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                   <majority>3</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Forgiveness of Tax Interest and Penalty</topic>
              <topic>Estate Tax</topic>
              <topic>Qualified Real Property</topic>
              <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
              <topic>Appellate Courts</topic>
              <topic>Tax Court</topic>
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                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Forgiveness of Tax Interest and Penalty</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Estate Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Qualified Real Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Judicial Administration: Jurisdiction or Authority of Federal Courts of Appeals</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-002-01</docketId>
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              <respondent>Taxpayer or executor of taxpayer&apos;s estate, federal only</respondent>
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              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Internal Revenue Code and pre-IRC revenue acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Church of Scientology of California v. IRS, 484 U.S. 9 (1987)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Income Tax</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Information Act (F.O.I.A.)</topic>
              <topic>Redaction</topic>
              <topic>Haskell Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Tax Returns</topic>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>Confidential Return Information</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Information Act and Related Federal or State Statutes or Regulations</topic>
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                   <topic>Income Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Freedom of Information Act (F.O.I.A.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Redaction</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Freedom of Information Act and Related Federal or State Statutes or Regulations</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-003-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Religious organization, institution, or person</petitioner>
              <respondent>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Internal Revenue Code and pre-IRC revenue acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Carpenter v. United States, 484 U.S. 19 (1987)</title>
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              <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
              <topic>Newspapers and Magazines</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Property Law</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Fraud</topic>
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                   <topic>Securities</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Specific Intent</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Confidential Information</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Newspapers and Magazines</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Fraud</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-004-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Broker, stock exchange, investment or securities firm</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New York Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Paperworkers v. Misco, Inc., 484 U.S. 29 (1987)</title>
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              <topic>Collective-Bargaining Agreements</topic>
              <topic>Arbitration (In the Context of Labor-Management or Employer-Employee Relations) (Cf. Arbitration)</topic>
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                   <topic>Arbitration</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Arbitration (In the Context of Labor-Management or Employer-Employee Relations) (Cf. Arbitration)</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-005-01</docketId>
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              <respondent>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</respondent>
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                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Gwaltney v. Chesapeake Bay Foundation, 484 U.S. 49 (1987)</title>
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              <topic>National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (N.P.D.E.S.)</topic>
              <topic>Subject-Matter Jurisdiction</topic>
              <topic>Past or Continuing Violations</topic>
              <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
              <topic>Environment</topic>
              <topic>Clean Water Act</topic>
              <topic>Citizen Suits</topic>
              <topic>Environmental Law</topic>
              <topic>Natural Resources - Environmental Protection (Cf. National Supremacy: Natural Resources, National Supremacy: Pollution)</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
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                   <topic>National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (N.P.D.E.S.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Subject-Matter Jurisdiction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Past or Continuing Violations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Natural Resources - Environmental Protection (Cf. National Supremacy: Natural Resources, National Supremacy: Pollution)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-006-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Food, meat packing, or processing company, stockyard</petitioner>
              <respondent>Environmental organization</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Virginia Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Water Pollution Control (Clean Water), plus amendments</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <topic>New Jersey</topic>
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              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Dismissal of Appeal</topic>
              <topic>Establishment Clause</topic>
              <topic>Mootness</topic>
              <topic>Former Public Officials</topic>
              <topic>Standing to Sue: Personal Injury</topic>
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              <usCitation>484 U.S. 72</usCitation>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>New Jersey</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Dismissal of Appeal</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Establishment Clause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mootness</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Former Public Officials</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Standing to Sue: Personal Injury</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-007-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Political candidate, activist, committee, party, party member, organization, or elected official</petitioner>
              <respondent>Student, or applicant for admission to an educational institution</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New Jersey U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, including Appellate Procedure, or relevant rules of a circuit court Judicial Code, and admiralty rules</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Petition denied or appeal dismissed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Langley v. FDIC, 484 U.S. 86 (1987)</title>
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              <topic>Agreements</topic>
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              <topic>Louisiana</topic>
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                   <topic>Warranty</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Debtors&apos; Rights</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-008-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Debtor</petitioner>
              <respondent>Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Louisiana Middle U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Omni Capital Int&apos;l v. Rudolf Wolff &amp; Co., 484 U.S. 97 (1987)</title>
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                   <topic>Service of Summons</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Due Process: Jurisdiction (Jurisdiction over Non-Resident Litigants)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-009-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Broker, stock exchange, investment or securities firm</petitioner>
              <respondent>Broker, stock exchange, investment or securities firm</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Louisiana Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>NLRB v. Food &amp; Commercial Workers, 484 U.S. 112 (1987)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Informal Settlement</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
              <topic>General Counsel&apos;s Decision</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>National Labor Relations Act (N.L.R.A.)</topic>
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                   <topic>Informal Settlement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Judicial Review of Administrative Agency&apos;s or Administrative Official&apos;s Actions and Procedures</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-010-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>National Labor Relations Board, or regional office or officer</petitioner>
