This title was enacted by Pub. L. 95–473, §1, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1337; Pub. L. 97–449, §1, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2413; Pub. L. 103–272, July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 745



**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VIII, §8001(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1612, substituted "Multimodal Freight Transportation . . .70101" for "[TRANSFERRED]" in item for subtitle IX.

**2010**—Pub. L. 111–314, §4(d)(1)(A), Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3440, substituted "[TRANSFERRED]" for "COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION . . .70101" in item for subtitle IX.

**1995**—Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(b), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 852, as amended by Pub. L. 104–287, §6(f)(1), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3399, substituted "TRANSPORTATION" for "COMMERCE" in item for subtitle IV.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–272, §1(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 745, amended subtitle analysis generally, substituting "OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES . . .1101" for "TRANSPORTATION PROGRAMS . . .3101" in item for subtitle II, "GENERAL AND INTERMODAL PROGRAMS . . .5101" for "[RESERVED—AIR TRANSPORTATION]" in item for subtitle III, and "RAIL PROGRAMS . . .20101" for "[RESERVED—MISCELLANEOUS]" in item for subtitle V, and adding items for subtitles VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X.

**1983**—Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2413, amended subtitle analysis generally, substituting "DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION . . .101" for "[RESERVED—DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION]" in item for subtitle I and "TRANSPORTATION PROGRAMS . . .3101" for "[RESERVED—TRANSPORTATION PROGRAMS]" in item for subtitle II.

Title 49 or Title 49 Appendix Former Sections | Title 49 New Sections |
---|---|

1(1), (2) | 10501 |

1(3) | 10102 |

1(4) (related to standards) | 10701 |

1(4) (2d sentence last cl.) | 10702 |

1(4) (1st sentence related to through routes and 2d sentence less last cl.) | 10703 |

1(4) (1st sentence 14th–23d words) | 11101 |

1(5)(a) | 10701 |

1(5)(b) (7th and 8th sentences) | 10709 |

1(5)(b) (less 7th and 8th sentences) | 10701 |

1(5)(c)(i) | 10709 |

1(5)(c)(ii) | 10102 |

1(5)(d) | Rep. |

1(5½) | 10749 |

1(6) (last sentence) | 10750 |

1(6) (less last sentence) | 10702 (See also 10701(a)) |

1(7) (1st sentence, 32 words before 8th semicolon-9th semicolon) | 10721 |

1(7) (1st sentence words before 2d semicolon, words between 5th semicolon and 21st word after 7th semicolon, 1st–18th words after 9th semicolon, 1st proviso (words before semicolon), 2d, and 3d provisos) | 10722 |

1(7) (1st sentence 1st–4th and 13th–20th words after 2d semicolon and words between 3d and 5th semicolons) | 10723 |

1(7) (1st sentence 5th–12th and 21st–29th words after 2d semicolon and last 11 words before 1st proviso) | 10723 |

1(7) (1st sentence 1st proviso, words between semicolon and colon) | 10724 |

1(7) (less 1st sentence) | 11905 |

1(8) | 10746 |

1(9) | 11104 |

1(10) | 10102 |

1(11) | 11121 |

1(12) (3d sentence) | 11902 |

1(12) (less 3d sentence) | 11126 |

1(13) | 11121 |

1(14)(a) | 11122 |

1(14)(b) | 11121 |

1(14)(c) | 11105 |

1(15) (related to car service less last sentence) | 11123 |

1(15) (last sentence) | 11128 |

1(15) (related to service less last sentence) | 11127 |

1(16) (related to traffic less (b)) | 11124 |

1(16) (related to service less (b)) | 11127 |

1(16)(b) | 11125 |

1(17)(a) (1st sentence) | 11121 |

1(17)(a) (last sentence less proviso) | 11901 |

1(17)(a) (last sentence proviso) | 10501 |

1(17)(b) | 11907 |

1(18)(a), (b) | 10901 |

1(18)(c) | 10902 |

1(18)(d) | 10907 |

1(18)(e) (related to action by the Attorney General) | 11703 |

1(18)(e) (related to Commission action) | 11702 |

1(18)(e) | 11901 |

1(18)(e) (related to State enforcement) | 11505 |

1(19)–(22) | Rep. |

1 note | 10711 |

1a(1) (1st sentence) | 10903 |

1a(1) (less 1st and last sentences) | 10904 |

1a(1) (last sentence) | 10907 |

1a(2), (3) | 10904 |

1a(4) | 10903 |

1a(5) | 10904 |

1a(6), (7) | 10905 |

1a(8) | Rep. |

1a(9) (related to Commission action) | 11702 |

1a(9) (related to action by the Attorney General) | 11703 |

1a(9) (last sentence) | 11901 |

1a(9) (related to State enforcement) | 11505 |

1a(10) | 10906 |

1a(11) | 10905 |

2 | 10741 |

3(1) | 10741 |

3(1a) | Rep. |

3(2) (1st sentence) | 10743 |

3(2) (less 1st sentence) | 10744 |

3(3) | 10744 |

3(4) (1st sentence 2d cl., 2d sentence related to standards) | 10701 |

3(4) (less 1st sentence 2d cl., and 2d sentence related to facilities) | 10742 |

3(5) | 11103 |

4 | 10726 |

5(1) (words between semicolon and 1st colon) | 11914 |

5(1) (less words between semicolon and 1st colon) | 11342 |

5(2)(a) | 11343 |

5(2)(b)–(e) | 11344 |

5(2)(f) | 11347 |

5(2)(g), (h) | 11345 |

5(3)(a)–(e) | 11346 |

5(3)(f) (last sentence) | 11346 |

5(3)(f) (less last sentence) | 11350 |

5(3)(g) | 11346 |

5(4) | 11348 |

5(5)–(7) | 11343 |

5(8) (last sentence) | 11912 |

5(8) (less last sentence) | 11701 |

5(9) | 11702 |

5(10) | 11351 |

5(11) | 11343 |

5(12) | 11341 |

5(13) | Rep. |

5(14) | 11343 |

5(15) (words after semicolon) | 11914 |

5(15) (less words after semicolon) | 11321 |

5(16), (17) | 11321 |

5a | Rep. |

5b, 5c | 10706 |

6(1) | 10762 |

6(2) | 10765 |

6(3), (4) | 10762 |

6(5) | 10764 |

6(6) | 10762 |

6(7) | 10761 |

6(8) | 11128 |

6(9) | 10762 |

6(10) | 11901 |

6(11) | 10503 |

6(12) | 10765 |

7 | 10745 |

8, 9 | 11705 |

10(1) | 11914 |

10(2)–(4) | 11904 |

11 | 10301 |

12(1)(a) (less 2d sentence words after semicolon and last sentence words after 1st semicolon and before last semicolon) | 10321 |

12(1)(a) (words after semicolon in 2d sentence) | 10311 |

12(1)(a) (last sentence less words before 1st semicolon and after last semicolon) | 11703 |

12(1)(b) | 10505 |

12(2)–(7) | 10321 |

13(1) | 11701 |

13(2) (last sentence) | 11502 |

13(2) (less last sentence) | 11701 |

13(3) | 11502 |

13(4), (5) | 11501 |

13(6) | 10326 |

13a(1) | 10908 |

13a(2) | 10909 |

14(1), (2) | 10310 |

14(3) (last sentence) | 10311 |

14(3) (less last sentence) | 10310 |

15(1) | 10704 |

15(2) | 10324 |

15(3), (4) | 10705 |

15(5) | 10748 |

15(6) | 10705 |

15(7) | 10708 |

15(8) | 10707 |

15(9) | 10709 |

15(10) | 10763 |

15(11) | 11710 |

15(12) | 10763 |

15(13), (14) | 11910 |

15(15) | 10747 |

15(16) | 10321 |

15(17) | 10727 |

15(18) | 10728 |

15(19) | 10729 |

15a(1)–(5) | 10704 |

15a(6), 15b | Rep. |

16(1), (2) | 11705 |

16(3)(c), (g) | 11705 |

16(3)(h) | Rep. |

16(3) (less (c), (g), and (h)) | 11706 |

16(4) | 11705 |

16(5) | 10329 |

16(6) | 10324 |

16(7) | 11914 |

16(8)–(10) | 11901 |

16(11) | 10301 |

16(12) (related to Commission action) | 11702 |

16(12) (related to action by the Attorney General) | 11703 |

16(12) (related to action by private person) | 11705 |

16(12) (enforcement of money award) | 11705 |

16(13) | 10303 |

16a | Rep. |

17(1) | 10302 |

17(2) (1st sentence 80th–98th words and 2d sentence) | 10304 |

17(2) (less 80th–90th words in 1st sentence, less 2d sentence) | 10305 |

17(3) (less 2d sentence and last 42 words of 3d sentence) | 10306 |

17(3) (2d sentence) | 10301 |

17(3) (last 42 words of 3d sentence) | 10321 |

17(4) (1st and 3d sentences) | 10305 |

17(4) (2d sentence) | 10303 |

17(5) | 10322 |

17(6), (7) | 10323 |

17(8) | 10324 |

17(9)(j) | 10310 |

17(9) (less (j)) | 10327 |

17(10) | 10325 |

17(11) | 10305, 10306 |

17(12) | 10328 |

17(13) | 10308 |

17(14)(a) | 11701 |

17(14)(b) | Rep. |

17(15) | 10309 |

17 note | 10306 |

18(1) (1st and 3d sentences) | 10301 |

18(1) (2d sentence) | 10303 |

18(1) (4th sentence) | 10307 |

18(1) (last sentence) | 10321 |

18(2) | 10301 |

19 | 10307 |

19a(a) (1st and last sentences) | 10781 |

19a(a) (2d and 3d sentences) | 10301 |

19a(b) | 10782 |

19a(c) | 10781 |

19a(d) | Rep. |

19a(e) | 10783 |

19a(f), (g) | 10784 |

19a(h)–(j) | 10785 |

19a(k) (1st sentence) | 10786 |

19a(k) (less 1st sentence) | 11901 |

19a(l) |
11703 |

20(1), (2) | 11145 |

20(3) (less (e)) | 11142 |

20(3)(e) | Rep. |

20(4) | 11143 |

20(5) | 11144 |

20(6) (2d sentence, 1st cl.) | 11144 |

20(6) (2d sentence, 2d cl.) | 11145 |

20(6) (less 2d sentence) | 11144 |

20(7)(a) | 11901 |

20(7)(b) (proviso) | 11144 |

20(7)(b) (less proviso) | 11909 |

20(7)(c)–(e) | 11901 |

20(7)(f) | 11910 |

20(8) | 11141 |

20(9) | 11703 |

20(10) | 10301 |

20(11) (2d sentence, 1st proviso) | 10103 |

20(11) (less 1st sentence 2d proviso related to released value, 2d sentence less words before 2d proviso) | 11707 |

20(11) (1st sentence 2d proviso related to released value), 2d sentence (less 1st–5th provisos) | 10730 |

20(12) | 11707 |

20a(1)–(10) | 11301 |

20a(11) (2d and 3d sentences) | 11709 |

20a(11) (less 2d, 3d, and 4th sentences) | 11301 |

20a(11) (last sentence) | 11911 |

20a(12) (last sentence) | 11911 |

20a(12) (less last sentence) | 11322 |

20b(1) | 11361 |

20b(2) (1st–3d sentences, 4th sentence less words between 8th comma and period, 9th sentence) | 11362 |

20b(2) (4th sentence, words between 8th comma and period, 8th comma and period, 8th sentence) | 11363 |

20b(2) (5th and 7th sentences) | 11364 |

20b(2) (less 1st–9th sentences) | 11365 |

20b(3) (1st and last sentences) | 11362 |

20b(3) (less 1st and last sentences) | 11363 |

20b(4) | 11365 |

20b(5) | 11361 |

20b(6) | 11366 |

20b(7) | Rep. |

20b(8) | 11362 |

20b(9) | 11367 |

20b(10) | 10321 |

20b(11) | 11367 |

20b(12) | Rep. |

20b(13) | 11361 |

20c | 11303 |

21 | 10311 |

22(1) (1st sentence 1st 26th and 62d–76th words) | 10721 |

22(1) (1st sentence 77th–86th words and 2d proviso, 2d–4th sentences) | 10722 |

22(1) (1st sentence words between 2d and 4th semicolons) | 10722 |

22(1) (1st sentence words between 4th and 5th semicolons) | 10722 |

22(1) (1st sentence 27th–61st words and words between 1st and 2d semicolons) | 10723 |

22(1) (1st sentence words between 6th semicolon and 1st proviso) | 10723 |

22(1) (last 2 sentences) | 10724 |

22(1) (1st sentence words between 5th and 6th semicolons) | 10103 |

22(1) (1st proviso 1st sentence) | Rep. |

22(2) (less 1st sentence proviso) | 10721 |

22(2) (1st sentence proviso) | Rep. |

23 | 11703 |

25 | Rep. |

26(a) | 20102 |

26(b) | 20502 |

26(c) | 20503 |

26(d) | 20504 |

26(e) | 20502 |

26(f) (words before last semicolon) | 20505 |

26(f) (words after last semicolon) | 20902 |

26(g) | 501 |

26(h) (1st sentence words before last comma) | 21302 |

26(h) (1st sentence words after last comma) | 21304 |

26(h) (2d, 3d sentences, 4th sentence words before last comma) | 21302 |

26(h) (4th sentence words after last comma, 5th sentence) | 21304 |

26(h) (last sentence) | 21302 |

26a | 11504 |

26b | 10381–10388 |

26c | 11503 |

27 | Rep. |

41(1) (1st sentence) | 11915 |

41(1) (less 1st sentence) | 11903 |

41(2) (related to corporate violations) | 11903 |

41(2) (related to corporate violations) | 11915 |

41(2) (last sentence) | 11916 |

41(3) | 11902 |

42 | Rep. |

43 | 11703 |

44, 45 | T. 15 §§28, 29 |

46 | 11913 |

47, 48 | Rep. |

49 | Elim. |

50 (related to notice) | 10329 |

50 (related to process) | 10330 |

51 (related to ownership) | 11321 |

51 (related to 49:6(11)) | 10503 |

52 | 10783 |

53 | Elim. |

54–59 | Rep. |

60 | 11507 |

61–64 | Rep. |

65, 65a | 10721 |

66 | T. 31 §3726 |

67 | Elim. |

71–79 | Rep. |

80 | T. 40 §316 (See Rev. T. 40 Table) |

81 | 80102 |

82, 83 | 80103 |

84, 85 | 80112 |

86, 87 | 80103 |

88, 89 | 80110 |

90–92 | 80111 |

93 | 80108 |

94 | 80114 |

95 | 80107 |

96–99 | 80110 |

100–102 | 80113 |

103 | 80115 |

104 | Rep. |

105 | 80109 |

106 | 80111 |

107, 108 | 80104 |

109 (1st sentence) | 80106 |

109 (last sentence) | 80103 |

110 | 80104 |

111 | 80105 |

112, 113 | 80106 |

114–116 | 80107 |

117, 118 | 80104 |

119, 120 | 80105 |

121 | 80116 |

122 | 80101 |

123, 124 | Rep. |

141 | Rep. |

142 | 303a |

143 | Rep. |

151–157 | Rep. |

171–173a, 174–184 | Rep. |

201 | Rep. |

211–213 | T. 43 §§1441–1443 |

214 | Rep. |

231 | Rep. |

241–246 | T. 50 §§151–154, 156, 157 |

250–268 | Rep. |

301 | Rep. |

302(a), (b)(1) | 10521 |

302(b) (less (1)) | 11506 |

302(c) | 10523 |

303(a)(1) | 10102 |

303(a)(2) | 10342 |

303(a)(3) | Rep. |

303(a)(4) | 10341 |

303(a)(5)–(7) | Rep. |

303(a)(8), (9) | 10102 |

303(a)(10) (proviso) | 10522 |

303(a)(10) (less proviso) | 10521 |

303(a)(11) | 10521, 10927 |

303(a)(12), (13) | 10102 |

303(a)(14) (words before 2d comma) | 10102 |

303(a)(14) (words after 2d comma) | 10502 |

303(a)(15)–(19) | 10102 |

303(a)(20), (21) | Rep. |

303(a)(22), (23) | 31501 |

303(b) | 10526 |

303(c) (words between 6th and 7th commas) | 10521 |

303(c) (words before "nor", less words between 6th and 7th commas) | 10921 |

303(c) (less words before "nor") | 10524 |

304(a) (matter preceding (1)) | 10321 |

304(a)(1) (related to service) | 11101 |

304(a)(1) (related to accounts) | 11142 |

304(a)(1)–(2) (related to qualifications, hours of service, and safety) | 31502 |

304(a)(2) (less "qualifications" through period) | 11142 |

304(a)(3) (1st sentence) | 31502 |

304(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Secs. 304(c), 305, 320, 321, 322(a), (b), (d), (f), (g)") | 502–507, 522, 523, 525, 526 |

304(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 305(d) (related to liability)") | 525 |

304(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 324") | 31504 |

304(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Secs. 304(c), 305, 320, 321, 322(a), (b), (d), (f), (g)") | 502–507, 522, 523, 525, 526 |

304(a)(3a) (1st sentence) | 31502 |

304(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 305(d) (related to liability)") | 525 |

304(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 324") | 31504 |

304(a)(4) | 11142 |

304(a)(4a) | 10525 |

304(a)(5) | 31503 |

304(a)(6) | 10321 |

304(a)(7) (words after semicolon) | 10311 |

304(a)(7) (less words after semicolon) | 10321 |

304(b) | 11102 |

304(c) | 11701 |

304(d) (related to administration matters) | 10303 |

304(d) (related to reports) | 10310 |

304(d) | 10311 |

304(e) | 11107 |

304(f) | 11101 |

304a(1)–(4) | 11706 |

304a(5), (6) | 11705 |

304a(7) | Rep. |

304a(8) | 11706 |

305(a) (1st and 2d sentences) | 10341 |

305(a) (3d sentence less proviso) | 10342 |

305(a) (3d sentence proviso) | 10344 |

305(a) (less 1st–3d sentences) | 10343 |

305(b) (2d sentence, 1st 12 words) | 10344 |

305(b) (1st, 3d, 5th, and 12th sentences) | 10342 |

305(b) (2d sentence 13th–37th words) | 10341 |

305(b) (4th and 6th sentences) | 10342 |

305(b) (7th–9th sentences) | 10343 |

305(b) (10th sentence) | 10342 |

305(b) (11th sentence) | 10344 |

305(b) (less 1st–12th sentences) | 10342 |

305(c) (related to the Commission) | 10307 |

305(c) (related to joint boards) | 10344 |

305(d) (related to Commission and employee board subpena power) | 10321 |

305(d) (related to joint boards) | 10344 |

305(d) (related to liability) | 11913 |

305(e) | 10328 |

305(f) (4th sentence) | 10344 |

305(f) (less 4th sentence) | 11502 |

305(g) (proviso) | Rep. |

305(g) (less proviso) | 11705, 11706 |

305(h) | 10301–10306, 10308, 10309, 10321–10325, 10328 |

305(i) (related to members of Commission) | 10301 |

305(i) (related to joint board) | 10344 |

305(i) (related to examiner) | 10306 |

305(j) | 10301 |

305a | 10344 note |

306(a)(1) (word before proviso) | 10921 |

306(a)(1) (words after colon) | Rep. |

306(a)(2) | 10932 |

306(a)(3)–(5) | Rep. |

306(a)(6) | 10931 |

306(a)(7) | 10932 |

306(b), 307 | 10922 |

308(a), (b) | 10922 |

308(c), (d) | 10932 |

309(a)(1) (words before 1st proviso) | 10921 |

309(a)(1) (words between 1st and last colons) | Rep. |

309(a)(1) (last proviso) | 10526 |

309(a)(2) | 10932 |

309(a)(3)–(5) | Rep. |

309(b) (last proviso) | 10932 |

309(b) (less last proviso) | 10923 |

310 | 10930 |

310a(a) | 10928 |

310a(b) | 11349 |

310a(c) | 10928 |

310a(c) | 11349 |

311(a) (words before 1st proviso) | 10921 |

311(a) (words after 1st colon) | 10924 |

311(b), (c) (words before 2d comma) | 10924 |

311(c) (words after 2d comma) | 10927 |

311(d) | 11144 |

312(a) | 10925 |

312(b) | 10926 |

312(c) | Rep. |

313 | 11304 |

314 (related to securities) | 11302 |

314 (related to penalties) | 11911 |

315 | 10927 |

316 (related to standards) | 10701 |

316(a) (1st–24th, 45th–59th words) | 10703 |

316(a) (60th–143d words) | 10702 |

316(a) (25th–44th words) | 11101 |

316(b) (related to standards) | 10701 |

316(b) (16th–33d words) | 11101 |

316(b) (less 16th–33d words) | 10702 |

316(c) (less 2d sentence) | 10703 |

316(c) (2d sentence) | 10702 |

316(d) (1st sentence) | 10701 |

316(d) (less 1st sentence) | 10741 |

316(e) (2d sentence 2d cl.) | 10705 |

316(e) (2d sentence less 2d cl. and less proviso) | 10704 |

316(e) (proviso) | 10521 |

316(e) (less 2d sentence) | 11701 |

316(f) | 10705 |

316(g) (less proviso) | 10708 |

316(g) (proviso) | Rep. |

316(h) | 10701 |

316(i) | 10704 |

316(j) | 10103 |

317(a) | 10762 |

317(b) (proviso) | 10103, 10721–10724 |

317(b) (less proviso) | 10761 |

317(c) | 10762 |

317(d) | 10761 |

318(a) (1st sentence related to standards) | 10701 |

318(a) (1st and 4th sentences, and 7th sentence proviso related to relief) | 10702 |

318(a) (2d, 5th, and 6th sentences, and 7th sentence proviso related to general requirements) | 10762 |

318(a) (3d sentence, 7th sentence less proviso, and 7th sentence proviso related to relief) | 10761 |

318(b) | 10704 |

318(c) (proviso) | Rep. |

318(c) (less proviso) | 10708 |

319 | 10730, 11707 |

320(a) (1st and 2d sentences) | 11145 |

320(a) (less 1st and 2d sentences) | 10764 |

320(b) | 11145 |

320(c) | 11143 |

320(d) | 11144 |

320(e) | 11141 |

320(f) | 504 |

320(g) | 11144 |

321(a) | 10329 |

321(b) | 10324 |

321(c) | 10330 |

321(d) (related to orders) | 10324 |

321(d) (related to notice) | 10329 |

321(d) (related to process) | 10330 |

322(a) | 11914 |

322(b)(1) | 11702 |

322(b) (less (1)) | 11708 |

322(c) (related to rate violations) | 11904 |

322(c) (related to evasion of regulation) | 11906 |

322(d)–(f) | 11910 |

322(g) | 11909 |

322(h) | 11901 |

323 (1st sentence) | 10743 |

323 (less 1st sentence) | 10744 |

324 | 11106 |

324a | 10747 |

325 | 31503 |

325a | 11504 |

326, 327 | Rep. |

401–403 | Rep. |

421–422a | Rep. |

422b | Elim. |

423–427 | Rep. |

451–460 | Rep. |

461 | Elim. |

481–496 | Rep. |

521–524 | Rep. |

551–560 | Rep. |

581, 582 | Rep. |

601–603 | Rep. |

621–623 | Rep. |

641–649 | Rep. |

671–685 | Rep. |

701–705 | Rep. |

711–722 | Rep. |

751–758 | Rep. |

781 | 80302 |

782 | 80303 |

783 (1st sentence) | 80304 |

783 (last sentence) | 80303 |

784 (proviso) | 80304 |

784 (less proviso) | 80306 |

785 | 80305 |

786 | 80306 |

787(a)–(c) | 80301 |

787(d)–(g) | 80302 |

788, 789 | 80304 |

901 | Rep. |

902(a) | 10102 |

902(b) | Rep. |

902(c), (d) (less exception) | 10102 |

902(d) (words after 1st comma) | 10502 |

902(e) (1st and 2d sentences) | 10102 |

902(e) (3d–5th sentences) | 10544 |

902(f)–(h) | 10102 |

902(i) | 10541 |

902(j)–(m) | 10102 |

903(a) | 10541 |

903(b)–(d) | 10542 |

903(e)(1) | 10544 |

903(e)(2) (last sentence) | Rep. |

903(e)(2) (less last sentence) | 10544 |

903(e)(3) | 10544 |

903(f) | 10543 |

903(g), (h) | 10544 |

903(i) | 10721 |

903(j), (k) | 10541 |

903(l) |
10929 |

904(a) | 10321 |

904(b) (words after last semicolon) | 10311 |

904(b) (less words after last semicolon) | 10321 |

904(c) | 11102 |

904(d) | 11108 |

904(e) | 11701 |

905(a) (1st sentence related to standards and 2d sentence) | 10701 |

905(a) (1st sentence 1st cl.) | 11101 |

905(a) (less 1st sentence 1st cl. and last sentence) | 10702 |

905(b) (4th sentence) | 10701, 10702 |

905(b) (less 4th sentence) | 10703 |

905(c) | 10741 |

905(d) (1st sentence 2d cl., 2d sentence related to facilities) | 10701 |

905(d) (less 1st sentence 2d cl., 2d sentence related to standards) | 10742 |

906(a), (b) | 10762 |

906(c) (proviso) | 10103, 10721–10724 |

906(c) (less proviso) | 10761 |

906(d) (1st sentence) | 10761 |

906(d) (less 1st sentence) | 10762 |

906(e) (1st sentence related to standards) | 10701 |

906(e) (1st sentence and 7th sentence proviso related to relief) | 10702 |

906(e) (2d, 4th, 5th, and 6th sentences, and 7th sentence provision, related to general requirements) | 10762 |

906(e) (3d sentence, and 7th sentence less proviso, and 7th sentence proviso related to relief) | 10761 |

907(a) | 11701 |

907(b) | 10704 |

907(c) | 10701 |

907(d), (e) | 10705 |

907(f) | 10704 |

907(g) (proviso) | Rep. |

907(g) (less proviso) | 10708 |

907(h) | 10704 |

907(i) (proviso) | Rep. |

907(i) (less proviso) | 10708 |

908(a)–(e), (f)(4) | 11705 |

908(f) (less (4)) | 11706 |

908(g) | 11705 |

909(a) (words before 1st proviso) | 10921 |

909(a) (words after 1st colon) | Rep. |

909(b)–(e) | 10922 |

909(f) (words before 1st proviso) | 10921 |

909(f) (words after 1st colon) | Rep. |

909(g) | 10923 |

910 | 10930 |

911(a) | 10928 |

911(b) | 11349 |

912 | 10926 |

912a | 10925 |

913(a) | 11145 |

913(b) | 10764 |

913(c) | 11142 |

913(d) | 11143 |

913(e)–(g) | 11144 |

913 (less (a)–(g)) | 11141 |

914 | 10747 |

915(a) | 10329 |

915(b) | 11701 |

915(c), (d) | 10324 |

915(e) | 11914 |

916(a) | 10301–10306, 10308, 10309, 10321–10325, 10328, 11703, 11913 |

916(b) (related to Commission action) | 11702 |

916(b) (related to action by the Attorney General) | 11703 |

916(b) (related to action by private person) | 11705 |

916(c) | 10310 |

916(d) | 10303 |

917(a) | 11914 |

917(b), (c) | 11904 |

917(d) | 11909 |

917(e) | 11910 |

917(f) (1st and 2d sentences) | 11910 |

917 (less (a)–(e) and (f) (1st and 2d sentences)) | 11910 |

918 (1st sentence) | 10743 |

918 (less 1st sentence) | 10744 |

919 | 10301 |

920–922 | Rep. |

922a | 11303 |

922b | 11504 |

923 | Rep. |

1001 | Rep. |

1002(a)(2) | Rep. |

1002(a)(1), (3), (4), (5), (8) | 10102 |

1002(a)(6), (7) | 10561 |

1002(b), (c) | 10562 |

1003(a) | 10321 |

1003(b) | 11101 |

1003(c), (d) | 10927 |

1003(e) (words after last semicolon) | 10311 |

1003(e) (less words after last semicolon) | 10321 |

1003(f) | 11701 |

1004(a) (1st cl.) | 11101 |

1004(a) (related to standards) | 10701 |

1004(a) (related to carrier authority) | 10702 |

1004(b), (c) | 10741 |

1004(d) | 10766 |

1005(a), (b) | 10762 |

1005(c) (proviso) | 10103, 10721–10724 |

1005(c) (less proviso) | 10761 |

1005(d) | 10762 |

1005(e) | 10761 |

1006(a) | 11701 |

1006(b) | 10704 |

1006(c) | 10701 |

1006(d) | 10704 |

1006(e) (proviso) | Rep. |

1006(e) (less proviso) | 10708 |

1006(f) (2d and 3d sentences) | 10502 |

1006(f) (less 2d last sentences) | 11502 |

1006(f) (4th and last sentences) | 11501 |

1006a(5), (6) | 11705 |

1006a (less (5), (6), (7)) | 11706 |

1006a(7) | Rep. |

1007, 1008 | 10725 |

1009 | 10766 |

1010(a)(1) (words before semicolon) | 10921 |

1010(a) (less words before semicolon in par. (1)) | Rep. |

1010(b) | 10923 |

1010(c) (less 2d sentence, words before semicolon) | 10923 |

1010(c) (2d sentence, words before semicolon) | 10930 |

1010(d), (e) | 10923 |

1010(f) | 10925 |

1010(g) | 10926 |

1010(h) | 10930 |

1010(i) (1st sentence) | 10933 |

1010(i) (less 1st sentence and 2d sentence words before semicolon) | 11908 |

1010(i) (related to Commission action) | 11702 |

1010(i) (related to enforcement by the United States) | 11703 |

1010(i) (related to private enforcement) | 11704 |

1010(i) (related to State enforcement) | 11505 |

1011(a) | 11323 |

1011(b) (last proviso) | Rep. |

1011(b) (less last proviso) | 10930 |

1011(c) | 11323 |

1011(d) | 11701 |

1011(e) | 11702 |

1011(f) | 11701 |

1011(g) | 11323 |

1012(a) (1st and 2d sentences) | 11145 |

1012(a) (3d sentence) | 11142 |

1012(a) (last sentence) | 10764 |

1012(b) | 11145 |

1012(c)–(e) | 11144 |

1012(f) | 11141 |

1013 (1st sentence related to released value) | 10730 |

1013 | 11707 |

1014 | 10743 |

1015 | 10747 |

1016(a) | 10329 |

1016(b), (c) | 10324 |

1016(d) | 11914 |

1017(a) | 10301–10306, 10308, 10309, 10311, 10321–10325, 10328, 11703, 11705, 11913 |

1017(b)(1) (related to Commission action) | 11702 |

1017(b)(1) (related to action by the Attorney General) | 11703 |

1017(b)(1) (related to action by private person) | 11705 |

1017(b) (less (1)) | 11708 |

1017(c) | 10310 |

1017(d) | 10303 |

1018 | 10749 |

1019 | Rep. |

1020 (related to service) | 11127 |

1020 (related to penalties) | 11901 |

1021(a) | 11914 |

1021(b), (c) | 11904 |

1021(d) | 11909 |

1021(e), (f) | 11910 |

1021 (less (a)–(f)) | 11703 |

1022 | Rep. |

1101–1103 | Rep. |

1103a | Elim. |

1104–1120 | Rep. |

1151 | 47301 |

1152 | 47302 |

1153 | 47303 |

1154 | 47302 |

1155–1157(b) | 47304 |

1157(c) | Rep. |

1158 | 47304 |

1159(a) (1st sentence) | 47305 |

1159(a) (last sentence) | 47306 |

1159(b)–(d) | 47305 |

1159a, 1159b | 41310 |

1160 | 47305 |

1181–1185 | Rep. |

1201–1203 | 80504 |

1211–1215 | Rep. |

1231–1240 | Rep. |

1301(1) | Rep. |

1301(2), (3) (less proviso) | 40102 |

1301(3) (proviso) | 40109 |

1301(4)–(12) | 40102 |

1301(13) | Rep. |

1301(14) (related to certificate) | 41101 |

1301(14) (less certificate)–(37) | 40102 |

1301(38) | 46501 |

1301(39)–(41) | 40102 |

1302, 1303 | 40101 |

1303 note | 44111, 44713, 45302, 46301, 46306, 46315 |

1304 | 40103 |

1305(a), (b)(1) | 41713 |

1305(b)(2) | 40102 |

1305(c), (d) (related to (a), (b)(1)) | 41713 |

1305(d) (related to (b)(2)) | 40102 |

1305(d) (related to (c)) | 41713 |

1306–1308 | Rep. |

1321–1323 | Rep. |

1324(a) | 40113 |

1324(b), (c) | 41711 |

1324(d) | 40114 |

1325 | Rep. |

1341(a), (b) | 106 |

1341(c) | Rep. |

1342 | 106 |

1343(a)(1), (2) (related to cooperative agreements) | 324 |

1343(a)(2) (related to Deputy Administrator) | 106 |

1343(b) | 329 |

1343(c) | 40107 |

1343(d) | 323 |

1343(e) | Rep. |

1343(f), (g) (1st sentence 33d–43d words) | 323 |

1343(g) (less 1st sentence 33d–43d words) | 325 |

1343(h) | Rep. |

1343(i) | 322 |

1344(a)–(d) | 40110 |

1344(a) | 322 |

1344(b) | 331 |

1344(c)(1) | 326 |

1344(d) (less words after semicolon) | 322 |

1344(d) (words after semicolon) | (See former section 1348(b).) |

1344(e) | 322, 40111 |

1344(f) | 40112 |

1344(g) | 40110 |

1344(h) | 47124 |

1345 | 40107 |

1346, 1346a | 40104 |

1347 | 40101 |

1348(a) | 40103 |

1348(b) (1st sentence cl. (3)) | 44721 |

1348(b) (1st sentence less cl. (3), 2d sentence) | 44502 |

1348(b) (3d, last sentences) | 44721 |

1348(c), (d) | 40103 |

1348(e) | 40109 |

1348(f) | 40106 |

1348 notes | 44506, 44514, 44719 |

1348a | 44506 |

1349(a) (1st, 2d sentences) | 44502 |

1349(a) (3d, last sentences) | 40103 |

1349(b), 1350 | 44502 |

1351 | 44720 |

1352 | 329 |

1353(a) | 44501 |

1353(b) | 44504 |

1353(c) | 44505 |

1353(d) | 44501 |

1353(e) | 44507 |

1353(f) | 44508 |

1353(g) | 44511 |

1353(h) | 44512 |

1353(i) | 44513 |

1353 notes | 44506, 48102 |

1354(a) | 40113 |

1354(b) | 40114 |

1354(c) (related to this chapter) | 46104 |

1354(c) (related to Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982) | 47122 |

