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                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Preemption</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Interstate Commerce</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Court Jurisdiction</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-057-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</petitioner>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>Earl Warren</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Meat Cutters v. Fairlawn Meats, 353 U.S. 20 (1957)</title>
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              <topic>Labor</topic>
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              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
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                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Court Jurisdiction</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1956-058-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Union, labor organization, or official of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</respondent>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>National Labor Relations, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Earl Warren</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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              <title>San Diego Unions v. Garmon, 353 U.S. 26 (1957)</title>
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              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Federalism</topic>
              <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Court Jurisdiction</topic>
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        </subject>
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                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Court Jurisdiction</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-059-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Union, labor organization, or official of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="California">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>National Labor Relations, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Earl Warren</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Trainmen v. Chicago R. &amp; I. R. Co., 353 U.S. 30 (1957)</title>
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              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
              <topic>Injunctions</topic>
              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Strikes</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Collective Bargaining Agreements</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: No-Strike Clause</topic>
              <topic>Unions</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Railroads</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Collective Bargaining Agreements</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: No-Strike Clause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unions</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-060-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Union, labor organization, or official of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Railroad</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>National Railroad Adjustment Board</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Illinois Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
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              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
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              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Railway Labor</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Earl Warren</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Peak v. United States, 353 U.S. 43 (1957)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Presumption of Death</topic>
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              <topic>Death and Dying</topic>
              <topic>Limitation of Actions</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Insurance Law</topic>
              <topic>Life Insurance</topic>
              <topic>Sufficiency of Evidence: Typically in the Context of a Jury&apos;s Determination of Compensation for Injury or Death</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Presumption of Death</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Insurance</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Death and Dying</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Life Insurance</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Sufficiency of Evidence: Typically in the Context of a Jury&apos;s Determination of Compensation for Injury or Death</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-061-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Military personnel, or dependent of, including reservist</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Tennessee Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William Orville Douglas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Roviaro v. United States, 353 U.S. 53 (1957)</title>
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              <topic>Drug Trafficking</topic>
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              <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
              <topic>Informers&apos; Privilege</topic>
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              <topic>Informants</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Discovery and Inspection (In the Context of Criminal Litigation Only, Otherwise Freedom of Information Act and Related Federal or State Statutes or Regulations)</topic>
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                   <topic>Drug Trafficking</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Informants</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Discovery and Inspection (In the Context of Criminal Litigation Only, Otherwise Freedom of Information Act and Related Federal or State Statutes or Regulations)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-062-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Illinois Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Putative conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-12-11</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harold Hitz Burton</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Hintopoulos v. Shaughnessy, 353 U.S. 72 (1957)</title>
              <partNumber>353 U.S. 72</partNumber>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Deportation</topic>
              <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
              <topic>Birthright Citizenship</topic>
              <topic>Immigration Law</topic>
              <topic>Immigration</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Family-Based Immigration</topic>
              <topic>Deportation (Cf. Immigration and Naturalization)</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
        </subject>
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              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1956, March 25 through June 3, 1957;Hintopoulos v. Shaughnessy, 353 U.S. 72 (1957);353 U.S. 72</searchTitle>
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                   <topic>Deportation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Birthright Citizenship</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Immigration Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Immigration</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Family-Based Immigration</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Deportation (Cf. Immigration and Naturalization)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-063-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Alien, person subject to a denaturalization proceeding, or one whose citizenship is revoked</petitioner>
              <respondent>Immigration and Naturalization Service, or Director of, or District Director of, or Immigration and Naturalization Enforcement</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Immigration and Naturalization Service, or Director of, or District Director of, or Immigration and Naturalization Enforcement</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>New York Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1957-03-04</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Immigration and Naturalization, Immigration, Nationality, or Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Acts, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Marshall Harlan, II</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Haynes v. United States, 353 U.S. 81 (1957)</title>
              <partNumber>353 U.S. 81</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Health Insurance</topic>
              <topic>Insurance</topic>
