination in Employment)</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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                   <topic>Title IX</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Education</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sexual Harassment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Sex Discrimination (Excluding Sex Discrimination in Employment)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-035-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Student, or applicant for admission to an educational institution</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Georgia">Local school district or board of education</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Georgia Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1991-12-11</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Education Amendments of 1972</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Byron Raymond White</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Indopco, Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 503 U.S. 79 (1992)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Corporate Income Tax</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Government</topic>
              <topic>Business Expenses</topic>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>Executive Agencies</topic>
              <topic>Deductions</topic>
              <topic>Friendly Takeover</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation of Gifts, Personal, Business, or Professional Expenses</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
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                   <topic>Corporate Income Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Business Expenses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Executive Agencies</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Friendly Takeover</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation of Gifts, Personal, Business, or Professional Expenses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-036-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Taxpayer or executor of taxpayer&apos;s estate, federal only</petitioner>
              <respondent>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Tax Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseSource>
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              <dateArgument>1991-11-12</dateArgument>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Internal Revenue Code and pre-IRC revenue acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Arkansas et al. v. Oklahoma et al., 503 U.S. 91 (1992)</title>
              <partNumber>503 U.S. 91</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Environmental Protection Agency (E.P.A.)</topic>
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              <topic>Environment</topic>
              <topic>Rivers and Waterways</topic>
              <topic>Environmental Law</topic>
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              <topic>Water Quality</topic>
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              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Natural Resources - Environmental Protection (Cf. National Supremacy: Natural Resources, National Supremacy: Pollution)</topic>
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        </subject>
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                   <topic>Environmental Protection Agency (E.P.A.)</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Rivers and Waterways</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Natural Resources - Environmental Protection (Cf. National Supremacy: Natural Resources, National Supremacy: Pollution)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-037-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Arkansas">State</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Oklahoma">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Environmental Protection Agency or Administrator</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve important or significant question</certReason>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Water Pollution Control (Clean Water), plus amendments</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Collins v. City of Harker Heights, Texas, 503 U.S. 115 (1992)</title>
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              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Pleadings</topic>
              <topic>Free from Harm</topic>
              <topic>Government Employees</topic>
              <topic>Limitation of Actions</topic>
              <topic>Employment and Training Programs</topic>
              <topic>Wrongful Death</topic>
              <topic>Worker Safety and Health</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Sovereign Immunity</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
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                   <topic>Wrongful Death</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sovereign Immunity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-038-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Texas">Governmental employee or job applicant</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Texas">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Texas Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts (42 U.S.C. �� 1983)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <topic>Sanctions</topic>
              <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
              <topic>Rule 11 Sanctions</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Rule 11</topic>
              <topic>Lacking Jurisdiction</topic>
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              <docketId>1991-039-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</respondent>
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                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
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            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <title>McCarthy v. Madigan et al., 503 U.S. 140 (1992)</title>
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              <topic>Eighth Amendment</topic>
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              <topic>Exhaustion</topic>
              <topic>Correctional Facilities and Imprisonment</topic>
              <topic>Limitation of Actions</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Comity Primarily Removal Cases, Civil Procedure (Cf. Comity, Criminal and First Amendment), Deference to Foreign Judicial Tribunals</topic>
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                   <topic>Remedies</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Cruel and Unusual Punishment</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Administrative Remedies</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1991-040-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Prisoner, inmate of penal institution</petitioner>
              <respondent state="United States">Governmental employee or job applicant</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Kansas U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit</caseSource>
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment, Miscellaneous (Cf. Comity: First Amendment)</topic>
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                   <topic>First Amendment, Miscellaneous (Cf. Comity: First Amendment)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1991-041-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Delaware">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Delaware">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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              <title>General Motors Corp. et al. v. Romein et al., 503 U.S. 181 (1992)</title>
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              <topic>Salary and Compensation</topic>
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              <topic>Wages and Hours</topic>
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                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-042-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</petitioner>
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              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Michigan">State Supreme Court</caseOrigin>
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              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
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              <title>Williams v. United States, 503 U.S. 193 (1992)</title>
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              <topic>Sentencing</topic>
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                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sentencing Guidelines</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>18 U.S.C. Â§ 3553</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Miscellaneous</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-043-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Wisconsin Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
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              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Stringer v. Black, Commissioner, Mississippi Department of Corrections, et al., 503 U.S. 222 (1992)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Teague V. Lane</topic>
              <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
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              <topic>Sentencing</topic>
              <topic>Aggravating Factors</topic>
