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                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Native Americans</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Forests and Timber</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>North America</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Natural Resources</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Native Peoples</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Treaties and International Agreements</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>General Allotment Act of 1887</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Indians (Other than Pertains to State Jurisdiction Over)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-065-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Indian, including Indian tribe or nation</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Washington Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-01-19</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Earl Warren</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Griffin v. Illinois, 351 U.S. 12 (1956)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Indigent Defendants</topic>
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              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Transcripts</topic>
              <topic>Indigents: Transcript</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
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                   <topic>Indigent Defendants</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Illinois</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Court Costs</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Equal Protection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transcripts</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Indigents: Transcript</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-066-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Indigent defendant</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Illinois">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Illinois">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Illinois">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourteenth Amendment (equal protection)</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Vacated and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Hugo Lafayette Black</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Frozen Food Exp. v. United States, 351 U.S. 40 (1956)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-351/USREPORTS-351-40</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
              <topic>Motor Carriers</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Powers</topic>
              <topic>Interstate Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Licensing and Permits</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Agricultural Commodities</topic>
              <topic>Agriculture and Food</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Review of Administrative Agency&apos;s or Administrative Official&apos;s Actions and Procedures</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
        </subject>
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              <reportNumber>40</reportNumber>
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                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Motor Carriers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Judicial Review of Administrative Agency&apos;s or Administrative Official&apos;s Actions and Procedures</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1955-067-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Trucking company, or motor carrier</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Interstate Commerce Commission</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Texas Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>Texas Southern U.S. District Court</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Interstate Commerce, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William Orville Douglas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>East Texas Lines, Inc. v. Frozen Food Exp., 351 U.S. 49 (1956)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
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              <topic>Interstate Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Licensing and Permits</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Poultry</topic>
              <topic>Agricultural Commodities</topic>
              <topic>Agriculture and Food</topic>
              <topic>Federal and Some Few State Regulation of Transportation Regulation:Truck, or Motor Carrier</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
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                   <topic>Motor Carriers</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal and Some Few State Regulation of Transportation Regulation:Truck, or Motor Carrier</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-068-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Trucking company, or motor carrier</petitioner>
              <respondent>Trucking company, or motor carrier</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Interstate Commerce Commission</adminAction>
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              <caseSource>Texas Southern U.S. District Court</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Interstate Commerce, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William Orville Douglas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Dixie Carriers v. United States, 351 U.S. 56 (1956)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-351/USREPORTS-351-56</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Railroads</topic>
              <topic>Ships and Boats</topic>
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              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Carrier Rates</topic>
              <topic>Sulphur</topic>
              <topic>Transportation Costs</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Federal or State Regulation of Transportation Regulation: Railroad</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
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              <reportNumber>56</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>12</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1956-04-23</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1955</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>351 U.S. 56</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>351 U.S. 56 (1956)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Railroads</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Ships and Boats</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Interstate Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Carrier Rates</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Transportation Costs</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commerce</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal or State Regulation of Transportation Regulation: Railroad</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-069-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Water transportation, stevedore</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Interstate Commerce Commission</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Texas Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>Texas Southern U.S. District Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
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              <dateArgument>1956-03-27</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Interstate Commerce, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William Orville Douglas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Mine Workers v. Arkansas Flooring Co., 351 U.S. 62 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 62</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-351/USREPORTS-351-62</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">351 U.S. 62 (1956)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">351 U.S. 62</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d0c038</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Picketing</topic>
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              <topic>Preemption</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Injunctions</topic>
              <topic>Political Parties and Affiliations</topic>
              <topic>Communism</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Federalism</topic>
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              <reportNumber>62</reportNumber>
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              <decisionDate>1956-04-23</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1955</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>351 U.S. 62</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>351 U.S. 62 (1956)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Picketing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Preemption</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Court Jurisdiction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-070-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Union, labor organization, or official of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Louisiana">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Louisiana">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
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              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>National Labor Relations, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harold Hitz Burton</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>American Airlines v. North American, 351 U.S. 79 (1956)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Statutory Interpretation</topic>
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              <topic>Aviation and Airports</topic>
              <topic>Trade Names</topic>
              <topic>Consumer Protection</topic>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Property</topic>
              <topic>Federal and Some Few State Regulation of Transportation Regulation: Airline</topic>
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                   <topic>Statutory Interpretation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Intellectual Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Aviation and Airports</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Trade Names</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Consumer Protection</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal and Some Few State Regulation of Transportation Regulation: Airline</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-071-01</docketId>
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              <adminAction>Civil Aeronautics Board</adminAction>
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                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sherman Minton</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. Zucca, 351 U.S. 91 (1956)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Statutory Interpretation</topic>
              <topic>Communism</topic>
              <topic>Political Parties and Affiliations</topic>
              <topic>Immigration</topic>
              <topic>Immigration Law</topic>
              <topic>Affidavits</topic>
              <topic>Denaturalization</topic>
              <topic>Naturalization</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Immigration and Naturalization: Loss of Citizenship, Denaturalization</topic>
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                   <topic>Statutory Interpretation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Communism</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Political Parties and Affiliations</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Immigration Law</topic>
                                        