              <topic>Income Tax Exclusion</topic>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Income Tax</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Corporations and Associations</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1956, March 25 through June 3, 1957;Haynes v. United States, 353 U.S. 81 (1957);353 U.S. 81</searchTitle>
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              <decisionDate>1957-04-01</decisionDate>
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                   <topic>Health Insurance</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Insurance</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Income Tax Exclusion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Income Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Corporations and Associations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-064-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Taxpayer or executor of taxpayer&apos;s estate, federal only</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Georgia Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1957-03-05</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Internal Revenue Code and pre-IRC revenue acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Hugo Lafayette Black</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Labor Board v. Truck Drivers Union, 353 U.S. 87 (1957)</title>
              <partNumber>353 U.S. 87</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-353/USREPORTS-353-87</identifier>
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         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">353 U.S. 87</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
              <topic>Lockouts</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Strikes</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Miscellaneous Dispute</topic>
              <topic>Unions</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <courtTerm>1956</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>353 U.S. 87</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Lockouts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Strikes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Miscellaneous Dispute</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unions</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-065-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>National Labor Relations Board, or regional office or officer</petitioner>
              <respondent>Union, labor organization, or official of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>National Labor Relations Board, or regional office or officer</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict and to resolve important or significant question</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1957-01-17</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>National Labor Relations, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Ohio Power Co., 353 U.S. 98 (1957)</title>
              <partNumber>353 U.S. 98</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-353/USREPORTS-353-98</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">353 U.S. 98 (1957)</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d0e5d1</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Finality of Judgments</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Powers</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Administration: Collateral Estoppel or Res Judicata</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1956, March 25 through June 3, 1957;United States v. Ohio Power Co., 353 U.S. 98 (1957);353 U.S. 98</searchTitle>
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                   <topic>Finality of Judgments</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Powers</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Administration: Collateral Estoppel or Res Judicata</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-066-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Taxpayer or executor of taxpayer&apos;s estate, federal only</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Rehearing or restored to calendar for reargument</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>War Production Board</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Claims, Court of Federal Claims</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Claims, Court of Federal Claims</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <authorityDecision>Federal common law</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Supreme Court Rules</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Per curiam (no oral argument)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>4</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Union Pacific R. Co., 353 U.S. 112 (1957)</title>
              <partNumber>353 U.S. 112</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-353/USREPORTS-353-112</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">353 U.S. 112 (1957)</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d0e617</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Oil and Gas</topic>
              <topic>Railroads</topic>
              <topic>Easements</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Public Lands</topic>
              <topic>Buildings and Property</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Natural Resources</topic>
              <topic>Property Law</topic>
              <topic>Mineral Resources and Mines</topic>
              <topic>Property</topic>
              <topic>Natural Resources - Environmental Protection (Cf. National Supremacy: Natural Resources, National Supremacy: Pollution)</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <decisionDate>1957-04-08</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1956</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>353 U.S. 112</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Oil and Gas</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Railroads</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Easements</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Public Lands</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Buildings and Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Natural Resources</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Property Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mineral Resources and Mines</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Property</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Natural Resources - Environmental Protection (Cf. National Supremacy: Natural Resources, National Supremacy: Pollution)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-067-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Railroad</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Wyoming U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve important or significant question</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1957-01-23</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William Orville Douglas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Benz v. Compania Naviera Hidalgo, 353 U.S. 138 (1957)</title>
              <partNumber>353 U.S. 138</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="preferred citation">353 U.S. 138 (1957)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">353 U.S. 138</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d0e616</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Picketing</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Ships and Boats</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Collective Bargaining Agreements</topic>
              <topic>Foreign Vessels</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Picketing</topic>
              <topic>Unions</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1956, March 25 through June 3, 1957;Benz v. Compania Naviera Hidalgo, 353 U.S. 138 (1957);353 U.S. 138</searchTitle>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-353-138</accessId>
              <reportNumber>138</reportNumber>
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              <decisionDate>1957-04-08</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1956</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>353 U.S. 138</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>353 U.S. 138 (1957)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Picketing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Ships and Boats</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contracts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Collective Bargaining Agreements</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Foreign Vessels</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Picketing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unions</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-068-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Union, labor organization, or official of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Foreign (non-American) nongovernmental entity</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Oregon U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve important or significant question</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1957-03-06</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Labor-Management Relations</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Tom Campbell Clark</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Alleghany Corp. v. Breswick &amp; Co., 353 U.S. 151 (1957)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