1354(c) (related to Federal Airport Act and Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970) | Rep. |

1354(d) | 40108 |

1354(e) | 308(b), 40113 |

1354(f) | 45302 |

1354 note | 44515, 48110 |

1354a (1st sentence) | 44510 |

1354a (2d sentence) | 48106 |

1354a (3d, last sentences) | 44510 |

1355 (less (a) (last sentence related to fees)) | 44702 |

1355(a) (last sentence related to fees) | 45303 |

1356(a) (1st, 2d sentences) | 44901 |

1356(a) (3d sentence 1st–18th words) | 44938 |

1356(a) (3d sentence 19th–last words) | 44901 |

1356(a) (last sentence), (b) | 44938 |

1356(c) | 44901 |

1356a | Rep. |

1356b | 44903 |

1357(a), (b) | 44903 |

1357(c) | 44935 |

1357(d)(1), (2) | 40119 |

1357(d)(3)–(8) | 44912 |

1357(d)(9) | 48107 |

1357(e)(1) | 40119, 44937 |

1357(e)(2), (3), (f), (g) | 44903 |

1357(g) | 44936 |

1357(h)–(j) | 44935 |

1357(k)(1)–(3) | 44906 |

1357(k)(4) | 44938 |

1357 notes | 44904, 44906, 44914, 44936, 44938 |

1358 | 44915 |

1358a | 44932 |

1358b(a) | 44933 |

1358b(b) | 44934 |

1358b(c) | Rep. |

1358c | 44913 |

1358d | 44905 |

1358d note | 44910 |

1359 | Rep. |

1371(a) | 41101 |

1371(b), (c) | 41108 |

1371(d)(1)–(3) | 41102 |

1371(d)(4)(A)(i), (ii) (related to joint services) | 41101 |

1371(d)(4)(A)(ii) (related to joint rates, fares), (B) | 41503 |

1371(d)(5)–(7) | Rep. |

1371(d)(8) (1st sentence) | 41102 |

1371(d)(8) (last sentence) | 41110 |

1371(d)(9) | 41108 |

1371(e)(1)–(4) | 41109 |

1371(e)(5)–(7)(A) | Rep. |

1371(e)(7)(B) | 41109 |

1371(e)(7)(C) | Rep. |

1371(f), (g) | 41110 |

1371(h) | 41105 |

1371(i) | 41101 |

1371(j) | 41312 |

1371(k) | 42112 |

1371(l) |
41903 |

1371(m) | 41107 |

1371(n)(1) | Rep. |

1371(n)(2)–(6) | 41104 |

1371(o) |
41106 |

1371(p) | 41111 |

1371(q) | 41112 |

1371(r) | 41110 |

1371a (related to certificate) | 41110 |

1371a (related to permit) | 41304 |

1372(a) | 41301 |

1372(b) | 41302 |

1372(c), (d) | 41305 |

1372(e) (related to duration of permits) | 41304 |

1372(e) (related to terms, conditions, or limitations of permits) | 41305 |

1372(f) | 41304 |

1372(g) | 41303 |

1372(h) | 41306 |

1373(a) | 41504 |

1373(b)(1) (1st sentence) | 41510 |

1373(b)(1) (2d–last sentences) | 41511 |

1373(b)(2) | 41510 |

1373(c)(1), (2) | 41504 |

1373(c)(3) | 41509 |

1373(d) | 41506 |

1374(a)(1) | 41702 |

1374(a)(2) | 41501 |

1374(b) | 41310 |

1374(c) | 41705 |

1374(d)(1) | 41706 |

1374(d)(2) | 46301 |

1374 note | 41706 |

1375(a) | Rep. |

1375(b) | 41902 |

1375(c), (d) | 41903 |

1375(e)(1) | 41912 |

1375(e)(2) | 41904 |

1375(f)(1) (1st sentence) | 41905 |

1375(f)(1) (2d–last sentences), (2) | 41908 |

1375(g) | 41911 |

1375(h) | 41906 |

1375(i) | Rep. |

1375(j) | T. 39 §5007 |

1376(a)–(e) | 41901 |

1376(f) | 41910 |

1376(g) | Rep. |

1376(h)(1) | 41907 |

1376(h)(2) | 41909 |

1376(h)(3) | 41907 |

1376a, 1376b | Rep. |

1377(a) | 41708 |

1377(b), (c) | Rep. |

1377(d), (e) (1st–3d sentences) | 41709 |

1377(e) (last sentence) | 41708 |

1378, 1379 | Rep. |

1380, 1380 note | 44909 |

1381(a) | 41712 |

1381(b) | 41707 |

1382(a), (b) | 41309 |

1382(c) | 42111 |

1383 | 40102 |

1384 | 41308 |

1385 | 41711 |

1386(a) | 41701 |

1386(b) | 40109 |

1387, 1388(a)(1)–(3) | Rep. |

1388(a)(4) | 41103 |

1388(b)(1)(A) | Rep. |

1388(b)(1)(B), (2) | 41103 |

1388(b)(3) | Rep. |

1388(b)(4) | 41110 |

1388(c), (d) | 41103 |

1389(a) | 41731 |

1389(b)(1) | 41733 |

1389(b)(2) | 41734 |

1389(b)(3), (4) | 41733 |

1389(b)(5)–(8) | 41734 |

1389(b)(9) | 41733 |

1389(c) | 41735 |

1389(d) | 41736 |

1389(e)(1) | 41738 |

1389(e)(2)–(g) | 41737 |

1389(h) | 41741 |

1389(i) | 41739 |

1389(j) | 41740 |

1389(k)(1) | 41732 |

1389(k)(2)–(5) | 41731 |

1389(l) |
41737 |

1389(m) | 41742 |

1401(a) | 44101 |

1401(b) | 44102 |

1401(c), (d) | 44103 |

1401(e)(1) | 44105 |

1401(e)(2)(A)–(C) | 44106 |

1401(e)(2)(D), (E) | 44103 |

1401(e)(2)(F) | 44106 |

1401(f), (g) | 44103 |

1401(h) | 44111 |

1401 note | 44111, 44703, 44713 |

1402 | 44104 |

1403(a), (b) | 44107 |

1403(c), (d) | 44108 |

1403(e), (f) | 44107 |

1403(g) | 44110 |

1403(h) | 44704 |

1404 | 44112 |

1405 (1st sentence) | 44104 |

1405 (2d sentence) | 44103 |

1405 (last sentence) | 46301 |

1406, 1406 note | 44108 |

1421(a), (b) (1st sentence related to standards, rules, and regulations) | 44701 |

1421(b) (1st sentence related to issuing certificates) | 44702 |

1421(b) (2d sentence) | 44702 |

1421(b) (last sentence), (c) | 44701 |

1421(d) | 44712 |

1421(e) | 44714 |

1421(f) | 44716 |

1421 notes | 44716, 44717, 44722 |

1422(a) (1st–10th words) | 44702 |

1422(a) (11th–last words), (b)(1), (2)(A), (B) | 44703 |

1422(b)(2)(C) | 44710 |

1422(c), (d) | 44703 |

1423(a)(1) (related to issuing certificates) | 44702 |

1423(a)(1) (related to regulations for appliances), (2) | 44704 |

1423(b) (related to issuing certificates) | 44702 |

1423(b) (related to basis for issuing, and contents of, certificates) | 44704 |

1423(c) (related to issuing certificates) | 44702 |

1423(c) (related to basis for issuing, and contents of, certificates) | 44704 |

1424(a) (related to issuing certificates) | 44702 |

1424(a) (related to standards) | 44701 |

1424(b) | 44705 |

1425 | 44713 |

1426 (1st sentence) | 44708 |

1426 (last sentence) | 44702 |

1427 (1st sentence) | 44707 |

1427 (last sentence), 1428 | 44702 |

1429(a) (1st–7th sentences) | 44709 |

1429(a) (8th–last sentences related to Administrator under subchapter VII) | 1153 |

1429(a) (8th–last sentences less Administrator under subchapter VII), (b) | 44709 |

1429(c) | 44710 |

1430 | 44711 |

1431(a)–(d) | 44715 |

1431(e) | 44709 |

1432(a) (related to issuing certificates) | 44702 |

1432(a) (related to standards) | 44701 |

1432(b), (c) | 44706 |

1432(d) | 44914 |

1433(a), (b) | 40103 note |

1433(c) | Rep. |

1434(a) | 45102 |

1434(b) | 45103 |

1434(c) | 45105 |

1434(d) | 45104 |

1434(e) | 45106 |

1434(f) | 45101 |

1441(a)(1), (2) | 1132 |

1441(a)(3) | 1116 |

1441(a)(4) | 1131 |

1441(a)(5) | 1116 |

1441(b) | 1113 |

1441(c) (1st sentence) | 1132 |

1441(c) (2d, last sentences), (d) | 1134 |

1441(e) | 1154 |

1441(f) | 1131 |

1441(g), 1442 | 1132 |

1443 | 1112 |

1461(a) | 41307 |

1461(b) | 41509 |

1462 | 40105 |

1463 | 44720 |

1471(a)(1) (related to subchapter VII) | 1155 |

1471(a)(1) (less subchapter VII), (2) (related to subchapter III, V, VI, or XII, §1501, 1514, or 1515(e)(2)(B), and Postal Service) | 46301 |

1471(a)(2) (related to 1471(c)) | 46302 |

1471(a)(2) (related to 1471(d)) | 46303 |

1471(a)(2) (related to subchapter VII) | 1155 |

1471(a)(3) (less (D)(v) (related to Administrator under subchapter VII)) | 46301 |

1471(a)(3)(D)(v) (related to Administrator under subchapter VII) | 1153 |

1471(b) | 46304 |

1471(c) | 46302 |

1471(d) | 46303 |

1472(a) | 46316 |

1472(b) | 46306 |

1472(c) | 46308 |

1472(d) | 46309 |

1472(e) | 46310 |

1472(f) | 46311 |

1472(g) | 46313 |

1472(h)(1) | 40113 |

1472(h)(2) | 46312 |

1472(h)(3) | 40113 |

1472(i) | 46502 |

1472(j) | 46504 |

1472(k) | 46506 |

1472(l) |
46505 |

1472(m) | 46507 |

1472(n)(1) | 46502 |

1472(n)(2) | 46501 |

1472(n)(3) | 46502 |

1472(n)(4) | 46501 |

1472(o) |
T. 28 §538 |

1472(p) | 1155 |

1472(q) | 46315 |

1472(r) | 46314 |

1473(a) | Rep. |

1473(b)(1) | 1155, 46305 |

1473(b)(2), (3) | 46304 |

1473(b)(4) | 1155, 46305 |

1473(c) | 46503 |

1474 | T. 19 §1644a |

1475 | Rep. |

1481 | 46102 |

1482(a)–(c) | 46101 |

1482(d), (e) | Rep. |

1482(f) | 41507 |

1482(g) | Rep. |

1482(h) | 41508 |

1482(i) | Rep. |

1482(j)(1)–(7) | 41509 |

1482(j)(8) | Rep. |

1482(j)(9), (10) | 41509 |

1482(k) | Rep. |

1482a | 41505 |

1483(a) | Rep. |

1483(b) | 41502 |

1483(c)–(e) | Rep. |

1484 | 46104 |

1485(a) | 46105 |

1485(b), (c) | 46103 |

1485(d)–(f) | 46105 |

1486 (related to CAB) | 1153, 46110 |

1486 (related to Secretary) | 46110 |

1487(a) (related to CAB) | 1151, 46106 |

1487(a) (related to Attorney General) | 46107 |

1487(a) (related to party in interest) | 46108 |

1487(a) (related to Secretary) | 46106 |

1487(b) (related to CAB) | 1151, 46107 |

1487(b) (related to Secretary) | 46107 |

1488 (related to CAB) | 1151, 46107 |

1488 (related to Secretary) | 46107 |

1489 | 1152, 46109 |

1490 | 41710 |

1501 | 44718 |

1502(a) | 40105 |

1502(b) | 40101 |

1502(c), (d) | 40105 |

1503 | 40114 |

1504 | 40115 |

1505 | 40113 |

1506 | 40120 |

1507 | 44502 |

1508(a) | 40103 |

1508(b) | 41703 |

1509(a) | 40120 |

1509(b)–(e) | T. 19 §1644a |

1509(f), 1509 note | 44109 |

1510 | 40120 |

1511 | 44902 |

1512, 1513(a), (b) | 40116 |

1513(c) | Rep. |

1513(d) | 40116 |

1513(e) | 40117 |

1513(f) | 40116 |

1514 | 40106 |

1515 | 44907 |

1515 note | 44910 |

1515a | 44908 |

1516 | 41704 |

1517, 1518 | 40118 |

1519 | 44721 |

1521, 1522 | 40103 |

1523 | 46307 |

1531 | 44301 |

1532(a) | 44302 |

1532(b), (c) | 44306 |

1533 | 44303 |

1534 | 44305 |

1535 | 44304 |

1536(a)–(d) | 44307 |

1536(e) | Rep. |

1536(f) | 44307 |

1537(a) (1st sentence) | 44308 |

1537(a) (last sentence words between 2d and 3d commas) | 44302 |

1537(a) (last sentence less words between 2d and 3d commas) | 44306 |

1537(b)–(d) | 44308 |

1537(e) | Rep. |

1537(f) | 44308 |

1538, 1539 | Rep. |

1540 | 44309 |

1541 | 44302 |

1542 | 44310 |

1551(a)(1)(A) | 41102 |

1551(a)(1)(B) | 41102, 41110 |

1551(a)(1)(C) | 41109 |

1551(a)(1)(D) | 41312 |

1551(a)(1)(E) (related to 49:1371(n)(1)) | Rep. |

1551(a)(1)(E) (related to 49:1371(n)(4)) | 41104 |

1551(a)(1)(F), (G), (2), (3) | Rep. |

1551(a)(4)(A) (related to 49:1371(l)) |
41903 |

1551(a)(4)(A) (related to 49:1371(m)) | 41107 |

1551(a)(4)(A) (related to 49:1375(b)) | 41902 |

1551(a)(4)(A) (related to 49:1375(c), (d)) | 41903 |

1551(a)(4)(B) (related to 49:1373(a)) | 41504 |

1551(a)(4)(B) (related to 49:1373(b)) | 41510, 41511 |

1551(a)(4)(B) (related to 49:1373(c)(1), (2)) | 41504 |

1551(a)(4)(B) (related to 49:1373(c)(3)) | 41509 |

1551(a)(4)(B) (related to 49:1373(d)) | 41506 |

1551(a)(4)(C) (related to 49:1374(a)(1)) | 41702 |

1551(a)(4)(C) (related to 49:1374(a)(2)) | Rep. |

1551(a)(4)(C) (related to 49:1374(b)) | 41310 |

1551(a)(5)(A)–(C), (D) (related to 49:1482(d), (e), (g)) | Rep. |

1551(a)(5)(D) (related to 49:1482(h)) | 41508 |

1551(a)(5)(D) (related to 49:1482(i)) | Rep. |

1551(a)(6) (related to 49:1382) | 41309 |

1551(a)(6) (related to 49:1384) | 41308 |

1551(a)(7) | Rep. |

1551(a)(8) | 41107, 41901–41903 |

1551(b)(1)(A) | Rep. |

1551(b)(1)(B) | 40105 |

1551(b)(1)(C) (related to 49:1378, 1379) | Rep. |

1551(b)(1)(C) (related to 49:1382(a), (b)) | 41309 |

1551(b)(1)(C) (related to 49:1382(c)) | 42111 |

1551(b)(1)(C) (related to 49:1384) | 41308 |

1551(b)(1)(D) | 41901; T. 39 §5402 |

1551(b)(1)(E) | 10526, 10749, 40101–40103, 40105, 40106, 40109, 40113, 40114, 40118, 41102–41112, 41302–41307, 41312, 41502–41511, 41701, 41703, 41704, 41708–41713, 41901–41903, 41907, 41910, 44712, 46101–46107, 46109, 46110, 46301–46305, 46309, 46311, 46313, 46316, 47501; T. 18 §6001; T. 39 §5007 |

1551(b)(2) | Rep. |

1551(b)(3) | 41107, 41901–41903 |

1551(c)–(e) | Rep. |

1552(a)(1) (1st sentence) | 42102 |

1552(a)(1) (last sentence) | 42101 |

1552(a)(2)–(c) | 42102 |

1552(d)(1), (2) (1st–3d sentences) | 42103 |

1552(d)(2)(4th sentence) | 42102 |

1552(d)(2) (last sentence), (3) | 42103 |

1552(e) | 42102 |

1552(f) | 42104 |

1552(g) | 42105 |

1552(h) | 42101 |

1552(i) | 42101–42103 |

1552(j) | 42106 |

1553(a)(1)–(5) | Rep. |

1553(a)(6) | T. 42 §6362 |

1553(a)(7) | T. 2 §451 |

1553(a)(8)–(10), (b) | Rep. |

1553(c) | 41901 |

1554–1557 | Rep. |

1601–1601b | 5301 |

1601c | 308(e) |

1602(a)(1), (2)(A), (B) | 5309 |

1602(a)(2)(C) | 5323 |

1602(a)(3)–(5) | 5309 |

1602(a)(6)–(8) | 5328 |

1602(b), (c) | 5309 |

1602(d)–(g) | 5323 |

1602(h) | 5337 |

1602(i)–(l) |
5309 |

1602(m) (1st sentence) | 5338 |

1602(m) (2d–last sentences) | 5318 |

1602(n), 1602 note | 5309 |

1602–1 | Rep. |

1602a | 5323 |

1603(a) | 5309 |

1603(b)(1) | 5335 |

1603(b)(2) | Rep. |

1603(c) (1st sentence) | 5312 |

1603(c) (last sentence) | 5338 |

1603(d) | 5309 |

1604, 1604a | Rep. |

1604b | 5310 |

1605(a) | 5312 |

1605(b), (c) | Rep. |

1605(d) | 5312 |

1606(a) | 5324 |

1606(b) | Rep. |

1607(a) (1st sentence) | 5301 |

1607(a) (2d–last sentences), (b)–(g) | 5303 |

1607(h) | 5304 |

1607(i), (j) | 5305 |

1607(k) | 5334 |

1607(l) |
5305 |

1607(m) | 5306 |

1607(n) | 5303 |

1607(o) |
5306 |

1607(p) | 5303 |

1607(q) | 5323 |

1607a(a)–(d) | 5336 |

1607a(e)(1) | 5307, 5336 |

1607a(e)(2)–(k)(1) | 5307 |

1607a(k)(2) | 5336 |

1607a(k)(3), (l) |
Rep. |

1607a(m)(1) | 5307 |

1607a(m)(2)–(o) |
5336 |

1607a(p) | 5307 |

1607a(q) | 5336 |

1607a(r) | 5307 |

1607a(s), (t) | 5336 |

1607a note | 5307 |

1607a–1 | Rep. |

1607a–2(a), (b) | 5308 |

1607a–2(c) | 5338 |

1607b, 1607c(a) | 5312 |

1607c(b)(1)–(8)(B)(ii) | 5317 |

1607c(b)(8)(B)(iii) | 5338 |

1607c(b)(8)(B)(iv)–(10)(B) | 5317 |

1607c(b)(10)(C) | 5338 |

1607c(b)(10)(D)–(12) | 5317 |

1607c(b)(13) | 5338 |

1607c(b)(14), (15) | 5317 |

1607c(c)(1)–(5) | 5316 |

1607c(c)(6) | 5338 |

1607c(c)(7) | 5316 |

1608(a) | 5334 |

1608(b) | 5325 |

1608(c) | 5302 |

1608(d) | 5324 |

1608(e) | 5323 |

1608(f) | 10531 |

1608(g), (h)(1) | 5323 |

1608(h)(2) | 5302 |

1608(i) | 5334 |

1608(j) | 5323 |

1608(k) | 5334 |

1608(l) |
5326 |

1608(m) | 5323 |

1608 notes | 5302, 5318 |

1608 note (related to authority and functions reserved to Secretary of Housing and Urban Development) | 5334 |

1609 | 5333 |

1610(a) (1st sentence) | 5301 |

1610(a) (last sentence)–(c) | 5324 |

1611(a), (b) | 5335 |

1611(c) | Rep. |

1612(a) | 5301 |

1612(b) (1st sentence) | 5310 |

1612(b) (last sentence) | 5338 |

1612(c) | 5310 |

1612(d) | 5338 |

1612(e), (f) | 5310 |

1613 | Rep. |

1614(a) (1st, 2d sentences) | 5311 |

1614(a) (last sentence) | 5338 |

1614(b)–(f) | 5311 |

1614(g) (related to 1612(b)) | 5310 |

1614(g) (related to this section)–(i) | 5311 |

1615(a)[no (b)] | 5332 |

1616 | 5322 |

1617 | 5338 |

1618 | 5329 |

1618a | 5331 |

1619 | 5327 |

1620 | 5321 |

1621 | 5319 |

1622(a) | 5313 |

1622(b)(1)–(8) (related to this subsection) | 5314 |

1622(b)(8) (related to subsection (a)(1)) | 5313 |

1622(c) | 5320 |

1623 | 5335 |

1624 | 5330 |

1625(a)–(c) | 5315 |

1625(d) | 5338 |

1631–1633 | Elim. |

1634 | 329 |

1635–1641 | Elim. |

1642, 1643 | Rep. |

1651(a), (b)(1) | 101 |

1651(b)(2) | 303 |

1652(a)–(d) | 102 |

1652(e) (related to FAA) | 106 |

1652(e)(1) (related to FHWA) | 104 |

1652(e)(1) (related to FRA) | 103 |

1652(e)(3) (related to USCG) | 108 |

1652(e)(3) (related to FHWA) | 104 |

1652(e)(3) (related to FRA) | 103 |

1652(e)(4) (related to FHWA) | 104 |

1652(e)(4) (related to FRA) | 103 |

1652(f) | Rep. |

1652a | 103 |

1652b | 44931 |

1652b note | 337 |

1653(a) | 301 |

1653(b) | 302 |

1653(c) | 351 |

1653(d) | 352 |

1653(e) | 307 |

1653(f) | 303 |

1653(g) | 304 |

1653(h) | Rep. |

1653(i)(1) | 5562 |

1653(i)(2) | 5563 |

1653(i)(3) | 5564 |

1653(i)(4) | 5562 |

1653(i)(5) | 5565 |

1653(i)(6) | Rep. |

1653(i)(7) | 5567 |

1653(i)(8) | 5566 |

1653(i)(9) | 5568 |

1653(i)(10) | 5561 |

1653(i)(11) | 5562 |

1653 note | 335 |

1653a | Rep. |

1654(a)–(e) | 333 |

1654(a) | 22102 |

1654(b), (c) | 22101 |

1654(d) | 22106 |

1654(e) | 22105 |

1654(f) | 22103 |

1654(g) | 22104 |

1654(h) | 22108 |

1654(i) | 22106 |

1654(j) | 22105 |

1654(k)–(m) | 22107 |

1654(n)–(p) | 22101 |

1654(q) | 22108 |

1654a | 308(d) |

1655(a)(1)(A) | Rep. |

1655(a)(1)(B), (C) | (See §2 of Pub. L. 97–449.) |

1655(a)(1)(D) | Rep. |

1655(a)(1)(E)–(M) | (See §2 of Pub. L. 97–449.) |

1655(a)(2)(A) (related to 49:1634) | 329 |

1655(a)(2), (3) | Rep. |

1655(a)(4) | (See §2 of Pub. L. 97–449.) |

1655(a)(5) | Rep. |

1655(a)(6)(A) | 30102 |

1655(a)(6)(B) | (See §2 of Pub. L. 97–449.) |

1655(b)(1), (2) | 108 |

1655(b)(3) | Rep. |

1655(c)(1) (1st sentence proviso, 2d, last sentences) | 106 |

1655(c)(1) | 1116, 1131, 1132, 1153, 40101–40109, 40113, 40114, 44103–44105, 44107, 44110, 44501, 44502, 44504, 44505, 44701–44705, 44707–44709, 44711, 44713, 44720, 44721, 45303, 46101–46107, 46110, 46301, 46304, 46308, 46311, 46313, 46316, 47151–47153, 47302–47306 |

1655(c)(2) | Rep. |

1655(d) (1st sentence) | 1112, 1113, 1116, 1131, 1132, 1134, 1151–1155 |

1655(d) (last sentence) | 1153 |

1655(e)(1)(A) | 20302, 21302 |

1655(e)(1)(B) | 20302 |

1655(e)(1)(C) | 20302, 21302 |

1655(e)(1)(D) | Rep. |

1655(e)(1)(E), (F) | 20701–20703, 21302 |

1655(e)(1)(G) | 20702, 20703, 21302 |

1655(e)(1)(H) | Rep. |

1655(e)(1)(I) | 20305, 20504 |

1655(e)(1)(J) | 20305 |

1655(e)(1)(K) | 20901, 20902, 21302 |

1655(e)(2) | Rep. |

1655(e)(3) | 80504 |

1655(e)(4) | Rep. |

1655(e)(5) | (See §2 of Pub. L. 97–449.) |

1655(e)(6)(A) | 20502–20505, 21302 |

1655(e)(6)(B) | 3103 |

1655(e)(6)(C) | 3102, 3103 |

1655(e)(6)(D) (related to "Sec. 321(a), (c)") | 503 |

1655(e)(6)(D) (related to "Sec. 324") | 3104 |

1655(f)(1) | Rep. |

1655(f)(2) | 501, 502, 504–507, 521–526 |

1655(f)(3)(A), (C) (related to FRA) | 103 |

1655(f)(3)(B), (C) (related to FHWA) | 104 |

1655(g)(1)–(3), (4)(A), (B), (E), (5), (6) | (See §2 of Pub. L. 97–449.) |

1655(h), (i) | Rep. |

1656(less (a) next-to-last par.) | 305 |

1656(a) (next-to-last par.) | (See T. 42 §1962a–2(a).) |

1657(a), (b) | 323 |

1657(c), (d) | 324 |

1657(e)–(g) | 322 |

1657(h), (i) | Rep. |

1657(j) | 327 |

1657(k) | 102 |

1657(l) |
331 |

1657(m) | 326 |

1657(n) | 329 |

1657(o) |
325 |

1657(p) | 324 |

1657(q)(1)–(3) | 330 |

1657(q)(4) | Rep. |

1657(r) | 328 |

1657–1 | 353 |

1657a | 332 |

1658 | 308(a) |

1659 | Rep. |

1660 | 335 |

1671(1)–(4) (1st–32d words) | 60101 |

1671(4) (33d–last words) | 60104 |

1671(5), (6) | 60101 |

1671(7) | 60115 |

1671(8)–(17) | 60101 |

1671 note | 60101 |

1672(a)(1) (1st–5th sentences) | 60102 |

1672(a)(1) (6th sentence) | 60104 |

1672(a)(1) (7th, 8th sentences) | 60102 |

1672(a)(1) (9th, last sentences) | 60104 |

1672(a)(2), (3), (b) | 60102 |

1672(c) | 60104 |

1672(d) | 60118 |

1672(e)–(g) | 60102 |

1672(h) | 60108 |

1672(i) | 60109 |

1672(j) | 60110 |

1672(k) | 60113 |

1673 | 60115 |

1674(a) | 60105 |

1674(b), (c) (related to agreement) | 60106 |

1674(c) (related to certification) | 60105 |

1674(d) | 60107 |

1674(e) | 60105 |

1674(f) | 60106 |

1674a | 60103 |

1674b(a) | Rep. |

1674b(b)(1)–(3) | 60111 |

1674b(b)(4) | 60119 |

1674b(c) | 60111 |

1675 | 60119 |

1676(a) | 60104 |

1676(b) | 60117 |

1677(a), (b)(1) | 60118 |

1677(b)(2), (c) | 60120 |

1678, 1679 | Rep. |

1679a(a), (b) | 60122 |

1679a(c) | 60123 |

1679a(d) | 60122 |

1679b(a) | 60120 |

1679b(b) | 60112 |

1680 | 60108 |

1681(a)–(e) | 60117 |

1681(f) | 60120 |

1682 | 60117 |

1682 note | 60117 |

1682a | 60301 |

1683 | 60124 |

1684(a) | 60125 |

1684(b) | Rep. |

1684(c)–(e) | 60125 |

1684(f) | Rep. |

1685(a) | 60116 |

1685(b) | 60113 |

1686 | 60121 |

1687(a)–(e) | 60114 |

1687(f) | 60125 |

1687(g) | 60123 |

1687(h) | 60114 |

1688 | 60101 |

1701–1703 | Rep. |

1704 | 44503 |

1711–1713 | Rep. |

1713a | 47127 |

1714–1730 | Rep. |

1731 | 47106 |

1741 | 80503 |

1742 | Rep. |

1743 | 44502 |

1761, 1762 | Rep. |

1801 | 5101 |

1802 | 5102 |

1803, 1804(a)(1)–(3) | 5103 |

1804(a)(4), (5) | 5125 |

1804(b)(1)–(3) | 5112 |

1804(b)(4) | 5125 |

1804(b)(5)–(9), (c) | 5112 |

1804(d) | 5120 |

1804(e), (f) | 5104 |

1804(g) | 5110 |

1805(a) | 5106 |

1805(b) | 5107 |

1805(c) | 5108 |

1805(d) | 5109 |

1805(e), (f) | Rep. |

1805 note | 5109 |

1806 | 5117 |

1807 | 5114 |

1808(a) (1st sentence, last sentence words before semicolon) | 5121 |

1808(a) (last sentence words after semicolon) | 5122 |

1808(b)–(e) | 5121 |

1809(a) | 5123 |

1809(b) | 5124 |

1810 | 5122 |

1811(a)–(e) | 5125 |

1811(f) | 5126 |

1812 | 5127 |

1813 | 5105 |

1813 note | 5105, 5118 |

1814 | 5113 |

1815(a)–(f) | 5116 |

1815(g)(1)–(6) | 5115 |

1815(g)(7) | 5116 |

1815(g)(8) | 5115 |

1815(g)(9) | 5116 |

1815(h)(1)–(5) | 5108 |

1815(h)(6) | 5116 |

1815(i) | 5127 |

1816(a)–(c) | 5107 |

1816(d) | 5127 |

1817 | 5111 |

1818 | 5126 |

1819(a)–(g) | 5119 |

1819(h) | 5127 |

1901 | Rep. |

1902 | 1111 |

1903(a)(1)(A) | 1112, 1113, 1116, 1131, 1132, 1134, 1151, 1152, 1154, 1155 |

1903(a)(1)(B)–(2) | 1131 |

1903(a)(3)–(8) | 1116 |

1903(a)(9) | 1133 |

1903(b)(1) | 1113 |

1903(b)(2) | 1134 |

1903(b)(3), (4) | 1113 |

1903(b)(5) | 1134 |

1903(b)(6)–(9) | 1113 |

1903(b)(10) | 1115 |

1903(b)(11) | 1114 |

1903(b)(12) | 1113 |

1903(c) | 1154 |

1903(d) | 1153 |

1904 | 1117 |

1905(a)–(c)(2) | 1114 |

1905(c)(3) | 1114, 1154 |

1905(d) | 1154 |

1906 | 1135 |

1907 | 1118 |

2001(1)–(4) (1st–27th words) | 60101 |

2001(4) (28th–last words) | 60104 |

2001(5)–(9) | 60101 |

2001(10) | 60115 |

2001(11) | 60101 |

2001 note | 60101 |

2002(a)–(c) (4th sentence) | 60102 |

2002(c) (last sentence), (d) | 60104 |

2002(e), (f) | 60102 |

2002(g) | 60104 |

2002(h) | 60118 |

2002(i)–(k) | 60102 |

2002(l) |
60108 |

2002(m) | 60109 |

2002(n) | 60102 |

2003 | 60115 |

2004(a) | 60105 |

2004(b), (c) (related to agreement) | 60106 |

2004(c) (related to certification) | 60105 |

2004(d) | 60107 |

2004(e), (f) | 60105 |

2004(g) | 60106 |

2005 | 60119 |

2006(a), (b)(1) | 60118 |

2006(b)(2), (c) | 60120 |

2007(a), (b) | 60122 |

2007(c) | 60123 |

2007(d) | 60122 |

2008(a) | 60120 |

2008(b) | 60112 |

2009(a), (b) | 60108 |

2009(c) | Rep. |

2009(d) | 60108 |

2010(a)–(e) | 60117 |

2010(f) | 60120 |

2011 | 60117 |

2012 | 60124 |

2013(a) | 60125 |

2013(b) | Rep. |

2014 | 60121 |

2015, 2015 note | 60102 |

2016 | 60101 |

2101 | 47501 |

2102 | 47502 |

2103(a) | 47503 |

2103(b) | 47505 |

2104(a)–(d) | 47504 |

2104(e), 2105 | Rep. |

2106 | 47507 |

2107 | 47506 |

2108 | Rep. |

2121 | Rep. |

2122(a) | 47508 |

2122(b)–2124 | Rep. |

2125 | 47510 |

2151 | 47521 |

2152 | 47523 |

2153(a)–(g) | 47524 |

2153(h) | 47533 |

2154 | 47525 |

2155 | 47527 |

2156 | 47526 |

2157(a)–(c) | 47528 |

2157(d) | 47530 |

2157(e) | 47531 |

2157(f) | 47532 |

2157(g) | 47528 |

2157(h) | 47522 |

2157(i) | 47528 |

2158 | 47529 |

2201 | 47101 |

2202(a)(1)–(5) | 47102 |

2202(a)(6) | 47107 |

2202(a)(7) | 47102 |

2202(a)(8) | 47102, 47106 |

2202(a)(9), (10) | 47102 |

2202(a)(11) | 47117 |

2202(a)(12)–(19) | 47102 |

2202(a)(20) | 47101 |

2202(a)(21)–(23) | 47102 |

2202(a)(24) | 47104, 47107, 48101–48104, 48108 |

2202(a)(25) | Rep. |

2202(b) | 47102 |

2203(a) | 47103 |

2203(b) | 44501 |

2203(c), (d)(1) | 47103 |

2203(d)(2) | Rep. |

2204(a) (1st sentence) | 47104 |

2204(a) (2d sentence) | 48103 |

2204(a) (last sentence) | Rep. |

2204(b)(1) | 47104 |

2204(b)(2) | 47107 |

2204(c) | Rep. |

2204(d) | 47113 |

2204 note | 47104 |

2205(a)(1), (2) | 48101 |

2205(a)(3) | 44502 |

2205(b)(1) | 44509 |

2205(b)(2)–(5) | 48102 |

2205(c) | 48104 |

2205(d) | 48105 |

2205(e)(1)–(3) | 48108 |

2205(e)(4) | 47117 |

2205(e)(5) | 48108 |

2205(f) | 48109 |

2205 note | 44502 |

2206(a), (b)(1)–(5)(C) | 47114 |

2206(b)(5)(D) | 47117 |

2206(b)(5)(E), (F), (6), (7) | 47114 |

2206(c) | 47115 |

2206(d) | 47116 |

2206(e), (f) | 47114 |

2206 note | 47115 |

2207(a)–(e)(2) | 47117 |

2207(e)(3) | Rep. |

2207(f) | 47118 |

2208(a)(1) | 47105 |

2208(a)(2) | Rep. |

2208(a)(3) | 47105 |

2208(b)(1)(A)–(D) | 47106 |

2208(b)(1)(E) | 47107 |

2208(b)(2)–(4) | 47106 |

2208(b)(5) (1st sentence, last sentence words before 11th comma) | 47101 |

2208(b)(5) (last sentence words after 11th comma)–(8) | 47106 |

2208(b)(9) | 47120 |

2208(c)–(e) | 47105 |

2209 | 47109 |

2210(a), (b) | 47107 |

2210(c) | 47105 |

2210(d)–(h) | 47107 |

2210 note | 47107 |

2211 | 47108 |

2212(a), (b)(1) | 47110 |

2212(b)(2)–(4) | 47119 |

2212(b)(5) | 47109 |

2212(b)(6), (c), (d) | 47110 |

2213 | 47111 |

2214 | 47112 |

2215 | 47125 |

2216 | 47126 |

2217 | 47121 |

2218(a) | 47122 |

2218(b) (related to application) | 47106 |

2218(b) (related to payment) | 47111 |

2219 | 47123 |

2220 | 47129 |

2221 | Rep. |

2222, 2222 note | 47124 |

2223 | Rep. |

2224 | 44514 |

2225 | 44913 |

2226 | 49104 |

2226a | 49101 |

2226b | 49105 |

2226c | 49102 |

2226d | 49103 |

2227 | 47128 |

2301 | 31101 |

2302 | 31102 |

2302 notes | 31104, 31307 |

2303 | 31103 |

2304, 2304 note | 31104 |

2305 | 31105 |

2306 | 31106 |

2307 | 31107 |

2311(a)–(i) | 31111 |

2311(j) | 31112 |

2312 | 31114 |

2313 | 31115 |

2314, 2315 | Rep. |

2316 | 31113 |

2401–2407 | Elim. |

2421–2433 | Elim. |

2451–2461 | 49101–49109 |

2501 | 31131 |

2501 notes | 5113, 31161 |

2502 | 31131 |

2503 | 31132 |

2504 | 31135 |

2505 | 31136 |

2505 note | 31137 |

2506 | 31140 |

2507 | 31141 |

2508 | 31134 |

2509 | 31142 |

2510 | 31133 |

2511 | 31143 |

2511a | 31162 |

2512 | 31144 |

2513–2517(a) | Rep. |

2517(b) | 31145 |

2518 | 31146 |

2519 | 31147 |

2520 | Rep. |

2521 | 31137 |

2601, 2602 | 70101 |

2603 | 70102 |

2604(a)(1) | 70103 |

2604(a)(2) | 70116 |

2604(b) | 70103 |

2605(a), (b) | 70104 |

2605(c) | 70117 |

2606 (1st sentence) | 70105 |

2606 (last sentence) | 70107 |

2607, 2608(a), (b) | 70105 |

2608(c) | 70114 |

2609 | 70107 |

2610 | 70108 |

2611 | 70110 |

2612 | Rep. |

2613 | 70106 |

2614(a), (b)(1)–(3) | 70111 |

2614(b)(4) | 70109 |

2614(c) | 70112 |

2614(d) | 70111 |

2615(a) | 70112 |

2615(b) | 70113 |

2615(c) | 70112 |

2616–2618 | 70115 |

2619 | 70116 |

2620 | 70117 |

2621, 2622 | Rep. |

2623 (last sentence) | 70118 |

2623 (less last sentence) | 70119 |

2701 | 31302 |

2702 | 31303 |

2703 | 31304 |

2704(a), (b) | 31305 |

2704(c)–(e) | 31312 |

2705 | 31308 |

2706, 2706 note | 31309 |

2707 | 31310 |

2708 | 31311 |

2709 | 31313 |

2710 | 31314 |

2711 | 31315 |

2712, 2713 | Rep. |

2714 | 31316 |

2715 | 31317 |

2716 | 31301 |

2717 | 31306 |

2718 | 31310 |

2801 | 5701 |

2801 note | 5713 |

2802 | 5702 |

2803 | 5703 |

2804 | 5704 |

2805 | 5705 |

2806 | 5706 |

2807 | 5707 |

2808 | 5708 |

2809 | 5710 |

2810 | 5711 |

2811 | 5712 |

2812 | 5714 |


Pub. L. 103–272, §1(a), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 745, provided that: "Certain general and permanent laws of the United States, related to transportation, are revised, codified, and enacted by subsections (c)–(e) of this section without substantive change as subtitles II, III, and V–X of title 49, United States Code, 'Transportation'. Those laws may be cited as '49 U.S.C. ————'."

