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              <title>United Parcel Service, Inc. v. Mitchell, 451 U.S. 56 (1981)</title>
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              <topic>Collective Bargaining</topic>
              <topic>Fair Representation</topic>
              <topic>Alternative Dispute Resolution (A.D.R.)</topic>
              <topic>Breach</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Arbitration (In the Context of Labor-Management or Employer-Employee Relations) (Cf. Arbitration)</topic>
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                   <topic>Arbitration</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Collective Bargaining</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fair Representation</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Arbitration (In the Context of Labor-Management or Employer-Employee Relations) (Cf. Arbitration)</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Labor-Management Relations</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Northwest Airlines, Inc. v. Transport Workers, 451 U.S. 77 (1981)</title>
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              <topic>Aviation and Airports</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Management-Labor Relations</topic>
              <topic>Pay Differential</topic>
              <topic>Back Pay</topic>
              <topic>Wages and Hours</topic>
              <topic>Employment Discrimination: On Basis of Race, Age, Religion, Illegitimacy, National Origin, or Working Conditions.</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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                   <topic>Equal Pay</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Aviation and Airports</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
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              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Employment Discrimination: On Basis of Race, Age, Religion, Illegitimacy, National Origin, or Working Conditions.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1980-071-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Airline</petitioner>
              <respondent>Union, labor organization, or official of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>District Of Columbia U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed and reversed (or vacated) in part</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Memphis v. Greene, 451 U.S. 100 (1981)</title>
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              <topic>Tennessee</topic>
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              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Official Action</topic>
              <topic>Property Owner</topic>
              <topic>Memphis</topic>
              <topic>Rights</topic>
              <topic>Slavery</topic>
              <topic>Traffic Pollution</topic>
              <topic>Traffic</topic>
              <topic>Desegregation (Other than as Pertains to School Desegregation, Employment Discrimination, and Affirmative Action)</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tennessee</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Official Action</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Slavery</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Traffic Pollution</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Traffic</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Desegregation (Other than as Pertains to School Desegregation, Employment Discrimination, and Affirmative Action)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-072-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Tennessee">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</petitioner>
              <respondent>Racial or ethnic minority</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Tennessee Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Thirteenth Amendment (both sections 1 and 2)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Scindia Steam Navigation Co. v. De Los Santos, 451 U.S. 156 (1981)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Pallet</topic>
              <topic>Safety</topic>
              <topic>Dangerous Condition</topic>
              <topic>Unseaworthiness</topic>
              <topic>Maritime and Admiralty Law</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Other than as in Sufficiency of Evidence, Election of Remedies, Punitive Damages</topic>
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                   <topic>Torts Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Cargo</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Ship Owner</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Hazards</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Pallet</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Safety</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Dangerous Condition</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Liability, Other than as in Sufficiency of Evidence, Election of Remedies, Punitive Damages</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1980-073-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Water transportation, stevedore</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Washington Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Longshoremen and Harbor Workers&apos; Compensation</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Rosales-Lopez v. United States, 451 U.S. 182 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 182</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Bias</topic>
              <topic>Immigration</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Ethnic</topic>
              <topic>Prejudice</topic>
              <topic>Undocumented Immigrants</topic>
              <topic>Extra-Legal Jury Influences: Voir Dire (Not Necessarily a Criminal Case)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
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                   <topic>Voir Dire</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Impartial Jury</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Bias</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Immigration</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Ethnic</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Prejudice</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Undocumented Immigrants</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Extra-Legal Jury Influences: Voir Dire (Not Necessarily a Criminal Case)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-074-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Racial or ethnic minority</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1981-01-12</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Steagald v. United States, 451 U.S. 204 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 204</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Dwelling</topic>
              <topic>Expectation of Privacy</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
              <topic>Search Warrants</topic>
              <topic>Warrantless Search and Seizure</topic>
              <topic>Fugitive</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Exigent Circumstances</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Search and Seizure (Other than as Pertains to Vehicles or Crime Control Act)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
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              <reportNumber>204</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>13</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1981-04-21</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1980</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>451 U.S. 204</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>451 U.S. 204 (1981)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Dwelling</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Expectation of Privacy</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Search Warrants</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Warrantless Search and Seizure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fugitive</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Exigent Circumstances</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Search and Seizure (Other than as Pertains to Vehicles or Crime Control Act)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-075-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Georgia Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict and to resolve important or significant question</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1981-01-14</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourth Amendment</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Arizona v. Manypenny, 451 U.S. 232 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 232</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-232</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">451 U.S. 232 (1981)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">451 U.S. 232</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d5c0de</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Removal</topic>
