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              <topic>Adult Entertainment</topic>
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              <topic>Zoning Ordinances</topic>
              <topic>Buildings and Property</topic>
              <topic>Religious Buildings</topic>
              <topic>Natural Resources</topic>
              <topic>Underdeveloped Land</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Real Estate</topic>
              <topic>Obscenity, State (Cf. Comity: Privacy): Including the Regulation of Sexually Explicit Material Under the 21st Amendment</topic>
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              <docketId>1985-034-01</docketId>
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                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
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              <docketId>1985-035-01</docketId>
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                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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              <topic>Government Property</topic>
              <topic>Coastlines</topic>
              <topic>Bay</topic>
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              <topic>Federal-State Ownership Dispute (Cf. Submerged Lands Act)</topic>
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                   <topic>Federal-State Ownership Dispute (Cf. Submerged Lands Act)</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1985-036-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Massachusetts">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Original</jurisdiction>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
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              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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              <title>New York v. Class, 475 U.S. 106 (1986)</title>
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              <docketId>1985-037-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="New York">State</petitioner>
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                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
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                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
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                   <writer>Warren Earl Burger</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
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                   <topic>Right to Counsel (Cf. Indigents Appointment of Counsel or Inadequate Representation)</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1985-040-01</docketId>
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                   <writer>Warren Earl Burger</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
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              <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Representative Election</topic>
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                   <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Representative Election</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1985-041-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>National Labor Relations Board, or regional office or officer</petitioner>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Connolly v. Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp., 475 U.S. 211 (1986)</title>
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              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Employee Benefits</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Business and Corporate Law</topic>
              <topic>Compensation</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Property</topic>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Weapons</topic>
              <topic>Banks and Financial Institutions</topic>
              <topic>Prejudice</topic>
              <topic>Bank Robbery</topic>
              <topic>Double Jeopardy Clause</topic>
              <topic>Burglary</topic>
              <topic>Aggravated Murder</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Intent</topic>
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                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
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              <topic>Price Stabilization</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Landlord</topic>
              <topic>Property</topic>
              <topic>Antitrust Law</topic>
              <topic>Antitrust (Except in the Context of Mergers and Union Antitrust)</topic>
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                   <topic>Preemption</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1985-044-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Owner, landlord, or claimant to ownership, fee interest, or possession of land as well as chattels</petitioner>
              <respondent state="California">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Sherman</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Wiconsin (Sic) Dept. of Industry v. Gould Inc., 475 U.S. 282 (1986)</title>
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              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
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                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1985-045-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Wisconsin">State department or agency</petitioner>
              <respondent>Manufacturer</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Wisconsin">State Agency</adminAction>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>National Labor Relations, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Teachers v. Hudson, 475 U.S. 292 (1986)</title>
              <partNumber>475 U.S. 292</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-475/USREPORTS-475-292</identifier>
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         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">475 U.S. 292</identifier>
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              <topic>Freedom of Association</topic>
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              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
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              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
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              <topic>Collective Bargaining</topic>
              <topic>Teacher&apos;s Union</topic>
              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Union Committee</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Wages and Hours</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Property</topic>
              <topic>Union Fees</topic>
              <topic>Union or Closed Shop: Includes Agency Shop Litigation</topic>
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                   <topic>Service Fee</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Wages and Hours</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Union Fees</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Union or Closed Shop: Includes Agency Shop Litigation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unions</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1985-046-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Union, labor organization, or official of</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Illinois">Governmental employee or job applicant</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Illinois Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict and to resolve important or significant question</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-12-02</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>First Amendment (speech, press, and assembly)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312 (1986)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-475/USREPORTS-475-312</identifier>
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         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">475 U.S. 312</identifier>
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              <topic>Prisoners&apos; Rights</topic>
              <topic>Juries</topic>
              <topic>Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Bail</topic>
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              <topic>Prison Security</topic>
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              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Weapons</topic>
              <topic>Correctional Facilities and Imprisonment</topic>
              <topic>Hostage</topic>
              <topic>Assault and Battery</topic>
              <topic>Warning Shot</topic>
              <topic>Prison Riot</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty (Cf. Liability, Civil Rights Acts)</topic>
