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              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
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                   <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Self-Incrimination (Other than as Pertains to Miranda or Immunity from Prosecution)</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-034-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
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              <caseOrigin>Tennessee Middle U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fifth Amendment (self-incrimination)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Defamation</topic>
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              <topic>Freedom of Speech</topic>
              <topic>Libel</topic>
              <topic>Right of Privacy</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress</topic>
              <topic>Parody</topic>
              <topic>Libel, Defamation: Defamation of Public Officials and Public and Private Persons</topic>
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              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>485 U.S. 46</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Freedom of the Press</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Defamation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Torts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Freedom of Speech</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Libel</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Right of Privacy</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Parody</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Libel, Defamation: Defamation of Public Officials and Public and Private Persons</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-035-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Magazine</petitioner>
              <respondent>Religious organization, institution, or person</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Virginia Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>First Amendment (speech, press, and assembly)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Mathews v. United States, 485 U.S. 58 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>Juries</topic>
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              <usCitation>485 U.S. 58</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Pleadings</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jury Instructions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Affirmative Defense</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Juries</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Entrapment</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Subconstitutional Fair Procedure: Entrapment</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-036-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Wisconsin Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
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                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Bowen v. Galbreath, 485 U.S. 74 (1988)</title>
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                   <topic>Title II</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Social Welfare</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Attorneys&apos; and Governmental Employees&apos; or Officials&apos; Fees or Compensation or Licenses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Attorneys</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-037-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services</petitioner>
              <respondent>Indigent, needy, welfare recipient</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services</adminAction>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Supplemental Security Income</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Peralta v. Heights Medical Center, Inc., 485 U.S. 80 (1988)</title>
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                   <topic>Pleadings</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Defective Service</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Service of Process</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Summary Judgment</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Due Process: Hearing or Notice (Other than as Pertains to Government Employees or Prisoners&apos; Rights)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1987-038-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person who guarantees another&apos;s obligations</petitioner>
              <respondent>Hospital, medical center</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Texas">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourteenth Amendment (due process)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Alabama and Mississippi Boundary Case, 485 U.S. 88 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>Bodies of Water</topic>
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              <topic>Government</topic>
              <topic>Environment</topic>
              <topic>Special Master</topic>
              <topic>Maps and Mapping</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Supplemental Report</topic>
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                   <topic>Bodies of Water</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Land</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mississippi Sound</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Boundaries</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Environment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Special Master</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Maps and Mapping</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Supplemental Report</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Submerged Lands Act (Cf. Federal-State Ownership Dispute)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-039-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Louisiana">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Original</jurisdiction>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
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                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Refugees</topic>
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                   <topic>Deportation</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Probability of Persecution</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Deportation (Cf. Immigration and Naturalization)</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-040-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Immigration and Naturalization Service, or Director of, or District Director of, or Immigration and Naturalization Enforcement</petitioner>
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              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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                   <topic>Social Welfare</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-041-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Missouri">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Missouri">Governmental employee or job applicant</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Missouri">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Missouri Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, including Appellate Procedure, or relevant rules of a circuit court Judicial Code, and admiralty rules</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Judgment of the Court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Flight Attendants, 485 U.S. 175 (1988)</title>
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                   <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Employee Discharge</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-042-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</petitioner>
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              <caseOrigin>Missouri Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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                   <majority>4</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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              <title>K Mart Corp. v. Cartier, Inc., 485 U.S. 176 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>Intellectual Property</topic>
              <topic>Trademark Infringement</topic>
              <topic>Import and Export</topic>
              <topic>Foreign Trade and International Finance</topic>
              <topic>Intellectual Property Law</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Trademarks</topic>
              <topic>Common Control</topic>
              <topic>Customs Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Gray Market</topic>
              <topic>Patents and Copyrights: Trademark</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
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                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Foreign Trade and International Finance</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Patents and Copyrights: Trademark</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-043-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Retail business or outlet</petitioner>
              <respondent>Inventor, patent assigner, trademark owner or holder</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Customs Service or Commissioner or Collector of Customs</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>District Of Columbia U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit (includes the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia but not the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, which has local jurisdiction)</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
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              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Norwest Bank Worthington v. Ahlers, 485 U.S. 197 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>Absolute Priority</topic>
              <topic>Reorganization</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy Law</topic>