              <topic>Arrest</topic>
              <topic>Double Jeopardy Clause</topic>
              <topic>Arizona</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Appeal</topic>
              <topic>State Law</topic>
              <topic>Acquittal</topic>
              <topic>Comity: Criminal Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1980, April 20 through May 26, 1981, together with opinions of individual justices in chambers;Arizona v. Manypenny, 451 U.S. 232 (1981);451 U.S. 232</searchTitle>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-451-232</accessId>
              <reportNumber>232</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>14</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1981-04-21</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1980</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>451 U.S. 232</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>451 U.S. 232 (1981)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Removal</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Arrest</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Double Jeopardy Clause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Arizona</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Appeal</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>State Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Acquittal</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Comity: Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-076-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Arizona">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Arizona U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve important or significant question</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1980-11-10</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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    <relatedItem type="constituent" ID="id-USREPORTS-451-259" xlink:href="https://www.govinfo.gov/metadata/granule/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-259/mods.xml">
         <titleInfo>
              <title>Watt v. Alaska, 451 U.S. 259 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 259</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-259</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">451 U.S. 259 (1981)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">451 U.S. 259</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d5c0e1</identifier>
        </relatedItem>
         <subject>
              <topic>Oil and Gas</topic>
              <topic>Fiscal Year</topic>
              <topic>Amendments</topic>
              <topic>Environmental Law</topic>
              <topic>Wildlife Refuge</topic>
              <topic>Natural Resources</topic>
              <topic>Revenue Sharing</topic>
              <topic>Alaska</topic>
              <topic>Mineral Resources and Mines</topic>
              <topic>Miscellaneous Federalism</topic>
              <topic>Federalism</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1980, April 20 through May 26, 1981, together with opinions of individual justices in chambers;Watt v. Alaska, 451 U.S. 259 (1981);451 U.S. 259</searchTitle>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-451-259</accessId>
              <reportNumber>259</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>15</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1981-04-21</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1980</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>451 U.S. 259</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>451 U.S. 259 (1981)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Oil and Gas</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fiscal Year</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Amendments</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Environmental Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Wildlife Refuge</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Natural Resources</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Revenue Sharing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Alaska</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mineral Resources and Mines</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Miscellaneous Federalism</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-077-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Department or Secretary of the Interior</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Alaska">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of the Interior</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Alaska U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1981-01-13</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Lewis F. Powell, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
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    <relatedItem type="constituent" ID="id-USREPORTS-451-287" xlink:href="https://www.govinfo.gov/metadata/granule/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-287/mods.xml">
         <titleInfo>
              <title>California v. Sierra Club, 451 U.S. 287 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 287</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-287</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">451 U.S. 287 (1981)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">451 U.S. 287</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d5c0d5</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Legislative History</topic>
              <topic>Legislative Bodies</topic>
              <topic>Transport</topic>
              <topic>Water Storage</topic>
              <topic>Navigable</topic>
              <topic>Transportation Law</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>California</topic>
              <topic>Nuisance</topic>
              <topic>Bridges and Tunnels</topic>
              <topic>Standing to Sue: Private or Implied Cause of Action</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1980, April 20 through May 26, 1981, together with opinions of individual justices in chambers;California v. Sierra Club, 451 U.S. 287 (1981);451 U.S. 287</searchTitle>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-451-287</accessId>
              <reportNumber>287</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>16</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1981-04-28</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1980</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>451 U.S. 287</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>451 U.S. 287 (1981)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Legislative History</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legislative Bodies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transport</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Water Storage</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Navigable</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transportation Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>California</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Nuisance</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Bridges and Tunnels</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Standing to Sue: Private or Implied Cause of Action</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-078-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="California">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Environmental organization</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1981-01-21</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <url displayLabel="Content Detail" access="object in context">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-287</url>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Milwaukee v. Illinois, 451 U.S. 304 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 304</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-304</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">451 U.S. 304 (1981)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">451 U.S. 304</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d5c0e7</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Bodies of Water</topic>
              <topic>Milwaukee</topic>
              <topic>Nuisance</topic>
              <topic>Illinois</topic>
              <topic>Environment</topic>
              <topic>Interstate</topic>