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                   <topic>Cruel and Unusual Punishment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Negligence</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Juries</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Hostage</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Assault and Battery</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Prison Riot</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty (Cf. Liability, Civil Rights Acts)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1985-047-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Oregon">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Prisoner, inmate of penal institution</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Oregon U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Eighth Amendment (cruel and unusual punishment)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335 (1986)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-475/USREPORTS-475-335</identifier>
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              <topic>Legislative Bodies</topic>
              <topic>Probable Cause</topic>
              <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
              <topic>Warrant</topic>
              <topic>Immunity</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Wiretap</topic>
              <topic>Magistrate</topic>
              <topic>Incrimination</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Electronic Surveillance</topic>
              <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
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                   <topic>Juries</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legislative History</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legislative Bodies</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Magistrate</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1985-048-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Rhode Island">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</petitioner>
              <respondent>Injured person or legal entity, nonphysically and non-employment related</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Exxon Corp. v. Hunt, 475 U.S. 355 (1986)</title>
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              <topic>Toxic Substances</topic>
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              <topic>State and Local Taxation</topic>
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              <topic>Statutory Language</topic>
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              <topic>Spill Fund</topic>
              <topic>Compensation</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Property</topic>
              <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
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                   <topic>Energy</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Cleanup Costs</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Toxic Substances</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Environment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Taxation</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Statutory Language</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Environmental Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Spill Fund</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Compensation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Property</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1985-049-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="New Jersey">State or local governmental taxpayer, or executor of the estate of</petitioner>
              <respondent state="New Jersey">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="New Jersey">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="New Jersey">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
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              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed and reversed (or vacated) in part and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Inadi, 475 U.S. 387 (1986)</title>
              <partNumber>475 U.S. 387</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-475/USREPORTS-475-387</identifier>
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              <topic>Juries</topic>
              <topic>Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Conspiracy</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Witnesses</topic>
              <topic>Confrontation Clause</topic>
              <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
              <topic>Unavailability Rule</topic>
              <topic>Probation and Parole</topic>
              <topic>Sentencing</topic>
              <topic>Manufacturing</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Testimony</topic>
              <topic>Confrontation (Right to Confront Accuser, Call and Cross-Examine Witnesses)</topic>
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         <extension>
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                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Conspiracy</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Witnesses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Confrontation Clause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unavailability Rule</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Probation and Parole</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sentencing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Manufacturing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Testimony</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Confrontation (Right to Confront Accuser, Call and Cross-Examine Witnesses)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1985-050-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Pennsylvania Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseSource>
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              <dateArgument>1985-12-03</dateArgument>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Sixth Amendment (right to confront and cross-examine, compulsory process)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Lewis F. Powell, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412 (1986)</title>
              <partNumber>475 U.S. 412</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-475/USREPORTS-475-412</identifier>
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         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">475 U.S. 412</identifier>
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              <topic>Conspiracy</topic>
              <topic>Miranda Rights</topic>
              <topic>Homicide</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Discovery</topic>
              <topic>Self-Incrimination</topic>
              <topic>Interrogation</topic>
              <topic>Lawyers and Legal Services</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Attorney-Client Relationship</topic>
              <topic>Miranda V. Arizona</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Waiver</topic>
              <topic>Miranda Warnings</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <courtTerm>1985</courtTerm>
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                   <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Confession</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Conspiracy</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Homicide</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discovery</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Self-Incrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Interrogation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Lawyers and Legal Services</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Attorney-Client Relationship</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Miranda V. Arizona</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Waiver</topic>
                                    
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              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Miranda Warnings</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1985-051-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Rhode Island">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Rhode Island U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-11-13</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fifth Amendment (self-incrimination)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Pembaur v. Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469 (1986)</title>
              <partNumber>475 U.S. 469</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-475/USREPORTS-475-469</identifier>
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              <topic>Medical Care and Treatment</topic>
              <topic>Legislative Bodies</topic>
              <topic>Municipal Liability</topic>
              <topic>Witnesses</topic>
              <topic>Poverty and Welfare Assistance</topic>
