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                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>Warren Earl Burger</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Court of Claims</topic>
              <topic>Indian Claims Commission</topic>
              <topic>Aboriginal Peoples</topic>
              <topic>Federal Indian and Tribal Law</topic>
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              <topic>Public Lands</topic>
              <topic>Shoshone Tribe</topic>
              <topic>Native Peoples</topic>
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                   <topic>Trusts and Estates</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-031-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
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              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Shea v. Louisiana, 470 U.S. 51 (1985)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
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              <topic>Confession</topic>
              <topic>Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Edward&apos;s Violation</topic>
              <topic>Miranda Rights</topic>
              <topic>Louisiana</topic>
              <topic>Interrogation</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Louisiana Supreme Court</topic>
              <topic>Right to Counsel</topic>
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              <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Retroactivity (Of Newly Announced or Newly Enacted Constitutional or Statutory Rights)</topic>
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                   <topic>Law Enforcement Officers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Armed Robbery</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Confession</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Edward&apos;s Violation</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Retroactivity (Of Newly Announced or Newly Enacted Constitutional or Statutory Rights)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-032-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
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              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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                   <type>Other</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68 (1985)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Antipsychotic Drugs</topic>
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              <topic>Shooting</topic>
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              <topic>Psychiatric Examination</topic>
              <topic>First-Degree Murder</topic>
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              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
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                   <topic>Antipsychotic Drugs</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Insanity Defense</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Shooting</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mental Health</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Indigents: Assistance of Psychiatrist</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-033-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person allegedly criminally insane or mentally incompetent to stand trial</petitioner>
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              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
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              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Alabama and Mississippi Boundary Case, 470 U.S. 93 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Bodies of Water</topic>
              <topic>Mississippi Sound</topic>
              <topic>Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone</topic>
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              <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
              <topic>Boundaries</topic>
              <topic>Federal Government</topic>
              <topic>Louisiana</topic>
              <topic>Submerged Lands</topic>
              <topic>Conflicts of Law</topic>
              <topic>Inland Bodies of Water</topic>
              <topic>Property Rights</topic>
              <topic>Property Law</topic>
              <topic>Alabama</topic>
              <topic>Property</topic>
              <topic>Submerged Lands Act (Cf. Federal-State Ownership Dispute)</topic>
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                   <topic>Bodies of Water</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Inland Bodies of Water</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Property Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Alabama</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Property</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Submerged Lands Act (Cf. Federal-State Ownership Dispute)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-034-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Louisiana">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Original</jurisdiction>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
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                   <type>Other</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Treaty</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Chemical Manufacturers Assn. v. NRDC, 470 U.S. 116 (1985)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Pollution Liability</topic>
              <topic>Environmental Protection Agency (E.P.A.)</topic>
              <topic>Water Law</topic>
              <topic>Waste Management</topic>
              <topic>Environmental Law</topic>
              <topic>Effluent Limitation</topic>
              <topic>Clean Water Act</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Pollution</topic>
              <topic>Natural Resources - Environmental Protection (Cf. National Supremacy: Natural Resources, National Supremacy: Pollution)</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
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              <decisionDate>1985-02-27</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
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                   <topic>Pollution Liability</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Environmental Protection Agency (E.P.A.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Water Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Waste Management</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Environmental Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Effluent Limitation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Clean Water Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Pollution</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Natural Resources - Environmental Protection (Cf. National Supremacy: Natural Resources, National Supremacy: Pollution)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-035-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Chemical company</petitioner>
              <respondent>Environmental organization</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Environmental Protection Agency or Administrator</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Water Pollution Control (Clean Water), plus amendments</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>NAACP v. Hampton County Election Comm&apos;n, 470 U.S. 166 (1985)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>South Carolina General Assembly</topic>
              <topic>Hampton County</topic>
              <topic>Elections and Politics</topic>
              <topic>Superintendent of Education</topic>
              <topic>Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>Voting Rights Act of 1965</topic>
              <topic>Election Law</topic>
              <topic>Public Schools</topic>
              <topic>Election Date</topic>
              <topic>South Carolina</topic>
              <topic>County Board of Education</topic>
              <topic>Voting Rights Act of 1965, Plus Amendments</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>470 U.S. 166</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>470 U.S. 166 (1985)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>South Carolina General Assembly</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Hampton County</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Elections and Politics</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Superintendent of Education</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Voting Rights Act of 1965</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Election Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Public Schools</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Election Date</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>County Board of Education</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Voting Rights Act of 1965, Plus Amendments</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-036-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Racial or ethnic minority</petitioner>