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              <usCitation>503 U.S. 222</usCitation>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Homicide</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Teague V. Lane</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sentencing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Aggravating Factors</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-044-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Mississippi">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Mississippi Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1991-12-09</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Connecticut National Bank v. Germain, Trustee for the Estate of O&apos;Sullivan&apos;s Fuel Oil Co., Inc., 503 U.S. 249 (1992)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>28 U.S.C. Â§ 1292</topic>
              <topic>Finance and Financial Sector</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy Law</topic>
              <topic>Interlocutory Order</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Interlocutory Appeal</topic>
              <topic>Limitation of Actions</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Administration: Review of Non-Final Order</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
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                   <topic>28 U.S.C. Â§ 1292</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Judicial Administration: Review of Non-Final Order</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-045-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Creditor, including institution appearing as such, e.g., a finance company</petitioner>
              <respondent>Bankrupt person or business, or business in reorganization</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Connecticut U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Clarence Thomas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>PFZ Properties, Inc. v. Rodriguez et al., 503 U.S. 257 (1992)</title>
              <partNumber>503 U.S. 257</partNumber>
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              <topic>Securities</topic>
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              <topic>Improvidently Granted</topic>
              <topic>Dismissal</topic>
              <topic>Stock Manipulation</topic>
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                   <topic>Securities</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Finance and Financial Sector</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Improvidently Granted</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Dismissal</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Stock Manipulation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>No Merits: Writ Improvidently Granted</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-046-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Real estate developer</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Puerto Rico">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Puerto Rico U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1992-02-26</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Petition denied or appeal dismissed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Holmes v. Securities Investor Protection Corporation et al., 503 U.S. 258 (1992)</title>
              <partNumber>503 U.S. 258</partNumber>
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         <subject>
              <topic>18 U.S.C. Â§ 1964</topic>
              <topic>Securities</topic>
              <topic>Finance and Financial Sector</topic>
              <topic>Torts Law</topic>
              <topic>Rico</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Proximate Cause</topic>
              <topic>Standing to Sue: Statutory Standing</topic>
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                   <topic>18 U.S.C. Â§ 1964</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Securities</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Finance and Financial Sector</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Rico</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Standing to Sue: Statutory Standing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-047-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Management, executive officer, or director, of business entity</petitioner>
              <respondent>Securities and Exchange Commission</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Central U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1991-11-13</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>David H. Souter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. R. L. C., 503 U.S. 291 (1992)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Homicide</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Juvenile Crime</topic>
              <topic>Involuntary Manslaughter 18 U.S.C.(C)(1)(B)</topic>
              <topic>Sentencing</topic>
              <topic>Juveniles (Cf. Rights of Illegitimates)</topic>
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        </subject>
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                   <topic>Homicide</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Juvenile Crime</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Involuntary Manslaughter 18 U.S.C.(C)(1)(B)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sentencing</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Juveniles (Cf. Rights of Illegitimates)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-048-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Juvenile</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Minnesota U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1991-12-10</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>David H. Souter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. et al. v. Darden, 503 U.S. 318 (1992)</title>
              <partNumber>503 U.S. 318</partNumber>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Employee Benefits</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Non-Compete Agreements</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Independent Contractor</topic>
              <topic>Employee Retirement Income Security Act of (E.R.I.S.A.)</topic>
              <topic>Employee Retirement Income Security Act (Cf. Union Trust Funds)</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Employee Benefits</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Non-Compete Agreements</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Independent Contractor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Employee Retirement Income Security Act of (E.R.I.S.A.)</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Employee Retirement Income Security Act (Cf. Union Trust Funds)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-049-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Insurance company, or surety</petitioner>
              <respondent>Agent, fiduciary, trustee, or executor</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>North Carolina Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Employee Retirement Income Security, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>David H. Souter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Wilson, 503 U.S. 329 (1992)</title>
              <partNumber>503 U.S. 329</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Attorney General</topic>
              <topic>Government</topic>
              <topic>18 U.S.C. Â§ 3585(B)</topic>
              <topic>Executive Agencies</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Sentencing</topic>
              <topic>Presentence Detention</topic>
              <topic>Subconstitutional Fair Procedure: Miscellaneous</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
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                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Attorney General</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>18 U.S.C. Â§ 3585(B)</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Sentencing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Presentence Detention</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Subconstitutional Fair Procedure: Miscellaneous</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-050-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Defendant</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Tennessee Middle U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Clarence Thomas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Suter et al. v. Artist M. et al., 503 U.S. 347 (1992)</title>
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              <topic>Adoption and Foster Care</topic>
              <topic>Secretary of Health and Human Services</topic>
              <topic>Families</topic>
              <topic>Limitation of Actions</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Children&apos;s Rights</topic>
              <topic>Standing to Sue: Private or Implied Cause of Action</topic>
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                   <topic>Executive Agencies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Adoption and Foster Care</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Secretary of Health and Human Services</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Families</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Limitation of Actions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Children&apos;s Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Standing to Sue: Private or Implied Cause of Action</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-051-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Illinois">State department or agency</petitioner>
              <respondent>Child, children, including adopted or illegitimate</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Illinois Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1991-12-02</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Social Security, as amended, including Social Security Disability Benefits Reform Act</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Felix, 503 U.S. 378 (1992)</title>
