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                   <topic>Waste Management</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Wisconsin</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Competition and Antitrust</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sherman Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Townships</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Antitrust Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Antitrust (Except in the Context of Mergers and Union Antitrust)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-066-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Wisconsin">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Wisconsin">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Wisconsin Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
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              <dateArgument>1984-11-26</dateArgument>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Sherman</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Lewis F. Powell, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Southern Motor Carriers Rate Conf. v. U. S., 471 U.S. 48 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Tennessee</topic>
              <topic>Mississippi</topic>
              <topic>Midcal</topic>
              <topic>North Carolina</topic>
              <topic>Conflicts of Law</topic>
              <topic>Public Service Commission</topic>
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              <topic>District Courts</topic>
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              <topic>Antitrust (Except in the Context of Mergers and Union Antitrust)</topic>
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              <usCitation>471 U.S. 48</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Competition and Antitrust</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tennessee</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mississippi</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Midcal</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>North Carolina</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Conflicts of Law</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sovereign Immunity</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Antitrust Law</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Antitrust (Except in the Context of Mergers and Union Antitrust)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-067-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Trucking company, or motor carrier</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Georgia Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
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              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1984-11-26</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Sherman</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Lewis F. Powell, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Cory v. Western Oil &amp; Gas Assn., 471 U.S. 81 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 81</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-471/USREPORTS-471-81</identifier>
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              <topic>Oil and Gas</topic>
              <topic>California</topic>
              <topic>State or Local Government Tax</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
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         <extension>
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                   <topic>Per Curiam</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Oil and Gas</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>California</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>State or Local Government Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-068-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="California">State commission, board, committee, or authority</petitioner>
              <respondent>Oil company, or natural gas producer</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-02-26</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>State or local law or regulation</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>State or Local Law Regulation</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <decisionType>Equally divided vote</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion></majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>4</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Spencer v. South Carolina Tax Comm&apos;n, 471 U.S. 82 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 82</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Per Curiam</topic>
              <topic>Tax Administration and Collection</topic>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>South Carolina</topic>
              <topic>Attorneys&apos; and Governmental Employees&apos; or Officials&apos; Fees or Compensation or Licenses</topic>
              <topic>Attorneys</topic>
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              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
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                   <topic>Per Curiam</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Administration and Collection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>South Carolina</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Attorneys&apos; and Governmental Employees&apos; or Officials&apos; Fees or Compensation or Licenses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Attorneys</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1984-069-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Nonresident</petitioner>
              <respondent state="South Carolina">State commission, board, committee, or authority</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="South Carolina">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="South Carolina">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-02-27</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Equally divided vote</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion></majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>4</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary, 471 U.S. 83 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 83</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Per Curiam</topic>
              <topic>Establishment of Religion (Other than as Pertains to Parochiaid:)</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
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                   <topic>Per Curiam</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Establishment of Religion (Other than as Pertains to Parochiaid:)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-070-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="New York">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</petitioner>
              <respondent>Resident</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New York Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit</caseSource>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-02-20</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion></majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>4</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Locke, 471 U.S. 84 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 84</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-471/USREPORTS-471-84</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">471 U.S. 84 (1985)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">471 U.S. 84</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d7ac46</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Bureau of Land Management (B.L.M.)</topic>
              <topic>Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976</topic>
              <topic>Mines and Mining</topic>
              <topic>Property Law</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Federal Records</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Mineral Resources and Mines</topic>