              <topic>Wisconsin</topic>
              <topic>Environmental Law</topic>
              <topic>Overflow</topic>
              <topic>Sewer</topic>
              <topic>Natural Resources - Environmental Protection (Cf. National Supremacy: Natural Resources, National Supremacy: Pollution)</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-451-304</accessId>
              <reportNumber>304</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>17</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1981-04-28</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1980</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>451 U.S. 304</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>451 U.S. 304 (1981)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Bodies of Water</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Milwaukee</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Nuisance</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Illinois</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Environment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Interstate</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Wisconsin</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Environmental Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Overflow</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sewer</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Natural Resources - Environmental Protection (Cf. National Supremacy: Natural Resources, National Supremacy: Pollution)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-079-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Wisconsin">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Illinois">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Wisconsin">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Illinois Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1980-12-02</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Ball v. James, 451 U.S. 355 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 355</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-355</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">451 U.S. 355 (1981)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">451 U.S. 355</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d5c0d6</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Landowner</topic>
              <topic>Governmental Power</topic>
              <topic>Voting Eligibility</topic>
              <topic>Elections and Politics</topic>
              <topic>Government</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Public Participation and Lobbying</topic>
              <topic>Water Storage District</topic>
              <topic>Municipal</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Residents</topic>
              <topic>Reapportionment: Other than Plans Governed by the Voting Rights Act</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
        </subject>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-451-355</accessId>
              <reportNumber>355</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>18</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1981-04-29</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1980</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>451 U.S. 355</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>451 U.S. 355 (1981)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Landowner</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Governmental Power</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Voting Eligibility</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Elections and Politics</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Public Participation and Lobbying</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Water Storage District</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Municipal</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Residents</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Reapportionment: Other than Plans Governed by the Voting Rights Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-080-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Arizona">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Voter, prospective voter, elector, or a nonelective official seeking reapportionment or redistricting of legislative districts (POL)</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Arizona U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1981-02-23</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourteenth Amendment (equal protection)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Potter Stewart</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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                   <topic>Mootness (Cf. Standing to Sue: Live Dispute)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-081-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Texas">State college or university</petitioner>
              <respondent>Handicapped individual, or organization of devoted to</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Texas">State Agency</adminAction>
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              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
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              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Article III, Section 2, Paragraph 1 (case or controversy requirement)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Potter Stewart</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Staats v. Bristol Laboratories Division of Bristol-Myers Co., 451 U.S. 400 (1981)</title>
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              <docketId>1980-082-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Comptroller General</petitioner>
              <respondent>Drug manufacturer</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New York Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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              <decisionType>Equally divided vote</decisionType>
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              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>4</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Complete Auto Transit, Inc.. Reis, 451 U.S. 401 (1981)</title>
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              <topic>No-Strike Clause</topic>
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              <topic>Discharge</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: No-Strike Clause</topic>
              <topic>Unions</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Industrial</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor Organization</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>No-Strike Clause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Money Judgment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Management-Labor Relations</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Unions</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-083-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Trucking company, or motor carrier</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Michigan Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve important or significant question</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1981-02-24</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Labor-Management Relations</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Bullington v. Missouri, 451 U.S. 430 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 430</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Reasonable Doubt</topic>
              <topic>Homicide</topic>
              <topic>Life Imprisonment</topic>
              <topic>Double Jeopardy Clause</topic>
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              <topic>Sentencing</topic>
              <topic>Aggravating Circumstances</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Missouri</topic>
              <topic>Double Jeopardy</topic>
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        </subject>
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                   <topic>Reasonable Doubt</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Homicide</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Life Imprisonment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Double Jeopardy Clause</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Double Jeopardy</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1980-084-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Missouri">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Missouri">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
