    [Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Volume 36, Number 22 (Monday, June 5, 2000)]
    [Pages 1262-1267]
    [Online from the Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]

    <R04>
    Remarks on Receiving the International Charlemagne Prize in Aachen,
    Germany

    June 2, 2000

        Ladies and gentlemen, Chancellor Schroeder, Lord Mayor Linden,
    President Rau, President Havel, His Majesty Juan Carlos, President
    Halonen, previous laureates, members of the Charlemagne Foundation,
    leaders of the clergy and cathedral, and members of the German and
    American Governments. Let me begin by thanking the Lord Mayor for his
    welcome and his wise words and my good friend Chancellor Schroeder for
    his kind comments and his visionary statement.
        The rare distinction you have bestowed upon me I am well aware is in
    large measure a tribute to the role the American people have played in
    promoting peace, freedom, and security in Europe for the last 50 years.
    I feel the honor is greater still because of the remarkable
    contributions made by previous recipients of this prize toward our
    common dream of European union.
        Of course, as has already been said, that dream has its roots here
    in Aachen, an ancient shrine that remains at the center of what it means
    to be European, the seat of an empire, a place of healing waters, peace
    treaties, furious fighting. With its liberation at the end of World War
    II, Aachen became perhaps the first German city to join the postwar
    democratic order.
        Today, as I have seen, Aachen is both a sanctuary for sacred relics,
    dating back to the dawn of Christianity, and a crucible of Europe's new
    information economy. Here, Charlemagne's name summons something glimpsed
    for the first time during his life, a sense that the disparate people of
    this Earth's smallest continent could actually live

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    together as participants in a single civilization.
        In its quest for unity, even at the point of a sword, and in its
    devotion to the new idea that there was actually something called
    Europe, the Carolingian idea surpassed what had come before, and to an
    extent, it guides us still.
        Twelve centuries ago, out of the long, dark night of endless tribal
    wars, there emerged a light that somehow has survived all the ravages of
    time, always burning brighter, always illuminating Europe's way to the
    future. Today, that shining light of European union is a matter of the
    utmost importance, not just to Europeans but to everyone on this planet,
    for Europe has shown the world humanity at its best and at its worse.
    Europe's most violent history was caused by men claiming the mantle of
    Charlemagne, men who sought to impose European union for their own ends
    without the consent of the people. History teaches, therefore, that
    European union, not to mention transatlantic unity, must come from the
    considered judgment of free people and must be for worthy purposes that
    when threatened must be defended.
        The creators of this prize and its first winners clearly understood
    that. We often say that theirs was the generation that rebuilt Europe
    after World War II, but actually, they did far more. They built the
    foundation of something entirely new, a Europe united in common
    commitment to democracy, free markets, and the rule of law. That
    achievement endured for half a century but only for half a continent.
        Then, 11 years ago, the Berlin Wall fell, the Iron Curtain parted,
    and at last the prospect of a Europe whole and free opened before you.
    All of us will remember 1989 for the Wall crumbling to the powerful
    strains of Schiller's ``Ode to Joy.'' It was a moment of great
    liberation, like 1789 or 1848, a particular triumph for the German
    people, whose own unification defied great adversity and set the stage
    for the larger unification of Europe.
        Too often we forget that 1989 was also a time of grave uncertainty
    about the future. There were doubts about NATO's future, reinforced
    later by its slowness to confront evil in Bosnia and Croatia. There were
    fears that the EU's efforts to come closer together would either fail
    or, succeeding, would fatally divide Europe and the United States. The
    countries of Central and Eastern Europe feared becoming a gray zone of
    poverty and insecurity. Many wondered if Russia was headed for a
    Communist backlash or a nationalist coup.
        In January of 1994 I came to Europe for the first time as President,
    both to celebrate Europe's new birth of freedom and to build upon it.
    Then, I spoke of a new conception of European security, based not on
    divided defense blocs but instead on political, military, and cultural
    integration. This new security idea required, as has already been said,
    the transatlantic alliance to do for Europe's East what we did for
    Europe's West after World War II.
        Together, we set about doing that. We lowered trade barriers,
    supported young democracies, adapted NATO to new challenges and expanded
    our Alliance across Europe's old divide. We made clear, and I repeat
    today, that NATO's door remains open to new members. The EU took in
    three new members that opened negotiations with a dozen others, created
    a single market with one currency.
        We've stood by Russia, struggling to build their own democracy and
    opened the way to a partnership between Russia and NATO and between
    Ukraine and NATO. We defended the values at the heart of our vision of
    an undivided Europe, acting to stop the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and
    forging what I believe will be an enduring peace there.
        We acted in Kosovo in one of our Alliance's finest moments. A year
    ago in Germany we launched a Stability Pact for southeastern Europe. We
    stand still with crusaders for tolerance and freedom from Croatia to
    Slovakia to Serbia, and we do encourage reconciliation between Turkey
    and Greece.
        Over the last 11 years, of course, there have been some setbacks.
    But unquestionably, Europe today is more united, more democratic, more
    peaceful than ever, and both Europeans and Americans should be proud of
    that.
        Think how much has changed. Borders built to stop tanks now manage
    invasions of tourists and trucks. Europe's fastest growing