              <topic>Due Process: Takings Clause, or Other Non-Constitutional Governmental Taking of Property</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <decisionDate>1985-04-01</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>471 U.S. 84</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>471 U.S. 84 (1985)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Bureau of Land Management (B.L.M.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mines and Mining</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Property Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Records</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mineral Resources and Mines</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process: Takings Clause, or Other Non-Constitutional Governmental Taking of Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-071-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Owner, landlord, or claimant to ownership, fee interest, or possession of land as well as chattels</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of the Interior</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Nevada U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>Nevada U.S. District Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1984-11-06</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Miller, 471 U.S. 130 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 130</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-471/USREPORTS-471-130</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">471 U.S. 130 (1985)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">471 U.S. 130</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
              <topic>Fifth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Burglary</topic>
              <topic>Mail Fraud</topic>
              <topic>Insurance</topic>
              <topic>Miscellaneous Criminal Procedure (Cf. Due Process, Prisoners&apos; Rights, Comity: Criminal Procedure)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
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                   <topic>Mail Fraud</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1984-072-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
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              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Search and Seizure, Vehicles</topic>
                                        
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              <respondent>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</respondent>
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                   <majority>4</majority>
                                        
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                   <topic>Per Curiam</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Miscellaneous Criminal Procedure (Cf. Due Process, Prisoners&apos; Rights, Comity: Criminal Procedure)</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1984-074-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Prisoner, inmate of penal institution</petitioner>
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              <majorityOpinion></majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>4</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Honig v. Students of Cal. School for Blind, 471 U.S. 148 (1985)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>District Courts</topic>
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              <topic>Torts Law</topic>
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                   <topic>Seismic Safety Standards</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Per Curiam</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Torts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Environmental Safety and Security</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Mootness (Cf. Standing to Sue: Live Dispute)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1984-075-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="California">Specified state board or department of education</petitioner>
              <respondent>Handicapped individual, or organization of devoted to</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Article III, Section 2, Paragraph 1 (case or controversy requirement)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Ohio v. Kentucky, 471 U.S. 153 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 153</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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                   <topic>Kentucky</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Property Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Ohio</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State Boundaries</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Boundary Dispute Between States</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1984-076-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Ohio">State</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Kentucky">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Original</jurisdiction>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
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              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Mintzes v. Buchanon, 471 U.S. 154 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 154</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Homicide</topic>
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              <topic>Per Curiam</topic>
              <topic>Professional Responsibility</topic>
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                   <topic>Homicide</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Lawyers and Legal Services</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Per Curiam</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Professional Responsibility</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Mootness (Cf. Standing to Sue: Live Dispute)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1984-077-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Michigan">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person convicted of crime</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Michigan Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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              <disposition>Petition denied or appeal dismissed</disposition>
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              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
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              <topic>Brainwashing</topic>
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              <topic>Code Names</topic>
              <topic>Counter Defense</topic>
              <topic>Project M.K.U.L.T.R.A.</topic>
              <topic>China</topic>
              <topic>Counterintelligence</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Information Act (F.O.I.A.)</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Information Act and Related Federal or State Statutes or Regulations</topic>
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                   <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Interrogation Techniques</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Code Names</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Counter Defense</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Project M.K.U.L.T.R.A.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>China</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Counterintelligence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Freedom of Information Act (F.O.I.A.)</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Freedom of Information Act and Related Federal or State Statutes or Regulations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Privacy</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-078-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Central Intelligence Agency</petitioner>
              <respondent>Public interest organization</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Central Intelligence Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>District Of Columbia U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit (includes the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia but not the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, which has local jurisdiction)</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1984-12-04</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Freedom of Information, Sunshine, or Privacy Act</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed and reversed (or vacated) in part</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Warren Earl Burger</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Kerr-McGee Corp. v. Navajo Tribe, 471 U.S. 195 (1985)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Property Tax</topic>
              <topic>Indian Mineral Leasing Act of 1938</topic>
              <topic>Tribal Council</topic>
              <topic>Federal Indian and Tribal Law</topic>
              <topic>Tax Administration and Collection</topic>
              <topic>Indian Reorganization Act of 1934</topic>
