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                   <topic>Procedural Rule</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contracts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transfer</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Forum Selection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Diversity Jurisdiction</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-125-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Retail business or outlet</petitioner>
              <respondent>Manufacturer</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Alabama Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
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              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>Agency</topic>
              <topic>Medical Malpractice</topic>
              <topic>Health Care</topic>
              <topic>Prison Doctor</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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                   <topic>Correctional Facilities and Imprisonment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Prisoners&apos; Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contracts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discrimination</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-126-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Prisoner, inmate of penal institution</petitioner>
              <respondent>Physician, MD or DO, dentist, or medical society</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>North Carolina Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-03-28</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts (42 U.S.C. �� 1983)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Supreme Court of Virginia v. Friedman, 487 U.S. 59 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>Professional Responsibility</topic>
              <topic>Licensing and Registration</topic>
              <topic>Bar Admissions</topic>
              <topic>Legal Ethics</topic>
              <topic>Residency</topic>
              <topic>Residency Requirements: Durational, Plus Discrimination Against Nonresidents</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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                   <topic>Lawyers and Legal Services</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Professional Responsibility</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Licensing and Registration</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Bar Admissions</topic>
                                        
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              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Residency Requirements: Durational, Plus Discrimination Against Nonresidents</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-127-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Virginia">State or U.S. Supreme Court</petitioner>
              <respondent>Attorney, or person acting as such, includes bar applicant or law student, or law firm or bar association</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Virginia">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Virginia Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-03-21</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Article IV, Section 2, Paragraph 1 (privileges and immunities clause)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>State or territorial law, reg, or const provision unconstitutional</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Catholic Conf. v. Abortion Rights Mobilization, 487 U.S. 72 (1988)</title>
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         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">487 U.S. 72</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Nonparty Witnesses</topic>
              <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
              <topic>Subpoenas</topic>
              <topic>Witnesses</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Civil Contempt</topic>
              <topic>Contempt of Court</topic>
              <topic>Public Participation and Lobbying</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Administration: Jurisdiction or Authority of Federal District Courts or Territorial Courts</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
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              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
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                   <topic>Nonparty Witnesses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Subpoenas</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Witnesses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Contempt</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contempt of Court</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Public Participation and Lobbying</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Judicial Administration: Jurisdiction or Authority of Federal District Courts or Territorial Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-128-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Religious organization, institution, or person</petitioner>
              <respondent>Public interest organization</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New York Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-04-18</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Ross v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 81 (1988)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Homicide</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Jury Selection</topic>
              <topic>Racial and Ethnic Relations</topic>
              <topic>Peremptory Challenges</topic>
              <topic>Juries</topic>
              <topic>Capital Crimes</topic>
              <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
              <topic>Extra-Legal Jury Influences: Jurors and Death Penalty (Cf. Cruel and Unusual Punishment)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Homicide</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jury Selection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Racial and Ethnic Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Peremptory Challenges</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Juries</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Extra-Legal Jury Influences: Jurors and Death Penalty (Cf. Cruel and Unusual Punishment)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-129-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Oklahoma">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Oklahoma">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Oklahoma">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-01-19</dateArgument>
              <dateRearg>1988-04-18</dateRearg>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Sixth Amendment (right to trial by jury)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Subpoenas</topic>
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              <topic>Collective Entity Doctrine</topic>
              <topic>Privilege</topic>
              <topic>Business Ethics</topic>
              <topic>Self-Incrimination (Other than as Pertains to Miranda or Immunity from Prosecution)</topic>
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                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Subpoenas</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Self-Incrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Collective Entity Doctrine</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Privilege</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Self-Incrimination (Other than as Pertains to Miranda or Immunity from Prosecution)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-130-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Management, executive officer, or director, of business entity</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Mississippi Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fifth Amendment (self-incrimination)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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         <subject>
              <topic>Racial and Ethnic Relations</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Courts</topic>
              <topic>Conflicts of Law</topic>
              <topic>Arrest</topic>
              <topic>Notice of Claim Statute</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>Sovereign Immunity</topic>
              <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
              <topic>Federalism</topic>
