United States Government Publishing Office publisher pbl distributor dst United States Government Accountability Office Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division author aut Government Organization text government publication eng GAOREPORTS Legislative Agency Publications gao legislative 2010-08-12 U.S. Government Printing Office 1994-11-30 monographic deposited born digital 64 p. GA 1.13:RCED-95-34 https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GAOREPORTS-RCED-95-34 P0b002ee18038566f f:rc95034 DGPO 2010-08-12 2011-03-24 GAOREPORTS-RCED-95-34 machine generated eng fdlp REPORT GAOREPORTS-RCED-95-34 RCED-95-34 Cargo preference laws Maritime law Economic analysis Shipping industry Marine transportation costs Marine transportation operations Trade policies Merchant marine Cost effectiveness analysis International trade Strategic Petroleum Reserve Food for Development Program USDA Food for Progress Program Persian Gulf War SPR Chapter Report RCED Cargo preference laws require that some government-owned or -financed cargo shipped internationally be carried on U.S.-flag vessels. Cargo subject to these laws is known as preference cargo. Cargo preference laws boosted federal agencies' transportation costs by an estimated $578 million per year for fiscal years 1989 through 1993 because U.S.-flag vessels generally charge more to carry cargo than their foreign-flag vessel counterparts. The effect of cargo preference laws on the U.S. merchant marine industry is mixed. On the one hand, the share of international oceanborne cargo carried by U.S.-flag ships has declined despite cargo preference laws because most oceanborne international cargo is not subject to cargo preference laws. On the other hand, these laws appear to have a substantial impact on the U.S. merchant marine industry by providing an incentive for vessels to remain in U.S. fleets. GAO estimates that without preference cargo, up to two-thirds of the U.S.-flag vessels engaged in international trade would leave the fleet, with most either shutting down or reflagging to another country to save costs. This would directly affect about 6,000 U.S. shipboard jobs. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-RCED-95-34/html/GAOREPORTS-RCED-95-34.htm https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-RCED-95-34/pdf/GAOREPORTS-RCED-95-34.pdf GAO/RCED-95-34 https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GAOREPORTS-RCED-95-34 Chapter Report GAO/RCED-95-34; Maritime Industry: Cargo Preference Laws--Estimated Costs and Effects; Cargo preference laws Maritime law Economic analysis Shipping industry Marine transportation costs Marine transportation operations Trade policies Merchant marine Cost effectiveness analysis International trade Strategic Petroleum Reserve Food for Development Program USDA Food for Progress Program Persian Gulf War SPR Title 46 Appendix 1241 46 U.S.C. App. 1241 Public Law 99-198 Public Law 101-380