[Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Volume 40, Number 5 (Monday, February 2, 2004)]
[Pages 141-147]
[Online from the Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]

<R04>
Remarks in Little Rock, Arkansas

January 26, 2004

    The President. Thank you. Thanks for coming. Thanks for having me. 
Thanks for the warm welcome. I appreciate the fact that a Texan is being 
treated so well here in Arkansas. [Laughter] It's nice to be in this 
part of the world again. Arkansas is full of really good people, decent, 
caring people, and so is this hospital. I'm honored that you would have 
allowed me and my rather significant entourage--[laughter]--to come to 
Baptist Health Medical Center.
    I'm here to talk about health issues. I'm here to talk about one of 
the reasons why health care costs are going up. And that's the fact that 
we've got too many darn lawsuits, too many frivolous and junk lawsuits 
that are affecting people. I'm here to make sure that we talk in a way 
that says to the people of Arkansas and America that we need medical 
liability reform to make sure that medicine is affordable and available.
    But I'm here, first and foremost, to thank the people of this 
medical center, those here in person and those listening via cable. I 
want to thank you for what you do. I want to thank you for your heart. I 
want to thank you for caring about your fellow citizens. I appreciate 
very much your being on the frontline of healing, healing lives in such 
a compassionate way. Our health care system is the best in the world, 
and we need to keep it that way.
    I appreciate Russ. Thank you for your introduction. Thanks for being 
the CEO of Baptist Health System. Thank you for joining us in--we just 
had what they call a roundtable. The table was square. [Laughter] But 
nevertheless, we had a great discussion, and Russ was there. He talked 
about this hospital, its outreach, its not only desire to serve people 
in the city of Little Rock but also its desire to serve people in rural 
Arkansas.
    I want to thank Doug Weeks, the senior vice president and 
administrator, our host. I want to thank my friend the Governor for 
coming. Governor Huckabee is a--[applause]. Part of good health care 
depends on how you treat your own body. [Laughter] No, I'm serious. I'm 
absolutely serious. The best way to--one of the best ways to prevent 
disease is to make right choices. One of the right choices is to watch 
what you eat. The Governor has clearly done that. [Laughter] He's 
setting a good example.
    Another right choice is to exercise frequently. Some of us like to 
run--or used to like to run before we broke down. [Laughter] I try to 
exercise 6 days a week. The Governor exercises. And I hope people in 
Arkansas and around the country understand that the exercise is a good 
way to avoid disease in the first place. Making right choices is 
important. And Governor, I appreciate the example you've set for this 
great State.
    I want to thank the Lieutenant Governor, Win Rockefeller, for 
joining us. Win, glad to see you. He exercises too. [Laughter] I 
appreciate the mayor, Mayor Dailey from Little Rock, for being here. Mr. 
Mayor, thank you for coming. Mayor Hays of North Little Rock is here as 
well. Thank you for coming, appreciate you. You've got a tough job. I 
like to remind the mayors, just go ahead and fill the potholes, and 
everything will be fine. [Laughter]
    I know we've got leaders from the statehouse here, Senator Baker and 
Representative Parks and others. Thank you all for coming out and giving 
me a chance to share some thoughts with you.
    Before I get into the issue of health, I do want to remind you that 
our country still faces big challenges. And we're rising to meet the 
challenges. The most important job of my administration is to protect 
the American people, is to chase down those who would do us harm and 
bring them to justice, is to never forget the lessons of September the 
11th, is to stay on the offensive, and that's what we're doing.
    We're spreading freedom, and as we do so, the world becomes more 
peaceful. Freedom is not America's gift to the world. Freedom is the 
Almighty's gift to each man and woman in the world.
    I appreciate so very much the contribution of the Arkansas Guard. 
Over 4,000 troops are part of our effort to not only make America more 
secure but to make the world more free. I know that the Governor 
informed me that these troops are ready to go. They understand the 
mission. They're proud to serve our country. I'm proud to call them--I'm 
proud to be their Commander in Chief. And

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I want their families to know how much we are grateful for their 
sacrifice as well. Arkansas ought to be proud of the men and women who 
wear the uniform, and they're going to make this Nation proud and more 
secure in their sacrifices.