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              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Immigration and Naturalization: Loss of Citizenship, Denaturalization</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-072-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Alien, person subject to a denaturalization proceeding, or one whose citizenship is revoked</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New York Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit</caseSource>
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              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Immigration and Naturalization, Immigration, Nationality, or Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Acts, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Earl Warren</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Labor Board v. Babcock &amp; Wilcox Co., 351 U.S. 105 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 105</partNumber>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-351/USREPORTS-351-105</identifier>
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              <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
              <topic>Distribution of Union Literature</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Distribution of Union Literature</topic>
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                   <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Distribution of Union Literature</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Distribution of Union Literature</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-073-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>National Labor Relations Board, or regional office or officer</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-01-25</dateArgument>
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              <authorityDecision>Interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order</authorityDecision>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>National Labor Relations, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Stanley Forman Reed</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Communist Party v. Control Board, 351 U.S. 115 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 115</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Association</topic>
              <topic>Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Bill of Attainder</topic>
              <topic>Subversive Activities</topic>
              <topic>Communism</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Witnesses</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Speech</topic>
              <topic>Political Parties and Affiliations</topic>
              <topic>Perjury</topic>
              <topic>Fifth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Avoidance</topic>
              <topic>Federal or State Internal Security Legislation: Smith, Internal Security, and Related Federal Statutes</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
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                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Freedom of Association</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Bill of Attainder</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Political Parties and Affiliations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Perjury</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Federal or State Internal Security Legislation: Smith, Internal Security, and Related Federal Statutes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-074-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Political candidate, activist, committee, party, party member, organization, or elected official</petitioner>
              <respondent>Subversive Activities Control Board</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Subversive Activities Control Board</adminAction>
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              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit (includes the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia but not the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, which has local jurisdiction)</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve important or significant question</certReason>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Smith, Subversive Activities Control, Communist Control, or other similar federal legislation (also see 346)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Felix Frankfurter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Berra v. United States, 351 U.S. 131 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 131</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
              <topic>Tax Avoidance</topic>
              <topic>Jury Instructions</topic>
              <topic>Tax Evasion</topic>
              <topic>Income Tax</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Lesser Included Offenses</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Internal Revenue (Cf. Federal Taxation)</topic>
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              <reportNumber>131</reportNumber>
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              <decisionDate>1956-04-30</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1955</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>351 U.S. 131</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Avoidance</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jury Instructions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Evasion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Income Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
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                   <topic>Statutory Construction of Criminal Laws: Internal Revenue (Cf. Federal Taxation)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-075-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Missouri Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Internal Revenue Code and pre-IRC revenue acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Marshall Harlan, II</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Covey v. Town of Somers, 351 U.S. 141 (1956)</title>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Property Tax</topic>
              <topic>Foreclosure</topic>
              <topic>Mental Incompetence</topic>
              <topic>Tax Liens</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Notice</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Delinquent Taxes</topic>
              <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Due Process: Hearing or Notice (Other than as Pertains to Government Employees or Prisoners&apos; Rights)</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
        </subject>
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              <reportNumber>141</reportNumber>
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              <decisionDate>1956-05-07</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1955</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>351 U.S. 141</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>351 U.S. 141 (1956)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Property Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Foreclosure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mental Incompetence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Liens</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Notice</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Delinquent Taxes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Fourteenth Amendment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process: Hearing or Notice (Other than as Pertains to Government Employees or Prisoners&apos; Rights)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-076-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person with mental disabilities</petitioner>
              <respondent state="New York">City, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="New York">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="New York">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-03-29</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourteenth Amendment (due process)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>State or territorial law, reg, or const provision unconstitutional</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Earl Warren</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>8</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>1</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Labor Board v. Truitt Mfg. Co., 351 U.S. 149 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 149</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-351/USREPORTS-351-149</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">351 U.S. 149 (1956)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">351 U.S. 149</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d0c04b</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Good Faith</topic>
              <topic>Wages and Hours</topic>
              <topic>National Labor Relations Act (N.L.R.A.)</topic>
              <topic>National Labor Relations Board (N.L.R.B.)</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Bargaining</topic>
              <topic>Unions</topic>
        </subject>
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              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1955, April 28 through June 11, 1956 (end of term);Labor Board v. Truitt Mfg. Co., 351 U.S. 149 (1956);351 U.S. 149</searchTitle>
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              <accessId>USREPORTS-351-149</accessId>
              <reportNumber>149</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>20</sequenceNumber>
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              <decisionDate>1956-05-07</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1955</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>351 U.S. 149</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>351 U.S. 149 (1956)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Good Faith</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Wages and Hours</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>National Labor Relations Act (N.L.R.A.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>National Labor Relations Board (N.L.R.B.)</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Labor-Management Disputes: Bargaining</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unions</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-077-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>National Labor Relations Board, or regional office or officer</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>National Labor Relations Board, or regional office or officer</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>Federal court conflict and to resolve important or significant question</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-03-29</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>National Labor Relations, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Hugo Lafayette Black</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>General Box Co. v. United States, 351 U.S. 159 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 159</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-351/USREPORTS-351-159</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">351 U.S. 159 (1956)</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d0c050</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Batture</topic>
              <topic>Government</topic>
              <topic>Easements</topic>
              <topic>Mississippi River</topic>
              <topic>Louisiana</topic>
              <topic>Notice</topic>
              <topic>Buildings and Property</topic>
              <topic>Building Construction</topic>
              <topic>Forests and Timber</topic>
              <topic>Civil Liability</topic>
              <topic>Eminent Domain</topic>
              <topic>Natural Resources</topic>
              <topic>Property Law</topic>
              <topic>Levees</topic>
              <topic>Real Estate</topic>
              <topic>Sovereign Immunity</topic>
              <topic>Property</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Governmental: Tort or Contract Actions by or Against Government or Governmental Officials Other than Defense of Criminal Actions Brought Under a Civil Rights Action.</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <granuleClass>CASE</granuleClass>
              <accessId>USREPORTS-351-159</accessId>