              <topic>Property</topic>
              <topic>Creditors</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy (Except in the Context of Priority of Federal Fiscal Claims)</topic>
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                   <topic>Finance and Financial Sector</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Bankruptcy (Except in the Context of Priority of Federal Fiscal Claims)</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-044-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Bank, savings and loan, credit union, investment company</petitioner>
              <respondent>Farmer, farm worker, or farm organization</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Minnesota U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Bankruptcy Code, Bankruptcy Act or Rules, or Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Arkansas Best Corp. v. Commissioner, 485 U.S. 212 (1988)</title>
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                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
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              <docketId>1987-046-01</docketId>
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                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>4</majority>
                                        
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              <docketId>1987-048-01</docketId>
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                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-050-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Michigan">State commission, board, committee, or authority</petitioner>
              <respondent>Pipe line company</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Michigan Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Conflict between federal court and state court</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1987-11-02</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Natural Gas, or Natural Gas Policy Acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Embassies</topic>
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              <topic>Freedom of Speech</topic>
              <topic>Strict Scrutiny</topic>
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              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Protest and Dissent</topic>
              <topic>Protest Demonstrations (Other than as Pertains to Sit-in Demonstrations): Demonstrations and Other Forms of Protest Based on First Amendment Guarantees</topic>
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                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-051-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Protester, demonstrator, picketer or pamphleteer (non-employment related), or nonindigent loiterer</petitioner>
              <respondent state="District of Columbia">State</respondent>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
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              <unconstitutionality>Act of congress declared unconstitutional</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed and reversed (or vacated) in part</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Commissioner v. Bollinger, 485 U.S. 340 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>Income Tax</topic>
              <topic>Rental Income</topic>
              <topic>Buildings and Property</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Business Ethics</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Income Property</topic>
              <topic>Apartment Buildings</topic>
              <topic>Partnerships</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1987, February 24 through May 13, 1988;Commissioner v. Bollinger, 485 U.S. 340 (1988);485 U.S. 340</searchTitle>
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              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
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                   <topic>Finance and Financial Sector</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Income Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Rental Income</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Buildings and Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Business Ethics</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Income Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Apartment Buildings</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Partnerships</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-052-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Real estate developer</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Tax Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1988-01-13</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Internal Revenue Code and pre-IRC revenue acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Wells Fargo Bank, 485 U.S. 351 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>485 U.S. 351</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-485/USREPORTS-485-351</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Income Tax</topic>
              <topic>Estate Tax</topic>
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              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>Amended Tax Returns</topic>
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              <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
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                   <topic>Income Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Estate Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Public Housing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Administration and Collection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Amended Tax Returns</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-053-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Agent, fiduciary, trustee, or executor</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>California Central U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>California Central U.S. District Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1987-12-08</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Internal Revenue Code and pre-IRC revenue acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Lyng v. Automobile Workers, 485 U.S. 360 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>485 U.S. 360</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Social Welfare</topic>
              <topic>Rational Basis</topic>
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              <topic>Poverty and Welfare Assistance</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Association</topic>
              <topic>Protected Class</topic>
              <topic>Strikes</topic>
              <topic>Food Stamps</topic>
              <topic>Food Assistance</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Poverty Law, Constitutional</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
        </subject>
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Poverty Law, Constitutional</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-054-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Department or Secretary of Agriculture</petitioner>
              <respondent>Union, labor organization, or official of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>District Of Columbia U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>District Of Columbia U.S. District Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Bowen v. Kizer, 485 U.S. 386 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>485 U.S. 386</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-485/USREPORTS-485-386</identifier>
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              <topic>Mootness (Cf. Standing to Sue: Live Dispute)</topic>
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                   <topic>Mootness (Cf. Standing to Sue: Live Dispute)</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1987-055-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services</petitioner>
              <respondent state="California">State department or agency</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Article III, Section 2, Paragraph 1 (case or controversy requirement)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Texas v. New Mexico, 485 U.S. 388 (1988)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Maps and Mapping</topic>
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                   <topic>Environment</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Miscellaneous Interstate Relations Conflict</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-056-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Texas">State</petitioner>
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              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
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                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Bennett v. Arkansas, 485 U.S. 395 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Wills, Trusts, and Estates Law</topic>
              <topic>Supremacy</topic>
              <topic>Supremacy Clause</topic>
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              <topic>Social Security</topic>
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                   <topic>National Supremacy: Miscellaneous</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-057-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Prisoner, inmate of penal institution</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Arkansas">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Arkansas">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Bethesda Hospital Assn. v. Bowen, 485 U.S. 399 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>Medical Malpractice</topic>
              <topic>Medicare</topic>
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                   <topic>Judicial Review of Administrative Agency&apos;s or Administrative Official&apos;s Actions and Procedures</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-058-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Hospital, medical center</petitioner>