    I told everybody the other night at the State of the Union that 
we're going to stay on the offensive against Al Qaida, and we're making 
good progress. We're on an international manhunt. We're in a different 
kind of war. It used to be in the old days, you could measure progress 
based upon the number of airplanes that the enemy had or the number of 
ships in a flotilla. And the big battles of the past were clashes of 
equipment that were visible for people to see. And this is the kind of 
war where sometimes you see action, and sometimes you don't. Sometimes 
progress is being made, and it's hard to tell it, because in order to 
dismantle the Al Qaida terrorists network, we've got to be on a manhunt, 
and we've got a lot of people on the manhunt.
    Just yesterday--not yesterday--just last week, we made further 
progress in making America more secure when a fellow named Hassan Ghul 
was captured in Iraq. Hassan Ghul was a--reported directly to Khalid 
Sheik Mohammed, who was the mastermind of the September the 11th 
attacks. He was a killer. He was moving money and messages around South 
Asia and the Middle East to other Al Qaida leaders. He was a part of 
this network of haters that we're dismantling. Our intelligence officers 
did a good job. He was captured in Iraq, where he was helping Al Qaida 
to put pressure on our troops. There is one less enemy we have to worry 
about with the capture of Hassan Ghul. Our people are doing great work.
    This country's economy is getting better, and that's positive news 
for the people of Arkansas and the people of America. The tax relief we 
passed is working. See, I believe that when people have more money in 
their pocket, they will then spend or save or invest, and that causes 
the whole economy to grow, which then helps people find a job. Much of 
the tax relief we passed is set to expire, and it's set to expire right 
about the time the economy gets going. It makes no sense to have a tax 
increase on the American people at this stage or any stage as far as I'm 
concerned. And therefore, we need to make the tax relief permanent.
    In order to make this tax relief permanent, let people keep more of 
their own money to keep driving this economy forward. Small businesses 
need to keep more money. You see, most new jobs in America are created 
by small-business owners. If you're worried about job creation, we need 
to continue to stimulate the small-business sector of our economy. 
Congress needs to act. They need to make these tax relief packages we 
passed for small business permanent so people can find work here in 
America.
    We also need to have an energy policy. The people of Arkansas 
understand energy. We need a policy. We need a policy that encourages 
conservation. We need a policy that helps modernize our electricity 
systems, and we need a policy that makes us less dependent on foreign 
sources of energy.
    We need to open up markets for Arkansas' farmers and ranchers. When 
you're good at something, we ought to encourage the sale of those 
products elsewhere, outside of our markets. And we're good at things in 
America. We're good at growing crops, and we're good at raising cows, 
and we're good at being on the cutting edge of innovation. We need 
markets for those products. We need less regulation for businesses and 
small businesses.
    And we've got to deal with rising health care costs. Rising health 
care costs are making it difficult for some entities to hire people. 
Rising health care costs affect all Americans. We want our families to 
feel more secure. Rising health care costs create insecurity in our 
Nation.
    And so we need to continue the focus on costs. We're making some 
good progress, by the way, about helping people with health care. We've 
got what we call community health centers in America. I'm committed to 
the expansion and the building of new community health centers. These 
are places where people who don't have insurance or live in areas 
without enough doctors can find health care. Community health centers 
make sense. It takes the pressure off the emergency rooms of hospitals 
such as this. We've opened or expanded 600 community health

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centers since 2001. The budget I proposed calls for another 218 to be 
opened or expanded. This is a good way to make sure that health care is 
available for those who don't have insurance yet. And so I call upon 
Congress to look at that part of my budget and continue working with the 
administration to expand these vital centers around Arkansas and around 
America.
    And then we worked on Medicare. You might remember what it was like 
before this year when people talked about Medicare. The political issue 
was really called ``Mediscare.'' [Laughter] If somebody would talk about 
it, somebody else would say, ``Wait a minute. They're going to try to 
take away Medicare from the seniors.'' But I felt strongly that Medicare 
needed to be modernized. I felt like we needed to deal with the issue 
now and not pass it on like other Congresses and administrations had 
done. It's time to address the issue before it became so acute that the 
system didn't work. And it was time to fulfill a promise to our seniors, 
and so we acted. I was proud to sign that bill, and as I told the 
Congress, ``If you try to change it and it hurts our seniors, I'll veto 
the bill.''
    It's going to take a while to implement the Medicare bill. It's a 
complex piece of legislation. After all, it's the first modernization 
since Lyndon Johnson signed Medicare in the mid-sixties.