              <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
              <topic>Railroads</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Standing</topic>
              <topic>Interstate Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Mergers and Acquisitions</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Business and Corporate Law</topic>
              <topic>Securities</topic>
              <topic>Corporations and Associations</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Federal or State Regulation of Transportation Regulation: Railroad</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1956, March 25 through June 3, 1957;Alleghany Corp. v. Breswick &amp; Co., 353 U.S. 151 (1957);353 U.S. 151</searchTitle>
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              <reportNumber>151</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>21</sequenceNumber>
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              <decisionDate>1957-04-22</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1956</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>353 U.S. 151</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Railroads</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Standing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Interstate Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mergers and Acquisitions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Business and Corporate Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Securities</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Corporations and Associations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal or State Regulation of Transportation Regulation: Railroad</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-071-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Broker, stock exchange, investment or securities firm</petitioner>
              <respondent>Stockholder, shareholder, or bondholder</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Interstate Commerce Commission</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>New York Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>New York Southern U.S. District Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1957-01-23</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Interstate Commerce, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Felix Frankfurter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Felix Frankfurter</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Automobile Club v. Commissioner, 353 U.S. 180 (1957)</title>
              <partNumber>353 U.S. 180</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-353/USREPORTS-353-180</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">353 U.S. 180 (1957)</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d0e5f9</identifier>
        </relatedItem>
         <subject>
              <topic>Retroactivity</topic>
              <topic>Income Tax Exclusion</topic>
              <topic>Membership Dues</topic>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>Equity</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Equitable Estoppel</topic>
              <topic>Income Tax</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Corporations and Associations</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1956, March 25 through June 3, 1957;Automobile Club v. Commissioner, 353 U.S. 180 (1957);353 U.S. 180</searchTitle>
              <granuleClass>CASE</granuleClass>
              <accessId>USREPORTS-353-180</accessId>
              <reportNumber>180</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>22</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1957-04-22</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1956</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>353 U.S. 180</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>353 U.S. 180 (1957)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Retroactivity</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Income Tax Exclusion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Membership Dues</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Equity</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Equitable Estoppel</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Income Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Corporations and Associations</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-072-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Taxpayer or executor of taxpayer&apos;s estate, federal only</petitioner>
              <respondent>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Tax Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1957-03-06</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Internal Revenue Code and pre-IRC revenue acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
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              <url displayLabel="Content Detail" access="object in context">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-353/USREPORTS-353-180</url>
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    <relatedItem type="constituent" ID="id-USREPORTS-353-194" xlink:href="https://www.govinfo.gov/metadata/granule/USREPORTS-353/USREPORTS-353-194/mods.xml">
         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Witkovich, 353 U.S. 194 (1957)</title>
              <partNumber>353 U.S. 194</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-353/USREPORTS-353-194</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">353 U.S. 194 (1957)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">353 U.S. 194</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d0e603</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Constitutional Avoidance</topic>
              <topic>Deportation</topic>
              <topic>Communism</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Political Parties and Affiliations</topic>
              <topic>Immigration</topic>
              <topic>Immigration Law</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Deportation (Cf. Immigration and Naturalization)</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1956, March 25 through June 3, 1957;United States v. Witkovich, 353 U.S. 194 (1957);353 U.S. 194</searchTitle>
              <granuleClass>CASE</granuleClass>
              <accessId>USREPORTS-353-194</accessId>
              <reportNumber>194</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>23</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1957-04-29</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1956</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>353 U.S. 194</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>353 U.S. 194 (1957)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Avoidance</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Deportation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Communism</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Political Parties and Affiliations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Immigration</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Immigration Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Deportation (Cf. Immigration and Naturalization)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-073-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Alien, person subject to a denaturalization proceeding, or one whose citizenship is revoked</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Immigration and Naturalization Service, or Director of, or District Director of, or Immigration and Naturalization Enforcement</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Illinois Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>Illinois Northern U.S. District Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1957-02-28</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Immigration and Naturalization, Immigration, Nationality, or Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Acts, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Felix Frankfurter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Carter, 353 U.S. 210 (1957)</title>
              <partNumber>353 U.S. 210</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="preferred citation">353 U.S. 210 (1957)</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Standing</topic>
              <topic>Public Contracts and Procurement</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Contracts Law</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Buildings and Property</topic>
              <topic>Sureties</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Wages and Hours</topic>
