United States Government Publishing Office publisher pbl distributor dst United States Commerce Department National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) author aut Government Organization Maranghides, Alexander. author aut text government publication eng GOVPUB Executive Agency Publications executive 2023-10-27 Commerce Department 2022-09-15 monographic deposited born digital 226 digital object pages C 13. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GOVPUB-C13-2a775c20e23e1ac8402323b377bfad7a P0b002ee1c1bb3dc3 on1389890488 (OCoLC)1389890488 DGPO 2023-10-27 2026-06-27 GOVPUB-C13-2a775c20e23e1ac8402323b377bfad7a machine generated eng fdlp C13 GOVPUB-C13-2a775c20e23e1ac8402323b377bfad7a 2a775c20e23e1ac8402323b377bfad7a GOVPUB NIST Technical Notes NOTE: THE “DATE ISSUED” ABOVE MAY DEFAULT TO JANUARY 1ST OF A GIVEN YEAR. TO THE VIEW THE MOST ACCURATE DATE OF ISSUE, REVIEW THE TITLE PAGE OF THE PUBLICATION. Studies or reports which are complete in themselves but restrictive in their treatment of a subject. Analogous to monographs but not so comprehensive in scope or definitive in treatment of the subject area. Often serve as a vehicle for final reports of work performed at NIST under the sponsorship of other government agencies. National Institute of Standards and Technology Commerce Department. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2022 2022-09-15 https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GOVPUB-C13-2a775c20e23e1ac8402323b377bfad7a https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-2a775c20e23e1ac8402323b377bfad7a/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-2a775c20e23e1ac8402323b377bfad7a.pdf Shed Burns Without Wind Convetive heat exposure Fires Heat flux Heat flux measurements Heat release rate Radiant heat exposure Sheds Structure separation distance Wildland-urban interface Maranghides, Alexander. creator Maranghides, Alexander. Nazare, Shonali. Hedayati, Faraz. Gorham, Daniel. Link, Eric. Hoehler, Matthew. Bundy, Matthew. Monroy, Xareni. Morrison, Murray. Mell, William (Ruddy). Bova, Anthony. McNamara, Derek. Milac, Thomas. Hawks, Steven. Bigelow, Frank. Raymer, Bob. Frievalt, Frank. Walton, William. National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.) Engineering Laboratory mdu U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology 2022-09-15. monographic 1 online resource (226 pages) : illustrations (color) text technical report eng This report describes the experiments conducted during the first phase of a multi-phase project designed to assess structure-to-structure fire spread for structures in the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI). The experiments focused on quantifying thermal exposures from auxiliary structures, e.g., sheds. The effects of shed sizes, construction materials, fuel loading, and separation distance on the ignition of primary structures (residential dwellings) with no wind have been studied and reported. Preliminary structure separation experiments using natural gas burners and an instrumented target structure were conducted to optimize instrumentation and experimental design for shed burn experiments. Full-scale fire experiments were conducted in which various sizes and types of sheds were used to generate typical radiative and convective heat exposures. Experiments were conducted indoors at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to quantify exposures from small source structures (sheds) in terms of mass loss rate (MLR) and heat release rate (HRR). HRR was measured using oxygen consumption calorimetry. Large and very large sheds were tested outdoors at the Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) test facility. The mass loss method was employed to estimate the HRR for the outdoor shed burns. In addition, indoor shed burn experiments with a target structure were conducted to assess target performance against exposures from varying sheds (construction, size, fuel loading) and separation distances. All experiments were performed without an artificially generated wind field. The preliminary experiments helped troubleshoot and provided insights into the airflow bias effects within the indoor test facility. The indoor shed burn experiments demonstrated that the mass loss measurements can be used to infer HRR measurements. The peak HRR (PHRR) was a function of construction materials, shed size, and fuel loading. Heat fluxes were measured and the effects of the burning shed on the target structure were documented under no-wind conditions as a function of separation distance, construction materials, shed size, fuel loading, and shed openings. The mass loss method was used to infer HRR for from very large auxiliary structures tested outdoors at the IBHS test facility. Generally, for a given shed size and fuel loading, the PHRR, which is related to the fire hazard, depended on the shed construction material. Combustible shed source structures generated a greater PHRR than non-combustible sheds, almost by a factor of 4. The exposures quantified in this study demonstrate that any auxiliary structures made from combustible materials can pose a significant fire hazard when placed next to the primary structure. For non-combustible source structures, the shed orientation with respect to the primary structure and the size of the door opening are critical factors. Sheds and auxiliary structures exceeding 120 ft2 floor area are subject to placement requirements with respect to residential structure(s) on the same lot through Chapter 7A of the California Building Code. The location and spacing of smaller sheds (e.g., under 120 ft2) may or may not be regulated and current codes often allow these smaller sheds to be as close as 5 ft from a residence or property line. The findings from this study can provide technical input for national, state, and local building codes to alleviate fire spread from auxiliary structures within WUI communities. Alexander Maranghides; Shonali Nazare; Faraz Hedayati; Daniel Gorham; Eric Link; Matthew Hoehler; Matthew Bundy; Xareni Monroy; Murray Morrison; William (Ruddy) Mell; Anthony Bova; Derek McNamara; Thomas Milac; Steven Hawks; Frank Bigelow; Bob Raymer; Frank Frievalt; William Walton. September 2022. Title from PDF title page (viewed January 4, 2023). Includes bibliographical references. Approved by the NIST Editorial Review Board on 2022-09-14 Mode of access: World Wide Web. Systems requirements: Adobe Acrobat PDF reader. Heat flux Sheds Wildland-urban interface Fires Heat release rate Heat flux measurements Radiant heat exposure Convetive heat exposure Structure separation distance https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.2235 shed burns without wind shed burns without wind