    This year, seniors are going to get a drug discount card, which will 
save them 10 to 25 percent off the retail price of most prescription 
drugs. And the lowest income seniors will get a $600 credit. That will 
help seniors with drug costs.
    Secondly, next year we'll begin preventive screenings against 
diabetes and heart disease for seniors just entering Medicare, plus 
they'll get a wellness exam. That's important. It's the first time that 
Medicare has actually been into the business of preventive screenings. 
Any good doc will tell you, you need to figure out what the issue is in 
order to deal with people. And a preventive screening will help the 
medical profession better treat our seniors.
    Finally, in year 2006, seniors will receive the prescription drug 
coverage they've been promised. For about $35 a month, most seniors will 
see their drug bills cut in half. That's a good deal for America's 
seniors.
    And finally, in the bill is an interesting innovation, one that 
isn't the first time it's been tried, but it's now been expanded--
they're called health savings accounts, which will allow Americans to 
save for future medical expenses, tax-free. And that's an important 
innovation, an important reform.
    Another way to help, by the way--or a way to help deal with rising 
costs is to understand the impact rising costs have on small businesses. 
A lot of big businesses are able to absorb the costs because they've got 
the capacity to negotiate better. When you've got a large universe of 
people that you're trying to cover, you can have more strength in 
negotiations. It gives you a better hand.
    The problem we have with small businesses is they don't have the 
capacity to pool together, to negotiate on behalf of a lot of people. 
And that's why I'm a strong supporter of what's called association 
health plans that will allow small businesses to pool risk and have a 
better negotiation policy with those who offer insurance. Congress needs 
to pass this piece of legislation. It is good for the entrepreneurs of 
Arkansas.
    Lower income Americans should be helped with health care by 
refundable tax credits. It's been a part of my budget. It's an important 
reform. It will help with the issue of the uninsured. People with health 
savings accounts, when they buy high deductible insurance policies to 
protect them against catastrophic medical costs or hospitalization or 
major surgery, should be allowed to deduct those premiums. See, that 
will help with the rising costs of health care as well. Those are some 
practical suggestions for Congress to look at, ways to strengthen the 
private delivery of medicine as opposed to strengthening the Government 
involvement in medicine.
    There's something else we can do at the Federal level, and that is 
to promote promising health information technology. The truth of the 
matter is, medicine is on the leading edge of change. And some of the 
new drugs are fantastic about--to help save lives. Some of the new 
machinery is fantastic. The information systems of the health care 
system are a little antiquated. I mean, you're still

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moving files by hand, aren't you? Kind of writing it out by hand. Well, 
what we need to do is to have standards and computerized records so that 
we can improve care and prevent errors, which will save money in the 
system. There's tremendous savings to be had by bringing technology into 
the medical field, and the Federal Government can help there as well.
    These are good steps. Yet one of the main cost-drivers, that has 
nothing to do with what happens in an operating room or a waiting room, 
happen in the courtroom. One of the reasons people are finding their 
premiums are up and it's hard to find a doc these days is because 
frivolous and junk lawsuits are threatening medicine across the country. 
And there's a lot of them, people just filing these suits. I call them 
junk suits because they don't have any merit. The problem is they cost 
money to fight.
    Every one of these junk suits that people put out there requires the 
expenditure of money, which affects consumers. That's you. It affects 
hospitals. That's you as well. In order to avoid protracted litigation, 
those who provide insurance oftentimes just settle the case. You've got 
these giant judgments looming out there, people say, ``Well, I better 
just go ahead and settle this, rather than risk a bad jury verdict.'' 
That drives up costs too. People just filing these lawsuits right and 
left, and it's running up the costs. Doctors' premiums, the cost of 
doing business, they're rising. That makes it hard on the docs. It makes 
it hard on docs to do what they're called to do, which is to heal lives.
    Medical liability premiums for Arkansas doctors rose more than 150 
percent last year. That makes it awfully hard for doctors to do 
business. And what is their business? Their business is seeing patients. 
Their business is helping to make somebody's life better. Yet these 
lawsuits are making it hard for docs to practice their business in the 
State of Arkansas and other States as well.
    You see, the costs get passed on. They get passed on to patients or 
their employers. One of the major cost-drivers in the delivery of health 
care are these junk and frivolous lawsuits. The risk of frivolous 
litigation drives doctors--and hear me out on this--they drive doctors 
to prescribe drugs and procedures that may not be necessary, just to 
avoid lawsuits. That's called the defensive practice of medicine. 