              <respondent state="South Carolina">County government or county governmental unit, except school district</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department of Justice or Attorney General</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>South Carolina U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>South Carolina U.S. District Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1984-11-28</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Voting Rights Act of 1965, plus amendments</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Heckler v. Turner, 470 U.S. 184 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>470 U.S. 184</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-470/USREPORTS-470-184</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">470 U.S. 184 (1985)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">470 U.S. 184</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d7aad9</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Payroll Deductions</topic>
              <topic>Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Income Tax</topic>
              <topic>Aid to Families with Dependent Children (A.F.D.C.)</topic>
              <topic>California</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Social Security Act</topic>
              <topic>Poverty Law, Statutory: Welfare Benefits, Typically Under Some Social Security Act Provision.</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1984, February 20 through March 26, 1985;Heckler v. Turner, 470 U.S. 184 (1985);470 U.S. 184</searchTitle>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-470-184</accessId>
              <reportNumber>184</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>15</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1985-02-27</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>470 U.S. 184</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>470 U.S. 184 (1985)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Payroll Deductions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Income Tax</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Social Security Act</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Poverty Law, Statutory: Welfare Benefits, Typically Under Some Social Security Act Provision.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-037-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services</petitioner>
              <respondent>Parent or parents</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>California Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1984-10-09</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Aid to Families with Dependent Children provisions of the Social Security Act, plus amendments</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Dean Witter Reynolds Inc. v. Byrd, 470 U.S. 213 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>470 U.S. 213</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-470/USREPORTS-470-213</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">470 U.S. 213 (1985)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">470 U.S. 213</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d7aad6</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Arbitration</topic>
              <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
              <topic>Alternative Dispute Resolution (A.D.R.)</topic>
              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Federal Arbitration Act</topic>
              <topic>Securities Exchange Act of 1934</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Securities</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
              <topic>Arbitration (Other than as Pertains to Labor-Management or Employer-Employee Relations (Cf. Union Arbitration)</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-470-213</accessId>
              <reportNumber>213</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>16</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1985-03-04</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>470 U.S. 213</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>470 U.S. 213 (1985)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Arbitration</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Alternative Dispute Resolution (A.D.R.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contracts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Arbitration Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Securities Exchange Act of 1934</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Securities</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Arbitration (Other than as Pertains to Labor-Management or Employer-Employee Relations (Cf. Union Arbitration)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-038-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Broker, stock exchange, investment or securities firm</petitioner>
              <respondent>Investor</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1984-12-04</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation, 470 U.S. 226 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>470 U.S. 226</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-470/USREPORTS-470-226</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">470 U.S. 226 (1985)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">470 U.S. 226</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d7aad3</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Federal Indian and Tribal Law</topic>
              <topic>New York</topic>
              <topic>Public Lands</topic>
              <topic>Nonintercourse Act of 1793</topic>
              <topic>Property Rights</topic>
              <topic>Native Peoples</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Tribal Lands</topic>
              <topic>Property</topic>
              <topic>Indians, State Jurisdiction Over</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-470-226</accessId>
              <reportNumber>226</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>17</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1985-03-04</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>470 U.S. 226</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>470 U.S. 226 (1985)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Indian and Tribal Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>New York</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Public Lands</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Nonintercourse Act of 1793</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Property Rights</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Native Peoples</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tribal Lands</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Property</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Indians, State Jurisdiction Over</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-039-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="New York">County government or county governmental unit, except school district</petitioner>
              <respondent>Indian, including Indian tribe or nation</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New York Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve important or significant question</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1984-10-01</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Lewis F. Powell, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Supreme Court of New Hampshire v. Piper, 470 U.S. 274 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>470 U.S. 274</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-470/USREPORTS-470-274</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">470 U.S. 274 (1985)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">470 U.S. 274</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d7aaa5</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Vermont</topic>
              <topic>Bar Examinations</topic>
              <topic>Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV</topic>
              <topic>New Hampshire Supreme Court</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Residency Status</topic>
              <topic>New Hampshire</topic>
              <topic>Residency Requirements: Durational, Plus Discrimination Against Nonresidents</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1985-03-04</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>470 U.S. 274</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>470 U.S. 274 (1985)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Vermont</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Bar Examinations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>New Hampshire Supreme Court</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Residency Status</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>New Hampshire</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Residency Requirements: Durational, Plus Discrimination Against Nonresidents</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-040-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="New Hampshire">State or U.S. Supreme Court</petitioner>