Pub. L. 97–449, §1(a), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2413, provided that: "Certain general and permanent laws of the United States, related to transportation, are revised, codified, and enacted by subsection (b) of this section without substantive change as subtitle I and chapter 31 of subtitle II of title 49, United States Code, 'Transportation'. Those laws may be cited as '49 U.S.C. §————'."

Pub. L. 95–473, §1, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1337, provided in part: "That certain general and permanent laws of the United States, related to transportation, are revised, codified, and enacted as [subtitle IV of] title 49, United States Code, 'Transportation'."

Pub. L. 100–561, title III, §308, Oct. 31, 1988, 102 Stat. 2817, which provided that Pub. L. 95–473 did not repeal and had no substantive effect on any rights, obligations, liabilities, or remedies of oil pipelines, including those arising under any provisions of the Interstate Commerce Act or the Pomerene Bills of Lading Act, before any Federal department or agency or official thereof or a court of competent jurisdiction, was repealed and reenacted as section 60503 of this title by Pub. L. 103–272, §§1(e), 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1329, 1379.

Pub. L. 105–102, §4, Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2216, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

Pub. L. 104–287, §9, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3400, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

Pub. L. 103–429, §10, Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4391, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

Pub. L. 103–272, §6, July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, provided that:

"(a) Sections 1–4 of this Act restate, without substantive change, laws enacted before July 1, 1993, that were replaced by those sections. Those sections may not be construed as making a substantive change in the laws replaced. Laws enacted after June 30, 1993, that are inconsistent with this Act supersede this Act to the extent of the inconsistency.

"(b) A reference to a law replaced by sections 1–4 of this Act, including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law, is deemed to refer to the corresponding provision enacted by this Act.

"(c) An order, rule, or regulation in effect under a law replaced by sections 1–4 of this Act continues in effect under the corresponding provision enacted by this Act until repealed, amended, or superseded.

"(d) An action taken or an offense committed under a law replaced by sections 1–4 of this Act is deemed to have been taken or committed under the corresponding provision enacted by this Act.

"(e) An inference of legislative construction is not to be drawn by reason of the location in the United States Code of a provision enacted by this Act or by reason of a caption or catch line of the provision.

"(f) If a provision enacted by this Act is held invalid, all valid provisions that are severable from the invalid provision remain in effect. If a provision enacted by this Act is held invalid in any of its applications, the provision remains valid for all valid applications that are severable from any of the invalid applications."

Pub. L. 98–216, §5, Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 7, provided that:

"(a) Sections 1–4 of this Act restate, without substantive change, laws enacted before April 1, 1983, that were replaced by those sections. Sections 1–4 may not be construed as making a substantive change in the laws replaced. Laws enacted after March 31, 1983, that are inconsistent with this Act supersede this Act to the extent of the inconsistency.

"(b) A reference to a law replaced by sections 1–4 of this Act, including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law, is deemed to refer to the corresponding provision enacted by this Act.

"(c) An order, rule, or regulation in effect under a law replaced by sections 1–4 of this Act continues in effect under the corresponding provision enacted by this Act until repealed, amended, or superseded.

"(d) An action taken or an offense committed under a law replaced by sections 1–4 of this Act is deemed to have been taken or committed under the corresponding provision enacted by this Act.

"(e) An inference of a legislative construction is not to be drawn by reason of the location in the United States Code of a provision enacted by this Act or by reason of the caption or catchline of the provision.

"(f) If a provision enacted by this Act is held invalid, all valid provisions that are severable from the invalid provision remain in effect. If a provision of this Act is held invalid in any of its applications, the provision remains valid for all valid applications that are severable from any of the invalid applications."

Pub. L. 97–449, §6, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2443, provided that:

"(a) Sections 1–5 of this Act restate, without substantive change, laws enacted before November 15, 1982, that were replaced by those sections. Those sections may not be construed as making a substantive change in the laws replaced. Laws enacted after November 14, 1982, that are inconsistent with this Act supersede this Act to the extent of the inconsistency.

"(b) A reference to a law replaced by sections 1–5 of this Act, including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law, is deemed to refer to the corresponding provision enacted by this Act.

"(c) An order, rule, or regulation in effect under a law replaced by sections 1–5 of this Act continues in effect under the corresponding provision enacted by this Act until repealed, amended, or superseded.

"(d) An action taken or an offense committed under a law replaced by sections 1–5 of this Act is deemed to have been taken or committed under the corresponding provision enacted by this Act.

"(e) An inference of a legislative construction is not to be drawn by reason of the location in the United States Code of a provision enacted by this Act or by reason of the caption or catchline thereof.

"(f) If a provision enacted by this Act is held invalid, all valid provisions that are severable from the invalid provision remain in effect. If a provision of this Act is held invalid in any of its applications, the provision remains valid for all valid applications that are severable from any of the invalid applications."

Pub. L. 96–258, §2, June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 427, provided that:

"(a) Section 1 of this Act [enacting section 11351 of this title and amending sections 10324, 10327, 10382, 10525, 10526, 10544, 10706, 10784, 10923, 11101, 11121, 11304, 11707, 11909, 11912, and 11914 of this title] restates, without substantive change, laws enacted before April 24, 1979, that were replaced by that section. That section may not be construed as making a substantive change in the laws replaced. Laws enacted after April 23, 1979, that are inconsistent with this Act are considered as superseding it to the extent of the inconsistency.

"(b) A reference to a law replaced by section 1 of this Act, including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law, is deemed to refer to the corresponding provision enacted by this Act.

"(c) An order, rule, or regulation in effect under a law replaced by section 1 of this Act continues in effect under the corresponding provision enacted by this Act until repealed, amended, or superseded.

"(d) An action taken or an offense committed under a law replaced by section 1 of this Act is deemed to have been taken or committed under the corresponding provision enacted by this Act.

"(e) An inference of a legislative construction is not to be drawn by reason of the location in the United States Code of a provision enacted by this Act or by reason of the caption or catchline thereof.

"(f) If a provision enacted by this Act is held invalid, all valid provisions that are severable from the invalid provision remain in effect. If a provision of this Act is held invalid in any of its applications, the provision remains valid for all valid applications that are severable from any of the invalid applications."

Pub. L. 95–473, §3, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1466, provided that:

"(a) Sections 1 and 2 of this Act restate, without substantive change, laws enacted before May 16, 1978, that were replaced by those sections. Those sections may not be construed as making a substantive change in the laws replaced. Laws enacted after May 15, 1978, that are inconsistent with this Act are considered as superseding it to the extent of the inconsistency.

"(b) A reference to a law replaced by sections 1 and 2 of this Act, including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law, is deemed to refer to the corresponding provision enacted by this Act.

"(c) An order, rule, or regulation in effect under a law replaced by sections 1 and 2 of this Act continues in effect under the corresponding provision enacted by this Act until repealed, amended, or superseded.

"(d) An action taken or an offense committed under a law replaced by sections 1 and 2 of this Act is deemed to have been taken or committed under the corresponding provision enacted by this Act.

"(e) An inference of a legislative construction is not to be drawn by reason of the location in the United States Code of a provision enacted by this Act or by reason of the caption or catchline thereof.

"(f) If a provision enacted by this Act is held invalid, all valid provisions that are severable from the invalid provision remain in effect. If a provision of this Act is held invalid in any of its applications, the provision remains valid for all valid applications that are severable from any of the invalid applications."

Pub. L. 105–102, §5(a), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2216, provided that: "The repeal of a law by this Act may not be construed as a legislative inference that the provision was or was not in effect before its repeal."

Pub. L. 105–102, §5(b), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2217, as amended by Pub. L. 105–225, §7(c)(2), Aug. 12, 1998, 112 Stat. 1511, repealed specified laws, except for rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before Nov. 20, 1997.

Pub. L. 104–287, §10(a), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3401, provided that: "The repeal of a law by this Act may not be construed as a legislative inference that the provision was or was not in effect before its repeal."

Pub. L. 104–287, §10(b), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3401, repealed specified laws, except for rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before Oct. 11, 1996.

Pub. L. 103–429, §11(a), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4391, provided that: "The repeal of a law by this Act may not be construed as a legislative inference that the provision was or was not in effect before its repeal."

Pub. L. 103–429, §11(b), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4391, repealed specified laws, except for rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before Oct. 31, 1994.

Pub. L. 103–272, §7(a), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, provided that: "The repeal of a law by this Act may not be construed as a legislative implication that the provision was or was not in effect before its repeal."

Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, as amended by Pub. L. 103–429, §7(a)(5), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4389, repealed specified laws, except for rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before July 5, 1994.

Pub. L. 98–216, §6(a), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 7, provided that: "The repeal of a law enacted [the word "enacted" probably should not appear] by this Act may not be construed as a legislative inference that the provision was or was not in effect before its repeal."

Pub. L. 98–216, §6(b), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 7, repealed specified laws, except for rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before Feb. 14, 1984.

Pub. L. 97–449, §7(a), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2443, provided that: "The repeal of a law by this Act may not be construed as a legislative inference that the provision was or was not in effect before its repeal."

Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2443, repealed specified laws, except for rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before Jan. 12, 1983.

Pub. L. 96–258, §3(a), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 427, provided that: "The repeal of a law by this Act may not be construed as a legislative inference that the provision was or was not in effect before its repeal."

Pub. L. 96–258, §3(b), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 427, repealed certain sections and parts of sections of the Interstate Commerce Act and certain other provisions relating to applicability of such Act, except for rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before June 3, 1980.

Pub. L. 95–473, §4(a), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1466, provided that: "The repeal of a law by this Act may not be construed as a legislative inference that the provision was or was not in effect before its repeal."

Pub. L. 95–473, §4(b), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1466, repealed the sections and parts of sections of the Interstate Commerce Act and certain other provisions relating to the applicability of such Act, except as provided in section 4(c) of Pub. L. 95–473 and except for rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before Oct. 17, 1978.

Pub. L. 95–473, §4(c), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1470, which provided that the laws specified in the schedule in section 4(b) of Pub. L. 95–473, as they existed on Oct. 1, 1977, were not repealed to the extent those laws (A) vested functions in the Interstate Commerce Commission, or in the chairman or members of the Commission, related to transportation of oil by pipeline, and (B) vested functions and authority in the Commission, or an officer or component of the Commission, related to the establishment of rates or charges for transportation of oil by pipeline or valuation of any such pipeline, and those functions and authority were transferred by sections 7155 and 7172(b) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, was repealed and reenacted in sections 60501 and 60502 of this title by Pub. L. 103–272, §§1(e), 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1329, 1379.

Pub. L. 95–473, §4(d), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1470, as amended by Pub. L. 97–449, §4(b)(3), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2441, provided that: "The repeals, by subsection (b) of this section, of section 1(a)(25), (26) of the Act of July 3, 1952, chapter 570, the Act of June 30, 1953, chapter 165, and the Act of July 31, 1953, chapter 292, are effective on September 14, 1978."

1 So in original. Probably should be uppercase.


**1995**—Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §201(b), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 940, added item for chapter 7.

**1995**—Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §201(b), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 940, added item for chapter 7.


**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21101(c), title V, §25012(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 656, 867, added items 118 and 119.

**2020**—Pub. L. 116–260, div. AA, title V, §512(c)(7)(B), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2757, substituted "Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation" for "Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation" in item 110.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, §6012(b), title IX, §§9001(b), 9002(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1570, 1618, 1619, added items 116 and 117 and struck out item 112 which had read "Research and Innovative Technology Administration" and was subsequently changed to "Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology of the Department of Transportation" on authority of title I of div. L of Pub. L. 113–76, set out in part as a note under former section 112 of this title.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52011(c)(1), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 895, struck out item 111 "Bureau of Transportation Statistics".

**2004**—Pub. L. 108–426, §§2(c)(1), 4(e), Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2424, 2426, substituted "Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration" for "Coast Guard" in item 108 and "Research and Innovative Technology Administration" for "Research and Special Programs Administration" in item 112.

**2001**—Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §§101(b), 102(d), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 602, 605, added items 114 and 115.

**1999**—Pub. L. 106–159, title I, §101(c)(1), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1751, added item 113.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(5)(B), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1366, as amended by Pub. L. 103–429, §7(a)(3)(C), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4388, struck out first item 110 "St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation".

**1992**—Pub. L. 102–508, title IV, §401(b), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3310, added item 112.

**1991**—Pub. L. 102–240, title III, §3004(c)(3), title VI, §6006(c), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2088, 2174, substituted "Federal Transit Administration" for "Urban Mass Transportation Administration" in item 107 and added second item 110 and item 111.

(a) The national objectives of general welfare, economic growth and stability, and security of the United States require the development of transportation policies and programs that contribute to providing fast, safe, efficient, and convenient transportation at the lowest cost consistent with those and other national objectives, including the efficient use and conservation of the resources of the United States.

(b) A Department of Transportation is necessary in the public interest and to—

(1) ensure the coordinated and effective administration of the transportation programs of the United States Government;

(2) make easier the development and improvement of coordinated transportation service to be provided by private enterprise to the greatest extent feasible;

(3) encourage cooperation of Federal, State, and local governments, carriers, labor, and other interested persons to achieve transportation objectives;

(4) stimulate technological advances in transportation, through research and development or otherwise;

(5) provide general leadership in identifying and solving transportation problems; and

(6) develop and recommend to the President and Congress transportation policies and programs to achieve transportation objectives considering the needs of the public, users, carriers, industry, labor, and national defense.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2414; Pub. L. 102–240, title VI, §6018, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2183.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

101(a) | 49:1651(a). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §2(a), (b)(1), 80 Stat. 931. |

101(b) | 49:1651(b)(1). |


In subsections (a) and (b), the introductory declaratory words are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a), the words "national objectives of" are inserted for clarity. The words "United States" are substituted for "Nation" and "Nation's", respectively, for consistency. The word "contribute" is substituted for "conducive" because the substituted word is more commonly used. The word "those" is substituted for "utilization".

In subsection (b)(2), the word "greatest" is substituted for "maximum" for consistency.

In subsection (b)(3) and (6), the word "national" is omitted before "transportation" as unnecessary and for consistency.

In subsection (b)(3), the word "persons" is substituted for "parties" as being more precise.

In subsection (b)(6), the words "transportation objectives" are substituted for "these objectives" for clarity and consistency. The words "full and appropriate" and "for approval" are omitted as surplus.

**1991**—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 102–240 inserted ", through research and development or otherwise" after "advances in transportation".

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, §20001, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 652, provided that: "This division [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Surface Transportation Investment Act of 2021'."

Pub. L. 115–420, §1, Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5444, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 310, 22901, 22902, 22904, 22905, 22907, 22908, 24102, 24103, 24319, 24711, 24905, 24910, 24911, and 26106 of this title, section 402 of Title 23, Highways, and section 51314 of Title 46, Shipping, renumbering sections 24401 to 24408 of this title as sections 22901 to 22908 of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 24319 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 22905, 22907, and 26106 of this title] may be cited as the 'Department of Transportation Reports Harmonization Act'."

Pub. L. 115–282, title V, §514(a), Dec. 4, 2018, 132 Stat. 4276, provided that: "This section [enacting section 312 of this title] may be cited as the 'National Timing Resilience and Security Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–271, title VIII, §8101, Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 4103, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle I (§§8101–8109) of title VIII of Pub. L. 115–271, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 322, 329, 20140, and 31306 of this title and section 7301 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees] may be cited as the 'Fighting Opioid Abuse in Transportation Act'."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1901(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3542, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'TSA Modernization Act'."

Pub. L. 108–426, §1, Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2423, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 108 of this title, amending sections 111, 112, 5118, and 5503 of this title, sections 5314 and 5316 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, section 844 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, section 2761 of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters, and section 1121–2 of Title 46, Appendix, Shipping, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 108 and 112 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 1135 of this title] may be cited as the 'Norman Y. Mineta Research and Special Programs Improvement Act'."

Pub. L. 106–159, §1(a), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1748, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999'."

Pub. L. 104–88, §1(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 803, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'ICC Termination Act of 1995'."

Pub. L. 103–411, §1, Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4236, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 1118, 1131, and 40102 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1131 and 40109 of this title] may be cited as the 'Independent Safety Board Act Amendments of 1994'."

Pub. L. 102–240, §1, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1914, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991'."

Pub. L. 111–314, §4(d)(8), Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3443, provided that: "In title 49, United States Code, references to 'this title' are deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of title 51, United States Code."

Pub. L. 102–240, §2, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1914, which provided that it was the policy of the United States to develop a National Intermodal Transportation System consisting of all forms of transportation in a unified, interconnected manner, a National Highway System, improvements in public transportation achieving goals for improved air quality, energy conservation, international competitiveness, and mobility for elderly persons, persons with disabilities, and economically disadvantaged persons, was repealed and reenacted as section 5501 of this title by Pub. L. 103–272, §§1(d), 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 848, 1379.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, §20002, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 652, provided that: "In this division [see Short Title of 2021 Amendment note set out above]:

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1902, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3542, provided that: "In this title [see Short Title of 2018 Amendment note set out above]:

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate;

"(B) the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate; and

"(C) the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives.

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(6)

"(7)

Pub. L. 106–159, §2, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1749, provided that: "In this Act [see Tables for classification], the term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of Transportation."

Pub. L. 102–240, §3, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1915, provided that: "As used in this Act [see Short Title of 1991 Amendment note set out above], the term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of Transportation."

Ex. Ord. No. 13330, Feb. 24, 2004, 69 F.R. 9185, provided:

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and to enhance access to transportation to improve mobility, employment opportunities, and access to community services for persons who are transportation-disadvantaged, it is hereby ordered as follows:

(a) A strong America depends on citizens who are productive and who actively participate in the life of their communities.

(b) Transportation plays a critical role in providing access to employment, medical and health care, education, and other community services and amenities. The importance of this role is underscored by the variety of transportation programs that have been created in conjunction with health and human service programs, and by the significant Federal investment in accessible public transportation systems throughout the Nation.

(c) These transportation resources, however, are often difficult for citizens to understand and access, and are more costly than necessary due to inconsistent and unnecessary Federal and State program rules and restrictions.

(d) A broad range of Federal program funding allows for the purchase or provision of transportation services and resources for persons who are transportation-disadvantaged. Yet, in too many communities, these services and resources are fragmented, unused, or altogether unavailable.

(e) Federally assisted community transportation services should be seamless, comprehensive, and accessible to those who rely on them for their lives and livelihoods. For persons with mobility limitations related to advanced age, persons with disabilities, and persons struggling for self-sufficiency, transportation within and between our communities should be as available and affordable as possible.

(f) The development, implementation, and maintenance of responsive, comprehensive, coordinated community transportation systems is essential for persons with disabilities, persons with low incomes, and older adults who rely on such transportation to fully participate in their communities.

*Definitions*. (a) As used in this order, the term "agency" means an executive department or agency of the Federal Government.

(b) For the purposes of this order, persons who are transportation-disadvantaged are persons who qualify for Federally conducted or Federally assisted transportation-related programs or services due to disability, income, or advanced age.

*Establishment of the Interagency Transportation Coordinating Council on Access and Mobility*. (a) There is hereby established, within the Department of Transportation for administrative purposes, the "Interagency Transportation Coordinating Council on Access and Mobility" ("Interagency Transportation Coordinating Council" or "Council"). The membership of the Interagency Transportation Coordinating Council shall consist of:

(i) the Secretaries of Transportation, Health and Human Services, Education, Labor, Veterans Affairs, Agriculture, Housing and Urban Development, and the Interior, the Attorney General, and the Commissioner of Social Security; and

(ii) such other Federal officials as the Chairperson of the Council may designate.

(b) The Secretary of Transportation, or the Secretary's designee, shall serve as the Chairperson of the Council. The Chairperson shall convene and preside at meetings of the Council, determine its agenda, direct its work, and, as appropriate to particular subject matters, establish and direct subgroups of the Council, which shall consist exclusively of the Council's members.

(c) A member of the Council may designate any person who is part of the member's agency and who is an officer appointed by the President or a full-time employee serving in a position with pay equal to or greater than the minimum rate payable for GS–15 of the General Schedule to perform functions of the Council or its subgroups on the member's behalf.

*Functions of the Interagency Transportation Coordinating Council*. The Interagency Transportation Coordinating Council shall:

(a) promote interagency cooperation and the establishment of appropriate mechanisms to minimize duplication and overlap of Federal programs and services so that transportation-disadvantaged persons have access to more transportation services;

(b) facilitate access to the most appropriate, cost-effective transportation services within existing resources;

(c) encourage enhanced customer access to the variety of transportation and resources available;

(d) formulate and implement administrative, policy, and procedural mechanisms that enhance transportation services at all levels; and

(e) develop and implement a method for monitoring progress on achieving the goals of this order.

*Report*. In performing its functions, the Interagency Transportation Coordinating Council shall present to me a report not later than 1 calendar year from the date of this order. The report shall:

(a) Identify those Federal, State, Tribal and local laws, regulations, procedures, and actions that have proven to be most useful and appropriate in coordinating transportation services for the targeted populations;

(b) Identify substantive and procedural requirements of transportation-related Federal laws and regulations that are duplicative or restrict the laws' and regulations' most efficient operation;

(c) Describe the results achieved, on an agency and program basis, in: (i) simplifying access to transportation services for persons with disabilities, persons with low income, and older adults; (ii) providing the most appropriate, cost-effective transportation services within existing resources; and (iii) reducing duplication to make funds available for more services to more such persons;

(d) Provide recommendations to simplify and coordinate applicable substantive, procedural, and administrative requirements; and

(e) Provide any other recommendations that would, in the judgment of the Council, advance the principles set forth in section 1 of this order.

*General*. (a) Agencies shall assist the Interagency Transportation Coordinating Council and provide information to the Council consistent with applicable law as may be necessary to carry out its functions. To the extent permitted by law, and as permitted by available agency resources, the Department of Transportation shall provide funding and administrative support for the Council.

(b) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budget, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(c) This order is intended only to improve the internal management of the executive branch and is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by a party against the United States, its departments, agencies, instrumentalities or entities, its officers or employees, or any other person.

George W. Bush.

(a) The Department of Transportation (referred to in this section as the "Department") is an executive department of the United States Government at the seat of Government.

(b) The head of the Department is the Secretary of Transportation (referred to in this section as the "Secretary"). The Secretary is appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(c) The Department has a Deputy Secretary of Transportation appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Deputy Secretary—

(1) shall carry out duties and powers prescribed by the Secretary; and

(2) acts for the Secretary when the Secretary is absent or unable to serve or when the office of Secretary is vacant.

(d) The Department has an Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Under Secretary shall provide leadership in the development of policy for the Department, supervise the policy activities of Assistant Secretaries with primary responsibility for aviation, international, and other transportation policy development and carry out other powers and duties prescribed by the Secretary. The Under Secretary acts for the Secretary when the Secretary and the Deputy Secretary are absent or unable to serve, or when the offices of Secretary and Deputy Secretary are vacant.

(e)

(1)

(A) an Assistant Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs, an Assistant Secretary for Governmental Affairs, an Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, and an Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, who shall each be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate;

(B) an Assistant Secretary for Budget and Programs who shall be appointed by the President;

(C) an Assistant Secretary for Administration, who shall be appointed by the Secretary, with the approval of the President;

(D) an Assistant Secretary for Tribal Government Affairs, who shall be appointed by the President; and

(E) a General Counsel, who shall be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(2)

(f)

(1)

(A) to oversee the tribal self-governance program under section 207 of title 23;

(B) to plan, coordinate, and implement policies and programs serving Indian Tribes and Tribal organizations;

(C) to coordinate Tribal transportation programs and activities in all offices and administrations of the Department; and

(D) to be a participant in any negotiated rulemakings relating to, or having an impact on, projects, programs, or funding associated with the Tribal transportation program under section 202 of title 23.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(g)

(1)

(A) department-wide research, strategies, and actions under the Department's statutory authority to reduce transportation-related energy use and mitigate the effects of climate change; and

(B) department-wide research strategies and actions to address the impacts of climate change on transportation systems and infrastructure.

(2)

(h)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(i) this title; or

(ii) title 14, 23, 46, or 51.

(2)

(3)

(A) to implement reforms to improve interagency coordination and expedite projects relating to the permitting and environmental review of major transportation infrastructure projects, including—

(i) developing and deploying information technology tools to track project schedules and metrics; and

(ii) improving the transparency and accountability of the permitting process;

(B)(i) to identify appropriate methods to assess environmental impacts; and

(ii) to develop innovative methods for reasonable mitigation;

(C) to reduce uncertainty and delays with respect to environmental reviews and permitting; and

(D) to reduce costs and risks to taxpayers in project delivery.

(4)

(A) report to the Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy;

(B) be responsible for the management and oversight of the daily activities, decisions, operations, and personnel of the Center; and

(C) carry out such additional duties as the Secretary may prescribe.

(5)

(A) Coordinate and support implementation of priority reform actions for Federal agency permitting and reviews.

(B) Support modernization efforts at the operating administrations within the Department and interagency pilot programs relating to innovative approaches to the permitting and review of transportation infrastructure projects.

(C) Provide technical assistance and training to Department staff on policy changes, innovative approaches to project delivery, and other topics, as appropriate.

(D) Identify, develop, and track metrics for timeliness of permit reviews, permit decisions, and project outcomes.

(E) Administer and expand the use of online transparency tools providing for—

(i) tracking and reporting of metrics;

(ii) development and posting of schedules for permit reviews and permit decisions;

(iii) the sharing of best practices relating to efficient project permitting and reviews; and

(iv) the visual display of relevant geospatial data to support the permitting process.

(F) Submit to the Secretary reports describing progress made toward achieving—

(i) greater efficiency in permitting decisions and review of infrastructure projects; and

(ii) better outcomes for communities and the environment.

(6)

(A)

(B)

(i) carrying out activities that are appropriate and consistent with the goals and policies of the Department to improve the delivery timelines for projects;

(ii) serving as the Department liaison to—

(I) the Council on Environmental Quality; and

(II) the Federal Permitting Improvement Steering Council established by section 41002(a) of the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (42 U.S.C. 4370m–1(a));

(iii) supporting the National Surface Transportation and Innovative Finance Bureau (referred to in this paragraph as the "Bureau") in implementing activities to improve delivery timelines, as described in section 116(f), for projects carried out under the programs described in section 116(d)(1) for which the Bureau administers the application process;

(iv) leading activities to improve delivery timelines for projects carried out under programs not administered by the Bureau by—

(I) coordinating efforts to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the environmental review and permitting process;

(II) providing technical assistance and training to field and headquarters staff of Federal agencies with respect to policy changes and innovative approaches to the delivery of projects; and

(III) identifying, developing, and tracking metrics for permit reviews and decisions by Federal agencies for projects under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.).

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(i)

(1)

(2)

(A) the National Travel and Tourism Infrastructure Strategic Plan under section 1431(e) of Public Law 114–94 (49 U.S.C. 301 note); and

(B) other travel- and tourism-related matters involving the Department of Transportation.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2414; Pub. L. 98–557, §26(a), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2873; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(1), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1365; Pub. L. 107–295, title II, §215(a), (c), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2101, 2102; Pub. L. 109–59, title I, §1119(l), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1189; Pub. L. 110–140, title XI, §1101(a), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1756; Pub. L. 112–166, §2(k)(1), Aug. 10, 2012, 126 Stat. 1286; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, §6011(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1568; Pub. L. 117–58, div. A, title IV, §14009, div. B, title V, §§25009(a), 25018(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 651, 852, 875.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

102(a) | 49:1652(a) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §3(a), (c), (d), 80 Stat. 931. |

102(b) | 49:1652(a) (less 1st sentence). | |

102(c) | 49:1652(b) (less words between parentheses). | Oct 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §3(b), 80 Stat. 931; Oct. 28, 1974, Pub. L. 93–496, §16(a), 88 Stat. 1533. |

102(d) | 49:1652(b) (words between parentheses), (c), (d). | |

102(e) | 49:1657(k). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §9(k), 80 Stat. 946. |


In subsection (a), the words "There is hereby established" and "to be known as" are omitted as executed. The words "(hereafter referred to in this chapter as the 'Department')" are omitted as unnecessary because of the style used in codifying the revised title. The words "of the United States Government" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b), the words "(hereafter referred to in this chapter as the 'Secretary')" are omitted as unnecessary because of the style used in codifying the revised title.

In subsection (c), the words "carry out duties and powers" and "acts for" are substituted for "act for and exercise the powers of" and "perform such functions, powers, and duties", respectively, for consistency and to eliminate surplus words. The words "unable to serve" are substituted for "disability" for consistency and clarity.

In subsection (d), the words "in the competitive service" are substituted for "under the classified civil service" to conform to 5:2102. The words "from time to time" are omitted as surplus. The words "acts for" are substituted for "act for, and exercise the powers of" for consistency and to eliminate surplus words. The words "when the Secretary and the Deputy Secretary are absent or unable to serve, or when the offices of Secretary and Deputy Secretary are vacant" are substituted for "during the absence or disability of the Deputy Secretary, or in the event of a vacancy in the office of a Deputy Secretary" as being more precise and for consistency.

In subsection (e), the words "The Secretary shall cause a . . . of office" and "of such device" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The words "as he shall approve" are omitted as unnecessary because subsection (b) of the section establishes the Secretary of Transportation as the head of the Department of Transportation.

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsec. (h)(6)(B)(iii)(III), (C)(i), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.

**2021**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–58, §25009(a)(1), inserted "(referred to in this section as the 'Department')" after "Transportation".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–58, §25009(a)(2), inserted "(referred to in this section as the 'Secretary')" after "Transportation" in first sentence.

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §14009(1)(A), substituted "7 Assistant" for "6 Assistant" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e)(1)(D), (E). Pub. L. 117–58, §14009(1)(B)–(D), added subpar. (D) and redesignated former subpar. (D) as (E).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–58, §14009(2), substituted "Office of Tribal Government Affairs" for "Deputy Assistant Secretary for Tribal Government Affairs" in heading.