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                   <topic>Racial and Ethnic Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Conflicts of Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Arrest</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Notice of Claim Statute</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-131-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Racial or ethnic minority</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Wisconsin">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Wisconsin">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Wisconsin">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-03-28</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts (42 U.S.C. �� 1983)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Franklin v. Lynaugh, 487 U.S. 164 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>487 U.S. 164</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Juries</topic>
              <topic>Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Mitigating Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Homicide</topic>
              <topic>Jury Instructions</topic>
              <topic>Sentencing</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Special Instructions</topic>
              <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
              <topic>Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Death Penalty (Cf. Extra Legal Jury Influence, Death Rights) Penalty)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Juries</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mitigating Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Homicide</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Sentencing</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Death Penalty (Cf. Extra Legal Jury Influence, Death Rights) Penalty)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-132-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Texas">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Texas Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-03-01</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Eighth Amendment (cruel and unusual punishment)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Judgment of the Court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Doe v. United States, 487 U.S. 201 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>Foreign Banks</topic>
              <topic>Consent</topic>
              <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
              <topic>Foreign Investments</topic>
              <topic>Self-Incrimination</topic>
              <topic>Self-Incrimination (Other than as Pertains to Miranda or Immunity from Prosecution)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Foreign Banks</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Consent</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Foreign Investments</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Self-Incrimination</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Self-Incrimination (Other than as Pertains to Miranda or Immunity from Prosecution)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-133-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Texas Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-03-02</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fifth Amendment (self-incrimination)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Florida v. Long, 487 U.S. 223 (1988)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Retroactivity</topic>
              <topic>Retirement</topic>
              <topic>Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>Life Expectancy</topic>
              <topic>Notice</topic>
              <topic>Employee Benefits</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Pension</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Class Action</topic>
              <topic>Sex Discrimination in Employment (Cf. Sex Discrimination)</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Retroactivity</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Retirement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Life Expectancy</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Employee Benefits</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Pension</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Class Action</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Sex Discrimination in Employment (Cf. Sex Discrimination)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-134-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Florida">State</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Florida">Retired or former governmental employee</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Florida Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-02-22</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Bank of Nova Scotia v. United States, 487 U.S. 250 (1988)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Mail Fraud</topic>
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              <topic>Juries</topic>
              <topic>Totality of Circumstances</topic>
              <topic>Conspiracy</topic>
              <topic>Grand Jury</topic>
              <topic>Banks and Financial Institutions</topic>
              <topic>Indictment</topic>
              <topic>Tax Fraud</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Subconstitutional Fair Procedure: Miscellaneous</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Mail Fraud</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Subconstitutional Fair Procedure: Miscellaneous</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1987-135-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Defendant</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Colorado U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
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              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, or relevant rules of a circuit court</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266 (1988)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Correctional Facilities and Imprisonment</topic>
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              <topic>Postal Service</topic>
              <topic>Filing Date</topic>
              <topic>Pro Se Defendants</topic>
              <topic>Appellate Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Subconstitutional Fair Procedure: Timeliness</topic>
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                   <topic>Correctional Facilities and Imprisonment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Postal Service</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Filing Date</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Pro Se Defendants</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Appellate Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Subconstitutional Fair Procedure: Timeliness</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-136-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Prisoner, inmate of penal institution</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Tennessee">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Tennessee Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-04-27</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, including Appellate Procedure, or relevant rules of a circuit court Judicial Code, and admiralty rules</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Patterson v. Illinois, 487 U.S. 285 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>487 U.S. 285</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Homicide</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Right to Counsel</topic>
              <topic>Organized Crime and Gangs</topic>
              <topic>Investigations</topic>
              <topic>Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Waiver</topic>
              <topic>Right to Counsel (Cf. Indigents Appointment of Counsel or Inadequate Representation)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Homicide</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Right to Counsel</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Organized Crime and Gangs</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Investigations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Waiver</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Right to Counsel (Cf. Indigents Appointment of Counsel or Inadequate Representation)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-137-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Illinois">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Illinois">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Illinois">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Conflict between federal court and state court</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-03-22</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Sixth Amendment (right to counsel)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Torres v. Oakland Scavenger Co., 487 U.S. 312 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>487 U.S. 312</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="preferred citation">487 U.S. 312 (1988)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">487 U.S. 312</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Pleadings</topic>
              <topic>Appellate Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