According to a survey of the Arkansas Medical Society, 90 percent of 
Arkansas doctors say the fear of lawsuits have caused them to do 
unnecessary procedures.
    See, lawsuits not only drive up premiums, which drives up the cost 
to the patient or the employer of the patient, but lawsuits cause docs 
to practice medicine in an expensive way in order to protect themselves 
in the courthouse.
    The defensive practice of medicine affects the Federal budget. The 
direct cost of liability insurance and the indirect cost from 
unnecessary medical procedures raise the Federal Government's health 
care costs by at least $28 billion a year. Remember, we provide--at the 
Federal level, we provide health care through Medicare and Medicaid and 
veteran's health and Government employee costs. The defensive--the cost 
of defensive medicine raises your bill as a taxpayer. Not only does it 
make it harder to go see a doc, it also costs you more as a taxpayer. 
Medical liability reform is a national issue because medical liability 
lawsuits raise the Federal budget. It's a national issue that requires a 
national solution.
    You need to get your Governor--I know he's strongly, and the 
Lieutenant Governor is strongly in favor of liability reform--you need 
to work it here in Arkansas, by the way. Just don't rely upon the 
Federal Government, but get you good medical liability. It's tough, 
because some of these lawyer groups are some of the politically 
strongest groups in the State and the country. I understand how tough it 
is. But we're doing the right thing by insisting upon medical liability 
reform. We're doing the right thing by telling people the truth, and 
that is the health care system looks like a giant lottery. That's what 
it looks like these days because of these lawsuits. And somehow, the 
trial lawyers always hold the winning ticket. Lawyers walk away with up 
to 40 percent--40 percent--of every settlement and verdict, which adds 
up to billions of costs, billions of unnecessary costs.
    Lawsuits don't heal patients. That's a fact. And they're driving a 
wedge between the docs and their patients. One of the most vital links 
of good medicine is the doctor-patient

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relationship. Yet many doctors fear what they tell a patient will be 
used against them in a court of law. We've got a culture of lawsuit here 
in America, a culture of lawsuits, a litigation culture, which is 
driving a wedge between the doctors and patients, and that's not right. 
When docs treat their patients, the only thing they should worry about 
is the health of their patients, not some trial lawyer breathing down 
their neck.
    Seventy-one percent of the doctors in Arkansas say they are 
considering early retirement. Let me tell you what's happening here in 
Arkansas, and it's happening in other States too. You're not alone. 
These frivolous and junk lawsuits are not only driving up the costs, but 
a lot of docs are thinking about quitting the practice of medicine. 
Remember, I talked about to make sure medicine is affordable and 
available. Lawsuits drive up the affordability. Lawsuits are driving 
docs out of the practice, which means there's less availability. You've 
got to have doctors in your communities. In order to be a vibrant, 
successful community, you need a viable health care industry with good 
docs. And yet, 71 percent of the doctors in this State say they're 
considering early retirement; 50 percent of the physicians say they're 
having difficulty recruiting new doctors to practice in Arkansas.
    This litigation culture puts a sign up there saying, ``If you come 
to our State, you're likely to get sued.'' Who wants to do that? People 
want to practice medicine. They don't want to spend their time defending 
themselves in the courthouse because of the frivolous and junk lawsuits 
that are too prevalent today in America. More than a third of the docs 
are considering moving out of State. See, that says to me you got a 
problem here in Arkansas. And by the way, again I repeat, you're not 
alone. Trust me, you're not alone. There's a lot of States that can't 
get good medical liability reform through.
    Today I met with some decent docs and health administrators. Let me 
tell you their stories so that we get a better feel for why we need 
medical liability reform at the State and Federal level.
    Sara McBee is here. There's Sara. She's from Fayetteville, Arkansas. 
She practices family medicine. She was delivering between 80 and 100 
babies a year. Now, there's a soul--a good soul who loves life to the 
point where she's willing to take her talents and deliver babies. It 
must be an unbelievably satisfying profession to bring life to be.
    And yet, in July of 2002, her insurance premiums more than doubled. 