              <respondent>Union, labor organization, or official of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>National Labor Relations Board, or regional office or officer</adminAction>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>National Labor Relations, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Mullins Coal Co. v. Director, OWCP, 484 U.S. 135 (1987)</title>
              <partNumber>484 U.S. 135</partNumber>
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              <topic>Preponderance of the Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Black Lung Benefits</topic>
              <topic>Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Medical Requirements</topic>
              <topic>Sufficiency of Evidence: Typically in the Context of a Jury&apos;s Determination of Compensation for Injury or Death</topic>
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                   <topic>Interim Presumption of Disability</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Burden of Proof</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Worker Safety and Health</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Preponderance of the Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Black Lung Benefits</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Medical Requirements</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Sufficiency of Evidence: Typically in the Context of a Jury&apos;s Determination of Compensation for Injury or Death</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-011-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</petitioner>
              <respondent>Office of Workers&apos; Compensation Programs</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Benefits Review Board</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit</caseOrigin>
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              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Hartigan v. Zbaraz, 484 U.S. 171 (1987)</title>
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              <topic>Illinois</topic>
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                   <topic>Judgment Affirmed by Equally Divided Court</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Abortion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Illinois</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Abortion: Including Contraceptives</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Privacy</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-012-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Illinois">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Health organization or person, nursing home, medical clinic or laboratory, chiropractor</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Illinois Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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                   <majority>4</majority>
                                        
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                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Families</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Courts</topic>
              <topic>Child Custody</topic>
              <topic>Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act</topic>
              <topic>California</topic>
              <topic>Full Faith and Credit</topic>
              <topic>Implied Cause of Action</topic>
              <topic>Family Law</topic>
              <topic>Standing to Sue: Private or Implied Cause of Action</topic>
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                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Louisiana</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Families</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Standing to Sue: Private or Implied Cause of Action</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-014-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Father</petitioner>
              <respondent>Mother</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Central U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1987-10-06</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Deakins v. Monaghan, 484 U.S. 193 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>484 U.S. 193</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-484/USREPORTS-484-193</identifier>
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              <topic>New Jersey</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Courts</topic>
              <topic>Section 1983</topic>
              <topic>Dismissal with Prejudice</topic>
              <topic>Abstention</topic>
              <topic>Mootness</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Comity Primarily Removal Cases, Civil Procedure (Cf. Comity, Criminal and First Amendment), Deference to Foreign Judicial Tribunals</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
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                   <topic>Withdrawal of Claims</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>New Jersey</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Section 1983</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Dismissal with Prejudice</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Abstention</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Comity Primarily Removal Cases, Civil Procedure (Cf. Comity, Criminal and First Amendment), Deference to Foreign Judicial Tribunals</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-015-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="New Jersey">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</petitioner>
              <respondent>Construction industry</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New Jersey U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
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              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
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              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
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              <disposition>Affirmed and reversed (or vacated) in part and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Yates v. Aiken, 484 U.S. 211 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>484 U.S. 211</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-484/USREPORTS-484-211</identifier>
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              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Courts</topic>
              <topic>Retroactivity</topic>
              <topic>Presumption of Criminal Intent</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>South Carolina</topic>
              <topic>Retroactivity (Of Newly Announced or Newly Enacted Constitutional or Statutory Rights)</topic>
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                   <topic>Homicide</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Retroactivity (Of Newly Announced or Newly Enacted Constitutional or Statutory Rights)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-016-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="South Carolina">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="South Carolina">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="South Carolina">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Other reason</certReason>
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              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <topic>Illinois</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Functions</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
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                   <topic>Judges</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-017-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Illinois">Female governmental employee or job applicant</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Illinois">Judge</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Illinois Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1987-11-02</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts (42 U.S.C. �� 1983)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231 (1988)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Louisiana</topic>
              <topic>Jury Polls</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Courts</topic>
              <topic>Intent</topic>
              <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Jury Coercion</topic>
              <topic>Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Death Penalty (Cf. Extra Legal Jury Influence, Death Rights) Penalty)</topic>
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                   <topic>Juries</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Homicide</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Death Penalty (Cf. Extra Legal Jury Influence, Death Rights) Penalty)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-018-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Louisiana">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Louisiana Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1987-10-14</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Eighth Amendment (cruel and unusual punishment)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U.S. 260 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>484 U.S. 260</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-484/USREPORTS-484-260</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">484 U.S. 260 (1988)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">484 U.S. 260</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4db5b8d</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Deletion of Articles</topic>