              <partNumber>503 U.S. 378</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-503/USREPORTS-503-378</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Drug Trafficking</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
              <topic>Double Jeopardy Clause</topic>
              <topic>Methamphetamines</topic>
              <topic>Manufacturing</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Double Jeopardy</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Drug Trafficking</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Double Jeopardy Clause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Methamphetamines</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Manufacturing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Double Jeopardy</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-052-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person convicted of crime</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Oklahoma Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1992-01-14</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fifth Amendment (double jeopardy)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Barnhill v. Johnson, Trustee, 503 U.S. 393 (1992)</title>
              <partNumber>503 U.S. 393</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-503/USREPORTS-503-393</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">503 U.S. 393 (1992)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">503 U.S. 393</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1dec68ad0</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Finance and Financial Sector</topic>
              <topic>Check</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy</topic>
              <topic>Transfer</topic>
              <topic>Contracts Law</topic>
              <topic>Date of Honor</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy Law</topic>
              <topic>11 U.S.C. 547(B)</topic>
              <topic>Financial Services</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy (Except in the Context of Priority of Federal Fiscal Claims)</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <reportNumber>393</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>26</sequenceNumber>
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              <decisionDate>1992-03-25</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1991</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>503 U.S. 393</usCitation>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Finance and Financial Sector</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Check</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Bankruptcy</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transfer</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contracts Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Date of Honor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Bankruptcy Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>11 U.S.C. 547(B)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Financial Services</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Bankruptcy (Except in the Context of Priority of Federal Fiscal Claims)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-053-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Creditor, including institution appearing as such, e.g., a finance company</petitioner>
              <respondent>Bankrupt person or business, or business in reorganization</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New Mexico U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1992-01-14</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Bankruptcy Code, Bankruptcy Act or Rules, or Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>National Railroad Passenger Corporation et al. v. Boston &amp; (and) Maine Corp. et al., 503 U.S. 407 (1992)</title>
              <partNumber>503 U.S. 407</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1dec68aa1</identifier>
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              <topic>Railroads</topic>
              <topic>Executive Agencies</topic>
              <topic>Amtrak</topic>
              <topic>Government</topic>
              <topic>Rail Passenger Service Act of (R.P.S.A.)</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Corporations and Associations</topic>
              <topic>Trackage Rights</topic>
              <topic>Antitrust Law</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Review of Administrative Agency&apos;s or Administrative Official&apos;s Actions and Procedures</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-503-407</accessId>
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              <decisionDate>1992-03-25</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1991</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>503 U.S. 407</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>503 U.S. 407 (1992)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Railroads</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Executive Agencies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Amtrak</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Rail Passenger Service Act of (R.P.S.A.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Corporations and Associations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Trackage Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Antitrust Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Judicial Review of Administrative Agency&apos;s or Administrative Official&apos;s Actions and Procedures</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-054-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>National Railroad Passenger Corp.</petitioner>
              <respondent>Railroad</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Interstate Commerce Commission</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit (includes the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia but not the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, which has local jurisdiction)</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit (includes the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia but not the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, which has local jurisdiction)</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1992-01-13</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Robertson, Chief, United States Forest Service, et al. v. Seattle Audubon Society et al., 503 U.S. 429 (1992)</title>
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              <topic>Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act</topic>
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              <topic>Executive Agencies</topic>
              <topic>Forests and Timber</topic>
              <topic>Conservation</topic>
              <topic>Environmental Law</topic>
              <topic>Natural Resources - Environmental Protection (Cf. National Supremacy: Natural Resources, National Supremacy: Pollution)</topic>
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        </subject>
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                   <topic>Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Northwest Timber Compromise</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Natural Resources - Environmental Protection (Cf. National Supremacy: Natural Resources, National Supremacy: Pollution)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-055-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States Forest Service</petitioner>
              <respondent>Environmental organization</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>United States Forest Service</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Washington Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1991-12-02</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Article III, Section 1, Paragraph 1 (judicial power)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Clarence Thomas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States Department of Commerce et al. v. Montana et al., 503 U.S. 442 (1992)</title>
              <partNumber>503 U.S. 442</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Legislative Bodies</topic>
              <topic>Government</topic>
              <topic>House of Representatives</topic>
              <topic>Census</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Election Law</topic>
              <topic>Reapportionment: Other than Plans Governed by the Voting Rights Act</topic>
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                   <topic>Elections and Politics</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legislative Bodies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Reapportionment: Other than Plans Governed by the Voting Rights Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-056-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Department or Secretary of Commerce</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Montana">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Montana U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>Montana U.S. District Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
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              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Article I, Section 2, Paragraph 3 (apportionment of Representatives)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Freeman et al. v. Pitts et al., 503 U.S. 467 (1992)</title>
              <partNumber>503 U.S. 467</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Racial and Ethnic Relations</topic>
              <topic>Education</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>De Jure Segregation</topic>
              <topic>Segregation</topic>