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              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Estelle v. Smith, 451 U.S. 454 (1981)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Death Penalty</topic>
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              <topic>Health</topic>
              <topic>Psychiatric Examination</topic>
              <topic>Sentencing</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Mental Health</topic>
              <topic>Self-Incrimination (Other than as Pertains to Miranda or Immunity from Prosecution)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Penalty Phase</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Homicide</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Sentencing</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Mental Health</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Self-Incrimination (Other than as Pertains to Miranda or Immunity from Prosecution)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-085-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Texas">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Person convicted of crime</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Texas Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fifth Amendment (self-incrimination)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Warren Earl Burger</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 (1981)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Arrest</topic>
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                   <topic>Confession</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Custody</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Invoked</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Miranda V. Arizona</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Right to Counsel</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Miranda Warnings</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-086-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Arizona">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Arizona">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Arizona">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1980-11-05</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fifth Amendment (Miranda warnings)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Webb v. Webb, 451 U.S. 493 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 493</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Decree</topic>
              <topic>Georgia</topic>
              <topic>Families</topic>
              <topic>Full Faith and Credit Clause</topic>
              <topic>Jurisdictional</topic>
              <topic>Federal Question</topic>
              <topic>Custody</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>No Merits: Miscellaneous</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
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              <courtTerm>1980</courtTerm>
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                   <topic>Decree</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Georgia</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Families</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Full Faith and Credit Clause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdictional</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Question</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Custody</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>No Merits: Miscellaneous</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-087-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Mother</petitioner>
              <respondent>Father</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Georgia">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Georgia">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1981-03-23</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Petition denied or appeal dismissed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Alessi v. Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., 451 U.S. 504 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 504</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Workers&apos; Compensation</topic>
              <topic>Employee Benefits</topic>
              <topic>Integration</topic>
              <topic>Preemption</topic>
              <topic>Employee Retirement Income Security Act of (E.R.I.S.A.)</topic>
              <topic>Employee Retirement Income Security Act (Cf. Union Trust Funds)</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
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              <courtTerm>1980</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>451 U.S. 504</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>451 U.S. 504 (1981)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Workers&apos; Compensation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Employee Benefits</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Integration</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Preemption</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Employee Retirement Income Security Act of (E.R.I.S.A.)</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Employee Retirement Income Security Act (Cf. Union Trust Funds)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-088-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Retired or former employee</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Department or Secretary of the Treasury</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>New Jersey U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1981-03-04</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Employee Retirement Income Security, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Thurgood Marshall</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 527</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-527</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Correctional Facilities and Imprisonment</topic>
              <topic>Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Property Loss</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Deprivation</topic>
              <topic>Damages</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
        </subject>
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              <decisionDate>1981-05-18</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1980</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>451 U.S. 527</usCitation>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Correctional Facilities and Imprisonment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Property Loss</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Deprivation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Damages</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Liability, Civil Rights Acts (Cf. Liability, Governmental and Liability, Nongovernmental, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Non-Death Penalty)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-089-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Nebraska">Governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact</petitioner>
              <respondent>Prisoner, inmate of penal institution</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Nebraska U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1981-03-02</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts (42 U.S.C. �� 1983)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>J. Truett Payne Co. v. Chrysler Motors Corp., 451 U.S. 557 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 557</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-557</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">451 U.S. 557 (1981)</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Competition and Antitrust</topic>
              <topic>Substantial Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Damages Sale</topic>
              <topic>Bonus</topic>
              <topic>Clayton Act</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Price Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>Profits</topic>
              <topic>Antitrust Law</topic>
              <topic>Antitrust (Except in the Context of Mergers and Union Antitrust)</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
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              <decisionDate>1981-05-18</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1980</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>451 U.S. 557</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Competition and Antitrust</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Substantial Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Damages Sale</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Bonus</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Clayton Act</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Price Discrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Profits</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Antitrust Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Antitrust (Except in the Context of Mergers and Union Antitrust)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-090-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Car dealer</petitioner>