              <topic>Interest</topic>
              <topic>Native Peoples</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Sales and Leases</topic>
              <topic>Property</topic>
              <topic>Navajo Tribe</topic>
              <topic>Tribal Constitution</topic>
              <topic>Indians (Other than Pertains to State Jurisdiction Over)</topic>
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                   <topic>Property Tax</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Indians (Other than Pertains to State Jurisdiction Over)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-079-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Tenant or lessee</petitioner>
              <respondent>Indian, including Indian tribe or nation</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Arizona U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-02-25</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Warren Earl Burger</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Allis-Chalmers Corp. v. Lueck, 471 U.S. 202 (1985)</title>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d7ac69</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Insurance Claims</topic>
              <topic>Labor Management Relations Act (L.M.R.A.)</topic>
              <topic>Insurance</topic>
              <topic>Torts</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
              <topic>Collective Bargaining Agreement</topic>
              <topic>Wisconsin</topic>
              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Employee Benefits</topic>
              <topic>Grievances and Arbitration</topic>
              <topic>Insurance Law</topic>
              <topic>People with Disabilities</topic>
              <topic>Employee Injuries</topic>
              <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Court Jurisdiction</topic>
              <topic>Federalism</topic>
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              <reportNumber>202</reportNumber>
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              <decisionDate>1985-04-16</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>471 U.S. 202</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>471 U.S. 202 (1985)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Insurance Claims</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor Management Relations Act (L.M.R.A.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Insurance</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Contracts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Employee Benefits</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Grievances and Arbitration</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Insurance Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>People with Disabilities</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Employee Injuries</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Court Jurisdiction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-080-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Wisconsin">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Wisconsin">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-01-16</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Labor-Management Relations</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Hunter v. Underwood, 471 U.S. 222 (1985)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Racial and Ethnic Relations</topic>
              <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
              <topic>Alabama Constitution of 1901</topic>
              <topic>Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Felonies and Misdemeanors</topic>
              <topic>Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>Racism</topic>
              <topic>Convicts and Inmates</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Voting</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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         <extension>
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              <reportNumber>222</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>22</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1985-04-16</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>471 U.S. 222</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>471 U.S. 222 (1985)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Racial and Ethnic Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Alabama Constitution of 1901</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Felonies and Misdemeanors</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Voting</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-081-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Alabama">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Voter, prospective voter, elector, or a nonelective official seeking reapportionment or redistricting of legislative districts (POL)</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Alabama Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
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              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourteenth Amendment (equal protection)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>State or territorial law, reg, or const provision unconstitutional</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Webb v. Dyer County Bd. of Ed., 471 U.S. 234 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>Racism</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
              <topic>Lawyers and Legal Services</topic>
              <topic>Legal Fees</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights Attorney&apos;s Fees Awards Act of 1976</topic>
              <topic>Attorneys&apos; and Governmental Employees&apos; or Officials&apos; Fees or Compensation or Licenses</topic>
              <topic>Attorneys</topic>
        </subject>
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              <reportNumber>234</reportNumber>
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              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1985-04-17</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>471 U.S. 234</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>471 U.S. 234 (1985)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Racial and Ethnic Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Racism</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Civil Rights Attorney&apos;s Fees Awards Act of 1976</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Attorneys&apos; and Governmental Employees&apos; or Officials&apos; Fees or Compensation or Licenses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Attorneys</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-082-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Tennessee">Minority governmental employee or job applicant</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Tennessee">Local school district or board of education</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Tennessee">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Tennessee Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Putative conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1984-10-29</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Civil Rights Attorney&apos;s Fees Awards</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Wilson v. Garcia, 471 U.S. 261 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 261</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-471/USREPORTS-471-261</identifier>
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              <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Rights</topic>
              <topic>New Mexico Tort Claims Act</topic>
              <topic>Unlawful Arrest</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Police Brutality</topic>
              <topic>New Mexico</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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              <decisionDate>1985-04-17</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>471 U.S. 261</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>471 U.S. 261 (1985)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>New Mexico Tort Claims Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unlawful Arrest</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Police Brutality</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-083-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="New Mexico">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</petitioner>