              <topic>Civil Liability</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Other than as in Sufficiency of Evidence, Election of Remedies, Punitive Damages</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1956, March 25 through June 3, 1957;United States v. Carter, 353 U.S. 210 (1957);353 U.S. 210</searchTitle>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-353-210</accessId>
              <reportNumber>210</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>24</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1957-04-29</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1956</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>353 U.S. 210</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>353 U.S. 210 (1957)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Standing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Public Contracts and Procurement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Contracts Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Buildings and Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sureties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Wages and Hours</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Liability</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Liability, Other than as in Sufficiency of Evidence, Election of Remedies, Punitive Damages</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-074-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Agent, fiduciary, trustee, or executor</petitioner>
              <respondent>Government contractor</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-12-05</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Miller</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harold Hitz Burton</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Fourco Glass Co. v. Transmirra Corp., 353 U.S. 222 (1957)</title>
              <partNumber>353 U.S. 222</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-353/USREPORTS-353-222</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d0e60c</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Intellectual Property Law</topic>
              <topic>Intellectual Property</topic>
              <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
              <topic>Patent Infringement</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Patents</topic>
              <topic>Venue</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <decisionDate>1957-04-29</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1956</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>353 U.S. 222</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>353 U.S. 222 (1957)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Intellectual Property Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Intellectual Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Patent Infringement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Patents</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-075-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Business, corporation</petitioner>
              <respondent>Inventor, patent assigner, trademark owner or holder</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
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              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
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                   <writer>Charles Evans Whittaker</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
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                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <writer>Hugo Lafayette Black</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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              <respondent state="California">State</respondent>
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                   <writer>Hugo Lafayette Black</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
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              <title>Office Employes (sic) v. Labor Board, 353 U.S. 313 (1957)</title>
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              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Tom Campbell Clark</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Civil Aeronautics Board v. Hermann et al., 353 U.S. 322 (1957)</title>
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                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
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              <topic>Interstate Commerce</topic>
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              <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Civil Liability</topic>
              <topic>Safety Appliances</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Other than as in Sufficiency of Evidence, Election of Remedies, Punitive Damages</topic>
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                   <topic>Liability, Other than as in Sufficiency of Evidence, Election of Remedies, Punitive Damages</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-081-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Railroad</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>District Of Columbia U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Tom Campbell Clark</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Kremen v. United States, 353 U.S. 346 (1957)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Warrantless Searches</topic>
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              <topic>Search and Seizure</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Exclusionary Rule</topic>
              <topic>Aiding and Abetting</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Search and Seizure (Other than as Pertains to Vehicles or Crime Control Act)</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
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                   <topic>Arrest Warrants</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Search and Seizure (Other than as Pertains to Vehicles or Crime Control Act)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-082-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>California Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Other reason</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
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              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourth Amendment</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Per curiam (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Arnold v. Panhandle &amp; S. F. R. Co., 353 U.S. 360 (1957)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Labor</topic>
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              <topic>Civil Liability</topic>
              <topic>Sufficiency of Evidence: Typically in the Context of a Jury&apos;s Determination of Compensation for Injury or Death</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Negligence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Railroads</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Sufficiency of Evidence: Typically in the Context of a Jury&apos;s Determination of Compensation for Injury or Death</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-083-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Railroad</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Texas">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Texas">State Appellate Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1957-04-24</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Employers&apos; Liability, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Government Employees v. Windsor, 353 U.S. 364 (1957)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Comity: First Amendment</topic>
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        </subject>
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                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-084-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Alabama">Governmental employee or job applicant</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Alabama">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Alabama Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>Alabama Northern U.S. District Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
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                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>S. E. C. v. Louisiana Pub. Serv. Comm&apos;n, 353 U.S. 368 (1957)</title>
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              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Securities</topic>
              <topic>Divestment Orders</topic>