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §14009(2), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which provided for a Deputy Assistant Secretary for Tribal Government Affairs appointed by the President.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 117–58, §25009(a)(4), added subsec. (h). Former subsec. (h) redesignated (i) and subsequently struck out.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 117–58, §25018(b), added subsec. (i) and struck out former subsec. (i). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Department shall have a seal that shall be judicially recognized."

Pub. L. 117–58, §25009(a)(3), redesignated subsec. (h) as (i).

**2015**—Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §6011(a)(1), substituted "6" for "5" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, §6011(a)(2), inserted "an Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology," after "Governmental Affairs,".

**2012**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–166 inserted subsec. (e) heading, struck out "The Department has 4 Assistant Secretaries and a General Counsel appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Department also has an Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Administration appointed in the competitive service by the Secretary, with the approval of the President. They shall carry out duties and powers prescribed by the Secretary. An Assistant Secretary" before "or the General Counsel,", added par. (1), inserted par. (2) designation and heading, and, in par. (2), inserted "The officers set forth in paragraph (1) shall carry out duties and powers prescribed by the Secretary. An Assistant Secretary".

**2007**—Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 110–140 added subsec. (g) and redesignated former subsec. (g) as (h).

**2005**—Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 109–59, which directed amendment of this section by adding subsec. (f) and redesignating former subsecs. (f) and (g) as (g) and (h), respectively, was executed by adding subsec. (f) and redesignating former subsec. (f) as (g), to reflect the probable intent of Congress. See 2002 Amendment note below.

**2002**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–295, §215(a)(2), added subsec. (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (g).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107–295, §215(a)(3), which directed the substitution of "Secretary, Deputy Secretary, and Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy" for "Secretary and the Deputy Secretary" each place it appears in last sentence, was executed by making substitution for "Secretary and the Deputy Secretary" before "are absent" and for "Secretary and Deputy Secretary" before "are vacant", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 107–295, §215(c), struck out subsec. (g) which read as follows: "The Department has an Associate Deputy Secretary appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Associate Deputy Secretary shall carry out powers and duties prescribed by the Secretary."

Pub. L. 107–295, §215(a)(1), redesignated subsec. (d) as (g).

**1994**—Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 103–272 redesignated subsec. (e), relating to judicial recognition of Department seal, as (f).

**1984**—Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 98–557 added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsec. (d), relating to Assistant Secretaries and General Counsel, as (e).

Amendment by section 14009 of Pub. L. 117–58 effective Oct. 1, 2021, see section 10003 of Pub. L. 117–58, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–166 effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 2012, and applicable to appointments made on and after that effective date, including any nomination pending in the Senate on that date, see section 6(a) of Pub. L. 112–166, set out as a note under section 113 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

Pub. L. 107–295, title II, §215(c), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2102, provided that the amendment to this section made by section 215(c) is effective on the date that an individual is appointed to the position of Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy under subsection (d) of this section. On Mar. 19, 2003, the United States Senate confirmed the appointment of the first Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25010, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 854, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) to improve analysis of projects from rural areas, Indian Tribes, and historically disadvantaged communities in rural areas applying for Department discretionary grants, including ensuring that project costs, local resources, and the larger benefits to the people and the economy of the United States are appropriately considered; and

"(B) to provide rural communities, Indian Tribes, and historically disadvantaged communities in rural areas with technical assistance for meeting the transportation infrastructure investment needs of the United States in a financially sustainable manner.

"(2)

"(A) collect input from knowledgeable entities and the public on—

"(i) the benefits of rural and Tribal transportation projects;

"(ii) the technical and financial assistance required for constructing and operating transportation infrastructure and services within rural areas and on the land of Indian Tribes;

"(iii) barriers and opportunities to funding transportation projects in rural areas and on the land of Indian Tribes; and

"(iv) unique transportation barriers and challenges faced by Indian Tribes and historically disadvantaged communities in rural areas;

"(B) evaluate data on transportation challenges faced by rural communities and Indian Tribes and determine methods to align the discretionary funding and financing opportunities of the Department with the needs of those communities for meeting national transportation goals;

"(C) provide education and technical assistance to rural communities and Indian Tribes about applicable Department discretionary grants, develop effective methods to evaluate projects in those communities in discretionary grant programs, and communicate those methods through program guidance;

"(D) carry out research and utilize innovative approaches to resolve the transportation challenges faced by rural areas and Indian Tribes; and

"(E) perform such other duties as determined by the Secretary.

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) to organize, guide, and lead the ROUTES Office; and

"(B) to coordinate rural-related and Tribal-related funding programs and assistance among the modal administrations of the Department, the offices of the Department, and other Federal agencies, as appropriate—

"(i) to ensure that the unique transportation needs and attributes of rural areas and Indian Tribes are fully addressed during the development and implementation of programs, policies, and activities of the Department;

"(ii) to increase coordination of programs, policies, and activities of the Department in a manner that improves and expands transportation infrastructure in order to further economic development in, and the quality of life of, rural areas and Indian Tribes; and

"(iii) to provide rural areas and Indian Tribes with proactive outreach—

"(I) to improve access to discretionary funding and financing programs; and

"(II) to facilitate timely resolution of environmental reviews for complex or high-priority projects.

"(2)

"(A)

"(i) The Deputy Secretary of Transportation.

"(ii) The Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy.

"(iii) The General Counsel.

"(iv) The Chief Financial Officer and Assistant Secretary for Budget and Programs.

"(v) The Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology.

"(vi) The Assistant Secretary for Multimodal Freight.

"(vii) The Administrators of—

"(I) the Federal Aviation Administration;

"(II) the Federal Highway Administration;

"(III) the Federal Railroad Administration; and

"(IV) the Federal Transit Administration.

"(viii) The Executive Director of the Build America Bureau.

"(ix) The Assistant Secretary for Governmental Affairs.

"(x) The Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy.

"(xi) The Deputy Assistant Secretary for Tribal Government Affairs.

"(B)

"(C)

"(3)

"(A) the Maritime Administration;

"(B) the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation; and

"(C) the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

"(4)

"(A) participate in all meetings and relevant ROUTES Council activities and be prepared to share information relevant to rural and Tribal transportation infrastructure projects and issues;

"(B) provide guidance and leadership on rural and Tribal transportation infrastructure issues and represent the work of the ROUTES Council and the Department on those issues to external stakeholders; and

"(C) recommend initiatives for the consideration of the Chair of the ROUTES Council to establish and staff any resulting activities or working groups.

"(5)

"(6)

"(7)

"(A) an annual report to Congress describing ROUTES Council activities for the past year and expected activities for the coming year;

"(B) any recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of Department discretionary grant programs regarding rural and Tribal infrastructure issues; and

"(C) other guides and reports for relevant groups and the public."

Pub. L. 116–94, div. H, title I, §105, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2938, provided that:

"(a) The Secretary shall establish a Highly Automated Systems Safety Center of Excellence within the Department of Transportation, in order to have a Department of Transportation workforce capable of reviewing, assessing, and validating the safety of automated technologies.

"(b) The Highly Automated Systems Safety Center of Excellence shall—

"(1) serve as a central location within the Department of Transportation for expertise in automation and human factors, computer science, data analytics, machine learning, sensors, and other technologies involving automated systems;

"(2) collaborate with and provide support on highly automated systems to all Operating Administrations of the Department of Transportation; and

"(3) have a workforce composed of Department of Transportation employees, including direct hires or detailees from Operating Administrations of the Department of Transportation and other Federal agencies.

"(c) Employees of the Highly Automated Systems Safety Center of Excellence, in conjunction with the relevant Operating Administrations of the Department of Transportation, shall review, assess, and validate highly automated systems to ensure their safety.

"(d) The Highly Automated Systems Safety Center of Excellence shall not supersede laws or regulations granting certification authorities to Operating Administrations of the Department of Transportation.

"(e) No later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 20, 2019], the Secretary shall report to the Committees on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Senate on staffing needs and the staffing plan for the Highly Automated Systems Safety Center of Excellence."

Pub. L. 115–99, §2, Jan. 3, 2018, 131 Stat. 2242, provided that: "The Secretary of Transportation shall designate an official within the Department of Transportation who shall—

"(1) coordinate human trafficking prevention efforts across modal administrations in the Department of Transportation and with other departments and agencies of the Federal Government; and

"(2) in coordinating such efforts, take into account the unique challenges of combating human trafficking within different transportation modes."

Pub. L. 110–140, title XI, §1101(b), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1756, provided that: "The Office of Climate Change and Environment of the Department of Transportation shall coordinate its activities with the United States Global Change Research Program."

Pub. L. 109–59, title V, §5510, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1828, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 105–178, title V, §5003, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 422, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 102–240, title V, §5004, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2160, provided that, not later than 60 days after Dec. 18, 1991, the Secretary was to enter into an agreement with the National Academy of Public Administration to continue a study of options for organizing the Department of Transportation to increase effectiveness and report to Congress on the study and recommend appropriate organizational changes no later than Jan. 1, 1993, to be implemented if approved by law.

Pub. L. 98–557, §26(c), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2873, provided that, until Apr. 15, 1985, the position of Associate Deputy Secretary could be held by a person named by the President alone.

Ex. Ord. No. 11340, Mar. 30, 1967, 32 F.R. 5453, provided:

By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States by Section 15 [renumbered section 16] of the Department of Transportation Act (Public Law 89–670, approved October 15, 1966; 80 Stat. 950) April 1, 1967, is hereby prescribed as the date on which the Department of Transportation Act shall take effect.

Lyndon B. Johnson.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1) duties and powers related to railroad safety vested in the Secretary by section 20134(c) and chapters 203 through 211 of this title, and by chapter 213 of this title for carrying out chapters 203 through 211;

(2) the duties and powers related to railroad policy and development under subsection (j); and

(3) other duties and powers prescribed by the Secretary.

(h)

(i)

(j)

(1) provide assistance to States in developing State rail plans prepared under chapter 227 and review all State rail plans submitted under that section; 1

(2) develop a long-range national rail plan that is consistent with approved State rail plans and the rail needs of the Nation, as determined by the Secretary in order to promote an integrated, cohesive, efficient, and optimized national rail system for the movement of goods and people;

(3) develop a preliminary national rail plan within a year after the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008;

(4) develop and enhance partnerships with the freight and passenger railroad industry, States, and the public concerning rail development;

(5) support rail intermodal development and high-speed rail development, including high speed rail planning;

(6) ensure that programs and initiatives developed under this section benefit the public and work toward achieving regional and national transportation goals; and

(7) facilitate and coordinate efforts to assist freight and passenger rail carriers, transit agencies and authorities, municipalities, and States in passenger-freight service integration on shared rights of way by providing neutral assistance at the joint request of affected rail service providers and infrastructure owners relating to operations and capacity analysis, capital requirements, operating costs, and other research and planning related to corridors shared by passenger or commuter rail service and freight rail operations.

(k)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2414; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(2), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(1), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1375; Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §216, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4624; Pub. L. 107–217, §3(n)(1), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1302; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §101, div. B, title III, §307, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4851, 4953; Pub. L. 111–350, §5(o)(1), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3853.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

103(a) | 49:1652(e)(1) (1st sentence related to FRA). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §§3(e) (related to FRA) (1), (3), (4), 6(f)(3)(C) (related to FRA), 80 Stat. 932, 940. |

49:1652a. | July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §6, 90 Stat. 820. | |

103(b) | 49:1652(e) (related to FRA) (1) (2d, last sentences), (3) (last sentence). | |

103(c) | 49:1655(f)(3)(A). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(f)(3)(A), 80 Stat. 940; Aug. 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–401, §6, 86 Stat. 617; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §113(e)(1), 88 Stat. 2163. |

49:1652(e)(3) (related to FRA) (less last sentence). | ||

103(d) | 49:1652(e)(4) (related to FRA). | |

49:1655(f)(3)(C) (related to FRA). |


In subsection (a), the words "To carry out" are substituted for "for purposes of administering and enforcing" in 49:1652a for consistency and to eliminate surplus words. The words "under those laws" are substituted for "pursuant to Federal railroad safety laws" to eliminate surplus words. The words "is responsible" are substituted for "shall retain full and final responsibility" and "shall be responsible" to eliminate surplus words. The words "and for the establishment of all policies with respect to implementation of such laws" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "Each of these components" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "vested in the Secretary" are substituted for "as set forth in the statutes transferred to the Secretary" in 49:1655(f)(3)(A) for clarity and consistency. The words "section 6(e)(1), (2), and (6)(A) of the Department of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(e)(1), (2), and (6)(A))" are substituted for "subsection (e) of this section (other than subsection (e)(4) of this section)" in 49:1655(f)(3)(A) for clarity.

In subsection (d), the word "law" is substituted for "statute" in 49:1652(e)(4) for consistency. The words after "administratively final" in 49:1655(f)(3)(C) are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement of the revised title and those laws giving a right to appeal.

Section 5(m)(1) amends 49:103(c)(1) to include a reference to section 20134(c) of the revised title. The reference is included because 45:445 on which section 20134(c) is based provides that the duties and powers under that provision are to be carried out by the Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration rather than the Secretary of Transportation.

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (j)(3), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

**2011**—Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 111–350, which directed substitution of "division C (except sections 3302, 3501(b), 3509, 3906, 4710, and 4711) of subtitle I of title 41" for "title III of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 251 et seq.)" in subsec. (e), was executed to subsec. (i), to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2008**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–432, §307(1), (2), inserted heading and struck out at end "To carry out all railroad safety laws of the United States, the Administration is divided on a geographical basis into at least 8 safety offices. The Secretary of Transportation is responsible for all acts taken under those laws and for ensuring that the laws are uniformly administered and enforced among the safety offices."

Subsecs. (b) to (k). Pub. L. 110–432, §§101, 307(3), (4), added subsecs. (b) to (k) and struck out former subsecs. (b) to (e), which related to: in subsec. (b), Administrator as head of the Administration; in subsec. (c), Administrator's duties and powers; in subsec. (d), transfer of duties or powers and effect of Administrator's decision; and, in subsec. (e), authority of Secretary of Transportation.

**2002**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107–217 inserted "subtitle I of title 40 and title III of" before "the Federal Property" and substituted "(41 U.S.C. 251 et seq.)" for "(40 U.S.C. 471 et seq.)".

**1994**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 103–272 substituted "section 20134(c) and chapters 203–211 of this title, and chapter 213 of this title in carrying out chapters 203–211" for "section 6(e)(1), (2), and (6)(A) of the Department of Transportation Act (49 App. U.S.C. 1655(e)(1), (2), and (6)(A))".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–440 added subsec. (e).

**1984**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 98–216 substituted "49 App. U.S.C." for "49 U.S.C.".

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title III, §307, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4881, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(j)(5), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1677, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

[For definitions of "Secretary" and "railroad", as used in section 307 of Pub. L. 110–432, set out above, see section 2(a) of Pub. L. 110–432, set out as a note under section 20102 of this title.]

Pub. L. 108–447, div. H, title I, §151, Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3222, provided that: "Notwithstanding any provisions of this or any other Act, during the fiscal year ending September 30, 2005, and hereafter, the Federal Railroad Administration may use funds appropriated by this or any other Act to provide for the installation of a broadband high speed internet service connection, including necessary equipment, for Federal Railroad Administration employees, and to either pay directly recurring monthly charges or to reimburse a percentage of such monthly charges which are paid by such employees: *Provided*, That the Federal Railroad Administration certifies that adequate safeguards against private misuse exist, and that the service is necessary for direct support of the agency's mission."

1 So in original. Probably should be "chapter;".

(a) The Federal Highway Administration is an administration in the Department of Transportation.

(b)(1) The head of the Administration is the Administrator who is appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Administrator reports directly to the Secretary of Transportation.

(2) The Administration has a Deputy Federal Highway Administrator who is appointed by the Secretary, with the approval of the President. The Deputy Administrator shall carry out duties and powers prescribed by the Administrator.

(3) The Administration has an Assistant Federal Highway Administrator appointed in the competitive service by the Secretary, with the approval of the President. The Assistant Administrator is the chief engineer of the Administration. The Assistant Administrator shall carry out duties and powers prescribed by the Administrator.

(c) The Administrator shall carry out—

(1) duties and powers vested in the Secretary by chapter 4 of title 23 for highway safety programs, research, and development related to highway design, construction and maintenance, traffic control devices, identification and surveillance of accident locations, and highway-related aspects of pedestrian safety; and

(2) additional duties and powers prescribed by the Secretary.

(d) Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 101(d) and 144 of title 23, highway bridges determined to be unreasonable obstructions to navigation under the Truman-Hobbs Act may be funded from amounts set aside from the discretionary bridge program. The Secretary shall transfer these allocations and the responsibility for administration of these funds to the United States Coast Guard.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2415; Pub. L. 103–272, §§4(j)(2), 5(m)(2), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1365, 1375; Pub. L. 104–324, title I, §101(b)(1), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3905; Pub. L. 106–159, title I, §101(c)(2), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1751.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

104(a) | 49:1652(e)(1) (1st sentence related to FHWA). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §§3(e) (related to FHWA) (1), (3), (4), 6(f)(3)(C) (related to FHWA), 80 Stat. 932, 940. |

104(b)(1) | 49:1652(e) (related to FHWA) (1) (less 1st sentence), (3) (last sentence). | |

104(b)(2) | 23:303(a)(1) (1st, 2d sentences). | |

104(b)(3) | 23:303(a)(1) (last sentence), (b), (c). | |

104(c) | 49:1655(f)(3)(B). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(f)(3)(B), 80 Stat. 940; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §113(e)(2), 88 Stat. 2163. |

23:401 (note). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–564, §201(b)(1), 80 Stat. 735; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §8(h), 80 Stat. 943; restated Dec. 31, 1970, Pub. L. 91–605, §202(a), 84 Stat. 1740. | |

49:1652(e)(3) (related to FHWA) (less last sentence). | ||

104(d) | 49:1652(e)(4) (related to FHWA). | |

49:1655(f)(3)(C) (related to FHWA). |


In subsection (b)(1), the words "Each of these components" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "In addition to the Administrator of the Federal Highway Administration authorized by section 3(e) of the Department of Transportation Act" in 23:303(a)(1) (1st sentence) are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3), the words "in the competitive service" are substituted for "under the classified civil service" to conform to 5:2102. The text of 23:303(b), (c) is omitted as unnecessary because sections 322 and 323 of the revised title restate the authority of the Secretary of Transportation.

In subsection (c), the source provisions are consolidated. The words "The Administrator shall carry out duties and powers" are substituted for "The Secretary shall carry out through the Federal Highway Administration those provisions of the Highway Safety Act of 1966 . . . for" in 23:401 (note) and "carry out the functions, powers, and duties of the Secretary" in 49:1655(f)(3)(B) as being more precise, to eliminate unnecessary words, and for consistency. The words "vested in the Secretary" are substituted for "as set forth in the statutes transferred to the Secretary" in 49:1655(f)(3)(B) for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (d), the word "law" is substituted for "statute" in 49:1652(e)(4) for consistency. The words after "administratively final" in 49:1655(f)(3)(C) are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement of the revised title and those laws giving the right to appeal.

The Truman-Hobbs Act, referred to in subsec. (d), is act June 21, 1940, ch. 409, 54 Stat. 497, also known as the Hobbs Bridge Act, which is classified generally to subchapter II (§511 et seq.) of chapter 11 of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

**1999**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–159, §101(c)(2)(A), substituted "; and" for the semicolon at end of par. (1), redesignated par. (3) as (2), and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "duties and powers related to motor carrier safety vested in the Secretary by chapters 5 and 315 of this title; and".

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 106–159, §101(c)(2)(B), (C), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d) and struck out former subsec. (d) which read as follows: "A duty or power specified by subsection (c)(2) of this section may be transferred to another part of the Department only when specifically provided by law or a reorganization plan submitted under chapter 9 of title 5. A decision of the Administrator in carrying out those duties or powers and involving notice and hearing required by law is administratively final."

**1996**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–324 added subsec. (e).

**1994**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(2), substituted "Administrator" for "Admininstrator" before "who is".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(2), substituted "315" for "31".

Pub. L. 106–159, title I, §107(a), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1758, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 9, 1999]; except that the amendments made by section 101 [enacting section 113 of this title and amending this section, sections 5314 and 5316 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and section 104 of Title 23, Highways] shall take effect on January 1, 2000."

For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

Pub. L. 105–178, title I, §1220, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 221, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

(a) The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is an administration in the Department of Transportation.

(b) The head of the Administration is the Administrator who is appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Administration has a Deputy Administrator who is appointed by the Secretary of Transportation, with the approval of the President.

(c) The Administrator shall carry out—

(1) duties and powers vested in the Secretary by chapter 4 of title 23, except those related to highway design, construction and maintenance, traffic control devices, identification and surveillance of accident locations, and highway-related aspects of pedestrian safety; and

(2) additional duties and powers prescribed by the Secretary.

(d) The Secretary may carry out chapter 301 of this title through the Administrator.

(e) The Administrator shall consult with the Federal Highway Administrator on all matters related to the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of highways.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2415; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(3), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1375.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

105 | 23:401 (note). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–564, §201(a) (less pay of Administrator and Deputy Administrator), (b)(2), (c), (d), 80 Stat. 735; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §8(h), 80 Stat. 943; restated Dec. 31, 1970, Pub. L. 91–605, §202(a), 84 Stat. 1739. |


In subsection (a), the words "The . . . is an administration in the" are substituted for "There is hereby established within the", in section 201(a) (1st sentence) of the Highway Safety Act of 1966 (Pub. L. 89–564, 80 Stat. 731) to conform to other sections of the revised title. The words "(hereafter in this section referred to as the 'Administration')" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (c), the words "carry out . . . duties and powers . . . prescribed by the Secretary" are substituted for "perform such duties as are delegated to him by the Secretary" to eliminate surplus words and for consistency. The list of excepted programs in clause (1) is substituted for "highway safety programs, research and development not specifically referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection", in section 201(b)(2) of the Highway Safety Act of 1966 for clarity.

In subsection (d), the words "Administration . . . authorized by this section" are omitted as surplus.

The text of section 201(d) of the Highway Safety Act of 1966 is omitted as executed.

**1994**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–272 substituted "chapter 301 of this title" for "the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 (15 U.S.C. 1381 et seq.)".

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24401, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1720, provided that: "Not later than December 1 of the year beginning after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 2015], and each year thereafter, the Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration shall publish on the public website of the Administration, and file with the Committees on Energy and Commerce and Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate an annual plan for the following calendar year detailing the Administration's projected activities, including—

"(1) the Administrator's policy priorities;

"(2) any rulemakings projected to be commenced;

"(3) any plans to develop guidelines;

"(4) any plans to restructure the Administration or to establish or alter working groups;

"(5) any planned projects or initiatives of the Administration, including the working groups and advisory committees of the Administration; and

"(6) any projected dates or timetables associated with any of the items described in paragraphs (1) through (5)."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31401, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 772, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(c)

(a) The Federal Aviation Administration is an administration in the Department of Transportation.

(b) The head of the Administration is the Administrator, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. When making an appointment, the President shall consider the fitness of the individual to carry out efficiently the duties and powers of the office. Except as provided in subsection (f) or in other provisions of law, the Administrator reports directly to the Secretary of Transportation. The term of office for any individual appointed as Administrator after August 23, 1994, shall be 5 years.

(c) The Administrator must—

(1) be a citizen of the United States;

(2) be a civilian; and

(3) have experience in a field directly related to aviation.

(d)(1) The Administration has a Deputy Administrator, who shall be appointed by the President. In making an appointment, the President shall consider the fitness of the appointee to efficiently carry out the duties and powers of the office. The Deputy Administrator shall be a citizen of the United States and have experience in a field directly related to aviation. An officer on active duty in an armed force may be appointed as Deputy Administrator. However, if the Administrator is a former regular officer of an armed force, the Deputy Administrator may not be an officer on active duty in an armed force.

(2) The annual rate of basic pay of the Deputy Administrator shall be set by the Secretary but shall not exceed the annual rate of basic pay payable to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.

(3) An officer on active duty or a retired officer serving as Deputy Administrator is entitled to hold a rank and grade not lower than that held when appointed as Deputy Administrator. The Deputy Administrator may elect to receive (A) the pay provided by law for the Deputy Administrator, or (B) the pay and allowances or the retired pay of the military grade held. If the Deputy Administrator elects to receive the military pay and allowances or retired pay, the Administration shall reimburse the appropriate military department from funds available for the expenses of the Administration.

(4) The appointment and service of a member of the armed forces as a Deputy Administrator does not affect the status, office, rank, or grade held by that member, or a right or benefit arising from the status, office, rank, or grade. The Secretary of a military department does not control the member when the member is carrying out duties and powers of the Deputy Administrator.

(e) The Administrator and the Deputy Administrator may not have a pecuniary interest in, or own stock in or bonds of, an aeronautical enterprise, or engage in another business, vocation, or employment.

(f)

(1)

(2)

(A) is the final authority for carrying out all functions, powers, and duties of the Administration relating to—

(i) the appointment and employment of all officers and employees of the Administration (other than Presidential and political appointees);

(ii) the acquisition and maintenance of property, services, and equipment of the Administration;

(iii) except as otherwise provided in paragraph (3), the promulgation of regulations, rules, orders, circulars, bulletins, and other official publications of the Administration; and

(iv) any obligation imposed on the Administrator, or power conferred on the Administrator, by the Air Traffic Management System Performance Improvement Act of 1996 (or any amendment made by that Act);

(B) shall offer advice and counsel to the President with respect to the appointment and qualifications of any officer or employee of the Administration to be appointed by the President or as a political appointee;

(C) may delegate, and authorize successive redelegations of, to an officer or employee of the Administration any function, power, or duty conferred upon the Administrator, unless such delegation is prohibited by law; and

(D) except as otherwise provided for in this title, and notwithstanding any other provision of law, shall not be required to coordinate, submit for approval or concurrence, or seek the advice or views of the Secretary or any other officer or employee of the Department of Transportation on any matter with respect to which the Administrator is the final authority.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(I) have an annual effect on the economy of $250,000,000 or more or adversely affect in a substantial and material way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or communities; or

(II) raise novel or significant legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates that may substantially and materially affect other transportation modes.

(ii) In an emergency, the Administrator may issue a regulation described in clause (i) without prior approval by the Secretary, but any such emergency regulation is subject to ratification by the Secretary after it is issued and shall be rescinded by the Administrator within 5 days (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and legal public holidays) after issuance if the Secretary fails to ratify its issuance.

(iii) Any regulation that does not meet the criteria of clause (i), and any regulation or other action that is a routine or frequent action or a procedural action, may be issued by the Administrator without review or approval by the Secretary.

(iv) The Administrator shall submit a copy of any regulation requiring approval by the Secretary under clause (i) to the Secretary, who shall either approve it or return it to the Administrator with comments within 45 days after receiving it.

(C)

(ii) The Administrator may identify for review under the criteria set forth in clause (i) unusually burdensome regulations that were issued before the date of the enactment of the Air Traffic Management System Performance Improvement Act of 1996 and that have been in force for more than 3 years.

(iii) For purposes of this subparagraph, the term "unusually burdensome regulation" means any regulation that results in the annual expenditure by State, local, and tribal governments in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $25,000,000 or more (adjusted annually for inflation beginning with the year following the date of the enactment of the Air Traffic Management System Performance Act of 1996) in any year.

(iv) The periodic review of regulations may be performed by advisory committees and the Management Advisory Council established under subsection (p).

(4)

(A) is employed in a position listed in sections 5312 through 5316 of title 5 (relating to the Executive Schedule);

(B) is a limited term appointee, limited emergency appointee, or noncareer appointee in the Senior Executive Service, as defined under paragraphs (5), (6), and (7), respectively, of section 3132(a) of title 5; or

(C) is employed in a position in the executive branch of the Government of a confidential or policy-determining character under schedule C of subpart C of part 213 of title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations.

(g)

(1) Duties and powers of the Secretary of Transportation under subsection (f) of this section related to aviation safety (except those related to transportation, packaging, marking, or description of hazardous material) and stated in the following:

(A) Section 308(b).

(B) Subsections (c) and (d) of section 1132.

(C) Sections 40101(c), 40103(b), 40106(a), 40108, 40109(b), 40113(a), 40113(c), 40113(d), 40113(e), and 40114(a).

(D) Chapter 445, except sections 44501(b), 44502(a)(2), 44502(a)(3), 44502(a)(4), 44503, 44506, 44509, 44510, 44514, and 44515.

(E) Chapter 447, except sections 44717, 44718(a), 44718(b), 44719, 44720, 44721(b), 44722, and 44723.

(F) Chapter 451.

(G) Chapter 453.

(H) Section 46104.

(I) Subsections (d) and (h)(2) of section 46301 and sections 46303(c), 46304 through 46308, 46310, 46311, and 46313 through 46316.

(J) Chapter 465.

(K) Sections 47504(b) (related to flight procedures), 47508(a), and 48107.

(2) Additional duties and powers prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation.

(h) Section 40101(d) of this title applies to duties and powers specified in subsection (g)(1) of this section. Any of those duties and powers may be transferred to another part of the Department only when specifically provided by law or a reorganization plan submitted under chapter 9 of title 5. A decision of the Administrator in carrying out those duties or powers is administratively final.

(i) The Deputy Administrator shall carry out duties and powers prescribed by the Administrator. The Deputy Administrator acts for the Administrator when the Administrator is absent or unable to serve, or when the office of the Administrator is vacant.

(j) There is established within the Federal Aviation Administration an institute to conduct civil aeromedical research under section 44507 of this title. Such institute shall be known as the "Civil Aeromedical Institute". Research conducted by the institute should take appropriate advantage of capabilities of other government agencies, universities, or the private sector.

(k)

(1)

(A) $10,247,000,000 for fiscal year 2018;

(B) $10,486,000,000 for fiscal year 2019;

(C) $10,732,000,000 for fiscal year 2020;

(D) $11,000,000,000 for fiscal year 2021;

(E) $11,269,000,000 for fiscal year 2022; and

(F) $11,537,000,000 for fiscal year 2023.

Such sums shall remain available until expended.

(2)

(A) Such sums as may be necessary for fiscal years 2012 through 2015 to carry out and expand the Air Traffic Control Collegiate Training Initiative.

(B) Such sums as may be necessary for fiscal years 2012 through 2015 for the completion of the Alaska aviation safety project with respect to the 3 dimensional mapping of Alaska's main aviation corridors.

(C) Such sums as may be necessary for fiscal years 2012 through 2015 to carry out the Aviation Safety Reporting System and the development and maintenance of helicopter approach procedures.

(D) Not more than the following amounts for commercial space transportation activities:

(i) $22,587,000 for fiscal year 2018.

(ii) $33,038,000 for fiscal year 2019.

(iii) $43,500,000 for fiscal year 2020.

(iv) $54,970,000 for fiscal year 2021.

(v) $64,449,000 for fiscal year 2022.

(vi) $75,938,000 for fiscal year 2023.

(3)

(l)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(6)

(7)

(m)

(n)

(1)

(A) to acquire (by purchase, lease, condemnation, or otherwise), construct, improve, repair, operate, and maintain—

(i) air traffic control facilities and equipment;

(ii) research and testing sites and facilities; and

(iii) such other real and personal property (including office space and patents), or any interest therein, within and outside the continental United States as the Administrator considers necessary;

(B) to lease to others such real and personal property; and

(C) to provide by contract or otherwise for eating facilities and other necessary facilities for the welfare of employees of the Administration at the installations of the Administration, and to acquire, operate, and maintain equipment for these facilities.

(2)

(o)

(p)

(1)

(2)

(A) a designee of the Secretary of Transportation;

(B) a designee of the Secretary of Defense;

(C) 10 members representing aviation interests, appointed by—

(i) in the case of initial appointments to the Council, the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, except that initial appointments made after May 1, 2003, shall be made by the Secretary of Transportation; and

(ii) in the case of subsequent appointments to the Council, the Secretary of Transportation; and

(D) 1 member appointed, from among individuals who are the leaders of their respective unions of air traffic control system employees, by the Secretary of Transportation.

(3)

(4)

(A)

(ii) The Council shall review the rulemaking cost-benefit analysis process and develop recommendations to improve the analysis and ensure that the public interest is fully protected.

(iii) The Council shall review the process through which the Administration determines to use advisory circulars and service bulletins.

(B)

(C)

(5)

(6)

(A)

(i) 3 shall be appointed for terms of 1 year;

(ii) 4 shall be appointed for terms of 2 years; and

(iii) 3 shall be appointed for terms of 3 years.

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)

(G)

(H)

(i)

(ii)

(I) to affect any other immunity or protection that may be available to a member of the Subcommittee under applicable law with respect to such transactions;

(II) to affect any other right or remedy against the United States under applicable law; or

(III) to limit or alter in any way the immunities that are available under applicable law for Federal officers and employees.

(I)

(i)

(ii)

(J)

(K)

(L)

(7)

(A)

(B)

(i) shall have a fiduciary responsibility to represent the public interest;

(ii) shall be citizens of the United States; and

(iii) shall be appointed without regard to political affiliation and solely on the basis of their professional experience and expertise in one or more of the following areas and, in the aggregate, should collectively bring to bear expertise in all of the following areas:

(I) Management of large service organizations.

(II) Customer service.

(III) Management of large procurements.

(IV) Information and communications technology.

(V) Organizational development.

(VI) Labor relations.

(C)

(i) have a pecuniary interest in, or own stock in or bonds of, an aviation or aeronautical enterprise, except an interest in a diversified mutual fund or an interest that is exempt from the application of section 208 of title 18;

(ii) engage in another business related to aviation or aeronautics; or

(iii) be a member of any organization that engages, as a substantial part of its activities, in activities to influence aviation-related legislation.

(D)

(i)

(ii)

(E)

(i)

(I) a mission and objectives;

(II) standards of performance relative to such mission and objectives, including safety, efficiency, and productivity; and

(III) annual and long-range strategic plans.

(ii)

(I) methods to accelerate air traffic control modernization and improvements in aviation safety related to air traffic control; and

(II) procurements of air traffic control equipment in excess of $100,000,000.

(iii)

(I) plans for modernization of the air traffic control system;

(II) plans for increasing productivity or implementing cost-saving measures; and

(III) plans for training and education.

(iv)

(I) review and approve the Administrator's appointment of a Chief Operating Officer under section 106(r);

(II) review the Administrator's selection, evaluation, and compensation of senior executives of the Administration who have program management responsibility over significant functions of the air traffic control system;

(III) review and approve the Administrator's plans for any major reorganization of the Administration that would impact on the management of the air traffic control system;

(IV) review and approve the Administrator's cost accounting and financial management structure and technologies to help ensure efficient and cost-effective air traffic control operation; and

(V) review the performance and compensation of managers responsible for major acquisition projects, including the ability of the managers to meet schedule and budget targets.