              <respondent>Attorney, or person acting as such, includes bar applicant or law student, or law firm or bar association</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="New Hampshire">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>New Hampshire U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1984-10-31</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Article IV, Section 2, Paragraph 1 (privileges and immunities clause)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>State or territorial law, reg, or const provision unconstitutional</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Lewis F. Powell, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>470 U.S. 298</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-470/USREPORTS-470-298</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">470 U.S. 298 (1985)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">470 U.S. 298</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d7aac4</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Polk County</topic>
              <topic>Self-Incrimination</topic>
              <topic>Oregon</topic>
              <topic>Fifth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Burglary</topic>
              <topic>Written Confession</topic>
              <topic>Miranda Rights</topic>
              <topic>Miranda Warnings</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
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              <usCitation>470 U.S. 298</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Polk County</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Self-Incrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Oregon</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fifth Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Burglary</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Written Confession</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Miranda Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Miranda Warnings</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-041-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Oregon">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Oregon">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Oregon">State Appellate Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
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              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fifth Amendment (Miranda warnings)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Marrese v. American Academy of Ortho. Surgeons, 470 U.S. 373 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Dismissal with Prejudice</topic>
              <topic>Illinois</topic>
              <topic>Circuit Courts</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Antitrust Law</topic>
              <topic>Comity Primarily Removal Cases, Civil Procedure (Cf. Comity, Criminal and First Amendment), Deference to Foreign Judicial Tribunals</topic>
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                   <topic>Competition and Antitrust</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-042-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Physician, MD or DO, dentist, or medical society</petitioner>
              <respondent>Physician, MD or DO, dentist, or medical society</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Illinois Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
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              <title>Air France v. Saks, 470 U.S. 392 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Article 17 of the Warsaw Convention</topic>
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              <topic>Injury</topic>
              <topic>Convention on International Civil Aviation</topic>
              <topic>Accidents and Collisions</topic>
              <topic>Passenger Safety</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Annex 13 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation</topic>
              <topic>California</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Other than as in Sufficiency of Evidence, Election of Remedies, Punitive Damages</topic>
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                   <topic>Liability, Other than as in Sufficiency of Evidence, Election of Remedies, Punitive Damages</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1984-043-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Airline</petitioner>
              <respondent>Physically injured person, including wrongful death, who is not an employee</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Central U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Other</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Treaty</legalProvisions>
                                    
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                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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              <title>St. Louis Southwestern R. Co. v. Dickerson, 470 U.S. 409 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Workers&apos; Safety</topic>
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              <topic>Accidents and Collisions</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Liability</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Workers&apos; Compensation</topic>
              <topic>Missouri</topic>
              <topic>Missouri Supreme Court</topic>
              <topic>Sufficiency of Evidence: Typically in the Context of a Jury&apos;s Determination of Compensation for Injury or Death</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
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                   <topic>Federal Employers&apos; Liability Act (F.E.L.A.)</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Missouri Supreme Court</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Sufficiency of Evidence: Typically in the Context of a Jury&apos;s Determination of Compensation for Injury or Death</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-044-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Railroad</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Missouri">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Missouri">State Appellate Court</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Employers&apos; Liability, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
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              <title>Herb&apos;s Welding, Inc. v. Gray, 470 U.S. 414 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Workers&apos; Safety</topic>
              <topic>Conflicts of Law</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Maritime and Admiralty Law</topic>
              <topic>Offshore Drilling</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Other than as in Sufficiency of Evidence, Election of Remedies, Punitive Damages</topic>
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                   <topic>Liability, Other than as in Sufficiency of Evidence, Election of Remedies, Punitive Damages</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1984-045-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</petitioner>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>National R. Passenger Corp. v. A. T. &amp; S. F. R. Co., 470 U.S. 451 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
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              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Rail Passenger Service Act of (R.P.S.A.)</topic>
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              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Workers&apos; Benefits</topic>
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                   <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Interstate Commerce Commission (I.C.C.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contracts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Rail Passenger Service Act of (R.P.S.A.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Workers&apos; Benefits</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal or State Regulation of Transportation Regulation: Railroad</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-046-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>National Railroad Passenger Corp.</petitioner>
              <respondent>Railroad</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Illinois Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1985-01-15</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>FEC v. National Conservative PAC, 470 U.S. 480 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>470 U.S. 480</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-470/USREPORTS-470-480</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">470 U.S. 480 (1985)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">470 U.S. 480</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d7aad2</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Campaign Finance</topic>
              <topic>Presidential Candidates</topic>
              <topic>Elections and Politics</topic>
              <topic>Democratic National Committee</topic>
              <topic>Federal Election Commission</topic>
              <topic>Presidential Election</topic>
              <topic>Election Law</topic>
              <topic>Reagan, Ronald</topic>
              <topic>Presidential Election Campaign Fund Act</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Campaign Spending (Cf. Governmental Corruption):</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
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              <reportNumber>480</reportNumber>