              <respondent>Physically injured person, including wrongful death, who is not an employee</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New Mexico U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Conflict between federal court and state court</certReason>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts (42 U.S.C. �� 1983)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Awards and Promotions</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Per Curiam</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Race and Gender</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
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                   <topic>Pennsylvania</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Awards and Promotions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-084-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Pennsylvania">Local school district or board of education</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Pennsylvania">Female governmental employee or job applicant</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Pennsylvania">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Pennsylvania Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts (42 U.S.C. �� 1983)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Per curiam (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Tony &amp; Susan Alamo Foundation v. Sec&apos;y of Labor, 471 U.S. 290 (1985)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-471/USREPORTS-471-290</identifier>
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              <topic>Nonprofit Religious Organization</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Religious Exercise and Practices</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Fair Labor Standards Act</topic>
              <topic>Unions</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Nonprofit Religious Organization</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Religious Exercise and Practices</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Fair Labor Standards Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unions</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-085-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Religious organization, institution, or person</petitioner>
              <respondent>Department or Secretary of Labor</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Arkansas Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-03-25</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fair Labor Standards</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 307</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-471/USREPORTS-471-307</identifier>
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         <subject>
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              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Georgia</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Involuntary Manslaughter</topic>
              <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
              <topic>Attempted Escape</topic>
              <topic>Death Sentence</topic>
              <topic>Extra-Legal Jury Influences: Jury Instructions (Not Necessarily in Criminal Cases)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
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                   <topic>Guilty Verdicts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Murder</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Georgia</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Attempted Escape</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Death Sentence</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Extra-Legal Jury Influences: Jury Instructions (Not Necessarily in Criminal Cases)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-086-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Georgia">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Prisoner, inmate of penal institution</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Georgia Middle U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1984-11-28</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourteenth Amendment (due process)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Commodity Futures Trading Comm&apos;n v. Weintraub, 471 U.S. 343 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 343</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-471/USREPORTS-471-343</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">471 U.S. 343 (1985)</identifier>
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              <topic>Commodities Markets</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy</topic>
              <topic>Attorney-Client Privilege</topic>
              <topic>Illinois</topic>
              <topic>Commodity Exchange Act</topic>
              <topic>Chicago Discount Commodity Brokers</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy Law</topic>
              <topic>Corporations and Associations</topic>
              <topic>Bankruptcy (Except in the Context of Priority of Federal Fiscal Claims)</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
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                   <topic>Commodities Markets</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Bankruptcy</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Attorney-Client Privilege</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Illinois</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commodity Exchange Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Chicago Discount Commodity Brokers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Bankruptcy Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Corporations and Associations</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Bankruptcy (Except in the Context of Priority of Federal Fiscal Claims)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-087-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Commodity Futures Trading Commission</petitioner>
              <respondent>Attorney, or person acting as such, includes bar applicant or law student, or law firm or bar association</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Commodity Futures Trading Commission</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Illinois Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-03-19</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Bankruptcy Code, Bankruptcy Act or Rules, or Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Burlington School Comm. v. Mass. Dept. of Ed., 471 U.S. 359 (1985)</title>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-471/USREPORTS-471-359</identifier>
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              <topic>Public Education</topic>
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              <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
              <topic>Private Schools</topic>
              <topic>Education of the Handicapped Act</topic>
              <topic>Education Agencies</topic>
              <topic>Agency Law</topic>
              <topic>Massachusetts</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Individualized Educational Program (I.E.P.)</topic>
              <topic>People with Disabilities</topic>
              <topic>Handicapped, Rights Of: Under Rehabilitation, Americans with Disabilities Act, and Related Statutes</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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              <decisionDate>1985-04-29</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
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                   <topic>Tuition Reimbursement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Education</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Parental Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Public Education</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Agency</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Private Schools</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Education of the Handicapped Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Education Agencies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Agency Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Massachusetts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Individualized Educational Program (I.E.P.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>People with Disabilities</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Handicapped, Rights Of: Under Rehabilitation, Americans with Disabilities Act, and Related Statutes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-088-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Massachusetts">Local school district or board of education</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Massachusetts">Specified state board or department of education</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Massachusetts">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Massachusetts U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Education of the Handicapped, Education for All Handicapped Children, or Individuals with Disabilities Education Acts, or related statutes, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Maine, 471 U.S. 375 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Rhode Island</topic>