              <respondent>Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Ohio Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Medicare provisions of the Social Security Act</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Anthony M. Kennedy</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>FLRA v. Aberdeen Proving Ground, 485 U.S. 409 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>485 U.S. 409</partNumber>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Title VII</topic>
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                   <topic>Title VII</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Bargaining</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-059-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Federal Labor Relations Authority</petitioner>
              <respondent>Secretary or administrative unit or personnel of the U.S. Army</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Gardebring v. Jenkins, 485 U.S. 415 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>Notice</topic>
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              <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
              <topic>Poverty Law, Statutory: Welfare Benefits, Typically Under Some Social Security Act Provision.</topic>
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                   <topic>Social Security</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Poverty Law, Statutory: Welfare Benefits, Typically Under Some Social Security Act Provision.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-060-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Minnesota">State commission, board, committee, or authority</petitioner>
              <respondent>Indigent, needy, welfare recipient</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Minnesota U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Aid to Families with Dependent Children provisions of the Social Security Act, plus amendments</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Prot. Assn., 485 U.S. 439 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>Public Lands</topic>
              <topic>Buildings and Property</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Native Americans</topic>
              <topic>Forests and Timber</topic>
              <topic>Environmental Impact Statement (E.I.S.)</topic>
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              <topic>Establishment Clause</topic>
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                   <topic>Forests and Timber</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Environmental Impact Statement (E.I.S.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>North America</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Natural Resources</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Establishment Clause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Religious Rituals</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Free Exercise of Religion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-061-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Department or Secretary of Agriculture</petitioner>
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              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of Agriculture</adminAction>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>First Amendment (free exercise of religion)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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              <docketId>1987-062-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Creditor, including institution appearing as such, e.g., a finance company</petitioner>
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                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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              <title>P. R. Consumer Affairs Dept. v. Isla Petroleum, 485 U.S. 495 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>Puerto Rico</topic>
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              <topic>Gas Prices</topic>
              <topic>Excise Taxes</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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              <topic>Bonds</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Securities</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>State Powers</topic>
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              <docketId>1987-064-01</docketId>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
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              <topic>National Security</topic>
              <topic>People with Disabilities</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Military: Veteran</topic>
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                   <topic>Military: Veteran</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-065-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Veteran</petitioner>
              <respondent>Veterans&apos; Administration</respondent>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>4</majority>
                                        
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              <title>DeBartolo Corp. v. Fla. Gulf Coast Trades Council, 485 U.S. 568 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Distribution of Union Literature</topic>
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                   <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Distribution of Union Literature</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-066-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Shopping center, mall</petitioner>
              <respondent>Union, labor organization, or official of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>National Labor Relations Board, or regional office or officer</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve important or significant question</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-01-20</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>National Labor Relations, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Regents of Univ. of Cal. v. Public Empl. Rel. Bd., 485 U.S. 589 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>485 U.S. 589</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-485/USREPORTS-485-589</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">485 U.S. 589 (1988)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">485 U.S. 589</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Government</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
              <topic>Interdepartmental Mail</topic>
              <topic>Postal Service</topic>
              <topic>Monopoly</topic>
              <topic>Internal Mail</topic>
              <topic>Mail Routes and Transit</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Distribution of Union Literature</topic>
              <topic>Unions</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1987, February 24 through May 13, 1988;Regents of Univ. of Cal. v. Public Empl. Rel. Bd., 485 U.S. 589 (1988);485 U.S. 589</searchTitle>
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              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1988-04-20</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>485 U.S. 589</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>485 U.S. 589 (1988)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Interdepartmental Mail</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Postal Service</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Monopoly</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Internal Mail</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mail Routes and Transit</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Distribution of Union Literature</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unions</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-067-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="California">State college or university</petitioner>
              <respondent state="California">State commission, board, committee, or authority</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="California">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin state="California">State Appellate Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="California">State Appellate Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-01-12</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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    <relatedItem type="constituent" ID="id-USREPORTS-485-617" xlink:href="https://www.govinfo.gov/metadata/granule/USREPORTS-485/USREPORTS-485-617/mods.xml">
         <titleInfo>
              <title>Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 485 U.S. 617 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>485 U.S. 617</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-485/USREPORTS-485-617</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">485 U.S. 617 (1988)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">485 U.S. 617</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4db5c1d</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Miscellaneous Judicial Power, Especially Diversity Jurisdiction</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <reportNumber>617</reportNumber>
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              <decisionDate>1988-04-25</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>485 U.S. 617</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>485 U.S. 617 (1988)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center"></subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Miscellaneous Judicial Power, Especially Diversity Jurisdiction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-076-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Minority female employee or job applicant</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Rehearing or restored to calendar for reargument</jurisdiction>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Per curiam (no oral argument)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Stay, petition, or motion granted</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <url displayLabel="Content Detail" access="object in context">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-485/USREPORTS-485-617</url>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Hicks v. Feiock, 485 U.S. 624 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>485 U.S. 624</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-485/USREPORTS-485-624</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">485 U.S. 624 (1988)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">485 U.S. 624</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4db5bf1</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Presumptions</topic>