              <reportNumber>159</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>21</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1956-05-07</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1955</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>351 U.S. 159</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>351 U.S. 159 (1956)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Batture</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Easements</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Mississippi River</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Louisiana</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Notice</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Buildings and Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Building Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Forests and Timber</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Liability</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Eminent Domain</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Natural Resources</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Property Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Levees</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Real Estate</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Sovereign Immunity</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Property</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Liability, Governmental: Tort or Contract Actions by or Against Government or Governmental Officials Other than Defense of Criminal Actions Brought Under a Civil Rights Action.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-078-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Owner, landlord, or claimant to ownership, fee interest, or possession of land as well as chattels</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Louisiana Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-03-28</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (state level)</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fifth Amendment (takings clause)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Stanley Forman Reed</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Hatahley v. United States, 351 U.S. 173 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 173</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-351/USREPORTS-351-173</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">351 U.S. 173 (1956)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">351 U.S. 173</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d0c04a</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Agency</topic>
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              <topic>American Indians</topic>
              <topic>Impoundment</topic>
              <topic>Federal Tort Claims Act (F.T.C.A.)</topic>
              <topic>Grazing</topic>
              <topic>Torts</topic>
              <topic>Government</topic>
              <topic>Torts Law</topic>
              <topic>Navajo Nation</topic>
              <topic>Indigenous Peoples</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Injunctions</topic>
              <topic>Abandoned Property</topic>
              <topic>Horses</topic>
              <topic>Public Lands</topic>
              <topic>Notice</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Native Americans</topic>
              <topic>Personal Jurisdiction</topic>
              <topic>North America</topic>
              <topic>Civil Liability</topic>
              <topic>Native Peoples</topic>
              <topic>Property</topic>
              <topic>Liability, Governmental: Tort or Contract Actions by or Against Government or Governmental Officials Other than Defense of Criminal Actions Brought Under a Civil Rights Action.</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <granuleClass>CASE</granuleClass>
              <accessId>USREPORTS-351-173</accessId>
              <reportNumber>173</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>22</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1956-05-07</decisionDate>
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                   <topic>Agency</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>American Indians</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Impoundment</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Tort Claims Act (F.T.C.A.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Grazing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Torts</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Government</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Torts Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Navajo Nation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Indigenous Peoples</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Injunctions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Abandoned Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Horses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Public Lands</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Notice</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Native Americans</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Personal Jurisdiction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>North America</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Liability</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Native Peoples</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Property</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Liability, Governmental: Tort or Contract Actions by or Against Government or Governmental Officials Other than Defense of Criminal Actions Brought Under a Civil Rights Action.</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-079-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Owner, landlord, or claimant to ownership, fee interest, or possession of land as well as chattels</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Utah U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-03-26</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Tort Claims, or Alien Tort Statute</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Tom Campbell Clark</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Cahill v. New York, N. H. &amp; H. R. Co., 351 U.S. 183 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 183</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-351/USREPORTS-351-183</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">351 U.S. 183 (1956)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">351 U.S. 183</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d0c044</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Amendment of Judgments</topic>
              <topic>Recall of Judgments</topic>
              <topic>Erroneous Judgments</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Subconstitutional Fair Procedure: Confession of Error</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
        </subject>
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              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1955, April 28 through June 11, 1956 (end of term);Cahill v. New York, N. H. &amp; H. R. Co., 351 U.S. 183 (1956);351 U.S. 183</searchTitle>
              <granuleClass>CASE</granuleClass>
              <accessId>USREPORTS-351-183</accessId>
              <reportNumber>183</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>23</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1956-05-14</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1955</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>351 U.S. 183</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>351 U.S. 183 (1956)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Amendment of Judgments</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Recall of Judgments</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Erroneous Judgments</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Subconstitutional Fair Procedure: Confession of Error</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-080-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Railroad</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Connecticut U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit</caseSource>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Supreme Court Rules</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Per curiam (no oral argument)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Stay, petition, or motion granted</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <assigner>Stanley Forman Reed</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>U. S. v. Storer Broadcasting Co., 351 U.S. 192 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 192</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-351/USREPORTS-351-192</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">351 U.S. 192 (1956)</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Hearings</topic>
              <topic>Multiple Ownership</topic>
              <topic>Standing</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Broadcast</topic>
              <topic>Television and Film</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Federal Communications Commission (F.C.C.)</topic>
              <topic>Communications</topic>
              <topic>Station Licenses</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Federal and Some Few State Regulation of Public Utilities Regulation: Radio and Television (Cf. Cable Television)</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1955, April 28 through June 11, 1956 (end of term);U. S. v. Storer Broadcasting Co., 351 U.S. 192 (1956);351 U.S. 192</searchTitle>
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              <reportNumber>192</reportNumber>
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              <decisionDate>1956-05-21</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1955</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>351 U.S. 192</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>351 U.S. 192 (1956)</fullCitation>
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                   <topic>Administrative Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Hearings</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Multiple Ownership</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Standing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Broadcast</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Television and Film</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Communications Commission (F.C.C.)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Communications</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Station Licenses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal and Some Few State Regulation of Public Utilities Regulation: Radio and Television (Cf. Cable Television)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-081-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Holder of a license or permit, or applicant therefor</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Federal Communications Commission (including a predecessor, Federal Radio Commission)</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit (includes the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia but not the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, which has local jurisdiction)</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit (includes the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia but not the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, which has local jurisdiction)</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-02-28</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Communication Act of 1934, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Stanley Forman Reed</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Johnston v. United States, 351 U.S. 215 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 215</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-351/USREPORTS-351-215</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">351 U.S. 215 (1956)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">351 U.S. 215</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d0c046</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Draft Evasion</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Selective Service</topic>
              <topic>Crimes Against the State</topic>
              <topic>Conscientious Objectors (Cf. Military Draftee or Military Active Duty) to Military Service</topic>
              <topic>First Amendment</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1955, April 28 through June 11, 1956 (end of term);Johnston v. United States, 351 U.S. 215 (1956);351 U.S. 215</searchTitle>
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              <reportNumber>215</reportNumber>
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              <decisionDate>1956-05-21</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1955</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>351 U.S. 215</usCitation>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Draft Evasion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Selective Service</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crimes Against the State</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Conscientious Objectors (Cf. Military Draftee or Military Active Duty) to Military Service</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>First Amendment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-082-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person subject to selective service, including conscientious objector</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Pennsylvania Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-05-02</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Selective Service, Military Selective Service, or Universal Military Service and Training Acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Stanley Forman Reed</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Stanley Forman Reed</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Railway Employes&apos; (sic) Department v. Hanson, 351 U.S. 225 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 225</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-351/USREPORTS-351-225</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">351 U.S. 225 (1956)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">351 U.S. 225</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d0c030</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Railroads</topic>