              <respondent>Auto manufacturer</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Alabama Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1981-01-21</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Robinson-Patman</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William H. Rehnquist</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Swank, 451 U.S. 571 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 571</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-571</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">451 U.S. 571 (1981)</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d5c0d8</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Oil and Gas</topic>
              <topic>Terminate</topic>
              <topic>Allowances</topic>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>Lease</topic>
              <topic>Economic Interest</topic>
              <topic>Percentage Depletion</topic>
              <topic>Natural Resources</topic>
              <topic>Lessee</topic>
              <topic>Coal</topic>
              <topic>Mineral Resources and Mines</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
        </subject>
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              <decisionDate>1981-05-18</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1980</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>451 U.S. 571</usCitation>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Oil and Gas</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Terminate</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Allowances</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Lease</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Interest</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Percentage Depletion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Natural Resources</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Lessee</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Coal</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mineral Resources and Mines</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-091-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Owner, landlord, or claimant to ownership, fee interest, or possession of land as well as chattels</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Claims, Court of Federal Claims</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Claims, Court of Federal Claims</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1980-12-09</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Internal Revenue Code and pre-IRC revenue acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Rodriguez v. Compass Shipping Co., 451 U.S. 596 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 596</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-596</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">451 U.S. 596 (1981)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">451 U.S. 596</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d5bb61</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Statutory Language</topic>
              <topic>Ship Owner</topic>
              <topic>Amendments</topic>
              <topic>Longshoremen</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Injury</topic>
              <topic>Cause of Action</topic>
              <topic>Maritime and Admiralty Law</topic>
              <topic>Worker Safety and Health</topic>
              <topic>Stevedore</topic>
              <topic>Election of Remedies: Legal Remedies Available to Injured Persons or Things</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1980, April 20 through May 26, 1981, together with opinions of individual justices in chambers;Rodriguez v. Compass Shipping Co., 451 U.S. 596 (1981);451 U.S. 596</searchTitle>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-451-596</accessId>
              <reportNumber>596</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>30</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1981-05-18</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1980</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>451 U.S. 596</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>451 U.S. 596 (1981)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Language</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Ship Owner</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Amendments</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Longshoremen</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Injury</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Cause of Action</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Maritime and Admiralty Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Worker Safety and Health</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Stevedore</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Election of Remedies: Legal Remedies Available to Injured Persons or Things</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-092-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Water transportation, stevedore</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New York Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1981-01-12</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Longshoremen and Harbor Workers&apos; Compensation</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Paul Stevens</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Flynt v. Ohio, 451 U.S. 619 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 619</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-619</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">451 U.S. 619 (1981)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">451 U.S. 619</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d5c0f7</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Obscenity</topic>
              <topic>Federal Issue</topic>
              <topic>Discrimination</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Discriminatory Prosecution</topic>
              <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
              <topic>Selective</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Identifiable</topic>
              <topic>Policies</topic>
              <topic>Obscenity, State (Cf. Comity: Privacy): Including the Regulation of Sexually Explicit Material Under the 21st Amendment</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1980, April 20 through May 26, 1981, together with opinions of individual justices in chambers;Flynt v. Ohio, 451 U.S. 619 (1981);451 U.S. 619</searchTitle>
              <granuleClass>CASE</granuleClass>
              <accessId>USREPORTS-451-619</accessId>
              <reportNumber>619</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>31</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1981-05-18</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1980</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>451 U.S. 619</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>451 U.S. 619 (1981)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Obscenity</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Issue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Discriminatory Prosecution</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Selective</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Identifiable</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Policies</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Obscenity, State (Cf. Comity: Privacy): Including the Regulation of Sexually Explicit Material Under the 21st Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-093-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Ohio">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Ohio">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Ohio">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1981-03-24</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Per curiam (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Petition denied or appeal dismissed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
         <location>
              <url displayLabel="Content Detail" access="object in context">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-619</url>
              <url access="raw object" displayLabel="PDF rendition">https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USREPORTS-451/pdf/USREPORTS-451-619.pdf</url>