              <topic>Health</topic>
              <topic>Search Warrants</topic>
              <topic>Subpoenas</topic>
              <topic>Legal Advice</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Policymakers</topic>
              <topic>Health Facilities and Institutions</topic>
              <topic>Health Care Funding</topic>
              <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
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                   <topic>Social Welfare</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Force</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Medical Care and Treatment</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Poverty and Welfare Assistance</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Health</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Subpoenas</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Policymakers</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Health Care Funding</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1985-052-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Physician, MD or DO, dentist, or medical society</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Ohio">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Ohio Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-12-02</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts (42 U.S.C. �� 1983)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Goldman v. Weinberger, 475 U.S. 503 (1986)</title>
              <partNumber>475 U.S. 503</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-475/USREPORTS-475-503</identifier>
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         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">475 U.S. 503</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Yarmulke</topic>
              <topic>Free Exercise Clause</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Religion</topic>
              <topic>Mental Health</topic>
              <topic>Arts and Culture</topic>
              <topic>Air Force</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Witnesses</topic>
              <topic>Religion</topic>
              <topic>Health</topic>
              <topic>Attire</topic>
              <topic>Military Law</topic>
              <topic>Uniform Dress</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Armed Forces</topic>
              <topic>National Security</topic>
              <topic>Health Facilities and Institutions</topic>
              <topic>Military Procedures</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Military Personnel</topic>
              <topic>Free Exercise of Religion</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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                   <topic>Yarmulke</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Free Exercise Clause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Freedom of Religion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mental Health</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Arts and Culture</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Air Force</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Witnesses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Religion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Health</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Attire</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Military Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Uniform Dress</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Armed Forces</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>National Security</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Health Facilities and Institutions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Military Procedures</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Military Personnel</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Free Exercise of Religion</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1985-053-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Military personnel, or dependent of, including reservist</petitioner>
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              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
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              <docketId>1985-054-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Student, or applicant for admission to an educational institution</petitioner>
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              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Paulussen v. Herion, 475 U.S. 557 (1986)</title>
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              <topic>Marriage and Family Status</topic>
              <topic>Legitimation</topic>
              <topic>Paternity</topic>
              <topic>Family Law</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Law</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Administration: Change in State Law (Cf. No Merits: Remand to Determine Basis of State Court Decision)</topic>
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              <docketId>1985-055-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Mother</petitioner>
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                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Holbrook v. Flynn, 475 U.S. 560 (1986)</title>
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              <topic>Security Force</topic>
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              <topic>Correctional Facilities and Imprisonment</topic>
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              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
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                   <topic>Extra-Legal Jury Influences: Miscellaneous</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1985-056-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Massachusetts">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Sixth Amendment (other provisions)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Matsushita Elec. Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio, 475 U.S. 574 (1986)</title>
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              <topic>Genuine Issue</topic>
              <topic>Sherman Act</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Judiciary</topic>
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              <topic>Price-Cutting</topic>
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              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Goods and Services</topic>
              <topic>Monopoly</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Antitrust Law</topic>
              <topic>Antitrust (Except in the Context of Mergers and Union Antitrust)</topic>
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              <docketId>1985-057-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Foreign (non-American) nongovernmental entity</petitioner>
              <respondent>Electric equipment manufacturer</respondent>
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                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>Lewis F. Powell, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Golden State Transit Corp. v. Los Angeles, 475 U.S. 608 (1986)</title>
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              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Motor Vehicles</topic>
              <topic>Legislative Bodies</topic>
              <topic>Negotiations</topic>
              <topic>Taxicab</topic>
              <topic>Preemption</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Labor Disputes</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
              <topic>Collective Bargaining</topic>
              <topic>Injunctions</topic>
              <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
              <topic>Franchises</topic>
              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Legislative History</topic>
              <topic>Government</topic>
              <topic>Strikes</topic>
              <topic>Licensing and Permits</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
              <topic>Federalism</topic>
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                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Motor Vehicles</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legislative Bodies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Negotiations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxicab</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Preemption</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor Disputes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Collective Bargaining</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Injunctions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Franchises</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contracts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legislative History</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Strikes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Licensing and Permits</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1985-058-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Bus or motorized passenger transportation vehicle</petitioner>
