United States Government Publishing Office publisher pbl distributor dst United States Government Accountability Office author aut Government Organization text government publication eng GAOREPORTS Legislative Agency Publications gao legislative 2010-08-12 U.S. Government Printing Office 2007-12-21 monographic deposited born digital 76 p. GA 1.13:GAO-08-92 https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GAOREPORTS-GAO-08-92 P0b002ee18038828b f:d0892 DGPO 2010-08-12 2011-03-28 GAOREPORTS-GAO-08-92 machine generated eng fdlp REPORT GAOREPORTS-GAO-08-92 GAO-08-92 Avian influenza Disease control Disease detection or diagnosis Disease surveillance Emergency preparedness Emergency response plans Emerging infectious diseases Infectious diseases Influenza Pandemic Program management Public health Research and development Risk management Vaccination Other Written Product A79148 Pandemic influenza poses a threat to public health at a time when the United Nations' World Health Organization (WHO) has said that infectious diseases are spreading faster than at any time in history. The last major influenza pandemic occurred from 1918 to 1919. Estimates of deaths worldwide if a similar pandemic were to occur have ranged between 30 million and 384 million people. Individual countries and international organizations have developed and begun to implement a strategy for forestalling (that is, containing, delaying, or minimizing the impact of) the onset of a pandemic. Antivirals and vaccines may help forestall a pandemic. GAO was asked to examine (1) constraints upon the use of antivirals and vaccines to forestall a pandemic and (2) efforts under way to overcome these constraints. GAO reviewed documents and consulted with officials of the Departments of State and Health and Human Services (HHS), international organizations, and pharmaceutical manufacturers. WHO commented that the report was comprehensive and useful. HHS stressed that vaccines and antivirals must be viewed in a larger context. State and HHS commented that the term "forestall" is ambiguous and misleading. However, GAO has used the word in a way that is consistent with WHO's use of the term. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-GAO-08-92/html/GAOREPORTS-GAO-08-92.htm https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-GAO-08-92/pdf/GAOREPORTS-GAO-08-92.pdf GAO-08-92 https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GAOREPORTS-GAO-08-92 Other Written Product GAO-08-92; Influenza Pandemic: Efforts Under Way to Address Constraints on Using Antivirals and Vaccines to Forestall a Pandemic; Avian influenza Disease control Disease detection or diagnosis Disease surveillance Emergency preparedness Emergency response plans Emerging infectious diseases Infectious diseases Influenza Pandemic Program management Public health Research and development Risk management Vaccination Volume 118 Page 3 Volume 118 Page 2809 118 Stat. 3 118 Stat. 2809 Volume 119 Page 231 Volume 119 Page 2680 Volume 119 Page 2833 119 Stat. 231 119 Stat. 2680 119 Stat. 2833 Volume 120 Page 479 120 Stat. 479 Volume 121 Page 8 121 Stat. 8 Public Law 108-199 Public Law 108-447 Public Law 109-13 Public Law 109-148 Public Law 109-149 Public Law 109-234 Public Law 110-5