              <topic>Intervention</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Including Supreme Court Rules, Application of the Federal Rules of Evidence, Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure in Civil Litigation, Circuit Court Rules, and State Rules and Admiralty Rules</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
        </subject>
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              <reportNumber>312</reportNumber>
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              <decisionDate>1988-06-24</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>487 U.S. 312</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>487 U.S. 312 (1988)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Pleadings</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Appellate Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Intervention</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Including Supreme Court Rules, Application of the Federal Rules of Evidence, Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure in Civil Litigation, Circuit Court Rules, and State Rules and Admiralty Rules</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-138-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Racial or ethnic minority employee or job applicant</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-02-23</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, including Appellate Procedure, or relevant rules of a circuit court Judicial Code, and admiralty rules</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Taylor, 487 U.S. 326 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>487 U.S. 326</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">487 U.S. 326</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
              <topic>Prejudice</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Powers</topic>
              <topic>Discretion</topic>
              <topic>Speedy Trial Act</topic>
              <topic>Speedy Trial</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
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              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>487 U.S. 326</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>487 U.S. 326 (1988)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Prejudice</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Powers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discretion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Speedy Trial Act</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Speedy Trial</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-139-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Washington Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Other reason</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-04-25</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Mississippi Power v. Miss. ex rel. Moore, 487 U.S. 354 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>487 U.S. 354</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="preferred citation">487 U.S. 354 (1988)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">487 U.S. 354</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Energy Law</topic>
              <topic>Energy Regulations</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Nuclear Power</topic>
              <topic>Preemption</topic>
              <topic>Public Utilities and Utility Rates</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Federal and Some Few State Regulation of Public Utilities Regulation: Nuclear Power</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
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              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>487 U.S. 354</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Energy Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Energy Regulations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Nuclear Power</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Preemption</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Public Utilities and Utility Rates</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal and Some Few State Regulation of Public Utilities Regulation: Nuclear Power</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-140-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Nuclear power plant or facility</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Mississippi">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Federal Energy Regulatory Commission</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin state="Mississippi">State Supreme Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Mississippi">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-02-22</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Power</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Sheridan v. United States, 487 U.S. 392 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>487 U.S. 392</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-487/USREPORTS-487-392</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Negligence</topic>
              <topic>Torts Law</topic>
              <topic>Torts</topic>
              <topic>Vicarious Liability</topic>
              <topic>Pleadings</topic>
              <topic>Intentional Torts</topic>
              <topic>Respondeat Superior</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Military Personnel</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Governmental: Tort or Contract Actions by or Against Government or Governmental Officials Other than Defense of Criminal Actions Brought Under a Civil Rights Action.</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
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              <decisionDate>1988-06-24</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>487 U.S. 392</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>487 U.S. 392 (1988)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Negligence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Torts Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Torts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Vicarious Liability</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Pleadings</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Intentional Torts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Respondeat Superior</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Military Personnel</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Liability, Governmental: Tort or Contract Actions by or Against Government or Governmental Officials Other than Defense of Criminal Actions Brought Under a Civil Rights Action.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-141-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Physically injured person, including wrongful death, who is not an employee</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Maryland U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict and to resolve important or significant question</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-04-26</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Tort Claims, or Alien Tort Statute</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Schweiker v. Chilicky, 487 U.S. 412 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>487 U.S. 412</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-487/USREPORTS-487-412</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">487 U.S. 412 (1988)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">487 U.S. 412</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4db5b42</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Benefits Eligibility</topic>
              <topic>Bivens Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Disability Benefits</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Social Security</topic>
              <topic>Civil Liability</topic>
              <topic>People with Disabilities</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Governmental: Tort or Contract Actions by or Against Government or Governmental Officials Other than Defense of Criminal Actions Brought Under a Civil Rights Action.</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Benefits Eligibility</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Bivens Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Disability Benefits</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Social Security</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Liability</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>People with Disabilities</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Liability, Governmental: Tort or Contract Actions by or Against Government or Governmental Officials Other than Defense of Criminal Actions Brought Under a Civil Rights Action.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-142-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services</petitioner>