              <respondent state="California">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Central U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-12-04</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>National Labor Relations, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Michigan v. Jackson, 475 U.S. 625 (1986)</title>
              <partNumber>475 U.S. 625</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-475/USREPORTS-475-625</identifier>
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              <topic>Self-Incrimination</topic>
              <topic>Conspiracy</topic>
              <topic>Homicide</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Legal Counsel</topic>
              <topic>Correctional Facilities and Imprisonment</topic>
              <topic>Interrogation</topic>
              <topic>Lawyers and Legal Services</topic>
              <topic>Sentencing</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Intent</topic>
              <topic>Right to Counsel (Cf. Indigents Appointment of Counsel or Inadequate Representation)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
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                   <topic>Prisoners&apos; Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Trials and Court Proceedings</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Self-Incrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Conspiracy</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Homicide</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legal Counsel</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Correctional Facilities and Imprisonment</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Lawyers and Legal Services</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sentencing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
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              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Right to Counsel (Cf. Indigents Appointment of Counsel or Inadequate Representation)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1985-059-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Michigan">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Michigan">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
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              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-12-09</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Sixth Amendment (right to counsel)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>AT&amp;T Technologies v. Communications Workers, 475 U.S. 643 (1986)</title>
              <partNumber>475 U.S. 643</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-475/USREPORTS-475-643</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Grievances</topic>
              <topic>Cell Phones</topic>
              <topic>Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Telecommunications</topic>
              <topic>Arbitration</topic>
              <topic>Employee Hiring</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Collective Bargaining</topic>
              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Judiciary</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Arbitration (In the Context of Labor-Management or Employer-Employee Relations) (Cf. Arbitration)</topic>
              <topic>Unions</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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                   <topic>Grievances</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Cell Phones</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Telecommunications</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Arbitration</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Employee Hiring</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Collective Bargaining</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contracts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judiciary</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Arbitration (In the Context of Labor-Management or Employer-Employee Relations) (Cf. Arbitration)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unions</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1985-060-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</petitioner>
              <respondent>Union, labor organization, or official of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Illinois Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1986-01-22</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Fulton, 475 U.S. 657 (1986)</title>
              <partNumber>475 U.S. 657</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-475/USREPORTS-475-657</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">475 U.S. 657 (1986)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">475 U.S. 657</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Dams and Canals</topic>
              <topic>Energy</topic>
              <topic>Legislative History</topic>
              <topic>Reservoirs</topic>
              <topic>Hydroelectric Power</topic>
              <topic>Legislative Bodies</topic>
              <topic>Floods and Storm Protection</topic>
              <topic>Contractual Language</topic>
              <topic>Witnesses</topic>
              <topic>Water Resources</topic>
              <topic>Flood Control Act</topic>
              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Power Commission</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Natural Resources</topic>
              <topic>Power Generation and Transmission</topic>
              <topic>Legislative Powers</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Review</topic>
              <topic>Energy Law</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Review of Administrative Agency&apos;s or Administrative Official&apos;s Actions and Procedures</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1985, February 24 through April 28, 1986, together with opinions of individual justices in chambers;United States v. Fulton, 475 U.S. 657 (1986);475 U.S. 657</searchTitle>
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                   <topic>Dams and Canals</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Energy</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legislative History</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Reservoirs</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Hydroelectric Power</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legislative Bodies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Floods and Storm Protection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contractual Language</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Witnesses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Water Resources</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Flood Control Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contracts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Power Commission</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Natural Resources</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Power Generation and Transmission</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legislative Powers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Review</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Energy Law</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Judicial Review of Administrative Agency&apos;s or Administrative Official&apos;s Actions and Procedures</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1985-061-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Missouri">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of Energy</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Claims, Court of Federal Claims</caseOrigin>
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              <authorityDecision>Interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673 (1986)</title>
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              <topic>Juries</topic>
              <topic>Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Homicide</topic>
              <topic>Weapons</topic>
              <topic>Credibility</topic>
              <topic>Witnesses</topic>
              <topic>Alcoholic Beverages</topic>
              <topic>Felony</topic>
              <topic>Intoxication</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
              <topic>Agriculture and Food</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Testimony</topic>
              <topic>Confrontation (Right to Confront Accuser, Call and Cross-Examine Witnesses)</topic>