              <topic>Students&apos; Rights</topic>
              <topic>High School Newspaper</topic>
              <topic>Missouri</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Elementary and Secondary Education</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Speech</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment, Miscellaneous (Cf. Comity: First Amendment)</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
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              <decisionDate>1988-01-13</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>484 U.S. 260</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>484 U.S. 260 (1988)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Deletion of Articles</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Students&apos; Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>High School Newspaper</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Missouri</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Elementary and Secondary Education</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>First Amendment, Miscellaneous (Cf. Comity: First Amendment)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-019-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Missouri">Local school district or board of education</petitioner>
              <respondent>Student, or applicant for admission to an educational institution</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Missouri Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1987-10-13</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>First Amendment (speech, press, and assembly)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Westfall v. Erwin, 484 U.S. 292 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>484 U.S. 292</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-484/USREPORTS-484-292</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">484 U.S. 292 (1988)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">484 U.S. 292</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Negligence</topic>
              <topic>Torts</topic>
              <topic>Immunity from Suit</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Courts</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Absolute Immunity</topic>
              <topic>Federal Officials</topic>
              <topic>Discretionary Conduct</topic>
              <topic>Alabama</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Governmental: Tort or Contract Actions by or Against Government or Governmental Officials Other than Defense of Criminal Actions Brought Under a Civil Rights Action.</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <decisionDate>1988-01-13</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>484 U.S. 292</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>484 U.S. 292 (1988)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Negligence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Torts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Immunity from Suit</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Absolute Immunity</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Officials</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discretionary Conduct</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Alabama</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Liability, Governmental: Tort or Contract Actions by or Against Government or Governmental Officials Other than Defense of Criminal Actions Brought Under a Civil Rights Action.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-020-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="United States">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</petitioner>
              <respondent state="United States">Governmental employee or job applicant</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Alabama Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1987-11-02</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Marino et al. v. Ortiz et al., 484 U.S. 301 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>484 U.S. 301</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-484/USREPORTS-484-301</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">484 U.S. 301 (1988)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">484 U.S. 301</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4db5b8e</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Consent Decree</topic>
              <topic>Appeals</topic>
              <topic>Nonparties</topic>
              <topic>Failure to Intervene</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights Act of 1964</topic>
              <topic>Dismissal of Suit</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Including Supreme Court Rules, Application of the Federal Rules of Evidence, Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure in Civil Litigation, Circuit Court Rules, and State Rules and Admiralty Rules</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
        </subject>
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              <reportNumber>301</reportNumber>
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              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1988-01-13</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>484 U.S. 301</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>484 U.S. 301 (1988)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Consent Decree</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Appeals</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Nonparties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Failure to Intervene</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights Act of 1964</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Dismissal of Suit</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Including Supreme Court Rules, Application of the Federal Rules of Evidence, Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure in Civil Litigation, Circuit Court Rules, and State Rules and Admiralty Rules</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-021-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="New York">Governmental employee or job applicant</petitioner>
              <respondent state="New York">Minority governmental employee or job applicant</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New York Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1987-11-30</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Equally divided vote</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion></majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>4</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Honig v. Doe, 484 U.S. 305 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>484 U.S. 305</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-484/USREPORTS-484-305</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">484 U.S. 305 (1988)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">484 U.S. 305</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4db5b88</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
              <topic>Disabled Children</topic>
              <topic>Education Funding</topic>
              <topic>Education of the Handicapped Act</topic>
              <topic>California</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Special Education</topic>
              <topic>Mootness</topic>
              <topic>Elementary and Secondary Education</topic>
              <topic>Handicapped, Rights Of: Under Rehabilitation, Americans with Disabilities Act, and Related Statutes</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <reportNumber>305</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>29</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1988-01-20</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>484 U.S. 305</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>484 U.S. 305 (1988)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Disabled Children</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Education Funding</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Education of the Handicapped Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>California</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Special Education</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mootness</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Elementary and Secondary Education</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Handicapped, Rights Of: Under Rehabilitation, Americans with Disabilities Act, and Related Statutes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-022-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="California">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</petitioner>
              <respondent>Student, or applicant for admission to an educational institution</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="California">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>California Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Putative conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1987-11-09</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Education of the Handicapped, Education for All Handicapped Children, or Individuals with Disabilities Education Acts, or related statutes, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>484 U.S. 343</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-484/USREPORTS-484-343</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">484 U.S. 343 (1988)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">484 U.S. 343</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4db5b97</identifier>