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    economies are now on the other side of the old Iron Curtain. At NATO
    Headquarters the flags of 19 Allies and 27 partners fly. In Central
    Europe and Eastern Europe, the realistic dream of membership in the EU
    and NATO has sparked the resolution of almost every old ethnic and
    border dispute. And, finally--finally--our friend Vaclav Havel has spent
    more years being President than he spent in prison.
        In southeastern Europe, the Bosnians are still fighting but now at
    the ballot box. Croatia is a democracy. Soldiers from almost every
    European country, including bitter former adversaries, are keeping the
    peace together in Kosovo. Last year, as German troops marched through
    the Balkan countryside, they were hailed as liberators. What a way to
    end the 20th century.
        In the meantime, Russia has stayed on the path of democracy, though
    its people have suffered bitter economic hardships, political and
    criminal violence, and the tragedy of the war in Chechnya, which yet may
    prove to be self-defeating because of the civilian casualties. Still, it
    has withdrawn its troops from the Baltic States, accepted the
    independence of its neighbors, and completed the first democratic
    transition in its thousand-year history.
        European unity really is producing something new under the Sun,
    common institutions that are bigger than the nation-state and, at the
    same time, a devolution of democratic authority downward. Scotland and
    Wales have their own Parliaments. This week Northern Ireland, where my
    family has its roots, restored its new government. Europe is alive with
    the sound of ancient place names being spoken again, Catalonia,
    Piedmonte, Lombardy, Silesia, Transylvania, Uthenia, not in the name of
    separatism but in the spirit of healthy pride and heritage.
        National sovereignty is being enriched by lively local voices making
    Europe safer for diversity, reaffirming our common humanity, reducing
    the chance that European disunity will embroil Europe and America in
    another large conflict.
        One thing, thankfully, has not changed. Europe's security remains
    tied to America's security. When it is threatened, as it was in Bosnia
    and Kosovo, we, too, will respond. When it is being built, we, too, will
    always take part.
        Europe's peace sets a powerful example to other parts of the world
    that remain divided along ethnic, religious, and national lines. Even
    today Europe has internal disputes over fundamental questions of
    sovereignty, political power, and economic policy--disputes no less
    consequential than those over which people still fight and die in other
    parts of the world. However, instead of fighting and dying over them
    now, Europeans argue about them in Brussels, in a spirit of cooperation
    and mutual respect.
        The whole world should take notice of this. If western Europe could
    come together after the carnage of World War II, if central Europe could
    do it following 50 years of communism, it can be done everywhere on this
    Earth.
        Of course, for all of the positive developments and our good
    feelings today, the job of building a united Europe is certainly not
    finished, and it is important not to take all this self-congratulation
    too far. Instead, we should focus today on two big pieces of unfinished
    business and one enduring challenge. The first piece of unfinished
    business is to make southeast Europe fully, finally, and forever a part
    of the rest of Europe. That is the only way to make peace last in that
    bitterly divided region.
        It cannot be done by forcing people to live together; there is no
    bringing back the old Yugoslavia. It cannot be done by giving every
    community its own country, army, and flag. Shifting so many borders in
    the Balkans will only shake the peace further.
        Our goal must be to debalkanize the Balkans. We must help them to
    create a magnet that will bring people together, a magnet more powerful
    than the polarizing pull of their old hatreds. That's what the Stability
    Pact that Germany helped to establish is designed to do, challenging the
    nations of southeast Europe to reform their economies and strengthen
    their democracies and pledging more than $6 billion from the rest of us
    to support their efforts. Now we must turn quickly those pledges into
    positive changes in the lives of ordinary people and steadily bring
    those nations into Western institutions.