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    <relatedItem type="constituent" ID="id-USREPORTS-451-625" xlink:href="https://www.govinfo.gov/metadata/granule/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-625/mods.xml">
         <titleInfo>
              <title>Beltran v. Myers, 451 U.S. 625 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 625</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-625</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">451 U.S. 625 (1981)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">451 U.S. 625</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d5bb60</identifier>
        </relatedItem>
         <subject>
              <topic>Social Welfare</topic>
              <topic>Transfer-of-Assets</topic>
              <topic>Needy</topic>
              <topic>Poverty and Welfare Assistance</topic>
              <topic>Health Law</topic>
              <topic>Medical Benefits</topic>
              <topic>Poverty Law, Statutory: Welfare Benefits, Typically Under Some Social Security Act Provision.</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1980, April 20 through May 26, 1981, together with opinions of individual justices in chambers;Beltran v. Myers, 451 U.S. 625 (1981);451 U.S. 625</searchTitle>
              <granuleClass>CASE</granuleClass>
              <accessId>USREPORTS-451-625</accessId>
              <reportNumber>625</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>32</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1981-05-18</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1980</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>451 U.S. 625</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>451 U.S. 625 (1981)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Social Welfare</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transfer-of-Assets</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Needy</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Poverty and Welfare Assistance</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Health Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Medical Benefits</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Poverty Law, Statutory: Welfare Benefits, Typically Under Some Social Security Act Provision.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-094-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Medical or Medicaid claimant</petitioner>
              <respondent state="California">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="California">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>California Central U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1981-03-24</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Medicaid provisions of the Social Security Act</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Per curiam (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
         <location>
              <url displayLabel="Content Detail" access="object in context">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-625</url>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Texas Industries, Inc. v. Radcliff Materials, Inc., 451 U.S. 630 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 630</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-630</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">451 U.S. 630 (1981)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">451 U.S. 630</identifier>
         <relatedItem type="otherFormat" xlink:href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USREPORTS-451/pdf/USREPORTS-451-630.pdf">
              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d5c0df</identifier>
        </relatedItem>
         <subject>
              <topic>Competition and Antitrust</topic>
              <topic>Conspiracy</topic>
              <topic>Wrongdoers</topic>
              <topic>Participants</topic>
              <topic>Treble Damages</topic>
              <topic>Amici</topic>
              <topic>Violations</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Antitrust Law</topic>
              <topic>Antitrust (Except in the Context of Mergers and Union Antitrust)</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1980, April 20 through May 26, 1981, together with opinions of individual justices in chambers;Texas Industries, Inc. v. Radcliff Materials, Inc., 451 U.S. 630 (1981);451 U.S. 630</searchTitle>
              <granuleClass>CASE</granuleClass>
              <accessId>USREPORTS-451-630</accessId>
              <reportNumber>630</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>33</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1981-05-26</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1980</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>451 U.S. 630</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>451 U.S. 630 (1981)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Competition and Antitrust</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Conspiracy</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Wrongdoers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Participants</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Treble Damages</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Amici</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Violations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Antitrust Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Antitrust (Except in the Context of Mergers and Union Antitrust)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-095-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Seller or vendor</petitioner>
              <respondent>Buyer, purchaser</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Louisiana Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1981-03-03</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Sherman</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Warren Earl Burger</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
         <location>
              <url displayLabel="Content Detail" access="object in context">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-630</url>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Western &amp; Southern L. I. Co. v. Bd. of Equalization, 451 U.S. 648 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 648</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-648</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">451 U.S. 648 (1981)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">451 U.S. 648</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d5c0d7</identifier>
        </relatedItem>
         <subject>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>Commerce Clause</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Taxes</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Retaliatory Tax</topic>
              <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
              <topic>Insurance</topic>
              <topic>State or Local Government Tax</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1980, April 20 through May 26, 1981, together with opinions of individual justices in chambers;Western &amp; Southern L. I. Co. v. Bd. of Equalization, 451 U.S. 648 (1981);451 U.S. 648</searchTitle>
              <granuleClass>CASE</granuleClass>
              <accessId>USREPORTS-451-648</accessId>
              <reportNumber>648</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>34</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1981-05-26</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1980</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>451 U.S. 648</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>451 U.S. 648 (1981)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commerce Clause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Retaliatory Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Insurance</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>State or Local Government Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-096-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Insurance company, or surety</petitioner>
              <respondent state="California">State commission, board, committee, or authority</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="California">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin state="California">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="California">State Appellate Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1981-01-12</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Article I, Section 8, Paragraph 3 (interstate commerce clause)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Clayton v. Automobile Workers, 451 U.S. 679 (1981)</title>
              <partNumber>451 U.S. 679</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-451/USREPORTS-451-679</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">451 U.S. 679 (1981)</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d5c0e5</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Just Cause</topic>