              <respondent>Disabled person or disability benefit claimant</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Arizona U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-03-01</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Social Security, as amended, including Social Security Disability Benefits Reform Act</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools et al., 487 U.S. 450 (1988)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Motor Carriers</topic>
              <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>School Buses</topic>
              <topic>Transportation Costs</topic>
              <topic>School Transportation</topic>
              <topic>Poverty Law, Constitutional</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
        </subject>
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              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>487 U.S. 450</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>487 U.S. 450 (1988)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>School Administration</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contracts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Motor Carriers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>School Buses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transportation Costs</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>School Transportation</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Poverty Law, Constitutional</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-143-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Student, or applicant for admission to an educational institution</petitioner>
              <respondent state="North Dakota">Local school district or board of education</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="North Dakota">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="North Dakota">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-03-30</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Other</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Estoppel</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Frisby v. Schultz, 487 U.S. 474 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>487 U.S. 474</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
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         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">487 U.S. 474</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4db5b3e</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Picketing</topic>
              <topic>Anti-Picketing Ordinance</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Speech</topic>
              <topic>Strict Scrutiny</topic>
              <topic>Picketing at a Residence</topic>
              <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
              <topic>Abortion</topic>
              <topic>Right of Privacy</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment, Miscellaneous (Cf. Comity: First Amendment)</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <decisionDate>1988-06-27</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>487 U.S. 474</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>487 U.S. 474 (1988)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Picketing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Anti-Picketing Ordinance</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Freedom of Speech</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Strict Scrutiny</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Picketing at a Residence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Abortion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Right of Privacy</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment, Miscellaneous (Cf. Comity: First Amendment)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-144-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Political candidate, activist, committee, party, party member, organization, or elected official</petitioner>
              <respondent>Protester, demonstrator, picketer or pamphleteer (non-employment related), or nonindigent loiterer</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Wisconsin Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-04-20</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>First Amendment (speech, press, and assembly)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Boyle v. United Technologies Corp., 487 U.S. 500 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>487 U.S. 500</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-487/USREPORTS-487-500</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">487 U.S. 500 (1988)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">487 U.S. 500</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4db5b2c</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Contractor Liability</topic>
              <topic>Helicopters</topic>
              <topic>Preemption</topic>
              <topic>Torts</topic>
              <topic>Contracts Law</topic>
              <topic>Product Development and Innovation</topic>
              <topic>Product Liability</topic>
              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Government Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Military Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Contractors</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Governmental: Tort or Contract Actions by or Against Government or Governmental Officials Other than Defense of Criminal Actions Brought Under a Civil Rights Action.</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-487-500</accessId>
              <reportNumber>500</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>27</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1988-06-27</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>487 U.S. 500</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>487 U.S. 500 (1988)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Contractor Liability</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Helicopters</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Preemption</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Torts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contracts Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Product Development and Innovation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Product Liability</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contracts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government Contracts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Military Contracts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contractors</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Liability, Governmental: Tort or Contract Actions by or Against Government or Governmental Officials Other than Defense of Criminal Actions Brought Under a Civil Rights Action.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-145-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Military personnel, or dependent of, including reservist</petitioner>
              <respondent>Government contractor</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Virginia Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1987-10-13</dateArgument>
              <dateRearg>1988-04-27</dateRearg>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Murray v. United States, 487 U.S. 533 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>487 U.S. 533</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
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         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">487 U.S. 533</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
              <topic>Marijuana</topic>
              <topic>Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Suppression of Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Illegal Search and Seizure</topic>
              <topic>Search Warrants</topic>
              <topic>Controlled Substances</topic>
              <topic>Illegal Entry</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Exclusionary Rule</topic>
              <topic>Search and Seizure (Other than as Pertains to Vehicles or Crime Control Act)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-487-533</accessId>
              <reportNumber>533</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>28</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1988-06-27</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>487 U.S. 533</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>487 U.S. 533 (1988)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Marijuana</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Suppression of Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Illegal Search and Seizure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Search Warrants</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Controlled Substances</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Illegal Entry</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Exclusionary Rule</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Search and Seizure (Other than as Pertains to Vehicles or Crime Control Act)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-146-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Massachusetts U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1987-12-08</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourth Amendment</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>4</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>487 U.S. 552</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">487 U.S. 552</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Government Subsidies</topic>