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        We must also remain unrelenting in our support for a democratic
    transition in Serbia. For if there is to be a future for democracy and
    tolerance in this region, there must be no future for Mr. Milosevic and
    his policy of ethnic hatred and ethnic cleansing.
        If southeastern Europe is to be fully integrated into the continent,
    Turkey also must be included. I applaud the EU's decision to treat
    Turkey as a real candidate for membership. I hope both Turkey and the EU
    will take the next steps. It will be good for Turkey, good for southeast
    Europe, good for more rapid reconciliation between Greece and Turkey and
    the resolution of Cyprus, and good for the entire world, which is still
    too divided over religious differences.
        Our second piece of unfinished business concerns Russia. We must
    work to build a partnership with Russia that encourages stability,
    democracy, and cooperative engagement with the West and full integration
    with global institutions.
        Only time will tell what Russia's ultimate role in Europe will be.
    We do not yet know if Russia's hard-won democratic freedoms will endure.
    We don't know yet whether it will define its greatness in yesterday's
    terms or tomorrow's. The Russian people will make those decisions.
        Though Russia's transformation is incomplete, there clearly is
    reason for hope in Russia's remarkable journey over these last few
    years, from dictatorship to democracy, from communism to the market,
    from empire to nation state, from adversary to partner in reducing the
    threat of weapons of mass destruction. Because the stakes are so high,
    we must do everything we can to encourage a Russia that is fully
    democratic and united in its diversity, a Russia that defines its
    greatness not by dominance of its neighbors but by the dominant
    achievements of its people and its partnership, a Russia that should be,
    indeed, must be, fully part of Europe.
        That means no doors can be sealed shut to Russia, not NATO's, not
    the EU's. The alternative would be a future of harmful competition
    between Russia and the West and the end of our vision of an undivided
    continent.
        As Winston Churchill said when he received the Charlemagne Prize in
    the far darker days of 1956, ``in a true unity of Europe, Russia must
    have her part.'' Of course, Russia may very well decide it has no
    interest in formally joining European or transatlantic institutions. If
    that happens, we must make sure that, as the EU and NATO expand, their
    eastern borders become gateways to Russia, not barriers to trade,
    travel, and security cooperation. We must build real institutional links
    with Russia, as NATO has begun to do. Of course, it won't be easy, and
    there is still mistrust to be overcome on both sides, but it is possible
    and absolutely necessary.
        The steps necessary to bring southeast Europe and Russia into the
    embrace of European unity illustrate the continued importance of the
    transatlantic alliance to both Europe and America. The enduring
    challenge we face, therefore, is to preserve and strengthen our alliance
    as Europe continues its coming together.
        We have agreed on the principles. We have laid the foundations. But
    the future we're building will look very different from anything we have
    ever known. In a generation, I expect the EU will have as many as 30
    members, from the Baltics to the Balkans to Turkey; a community of
    unprecedented cultural, political, and economic diversity and vitality.
    It will be a bigger Europe than Charlemagne ever dared dream, a
    reflection of our recognition that ultimately, Europe is a unifying idea
    as much as a particular place: an expansive continent of different
    peoples who embrace a common destiny, play by the same rules, and affirm
    the same truths, that ethnic and religious hatred are unacceptable, that
    human rights are inalienable and universal, that our differences are a
    source of strength, not weakness, that conflicts must be resolved by
    arguments, not by arms.
        I believe America must continue to support Europe's most ambitious
    unification efforts. And I believe Europe should want to strengthen our
    alliance even as you grow stronger. The alliance has been the bedrock of
    our security for half a century. It can be the foundation on which our
    common future is built.
        Oh, it's easy to point to our differences. Many do. On my bad days,
    I do. But let's keep a healthy perspective. Consider these