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                   <topic>Cross Examination</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Credibility</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Witnesses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Alcoholic Beverages</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Felony</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Intoxication</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Agriculture and Food</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Confrontation (Right to Confront Accuser, Call and Cross-Examine Witnesses)</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1985-062-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Delaware">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</respondent>
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              <caseOrigin state="Delaware">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Other</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Harmless Error</legalProvisions>
                                    
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                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Icicle Seafoods, Inc. v. Worthington, 475 U.S. 709 (1986)</title>
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              <topic>Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Witnesses</topic>
              <topic>Standard of Review</topic>
              <topic>Employee Benefits</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Seamen</topic>
              <topic>Overtime Benefits</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Wages and Hours</topic>
              <topic>Maritime and Admiralty Law</topic>
              <topic>Testimony</topic>
              <topic>Navigation</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Administration: Jurisdiction or Authority of Federal Courts of Appeals</topic>
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                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Standard of Review</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Employee Benefits</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Seamen</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Overtime Benefits</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Wages and Hours</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Maritime and Admiralty Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Testimony</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Navigation</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Administration: Jurisdiction or Authority of Federal Courts of Appeals</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1985-063-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</petitioner>
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                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, including Appellate Procedure, or relevant rules of a circuit court Judicial Code, and admiralty rules</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
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                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Evans v. Jeff D., 475 U.S. 717 (1986)</title>
              <partNumber>475 U.S. 717</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Coercion</topic>
              <topic>Government</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Health</topic>
              <topic>Attorney&apos;s Fees</topic>
              <topic>Injunctions</topic>
              <topic>Legal Ethics</topic>
              <topic>Discovery</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Lawyers and Legal Services</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Child Health</topic>
              <topic>Officials and Employees</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Attorney-Client Relationship</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Legislative Powers</topic>
              <topic>Waiver</topic>
              <topic>Attorneys&apos; and Governmental Employees&apos; or Officials&apos; Fees or Compensation or Licenses</topic>
              <topic>Attorneys</topic>
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              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1985, February 24 through April 28, 1986, together with opinions of individual justices in chambers;Evans v. Jeff D., 475 U.S. 717 (1986);475 U.S. 717</searchTitle>
              <granuleClass>CASE</granuleClass>
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                   <topic>Legislative History</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legislative Bodies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Coercion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Health</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Attorney&apos;s Fees</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Injunctions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legal Ethics</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discovery</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Lawyers and Legal Services</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Child Health</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Officials and Employees</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Attorney-Client Relationship</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legislative Powers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Waiver</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Attorneys&apos; and Governmental Employees&apos; or Officials&apos; Fees or Compensation or Licenses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Attorneys</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1985-064-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Idaho">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Attorney, or person acting as such, includes bar applicant or law student, or law firm or bar association</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Idaho">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Idaho U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict and to resolve important or significant question</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-11-13</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Civil Rights Attorney&apos;s Fees Awards</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v. Hepps, 475 U.S. 767 (1986)</title>
              <partNumber>475 U.S. 767</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-475/USREPORTS-475-767</identifier>
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              <topic>Falsity</topic>
              <topic>Juries</topic>
              <topic>Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Sources</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of the Press</topic>
              <topic>Torts Law</topic>
              <topic>News Media and Reporting</topic>
              <topic>Defamation</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Speech</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Malice</topic>
              <topic>Censorship</topic>
              <topic>Goods and Services</topic>
              <topic>Securities</topic>
              <topic>Communications</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Libel, Defamation: Defamation of Public Officials and Public and Private Persons</topic>
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                   <topic>Finance and Financial Sector</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Negligence</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Juries</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sources</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Freedom of the Press</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Torts Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>News Media and Reporting</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Defamation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Freedom of Speech</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Malice</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Censorship</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Goods and Services</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Securities</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Communications</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Libel, Defamation: Defamation of Public Officials and Public and Private Persons</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1985-065-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Newspaper, newsletter, journal of opinion, news service</petitioner>
              <respondent>Injured person or legal entity, nonphysically and non-employment related</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Pennsylvania">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Pennsylvania">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>First Amendment (speech, press, and assembly)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Quinn, 475 U.S. 791 (1986)</title>
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              <topic>Custody</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Enterprises</topic>
              <topic>Ships and Boats</topic>