              <topic>Block Island Sound</topic>
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              <topic>Watch Hill Point</topic>
              <topic>Submerged Lands</topic>
              <topic>Inland Water Transportation</topic>
              <topic>Atlantic Ocean</topic>
              <topic>Property Law</topic>
              <topic>Coastlines</topic>
              <topic>Long Island</topic>
              <topic>State Boundaries</topic>
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                   <topic>Block Island Sound</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal-State Ownership Dispute (Cf. Submerged Lands Act)</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-089-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Maine">State</respondent>
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              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
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                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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                   <topic>Mississippi</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Thalweg</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Conflicts of Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Property Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mississippi River</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1984-090-01</docketId>
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              <respondent state="Mississippi">State</respondent>
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              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
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                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Nolo Contendere</topic>
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                   <topic>Search and Seizure, Vehicles</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1984-091-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="California">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</respondent>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourth Amendment</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Warren Earl Burger</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Tennessee v. Street, 471 U.S. 409 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Testimony</topic>
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                   <topic>Tennessee</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Murder</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Trials and Court Proceedings</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
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              <petitioner state="Tennessee">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</respondent>
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              <caseOrigin state="Tennessee">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Warren Earl Burger</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
              <topic>Food Stamps</topic>
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                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Department of Agriculture (U.S.D.A.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Food Stamps</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Fraud</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1984-093-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Illinois Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Board of Immigration Appeals</topic>
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              <topic>Suspension of Deportation</topic>
              <topic>Undocumented Immigrants</topic>
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                   <topic>Deportation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Immigration and Nationality Act (I.N.A.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Immigration</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Immigration Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Board of Immigration Appeals</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Immigration and Naturalization Service (I.N.S.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Suspension of Deportation</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Deportation (Cf. Immigration and Naturalization)</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1984-094-01</docketId>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Immigration and Naturalization, Immigration, Nationality, or Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Acts, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <title>United States v. Benchimol, 471 U.S. 453 (1985)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Mail Fraud</topic>
              <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
              <topic>Parole Violation</topic>
              <topic>Restitution</topic>
              <topic>Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Probation and Parole</topic>
              <topic>Youth Corrections Act</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Plea Bargaining: The Constitutionality of and/Or the Circumstances of Its Exercise</topic>
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                   <topic>Mail Fraud</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Parole Violation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Restitution</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Probation and Parole</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Youth Corrections Act</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Plea Bargaining: The Constitutionality of and/Or the Circumstances of Its Exercise</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-095-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person convicted of crime</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, or relevant rules of a circuit court</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Per curiam (no oral argument)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Hopfmann v. Connolly, 471 U.S. 459 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 459</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
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              <topic>Denial of Certiorari</topic>
              <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court</topic>
              <topic>Party Charter</topic>
              <topic>Massachusetts Democratic Party</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Administration: Supreme Court Jurisdiction or Authority on Appeal or Writ of Error, from Federal District Courts or Courts of Appeals (Cf. 753)</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
        </subject>
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              <decisionDate>1985-05-13</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
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              <fullCitation>471 U.S. 459 (1985)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Denial of Certiorari</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Party Charter</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Massachusetts Democratic Party</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Administration: Supreme Court Jurisdiction or Authority on Appeal or Writ of Error, from Federal District Courts or Courts of Appeals (Cf. 753)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-096-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Unidentifiable</petitioner>
              <respondent>Unidentifiable</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Massachusetts U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Per curiam (no oral argument)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 462</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Fees</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
              <topic>Late Fees</topic>
              <topic>Contracts Law</topic>