(v)

(I) review and make recommendations on the budget request of the Administration related to the air traffic control system prepared by the Administrator;

(II) submit such budget recommendations to the Secretary; and

(III) base such budget recommendations on the annual and long-range strategic plans.

(F)

(i)

(ii)

(G)

(i)

(I) establishing committees;

(II) setting meeting places and times;

(III) establishing meeting agendas; and

(IV) developing rules for the conduct of business.

(ii)

(iii)

(H)

(8)

(q)

(1)

(2)

(A) be appointed by the Administrator;

(B) serve as a liaison with the public on issues regarding aircraft noise; and

(C) be consulted when the Administration proposes changes in aircraft routes so as to minimize any increases in aircraft noise over populated areas.

(3)

(r)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A)

(i) a mission and objectives;

(ii) standards of performance relative to such mission and objectives, including safety, efficiency, and productivity;

(iii) annual and long-range strategic plans; and

(iv) methods of the Administration to accelerate air traffic control modernization and improvements in aviation safety related to air traffic control.

(B)

(i) modernization of the air traffic control system;

(ii) increasing productivity or implementing cost-saving measures;

(iii) training and education; and

(iv) the management of cost-reimbursable contracts.

(C)

(i) develop a budget request of the Administration related to the air traffic control system;

(ii) submit such budget request to the Administrator and the Committee; and

(iii) ensure that the budget request supports the agency's annual and long-range strategic plans for air traffic control services.

(s)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(i) at least 10 years experience in engineering management or another relevant technical management field; and

(ii) knowledge of or experience in the aviation industry.

(C)

(D)

(2)

(A) ensuring the proper operation, maintenance, and cybersecurity of technology systems relating to the air traffic control system across all program offices of the Administration;

(B) coordinating the implementation, operation, maintenance, and cybersecurity of technology programs relating to the air traffic control system with the aerospace industry and other Federal agencies;

(C) reviewing and providing advice to the Secretary, the Administrator, and the Chief Operating Officer on the Administration's budget, cost-accounting system, and benefit-cost analyses with respect to technology programs relating to the air traffic control system;

(D) consulting with the Administrator on the Capital Investment Plan of the Administration prior to its submission to Congress;

(E) developing an annual air traffic control system technology operation and maintenance plan that is consistent with the annual performance targets established under paragraph (4); and

(F) ensuring that the air traffic control system architecture remains, to the maximum extent practicable, flexible enough to incorporate future technological advances developed and directly procured by aircraft operators.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(5)

(A) detailed descriptions and metrics of how successful the Chief Technology Officer was in meeting the annual performance targets established under paragraph (4); and

(B) other information as may be requested by the Administrator and the Chief Operating Officer.

(t)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(3)

(A)

(i) receive complaints and information submitted by employees of persons holding certificates issued under title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (if the certificate holder does not have a similar in-house whistleblower or safety and regulatory noncompliance reporting process established under or pursuant to a safety management system) and employees of the Agency concerning the possible existence of an activity relating to a violation of an order, a regulation, or any other provision of Federal law relating to aviation safety;

(ii) assess complaints and information submitted under clause (i) and determine whether a substantial likelihood exists that a violation of an order, a regulation, or any other provision of Federal law relating to aviation safety has occurred;

(iii) based on findings of the assessment conducted under clause (ii), make recommendations to the Administrator of the Agency, in writing, regarding further investigation or corrective actions;

(iv) receive allegations of whistleblower retaliation by employees of the Agency;

(v) coordinate with and provide all necessary assistance to the Office of Investigations and Professional Responsibility, the inspector general of the Department of Transportation, and the Office of Special Counsel on investigations relating to whistleblower retaliation by employees of the Agency; and

(vi) investigate allegations of whistleblower retaliation by employees of the Agency that have been delegated to the Office by the Office of Investigations and Professional Responsibility, the inspector general of the Department of Transportation, or the Office of Special Counsel.

(B)

(i) the individual consents to the disclosure in writing; or

(ii) the Director determines, in the course of an investigation, that the disclosure is required by regulation, statute, or court order, or is otherwise unavoidable, in which case the Director shall provide the individual reasonable advanced notice of the disclosure.

(C)

(D)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(A) information on the number of submissions of complaints and information received by the Director under paragraph (3)(A)(i) in the preceding fiscal year;

(B) summaries of those submissions;

(C) summaries of the resolution of those submissions, including any further investigations and corrective actions recommended in response to the submissions;

(D) summaries of the responses of the Administrator to such recommendations; and

(E) A 1 summary of the activities of the Whistleblower Ombudsman, including—

(i) the number of employee consultations conducted by the Whistleblower Ombudsman in the preceding 12-month period and a summary of such consultations and their resolution (in a de-identified or anonymized form); and

(ii) the number of reported incidents of retaliation during such period and, if applicable, a description of the disposition of such incidents during such period.

(8)

(A)

(B) 2 and conflict resolution.

(C)

(i) Educate Administration employees about prohibitions against materially adverse acts of retaliation and any specific rights or remedies with respect to those retaliatory actions.

(ii) Serve as an independent confidential resource for Administration employees to discuss any specific retaliation allegation and available rights or remedies based on the circumstances, as appropriate.

(iii) Coordinate with Human Resource Management, the Office of Accountability and Whistleblower Protection, the Office of Professional Responsibility, and the Office of the Chief Counsel, as necessary.

(iv) Coordinate with the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Transportation's Whistleblower Protection Coordinator and the Office of the Special Counsel, as necessary.

(v) Conduct outreach and assist in the development of training within the Agency to mitigate the potential for retaliation and promote timely and appropriate processing of any protected disclosure or allegation of materially adverse acts of retaliation.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2416; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(2), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 100–591, §5(a), Nov. 3, 1988, 102 Stat. 3013; Pub. L. 101–508, title IX, §9106, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–355; Pub. L. 101–604, title I, §101(c), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3068; Pub. L. 102–581, title I, §104, Oct. 31, 1992, 106 Stat. 4877; Pub. L. 103–272, §§4(j)(3), 5(m)(4), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1365, 1375; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §103, title II, §201, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1571, 1581; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §103(a), title II, §§223(a), 224–230, 276(c), title XII, §1210, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3216, 3229–3234, 3282; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(1), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3388; Pub. L. 105–102, §3(c)(3), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215; Pub. L. 106–6, §4, Mar. 31, 1999, 113 Stat. 10; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §103(a), title III, §§302(a)–(c), 303, 305, 306, 307(c)(1), title VII, §701, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 66, 115–118, 121, 123, 124, 126, 154; Pub. L. 106–528, §8(a), Nov. 22, 2000, 114 Stat. 2522; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §101(c)(3), (d), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 602, 603; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §103(a),(b), title II, §§201–204, 224(c), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2495, 2496, 2522–2526, 2528; Pub. L. 110–330, §6, Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3719; Pub. L. 111–12, §6, Mar. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 1458; Pub. L. 111–69, §6, Oct. 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 2055; Pub. L. 111–116, §6, Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3032; Pub. L. 111–153, §6, Mar. 31, 2010, 124 Stat. 1085; Pub. L. 111–161, §6, Apr. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1127; Pub. L. 111–197, §6, July 2, 2010, 124 Stat. 1354; Pub. L. 111–216, title I, §105, Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2350; Pub. L. 112–30, title II, §206, Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 359; Pub. L. 112–91, §6, Jan. 31, 2012, 126 Stat. 4; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §103, title II, §§203, 204, title III, §§306(b), 341, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 16, 37, 61, 78; Pub. L. 112–166, §2(k)(2), Aug. 10, 2012, 126 Stat. 1286; Pub. L. 113–188, title XV, §1501(a), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2023; Pub. L. 114–55, title I, §103, Sept. 30, 2015, 129 Stat. 523; Pub. L. 114–141, title I, §103, Mar. 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 323; Pub. L. 114–190, title I, §1103, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 618; Pub. L. 115–63, title I, §103, Sept. 29, 2017, 131 Stat. 1170; Pub. L. 115–141, div. M, title I, §103, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1047; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §113, title V, §§545(a), 564, div. K, title I, §1991(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3200, 3374, 3385, 3626; Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §§114, 133(a), (b), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2333, 2353, 2355; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(302), (c)(46), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4339, 4359; Pub. L. 117–328, div. Q, §104, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5253.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

106(a) | 49:1341(a) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§301(a), (b), 302(a), (b), 72 Stat. 744; Aug. 14, 1964, Pub. L. 88–426, §305(16) (B), (C), 78 Stat. 424. |

49:1652(e)(1) (related to FAA). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §3(e) (related to FAA), 80 Stat. 932. | |

106(b) | 49:1341(a) (2d sentence), (b) (1st sentence less 1st–10th words). | |

49:1342(a) (1st sentence), (b) (1st sentence less 1st–11th words). | ||

49:1652(e) (related to FAA) (1) (less 1st sentence), (3) (last sentence). | ||

106(c) | 49:1341(b) (1st sentence 1st–10th words, 2d sentence). | |

49:1652(e)(2) (related to Administrator). | ||

106(d) | 49:1342(b) (1st sentence 1st–11th words, 2d sentence, 4th–6th sentences). | |

49:1652(e)(2) (1st sentence less Administrator). | ||

49:1343(a)(2) (related to Deputy Administrator). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §302(c)(2) (related to Deputy Administrator), 72 Stat. 745. | |

106(e) | 49:1341(b) (less 1st, 2d sentences). | |

49:1342(b) (3d sentence). | ||

106(f) | 49:1341(a) (less 1st, 2d sentences). | |

106(g) | 49:1652(e)(3) (related to FAA) (less last sentence). | |

49:1655(c)(1) (1st sentence proviso). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1) (1st sentence proviso, 2d, last sentences), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §113(d), 88 Stat. 2163. | |

106(h) | 49:1652(e)(4) (related to FAA). | |

49:1655(c)(1) (2d, last sentences). | ||

106(i) | 49:1342(a) (2d, last sentences). |


In subsections (a) and (b), the source provisions are combined for clarity.

In subsection (a), the words "referred to in this chapter as the 'Administration' " are omitted because of the style of the revised title.

In subsection (b), the word "due" in 49:1342(b) (1st sentence less 1st–11th words) is omitted as surplus. The words "the duties and powers" are substituted for "the powers and duties vested in and imposed upon him by this chapter" to eliminate surplus words and for consistency. The word "consider" is substituted for "with . . . regard to" for clarity.

In subsections (c) and (d), the words "At the time of his nomination" are omitted as unnecessary and for consistency.

In subsection (c), the text of 49:1652(e)(2) (last sentence) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "Nothing in this chapter or other law shall preclude" in 49:1342(b) (4th sentence) are omitted as unnecessary because of the positive statement of authority. The words "armed force" are substituted for "armed services" to conform to title 10. The words "to the position of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(2), the word "continue" is omitted as surplus. The words "pay provided by law for the Deputy Administrator" are substituted for "compensation provided for the Deputy Administrator" in 49:1342(b) because the pay provisions were repealed and replaced by 5:5315. The words "(including personal money allowance)" are omitted as being within the meaning of "allowance" in title 37. The words "as the case may be" are omitted as surplus. The words "of the military grade held" are substituted for "military . . . payable to a commissioned officer of his grade and length of service" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "Administration" and "military" are added for clarity. The words "to defray" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(3), the words "acceptance of, and" are omitted as unnecessary. The word "held" is substituted for "may occupy or hold" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "right or benefit" are substituted for "emolument, perquisite, right, privilege, or benefit" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "incident to or" before "arising" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), the word "Secretary" is substituted for "Administrator" because of the transfer of aviation functions to the Secretary under 49:1655(c)(1). The words "In the exercise of his duties and the discharge of his responsibilities under this chapter" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g), the words "are hereby transferred to" in 49:1655(c)(1) are omitted as executed. The words "carry out" are substituted for "it shall be his duty to exercise" in 49:1655(c)(1) for clarity, consistency, and to eliminate surplus words. The words "In addition to such functions, powers, and duties as are specified in this chapter" in 49:1652(e)(3) are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

In subsection (h), the first sentence is substituted for 49:1655(c)(1) (2d sentence) for clarity and consistency. The word "law" is substituted for "statute" in 49:1652(e)(4) for consistency. The words "carrying out" in 49:1655(c)(1) (last sentence) are substituted for "the exercise of" for consistency. The words after "administratively final" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement of the revised title and those laws giving a right of appeal.

In subsection (i), the words "and exercise the powers of" are omitted as surplus. The words "when the office of the Administrator is vacant" are inserted to conform to section 102 of the revised title.

Section 4(j)(3)(B) amends 49:106(g) to list the duties and powers of the Secretary of Transportation that the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration carries out. The duties and powers are derived from 2 sources. Some were transferred by former 49 App.:1655(c)(1), restated as 49:106 in section 1 of the Act of January 12, 1983 (Public Law 97–449, 96 Stat. 2417). The others are from laws enacted after October 15, 1966, in which the duties and powers are to be carried out by the Administrator rather than the Secretary.

The Air Traffic Management System Performance Improvement Act of 1996, referred to in subsec. (f)(2)(A)(iv), is title II of Pub. L. 104–264, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3227. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1996 Amendment note set out under section 40101 of this title and Tables.

The date of the enactment of the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century, referred to in subsec. (f)(3)(B)(i), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–181, which was approved Apr. 5, 2000.

The date of the enactment of the Air Traffic Management System Performance Improvement Act of 1996, referred to in subsecs. (f)(3)(C), (o), and (p)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 104–264, which was approved Oct. 9, 1996.

The date of enactment of the Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act, referred to in subsec. (p)(6)(C), (7)(A), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 108–176, which was approved Dec. 12, 2003.

**2022**—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 117–328 struck out ", a retired regular officer of an armed force, or a former regular officer of an armed force" after "active duty in an armed force".

Subsec. (p)(5). Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(302), substituted "Chapter 10 of title 5" for "Federal Advisory Committee Act" in heading and "Chapter 10 of title 5" for "The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.)" in text.

Subsec. (p)(6)(I)(i). Pub. L. 117–286, §4(c)(46), substituted "section 13103(f) of title 5 for purposes of subchapter I of chapter 131 of such title; except that section 13103(d) of such title" for "section 101(f) of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 for purposes of title I of such Act; except that section 101(d) of such Act".

**2020**—Subsec. (l)(7). Pub. L. 116–260, §114, added par. (7).

Subsec. (t). Pub. L. 116–260, §133(a)(1)(B), substituted "Office of Whistleblower Protection and Aviation Safety Investigations" for "Aviation Safety Whistleblower Investigation Office" in heading.

Subsec. (t)(1). Pub. L. 116–260, §133(a)(1)(A), substituted "the Office of Whistleblower Protection and Aviation Safety Investigations" for "an Aviation Safety Whistleblower Investigation Office".

Subsec. (t)(2)(E). Pub. L. 116–260, §133(a)(2)(B), added subpar. (E).

Subsec. (t)(3)(A)(i). Pub. L. 116–260, §133(a)(2)(A)(i), substituted "(if the certificate holder does not have a similar in-house whistleblower or safety and regulatory noncompliance reporting process established under or pursuant to a safety management system)" for "(if the certificate holder does not have a similar in-house whistleblower or safety and regulatory noncompliance reporting process)".

Subsec. (t)(3)(A)(iv) to (vi). Pub. L. 116–260, §133(a)(2)(A)(ii)–(iv), added cls. (iv) to (vi).

Subsec. (t)(7). Pub. L. 116–260, §133(a)(2)(C)(i), substituted "November 15" for "October 1" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (t)(7)(A). Pub. L. 116–260, §133(a)(2)(C)(ii), substituted "paragraph (3)(A)(i) in the preceding fiscal year" for "paragraph (3)(A)(i) in the preceding 12-month period".

Subsec. (t)(7)(C). Pub. L. 116–260, §133(a)(3)(A), inserted "the resolution of those submissions, including any" before "further" and struck out "and" at end.

Subsec. (t)(7)(E). Pub. L. 116–260, §133(a)(3)(B), (C), added subpar. (E).

Subsec. (t)(8). Pub. L. 116–260, §133(b), added par. (8).

**2018**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(a), amended subsec. (g) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, the Administrator shall carry out—

"(A) duties and powers of the Secretary of Transportation under subsection (f) of this section related to aviation safety (except those related to transportation, packaging, marking, or description of hazardous material) and stated in sections 308(b), 1132(c) and (d), 40101(c), 40103(b), 40106(a), 40108, 40109(b), 40113(a), 40113(c), 40113(d), 40113(e), 40114(a), and 40119, chapter 445 (except sections 44501(b), 44502(a)(2), 44502(a)(3), 44502(a)(4), 44503, 44506, 44509, 44510, 44514, and 44515), chapter 447 (except sections 44717, 44718(a), 44718(b), 44719, 44720, 44721(b), 44722, and 44723), chapter 449 (except sections 44903(d), 44904, 44905, 44907–44911, 44913, 44915, and 44931–44934), chapter 451, chapter 453, sections 46104, 46301(d) and (h)(2), 46303(c), 46304–46308, 46310, 46311, and 46313–46316, chapter 465, and sections 47504(b) (related to flight procedures), 47508(a), and 48107 of this title; and

"(B) additional duties and powers prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation.

"(2) In carrying out sections 40119, 44901, 44903(a)–(c) and (e), 44906, 44912, 44935–44937, 44938(a) and (b), and 48107 of this title, paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection does not apply to duties and powers vested in the Director of Intelligence and Security by section 44931 of this title."

Subsec. (k)(1)(A)–(E). Pub. L. 115–254, §113(a), added subpars. (A) to (E) and struck out former subpars. (A) to (E) which read as follows:

"(A) $9,653,000,000 for fiscal year 2012;

"(B) $9,539,000,000 for fiscal year 2013;

"(C) $9,596,000,000 for fiscal year 2014;

"(D) $9,653,000,000 for fiscal year 2015;

"(E) $9,909,724,000 for each of fiscal years 2016 and 2017; and".

Subsec. (k)(1)(F). Pub. L. 115–254, §113(a), added subpar. (F) and struck out former subpar. (F) which read as follows: "$10,025,852,000 for fiscal year 2018."

Pub. L. 115–141, §103(1), added subpar. (F) and struck out former subpar. (F) which read as follows: "$4,999,191,956 for the period beginning on October 1, 2017, and ending on March 31, 2018."

Subsec. (k)(2)(D). Pub. L. 115–254, §113(b), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (k)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §113(c), substituted "fiscal years 2018 through 2023," for "fiscal years 2012 through 2018,".

Pub. L. 115–141, §103(2), substituted "2018" for "2017 and for the period beginning on October 1, 2017, and ending on March 31, 2018".

Subsec. (p)(5). Pub. L. 115–254, §564, substituted "Committee," for "Committee, or" and ", or such aerospace rulemaking committees as the Secretary shall designate." for period at end.

Subsec. (s). Pub. L. 115–254, §545(a), amended subsec. (s) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (s) related to Chief NextGen Officer.

**2017**—Subsec. (k)(1)(F). Pub. L. 115–63, §103(1), added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (k)(3). Pub. L. 115–63, §103(2), inserted "and for the period beginning on October 1, 2017, and ending on March 31, 2018" after "fiscal years 2012 through 2017".

**2016**—Subsec. (k)(1)(E). Pub. L. 114–190, §1103(1), added subpar. (E) and struck out former subpar. (E) which read as follows: "$7,711,387,500 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on July 15, 2016."

Pub. L. 114–141, §103(1), amended subpar. (E) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (E) read as follows: "$4,870,350,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on March 31, 2016."

Subsec. (k)(3). Pub. L. 114–190, §1103(2), substituted "fiscal years 2012 through 2017," for "fiscal years 2012 through 2015 and for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on July 15, 2016,".

Pub. L. 114–141, §103(2), substituted "July 15, 2016" for "March 31, 2016".

**2015**—Subsec. (k)(1)(E). Pub. L. 114–55, §103(1), added subpar. (E).

Subsec. (k)(3). Pub. L. 114–55, §103(2), inserted "and for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on March 31, 2016" after "fiscal years 2012 through 2015".

**2014**—Subsec. (p)(7)(H), (I). Pub. L. 113–188 redesignated subpar. (I) as (H) and struck out former subsec. (H) which related to reports and other actions by the Air Traffic Services Committee, Administrator, and Comptroller General.

**2012**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–166, §2(k)(2)(A), substituted ", who shall be appointed" for ". The Administration has a Deputy Administrator. They are appointed".

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 112–166, §2(k)(2)(B), substituted "The Administration has a Deputy Administrator, who shall be appointed by the President. In making an appointment, the President shall consider the fitness of the appointee to efficiently carry out the duties and powers of the office. The Deputy Administrator shall" for "The Deputy Administrator must".

Subsec. (k)(1). Pub. L. 112–95, §103(a), added subpars. (A) to (D) and struck out former subpars. (A) to (H) which authorized appropriations for fiscal years 2004 through 2011 and for the period beginning Oct. 1, 2011, and ending Feb. 17, 2012.

Subsec. (k)(1)(H). Pub. L. 112–91 amended subpar. (H) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (H) read as follows: "$3,197,315,080 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on January 31, 2012."

Subsec. (k)(2). Pub. L. 112–95, §103(b), redesignated subpars. (E) to (G) as (A) to (C), respectively, substituted "2012 through 2015" for "2004 through 2007" in subpars. (A) to (C), and struck out former subpars. (A) to (D) which read as follows:

"(A) Such sums as may be necessary for fiscal years 2004 through 2007 to support infrastructure systems development for both general aviation and the vertical flight industry.

"(B) Such sums as may be necessary for fiscal years 2004 through 2007 to establish helicopter approach procedures using current technologies (such as the Global Positioning System) to support all-weather, emergency medical service for trauma patients.

"(C) Such sums as may be necessary for fiscal years 2004 through 2007 to revise existing terminal and en route procedures and instrument flight rules to facilitate the takeoff, flight, and landing of tiltrotor aircraft and to improve the national airspace system by separating such aircraft from congested flight paths of fixed-wing aircraft.

"(D) Such sums as may be necessary for fiscal years 2004 through 2007 for the Center for Management Development of the Federal Aviation Administration to operate training courses and to support associated student travel for both residential and field courses."

Subsec. (k)(2)(C). Pub. L. 112–95, §306(b), inserted "and the development and maintenance of helicopter approach procedures" before period at end.

Subsec. (k)(3). Pub. L. 112–95, §103(c), added par. (3).

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 112–95, §203, in last sentence, inserted "with or" after "from the Administration,".

Subsec. (s). Pub. L. 112–95, §204, added subsec. (s).

Subsec. (t). Pub. L. 112–95, §341, added subsec. (t).

**2011**—Subsec. (k)(1)(G), (H). Pub. L. 112–30 added subpars. (G) and (H).

**2010**—Subsec. (k)(1)(F). Pub. L. 111–216 amended subpar. (F) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (F) read as follows: "$7,813,037,096 for the period beginning on October 1, 2009, and ending on August 1, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–197 amended subpar. (F) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (F) read as follows: "$7,070,158,159 for the period beginning on October 1, 2009, and ending on July 3, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–161 amended subpar. (F) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (F) read as follows: "$5,454,183,000 for the 7-month period beginning on October 1, 2009."

Pub. L. 111–153 amended subpar. (F) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (F) read as follows: "$4,676,574,750 for the 6-month period beginning on October 1, 2009."

**2009**—Subsec. (k)(1)(E). Pub. L. 111–12 substituted "$9,042,467,000 for fiscal year 2009" for "$4,516,364,500 for the 6-month period beginning on October 1, 2008".

Subsec. (k)(1)(F). Pub. L. 111–116 amended subpar. (F) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (F) read as follows: "$2,338,287,375 for the 3-month period beginning on October 1, 2009."

Subsec. (k)(1)(F). Pub. L. 111–69 added subpar. (F).

**2008**—Subsec. (k)(1)(E). Pub. L. 110–330 added subpar. (E).

**2003**—Subsec. (d)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 108–176, §204, added par. (2) and redesignated former pars. (2) and (3) as (3) and (4), respectively.

Subsec. (f)(2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 108–176, §224(c), inserted ", services," after "property".

Subsec. (k)(1). Pub. L. 108–176, §103(a), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows:

"(1)

"(A) such sums as may be necessary for fiscal year 2000;

"(B) $6,592,235,000 for fiscal year 2001;

"(C) $6,886,000,000 for fiscal year 2002; and

"(D) $7,357,000,000 for fiscal year 2003.

Such sums shall remain available until expended."

Subsec. (k)(2). Pub. L. 108–176, §103(b), redesignated subpars. (C) to (E) as subpars. (A) to (C), respectively, in subpars. (A) to (C), substituted "fiscal years 2004 through 2007" for "fiscal years 2000 through 2003", added subpars. (D) to (G), struck out former subpars. (A) and (B), which related to expenditures for wildlife measures and a university consortium for an air safety and security management certificate program, and struck out former subpars. (F) to (I), which related to expenditures for the 1998 airport surface operations safety action plan, United States membership obligations in the International Civil Aviation Organization, additional inspectors to enhance air cargo security programs, and improved training programs for airport security screening personnel.

Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 108–176, §201(1), inserted "and Air Traffic Services Board" after "Council" in heading.

Subsec. (p)(2). Pub. L. 108–176, §201(2)(A), substituted "consist of 13 members, who" for "consist of 18 members, who" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (p)(2)(C)(i). Pub. L. 108–176, §201(2)(B), inserted ", except that initial appointments made after May 1, 2003, shall be made by the Secretary of Transportation" after "Senate".

Subsec. (p)(2)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 108–176, §201(2)(C)(ii), substituted "; and" for semicolon at end.

Subsec. (p)(2)(D). Pub. L. 108–176, §201(2)(D), substituted "employees, by the Secretary of Transportation." for "employees, by—

"(i) in the case of initial appointments to the Council, the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate; and

"(ii) in the case of subsequent appointments to the Council, the Secretary of Transportation; and".

Subsec. (p)(2)(E). Pub. L. 108–176, §201(2)(D), struck out subpar. (E) which read as follows: "5 members appointed by the Secretary after consultation with the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate."

Subsec. (p)(3). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(1), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) which related to qualifications for serving on the Council.

Subsec. (p)(4)(C). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(2), inserted "or Air Traffic Services Committee" after "Council" in two places.

Subsec. (p)(5). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(3), inserted ", the Air Traffic Services Committee," after "Council".

Subsec. (p)(6)(C). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(4), in heading substituted "committee" for "subcommittee" and in text substituted "members appointed" for "member appointed", "to the Air Traffic Services Committee shall" for "under paragraph (2)(E) shall", and "the first members of the Committee shall be the members of the Air Traffic Services Subcommittee of the Council on the day before the date of enactment of the Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act who shall serve in an advisory capacity until such time as the President appoints the members of the Committee under paragraph (7)." for "of the members first appointed under paragraph (2)(E)—

"(i) 2 members shall be appointed for a term of 3 years;

"(ii) 2 members shall be appointed for a term of 4 years; and

"(iii) 1 member shall be appointed for a term of 5 years."

Subsec. (p)(6)(D). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(5), substituted "to the Committee" for "under paragraph (2)(E)".

Subsec. (p)(6)(E). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(6), inserted "or Committee" after "Council".

Subsec. (p)(6)(F). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(7), inserted "of the Council or Committee" after "member".

Subsec. (p)(6)(G). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(8), in second sentence substituted "Committee" for "Council" and struck out "appointed under paragraph (2)(E)" before "may be removed".

Subsec. (p)(6)(H). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(9)(A), substituted "committee" for "subcommittee" in heading.

Subsec. (p)(6)(H)(i). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(9)(B), (C), substituted "to the Committee" for "under paragraph (2)(E)" and "of the Committee" for "of the Air Traffic Services Subcommittee".

Subsec. (p)(6)(I)(i). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(10), substituted "is serving as" for "appointed under paragraph (2)(E) is" and "Committee" for "Subcommittee".

Subsec. (p)(6)(I)(ii). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(11), substituted "who is a member of the Committee" for "appointed under paragraph (2)(E)" and "Committee;" for "Subcommittee;".

Subsec. (p)(6)(K). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(12), inserted "or Committee" after "Council".

Subsec. (p)(6)(L). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(13), inserted "or Committee" after "Council" in two places.

Subsec. (p)(7). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(A), substituted "committee" for "subcommittee" in heading.

Subsec. (p)(7)(A). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(B), added subpar. (A) and struck out heading and text of former subpar. (A). Text read as follows: "The Management Advisory Council shall have an air traffic services subcommittee (in this paragraph referred to as the 'Subcommittee') composed of the five members appointed under paragraph (2)(E)."

Subsec. (p)(7)(B), (C). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(D), added subpars. (B) and (C). Former subpars. (B) and (C) redesignated (D) and (E), respectively.

Subsec. (p)(7)(D). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(E), substituted "Committee" for "Subcommittee" in two places.

Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(C), redesignated subpar. (B) as (D). Former subpar. (D) redesignated (F).

Subsec. (p)(7)(E). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(I), struck out concluding provisions which read as follows: "The Secretary shall submit the budget request referred to in clause (v)(II) for any fiscal year to the President who shall transmit such request, without revision, to the Committees on Transportation and Infrastructure and Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committees on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and Appropriations of the Senate, together with the President's annual budget request for the Federal Aviation Administration for such fiscal year."

Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(E), substituted "Committee" for "Subcommittee" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(C), redesignated subpar. (C) as (E). Former subpar. (E) redesignated (G).

Subsec. (p)(7)(E)(v)(I). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(F), substituted "make recommendations on" for "approve".

Subsec. (p)(7)(E)(v)(II). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(G), substituted "recommendations" for "request".

Subsec. (p)(7)(E)(v)(III). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(H), substituted "base such budget recommendations on" for "ensure that the budget request supports".

Subsec. (p)(7)(F). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(J), added subpar. (F) and struck out heading and text of former subpar. (F). Text read as follows:

"(i)

"(ii)

"(iii)

"(iv)

Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(C), redesignated subpar (D) as (F). Former subpar. (F) redesignated (H).

Subsec. (p)(7)(G). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(K), substituted "Committee" for "Subcommittee" wherever appearing, redesignated cls. (ii) to (iv) as (i) to (iii), respectively, and struck out former cl. (i) which read as follows: "

Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(C), redesignated subpar. (E) as (G).

Subsec. (p)(7)(H). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(C), redesignated subpar. (F) as (H).

Subsec. (p)(7)(H)(i). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(L)(i), (ii), substituted "Committee shall" for "Subcommittee shall" and "Secretary" for "Administrator, the Council".

Subsec. (p)(7)(H)(ii). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(L), substituted "Committee under" for "Subcommittee under", "subparagraph (D)(i)" for "subparagraph (B)(i)", "Committee shall" for "Subcommittee shall", and "Secretary" for "Administrator, the Council".

Subsec. (p)(7)(H)(iii), (iv). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(L)(i), in cl. (iii) substituted "Committee under" for "Subcommittee under" and "Committee, the" for "Subcommittee, the" and in cl. (iv) substituted "Committee in" for "Subcommittee in".

Subsec. (p)(7)(I). Pub. L. 108–176, §202(14)(M), added subpar. (I).

Subsec. (r)(1)(A), (2)(A). Pub. L. 108–176, §203(1), substituted "Air Traffic Services Committee" for "Air Traffic Services Subcommittee of the Aviation Management Advisory Council".

Subsec. (r)(2)(B). Pub. L. 108–176, §203(2), inserted "in" before "paragraph (3)".

Subsec. (r)(3). Pub. L. 108–176, §203(3), substituted "Air Traffic Services Committee" for "Air Traffic Control Subcommittee of the Aviation Management Advisory Committee".

Subsec. (r)(4). Pub. L. 108–176, §203(4), substituted "Transportation, the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate" for "Transportation and Congress".

Subsec. (r)(5)(A). Pub. L. 108–176, §203(5), in introductory provisions substituted "implement the" for "develop a" and "in order to further" for ", including the establishment of".

Subsec. (r)(5)(B). Pub. L. 108–176, §203(6)(A), substituted "oversee the day-to-day operational functions of the Administration for air traffic control," for "review the operational functions of the Administration," in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (r)(5)(B)(iv). Pub. L. 108–176, §203(6)(B)–(D), added cl. (iv).

Subsec. (r)(5)(C)(i). Pub. L. 108–176, §203(7), struck out "prepared by the Administrator" after "air traffic control system".

Subsec. (r)(5)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 108–176, §203(8), substituted "and the Committee" for "and the Secretary of Transportation".

Subsec. (r)(5)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 108–176, §203(9), inserted "agency's" before "annual" and substituted "for air traffic control services" for "developed under subparagraph (A) of this subsection".

**2001**—Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(d), substituted "supplies, personnel, services, and" for "supplies and" in last sentence.

Subsec. (r)(2)(A). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(c)(3), amended heading and text of subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Chief Operating Officer shall be paid at an annual rate of basic pay equal to the annual rate of basic pay of the Administrator. The Chief Operating Officer shall be subject to the post-employment provisions of section 207 of title 18 as if this position were described in section 207(c)(2)(A)(i) of that title."

**2000**—Subsec. (f)(3)(A). Pub. L. 106–181, §306, inserted at end "On February 1 and August 1 of each year the Administrator shall submit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a letter listing each deadline the Administrator missed under this subparagraph during the 6-month period ending on such date, including an explanation for missing the deadline and a projected date on which the action that was subject to the deadline will be taken."

Subsec. (f)(3)(B)(i). Pub. L. 106–181, §305(1), (2), in introductory provisions, substituted "$250,000,000" for "$100,000,000" and "Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century" for "Air Traffic Management System Performance Improvement Act of 1996".

Subsec. (f)(3)(B)(i)(I). Pub. L. 106–181, §305(1), (3), substituted "$250,000,000" for "$100,000,000" and inserted "substantial and" before "material" and "or" after semicolon at end.

Subsec. (f)(3)(B)(i)(II) to (IV). Pub. L. 106–181, §305(4), added subcl. (II) and struck out former subcls. (II) to (IV) which read as follows:

"(II) create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an action taken or planned by another agency;

"(III) materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements, grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of recipients thereof; or

"(IV) raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates."