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              <usCitation>470 U.S. 480</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Campaign Finance</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Presidential Candidates</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Elections and Politics</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Democratic National Committee</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Election Commission</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Presidential Election</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Campaign Spending (Cf. Governmental Corruption):</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-047-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Federal Election Commission</petitioner>
              <respondent>Political action committee</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Federal Election Commission</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Pennsylvania Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>Pennsylvania Eastern U.S. District Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1984-11-28</dateArgument>
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              <unconstitutionality>Act of congress declared unconstitutional</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Gagnon, 470 U.S. 522 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>470 U.S. 522</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-470/USREPORTS-470-522</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">470 U.S. 522 (1985)</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Trials and Court Proceedings</topic>
              <topic>Fifth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Jury Concerns</topic>
              <topic>Cocaine</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
              <topic>Drug Production and Distribution</topic>
              <topic>Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Confrontation Clause</topic>
              <topic>Sixth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Confrontation (Right to Confront Accuser, Call and Cross-Examine Witnesses)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1985-03-18</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>470 U.S. 522</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Trials and Court Proceedings</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fifth Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jury Concerns</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Cocaine</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Confrontation (Right to Confront Accuser, Call and Cross-Examine Witnesses)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-048-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Arizona U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, or relevant rules of a circuit court</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Per curiam (no oral argument)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>470 U.S. 532</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
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              <topic>Grand Larceny</topic>
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              <topic>Job Applications</topic>
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              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Civil Service Commission</topic>
              <topic>Ohio</topic>
              <topic>Due Process: Hearing, Government Employees</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
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              <decisionDate>1985-03-19</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>470 U.S. 532</usCitation>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Security Guards</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Cleveland</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Felonies and Misdemeanors</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Ohio</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Due Process: Hearing, Government Employees</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1984-049-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Ohio">Local school district or board of education</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Ohio">Governmental employee or job applicant</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Ohio">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Ohio Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1984-12-03</dateArgument>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourteenth Amendment (due process)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Anderson v. Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564 (1985)</title>
              <partNumber>470 U.S. 564</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-470/USREPORTS-470-564</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Civil Rights Act of 1964</topic>
              <topic>Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
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              <topic>Gender and Sex</topic>
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              <topic>Sex Discrimination in Employment (Cf. Sex Discrimination)</topic>
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        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <decisionDate>1985-03-19</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1984</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>470 U.S. 564</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Civil Rights Act of 1964</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (E.E.O.C.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Gender and Sex</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Sex Discrimination in Employment (Cf. Sex Discrimination)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-050-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="North Carolina">Female governmental employee or job applicant</petitioner>
              <respondent state="North Carolina">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>North Carolina Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1984-12-03</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, including Appellate Procedure, or relevant rules of a circuit court Judicial Code, and admiralty rules</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>First National Bank v. Bartow Cty. Tax Assessors, 470 U.S. 583 (1985)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-470/USREPORTS-470-583</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d7aa7d</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Property Tax</topic>
              <topic>Securities</topic>
              <topic>Tax Exemption</topic>
              <topic>Georgia Supreme Court</topic>
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                   <topic>Property Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Securities</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Exemption</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Georgia Supreme Court</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Georgia</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Capital Gains Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State and Local Taxation</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>State or Local Government Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-051-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Bank, savings and loan, credit union, investment company</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Georgia">County government or county governmental unit, except school district</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Georgia">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin state="Georgia">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Georgia">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1984-10-30</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Military Law</topic>
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              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
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              <topic>Protest and Dissent</topic>
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              <docketId>1984-052-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person subject to selective service, including conscientious objector</petitioner>
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
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                   <writer>Lewis F. Powell, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Bennett v. New Jersey, 470 U.S. 632 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Elementary and Secondary Education Act of (E.S.E.A.)</topic>
              <topic>Compensatory Education</topic>
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              <topic>Substantive Standards of the 1978 Amendments</topic>
              <topic>Title I Funds</topic>
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                   <topic>Contracts Law</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Contracts</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Miscellaneous Federalism</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1984-053-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Department or Secretary of Education</petitioner>
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              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of Education</adminAction>
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                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