See, the litigation culture made it nearly impossible for her to 
practice her love. I say nearly impossible, because she wouldn't break 
her commitments to expecting patients and hung in there for a year. But 
her premiums continued to rise, and Dr. McBee has stopped delivering 
babies, as a direct result of too many junk lawsuits, and that's not 
right. That's not right.
    Let me give you another story. Dr. John Wilson is with us. Dr. 
Wilson is a good soul. He's an orthopedist from Little Rock, Arkansas. 
He's been practicing medicine for--I think he said 35 years, 30 of which 
he wasn't hassled by lawsuits. In other words, what we're talking about 
is a new phenomenon here in society--in this society. He is a--he 
believes that doctors are called to serve. Besides just healing people, 
they're called to serve people. And I bet you when you talk to most 
docs, that's the way they feel as well.
    So he traveled every week to the Arkansas Delta. And for people who 
aren't familiar with Arkansas, that is a poor, rural area that, frankly, 
does not have enough doctors. And he heard a calling. So he would go 
there to help--to love, really, if you think about it--to practice his 
talent and skills and to love people by helping them, and then he got 
sued. And the lawsuits were dropped, but he was unable to find insurance 
because he was told if he kept going over there, the cost of his 
business, the cost of being a doctor, would rise dramatically. And so he 
quit going. He quit going.
    By the way, I went to Mississippi a while ago and talked to a doc 
who was there in the Mississippi Delta. He came down from another State 
to practice medicine. He understood there's a lot of poor people there; 
he wanted to help them. He got sued--for helping poor people, because 
he's a doctor. And guess what? He left. The Wilson story and the story I 
just mentioned to you, it's just all too common. And people get 
affected. These junk lawsuits not only are running up the cost of 
medicine; they're making the

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quality of life of some of our citizens--diminishing the quality of 
life.
    Sully and Mary Ligon are with us. They're from Helena--or Henrietta?
    Mrs. Ligon. It's Helena.
    The President. Helena, yes, Helena. How quickly we forget. 
[Laughter] Anyway, see, the Ligons got help from Dr. Wilson. She was 
telling me she got injured during one Christmas and tore a rotator cuff, 
and Dr. Wilson being the good doc he is, fixed it. Her fastball is back 
up to about 85 miles an hour now. [Laughter] But Dr. Wilson no longer 
goes there. And Sully got knocked over by a cow. He said a wild cow, not 
a mad cow. [Laughter] He got hurt, see. And Dr. Wilson was their doc 
because he used to go there. He no longer goes there. So guess what? The 
Ligons now have to drive here. And as they were quick to point out, they 
can afford to do so, which is good. It's inconvenient as heck, but they 
can afford to do so. There's a lot of people there that can't, and 
they're missing out on a good doc. And the reason Dr. Wilson is not 
there is because lawsuits are running up the cost of medicine, make it 
hard for him to practice. His heart's right. Trust me. I heard him. But 
he just can't go there.
    There's just too many junk and frivolous lawsuits. We need to do 
something about it for the sake of a lot of people. I met with Frank 
Wise. He's from Fulton County Hospital. It's a rural hospital. These 
junk lawsuits have raised the cost of delivering babies such that they 
no longer do so in his hospital. And he tells the story about people 
desperately looking for a place to--for a bed, and babies being 
delivered on a bridge.
    Listen, I'm going to tell you something. We can have balance in our 
society when it comes to having a good legal system and a good medical 
system. It's not that way today. The pendulum has swung way, way too 
far.
    D'Borai Lynn Cook--you might have heard of her if you work here. 
She's the emergency room case manager. She sees firsthand what it means 
to practice medicine defensively. She says they over-prescribe to cover 
themselves to make sure that, as they do their job, they're thinking 
about what would happen if they end up in a court of law. She says 
that--she said then there's the negative aspect of defensive medicine 
with people saying, ``I'm not going to handle that case.''
    See, too many lawsuits affect the lives of a lot of good people, and 
we need to do something about it. And so I proposed to the Congress to 
act. My job as the President, if I see problems, is to address them 
square on, and I expect Congress to do the same thing. I expect Congress 
to do the same.
    First of all, we want to make sure the court system is uncluttered. 
We want to make sure that if a person is injured, they have their day in 
court. Frivolous and junk lawsuits make it hard for those who get 
injured to have their day in court, for starters. And secondly, 
obviously, if they've been hurt by a bad doc, there needs to be a 
judgment, and that person needs to be able to recover the cost of their 
care, the recovery, and the economic losses for the rest of their life. 