Subsec. (g)(1)(A). Pub. L. 106–181, §701, substituted "40113(a), 40113(c), 40113(d), 40113(e), 40114(a), and 40119, chapter 445 (except sections 44501(b), 44502(a)(2), 44502(a)(3), 44502(a)(4), 44503, 44506, 44509, 44510, 44514, and 44515), chapter 447 (except sections 44717, 44718(a), 44718(b), 44719, 44720, 44721(b), 44722, and 44723), chapter 449 (except sections 44903(d), 44904, 44905, 44907–44911, 44913, 44915, and 44931–44934), chapter 451, chapter 453, sections" for "40113(a), (c), and (d), 40114(a), 40119, 44501(a) and (c), 44502(a)(1), (b), and (c), 44504, 44505, 44507, 44508, 44511–44513, 44701–44716, 44718(c), 44721(a), 44901, 44902, 44903(a)–(c) and (e), 44906, 44912, 44935–44937, and 44938(a) and (b), chapter 451, sections 45302–45304,".

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 106–181, §103(a), amended heading and text of subsec. (k) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Transportation for operations of the Administration $5,632,000,000 for fiscal year 1999."

Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 106–181, §307(c)(1), substituted "subsections (a) and (g) of section 40122" for "section 40122(a) of this title and section 347 of Public Law 104–50".

Subsec. (p)(2). Pub. L. 106–528, which directed the substitution of "18" for "15" in section 106(p)(2), without specifying the Code title to be amended, was executed by making the substitution in the introductory provisions of subsec. (p)(2) of this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (p)(2)(C) to (E). Pub. L. 106–181, §302(a)(1), added subpars. (C) to (E) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: "13 members representing aviation interests, appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate."

Subsec. (p)(3). Pub. L. 106–181, §302(a)(2), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), inserted subpar. heading, realigned margins, inserted "or (2)(E)" after "paragraph (2)(C)", and added subpars. (B) and (C).

Subsec. (p)(6). Pub. L. 106–181, §302(b), added subpars. (A) to (I), redesignated former subpars. (B) to (D) as (J) to (L), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (A) which related to terms of members appointed to the Advisory Council.

Subsec. (p)(7), (8). Pub. L. 106–181, §302(c), added pars. (7) and (8).

Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 106–181, §303, added subsec. (r).

**1999**—Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 106–6 substituted "$5,632,000,000 for fiscal year 1999." for "$5,158,000,000 for fiscal year 1997 and $5,344,000,000 for fiscal year 1998."

**1997**—Subsec. (g)(1)(A). Pub. L. 105–102 added Pub. L. 104–264, §276(c). See 1996 Amendment note below.

**1996**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "August 23, 1994," for "the date of the enactment of this sentence".

Pub. L. 104–264, §223(a)(1), substituted "Except as provided in subsection (f) or in other provisions of law, the Administrator" for "The Administrator".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–264, §223(a)(2), inserted subsec. heading, designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted par. (1) heading, substituted "Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Secretary" for "The Secretary", realigned margins, substituted "Neither the Secretary nor the Administrator may" for "The Secretary may not" and "or be bound" for "nor be bound", and added pars. (2) and (3).

Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 104–264, §224(2), added par. (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (4).

Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 104–264, §224(1), redesignated par. (3) as (4).

Subsec. (g)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104–264, §276(c), as added by Pub. L. 105–102, substituted "45302–45304" for "45302, 45303".

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 104–264, §103(a), substituted "$5,158,000,000 for fiscal year 1997 and $5,344,000,000 for fiscal year 1998." for "$4,088,000,000 for fiscal year 1991, $4,412,600,000 for fiscal year 1992, $4,716,500,000 for fiscal year 1993, $4,576,000,000 for fiscal year 1994, $4,674,000,000 for fiscal year 1995, and $4,810,000,000 for fiscal year 1996."

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 104–264, §225, added subsec. (l).

Subsec. (l)(6). Pub. L. 104–264, §226, added par. (6).

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 104–264, §227, added subsec. (m).

Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 104–264, §228, added subsec. (n).

Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 104–264, §229, added subsec. (o).

Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 104–264, §230, added subsec. (p).

Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 104–264, §1210, added subsec. (q).

**1994**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–305, §201, inserted at end "The term of office for any individual appointed as Administrator after the date of the enactment of this sentence shall be 5 years."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(3)(A), substituted "Secretary of Transportation shall" for "Secretary shall".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(3)(B), inserted heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Administrator shall carry out—

"(1) duties and powers of the Secretary related to aviation safety (except those related to transportation, packaging, marking, or description of hazardous materials) and vested in the Secretary by section 308(b) of this title and sections 306–309, 312–314, 315–316 (except for the duties and powers vested in the Director of Intelligence and Security by or under section 101 of the Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990), 1101, 1105, and 1111 and titles VI, VII, IX, and XII of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 App. U.S.C. 1347–1350, 1353–1355, 1421 et seq., 1441 et seq., 1471 et seq., 1501, 1505, 1511, and 1521 et seq.); and

"(2) additional duties and powers prescribed by the Secretary."

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(4)(A), substituted "Section 40101(d) of this title" for "Section 103 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 App. U.S.C. 1303)".

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(4)(B), substituted "section 44507 of this title" for "section 312(e) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958".

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 103–305, §103, substituted ", $4,576,000,000 for fiscal year 1994, $4,674,000,000 for fiscal year 1995, and $4,810,000,000 for fiscal year 1996" for ", $5,100,000,000 for fiscal year 1994, and $5,520,000,000 for fiscal year 1995".

Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(3)(C), inserted "to the Secretary of Transportation" after "appropriated".

**1992**—Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 102–581 substituted "1991," for "1991 and" and inserted before period at end ", $4,716,500,000 for fiscal year 1993, $5,100,000,000 for fiscal year 1994, and $5,520,000,000 for fiscal year 1995".

**1990**—Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 101–604 inserted "315–316 (except for the duties and powers vested in the Director of Intelligence and Security by or under section 101 of the Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990)," after "312–314,".

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 101–508 added subsec. (k).

**1988**—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 100–591 added subsec. (j).

**1984**—Subsecs. (g)(1), (h). Pub. L. 98–216 substituted "49 App. U.S.C." for "49 U.S.C.".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–166 effective 60 days after Aug. 10, 2012, and applicable to appointments made on and after that effective date, including any nomination pending in the Senate on that date, see section 6(a) of Pub. L. 112–166, set out as a note under section 113 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Pub. L. 108–176, §3, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2493, provided that: "Except as otherwise specifically provided, this Act [see Tables for classification] and the amendments made by this Act shall apply only to fiscal years beginning after September 30, 2003."

Pub. L. 106–528, §9, Nov. 22, 2000, 114 Stat. 2523, provided that: "Except as otherwise expressly provided, this Act [amending this section and sections 41104, 44903, 44935, and 44936 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 40101, 44903, and 44936 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 40128 and 47501 of this title] and the amendments made by this Act shall take effect 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 22, 2000]."

Pub. L. 106–181, §3, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 64, provided that: "Except as otherwise specifically provided, this Act [see Tables for classification] and the amendments made by this Act shall apply only to fiscal years beginning after September 30, 1999."

Pub. L. 106–181, title III, §302(d), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 121, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

Pub. L. 105–102, §3(c), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, provided that the amendment made by section 3(c)(3) is effective Oct. 9, 1996.

Pub. L. 105–102, §3(f), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2216, provided that: "The amendments made by subsections (a) through (d) of this section [amending this section and sections 5302, 30501 to 30504, 45301, 46301, 46316, 47117, and 47128 of this title, renumbering section 40121 of this title as 40124 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 5303 and 47117 of this title] shall take effect as if included in the provisions of the Acts to which the amendments relate."

Pub. L. 104–264, §3, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3215, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §203, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3227, provided that: "The provisions of this title [enacting sections 40121, 40122, 45301, 45303, 48111, and 48201 of this title, amending this section and section 41742 of this title, renumbering section 45303 of this title as section 45304, repealing section 45301 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 40101, 40110, and 41742 of this title] and the amendments made by this title shall take effect on the date that is 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 9, 1996]."

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Pub. L. 117–2, title VII, §7103, Mar. 11, 2021, 135 Stat. 98, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) is subject to a Federal, State, or local quarantine or isolation order related to COVID–19;

"(2) has been advised by a health care provider to self-quarantine due to concerns related to COVID–19;

"(3) is caring for an individual who is subject to such an order or has been so advised;

"(4) is experiencing symptoms of COVID–19 and seeking a medical diagnosis;

"(5) is caring for a son or daughter of such employee if the school or place of care of the son or daughter has been closed, if the school of such son or daughter requires or makes optional a virtual learning instruction model or requires or makes optional a hybrid of in-person and virtual learning instruction models, or the child care provider of such son or daughter is unavailable, due to COVID–19 precautions;

"(6) is experiencing any other substantially similar condition;

"(7) is caring for a family member with a mental or physical disability or who is 55 years of age or older and incapable of self-care, without regard to whether another individual other than the employee is available to care for such family member, if the place of care for such family member is closed or the direct care provider is unavailable due to COVID–19; or

"(8) is obtaining immunization related to COVID–19 or is recovering from any injury, disability, illness, or condition related to such immunization.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) shall be provided to an employee of the Administration in an amount not to exceed 600 hours of paid leave for each full-time employee, and in the case of a part-time employee, employee on an uncommon tour of duty, or employee with a seasonal work schedule, in an amount not to exceed the proportional equivalent of 600 hours to the extent amounts in the Fund remain available for reimbursement;

"(B) shall be paid at the same hourly rate as other leave payments; and

"(C) may not be provided to an employee if the leave would result in payments greater than $2,800 in aggregate for any biweekly pay period for a full-time employee, or a proportionally equivalent biweekly limit for a part-time employee.

"(3)

"(A) is in addition to any other leave provided to an employee of the Administration; and

"(B) may not be used by an employee of the Administration concurrently with any other paid leave.

"(4)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §180, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3230, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) serve as a regional liaison with the public, including community groups, on issues regarding aircraft noise, pollution, and safety;

"(2) make recommendations to the Administrator for the region to address concerns raised by the public and improve the consideration of public comments in decision-making processes; and

"(3) be consulted on proposed changes in aircraft operations affecting the region, including arrival and departure routes, in order to minimize environmental impacts, including noise."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §558, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3383, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) the timely and cost-effective completion of projects; and

"(2) the effectiveness of the Administration in achieving the goals described in section 47171 of title 49, United States Code.

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title VII, §711, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3410, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) management and oversight of all the FAA's [Federal Aviation Administration's] research and development programs and activities; and

"(2) production of all congressional reports from the FAA relevant to research and development, including the national aviation research plan required under section 44501(c) of title 49, United States Code.

"(c)

Pub. L. 112–95, title II, §223, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 55, provided that: "The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall make payments to the Department of Defense for the education of dependent children of those Administration employees in Puerto Rico and Guam as they are subject to transfer by policy and practice and meet the eligibility requirements of section 2164(c) of title 10, United States Code."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §511, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3356, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) consolidating, phasing-out, or eliminating duplicative positions, programs, roles, or offices;

"(2) eliminating or streamlining wasteful practices;

"(3) eliminating or phasing-out redundant, obsolete, or unnecessary functions;

"(4) reforming and streamlining inefficient processes so that the activities of the Administration are completed in an expedited and efficient manner; and

"(5) reforming or eliminating ineffectual or outdated policies.

"(b)

"(1) duplicative positions, programs, roles, or offices;

"(2) wasteful practices;

"(3) redundant, obsolete, or unnecessary functions;

"(4) inefficient processes; and

"(5) ineffectual or outdated policies.

"(c)

"(d)

[For definitions of terms used in section 511 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see sections 101 and 501 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as notes under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, §812, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 124, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) duplicative positions, programs, roles, or offices;

"(2) wasteful practices;

"(3) redundant, obsolete, or unnecessary functions;

"(4) inefficient processes; and

"(5) ineffectual or outdated policies.

"(b)

"(1) consolidating, phasing-out, or eliminating duplicative positions, programs, roles, or offices;

"(2) eliminating or streamlining wasteful practices;

"(3) eliminating or phasing-out redundant, obsolete, or unnecessary functions;

"(4) reforming and streamlining inefficient processes so that the activities of the Administration are completed in an expedited and efficient manner; and

"(5) reforming or eliminating ineffectual or outdated policies.

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, §825, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 131, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) a listing of each earmark related to the Administration and with respect to which there is an unobligated balance of appropriated amounts, which shall include the amount of the original earmark, the amount of the unobligated balance related to that earmark, and the date on which the funding expires, if applicable;

"(B) the number of rescissions under subsection (b) and the savings resulting from those rescissions for the previous fiscal year; and

"(C) a listing of earmarks related to the Administration with amounts scheduled for rescission at the end of the current fiscal year."

Pub. L. 108–176, title VII, §702, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2576, provided that:

"(a)(1) The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall establish a Federal Aviation Administration Science and Technology Scholarship Program to award scholarships to individuals that is designed to recruit and prepare students for careers in the Federal Aviation Administration.

"(2) Individuals shall be selected to receive scholarships under this section through a competitive process primarily on the basis of academic merit, with consideration given to financial need and the goal of promoting the participation of individuals identified in section 33 or 34 of the Science and Engineering Equal Opportunities Act [42 U.S.C. 1885a, 1885b].

"(3) To carry out the Program the Administrator shall enter into contractual agreements with individuals selected under paragraph (2) under which the individuals agree to serve as full-time employees of the Federal Aviation Administration, for the period described in subsection (f)(1), in positions needed by the Federal Aviation Administration and for which the individuals are qualified, in exchange for receiving a scholarship.

"(b) In order to be eligible to participate in the Program, an individual must—

"(1) be enrolled or accepted for enrollment as a full-time student at an institution of higher education, as a junior or senior undergraduate or graduate student, in an academic field or discipline described in the list made available under subsection (d);

"(2) be a United States citizen or permanent resident; and

"(3) at the time of the initial scholarship award, not be an employee (as defined in section 2105 of title 5, United States Code).

"(c) An individual seeking a scholarship under this section shall submit an application to the Administrator at such time, in such manner, and containing such information, agreements, or assurances as the Administrator may require.

"(d) The Administrator shall make publicly available a list of academic programs and fields of study for which scholarships under the Program may be utilized and shall update the list as necessary.

"(e)(1) The Administrator may provide a scholarship under the Program for an academic year if the individual applying for the scholarship has submitted to the Administrator, as part of the application required under subsection (c), a proposed academic program leading to a degree in a program or field of study on the list made available under subsection (d).

"(2) An individual may not receive a scholarship under this section for more than 4 academic years, unless the Administrator grants a waiver.

"(3) The dollar amount of a scholarship under this section for an academic year shall be determined under regulations issued by the Administrator, but shall in no case exceed the cost of attendance.

"(4) A scholarship provided under this section may be expended for tuition, fees, and other authorized expenses as established by the Administrator by regulation.

"(5) The Administrator may enter into a contractual agreement with an institution of higher education under which the amounts provided for a scholarship under this section for tuition, fees, and other authorized expenses are paid directly to the institution with respect to which the scholarship is provided.

"(f)(1) The period of service for which an individual shall be obligated to serve as an employee of the Federal Aviation Administration is, except as provided in subsection (h)(2), 24 months for each academic year for which a scholarship under this section is provided.

"(2)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), obligated service under paragraph (1) shall begin not later than 60 days after the individual obtains the educational degree for which the scholarship was provided.

"(B) The Administrator may defer the obligation of an individual to provide a period of service under paragraph (1) if the Administrator determines that such a deferral is appropriate. The Administrator shall prescribe the terms and conditions under which a service obligation may be deferred through regulation.

"(g)(1) Scholarship recipients who fail to maintain a high level of academic standing, as defined by the Administrator by regulation, who are dismissed from their educational institutions for disciplinary reasons, or who voluntarily terminate academic training before graduation from the educational program for which the scholarship was awarded, shall be in breach of their contractual agreement and, in lieu of any service obligation arising under such agreement, shall be liable to the United States for repayment within 1 year after the date of default of all scholarship funds paid to them and to the institution of higher education on their behalf under the agreement, except as provided in subsection (h)(2). The repayment period may be extended by the Administrator when determined to be necessary, as established by regulation.

"(2) Scholarship recipients who, for any reason, fail to begin or complete their service obligation after completion of academic training, or fail to comply with the terms and conditions of deferment established by the Administrator pursuant to subsection (f)(2)(B), shall be in breach of their contractual agreement. When recipients breach their agreements for the reasons stated in the preceding sentence, the recipient shall be liable to the United States for an amount equal to—

"(A) the total amount of scholarships received by such individual under this section; plus

"(B) the interest on the amounts of such awards which would be payable if at the time the awards were received they were loans bearing interest at the maximum legal prevailing rate, as determined by the Treasurer of the United States,

multiplied by 3.

"(h)(1) Any obligation of an individual incurred under the Program (or a contractual agreement thereunder) for service or payment shall be canceled upon the death of the individual.

"(2) The Administrator shall by regulation provide for the partial or total waiver or suspension of any obligation of service or payment incurred by an individual under the Program (or a contractual agreement thereunder) whenever compliance by the individual is impossible or would involve extreme hardship to the individual, or if enforcement of such obligation with respect to the individual would be contrary to the best interests of the Government.

"(i) For purposes of this section—

"(1) the term 'cost of attendance' has the meaning given that term in section 472 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 [20 U.S.C. 1087ll];

"(2) the term 'institution of higher education' has the meaning given that term in section 101(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 [20 U.S.C. 1001(a)]; and

"(3) the term 'Program' means the Federal Aviation Administration Science and Technology Scholarship Program established under this section.

"(j)(1) There is authorized to be appropriated to the Federal Aviation Administration for the Program $10,000,000 for each fiscal year.

"(2) Amounts appropriated under this section shall remain available for 2 fiscal years.

"(k) The Administrator may provide temporary internships to full-time students enrolled in an undergraduate or post-graduate program leading to an advanced degree in an aerospace-related or aviation safety-related field of endeavor."

Pub. L. 106–181, title IX, §903, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 196, provided that: "The Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall make available through the Internet home page of the Federal Aviation Administration the abstracts relating to all research grants and awards made with funds authorized by the amendments made by this Act [see Tables for classification]. Nothing in this section shall be construed to require or permit the release of any information prohibited by law or regulation from being released to the public."

Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §221, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3227, provided that: "Congress finds the following:

"(1) In many respects the Administration is a unique agency, being one of the few non-defense government agencies that operates 24 hours a day, 365 days of the year, while continuing to rely on outdated technology to carry out its responsibilities for a state-of-the-art industry.

"(2) Until January 1, 1996, users of the air transportation system paid 70 percent of the budget of the Administration, with the remaining 30 percent coming from the General Fund. The General Fund contribution over the years is one measure of the benefit received by the general public, military, and other users of Administration's services.

"(3) The Administration must become a more efficient, effective, and different organization to meet future challenges.

"(4) The need to balance the Federal budget means that it may become more and more difficult to obtain sufficient General Fund contributions to meet the Administration's future budget needs.

"(5) Congress must keep its commitment to the users of the national air transportation system by seeking to spend all moneys collected from them each year and deposited into the Airport and Airway Trust Fund. Existing surpluses representing past receipts must also be spent for the purposes for which such funds were collected.

"(6) The aviation community and the employees of the Administration must come together to improve the system. The Administration must continue to recognize who its customers are and what their needs are, and to design and redesign the system to make safety improvements and increase productivity.

"(7) The Administration projects that commercial operations will increase by 18 percent and passenger traffic by 35 percent by the year 2002. Without effective airport expansion and system modernization, these needs cannot be met.

"(8) Absent significant and meaningful reform, future challenges and needs cannot be met.

"(9) The Administration must have a new way of doing business.

"(10) There is widespread agreement within government and the aviation industry that reform of the Administration is essential to safely and efficiently accommodate the projected growth of aviation within the next decade.

"(11) To the extent that Congress determines that certain segments of the aviation community are not required to pay all of the costs of the government services which they require and benefits which they receive, Congress should appropriate the difference between such costs and any receipts received from such segment.

"(12) Prior to the imposition of any new charges or user fees on segments of the industry, an independent review must be performed to assess the funding needs and assumptions for operations, capital spending, and airport infrastructure.

"(13) An independent, thorough, and complete study and assessment must be performed of the costs to the Administration and the costs driven by each segment of the aviation system for safety and operational services, including the use of the air traffic control system and the Nation's airports.

"(14) Because the Administration is a unique Federal entity in that it is a participant in the daily operations of an industry, and because the national air transportation system faces significant problems without significant changes, the Administration has been authorized to change the Federal procurement and personnel systems to ensure that the Administration has the ability to keep pace with new technology and is able to match resources with the real personnel needs of the Administration.

"(15) The existing budget system does not allow for long-term planning or timely acquisition of technology by the Administration.

"(16) Without reforms in the areas of procurement, personnel, funding, and governance, the Administration will continue to experience delays and cost overruns in its major modernization programs and needed improvements in the performance of the air traffic management system will not occur.

"(17) All reforms should be designed to help the Administration become more responsive to the needs of its customers and maintain the highest standards of safety."

Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §222, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3229, provided that: "The purposes of this title [see Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note set out above] are—

"(1) to ensure that final action shall be taken on all notices of proposed rulemaking of the Administration within 18 months after the date of their publication;

"(2) to permit the Administration, with Congressional review, to establish a program to improve air traffic management system performance and to establish appropriate levels of cost accountability for air traffic management services provided by the Administration;

"(3) to establish a more autonomous and accountable Administration within the Department of Transportation; and

"(4) to make the Administration a more efficient and effective organization, able to meet the needs of a dynamic, growing industry, and to ensure the safety of the traveling public."

Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §223(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3230, provided that: "Nothing in this title [see Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note set out above] or the amendments made by this title limits any authority granted to the Administrator by statute or by delegation that was in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 9, 1996]."

Pub. L. 104–50, title III, §347, Nov. 15, 1995, 109 Stat. 460, as amended by Pub. L. 104–122, Mar. 29, 1996, 110 Stat. 876; Pub. L. 105–339, §5, Oct. 31, 1998, 112 Stat. 3187, which required the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to develop and implement, not later than Jan. 1, 1996, a personnel management system, exempt from most provisions of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, to provide for greater flexibility in the hiring, training, compensation, and location of personnel, was repealed by Pub. L. 106–181, title III, §307(d), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 126.

Pub. L. 106–346, §101(a) [title III, §303], Oct. 23, 2000, 114 Stat. 1356, 1356A–23, as amended by Pub. L. 114–95, title IX, §9215(x), Dec. 10, 2015, 129 Stat. 2172, provided that: "Hereafter, funds appropriated under this or any other Act for expenditures by the Federal Aviation Administration shall be available: (1) except as otherwise authorized by title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 [20 U.S.C. 7701 et seq.], for expenses of primary and secondary schooling for dependents of Federal Aviation Administration personnel stationed outside the continental United States at costs for any given area not in excess of those of the Department of Defense for the same area, when it is determined by the Secretary that the schools, if any, available in the locality are unable to provide adequately for the education of such dependents; and (2) for transportation of said dependents between schools serving the area that they attend and their places of residence when the Secretary, under such regulations as may be prescribed, determines that such schools are not accessible by public means of transportation on a regular basis."

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 106–69, title III, §303, Oct. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1015.

Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(g) [title III, §303], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–439, 2681–464.

Pub. L. 105–66, title III, §303, Oct. 27, 1997, 111 Stat. 1441.

Pub. L. 104–205, title III, §303, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 2968.

Pub. L. 104–50, title III, §303, Nov. 15, 1995, 109 Stat. 453.

Pub. L. 103–331, title III, §303, Sept. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 2488.

Pub. L. 103–122, title III, §303, Oct. 27, 1993, 107 Stat. 1219.

Pub. L. 102–388, title III, §303, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1543.

Pub. L. 102–143, title III, §303, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 939.

Pub. L. 101–516, title III, §303, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2178.

Pub. L. 101–164, title III, §303, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1091.

Pub. L. 100–457, title III, §303, Sept. 30, 1988, 102 Stat. 2146.

Pub. L. 100–202, §101(l) [title III, §303], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–358, 1329–377.

Pub. L. 99–500, §101(l) [H.R. 5205, title III, §303], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–308, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(l), Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–308.

Pub. L. 99–190, §101(e) [title III, §303], Dec. 19, 1985, 99 Stat. 1267, 1284.

Pub. L. 98–473, title I, §101(i) [title III, §303], Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1944, 1961.

Pub. L. 98–78, title III, §303, Aug. 15, 1983, 97 Stat. 470.

Pub. L. 97–369, title III, §306, Dec. 18, 1982, 96 Stat. 1781.

Pub. L. 97–102, title III, §306, Dec. 23, 1981, 95 Stat. 1458.

Pub. L. 96–400, title III, §306, Oct. 9, 1980, 94 Stat. 1695.

Pub. L. 96–131, title III, §307, Nov. 30, 1979, 93 Stat. 1037.

Pub. L. 95–335, title III, §310, Aug. 4, 1978, 92 Stat. 448.

Pub. L. 95–85, title III, §310, Aug. 2, 1977, 91 Stat. 416.

Pub. L. 94–387, title III, §312, Aug. 14, 1976, 90 Stat. 1185.

Pub. L. 94–134, title III, §310, Nov. 24, 1975, 89 Stat. 711.

Pub. L. 93–391, title III, §311, Aug. 28, 1974, 88 Stat. 780.

Pub. L. 93–98, title III, §313, Aug. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 340.

Pub. L. 92–398, title III, §313, Aug. 22, 1972, 86 Stat. 591.

Pub. L. 92–74, title I, Aug. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 203.

Pub. L. 91–168, title I, Dec. 26, 1969, 83 Stat. 455.

Pub. L. 90–464, title I, Aug. 8, 1968, 82 Stat. 655.

Pub. L. 90–112, title II, Oct. 23, 1967, 81 Stat. 312.

Pub. L. 89–474, title I, June 29, 1966, 80 Stat. 223.

Pub. L. 89–57, title I, June 30, 1965, 79 Stat. 197.

Pub. L. 88–392, title I, Aug. 1, 1964, 78 Stat. 369.

Pub. L. 88–39, title I, June 13, 1963, 77 Stat. 59.

Pub. L. 87–575, title I, Aug. 6, 1962, 76 Stat. 311.

Pub. L. 87–159, title I, Aug. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 395.

Pub. L. 86–561, title I, June 30, 1960, 74 Stat. 285.

Pub. L. 86–39, title I, June 11, 1959, 73 Stat. 67.

Pub. L. 85–354, title I, Mar. 28, 1958, 72 Stat. 63.

Pub. L. 85–37, title I, May 27, 1957, 71 Stat. 37.

Apr. 2, 1956, ch. 161, title I, 70 Stat. 94.

June 1, 1955, ch. 113, title I, 69 Stat. 74.

May 28, 1954, ch. 242, title I, 68 Stat. 146.

June 18, 1953, ch. 132, title I, 67 Stat. 69.

Pub. L. 99–500, title V, §§501–507, Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–370 to 1783–373, and Pub. L. 99–591, title V, §§501–507, Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–373 to 3341–376, known as the Aviation Safety Commission Act of 1986, established Aviation Safety Commission, directed Commission to study organization and functions of Federal Aviation Administration and means by which it could most efficiently and effectively perform its responsibilities and increase aviation safety and to submit reports to the President and the two houses of Congress within 9 months after Oct. 18, 1986, and within 18 months after Oct. 18, 1986, and provided that Commission was to cease to exist 18 months after Oct. 18, 1986.

Pub. L. 102–308, June 26, 1992, 106 Stat. 273, provided: "That notwithstanding the provisions of section 106 of title 49, United States Code, or any other provision of law, the President, acting by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, is authorized to appoint General Thomas C. Richards, United States Air Force, Retired, to the Office of Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration. General Richards' appointment to, acceptance of, and service in that Office shall in no way affect the status, rank, and grade which he shall hold as an officer on the retired list of the United States Air Force, or any emolument, perquisite, right, privilege, or benefit incident to or arising out of any such status, office, rank, or grade, except to the extent that subchapter IV of chapter 55 of title 5, United States Code, affects the amount of retired pay to which he is entitled by law during his service as Administrator. So long as he serves as Administrator, General Richards shall receive the compensation of that Office at the rate which would be applicable if he were not an officer on the retired list of the United States Air Force, shall retain the status, rank, and grade which he now holds as an officer on the retired list of the United States Air Force, shall retain all emoluments, perquisites, rights, privileges, and benefits incident to or arising out of such status, office, rank, or grade, and shall in addition continue to receive the retired pay to which he is entitled by law, subject to the provisions of subchapter IV of chapter 55 of title 5, United States Code.

"

"

Prior provisions authorizing the appointment of a retired military officer as Administrator were contained in the following acts:

Pub. L. 102–223, Dec. 11, 1991, 105 Stat. 1678.

Pub. L. 101–47, June 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 134.

Pub. L. 98–256, Apr. 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 125.

Pub. L. 89–46, June 22, 1965, 79 Stat. 171.

Ex. Ord. No. 13180, Dec. 7, 2000, 65 F.R. 77493, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 13264, June 4, 2002, 67 F.R. 39243, provided:

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and in order to further improve the provision of air traffic services in ways that increase efficiency, take better advantage of new technologies, accelerate modernization efforts, and respond more effectively to the needs of the traveling public, while enhancing the safety, security, and efficiency of the Nation's air transportation system, it is hereby ordered as follows:

*Establishment of the Air Traffic Organization*. (a) The Secretary of Transportation (Secretary) shall, consistent with his legal authorities, move to establish within the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) a performance-based organization to be known as the "Air Traffic Organization" (ATO).

(b) The ATO shall be composed of those elements of the FAA's Air Traffic Services and Research and Acquisition organizations that have direct connection and give support to the provision of day-to-day operational air traffic services, as determined by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration (Administrator). The Administrator may delegate responsibility for any operational activity of the air traffic control system to the head of the ATO. The Administrator's responsibility for general safety, security, and policymaking functions for the National Airspace System is unaffected by this order.

(c) The Chief Operating Officer (COO) of the Air Traffic Control System, established by the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century (Air-21) (Public Law 106–181) [see Short Title of 2000 Amendments note set out under section 40101 of this title], shall head the ATO and shall report directly to the Administrator and be subject to the authority of the Administrator. The COO, in consultation with the Air Traffic Control Subcommittee of the Aviation Management Advisory Committee, shall enter into an annual performance agreement with the Administrator that sets forth measurable organization and individual goals in key operational areas and describes specific targets and how such goals will be achieved. The COO may receive an annual bonus not to exceed 30 percent of the annual rate of basic pay, based upon the Administrator's evaluation of the COO's performance in relation to the targets and goals described above.

(d) The COO shall develop a 5-year strategic plan for the air traffic control system, including a clear statement of the mission and objectives for the system's safety, efficiency, and productivity. This strategic plan must ensure that ATO actions are consistent with long-term FAA strategies for the aviation system as a whole.

(e) The COO shall also enter into a framework agreement with the Administrator that will establish the relationship of the ATO with the other organizations of the FAA.

*Purpose*. The FAA's primary mission is to ensure the safety, security, and efficiency of the National Airspace System. The purpose of this order is to enhance that mission and further improve the delivery of air traffic services to the American public by reorganizing the FAA's air traffic services and related offices into a performance-based, results-oriented, organization. The ATO will be better able to make use of the unique procurement and personnel authorities that the FAA currently has and to better use the additional management reforms enacted by the Congress this year under Air-21. Specifically, the ATO shall:

(a) optimize use of existing management flexibilities and authorities to improve the efficiency of air traffic services and increase the capacity of the system;

(b) develop methods to accelerate air traffic control modernization and to improve aviation safety related to air traffic control;

(c) develop agreements with the Administrator of the FAA and users of the products, services, and capabilities it will provide;

(d) operate in accordance with safety performance standards developed by the FAA and rapidly respond to FAA safety and security oversight findings;

(e) consult with its customers, the traveling public, including direct users such as airlines, cargo carriers, manufacturers, airports, general aviation, and commercial space transportation providers, and focus on producing results that satisfy the FAA's external customer needs;

(f) consult with appropriate Federal, State, and local public agencies, including the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, to determine the best practices for meeting the diverse needs throughout the National Airspace System;

(g) establish strong incentives to managers for achieving results; and

(h) formulate and recommend to the Administrator any management, fiscal, or legislative changes necessary for the organization to achieve its performance goals.

*Aviation Management Advisory Committee*. The Air Traffic Control Subcommittee of the Aviation Management Advisory Committee shall provide, consistent with its responsibilities under Air-21, general oversight to ATO regarding the administration, management, conduct, direction, and supervision of the air traffic control system.

*Evaluation and Report*. Not later than 5 years after the date of this order, the Aviation Management Advisory Committee shall provide to the Secretary and the Administrator a report on the operation and effectiveness of the ATO, together with any recommendations for management, fiscal, or legislative changes to enable the organization to achieve its goals.

*Definitions*. The term "air traffic control system" has the same meaning as the term defined by section 40102(a)(42) [now 40102(a)(47)] of title 49, United States Code.

*Judicial Review*. This order is intended only to improve the internal management of the executive branch and is not intended to, nor does it, create any right to administrative or judicial review, or any right, whether substantive or procedural, enforceable by any party against the United States, its agencies or instrumentalities, its officers or employees, or any other person.

Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §202, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3227, provided that: "In this title [see Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note set out above], the following definitions apply:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

1 So in original. Probably should not be capitalized.

2 So in original. The comma probably should not appear.

(a) The Federal Transit Administration is an administration in the Department of Transportation.

(b) The head of the Administration is the Administrator who is appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Administrator reports directly to the Secretary of Transportation.

(c) The Administrator shall carry out duties and powers prescribed by the Secretary.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2417; Pub. L. 102–240, title III, §3004(c)(1), (2), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2088.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

107 | 49:1608 (note). | Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1968, eff. July 1, 1968, §3, 82 Stat. 1369. |


In subsection (b), the words "and shall be compensated at the rate now or hereafter provided for Level III of the Executive Schedule Pay Rates (5 U.S.C. 5314)" are omitted as surplus because of 5:5314.

**1991**—Pub. L. 102–240 substituted "Federal Transit Administration" for "Urban Mass Transportation Administration" in section catchline and subsec. (a).

Pub. L. 102–240, title III, §3004(a), (b), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2088, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1) duties and powers related to pipeline and hazardous materials transportation and safety vested in the Secretary by chapters 51, 57, 61, 601, and 603; and

(2) other duties and powers prescribed by the Secretary.

(g)

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2417; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(4), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1365; Pub. L. 108–426, §2(a), Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2423.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

108(a) | 49:1655(b)(1), (2). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §§3(e)(3) (related to USCG), 6(b)(1), (2), 80 Stat. 932, 938. |

108(b) | 49:1652(e)(3) (related to USCG). |


Subsection (a) reflects the transfer of the Coast Guard to the Department of Transportation as provided by the source provisions and 14:1. The words "Except when operating as a service of the Navy" are substituted for 49:1655(b)(2) because of 14:3. The words "The Secretary of Transportation exercises . . . vested in the Secretary of the Treasury . . . immediately before April 1, 1967" are substituted for "and there are hereby transferred to and vested in the Secretary . . . of the Secretary of the Treasury" to reflect the transfer of duties and powers to the Secretary of Transportation on April 1, 1967, the effective date of the Department of Transportation Act (Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931).