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              <title>Bennett v. Kentucky Dept. of Education, 470 U.S. 656 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>State and Local Government</topic>
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                   <topic>Misuse of Funds</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Miscellaneous Federalism</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1984-054-01</docketId>
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                   <writer>Sandra Day O&apos;Connor</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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              <title>United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Detention Procedures</topic>
              <topic>Search and Seizure (Other than as Pertains to Vehicles or Crime Control Act)</topic>
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                   <topic>Marijuana</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1984-055-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Arrested person, or pretrial detainee</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>South Carolina U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <writer>Warren Earl Burger</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
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              <title>Florida Power &amp; Light Co. v. Lorion, 470 U.S. 729 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Nuclear Regulatory Commission</topic>
              <topic>Nuclear Reactor</topic>
              <topic>Nuclear Safety</topic>
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              <topic>Florida Power &amp; Light CO</topic>
              <topic>Energy Law</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Review of Administrative Agency&apos;s or Administrative Official&apos;s Actions and Procedures</topic>
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                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Nuclear Power</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Public Utilities and Utility Rates</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Citizens Petition</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Hobbs Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Nuclear Regulatory Commission</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Nuclear Safety</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Florida Power &amp; Light CO</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Energy Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Judicial Review of Administrative Agency&apos;s or Administrative Official&apos;s Actions and Procedures</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1984-056-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Nuclear power plant or facility</petitioner>
              <respondent>Public interest organization</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Nuclear Regulatory Commission</adminAction>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Winston v. Lee, 470 U.S. 753 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Injury</topic>
              <topic>Attempted Robbery</topic>
              <topic>Virginia</topic>
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-057-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Virginia">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</respondent>
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              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Employee Benefits</topic>
              <topic>Tucker Act</topic>
              <topic>Retirement Program</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Review of Administrative Agency&apos;s or Administrative Official&apos;s Actions and Procedures</topic>
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                   <topic>Persons with Disabilities</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Employee Benefits</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tucker Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Retirement Program</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Judicial Review of Administrative Agency&apos;s or Administrative Official&apos;s Actions and Procedures</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1984-058-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="United States">Retired or former governmental employee</petitioner>
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              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Merit Systems Protection Board</adminAction>
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                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Hayes v. Florida, 470 U.S. 811 (1985)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Warrants</topic>
              <topic>Probable Cause</topic>
              <topic>Sex Offenses</topic>
              <topic>Rape</topic>
              <topic>Burglary</topic>
              <topic>Search and Seizure</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Fourth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Investigative Detention</topic>
              <topic>Search and Seizure (Other than as Pertains to Vehicles or Crime Control Act)</topic>
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                   <topic>Warrants</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Probable Cause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sex Offenses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Rape</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Burglary</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Search and Seizure</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Search and Seizure (Other than as Pertains to Vehicles or Crime Control Act)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1984-059-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Arrested person, or pretrial detainee</petitioner>
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                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Heckler v. Chaney, 470 U.S. 821 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Administrative Procedure Act</topic>
              <topic>Lethal Injection</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Food and Drug Administration (F.D.A.)</topic>
              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Review of Administrative Agency&apos;s or Administrative Official&apos;s Actions and Procedures</topic>
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                   <topic>Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Procedure Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Lethal Injection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Capital Punishment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Judicial Review of Administrative Agency&apos;s or Administrative Official&apos;s Actions and Procedures</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1984-060-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Food and Drug Administration</petitioner>
              <respondent>Prisoner, inmate of penal institution</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Food and Drug Administration</adminAction>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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            </law>
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Ball v. United States, 470 U.S. 856 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>District Courts</topic>
              <topic>Firearms Laws</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Firearms</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Firearms</topic>
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        </subject>
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                   <topic>Double Jeopardy Clause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>District Courts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Firearms Laws</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Firearms</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Firearms</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1984-061-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Virginia Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>Warren Earl Burger</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Ward, 470 U.S. 869 (1985)</title>
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              <topic>Mccarran-Ferguson Act</topic>
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              <topic>Foreign Investments</topic>
              <topic>Insurance Companies</topic>
              <topic>Foreign Companies</topic>
              <topic>Business and Corporate Law</topic>
              <topic>Insurance Law</topic>
              <topic>Alabama Supreme Court</topic>
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                   <topic>Domestic Business</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Foreign Companies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Business and Corporate Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Insurance Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Alabama Supreme Court</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Securities</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Alabama</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>State or Local Government Tax</topic>
                                        
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