              <topic>Subsidized Housing</topic>
              <topic>Equal Access to Justice Act</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Discretion</topic>
              <topic>Urban Planning</topic>
              <topic>Attorney&apos;s Fees</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Powers</topic>
              <topic>Attorneys&apos; and Governmental Employees&apos; or Officials&apos; Fees or Compensation or Licenses</topic>
              <topic>Attorneys</topic>
        </subject>
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              <reportNumber>552</reportNumber>
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              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1988-06-27</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>487 U.S. 552</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>487 U.S. 552 (1988)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government Subsidies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Subsidized Housing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Equal Access to Justice Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Discretion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Urban Planning</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Attorney&apos;s Fees</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Powers</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Attorneys&apos; and Governmental Employees&apos; or Officials&apos; Fees or Compensation or Licenses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Attorneys</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-147-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Department or Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</petitioner>
              <respondent>Tenant or lessee</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>California Central U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict and to resolve important or significant question</certReason>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Equal Access to Justice</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <disposition>Affirmed and reversed (or vacated) in part and remanded</disposition>
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              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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                   <topic>Pregnancy</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-148-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services</petitioner>
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              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
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              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Legislative Powers</topic>
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                   <topic>Government Ethics and Transparency</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Congressional Powers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Appointed Counsel</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Miscellaneous</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Miscellaneous</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-149-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="United States">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</petitioner>
              <respondent state="United States">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</respondent>
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              <caseOrigin>District Of Columbia U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit (includes the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia but not the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, which has local jurisdiction)</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
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              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Communications Workers v. Beck, 487 U.S. 735 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>487 U.S. 735</partNumber>
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              <topic>Agency</topic>
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              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Union Dues</topic>
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              <topic>Unions</topic>
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                   <topic>Agency Fees</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor Unions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Agency</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Union or Closed Shop: Includes Agency Shop Litigation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unions</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-150-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Union, labor organization, or official of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Maryland U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict and to resolve important or significant question</certReason>
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              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>National Labor Relations, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Riley v. National Federation of the Blind, 487 U.S. 781 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>Unreasonable Fees</topic>
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              <topic>Licensing and Permits</topic>
              <topic>Professional Fundraisers</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment, Miscellaneous (Cf. Comity: First Amendment)</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
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                   <topic>Fundraising</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>First Amendment, Miscellaneous (Cf. Comity: First Amendment)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1987-151-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="North Carolina">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Eleemosynary institution or person</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>North Carolina Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Thompson v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 815 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>Cruel and Unusual Punishment</topic>
              <topic>Sentencing</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Photographic Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Tried as an Adult</topic>
              <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
              <topic>Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Death Penalty (Cf. Extra Legal Jury Influence, Death Rights) Penalty)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
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                   <topic>Sentenced as an Adult</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Death Penalty (Cf. Extra Legal Jury Influence, Death Rights) Penalty)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1987-153-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Juvenile</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Oklahoma">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Oklahoma">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Oklahoma">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
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              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
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              <docketId>1987-154-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services</petitioner>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
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              <docketId>1987-156-01</docketId>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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                   <topic>Confrontation (Right to Confront Accuser, Call and Cross-Examine Witnesses)</topic>
                                        
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              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
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              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
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                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
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