              <topic>Injunctions</topic>
              <topic>Service Marks</topic>
              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Michigan</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Conflicts of Law</topic>
              <topic>Trademarks</topic>
              <topic>Florida</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Franchise Operations</topic>
              <topic>Restaurants</topic>
              <topic>Due Process: Jurisdiction (Jurisdiction over Non-Resident Litigants)</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
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              <reportNumber>462</reportNumber>
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              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1985-05-20</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>471 U.S. 462</usCitation>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Fees</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Late Fees</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contracts Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Injunctions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Service Marks</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contracts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Michigan</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Conflicts of Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Trademarks</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Florida</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Franchise Operations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Restaurants</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process: Jurisdiction (Jurisdiction over Non-Resident Litigants)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-097-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Franchiser</petitioner>
              <respondent>Franchisee</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Florida Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-01-08</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourteenth Amendment (due process)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Ponte v. Real, 471 U.S. 491 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 491</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-471/USREPORTS-471-491</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Correctional Facilities and Imprisonment</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
              <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Prison Violence</topic>
              <topic>Due Process: Prisoners&apos; Rights and Defendants&apos; Rights</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
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              <decisionDate>1985-05-20</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>471 U.S. 491</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Correctional Facilities and Imprisonment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Prison Violence</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Due Process: Prisoners&apos; Rights and Defendants&apos; Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-098-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Massachusetts">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Prisoner, inmate of penal institution</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Massachusetts">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin state="Massachusetts">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Massachusetts">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-01-09</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourteenth Amendment (due process)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Connecticut Dept. of Income Maint. v. Heckler, 471 U.S. 524 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 524</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-471/USREPORTS-471-524</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">471 U.S. 524 (1985)</identifier>
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              <topic>Insurance Law</topic>
              <topic>Mental Health</topic>
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              <topic>State Mental Hospitals</topic>
              <topic>Benefits Eligibility</topic>
              <topic>Federal Reimbursements</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Mental Illness</topic>
              <topic>Poverty Law, Statutory: Welfare Benefits, Typically Under Some Social Security Act Provision.</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <decisionDate>1985-05-20</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>471 U.S. 524</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>471 U.S. 524 (1985)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Insurance Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mental Health</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Medicaid Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State Mental Hospitals</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Benefits Eligibility</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Reimbursements</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mental Illness</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Poverty Law, Statutory: Welfare Benefits, Typically Under Some Social Security Act Provision.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-099-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Connecticut">State department or agency</petitioner>
              <respondent>Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Connecticut U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict and to resolve important or significant question</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-03-27</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Medicaid provisions of the Social Security Act</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Harper &amp; Row v. Nation Enterprises, 471 U.S. 539 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 539</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="preferred citation">471 U.S. 539 (1985)</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d7ac80</identifier>
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              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Publishers and Publishing</topic>
              <topic>Fair Use</topic>
              <topic>Exclusive Rights</topic>
              <topic>Intellectual Property Law</topic>
              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Copyright Act of 1976</topic>
              <topic>Unpublished Manuscript</topic>
              <topic>Right to License</topic>
              <topic>Time Magazine</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Copyright Infringement</topic>
              <topic>Unauthorized Source</topic>
              <topic>Patents and Copyrights: Copyright</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
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                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Publishers and Publishing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fair Use</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Exclusive Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Intellectual Property Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contracts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Copyright Act of 1976</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unpublished Manuscript</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Right to License</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Time Magazine</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Copyright Infringement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unauthorized Source</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Patents and Copyrights: Copyright</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-100-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Publisher, publishing company</petitioner>
              <respondent>Magazine</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New York Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Black v. Romano, 471 U.S. 606 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
              <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
              <topic>Probation and Parole</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Suspended Sentence</topic>
              <topic>Revocation of Probation</topic>
              <topic>Due Process: Prisoners&apos; Rights and Defendants&apos; Rights</topic>