              <topic>Time Limit</topic>
              <topic>Arbitration</topic>
              <topic>Breached</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
              <topic>Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Grievances</topic>
              <topic>Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Arbitration (In the Context of Labor-Management or Employer-Employee Relations) (Cf. Arbitration)</topic>
              <topic>Unions</topic>
        </subject>
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              <reportNumber>679</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>35</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1981-05-26</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1980</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>451 U.S. 679</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>451 U.S. 679 (1981)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Just Cause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Time Limit</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Arbitration</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Breached</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Grievances</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Arbitration (In the Context of Labor-Management or Employer-Employee Relations) (Cf. Arbitration)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unions</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-097-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Union member</petitioner>
              <respondent>Union, labor organization, or official of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Central U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Warren Earl Burger</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1981-03-04</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Labor-Management Relations</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed and reversed (or vacated) in part</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>William J. Brennan, Jr.</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <topic>Exemption</topic>
              <topic>Non Statutory</topic>
              <topic>Actors and Theater</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Franchising</topic>
              <topic>Antitrust Law</topic>
              <topic>Employment Conditions</topic>
              <topic>Union Antitrust: Legality of Anticompetitive Union Activity</topic>
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                   <topic>Injunctions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Exemption</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Non Statutory</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Actors and Theater</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Franchising</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Antitrust Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Employment Conditions</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Union Antitrust: Legality of Anticompetitive Union Activity</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unions</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-098-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Agent, fiduciary, trustee, or executor</petitioner>
              <respondent>Union, labor organization, or official of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New York Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit</caseSource>
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              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Norris-LaGuardia</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <disposition>Affirmed and reversed (or vacated) in part and remanded</disposition>
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              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Potter Stewart</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Potter Stewart</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <topic>First Use Tax</topic>
              <topic>Electricity</topic>
              <topic>Special Master</topic>
              <topic>Offshore</topic>
              <topic>Interstate</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Original Jurisdiction</topic>
              <topic>Natural Resources</topic>
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                   <topic>Refund</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Oil and Gas</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Use Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Electricity</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Special Master</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Offshore</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Interstate</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Original Jurisdiction</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Energy Law</topic>
                                    
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              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>State or Local Government Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-099-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Maryland">State</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Louisiana">State</respondent>
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              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
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              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitution</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Article I, Section 8, Paragraph 3 (interstate commerce clause)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Byron Raymond White</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>St. Martin Lutheran Church v. South Dakota, 451 U.S. 772 (1981)</title>
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              <topic>Churches</topic>
              <topic>Employment Security</topic>
              <topic>Buildings and Property</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Nonprofit Corporations</topic>
              <topic>Corporations and Associations</topic>
              <topic>Elementary and Secondary Education</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
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                   <topic>Unemployment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Education</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Arts and Culture</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Private Schools</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Churches</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Employment Security</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Buildings and Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Nonprofit Corporations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Corporations and Associations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Elementary and Secondary Education</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1980-100-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Religious organization, institution, or person</petitioner>
              <respondent state="South Dakota">State</respondent>
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              <adminAction state="South Dakota">State Agency</adminAction>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harry A. Blackmun</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Warren Earl Burger</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Orders</title>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>California v. Prysock, 451 U.S. 1301 (1981)</title>
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                   <topic>Homicide</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Right to Counsel</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Miranda V. Arizona</topic>
                                        
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              <title>Becker v. United States, 451 U.S. 1306 (1981)</title>
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              <topic>Enforcement Proceedings</topic>
              <topic>Internal Revenue Service (I.R.S.)</topic>
              <topic>Summons</topic>
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                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Supersedeas Bond</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Enforcement Proceedings</topic>
                                        
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              <title>Reporter&apos;s Note</title>
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