United States Government Publishing Office publisher pbl distributor dst United States Government Accountability Office author aut Government Organization text government publication eng GAOREPORTS Legislative Agency Publications gao legislative 2010-08-12 U.S. Government Printing Office 2002-04-19 monographic deposited born digital GA 1.13:GAO-02-465 https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GAOREPORTS-GAO-02-465 P0b002ee18038600f f:d02465 DGPO 2010-08-12 2011-03-24 GAOREPORTS-GAO-02-465 machine generated eng fdlp REPORT GAOREPORTS-GAO-02-465 GAO-02-465 Cooperative agreements Laboratories Private sector Technology transfer Research and development Small business DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program Other Written Product A03033 Technology Transfer: Several Factors Have Led to a Decline in Partnerships at DOE's Laboratories (19-APR-02, GAO-02-465). Since 1980 Congress has passed laws to facilitate the transfer of technology from federal laboratories to U.S. businesses. In particular, the National Competitiveness Technology Transfer Act of 1989 authorized federal laboratories operated by contractors, including the Department of Energy's (DOE) national laboratories, to enter into cooperative research and development agreements (CRADA). Under a CRADA, the partner and DOE laboratory agree to jointly conduct research and typically share the research costs. By fiscal year 1992, DOE's national laboratories were among the leading federal laboratories participating in CRADAs. Recently however, the 12 laboratories that DOE surveyed have substantially reduced their CRADA partnerships and their technical assistance to small businesses. Instead, the laboratories have increasingly transferred technology through agreements that did not involve collaborative research and were funded by a business or other nonfederal entity. Managers at most of the laboratories say the lack of dedicated funding for technology for transfer to technology partnerships, including funding targeted to small businesses, is the most important barrier to their technology transfer activities. Managers at most laboratories said that DOE's lack of a high-level, effective advocate for technology transfer and DOE's lack of commitment to technology partnerships were important barriers. Several managers also said that requirements, such as DOE's advance payment clause, were often financially burdensome for small businesses. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-GAO-02-465/html/GAOREPORTS-GAO-02-465.htm GAO-02-465 https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GAOREPORTS-GAO-02-465 Other Written Product GAO-02-465; Technology Transfer: Several Factors Have Led to a Decline in Partnerships at DOE's Laboratories; Cooperative agreements Laboratories Private sector Technology transfer Research and development Small business DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program