              <topic>Federal and Some Few State Regulation of Public Utilities Regulation: Gas Producer</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Finance and Financial Sector</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal and Some Few State Regulation of Public Utilities Regulation: Gas Producer</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-085-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Securities and Exchange Commission</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Louisiana">State commission, board, committee, or authority</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Securities and Exchange Commission</adminAction>
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              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
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              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Achilli v. United States, 353 U.S. 373 (1957)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Internal Revenue (Cf. Federal Taxation)</topic>
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              <usCitation>353 U.S. 373</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Evasion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Income Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Classification of Crimes</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Internal Revenue (Cf. Federal Taxation)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-086-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Illinois Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Internal Revenue Code and pre-IRC revenue acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Felix Frankfurter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Libson Shops, Inc., v. Koehler, 353 U.S. 382 (1957)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Income Tax</topic>
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              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
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              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
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              <topic>Net Operating Losses</topic>
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                   <topic>Income Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Income Tax Deductions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal Taxation, Typically Under Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-087-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Taxpayer or executor of taxpayer&apos;s estate, federal only</petitioner>
              <respondent>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</respondent>
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              <adminAction>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Missouri Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harold Hitz Burton</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Grunewald v. United States, 353 U.S. 391 (1957)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
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              <topic>Tax Evasion</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Limitation of Actions</topic>
              <topic>Duration of Conspiracy</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Privilege Against Self-Incrimination</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Conspiracy (Cf. Subconstitutional Fair Procedure: Conspiracy)</topic>
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                   <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Limitation of Actions</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Privilege Against Self-Incrimination</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Conspiracy (Cf. Subconstitutional Fair Procedure: Conspiracy)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-088-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New York Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit</caseSource>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Marshall Harlan, II</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Rabang v. Boyd, 353 U.S. 427 (1957)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Deportation</topic>
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              <topic>Territories and Protectorates</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Drugs and Narcotics</topic>
              <topic>Immigration</topic>
              <topic>Immigration Law</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Citizenship and Nationality</topic>
              <topic>Philippines</topic>
              <topic>Deportation (Cf. Immigration and Naturalization)</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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                   <topic>Deportation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Southeast Asia</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Territories and Protectorates</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Deportation (Cf. Immigration and Naturalization)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-089-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Alien, person subject to a denaturalization proceeding, or one whose citizenship is revoked</petitioner>
              <respondent>Immigration and Naturalization Service, or Director of, or District Director of, or Immigration and Naturalization Enforcement</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Immigration and Naturalization Service, or Director of, or District Director of, or Immigration and Naturalization Enforcement</adminAction>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William J. Brennan, Jr.</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Pan-Atlantic Corp. v. Atl. Coast Line, 353 U.S. 436 (1957)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Ships and Boats</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Common Carriers</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
              <topic>Interstate Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Federal and Some Few State Regulations of Transportation Regulation: Boat</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
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                   <topic>Ships and Boats</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Common Carriers</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Interstate Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal and Some Few State Regulations of Transportation Regulation: Boat</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-090-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Water transportation, stevedore</petitioner>
              <respondent>Railroad</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Interstate Commerce Commission</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Massachusetts U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>Massachusetts U.S. District Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William Orville Douglas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Textile Workers v. Lincoln Mills, 353 U.S. 448 (1956)</title>
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              <topic>Contracts</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Specific Performance</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Mootness</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Miscellaneous Dispute</topic>
              <topic>Unions</topic>
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                   <topic>Judicial Powers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Miscellaneous Dispute</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unions</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1956-091-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Union, labor organization, or official of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Alabama Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
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                   <writer>William Orville Douglas</writer>
                                        
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
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                   <writer>William Orville Douglas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
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              <title>California v. Taylor, 353 U.S. 553 (1957)</title>
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              <docketId>1956-094-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="California">State</petitioner>
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                   <writer>Harold Hitz Burton</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Hugo Lafayette Black</assigner>
                                    
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                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
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              <docketId>1956-095-01</docketId>
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                   <writer>Tom Campbell Clark</writer>
                                        
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