              <topic>Union Security Agreements</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
              <topic>Preemption</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Due Process</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Freedom of Assembly</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Right to Work</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Union or Closed Shop: Includes Agency Shop Litigation</topic>
              <topic>Unions</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1955, April 28 through June 11, 1956 (end of term);Railway Employes&apos; (sic) Department v. Hanson, 351 U.S. 225 (1956);351 U.S. 225</searchTitle>
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              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1956-05-21</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1955</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>351 U.S. 225</usCitation>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Railroads</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Union Security Agreements</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Preemption</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Freedom of Assembly</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Right to Work</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Union or Closed Shop: Includes Agency Shop Litigation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Unions</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-083-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Union, labor organization, or official of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Nebraska">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Nebraska">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-05-02</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Judicial review (national level)</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Railway Labor</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>William Orville Douglas</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. LoBue, 351 U.S. 243 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 243</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-351/USREPORTS-351-243</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">351 U.S. 243 (1956)</identifier>
         <identifier type="United States Reports citation">351 U.S. 243</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d0c03a</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Gross Income</topic>
              <topic>Income Tax Exclusion</topic>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>Stock Options</topic>
              <topic>Promissory Notes</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Income Tax</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Securities</topic>
              <topic>Corporations and Associations</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation of Gifts, Personal, Business, or Professional Expenses</topic>
              <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1955, April 28 through June 11, 1956 (end of term);Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. LoBue, 351 U.S. 243 (1956);351 U.S. 243</searchTitle>
              <granuleClass>CASE</granuleClass>
              <accessId>USREPORTS-351-243</accessId>
              <reportNumber>243</reportNumber>
              <sequenceNumber>27</sequenceNumber>
              <pagePosition>1</pagePosition>
              <decisionDate>1956-05-28</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1955</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>351 U.S. 243</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>351 U.S. 243 (1956)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Gross Income</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Income Tax Exclusion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Stock Options</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Promissory Notes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Income Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Securities</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Corporations and Associations</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation of Gifts, Personal, Business, or Professional Expenses</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Taxation</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-084-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Taxpayer or executor of taxpayer&apos;s estate, federal only</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>U.S. Tax Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-03-06</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Internal Revenue Code and pre-IRC revenue acts</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Hugo Lafayette Black</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Offutt Housing Co. v. Sarpy County, 351 U.S. 253 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 253</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-351/USREPORTS-351-253</identifier>
         <identifier type="preferred citation">351 U.S. 253 (1956)</identifier>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d0c057</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Property Tax</topic>
              <topic>Appliances</topic>
              <topic>Buildings and Property</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
              <topic>Tax Law</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Military Leasing</topic>
              <topic>Declaratory Judgments</topic>
              <topic>State or Local Government Tax</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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              <reportNumber>253</reportNumber>
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              <decisionDate>1956-05-28</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1955</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>351 U.S. 253</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>351 U.S. 253 (1956)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Property Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Appliances</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Buildings and Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Taxation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Tax Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Military Leasing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Declaratory Judgments</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>State or Local Government Tax</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-085-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="Nebraska">State or local governmental taxpayer, or executor of the estate of</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Nebraska">County government or county governmental unit, except school district</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Nebraska">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Nebraska">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve important or significant question</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-04-26</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Infrequently litigated statutes</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Infrequently litigated statutes</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Felix Frankfurter</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Auto Workers v. Wisconsin Board, 351 U.S. 266 (1956)</title>
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              <partName>Case</partName>
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              <identifier type="FDsys Unique ID">D09002ee1d4d0c054</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Union Violence</topic>
              <topic>Picketing</topic>
              <topic>Labor</topic>
              <topic>Preemption</topic>
              <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
              <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Injunctions</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Federalism</topic>
              <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Court Jurisdiction</topic>
              <topic>Federalism</topic>
        </subject>
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              <usCitation>351 U.S. 266</usCitation>
              <fullCitation>351 U.S. 266 (1956)</fullCitation>
              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Union Violence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Picketing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Preemption</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Injunctions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal Pre-Emption of State Court Jurisdiction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Federalism</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-086-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Union, labor organization, or official of</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Wisconsin">State commission, board, committee, or authority</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction state="Wisconsin">State Agency</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin state="Wisconsin">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Wisconsin">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-04-24</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>National Labor Relations, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Stanley Forman Reed</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Stanley Forman Reed</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Durley v. Mayo, 351 U.S. 277 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 277</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Adequate State Grounds</topic>
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              <topic>Cattle</topic>
              <topic>Res Judicata</topic>
              <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Crimes Against Property</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>No Merits: Adequate Non-Federal Grounds for Decision</topic>
              <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
        </subject>
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              <searchTitle>United States reports : cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October term, 1955, April 28 through June 11, 1956 (end of term);Durley v. Mayo, 351 U.S. 277 (1956);351 U.S. 277</searchTitle>
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              <decisionDate>1956-06-04</decisionDate>
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              <usCitation>351 U.S. 277</usCitation>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Adequate State Grounds</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Cattle</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Res Judicata</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Crimes Against Property</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>No Merits: Adequate Non-Federal Grounds for Decision</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-087-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Florida">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="Florida">State Supreme Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="Florida">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-04-02</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Petition denied or appeal dismissed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harold Hitz Burton</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Stanley Forman Reed</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Black v. Cutter Laboratories, 351 U.S. 292 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 292</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-351/USREPORTS-351-292</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Just Cause</topic>
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              <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
              <topic>Political Parties and Affiliations</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>No Merits: Adequate Non-Federal Grounds for Decision</topic>
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        </subject>
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              <decisionDate>1956-06-04</decisionDate>
              <courtTerm>1955</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>351 U.S. 292</usCitation>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Just Cause</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Adequate State Grounds</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Communism</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor-Management Relations</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Political Parties and Affiliations</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
                                    