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    news headlines about U.S.-European dispute: ``Allies Complain of
    Washington's Heavy Hand,'' ``France to NATO: Non, Merci,'' ``U.S.
    Declares Economic Warfare on Allies,'' ``Protestors Rally Against
    American Arms Plan.'' The first of those headlines is from the Suez
    crisis in 1956. The second is from 1966, when France left NATO's
    military command. The third is from 1981, the Siberian Pipeline crisis.
    The fourth, from 1986 during the debate about deploying intermediate
    nuclear missiles in Europe.
        Yes, we've always had our differences, and being human and
    imperfect, we always will. But the simple fact is, since Europe is an
    idea as much as a place, America also is a part of Europe, bound by ties
    of family, history, and values.
        More than ever, we are also actually connected. Underwater cables
    allow us to send staggering amounts of E-mail and E-commerce to each
    other instantaneously. A billion dollars in trade and investment goes
    back and forth every day, employing more than 14 million people on both
    sides of the Atlantic.
        And there is the enduring connection, the 104,000 Americans who lie
    in military cemeteries across Europe. Today's Europe would not be
    possible without them. And whatever work I have done to merit your prize
    was built on their sacrifice.
        So my friends, we must nourish the ties that bind us as we work to
    resolve honest disagreements and to overcome potentially harmful
    misperceptions on both sides of the Atlantic. Let me mention just two.
        There is a perception right now in America that Europe doesn't
    always carry its fair share of our mutual responsibilities. Yet
    Europeans are providing more than 80 percent of both the troops keeping
    the peace in Kosovo and the funds for economic reconstruction there. And
    few Americans know that in our own backyard, Europeans paid for more
    than 60 percent of all aid to Central America when it was ravaged by
    Hurricane Mitch and a third of all support for peace in Guatemala.
        At the same time, there is a perception in Europe that America's
    power, military, economic, cultural, is at times too overbearing.
    Perhaps our role in NATO's air campaign in Kosovo accentuated such
    fears. But in Kosovo, our power was exercised in alliance with Europe,
    in pursuit of our shared interest in European peace and stability, in
    defense of shared values central to the goal of European integration.
        If, after Kosovo, European countries strengthen their own ability to
    act with greater authority and responsibility in times of crisis, while
    maintaining our transatlantic link, I think that is a very good thing.
    There is no contradiction between a strong Europe and a strong
    transatlantic partnership.
        I would also like to mention that our partnership, as the Lord Mayor
    pointed out, and as Chancellor Schroeder said, remains profoundly
    important, not only to ourselves, but to the rest of the world as well.
    Together, we account for more than half the world's economy and 90
    percent of its humanitarian aid. If we're going to win the fight against
    terrorism, organized crime, the spread of weapons of mass destruction,
    if we want to promote ethnic, religious, and racial tolerance, if we
    want to combat global warming and environmental degradation, fight
    infectious disease, ease poverty, and close the digital divide, clearly,
    we must do these things together.
        Europe and America should draw strength from our transatlantic
    alliance. Europe should not be threatened by it, and America must not
    listen to those who say we should go it alone. America must remain
    Europe's good partner and good ally.
        Lord Palmerston's rule that countries have no permanent alliances,
    only permanent interests, simply does not apply to our relationship. For
    America has a permanent interest in a permanent alliance with Europe.
    Our shared future is deeply rooted in our shared history. The American
    Revolution, after all, stemmed in part from the Seven Years War, which
    in turn stemmed from a treaty signed here in Aachen in 1748.
        Now, a few days ago, I stood at the mouth of the Tagus River in
    Lisbon. From that spot over five centuries ago, brave Europeans began to
    explore the far reaches of our planet. They traveled unimaginable
    distances and conquered indescribable adversity on their way to find
    Asia, Africa, and the Americas. In their wake, the sons and daughters of
    this

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    continent came across the Atlantic to populate places they called New
    Spain, New England, New France, New Netherlands, Nova Scotia, New
    Sweden, in short, a new Europe. Without the longing for a new Europe,
    there never would have been an America in the first place.
        Now, as the longing for a new Europe takes root on the soil of the
    old continent, we should never let a sense of history's inevitability
    cloud our wonder at how astonishingly Europeans changed the rest of the
    world through enterprise, imagination, and their ability to grow,
    qualities that always will define Europe's identity far more accurately
    than any mapmaker ever will.
        In the years ahead, as pilgrims of peace come here to Aachen, I hope
    they will reflect on the similarity of the two monuments enshrined here.
    First, the magnificent cathedral holding Charlemagne's mortal remains,
    begun in his lifetime, added to throughout the Middle Ages, repaired in
    the 20th century, when our failure to keep the peace required it. And
    second, the peace and unity that three generations have been building
    for five decades now in Europe, a work far from complete, perhaps never
    to be completed but completely worthy of our best labors and dreams. Let
    us keep building this cathedral, the cathedral of European unity, on the
    foundation of our alliance for freedom. Because I have tried to lay a
    stone or two in my time, I am honored and humbled to accept this prize.
        Thank you very much.

    Note: The President spoke at 12:45 p.m. in the Katschof Courtyard at the
    Aachen Cathedral. In his remarks, he referred to Chancellor Gerhard
    Schroeder of Germany; Lord Mayor Jurgen Linden of Aachen; President
    Johannes Rau of Germany; President Vaclav Havel of the Czech Republic;
    King Juan Carlos of Spain; President Tarja Halonen of Finland; and
    President Slobodan Milosevic of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
    (Serbia and Montenegro).