        </relatedItem>
         <subject>
              <topic>Pennsylvania</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Courts</topic>
              <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
              <topic>Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>Remands</topic>
              <topic>Pendent Jurisdiction</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Administration: Jurisdiction or Authority of Federal District Courts or Territorial Courts</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
        </subject>
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              <reportNumber>343</reportNumber>
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              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1988-01-20</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1987</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>484 U.S. 343</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>484 U.S. 343 (1988)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Pennsylvania</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Remands</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Pendent Jurisdiction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Administration: Jurisdiction or Authority of Federal District Courts or Territorial Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-023-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Private school, college, or university</petitioner>
              <respondent state="United States">Judge</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Pennsylvania Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>William H. Rehnquist</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1987-11-10</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United Savings Assn. v. Timbers of Inwood Forest, 484 U.S. 365 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>484 U.S. 365</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-484/USREPORTS-484-365</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">484 U.S. 365 (1988)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">484 U.S. 365</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4db5b86</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Under Secured Creditors</topic>
              <topic>Automatic Stay</topic>
              <topic>Compensation for Delay</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy Law</topic>
              <topic>Interest</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy (Except in the Context of Priority of Federal Fiscal Claims)</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
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                   <topic>Under Secured Creditors</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Automatic Stay</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Compensation for Delay</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Bankruptcy Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Interest</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Bankruptcy</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Bankruptcy (Except in the Context of Priority of Federal Fiscal Claims)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-024-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Creditor, including institution appearing as such, e.g., a finance company</petitioner>
              <respondent>Owner, landlord, or claimant to ownership, fee interest, or possession of land as well as chattels</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Texas Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Virginia v. American Booksellers Assn., 484 U.S. 383 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>Injury in Fact</topic>
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                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Section 1983</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Pornography</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Standing to Sue: Direct Injury</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-025-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Bookstore, newsstand, printer, bindery, purveyor or distributor of books or magazines</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Virginia">State</respondent>
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                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Compulsory Process Clause</topic>
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                   <topic>State and Local Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Preclusion of Testimony</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Illinois</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Witnesses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discovery Sanction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Confrontation (Right to Confront Accuser, Call and Cross-Examine Witnesses)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-026-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Illinois">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Illinois">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Sixth Amendment (right to confront and cross-examine, compulsory process)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
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                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>United States v. Fausto, 484 U.S. 439 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
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                   <topic>Civil Service Reform Act of 1978</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Back Pay Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Officials and Employees</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Preclusion of Judicial Review</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Election of Remedies: Legal Remedies Available to Injured Persons or Things</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-027-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent state="United States">Governmental employee or job applicant</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Merit Systems Protection Board</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Claims, Court of Federal Claims</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Phillips Petroleum Co v. Mississippi, 484 U.S. 469 (1988)</title>
              <partNumber>484 U.S. 469</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Water Resources</topic>
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                   <topic>Public Trust Doctrine</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Public Lands</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mississippi</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Property Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Water Resources</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tidal Waters</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Miscellaneous</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Miscellaneous</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1987-028-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Owner, landlord, or claimant to ownership, fee interest, or possession of land as well as chattels</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Mississippi">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Mississippi">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
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              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
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                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>ETSI Pipeline Project v. Missouri, 484 U.S. 495 (1988)</title>
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              <topic>Flood Control Act</topic>
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                   <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Judicial Review of Administrative Agency&apos;s or Administrative Official&apos;s Actions and Procedures</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1987-029-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Pipe line company</petitioner>
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              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of the Interior</adminAction>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Security Clearance</topic>
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              <topic>Federal Employees</topic>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
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              <title>Laborers Tr. Fund v. Advanced Lightweight Conc., 484 U.S. 539 (1988)</title>
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                   <topic>Employee Retirement Income Security Act (Cf. Union Trust Funds)</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1987-031-01</docketId>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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              <topic>Memory Loss</topic>
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                   <topic>Confrontation (Right to Confront Accuser, Call and Cross-Examine Witnesses)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1987-032-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>Antonin Scalia</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William H. Rehnquist</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
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