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              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>No Merits: Adequate Non-Federal Grounds for Decision</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-088-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Employer. If employer&apos;s relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer&apos;s business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="California">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource state="California">State Supreme Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>No reason given</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-04-26</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Supreme Court supervision of lower federal or state courts or original jurisdiction</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Petition denied or appeal dismissed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Tom Campbell Clark</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Stanley Forman Reed</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>United States v. McKesson &amp; Robbins, 351 U.S. 305 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 305</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
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         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-351/USREPORTS-351-305</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Competition and Antitrust</topic>
              <topic>Pharmaceutical Industry</topic>
              <topic>Wholesalers</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
              <topic>Price-Fixing</topic>
              <topic>Antitrust Law</topic>
              <topic>Antitrust (Except in the Context of Mergers and Union Antitrust)</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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                   <topic>Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Competition and Antitrust</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Pharmaceutical Industry</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Wholesalers</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Price-Fixing</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Antitrust Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Antitrust (Except in the Context of Mergers and Union Antitrust)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-089-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Wholesale trade</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>New York Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>New York Southern U.S. District Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-04-30</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Sherman</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Earl Warren</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
        </extension>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Denver &amp; R. G. W. R. Co. v. Union P. R. Co., 351 U.S. 321 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 321</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Railroads</topic>
              <topic>Evidence</topic>
              <topic>Through Routes</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
              <topic>Federal or State Regulation of Transportation Regulation: Railroad</topic>
              <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
        </subject>
         <extension>
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                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commerce</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Railroads</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Through Routes</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Commercial Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Federal or State Regulation of Transportation Regulation: Railroad</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-090-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Railroad</petitioner>
              <respondent>Railroad</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Appeal</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Interstate Commerce Commission</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Nebraska U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>Nebraska U.S. District Court</caseSource>
              <certReason>Case did not arise on cert or cert not granted</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-04-23</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order</authorityDecision>
              <law></law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed and reversed (or vacated) in part</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Hugo Lafayette Black</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Jay v. Boyd, 351 U.S. 345 (1956)</title>
              <partNumber>351 U.S. 345</partNumber>
              <partName>Case</partName>
        </titleInfo>
         <identifier type="uri">https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-351/USREPORTS-351-345</identifier>
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         <subject>
              <topic>Deportation</topic>
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              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Political Parties and Affiliations</topic>
              <topic>Immigration</topic>
              <topic>Administrative Law and Regulatory Procedure</topic>
              <topic>National Security</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Immigration Law</topic>
              <topic>Deportation (Cf. Immigration and Naturalization)</topic>
              <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
        </subject>
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              <subject authority="llc" uri="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center">
                                        