In subsection (b), the first sentence is included to provide the name of the officer in charge of the Coast Guard, as reflected in 14:44. In the 2d sentence, the words "carrying out the duties and powers specified by law" are substituted for "such functions, powers, and duties as are specified in this chapter to be carried out", and the words "carry out duties and powers prescribed" are substituted for "carry out such additional functions, powers, and duties as", for consistency.

Section 4(j)(4) amends 49:108(a) to reflect the intent of 49 App.:1655(b)(2), on which 49:108(a) was based.

**2004**—Pub. L. 108–426 amended section catchline and text generally, substituting provisions relating to Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration for provisions relating to Coast Guard.

**1994**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–272 designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted "The Coast Guard" for "Except when operating as a service in the Navy, the Coast Guard", and added par. (2).

Pub. L. 108–426, §5, Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2426, as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §302(h), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1618, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) that have been issued, made, granted, or allowed to become effective by any officer or employee, or any other Government official, or by a court of competent jurisdiction, in the performance of any function that is transferred by this Act; and

"(2) that are in effect on the effective date of such transfer (or become effective after such date pursuant to their terms as in effect on such effective date),

shall continue in effect according to their terms until modified, terminated, superseded, set aside, or revoked in accordance with law by the Department, any other authorized official, a court of competent jurisdiction, or operation of law.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(e)

"(f)

"(g)

"(h)

Pub. L. 114–183, §9, June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 520, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) geographic allocation plans, hiring and time-to-hire challenges, and expected retirement rates and recruitment and retention strategies;

"(2) an identification and description of any previous periods of macroeconomic and pipeline industry conditions under which the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration has encountered difficulty in filling vacancies, and the degree to which special hiring authorities, including direct hiring authority authorized by the Office of Personnel Management, could have ameliorated such difficulty; and

"(3) recommendations to address hiring challenges, training needs, and any other identified staff resource challenges.

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 108–426, §2(b), Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2424, provided that: "The authority of the Research and Special Programs Administration exercised under chapters 51, 57, 61, 601, and 603 of title 49, United States Code, is transferred to the Administrator of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration."

For transfer of authority of the Research and Special Programs Administration, other than authority exercised under chapters 51, 57, 61, 601, and 603 of this title, to the Administrator of the Research and Innovative Technology Administration, see section 4(b) of Pub. L. 108–426, set out as a note under former section 112 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–426, §7, Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2428, provided that: "The Secretary shall provide for the orderly transfer of duties and powers under this Act [see Short Title of 2004 Amendment note set out under section 101 of this title], including the amendments made by this Act, as soon as practicable but not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 30, 2004]."

Pub. L. 108–426, §6, Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2428, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) A list of each statutory mandate regarding pipeline safety or hazardous materials safety that has not been implemented.

"(2) A list of each open safety recommendation made by the National Transportation Safety Board or the Inspector General regarding pipeline safety or hazardous materials safety.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2) NTSB

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(1)

(A) carry out the Secretary's duties and powers under this section, subtitle V of title 46, and all other Maritime Administration programs; and

(B) protect, preserve, and improve collateral held by the Secretary to secure indebtedness.

(2)

(i)

(j)

(1)

(2)

(A) acquisition, construction, or reconstruction of vessels;

(B) construction-differential subsidies incident to the construction, reconstruction, or reconditioning of vessels;

(C) costs of national defense features;

(D) payments of obligations incurred for operating-differential subsidies;

(E) expenses necessary for research and development activities, including reimbursement of the Vessel Operations Revolving Fund for losses resulting from expenses of experimental vessel operations;

(F) the Vessel Operations Revolving Fund;

(G) National Defense Reserve Fleet expenses;

(H) expenses necessary to carry out part B of subtitle V of title 46; and

(I) other operations and training expenses related to the development of waterborne transportation systems, the use of waterborne transportation systems, and general administration.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2417; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(5), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1375; Pub. L. 109–304, §12, Oct. 6, 2006, 120 Stat. 1698; Pub. L. 111–84, div. C, title XXXV, §3508, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2721; Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, §1075(d)(26), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4374; Pub. L. 112–213, title IV, §409, Dec. 20, 2012, 126 Stat. 1572; Pub. L. 114–328, div. C, title XXXV, §3505(g), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2776.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

109 | (no source). |


The section is included to provide in chapter 1 of the revised title a complete list of the organizational units established by law that are in the Department of Transportation or are subject to the direction and supervision of the Secretary of Transportation.

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

109(a) | 46 App.:1111 note. | Reorg. Plan No. 21 of 1950, eff. May 24, 1950, §201, 64 Stat. 1276. |

46 App.:1601. | Pub. L. 97–31, §2, Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 151. | |

109(b) | 46 App.:1111 note. | Reorg. Plan No. 7 of 1961, eff. Aug. 12, 1961, §201, 75 Stat. 842; Pub. L. 88–426, title III, §305(19)(B), Aug. 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 425; Pub. L. 91–469, §38(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1036. |

46 App.:1603. | Pub. L. 97–31, §4, Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 151. | |

109(c) | 46 App.:1111 note. | Reorg. Plan No. 21 of 1950, eff. May 24, 1950, §203, 64 Stat. 1276. |

109(d) | 46 App.:1111 note. | Reorg. Plan No. 21 of 1950, eff. May 24, 1950, §204, 64 Stat. 1276. |

46 App.:1602. | Pub. L. 97–31, §3, Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 151. | |

109(e) | 46 App.:1213(b). | June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title VIII, §809(b), as added Pub. L. 94–10, §3, Mar. 23, 1975, 89 Stat. 16; Pub. L. 97–31, §12(121), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 164. |

109(f) | 46 App.:1122(d). | June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, §212(d), 49 Stat. 1990; Pub. L. 97–31, §12(69), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 159. |

109(g) | 46 App.:1111(f) (2d sentence related to Secretary). | June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, §201(f) (2d sentence related to Secretary), 49 Stat. 1986; Aug. 4, 1939, ch. 417, §4, 53 Stat. 1182; Pub. L. 97–31, §12(58)(D), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 158. |

109(h) | 46 App.:1117 (related to Secretary). | June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, §207 (related to Secretary), 49 Stat. 1988; June 23, 1938, ch. 600, §2, 52 Stat. 954; Pub. L. 97–31, §12(64), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 159; Pub. L. 108–271, §8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814. |

109(i)(1) | 46 App.:1119(a). | June 29, 1936, ch. 858, title II, §209, 49 Stat. 1988; Aug. 26, 1937, ch. 822, §3, 50 Stat. 839; Pub. L. 90–81, Sept. 5, 1967, 81 Stat. 193; Pub. L. 91–469, §2, Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1018; Pub. L. 95–173, Nov. 12, 1977, §6(a), 91 Stat. 1360; Pub. L. 96–387, §4, Oct. 7, 1980, 94 Stat. 1546; Pub. L. 96–453, §3(a), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2008; Pub. L. 97–31, §12(66), Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 159. |

109(i)(2) | 46 App.:1119(b). | |

109(i)(3) | 46 App.:1295c–1. | Pub. L. 100–202, §101(a) [title V (4th proviso on p. 1329–28)], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329, 1329–28. |


In subsection (b), the words "The Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Maritime Affairs shall, ex officio, be the Administrator" in section 201 of Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1961 are omitted as superseded by 46 App. U.S.C. 1601 and 1603. The words "and who shall be compensated at the rate provided for level III of the Executive Schedule" in 46 App. U.S.C. 1603 are omitted as unnecessary because of 5 U.S.C. 5314.

In subsection (c), the word "Secretary" means the "Secretary of Transportation" because under 46 App. U.S.C. 1602 all functions, powers, and duties relating to the Maritime Administration were transferred from the Secretary of Commerce to the Secretary of Transportation. The words "in the competitive service" are substituted for "under the classified civil service" because of 5 U.S.C. 2102(c). The words "*Provided*, That such Deputy Administrator shall at no time sit as a member or acting member of the Federal Maritime Board" are omitted as obsolete because the Federal Maritime Board was abolished by section 304 of Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1961 (46 App. U.S.C. 1111 note).

In subsection (f), the words "vessels of the United States" are substituted for "vessels of United States registry" because of the definition of "vessel of the United States" in chapter 1 of the revised title.

In subsection (g), the words "equal to the amount that would be paid to an individual performing work the Secretary considers to be of similar importance, difficulty, and responsibility" are substituted for "equal to the pay and allowances he would receive if he were the incumbent of an office or position in such service (or in the corresponding executive department), which, in the opinion of . . . the Secretary of Transportation, involves the performance of work similar in importance, difficulty, and responsibility" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (h)(2), the words "according to approved commercial practice as provided in the Act of March 20, 1922 (42 Stat. 444)" are omitted as obsolete and unnecessary.

In subsection (i)(2), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter or any other law" are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (G), the words "National Defense Reserve Fleet" are substituted for "reserve fleet" for clarity. Clause (H) is substituted for "(7) maritime training at the Merchant Marine Academy at Kings Point, New York", "(8) financial assistance to State maritime academies under section 1295c of this Appendix", "(10) expenses necessary for additional training provided under section 1295d of this Appendix", and "(10) expenses necessary to carry out subchapter XIII of this chapter" because of the reorganization of revised title 46 and to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 46 App. U.S.C. 1119 (proviso) is omitted as obsolete.

**2016**—Subsec. (j)(3). Pub. L. 114–328 struck out par. (3). Text read as follows: "Amounts may not be appropriated for the purchase or construction of training vessels for State maritime academies unless the Secretary has approved a plan for sharing training vessels between State maritime academies."

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–213 substituted "Organization and Mission" for "Organization" in heading and inserted at end of text "The mission of the Maritime Administration is to foster, promote, and develop the merchant maritime industry of the United States."

**2011**—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 111–383 made technical amendment to directory language of Pub. L. 111–84, §3508(1). See 2009 Amendment note below.

**2009**—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 111–84, §3508(1), as amended by Pub. L. 111–383, substituted "Contracts, Cooperative Agreements, and Audits" for "Contracts and Audits" in heading.

Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 111–84, §3508(2), (3), substituted "Contracts and cooperative agreements" for "Contracts" in heading and "make contracts and cooperative agreements" for "make contracts" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (h)(1)(A). Pub. L. 111–84, §3508(4), (5), substituted "section," for "section and" and "title 46, and all other Maritime Administration programs;" for "title 46;".

Subsecs. (i), (j). Pub. L. 111–84, §3508(6), added subsec. (i) and redesignated former subsec. (i) as (j).

**2006**—Pub. L. 109–304 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section read as follows:

"(a) The Maritime Administration transferred by section 2 of the Maritime Act of 1981 (46 App. U.S.C. 1601) is an administration in the Department of Transportation.

"(b) The Administrator of the Administration appointed under section 4 of the Maritime Act of 1981 (46 App. U.S.C. 1603) reports directly to the Secretary of Transportation."

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–272 inserted "App." after "(46" in subsecs. (a) and (b).

Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, §1075(d), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4372, provided that the amendment by section 1075(d)(26) is effective as of Oct. 28, 2009, and as if included in Pub. L. 111–84 as enacted.

Pub. L. 97–31, §10, Aug. 6, 1981, 95 Stat. 153, provided that: "With respect to any function or office transferred by this Act [see Tables for classification] and exercised on or after the effective date of this Act [Aug. 6, 1981], reference in any other Federal law to the Maritime Administration or any of its predecessor agencies or any officer or office the functions of which are so transferred shall be deemed to refer to the Secretary of Transportation, other official, or component of the Department of Transportation to which this Act transfers such functions."

Pub. L. 114–328, div. C, title XXXV, §3519, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2792, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) leadership positions;

"(2) human resources positions; and

"(3) transportation specialist positions.

"(b)

"(1) review the Maritime Administration's policies related to new hire orientation, training, and misconduct;

"(2) align the onboarding policies and procedures at headquarters and the field offices to ensure consistent implementation and provision of critical information across the Maritime Administration; and

"(3) update the Maritime Administration's training policies and training systems to include controls that ensure that all completed training is tracked in a standardized training repository.

"(c)

Pub. L. 114–328, div. C, title XXXV, §3520, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2792, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) review the Maritime Administration's drug and alcohol policies, procedures, and training practices;

"(2) ensure that all fleet managers have received training on the Department of Transportation's drug and alcohol policy, including the testing procedures used by the Department and the Maritime Administration in cases of reasonable suspicion; and

"(3) institute a system for tracking all drug and alcohol policy training conducted under paragraph (2) in a standardized training repository.

"(b)

Pub. L. 111–84, div. C, title XXXV, §3516, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2725, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(b)

"(1) to expand the Marine View system; and

"(2) to provide support for the strategic requirements of the marine transportation system and its contribution to the economic viability of the United States.

"(c)

"(1) provides access to many disparate marine transportation system data sources;

"(2) enables a system-wide view of the marine transportation system;

"(3) fosters partnerships between the Government of the United States and private entities;

"(4) facilitates accurate and efficient modeling of the entire marine transportation system environment;

"(5) monitors and tracks threats to the marine transportation system, including areas of severe weather or reported piracy; and

"(6) provides vessel tracking and rerouting, as appropriate, to ensure that the economic viability of the United States waterways is maintained."

(a) The Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation established under section 1 of the Act of May 13, 1954 (33 U.S.C. 981), is subject to the direction and supervision of the Secretary of Transportation.

(b) The Administrator of the Corporation appointed under section 2 of the Act of May 13, 1954 (33 U.S.C. 982), reports directly to the Secretary.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2418; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(5)(A), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1366; Pub. L. 116–260, div. AA, title V, §512(c)(7)(A)(i), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2757.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

110(a) | (no source). | |

110(b) | 33:981 (note). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §8(g)(2), 80 Stat. 943. |


Subsection (a) is included to provide in chapter 1 of the revised title a complete list of the organizational units established by law that are in the Department of Transportation or are subject to the direction and supervision of the Secretary of Transportation.

**2020**—Pub. L. 116–260, §512(c)(7)(A)(i)(I), substituted "Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation" for "Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 116–260, §512(c)(7)(A)(i)(II), substituted "Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation" for "Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation".

**1994**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–272 substituted "Saint Lawrence" for "St. Lawrence".

Section, added Pub. L. 102–240, title VI, §6006(a), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2172; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(2), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; Pub. L. 104–324, title XI, §1131, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3985; Pub. L. 105–130, §4(b)(1), Dec. 1, 1997, 111 Stat. 2556; Pub. L. 105–178, title V, §5109(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 437; Pub. L. 108–426, §3(a), (b), Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2424, 2425; Pub. L. 109–59, title V, §5601(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1833, established the Bureau of Transportation Statistics. See chapter 63 of this title.

Repeal effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Section, added Pub. L. 102–508, title IV, §401(a), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3310; amended Pub. L. 103–429, §6(1), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4378; Pub. L. 108–426, §4(a), Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2425; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7301, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1914; Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52012, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 896; Pub. L. 113–76, div. L, title I, Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 574, related to establishment of the Research and Innovative Technology Administration, whose functions were subsequently transferred to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology of the Department of Transportation. See Transfer of Duties and Powers note below.

Repeal effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 113–76, div. L, title I, Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 574, provided in part: "That notwithstanding any other provision of law, the powers and duties, functions, authorities and personnel of the Research and Innovative Technology Administration are hereby transferred to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology in the Office of the Secretary: *Provided further*, That notwithstanding section 102 of title 49 and section 5315 of title 5, United States Code, there shall be an Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology within the Office of the Secretary, appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, to lead such office: *Provided further*, That any reference in law, regulation, judicial proceedings, or elsewhere to the Research and Innovative Technology Administration shall be deemed to be a reference to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology of the Department of Transportation."

[Pub. L. 117–328, div. L, title I, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5094, provided in part: "That any reference in law, regulation, judicial proceedings, or elsewhere to the Research and Innovative Technology Administration shall continue to be deemed to be a reference to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology of the Department of Transportation."]

[Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriations acts:

[Pub. L. 117–103, div. L, title I, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 684.]

[Pub. L. 116–260, div. L, title I, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1824.]

[Pub. L. 116–94, div. H, title I, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2934.]

[Pub. L. 116–6, div. G, title I, Feb. 15, 2019, 133 Stat. 396.]

[Pub. L. 115–141, div. L, title I, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 972.]

[Pub. L. 115–31, div. K, title I, May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 725.]

[Pub. L. 114–113, div. L, title I, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2835.]

[Pub. L. 113–235, div. K, title I, Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2696.]

Pub. L. 108–426, §4(d), Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2426, provided that: "The authority of the Research and Special Programs Administration, other than authority exercised under chapters 51, 57, 61, 601, and 603 of title 49, United States Code, is transferred to the Administrator of the Research and Innovative Technology Administration."

For transfer of authority of the Research and Special Programs Administration exercised under chapters 51, 57, 61, 601, and 603 of this title to the Administrator of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, see section 2(b) of Pub. L. 108–426, set out as a note under section 108 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1) duties and powers related to motor carriers or motor carrier safety vested in the Secretary by chapters 5, 51, 55, 57, 59, 133 through 149, 311, 313, 315, and 317 and by section 18 of the Noise Control Act of 1972 (42 U.S.C. 4917; 86 Stat. 1249–1250); except as otherwise delegated by the Secretary to any agency of the Department of Transportation other than the Federal Highway Administration, as of October 8, 1999; and

(2) additional duties and powers prescribed by the Secretary.

(g)

(h)

(i)

(Added Pub. L. 106–159, title I, §101(a), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1750.)

Section effective Jan. 1, 2000, see section 107(a) of Pub. L. 106–159, set out as an Effective Date of 1999 Amendment note under section 104 of this title.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5203, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1535, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(3)

"(4)

"(A) reissue an updated version of the guidance document; and

"(B) review and reissue an updated version of the guidance document every 5 years until the date on which the guidance document is removed or incorporated into applicable regulations.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) consistent and clear;

"(B) uniformly and consistently enforced; and

"(C) still necessary.

"(2)

"(3)

"(A)

"(B)

"(d)

"(1) provides an interpretation of a regulation of the Administration; or

"(2) includes an enforcement policy of the Administration available to the public."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5204, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1536, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) publish on a publicly accessible Internet Web site of the Department [of Transportation] a summary of all petitions for regulatory action submitted to the Administration;

"(2) prioritize the petitions submitted based on the likelihood of safety improvements resulting from the regulatory action requested;

"(3) not later than 180 days after the date a summary of a petition is published under paragraph (1), formally respond to such petition by indicating whether the Administrator will accept, deny, or further review the petition;

"(4) prioritize responses to petitions consistent with a petition's potential to reduce crashes, improve enforcement, and reduce unnecessary burdens; and

"(5) not later than 60 days after the date of receipt of a petition, publish on a publicly accessible Internet Web site of the Department an updated inventory of the petitions described in paragraph (1), including any applicable disposition information for those petitions.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) a new regulation;

"(2) a regulatory interpretation or clarification; or

"(3) a determination by the Administrator that a regulation should be modified or eliminated because it is—

"(A) no longer—

"(i) consistent and clear;

"(ii) current with the operational realities of the motor carrier industry; or

"(iii) uniformly enforced;

"(B) ineffective; or

"(C) overly burdensome."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5302, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1543, provided that: "The Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration shall prioritize the completion of each outstanding rulemaking required by statute before beginning any other rulemaking, unless the Secretary [of Transportation] determines that there is a significant need for such other rulemaking and notifies Congress of such determination."

Pub. L. 106–159, §3, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1749, provided that: "Congress makes the following findings:

"(1) The current rate, number, and severity of crashes involving motor carriers in the United States are unacceptable.

"(2) The number of Federal and State commercial motor vehicle and operator inspections is insufficient and civil penalties for violators must be utilized to deter future violations.

"(3) The Department of Transportation is failing to meet statutorily mandated deadlines for completing rulemaking proceedings on motor carrier safety and, in some significant safety rulemaking proceedings, including driver hours-of-service regulations, extensive periods have elapsed without progress toward resolution or implementation.

"(4) Too few motor carriers undergo compliance reviews and the Department's data bases and information systems require substantial improvement to enhance the Department's ability to target inspection and enforcement resources toward the most serious safety problems and to improve States' ability to keep dangerous drivers off the roads.

"(5) Additional safety inspectors and inspection facilities are needed in international border areas to ensure that commercial motor vehicles, drivers, and carriers comply with United States safety standards.

"(6) The Department should rigorously avoid conflicts of interest in federally funded research.

"(7) Meaningful measures to improve safety must be implemented expeditiously to prevent increases in motor carrier crashes, injuries, and fatalities.

"(8) Proper use of Federal resources is essential to the Department's ability to improve its research, rulemaking, oversight, and enforcement activities related to commercial motor vehicles, operators, and carriers."

Pub. L. 106–159, §4, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1749, provided that: "The purposes of this Act [see Tables for classification] are—

"(1) to improve the administration of the Federal motor carrier safety program and to establish a Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration in the Department of Transportation; and

"(2) to reduce the number and severity of large-truck involved crashes through more commercial motor vehicle and operator inspections and motor carrier compliance reviews, stronger enforcement measures against violators, expedited completion of rulemaking proceedings, scientifically sound research, and effective commercial driver's license testing, recordkeeping and sanctions."

Pub. L. 106–159, title I, §106, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1756, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) that have been issued, made, granted, or allowed to become effective by the Office, any officer or employee of the Office, or any other Government official, or by a court of competent jurisdiction, in the performance of any function that is transferred by this Act or the amendments made by this Act; and

"(2) that are in effect on the effective date of such transfer (or become effective after such date pursuant to their terms as in effect on such effective date),

shall continue in effect according to their terms until modified, terminated, superseded, set aside, or revoked in accordance with law by the Administration, any other authorized official, a court of competent jurisdiction, or operation of law.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(e)

"(f)

"(g)

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(i) be a citizen of the United States; and

(ii) have experience in a field directly related to transportation or security.

(C)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(i) be a citizen of the United States; and

(ii) have experience in a field directly related to transportation or security.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(c)

(d)

(1) carrying out chapter 449, relating to civil aviation security, and related research and development activities; and

(2) security responsibilities over other modes of transportation that are exercised by the Department of Transportation.

(e)

(1) be responsible for day-to-day Federal security screening operations for passenger air transportation and intrastate air transportation under sections 44901 and 44935;

(2) develop standards for the hiring and retention of security screening personnel;

(3) train and test security screening personnel; and

(4) be responsible for hiring and training personnel to provide security screening at all airports in the United States where screening is required under section 44901, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation and the heads of other appropriate Federal agencies and departments.

(f)

(1) receive, assess, and distribute intelligence information related to transportation security;

(2) assess threats to transportation;

(3) develop policies, strategies, and plans for dealing with threats to transportation security;

(4) make other plans related to transportation security, including coordinating countermeasures with appropriate departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government;

(5) serve as the primary liaison for transportation security to the intelligence and law enforcement communities;

(6) on a day-to-day basis, manage and provide operational guidance to the field security resources of the Administration, including Federal Security Managers as provided by section 44933;

(7) enforce security-related regulations and requirements;

(8) identify and undertake research and development activities necessary to enhance transportation security;

(9) inspect, maintain, and test security facilities, equipment, and systems;

(10) ensure the adequacy of security measures for the transportation of cargo;

(11) oversee the implementation, and ensure the adequacy, of security measures at airports and other transportation facilities;

(12) require background checks for airport security screening personnel, individuals with access to secure areas of airports, and other transportation security personnel;

(13) work in conjunction with the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to any actions or activities that may affect aviation safety or air carrier operations;

(14) work with the International Civil Aviation Organization and appropriate aeronautic authorities of foreign governments under section 44907 to address security concerns on passenger flights by foreign air carriers in foreign air transportation;

(15) establish and maintain a National Deployment Office as required under section 44948 of this title; and

(16) carry out such other duties, and exercise such other powers, relating to transportation security as the Administrator considers appropriate, to the extent authorized by law.

(g)

(1)

(A) To coordinate domestic transportation, including aviation, rail, and other surface transportation, and maritime transportation (including port security).

(B) To coordinate and oversee the transportation-related responsibilities of other departments and agencies of the Federal Government other than the Department of Defense and the military departments.

(C) To coordinate and provide notice to other departments and agencies of the Federal Government, and appropriate agencies of State and local governments, including departments and agencies for transportation, law enforcement, and border control, about threats to transportation.

(D) To carry out such other duties, and exercise such other powers, relating to transportation during a national emergency as the Secretary of Homeland Security shall prescribe.

(2)

(3)

(h)

(1) enter into memoranda of understanding with Federal agencies or other entities to share or otherwise cross-check as necessary data on individuals identified on Federal agency databases who may pose a risk to transportation or national security;

(2) establish procedures for notifying the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, appropriate State and local law enforcement officials, and airport or airline security officers of the identity of individuals known to pose, or suspected of posing, a risk of air piracy or terrorism or a threat to airline or passenger safety;

(3) in consultation with other appropriate Federal agencies and air carriers, establish policies and procedures requiring air carriers—

(A) to use information from government agencies to identify individuals on passenger lists who may be a threat to civil aviation or national security; and

(B) if such an individual is identified, notify appropriate law enforcement agencies, prevent the individual from boarding an aircraft, or take other appropriate action with respect to that individual; and

(4) consider requiring passenger air carriers to share passenger lists with appropriate Federal agencies for the purpose of identifying individuals who may pose a threat to aviation safety or national security.

(i)

(j)

(1)

(A) to acquire (by purchase, lease, condemnation, or otherwise) such real property, or any interest therein, within and outside the continental United States, as the Administrator considers necessary;

(B) to acquire (by purchase, lease, condemnation, or otherwise) and to construct, repair, operate, and maintain such personal property (including office space and patents), or any interest therein, within and outside the continental United States, as the Administrator considers necessary;

(C) to lease to others such real and personal property and to provide by contract or otherwise for necessary facilities for the welfare of its employees and to acquire, maintain, and operate equipment for these facilities;

(D) to acquire services, including such personal services as the Secretary of Homeland Security determines necessary, and to acquire (by purchase, lease, condemnation, or otherwise) and to construct, repair, operate, and maintain research and testing sites and facilities; and

(E) in cooperation with the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, to utilize the research and development facilities of the Federal Aviation Administration.

(2)

(k)

(l)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(m)

(1)

(2)

(n)

(1)

(2)

(A) for purposes of applying such provisions to the personnel management system—

(i) the term "agency" means the Department of Homeland Security;

(ii) the term "senior executive" means a Transportation Security Administration executive serving on a Transportation Security Executive Service appointment;

(iii) the term "career appointee" means a Transportation Security Administration executive serving on a career Transportation Security Executive Service appointment; and

(iv) The 1 term "senior career employee" means a Transportation Security Administration employee covered by the Transportation Security Administration Core Compensation System at the L or M pay band;

(B) receipt by a career appointee or a senior career employee of the rank of Meritorious Executive or Meritorious Senior Professional entitles the individual to a lump-sum payment of an amount equal to 20 percent of annual basic pay, which shall be in addition to the basic pay paid under the applicable Transportation Security Administration pay system; and

(C) receipt by a career appointee or a senior career employee of the rank of Distinguished Executive or Distinguished Senior Professional entitles the individual to a lump-sum payment of an amount equal to 35 percent of annual basic pay, which shall be in addition to the basic pay paid under the applicable Transportation Security Administration pay system.

(3)

(A) subsections (b), (c) and (d) of section 4507 of title 5; and

(B) subsections (b) and (c) of section 4507a of title 5.

(o)

(p)

(1)

(2)

(A) carry a firearm;

(B) make an arrest without a warrant for any offense against the United States committed in the presence of the officer, or for any felony cognizable under the laws of the United States if the officer has probable cause to believe that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing the felony; and

(C) seek and execute warrants for arrest or seizure of evidence issued under the authority of the United States upon probable cause that a violation has been committed.

(3)

(4)

(q)

(r)

(1)

(A) be an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy;

(B) reveal a trade secret or privileged or confidential commercial or financial information; or

(C) be detrimental to the security of transportation.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) to conceal a violation of law, inefficiency, or administrative error;

(B) to prevent embarrassment to a person, organization, or agency;

(C) to restrain competition; or

(D) to prevent or delay the release of information that does not require protection in the interest of transportation security, including basic scientific research information not clearly related to transportation security.

(s)

(1)

(A) a National Strategy for Transportation Security; and

(B) transportation modal security plans addressing security risks, including threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences, for aviation, railroad, ferry, highway, maritime, pipeline, public transportation, over-the-road bus, and other transportation infrastructure assets.

(2)

(3)

(A) An identification and evaluation of the transportation assets in the United States that, in the interests of national security and commerce, must be protected from attack or disruption by terrorist or other hostile forces, including modal security plans for aviation, bridge and tunnel, commuter rail and ferry, highway, maritime, pipeline, rail, mass transit, over-the-road bus, and other public transportation infrastructure assets that could be at risk of such an attack or disruption.

(B) The development of risk-based priorities, based on risk assessments conducted or received by the Secretary of Homeland Security (including assessments conducted under the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007) across all transportation modes and realistic deadlines for addressing security needs associated with those assets referred to in subparagraph (A).

(C) The most appropriate, practical, and cost-effective means of defending those assets against threats to their security.

(D) A forward-looking strategic plan that sets forth the agreed upon roles and missions of Federal, State, regional, local, and tribal authorities and establishes mechanisms for encouraging cooperation and participation by private sector entities, including nonprofit employee labor organizations, in the implementation of such plan.

(E) A comprehensive delineation of prevention, response, and recovery responsibilities and issues regarding threatened and executed acts of terrorism within the United States and threatened and executed acts of terrorism outside the United States to the extent such acts affect United States transportation systems.

(F) A prioritization of research and development objectives that support transportation security needs, giving a higher priority to research and development directed toward protecting vital transportation assets. Transportation security research and development projects shall be based, to the extent practicable, on such prioritization. Nothing in the preceding sentence shall be construed to require the termination of any research or development project initiated by the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Secretary of Transportation before the date of enactment of the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007.

(G) A 3- and 10-year budget for Federal transportation security programs that will achieve the priorities of the National Strategy for Transportation Security.

(H) Methods for linking the individual transportation modal security plans and the programs contained therein, and a plan for addressing the security needs of intermodal transportation.

(I) Transportation modal security plans described in paragraph (1)(B), including operational recovery plans to expedite, to the maximum extent practicable, the return to operation of an adversely affected transportation system following a major terrorist attack on that system or other incident. These plans shall be coordinated with the resumption of trade protocols required under section 202 of the SAFE Port Act (6 U.S.C. 942) and the National Maritime Transportation Security Plan required under section 70103(a) of title 46.

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(I) Recommendations for improving and implementing the National Strategy for Transportation Security and the transportation modal and intermodal security plans that the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, considers appropriate.

(II) An accounting of all grants for transportation security, including grants and contracts for research and development, awarded by the Secretary of Homeland Security in the most recent fiscal year and a description of how such grants accomplished the goals of the National Strategy for Transportation Security.

(III) An accounting of all—

(aa) funds requested in the President's budget submitted pursuant to section 1105 of title 31 for the most recent fiscal year for transportation security, by mode;

(bb) personnel working on transportation security by mode, including the number of contractors; and

(cc) information on the turnover in the previous year among senior staff of the Department of Homeland Security, including component agencies, working on transportation security issues. Such information shall include the number of employees who have permanently left the office, agency, or area in which they worked, and the amount of time that they worked for the Department of Homeland Security.

(iii)

(C)

(D)

(5)

(A)

(B)

(i) the current National Maritime Transportation Security Plan under section 70103 of title 46;

(ii) the report required by section 44938 of this title;

(iii) transportation modal security plans required under this section;

(iv) the transportation sector specific plan required under Homeland Security Presidential Directive–7; and

(v) any other transportation security plan or report that the Secretary of Homeland Security determines appropriate for inclusion.

(6)

(7)

(t)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) a description of how intelligence analysts within the Department of Homeland Security will coordinate their activities within the Department and with other Federal, State, and local agencies, and tribal governments, including coordination with existing modal information sharing centers and the center described in section 1410 of the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007;

(B) the establishment of a point of contact, which may be a single point of contact within the Department of Homeland Security, for each mode of transportation for the sharing of transportation security information with public and private stakeholders, including an explanation and justification to the appropriate congressional committees if the point of contact established pursuant to this subparagraph differs from the agency within the Department of Homeland Security that has the primary authority, or has been delegated such authority by the Secretary of Homeland Security, to regulate the security of that transportation mode;

(C) a reasonable deadline by which the Plan will be implemented; and

(D) a description of resource needs for fulfilling the Plan.

(5)

(A) implemented in coordination, as appropriate, with the program manager for the information sharing environment established under section 1016 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (6 U.S.C. 485); and

(B) consistent with the establishment of the information sharing environment and any policies, guidelines, procedures, instructions, or standards established by the President or the program manager for the implementation and management of the information sharing environment.

(6)

(7)

(8)

(u)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(i) Paragraphs (2) through (5) do not apply to violations of regulations prescribed, and orders issued, by the Secretary of Homeland Security under a provision of this title—

(I) involving the transportation of personnel or shipments of materials by contractors where the Department of Defense has assumed control and responsibility;

(II) by a member of the armed forces of the United States when performing official duties; or

(III) by a civilian employee of the Department of Defense when performing official duties.

(ii) Violations described in subclause (I), (II), or (III) of clause (i) shall be subject to penalties as determined by the Secretary of Defense or the Secretary of Defense's designee.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(i) the amount in controversy is more than—

(I) $400,000, if the violation was committed by a person other than an individual or small business concern; or

(II) $50,000 if the violation was committed by an individual or small business concern;

(ii) the action is in rem or another action in rem based on the same violation has been brought; or

(iii) another action has been brought for an injunction based on the same violation.

(D)

(i) $400,000, if the violation was committed by a person other than an individual or small business concern; or

(ii) $50,000, if the violation was committed by an individual or small business concern.

(E)

(i) written notice of the proposed penalty; and

(ii) the opportunity to request a hearing on the proposed penalty, if the Secretary of Homeland Security receives the request not later than 30 days after the date on which the person receives notice.

(4)

(A) The Secretary of Homeland Security may compromise the amount of a civil penalty imposed under this subsection.

(B) The Government may deduct the amount of a civil penalty imposed or compromised under this subsection from amounts it owes the person liable for the penalty.

(5)

(6)

(A)

(i) the United States Postal Service; or

(ii) the Department of Defense.