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                   <topic>Controlled Substance Offenses</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Due Process: Prisoners&apos; Rights and Defendants&apos; Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-101-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Missouri">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Probationer, or parolee</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Missouri Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourteenth Amendment (due process)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel, 471 U.S. 626 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Contraceptive Injuries</topic>
              <topic>Marketing and Advertising</topic>
              <topic>Driving While Intoxicated</topic>
              <topic>Newspapers and Magazines</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Legal Fees</topic>
              <topic>Professional Responsibility</topic>
              <topic>Disciplinary Rules of the Ohio Code of Professional Reasonability</topic>
              <topic>Ohio Supreme Court</topic>
              <topic>Deceptive Advertisements</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Speech, Attorneys (Cf. Commercial Speech)</topic>
              <topic>Attorneys</topic>
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         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1984, March 27 through June 3, 1985, together with opinions of individual justices in chambers;Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel, 471 U.S. 626 (1985);471 U.S. 626</searchTitle>
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              <decisionDate>1985-05-28</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>471 U.S. 626</usCitation>
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                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contraceptive Injuries</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Marketing and Advertising</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Driving While Intoxicated</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Newspapers and Magazines</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legal Fees</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Professional Responsibility</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Disciplinary Rules of the Ohio Code of Professional Reasonability</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Ohio Supreme Court</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Deceptive Advertisements</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Commercial Speech, Attorneys (Cf. Commercial Speech)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Attorneys</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-102-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Attorney, or person acting as such, includes bar applicant or law student, or law firm or bar association</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Ohio">State or U.S. Supreme Court</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Ohio">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin state="Ohio">State Supreme Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Ohio">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>First Amendment (speech, press, and assembly)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>State or territorial law, reg, or const provision unconstitutional</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed and reversed (or vacated) in part</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Landreth Timber Co. v. Landreth, 471 U.S. 681 (1984)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Stock Purchase Agreements</topic>
              <topic>Securities Act of 1993</topic>
              <topic>Antifraud Provisions</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Securities Exchange Act of 1934</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Ventures</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Securities</topic>
              <topic>Common Stock</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
              <topic>Registration Provisions Violations</topic>
              <topic>Federal or State Regulation of Securities</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-471-681</accessId>
              <reportNumber>681</reportNumber>
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              <decisionDate>1985-05-28</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>471 U.S. 681</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Stock Purchase Agreements</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Securities Act of 1993</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Antifraud Provisions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Securities Exchange Act of 1934</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commercial Ventures</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Securities</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Common Stock</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Registration Provisions Violations</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Federal or State Regulation of Securities</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-104-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Buyer, purchaser</petitioner>
              <respondent>Seller or vendor</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Washington Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Lewis F. Powell, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Gould v. Ruefenacht, 471 U.S. 701 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Securities</topic>
              <topic>Securities Act of 1933</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Corporate Counsel</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
              <topic>Federal or State Regulation of Securities</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
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                   <topic>Securities Exchange Act of 1934</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Securities</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Securities Act of 1933</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Corporate Counsel</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Federal or State Regulation of Securities</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-105-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Seller or vendor</petitioner>
              <respondent>Buyer, purchaser</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New Jersey U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseSource>
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              <dateArgument>1985-03-26</dateArgument>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>Lewis F. Powell, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Hillsborough County v. Automated Medical Labs., 471 U.S. 707 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Public Health Service Act</topic>
              <topic>F.D.A. Regulations</topic>
              <topic>Injunctions</topic>
              <topic>Blood Plasma</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Breath-Analysis Test</topic>
              <topic>Hepatitis Testing</topic>
              <topic>Food and Drug Administration (F.D.A.)</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Donor Regulations</topic>
              <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
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                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-106-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Florida">County government or county governmental unit, except school district</petitioner>
              <respondent>Health organization or person, nursing home, medical clinic or laboratory, chiropractor</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Florida">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Florida Middle U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-04-16</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Massachusetts, 471 U.S. 724 (1985)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Health Insurance</topic>
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              <topic>Massachusetts Superior Court</topic>
              <topic>Insurance Law</topic>
              <topic>Insurance Benefits</topic>
              <topic>Employee Retirement Income Security Act of (E.R.I.S.A.)</topic>
              <topic>National Labor Relations Act (N.L.R.A.)</topic>
              <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