                   <topic>Deportation</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Communism</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Due Process</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Immigration Law</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <subject authority="scdb" uri="http://scdb.wustl.edu/documentation.php?var=issue">
                                        
                   <topic>Deportation (Cf. Immigration and Naturalization)</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-091-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Alien, person subject to a denaturalization proceeding, or one whose citizenship is revoked</petitioner>
              <respondent>Immigration and Naturalization Service, or Director of, or District Director of, or Immigration and Naturalization Enforcement</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <adminAction>Immigration and Naturalization Service, or Director of, or District Director of, or Immigration and Naturalization Enforcement</adminAction>
              <caseOrigin>Washington Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit</caseSource>
              <certReason>To resolve question presented</certReason>
              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
              <dateArgument>1956-05-03</dateArgument>
              <authorityDecision>Interpretation of administrative regulation or rule, or executive order</authorityDecision>
              <authorityDecision>Statutory construction</authorityDecision>
              <law>
                                        
                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Immigration and Naturalization, Immigration, Nationality, or Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Acts, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
              <decisionType>Opinion of the court (orally argued)</decisionType>
              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Stanley Forman Reed</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Stanley Forman Reed</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>United States v. Du Pont &amp; Co., 351 U.S. 377 (1956)</title>
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              <topic>Cellophane</topic>
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              <topic>Commerce</topic>
              <topic>Relevant Market</topic>
              <topic>Antitrust</topic>
              <topic>Monopolies</topic>
              <topic>Antitrust Law</topic>
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                   <topic>Competition and Antitrust</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Commerce</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1955-092-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Manufacturer</respondent>
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              <caseOrigin>Delaware U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>Delaware U.S. District Court</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Sherman</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Stanley Forman Reed</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Stanley Forman Reed</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>4</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Sears, Roebuck &amp; Co. v. Mackey, 351 U.S. 427 (1956)</title>
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              <topic>Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Including Supreme Court Rules, Application of the Federal Rules of Evidence, Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure in Civil Litigation, Circuit Court Rules, and State Rules and Admiralty Rules</topic>
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                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1955-093-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Retail business or outlet</petitioner>
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              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Illinois Northern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harold Hitz Burton</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Cold Metal Process Co. v. United Co., 351 U.S. 445 (1956)</title>
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              <topic>Counterclaims</topic>
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              <topic>Judicial Powers</topic>
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                   <topic>Counterclaims</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Including Supreme Court Rules, Application of the Federal Rules of Evidence, Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure in Civil Litigation, Circuit Court Rules, and State Rules and Admiralty Rules</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1955-094-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Inventor, patent assigner, trademark owner or holder</petitioner>
              <respondent>Holder of a license or permit, or applicant therefor</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Pennsylvania Western U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Court Rules</type>
                                        