              <topic>Privacy</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Possessory Interest</topic>
              <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Search and Seizure</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Property</topic>
              <topic>No Merits: Writ Improvidently Granted</topic>
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                   <topic>Drug Trafficking</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Custody</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Enterprises</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Ships and Boats</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Possessory Interest</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Search and Seizure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Property</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>No Merits: Writ Improvidently Granted</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1985-066-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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                   <type>Other</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Writ Improvidently Granted</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <disposition>Petition denied or appeal dismissed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Los Angeles v. Heller, 475 U.S. 796 (1986)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Juries</topic>
              <topic>Jury Instructions</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Driving While Intoxicated</topic>
              <topic>Alcoholic Beverages</topic>
              <topic>Excessive Force</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Good Faith</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
              <topic>Agriculture and Food</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Injury</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Juries</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jury Instructions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Driving While Intoxicated</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Alcoholic Beverages</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Excessive Force</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Good Faith</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Agriculture and Food</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Constitutional Injury</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1985-067-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="California">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</petitioner>
              <respondent>Physically injured person, including wrongful death, who is not an employee</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Central U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts (42 U.S.C. �� 1983)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Dennison Mfg. Co. v. Panduit Corp., 475 U.S. 809 (1986)</title>
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                   <topic>Intellectual Property Law</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1985-068-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Manufacturer</petitioner>
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              <caseOrigin>Illinois Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, including Appellate Procedure, or relevant rules of a circuit court Judicial Code, and admiralty rules</legalProvisions>
                                    
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                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Aetna Life Insurance Co. v. Lavoie, 475 U.S. 813 (1986)</title>
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              <topic>Insurance Policies</topic>
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              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Health Facilities and Institutions</topic>
              <topic>Health Information and Medical Records</topic>
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              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
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              <topic>Due Process</topic>
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                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Prejudice</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Insurance Policies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Health Facilities and Institutions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Health Information and Medical Records</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Punitive Damages</topic>
                                        
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              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process: Impartial Decision Maker</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1985-069-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Insurance company, or surety</petitioner>
              <respondent>Medical or Medicaid claimant</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Alabama">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Alabama">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourteenth Amendment (due process)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Warren Earl Burger</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>U. S. v. American College of Physicians, 475 U.S. 834 (1986)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-475/USREPORTS-475-834</identifier>
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              <topic>Health Promotion and Preventative Care</topic>
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              <topic>Internal Medicine</topic>
              <topic>Marketing and Advertising</topic>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>Health</topic>
              <topic>Interest</topic>
              <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
              <topic>Medical Research</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Internal Revenue Service (I.R.S.)</topic>
              <topic>Net Income</topic>
              <topic>Tax-Exempt Organizations</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Pharmaceutical Market</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Ventures</topic>
              <topic>Corporations and Associations</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
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                   <topic>Health Promotion and Preventative Care</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Corporate Income Tax</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Marketing and Advertising</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Health</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Interest</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Net Income</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax-Exempt Organizations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Pharmaceutical Market</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commercial Ventures</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Corporations and Associations</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1985-070-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Physician, MD or DO, dentist, or medical society</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Claims, Court of Federal Claims</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Internal Revenue Code and pre-IRC revenue acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Sorenson v. Secretary of Treasury, 475 U.S. 851 (1986)</title>
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              <topic>Unemployment Benefits</topic>
              <topic>Earned-Income Credit</topic>
              <topic>Compensation Benefits</topic>
              <topic>Tax Administration and Collection</topic>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>Poverty and Welfare Assistance</topic>
              <topic>Health</topic>
              <topic>Child Custody</topic>
              <topic>Income Tax</topic>
              <topic>Families</topic>
              <topic>Tax Refunds</topic>
              <topic>Child Support</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Overpayments</topic>
              <topic>Marriage and Family Status</topic>
              <topic>Family Law</topic>
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                   <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1985-071-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Father</petitioner>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Internal Revenue Code and pre-IRC revenue acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
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              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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              <title>New York v. P. J. Video, Inc., 475 U.S. 868 (1986)</title>
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