              <topic>Georgia</topic>
              <topic>Unitary Status</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Elementary and Secondary Education</topic>
              <topic>Desegregation, Schools</topic>
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              <courtTerm>1991</courtTerm>
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                   <topic>Racial and Ethnic Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Education</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Segregation</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Elementary and Secondary Education</topic>
                                    
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              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Desegregation, Schools</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-057-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Georgia">Local school district or board of education</petitioner>
              <respondent>Racial or ethnic minority student or applicant for admission to an educational institution</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Georgia Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1991-10-07</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
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              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
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              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Yee et al. v. City of Escondido, California, 503 U.S. 519 (1992)</title>
              <partNumber>503 U.S. 519</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-503/USREPORTS-503-519</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">503 U.S. 519 (1992)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">503 U.S. 519</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Property</topic>
              <topic>Buildings and Property</topic>
              <topic>Rent Control</topic>
              <topic>Takings Clause</topic>
              <topic>Real Estate</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Mobile Home Parks</topic>
              <topic>Due Process: Takings Clause, or Other Non-Constitutional Governmental Taking of Property</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
        </subject>
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              <decisionDate>1992-04-01</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1991</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>503 U.S. 519</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>503 U.S. 519 (1992)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Buildings and Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Rent Control</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Takings Clause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Real Estate</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mobile Home Parks</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Due Process: Takings Clause, or Other Non-Constitutional Governmental Taking of Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-058-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Owner, landlord, or claimant to ownership, fee interest, or possession of land as well as chattels</petitioner>
              <respondent state="California">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="California">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="California">State Appellate Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Conflict between federal court and state court</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1992-01-22</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fifth Amendment (takings clause)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540 (1992)</title>
              <partNumber>503 U.S. 540</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-503/USREPORTS-503-540</identifier>
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              <topic>Pornography</topic>
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              <topic>Mail</topic>
              <topic>Postal Service</topic>
              <topic>Sexual Freedom</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Predisposition</topic>
              <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
              <topic>Entrapment</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Subconstitutional Fair Procedure: Entrapment</topic>
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              <courtTerm>1991</courtTerm>
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                   <topic>Obscenity</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crimes Against Children</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Pornography</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Entrapment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Subconstitutional Fair Procedure: Entrapment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-059-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Nebraska U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1991-11-06</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Byron Raymond White</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Trevino v. Texas, 503 U.S. 562 (1992)</title>
              <partNumber>503 U.S. 562</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Juries</topic>
              <topic>Voir Dire</topic>
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              <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
              <topic>Preemptory Challenge</topic>
              <topic>Sentencing</topic>
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              <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
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              <usCitation>503 U.S. 562</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Juries</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Voir Dire</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Preemptory Challenge</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Comity: Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-060-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Texas">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Texas">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Texas">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Per curiam (no oral argument)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Alaska, 503 U.S. 569 (1992)</title>
              <partNumber>503 U.S. 569</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1dec68a95</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Bodies of Water</topic>
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              <topic>Disclaimer of Rights</topic>
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              <topic>Environment</topic>
              <topic>Compelled Disclaimer</topic>
              <topic>Harbors</topic>
              <topic>Submerged Lands</topic>
              <topic>Property</topic>
              <topic>Federal-State Ownership Dispute (Cf. Submerged Lands Act)</topic>
              <topic>Federalism</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Bodies of Water</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Disclaimer of Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Executive Agencies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Environment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Compelled Disclaimer</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Harbors</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Submerged Lands</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Property</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal-State Ownership Dispute (Cf. Submerged Lands Act)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1991-061-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Alaska">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Original</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Secretary or administrative unit or personnel of the U.S. Army</adminAction>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
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                   <topic>Income Tax</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>National Supremacy: Intergovernmental Tax Immunity</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1991-062-01</docketId>
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                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
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            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1991-063-01</docketId>
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                   <writer>David H. Souter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
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                   <topic>Finance and Financial Sector</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Bankruptcy (Except in the Context of Priority of Federal Fiscal Claims)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1991-064-01</docketId>
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              <respondent>Attorney, or person acting as such, includes bar applicant or law student, or law firm or bar association</respondent>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Clarence Thomas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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                   <topic>Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Death Penalty (Cf. Extra Legal Jury Influence, Death Rights) Penalty)</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1991-065-01</docketId>
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                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
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