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harold Hitz Burton</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Darcy v. Handy, 351 U.S. 454 (1956)</title>
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              <topic>Habeas Corpus</topic>
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              <topic>Right to Impartial Jury</topic>
              <topic>Human Rights and Civil Liberties</topic>
              <topic>Capital Offenses</topic>
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              <topic>Pretrial Publicity</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Extra-Legal Jury Influences: Prejudicial Statements or Evidence</topic>
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                   <topic>Trials and Court Proceedings</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Extra-Legal Jury Influences: Prejudicial Statements or Evidence</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Criminal Procedure</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-095-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person convicted of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent state="Pennsylvania">State</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Pennsylvania Middle U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Constitutional Amendment</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Fourteenth Amendment (due process)</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Harold Hitz Burton</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>6</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>3</minority>
                                    
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              <topic>Legislative Courts</topic>
              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>East Asia</topic>
              <topic>Military Justice</topic>
              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Military: Active Duty</topic>
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                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Military: Active Duty</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Rights</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1955-096-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>United States</petitioner>
              <respondent>Military personnel, or dependent of, including reservist</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>West Virginia Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>West Virginia Southern U.S. District Court</caseSource>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Universal Code of Military Justice</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Tom Campbell Clark</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Stanley Forman Reed</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Reid v. Covert, 351 U.S. 487 (1956)</title>
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              <topic>Civilian Dependents</topic>
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              <topic>Fifth Amendment</topic>
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              <topic>Constitutional Law</topic>
              <topic>Great Britain</topic>
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                   <topic>Military Tribunal</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>England</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>West Europe</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Sixth Amendment</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Military: Active Duty</topic>
                                        
