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<classification authority="sudocs">GA 1.13:GAO-05-535</classification>
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 <subject>Brokerage industry</subject>
 <subject>Comparative analysis</subject>
 <subject>Cost analysis</subject>
 <subject>Cost effectiveness analysis</subject>
 <subject>Financial analysis</subject>
 <subject>Investment companies</subject>
 <subject>Prices and pricing</subject>
 <subject>Stock exchanges</subject>
 <subject>Stocks (securities)</subject>
 <subject>Systems analysis</subject>
 <subject>Transparency</subject>
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<titleInfo>
 <title>Securities Markets: Decimal Pricing has Contributed to Lower Trading Costs and a More Challenging Trading Environment</title>
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<abstract>In early 2001, U.S. stock and option markets began quoting prices
in decimal increments rather than fractions of a dollar. At the  
same time, the minimum price increment, or tick size, was reduced
to a penny on the stock markets and to 10 cents and 5 cents on	 
the option markets. Although many believe that decimal pricing	 
has benefited small individual (retail) investors, concerns have 
been raised that the smaller tick sizes have made trading more	 
challenging and costly for large institutional investors,	 
including mutual funds and pension plans. In addition, there is  
concern that the financial livelihood of market intermediaries,  
such as the broker-dealers that trade on floor-based and	 
electronic markets, has been negatively affected by the lower	 
ticks, potentially altering the roles these firms play in the	 
U.S. capital market. GAO assessed the effect of decimal pricing  
on retail and institutional investors and on market		 
intermediaries.</abstract>
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 <searchTitle>GAO-05-535; Securities Markets: Decimal Pricing has Contributed to Lower Trading Costs and a More Challenging Trading Environment;
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 <topic>Brokerage industry</topic>
 <topic>Comparative analysis</topic>
 <topic>Cost analysis</topic>
 <topic>Cost effectiveness analysis</topic>
 <topic>Financial analysis</topic>
 <topic>Investment companies</topic>
 <topic>Prices and pricing</topic>
 <topic>Stock exchanges</topic>
 <topic>Stocks (securities)</topic>
 <topic>Systems analysis</topic>
 <topic>Transparency</topic>
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