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                   <topic>Health Insurance</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Employee Benefits</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Insurance Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Insurance Benefits</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>National Labor Relations Act (N.L.R.A.)</topic>
                                    
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              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Legislation or Regulation. Cf. State Regulation of Business. Rarely Involves Union Activity. Does Not Involve Constitutional Interpretation Unless the Court Says It Does.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1984-107-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Insurance company, or surety</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Massachusetts">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Massachusetts">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Massachusetts">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-02-26</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Employee Retirement Income Security, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Montana v. Blackfeet Tribe, 471 U.S. 759 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 759</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-471/USREPORTS-471-759</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d7ac4a</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Property Tax</topic>
              <topic>Oil and Gas</topic>
              <topic>Indian Mineral Leasing Act of 1938</topic>
              <topic>Federal Indian and Tribal Law</topic>
              <topic>Tax Administration and Collection</topic>
              <topic>Energy Revenues and Royalties</topic>
              <topic>Mineral Leasing of Indian Lands</topic>
              <topic>Power Generation and Transmission</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Mineral Resources and Mines</topic>
              <topic>Indians, State Jurisdiction Over</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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         <extension>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-471-759</accessId>
              <reportNumber>759</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>48</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1985-06-03</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>471 U.S. 759</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Property Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Oil and Gas</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Indian Mineral Leasing Act of 1938</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Indian and Tribal Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Administration and Collection</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Power Generation and Transmission</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mineral Resources and Mines</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Indians, State Jurisdiction Over</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-108-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Montana">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Indian, including Indian tribe or nation</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Montana U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-01-15</dateArgument>
              <dateRearg>1985-04-23</dateRearg>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Lewis F. Powell, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Garrett v. United States, 471 U.S. 773 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 773</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-471/USREPORTS-471-773</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d7aca2</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Marijuana</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Import and Export</topic>
              <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
              <topic>Western District of Washington</topic>
              <topic>Double Jeopardy Clause</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Continuing Criminal Enterprise</topic>
              <topic>Fifth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970</topic>
              <topic>Double Jeopardy</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <reportNumber>773</reportNumber>
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              <decisionDate>1985-06-03</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>471 U.S. 773</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>471 U.S. 773 (1985)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Marijuana</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Import and Export</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Western District of Washington</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Double Jeopardy</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-109-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Florida Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-01-16</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Oklahoma City v. Tuttle, 471 U.S. 808 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 808</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-471/USREPORTS-471-808</identifier>
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              <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
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              <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
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              <topic>Liability</topic>
              <topic>Excessive Use of Force</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Robbery</topic>
              <topic>Manslaughter</topic>
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              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
        </subject>
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              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1985-06-03</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>471 U.S. 808</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Police</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-110-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Oklahoma">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</petitioner>
              <respondent>Physically injured person, including wrongful death, who is not an employee</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Oklahoma Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-01-08</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts (42 U.S.C. �� 1983)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Judgment of the Court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>National Farmers Union Ins. Cos. v. Crow Tribe, 471 U.S. 845 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>471 U.S. 845</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-471/USREPORTS-471-845</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">471 U.S. 845 (1985)</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Crow Indian Reservation</topic>
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              <topic>Default Judgment</topic>
              <topic>Accidents and Collisions</topic>
              <topic>Montana</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Motorcycles</topic>
              <topic>Native Peoples</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Administration: Jurisdiction or Authority of Federal District Courts or Territorial Courts</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
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              <decisionDate>1985-06-03</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>471 U.S. 845</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Crow Indian Reservation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Indian and Tribal Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Injunctions</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Accidents and Collisions</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Judicial Administration: Jurisdiction or Authority of Federal District Courts or Territorial Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-111-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Montana">Local school district or board of education</petitioner>
              <respondent>Indian, including Indian tribe or nation</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Montana U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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