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            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-097-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="District of Columbia">State</petitioner>
              <respondent>Military personnel, or dependent of, including reservist</respondent>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Universal Code of Military Justice</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Reversed</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Tom Campbell Clark</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Stanley Forman Reed</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Southern Pacific Co. v. Gileo, 351 U.S. 493 (1956)</title>
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              <topic>Labor</topic>
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              <topic>Election of Remedies: Legal Remedies Available to Injured Persons or Things</topic>
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                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Railroads</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Election of Remedies: Legal Remedies Available to Injured Persons or Things</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-098-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Railroad</petitioner>
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              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin state="California">State Trial Court</caseOrigin>
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              <chiefJustice>Earl Warren</chiefJustice>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Employers&apos; Liability, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sherman Minton</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>7</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>2</minority>
                                    
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              <title>Reed v. Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 351 U.S. 502 (1956)</title>
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                   <topic>Transportation and Public Works</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Labor and Employment Law</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Election of Remedies: Legal Remedies Available to Injured Persons or Things</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-099-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</petitioner>
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              <caseOrigin>Pennsylvania Eastern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Federal Employers&apos; Liability, as amended</legalProvisions>
                                    
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              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>Sherman Minton</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
            </votes>
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              <title>Parr v. United States, 351 U.S. 513 (1956)</title>
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              <topic>Income Tax</topic>
              <topic>Taxation</topic>
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              <topic>Crime and Law Enforcement</topic>
              <topic>Fraud and Financial Crimes</topic>
              <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
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              <courtTerm>1955</courtTerm>
              <usCitation>351 U.S. 513</usCitation>
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                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Extraordinary Writs</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Powers</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Tax Evasion</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Income Tax</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Criminal Law and Procedure</topic>
                                    
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                   <topic>Judicial Administration: Review of Non-Final Order</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Judicial Power</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
              <docketId>1955-100-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime</petitioner>
              <respondent>United States</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
              <caseOrigin>Texas Southern U.S. District Court</caseOrigin>
              <caseSource>U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit</caseSource>
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              <unconstitutionality>No declaration of unconstitutionality</unconstitutionality>
              <disposition>Affirmed (includes modified)</disposition>
              <partyWinning>No favorable disposition for petitioning party apparent</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Marshall Harlan, II</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Stanley Forman Reed</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
              <votes>
                                        
                   <majority>5</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>4</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Czaplicki v. the Hoegh Silvercloud, 351 U.S. 525 (1956)</title>
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              <topic>Longshoremen</topic>
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              <topic>Worker&apos;s Compensation</topic>
              <topic>Statutory Construction</topic>
              <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
              <topic>Limitation of Actions</topic>
              <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
              <topic>Third-Party-over Actions</topic>
              <topic>Election of Remedies: Legal Remedies Available to Injured Persons or Things</topic>
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        </subject>
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                   <topic>Assignment of Claims</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Jurisdiction and Venue</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Torts</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Worker&apos;s Compensation</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Legal Remedies</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Limitation of Actions</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Civil Procedure</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Third-Party-over Actions</topic>
                                    
            </subject>
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                   <topic>Election of Remedies: Legal Remedies Available to Injured Persons or Things</topic>
                                        
                   <topic>Economic Activity</topic>
                                    
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              <docketId>1955-101-01</docketId>
              <petitioner>Employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of</petitioner>
              <respondent>Water transportation, stevedore</respondent>
              <jurisdiction>Cert</jurisdiction>
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                   <type>Federal Statute</type>
                                        
                   <legalProvisions>Longshoremen and Harbor Workers&apos; Compensation</legalProvisions>
                                    
            </law>
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              <disposition>Reversed and remanded</disposition>
              <partyWinning>Petitioning party received a favorable disposition</partyWinning>
              <majorityOpinion>
                                        
                   <writer>John Marshall Harlan, II</writer>
                                        
                   <assigner>Earl Warren</assigner>
                                    
            </majorityOpinion>
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                   <majority>9</majority>
                                        
                   <minority>0</minority>
                                    
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         <titleInfo>
              <title>Cole v. Young, 351 U.S. 536 (1956)</title>
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              <topic>Veterans&apos; Preference</topic>
              <topic>Federal or State Internal Security Legislation: Smith, Internal Security, and Related Federal Statutes</topic>
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                   <topic>Employee Dismissal</topic>
                                        
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                   <topic>Federal or State Internal Security Legislation: Smith, Internal Security, and Related Federal Statutes</topic>
                                        
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              <docketId>1955-102-01</docketId>
              <petitioner state="United States">Governmental employee or job applicant</petitioner>
              <respondent>Civil Service Commission, U.S.</respondent>
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