United States Government Publishing Office publisher pbl distributor dst United States Commerce Department National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) author aut Government Organization Kneifel, Joshua. author aut text government publication eng GOVPUB Executive Agency Publications executive 2023-10-27 Commerce Department 2022-03-30 monographic deposited born digital 71 digital object pages C 13. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GOVPUB-C13-f70aa187a2f78c26bfa5604a64bcc7e4 P0b002ee1c1bb3dc6 on1389890336 (OCoLC)1389890336 DGPO 2023-10-27 2026-06-27 GOVPUB-C13-f70aa187a2f78c26bfa5604a64bcc7e4 machine generated eng fdlp C13 GOVPUB-C13-f70aa187a2f78c26bfa5604a64bcc7e4 f70aa187a2f78c26bfa5604a64bcc7e4 GOVPUB NIST Technical Notes NOTE: THE “DATE ISSUED” ABOVE MAY DEFAULT TO JANUARY 1ST OF A GIVEN YEAR. TO THE VIEW THE MOST ACCURATE DATE OF ISSUE, REVIEW THE TITLE PAGE OF THE PUBLICATION. Studies or reports which are complete in themselves but restrictive in their treatment of a subject. Analogous to monographs but not so comprehensive in scope or definitive in treatment of the subject area. Often serve as a vehicle for final reports of work performed at NIST under the sponsorship of other government agencies. National Institute of Standards and Technology Commerce Department. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2022 2022-03-30 https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GOVPUB-C13-f70aa187a2f78c26bfa5604a64bcc7e4 https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-f70aa187a2f78c26bfa5604a64bcc7e4/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-f70aa187a2f78c26bfa5604a64bcc7e4.pdf ASCE 7 Atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure change Building economics Building laws Commercial buildings Economic analysis Essential facilities Institutional buildings Standards, Engineering Tornado loads Tornadoes Kneifel, Joshua. creator Kneifel, Joshua. Levitan, Marc. Harris, Benchmark. Haney, Blake. Smith, Tom. Butry, David. Crawford, Shane. de Toledo, Nico. Thomas, Douglas. National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.) Engineering Laboratory mdu U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology 2022-03-30. monographic 1 online resource (71 pages) : illustrations (color) text technical report eng This study analyzes the potential economic impacts from implementation of the new tornado load requirements in the ASCE 7-22 Standard: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures, by incorporation into the International Building Code (Proposal S63-22 in Ref. [3]) and/or direct adoption by Federal, state, and local governments. The Standard requires that Risk Category III and IV buildings located in the tornado-prone region (approximately equal to the area of the conterminous U.S. east of the Continental Divide) be designed to resist tornado loads in addition to wind loads from other types of storms. Risk Category III includes buildings that represent a substantial hazard to human life in the event of failure (e.g., theaters and other assembly occupancies, schools, nursing homes), while Risk Category IV is for essential facilities (e.g., hospitals, fire and police stations, emergency operations centers). The approach in this study is to (1) identify the potential numbers of buildings that may be impacted, (2) compare tornado loads with existing wind load requirements to understand when and where tornado loads will control design, (3) determine what building elements will require changes in construction design when tornado loads control, and (4) estimate the cost of these changes in construction design. The adoption of the new tornado load requirements in the ASCE 7-22 standard will impact a small fraction of new buildings in the United States. When excluding residential occupancies with less than 50 units, the building stock occupancy types for Risk Category III and IV buildings in the tornado-prone region represents 15.0 % of the entire U.S. building stock and 18.3 % of the building stock in the tornado-prone region. These results are effectively upper bound estimates as tornado loads will not control over wind loads for all Risk Category III and IV buildings in the tornado-prone region. Whether tornado loads control any aspect of the building design over wind loads depends on many different climatological and building characteristics. Geospatial analyses are used identify the impacts of several of these variables. In general, the tornado design requirements will have the most impact in the central and southeast U.S. Case studies are used to estimate the relative magnitude of the potential cost impacts of five building elements (roof systems, roof diaphragm, roof joists and wide flange beams and girders, exterior wall framing, and foundation anchorages) for two building types (elementary school and high school) for wind Exposure Categories B and C baseline building designs across nine locations to provide a range of potential load requirements and resulting cost implications. The results of the case studies show that tornado loads can vary significantly, from less than wind loads to more than double the wind loads. Tornado loads will not control for many locations and building types, particularly those on the periphery of the tornado-prone region. For scenarios in which the tornado loads do control, the construction design is often not influenced. Of the nine cities considered in this study, three realize cost increases for at least one exposure category for the elementary school and six for the high school. Of all the building type location exposure combinations (36), only six (three for each building type) realize cost impacts greater than 0.07 % of the project budget. Joshua Kneifel; Marc Levitan; Benchmark Harris; Blake Haney; Tom Smith; David Butry; Shane Crawford; Nico de Toledo; Douglas Thomas. March 2022. Title from PDF title page (viewed January 4, 2023). Includes bibliographical references. Approved by the NIST Editorial Review Board on 2022-03-24 Mode of access: World Wide Web. Systems requirements: Adobe Acrobat PDF reader. Tornadoes Atmospheric pressure Commercial buildings Building laws Standards, Engineering Building economics Tornado loads Atmospheric pressure change ASCE 7 Economic analysis Institutional buildings Essential facilities https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.2214