Every good doc wants to make sure that the legal system works fairly. 
Good docs aren't afraid to stand up in a court of law. They just don't 
want to be run out of business because of these junk lawsuits, just 
filing suit after suit after suit.
    People ought to be allowed to recover economic damages. But for the 
sake of a strong health care system, for the sake of making sure health 
care is accessible and affordable, we need a $250,000 cap on non-
economic damages.
    States that have got a hard cap have seen positive results, have 
seen the judicial system work well and the medical field stay vibrant. 
And if harm is caused by truly egregious behavior, patients should be 
able to recover reasonable punitive damages.
    What I propose is fair, see. I've laid out something that's balanced 
and fair, something that addresses a critical national need, and that is 
the cost of medicine. The problem is, is that some in the United States 
Senate don't see it that way. That bill I put up there passed the House 
of Representatives, and it's stuck in the Senate. And your Senators need 
to hear from you about a balanced, fair system. For the sake of Arkansas 
and States around the country, you need medical liability reform.

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    We need to make sure we've got joint and several liability reform as 
well. See, what happens is some of these junk lawsuits, they'll just 
file against everybody. Even though they may not be like 100-percent 
responsible for an issue, they'll have to pay 100 percent of the cost. 
That's not fair. That hurts hospitals in particular and a lot of docs as 
well. There needs to be good reform. There just needs to be good, sound 
national reform that's fair and balanced and full of common sense.
    The House passed a bill. It's stuck in the Senate. These Senators 
have got to understand no one has ever been healed by a frivolous 
lawsuit. And I'm going to stay on the issue until we get it fixed. This 
is a national problem.
    Let me talk about one other issue, and then I'll let you get back to 
work. Today I met Mary Lynn Roberson at the airport. Mary Lynn has 
volunteered--she's right there. I told her I was going to say her name. 
Thank you, Mary Lynn. She has volunteered here for nearly three decades. 
She visits with family and friends of surgery patients. In other words, 
she's spreading love, is what she's doing. And the reason I bring that 
up, and her work, is because the true strength of America is the fact 
that there are Mary Lynns in every community who are willing to take 
time out of their personal life to love a neighbor just like you'd like 
to be loved yourself.
    We're a mighty nation when it comes to our military, and we'll keep 
it that way. We're a mighty nation when it comes to wealth in our 
economy, and it's getting better. But the most mighty aspect of our 
Nation is the fact that our citizens, from all walks of life, care 
deeply about a neighbor in need.
    One of the most compelling things about being the President is I get 
to see on a daily basis the true compassion of our fellow citizens. And 
I hear just unbelievably fantastic stories about people overcoming big 
odds, because a neighbor is helped. Somebody has just taken time out of 
their life to make a difference.
    My call to the good people of Little Rock is to work with the Boy 
Scouts--and I thank you for being involved in such a values-based 
program--or to start a program in your house of worship to feed the 
hungry or find shelter for the homeless. If you are interested in 
helping make a difference, mentor a child, teach a child how to read. 
What a fantastic gift that is to teach a child to read. After all, I 
like to say reading is the new civil right. And you can help.
    The strength of this country is the fact that we're a compassionate 
country. And there are thousands of people who are soldiers in the army 
of compassion, working hard to change lives, just like you're doing here 
at this hospital.
    I'm so grateful that you gave me a chance to come by and talk about 
issues of national concern. I'm particularly grateful for the love you 
show for people who hurt here in society. This country is a great 
country because it is full of great people.
    I'm honored to be here. May God bless your work, and may God 
continue to bless America. Thank you.

Note: The President spoke at 11:14 a.m. at the Baptist Health Medical 
Center. In his remarks, he referred to Russell D. Harrington, Jr., 
president and chief executive officer, Baptist Health System; Doug 
Weeks, senior vice president and administrator, Baptist Health Medical 
Center; Gov. Mike Huckabee and Lt. Gov. Win Rockefeller of Arkansas; 
Mayor Jim Dailey of Little Rock, AR; Mayor Patrick Hays of North Little 
Rock, AR; State Senator Gilbert Baker and State Representative Marvin 
Parks of Arkansas; and Khalid Sheik Mohammed, senior Al Qaida leader 
responsible for planning the September 11 attack, who was captured in 
Pakistan on March 1, 2003.