              <topic>Inferences</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Burden of Proof</topic>
              <topic>Families</topic>
              <topic>Child Support</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Contempt of Court</topic>
              <topic>Family Law</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Contempt of Court or Congress</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1987, February 24 through May 13, 1988;Hicks v. Feiock, 485 U.S. 624 (1988);485 U.S. 624</searchTitle>
              <granuleClass>CASE</granuleClass>
              <accessId>USREPORTS-485-624</accessId>
              <reportNumber>624</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>43</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1988-04-27</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>485 U.S. 624</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>485 U.S. 624 (1988)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Presumptions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Inferences</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Burden of Proof</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Families</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Child Support</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contempt of Court</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Family Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Contempt of Court or Congress</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-068-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Mother</petitioner>
              <respondent>Father</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="California">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="California">State Appellate Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1987-12-01</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourteenth Amendment (due process)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
         <location>
              <url displayLabel="Content Detail" access="object in context">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-485/USREPORTS-485-624</url>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Landers v. National Railroad Passenger Corp., 485 U.S. 652 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>485 U.S. 652</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-485/USREPORTS-485-652</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">485 U.S. 652 (1988)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">485 U.S. 652</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4db5bf9</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Railroads</topic>
              <topic>Labor Unions</topic>
              <topic>Legislative Bodies</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Legislative Intent</topic>
              <topic>Union Representation</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Representation</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Union Representatives</topic>
              <topic>Unions</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1987, February 24 through May 13, 1988;Landers v. National Railroad Passenger Corp., 485 U.S. 652 (1988);485 U.S. 652</searchTitle>
              <granuleClass>CASE</granuleClass>
              <accessId>USREPORTS-485-652</accessId>
              <reportNumber>652</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>44</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1988-04-27</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>485 U.S. 652</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>485 U.S. 652 (1988)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Railroads</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor Unions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legislative Bodies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legislative Intent</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Union Representation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Representation</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Union Representatives</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unions</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-069-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</petitioner>
              <respondent>National Railroad Passenger Corp.</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Massachusetts U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1988-03-29</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Railway Labor</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Employment Division v. Smith, 485 U.S. 660 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>485 U.S. 660</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-485/USREPORTS-485-660</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">485 U.S. 660 (1988)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">485 U.S. 660</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4db5bf7</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>American Indians</topic>
              <topic>Religious Ceremonies</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Religion</topic>
              <topic>Arts and Culture</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Religion</topic>
              <topic>Indigenous Peoples</topic>
              <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
              <topic>Peyote</topic>
              <topic>Unemployment Benefits</topic>
              <topic>Native Americans</topic>
              <topic>Controlled Substances</topic>
              <topic>North America</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Free Exercise of Religion</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
        </subject>
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              <reportNumber>660</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>45</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1988-04-27</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>485 U.S. 660</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>485 U.S. 660 (1988)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>American Indians</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Religious Ceremonies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Freedom of Religion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Arts and Culture</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Religion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Indigenous Peoples</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Peyote</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unemployment Benefits</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Native Americans</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Controlled Substances</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>North America</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Free Exercise of Religion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-070-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Oregon">State department or agency</petitioner>
              <respondent>Religious organization, institution, or person</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Oregon">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin state="Oregon">State Appellate Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Oregon">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Other reason</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1987-12-08</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>First Amendment (free exercise of religion)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
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              <url displayLabel="Content Detail" access="object in context">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-485/USREPORTS-485-660</url>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States Postal Service v. National Association of Letter Carriers, AFL-CIO, 485 U.S. 680 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>485 U.S. 680</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-485/USREPORTS-485-680</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">485 U.S. 680 (1988)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">485 U.S. 680</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4db5c10</identifier>
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         <subject>
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                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
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              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Per Se Rule</topic>
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              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Calculators</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
              <topic>Antitrust (Except in the Context of Mergers and Union Antitrust)</topic>
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                   <topic>Jury Instructions</topic>
                                        
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              <caseOrigin>Texas Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
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                   <topic>Naturalization</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Immigration and Naturalization: Loss of Citizenship, Denaturalization</topic>
                                        
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
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