(B)

(7)

(A)

(i) provide an annual summary to the public of all enforcement actions taken by the Secretary under this subsection; and

(ii) include in each such summary the docket number of each enforcement action, the type of alleged violation, the penalty or penalties proposed, and the final assessment amount of each penalty.

(B)

(C)

(v)

(1) $7,849,247,000 for fiscal year 2019;

(2) $7,888,494,000 for fiscal year 2020; and

(3) $7,917,936,000 for fiscal year 2021.

(w)

(1)

(A) report directly to the Administrator or the Administrator's designated direct report; and

(B) be responsible and accountable for that area.

(2)

(A) Aviation security operations and training, including risk-based, adaptive security—

(i) focused on airport checkpoint and baggage screening operations;

(ii) workforce training and development programs; and

(iii) ensuring compliance with aviation security law, including regulations, and other specialized programs designed to secure air transportation.

(B) Surface transportation security operations and training, including risk-based, adaptive security—

(i) focused on accomplishing security systems assessments;

(ii) reviewing and prioritizing projects for appropriated surface transportation security grants;

(iii) operator compliance with surface transportation security law, including regulations, and voluntary industry standards; and

(iv) workforce training and development programs, and other specialized programs designed to secure surface transportation.

(C) Transportation industry engagement and planning, including the development, interpretation, promotion, and oversight of a unified effort regarding risk-based, risk-reducing security policies and plans (including strategic planning for future contingencies and security challenges) between government and transportation stakeholders, including airports, domestic and international airlines, general aviation, air cargo, mass transit and passenger rail, freight rail, pipeline, highway and motor carriers, and maritime.

(D) International strategy and operations, including agency efforts to work with international partners to secure the global transportation network.

(E) Trusted and registered traveler programs, including the management and marketing of the agency's trusted traveler initiatives, including the PreCheck Program, and coordination with trusted traveler programs of other Department of Homeland Security agencies and the private sector.

(F) Technology acquisition and deployment, including the oversight, development, testing, evaluation, acquisition, deployment, and maintenance of security technology and other acquisition programs.

(G) Inspection and compliance, including the integrity, efficiency and effectiveness of the agency's workforce, operations, and programs through objective audits, covert testing, inspections, criminal investigations, and regulatory compliance.

(H) Civil rights, liberties, and traveler engagement, including ensuring that agency employees and the traveling public are treated in a fair and lawful manner consistent with Federal laws and regulations protecting privacy and prohibiting discrimination and reprisal.

(I) Legislative and public affairs, including communication and engagement with internal and external audiences in a timely, accurate, and transparent manner, and development and implementation of strategies within the agency to achieve congressional approval or authorization of agency programs and policies.

(3)

(A) not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the TSA Modernization Act, a list of the names of the individuals appointed under paragraph (1); and

(B) an update of the list not later than 5 days after any new individual is appointed under paragraph (1).

(x)

(1)

(2)

(A) The findings of the survey required under section 6411 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022.

(B) The findings of the analysis required under section 6414 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022.

(C) The plan required under section 6415 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022.

(D) All relevant reports and recommendations regarding the Administration's response to the COVID–19 pandemic, including any reports and recommendations issued by the Comptroller General and the Inspector General of the Department of Homeland Security.

(E) Lessons learned from Federal interagency efforts during the COVID–19 pandemic.

(3)

(A) Plans for communicating and collaborating in the event of a communicable disease outbreak with the following partners:

(i) Appropriate Federal departments and agencies, including the Department of Health and Human Services, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Department of Transportation, the Department of Labor, and appropriate interagency task forces.

(ii) The workforce of the Administration, including through the labor organization certified as the exclusive representative of full- and part-time non-supervisory Administration personnel carrying out screening functions under section 44901 of this title.

(iii) International partners, including the International Civil Aviation Organization and foreign governments, airports, and air carriers.

(iv) Public and private stakeholders, as such term is defined under subsection (t)(1)(C).

(v) The traveling public.

(B) Plans for protecting the safety of the Transportation Security Administration workforce, including—

(i) reducing the risk of communicable disease transmission at screening checkpoints and within the Administration's workforce related to the Administration's transportation security operations and mission;

(ii) ensuring the safety and hygiene of screening checkpoints and other workstations;

(iii) supporting equitable and appropriate access to relevant vaccines, prescriptions, and other medical care; and

(iv) tracking rates of employee illness, recovery, and death.

(C) Criteria for determining the conditions that may warrant the integration of additional actions in the aviation screening system in response to the communicable disease outbreak and a range of potential roles and responsibilities that align with such conditions.

(D) Contingency plans for temporarily adjusting checkpoint operations to provide for passenger and employee safety while maintaining security during the communicable disease outbreak.

(E) Provisions setting forth criteria for establishing an interagency task force or other standing engagement platform with other appropriate Federal departments and agencies, including the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Transportation, to address such communicable disease outbreak.

(F) A description of scenarios in which the Administrator should consider exercising authorities provided under subsection (g) and for what purposes.

(G) Considerations for assessing the appropriateness of issuing security directives and emergency amendments to regulated parties in various modes of transportation, including surface transportation, and plans for ensuring compliance with such measures.

(H) A description of any potential obstacles, including funding constraints and limitations to authorities, that could restrict the ability of the Administration to respond appropriately to a communicable disease outbreak.

(4)

(5)

(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §101(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 597; amended Pub. L. 107–296, title XVI, §1601(b), title XVII, §1707, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2312, 2318; Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §351(d), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 420; Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4001(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3710; Pub. L. 110–53, title XII, §§1202, 1203(a), title XIII, §1302(a), title XV, §1503(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 381, 383, 390, 425; Pub. L. 110–161, div. E, title V, §568(a), Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2092; Pub. L. 111–83, title V, §561(c)(1), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2182; Pub. L. 114–301, §2(d), Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1514; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §§1903, 1904(a), (b)(1), 1905, 1909, 1988(c), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3543, 3544, 3546, 3549, 3623; Pub. L. 117–81, div. F, title LXIV, §6412(a), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2409; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(b)(95), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4353.)

The date of enactment of the TSA Modernization Act, referred to in subsecs. (b)(1)(C) and (w)(3)(A), is the date of enactment of title I of div. K of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

The Aviation and Transportation Security Act, referred to in subsec. (r)(1), is Pub. L. 107–71, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 597. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2001 Amendment note set out under section 101 of this title and Tables.

The Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, referred to in subsec. (s)(3)(B), is Pub. L. 110–53, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 266. Section 1410 of the Act is classified to section 1139 of Title 6, Domestic Security. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2007 Amendment note set out under section 101 of Title 6 and Tables.

The date of enactment of the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, referred to in subsec. (s)(3)(F), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–53, which was approved Aug. 3, 2007.

The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (x)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 117–81, which was approved Dec. 27, 2021.

Section 6411 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, referred to in subsec. (x)(2)(A), is section 6411 of div. F of Pub. L. 117–81, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2409, which is not classified to the Code.

Section 6414 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, referred to in subsec. (x)(2)(B), is section 6414 of div. F of Pub. L. 117–81, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2412, which is not classified to the Code.

Section 6415 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, referred to in subsec. (x)(2)(C), is section 6415 of Pub. L. 117–81, which is set out as a note under section 44901 of this title.

**2022**—Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted "chapter 4 of title 5" for "the Inspector General Act of 1978 (5 U.S.C. App.)".

**2021**—Subsec. (x). Pub. L. 117–81 added subsec. (x).

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(a)(3), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary" wherever appearing in subsecs. (c) to (n), (p), (q), and (r).

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(a)(1), substituted "Department of Homeland Security" for "Department of Transportation".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(a)(2), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) be a citizen of the United States; and

"(B) have experience in a field directly related to transportation or security.

"(3)

Subsec. (f)(15), (16). Pub. L. 115–254, §1988(c), added par. (15) and redesignated former par. (15) as (16).

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(A)(i)(I), substituted "Subject to the direction and control of the Secretary of Homeland Security" for "Subject to the direction and control of the Secretary" in introductory provisions.

Subsecs. (g)(1)(D), (3), (j)(1)(D). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(A)(i)(II), (ii), (B), inserted "of Homeland Security" after "Secretary".

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(C), substituted "functions assigned" for "functions transferred, on or after the date of enactment of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act,".

Subsec. (l)(4)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(D), substituted "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration under subparagraph (A)" for "Administrator under subparagraph (A)".

Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 115–254, §1909, inserted par. (1) designation and heading before "The personnel management system", added pars. (2) and (3), and realigned margins.

Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(E), substituted "Department of Homeland Security" for "Department of Transportation".

Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(F), substituted "Department of Homeland Security" for "Department of Transportation".

Subsec. (p)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(G), substituted "Secretary of Homeland Security" for "Secretary of Transportation".

Subsec. (s)(3)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(H)(i), inserted closing parenthesis after "Act of 2007".

Subsec. (s)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(H)(ii)(I), substituted "Submission of plans" for "Submissions of plans to Congress" in heading.

Subsec. (s)(4)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(H)(ii)(IV)(bb), which directed amendment of subpar. (A) by substituting "The" for "After December 31, 2015, the", was executed by making the substitution for "After December 31, 2005, the" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(H)(ii)(IV)(aa), substituted "In general" for "Subsequent versions" in heading.

Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(H)(ii)(II), (III), redesignated subpar. (B) as (A) and struck out former subpar. (A). Prior to amendment, text of subpar. (A) read as follows: "The Secretary of Homeland Security shall submit the National Strategy for Transportation Security, including the transportation modal security plans, developed under this subsection to the appropriate congressional committees not later than April 1, 2005."

Subsec. (s)(4)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(H)(ii)(III), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B). Former subpar. (B) redesignated (A).

Subsec. (s)(4)(B)(ii)(III)(cc). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(H)(ii)(V), substituted "for the Department of Homeland Security" for "for the Department".

Subsec. (s)(4)(C) to (E). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(H)(ii)(III), redesignated subpars. (D) and (E) as (C) and (D), respectively. Former subpar. (C) redesignated (B).

Subsec. (t). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(I), redesignated subsec. (u) as (t).

Subsec. (t)(1)(D), (E). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(J)(i), redesignated subpar. (E) as (D) and struck out former subpar. (D). Prior to amendment, text of subpar. (D) read as follows: "The term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of Homeland Security."

Subsec. (t)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(J)(ii), inserted "of Homeland Security" after "Plan, the Secretary".

Subsec. (t)(4)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(J)(iii), inserted "of Homeland Security" after "agency within the Department" and after "Secretary".

Subsec. (t)(6). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(J)(iv), amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(A)

"(B)

Subsec. (t)(7), (8). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(J)(v), inserted "of Homeland Security" after "Secretary".

Subsec. (u). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(I), redesignated subsec. (v) as (u). Former subsec. (u) redesignated (t).

Subsec. (u)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(K)(i)(I), inserted "or the Administrator" after "Secretary of Homeland Security".

Subsec. (u)(1)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(K)(i)(II), substituted "Secretary of Defense's designee" for "Secretary's designee".

Subsec. (u)(3)(B) to (E), (4)(A), (5). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(K)(i)(III), (ii), (iii), inserted "of Homeland Security" after "Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (u)(7)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(K)(iv)(I), substituted "The Secretary of Homeland Security" for "Not later than December 31, 2008, and annually thereafter, the Secretary" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (u)(7)(D). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(K)(iv)(II), struck out subpar. (D). Text read as follows: "Not later than 180 days after the enactment of the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, the Secretary shall provide a report to the public describing the enforcement process established under this subsection."

Subsec. (v). Pub. L. 115–254, §1904(b)(1)(I), redesignated subsec. (w) as (v). Former subsec. (v) redesignated (u).

Subsec. (w). Pub. L. 115–254, §1905, added subsec. (w). Former subsec. (w) redesignated (v).

Pub. L. 115–254, §1903, amended subsec. (w) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (w) related to authorization of appropriations for railroad, over-the-road bus and trucking, and hazardous material and pipeline security for fiscal years 2008 through 2011.

**2016**—Subsec. (u)(1)(A). Pub. L. 114–301, §2(d)(1), substituted "subsection (s)(4)(E)" for "subsection (t)".

Subsec. (u)(7) to (9). Pub. L. 114–301, §2(d)(2), (3), redesignated pars. (8) and (9) as (7) and (8), respectively, and struck out former par. (7) which related to surveys and reports.

**2009**—Subsec. (r)(4). Pub. L. 111–83 added par. (4).

**2007**—Subsecs. (o) to (s). Pub. L. 110–161 redesignated subsecs. (p) to (s) as (o) to (r), respectively, and struck out former subsec. (o). Text of former subsec. (o) read as follows: "The acquisition management system established by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration under section 40110 shall apply to acquisitions of equipment, supplies, and materials by the Transportation Security Administration, or, subject to the requirements of such section, the Under Secretary may make such modifications to the acquisition management system with respect to such acquisitions of equipment, supplies, and materials as the Under Secretary considers appropriate, such as adopting aspects of other acquisition management systems of the Department of Transportation."

Subsec. (t). Pub. L. 110–161 redesignated subsec. (t) as (s).

Subsec. (t)(1)(B). Pub. L. 110–53, §1202(a), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "transportation modal security plans."

Subsec. (t)(3)(B). Pub. L. 110–53, §1202(b)(1), inserted ", based on risk assessments conducted or received by the Secretary of Homeland Security (including assessments conducted under the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007" after "risk-based priorities".

Subsec. (t)(3)(D). Pub. L. 110–53, §1202(b)(2), substituted "local, and tribal" for "and local" and "cooperation and participation by private sector entities, including nonprofit employee labor organizations," for "private sector cooperation and participation".

Subsec. (t)(3)(E). Pub. L. 110–53, §1202(b)(3), substituted "prevention, response, and recovery" for "response and recovery" and inserted "and threatened and executed acts of terrorism outside the United States to the extent such acts affect United States transportation systems" before period at end.

Subsec. (t)(3)(F). Pub. L. 110–53, §1202(b)(4), inserted at end "Transportation security research and development projects shall be based, to the extent practicable, on such prioritization. Nothing in the preceding sentence shall be construed to require the termination of any research or development project initiated by the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Secretary of Transportation before the date of enactment of the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007."

Subsec. (t)(3)(G) to (I). Pub. L. 110–53, §1202(b)(5), added subpars. (G) to (I).

Subsec. (t)(4)(C)(i). Pub. L. 110–53, §1202(c)(1)(A), inserted ", including the transportation modal security plans" before period at end.

Subsec. (t)(4)(C)(ii), (iii). Pub. L. 110–53, §1202(c)(1)(B), added cls. (ii) and (iii) and struck out former cl. (ii). Text of former cl. (ii) read as follows: "Each progress report under this subparagraph shall include, at a minimum, recommendations for improving and implementing the National Strategy for Transportation Security and the transportation modal security plans that the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, considers appropriate."

Subsec. (t)(4)(E). Pub. L. 110–53, §1202(c)(2), added subpar. (E) and struck out former subpar. (E). Text of former subpar. (E) read as follows: "In this subsection, the term 'appropriate congressional committees' means the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and the Select Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate."

Subsec. (t)(5)(B)(iv), (v). Pub. L. 110–53, §1202(d), added cl. (iv) and redesignated former cl. (iv) as (v).

Subsec. (t)(6), (7). Pub. L. 110–53, §1202(e), added pars. (6) and (7).

Subsec. (u). Pub. L. 110–53, §1203(a), added subsec. (u).

Subsec. (v). Pub. L. 110–53, §1302(a), added subsec. (v).

Subsec. (w). Pub. L. 110–53, §1503(a), added subsec. (w).

**2004**—Subsec. (t). Pub. L. 108–458 added subsec. (t).

**2003**—Subsec. (q)(1). Pub. L. 108–7 inserted "or other Federal agency" after "Transportation Security Administration".

**2002**—Subsec. (l)(2)(B). Pub. L. 107–296, §1707, inserted "for a period not to exceed 90 days" after "effective" and "ratified or" before "disapproved".

Subsec. (s). Pub. L. 107–296, §1601(b), added subsec. (s).

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1994, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3646, provided that: "References relating to the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security in statutes, Executive orders, rules, regulations, directives, or delegations of authority that precede the effective date of this Act [meaning the date of enactment of Pub. L. 115–254, Oct. 5, 2018] shall be deemed to refer, as appropriate, to the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration."

Pub. L. 110–161, div. E, title V, §568(b), Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2092, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 26, 2007].

Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4082, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3732, provided that: "This title [enacting section 44925 of this title, amending this section, sections 44903, 44904, 44909, 44917, 44923, 46301 to 46303, and 48301 of this title, and sections 70102 and 70103 of Title 46, Shipping, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 44703, 44901, 44913, 44917, 44923, 44925, and 44935 of this title, section 2751 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and section 70101 of Title 46] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2004]."

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the Transportation Security Administration of the Department of Transportation, including the functions of the Secretary of Transportation, and of the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security, relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 203(2), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

Pub. L. 117–81, div. F, title LXIV, §6413, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2412, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 117–81, div. F, title LXIV, §6423(b), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2420, provided that:

"(1)

"(A) ensure the inclusion, as appropriate, of air carriers, domestic airport operators, and other transportation security stakeholders in the development and implementation of security directives and emergency amendments;

"(B) document input provided by air carriers, domestic airport operators, and other transportation security stakeholders during the security directive and emergency amendment, development, and implementation processes;

"(C) define a process, including timeframes, and with the inclusion of feedback from air carriers, domestic airport operators, and other transportation security stakeholders, for cancelling or incorporating security directives and emergency amendments into security programs;

"(D) conduct engagement with foreign partners on the implementation of security directives and emergency amendments, as appropriate, including recognition if existing security measures at a last point of departure airport are found to provide commensurate security as intended by potential new security directives and emergency amendments; and

"(E) ensure that new security directives and emergency amendments are focused on defined security outcomes.

"(2)

"(3)

Pub. L. 117–2, title VII, §7104, Mar. 11, 2021, 135 Stat. 100, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) is subject to a Federal, State, or local quarantine or isolation order related to COVID–19;

"(2) has been advised by a health care provider to self-quarantine due to concerns related to COVID–19;

"(3) is caring for an individual who is subject to such an order or has been so advised;

"(4) is experiencing symptoms of COVID–19 and seeking a medical diagnosis;

"(5) is caring for a son or daughter of such employee if the school or place of care of the son or daughter has been closed, if the school of such son or daughter requires or makes optional a virtual learning instruction model or requires or makes optional a hybrid of in-person and virtual learning instruction models, or the child care provider of such son or daughter is unavailable, due to COVID–19 precautions;

"(6) is experiencing any other substantially similar condition;

"(7) is caring for a family member with a mental or physical disability or who is 55 years of age or older and incapable of self-care, without regard to whether another individual other than the employee is available to care for such family member, if the place of care for such family member is closed or the direct care provider is unavailable due to COVID–19; or

"(8) is obtaining immunization related to COVID–19 or is recovering from any injury, disability, illness, or condition related to such immunization.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) shall be provided to an employee of the Administration in an amount not to exceed 600 hours of paid leave for each full-time employee, and in the case of a part-time employee, employee on an uncommon tour of duty, or employee with a seasonal work schedule, in an amount not to exceed the proportional equivalent of 600 hours to the extent amounts in the Fund remain available for reimbursement;

"(B) shall be paid at the same hourly rate as other leave payments; and

"(C) may not be provided to an employee if the leave would result in payments greater than $2,800 in aggregate for any biweekly pay period for a full-time employee, or a proportionally equivalent biweekly limit for a part-time employee.

"(3)

"(A) is in addition to any other leave provided to an employee of the Administration; and

"(B) may not be used by an employee of the Administration concurrently with any other paid leave.

"(4)

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1910, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3550, provided that: "With regard to each report, legislative proposal, or other communication of the Executive Branch related to the TSA and required to be submitted to Congress or the appropriate committees of Congress, the Administrator shall transmit such communication directly to the appropriate committees of Congress."

[For definitions of terms used in section 1910 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1902 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Title I of Div. K of Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1911, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3550, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(A) share detection testing information and standards with appropriate international partners; and

"(B) coordinate with the appropriate international partners to align TSA testing and evaluation with relevant international standards to maximize the capability to detect explosives and other threats.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(d)

"(1) health and safety factors;

"(2) operator interface;

"(3) human factors;

"(4) environmental factors;

"(5) throughput;

"(6) reliability, maintainability, and availability factors; and

"(7) interoperability.

"(e)

"(1)

"(A) establish a framework for the third party testing and for verifying a security technology is operationally effective and able to meet the TSA's mission needs before it may enter or re-enter, as applicable, the operational context at an airport or other transportation facility;

"(B) use phased implementation to allow the TSA and the third party to establish best practices; and

"(C) oversee the third party testing and evaluation framework.

"(2)

"(f)

"(g)

"(1)

"(A) if an individual, a citizen of the United States; or

"(B) if an entity, owned and controlled by a citizen of the United States.

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) the security screening technology subject to such testing; or

"(B) the vendor of such technology.

"(h)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) Any efficiencies or gains in effectiveness achieved in TSA operations, including technology acquisition or screening operations, as a result of such program.

"(B) The degree to which the TSA conducts timely and regular oversight of the appropriate third parties engaged in such testing.

"(C) The effect of such program on the following:

"(i) The introduction of innovative detection technologies into security screening operations.

"(ii) The availability of testing for technologies developed by small to medium sized businesses.

"(D) Any vulnerabilities associated with such program, including with respect to the following:

"(i) National security.

"(ii) Any conflicts of interest between the appropriate third parties engaged in such testing and the entities providing such technologies to be tested.

"(iii) Waste, fraud, and abuse."

[For definitions of terms used in section 1911 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1902 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Title I of Div. K of Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1912, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3552, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) evaluate the technologies described in subsection (a) to enhance the security of transportation systems through screening and threat mitigation and detection;

"(2) test the technologies described in subsection (a) to support identified mission needs of the TSA and to meet requirements for acquisitions and procurement;

"(3) to the extent practicable, provide original equipment manufacturers with test plans to minimize requirement interpretation disputes and adhere to provided test plans;

"(4) collaborate with other technical laboratories and facilities for purposes of augmenting the capabilities of the TSIF;

"(5) deliver advanced transportation security screening technologies that enhance the overall security of domestic transportation systems; and

"(6) to the extent practicable, provide funding and promote efforts to enable participation by a small business concern (as the term is described under section 3 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 632)) that—

"(A) has an advanced technology or capability; but

"(B) does not have adequate resources to participate in testing and evaluation processes.

"(c)

"(1) prevents unnecessary delays in the testing and evaluation of advanced transportation security screening technologies for acquisitions and procurement determinations;

"(2) ensures the issuance of final paperwork certification no later than 45 days after the date such testing and evaluation has concluded; and

"(3) ensures collaboration with technology stakeholders to close capabilities gaps in transportation security.

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) information relating to the delivery date;

"(B) a justification for why the testing and evaluation process has exceeded 180 days; and

"(C) the estimated date for completion of such testing and evaluation.

"(3)

"(A) after installation, delivers the technology to the TSA for testing and evaluation; and

"(B) submits to the Administrator, in such form and manner as the Administrator prescribes, a signed notification of the delivery described in subparagraph (A).

"(e)

"(f)

[For definitions of terms used in section 1912 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1902 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Title I of Div. K of Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1931, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3569, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) facilities, equipment, or systems used to provide transportation services by—

"(i) a public transportation agency (as the term is defined in section 1402 of the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007 (6 U.S.C. 1131));

"(ii) a railroad carrier (as the term is defined in section 20102 of title 49, United States Code); [or]

"(iii) an owner or operator of—

"(I) an entity offering scheduled, fixed-route transportation services by over-the road bus (as the term is defined in section 1501 of the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007 (6 U.S.C. 1151)); or

"(II) a bus terminal; or

"(B) other transportation facilities, equipment, or systems, as determined by the Secretary.

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) Information sharing and interoperable communication capabilities among the TSA and public and private stakeholders with respect to terrorist or other threats.

"(B) Coordinated incident response procedures.

"(C) The prevention of terrorist attacks and other incidents through strategic planning, security training, exercises and drills, law enforcement patrols, worker vetting, and suspicious activity reporting.

"(D) Infrastructure protection through effective construction design barriers and installation of advanced surveillance and other security technologies.

"(2)

"(A)

"(i) the organization of the working group;

"(ii) the activities of the working group;

"(iii) the participation of the TSA and public and private stakeholders in the activities of the working group; [and]

"(iv) the findings of the working group, including any recommendations.

"(B)

"(3)

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) inform owners and operators of surface transportation assets about the availability of technical assistance, including vulnerability assessment tools and cybersecurity guidelines, to help protect and enhance the resilience of public areas of such assets; and

"(B) upon request, and subject to the availability of appropriations, provide such technical assistance to owners and operators of surface transportation assets.

"(2)

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) review of [sic] regulations, directives, policies, and procedures issued by the Administrator regarding the transportation of a firearm and ammunition; and

"(B) submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report on the findings of the review under subparagraph (A), including, as appropriate, information on any plans to modify any regulation, directive, policy, or procedure based on the review.

"(2)

"(A) ASAC;

"(B) the Surface Transportation Security Advisory Committee under section 404 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 [6 U.S.C. 204]; and

"(C) appropriate public and private stakeholders."

[For definitions of terms used in section 1931 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1902 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Title I of Div. K of Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1932, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3571, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) Federal Security Directors at airports.

"(2) Appropriate security directors for other modes of transportation.

"(3) Other appropriate transportation security stakeholders.

"(b)

"(1) in coordination with the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and industry partners, implement improvements to the Air Domain Intelligence and Analysis Center to encourage increased participation from stakeholders and enhance government and industry security information sharing on transportation security threats, including on cybersecurity threat awareness;

"(2) expand and improve the City and Airport Threat Assessment or similar program to public and private stakeholders to capture, quantify, communicate, and apply applicable intelligence to inform transportation infrastructure mitigation measures, such as—

"(A) quantifying levels of risk by airport that can be used to determine risk-based security mitigation measures at each location; and

"(B) determining random and surge employee inspection operations based on changing levels of risk;

"(3) continue to disseminate Transportation Intelligence Notes, tear-lines, and related intelligence products to appropriate transportation security stakeholders on a regular basis; and

"(4) continue to conduct both regular routine and threat-specific classified briefings between the TSA and appropriate transportation sector stakeholders on an individual or group basis to provide greater information sharing between public and private sectors.

"(c)

"(d)

[For definitions of terms used in section 1932 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1902 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Title I of Div. K of Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1964, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3604, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) consider appropriate intelligence;

"(B) consider security breaches and attacks at domestic and international surface transportation facilities;

"(C) consider the vulnerabilities and risks associated with specific modes of surface transportation;

"(D) evaluate the vetting and security training of—

"(i) employees in surface transportation; and

"(ii) other individuals with access to sensitive or secure areas of surface transportation networks; and

"(E) consider input from—

"(i) representatives of different modes of surface transportation;

"(ii) representatives of critical infrastructure entities;

"(iii) the Transportation Systems Sector Coordinating Council; and

"(iv) the heads of other relevant Federal departments or agencies.

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) to develop and implement a cross-cutting, risk-based surface transportation security strategy that includes—

"(i) all surface transportation modes;

"(ii) a mitigating strategy that aligns with each vulnerability and risk identified in subsection (a);

"(iii) a planning process to inform resource allocation;

"(iv) priorities, milestones, and performance metrics to measure the effectiveness of the risk-based surface transportation security strategy; and

"(v) processes for sharing relevant and timely intelligence threat information with appropriate stakeholders;

"(B) to develop a management oversight strategy that—

"(i) identifies the parties responsible for the implementation, management, and oversight of the risk-based surface transportation security strategy; and

"(ii) includes a plan for implementing the risk-based surface transportation security strategy; and

"(C) to modify the risk-based budget and resource allocations, in accordance with section 1965(c) [set out as a note below], for the Transportation Security Administration.

"(2)

"(A) to evaluate existing surface transportation security programs, policies, and initiatives, including the explosives detection canine teams, for consistency with the risk-based security strategy and, to the extent practicable, avoid any unnecessary duplication of effort;

"(B) to determine the extent to which stakeholder security programs, policies, and initiatives address the vulnerabilities and risks to surface transportation systems identified in subsection (a); and

"(C) subject to subparagraph (B), to mitigate each vulnerability and risk to surface transportation systems identified in subsection (a).

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) describes the process used to complete the security assessment;

"(B) describes the process used to develop the risk-based security strategy;

"(C) describes the risk-based security strategy;

"(D) includes the management oversight strategy;

"(E) includes—

"(i) the findings of the security assessment;

"(ii) a description of the actions recommended or taken by the Administrator to mitigate the vulnerabilities and risks identified in subsection (a), including interagency coordination;

"(iii) any recommendations for improving the coordinated approach to mitigating vulnerabilities and risks to surface transportation systems; and

"(iv) any recommended changes to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan, the modal annexes to such plan, or relevant surface transportation security programs, policies, or initiatives; and

"(F) may contain a classified annex.

"(2)

"(d)

[For definitions of terms used in section 1964 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1902 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Title I of Div. K of Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1965, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3606, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) reflects the risk-based surface transportation security strategy under section 1964(b) [set out as a note above]; and

"(2) is organized by appropriations account, program, project, and initiative.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the reason for and a justification of the resource or personnel allocation;

"(B) the expected end date of the resource or personnel allocation; and

"(C) the projected cost to the Transportation Security Administration of the personnel or resource allocation.

"(d) 5

[For definitions of terms used in section 1965 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1902 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Title I of Div. K of Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1967, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3607, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) an updated rulemaking schedule for the outstanding regulation;

"(B) current staff allocations;

"(C) data collection or research relating to the development of the rulemaking;

"(D) current efforts, if any, with security experts, advisory committees, and other stakeholders; and

"(E) other relevant details associated with the development of the rulemaking that impact the progress of the rulemaking.

"(b)

"(1) identifies the requirements under such titles of that Act and under this title that have not been fully implemented;

"(2) describes what, if any, additional action is necessary; and

"(3) includes recommendations regarding whether any of the requirements under such titles of that Act or this title should be amended or repealed."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1968(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3608, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) determines there is an urgent security need for the personnel or resource described in paragraph (1); and

"(B) notifies the appropriate committees of Congress [Committees on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives] of the determination under subparagraph (A)."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1982, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3620, provided that: "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Transportation Security Administration] shall disseminate best practices to public and private stakeholders regarding how to enhance transportation security against the threat of a vehicle-based terrorist attack."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1986, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3621, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) Copies of the risk assessments for each transportation mode.

"(2) A summary that ranks the risks within and across modes.

"(3) A description of the risk-based priorities for securing the transportation sector that identifies and prioritizes the greatest security needs of such transportation sector, both across and within modes, in the order that such priorities should be addressed.

"(4) Information on the underlying methodologies used to assess risks across and within each transportation mode and the basis for any assumptions regarding threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences made in assessing and prioritizing risks within each such mode and across modes.

"(d)

[For definitions of terms used in section 1986 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1902 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Title I of Div. K of Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1987, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3622, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

[For definitions of terms used in section 1987 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1902 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Title I of Div. K of Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1989, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3624, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) The incorporation of best practices for information sharing.

"(B) The identification of areas of overlap and redundancy.

"(C) An evaluation and incorporation of stakeholder input in the development of such plan.

"(D) The integration of any recommendations of the Comptroller General of the United States on information sharing.

"(3)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) in developing the mechanism for sharing best practices as required under paragraph (1); and

"(B) not less frequently than annually on the quality and quantity of information such stakeholders receive through the mechanism established under such paragraph.

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], implement the Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity (referred to in this section as the 'Framework' developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and any update to such Framework under section 2 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 272), to manage the agency's cybersecurity risks; and

"(B) evaluate, on a periodic basis, but not less often than biennially, the use of the Framework under subparagraph (A).

"(2)

"(3)

"(A)

"(i) evaluate the cybersecurity of TSA trusted traveler and credentialing programs that contain personal information of specific individuals or information that identifies specific individuals, including the Transportation Worker Identification Credential and PreCheck programs;

"(ii) identify any cybersecurity risks under the programs described in clause (i); and

"(iii) develop remediation plans to address the cybersecurity risks identified under clause (ii).

"(B)

"(4)

[For definitions of terms used in section 1989 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1902 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Title I of Div. K of Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 114–4, title V, §536, Mar. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 67, provided that:

"(a) Any company that collects or retains personal information directly from any individual who participates in the Registered Traveler or successor program of the Transportation Security Administration shall hereafter safeguard and dispose of such information in accordance with the requirements in—

"(1) the National Institute for Standards and Technology Special Publication 800–30, entitled 'Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems';

"(2) the National Institute for Standards and Technology Special Publication 800–53, Revision 3, entitled 'Recommended Security Controls for Federal Information Systems and Organizations'; and

"(3) any supplemental standards established by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration (referred to in this section as the 'Administrator').

"(b) The airport authority or air carrier operator that sponsors the company under the Registered Traveler program shall hereafter be known as the 'Sponsoring Entity'.

"(c) The Administrator shall hereafter require any company covered by subsection (a) to provide, not later than 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Mar. 4, 2015], to the Sponsoring Entity written certification that the procedures used by the company to safeguard and dispose of information are in compliance with the requirements under subsection (a). Such certification shall include a description of the procedures used by the company to comply with such requirements."

Pub. L. 110–161, div. E, title V, §571, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2093, provided that: "Effective no later than ninety days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 26, 2007], the Transportation Security Administration shall permit approved members of Registered Traveler programs to satisfy fully the required identity verification procedures at security screening checkpoints by presenting a biometrically-secure Registered Traveler card in lieu of the government-issued photo identification document required of non-participants: *Provided*, That if their identity is not confirmed biometrically, the standard identity and screening procedures will apply: *Provided further*, That if the Assistant Secretary (Transportation Security Administration) determines this is a threat to civil aviation, then the Assistant Secretary (Transportation Security Administration) shall notify the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and House of Representatives five days in advance of such determination and require Registered Travelers to present government-issued photo identification documents in conjunction with a biometrically-secure Registered Traveler card."

Pub. L. 110–53, title XII, §1203(b), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 385, as amended by Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1904(b)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3545, provided that:

"(1)

"(A) the number of public and private stakeholders who were provided with each report;

"(B) a description of the measures the Secretary has taken to ensure proper treatment and security for any classified information to be shared with the public and private stakeholders under the Plan; and

"(C) an explanation of the reason for the denial of transportation security information to any stakeholder who had previously received such information.

"(2)

Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §1611, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 485, provided that: "The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall provide advanced training to transportation security officers for the development of specialized security skills, including behavior observation and analysis, explosives detection, and document examination, in order to enhance the effectiveness of layered transportation security measures."

Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §1612, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 485, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) to provide appropriate levels of aviation security; and

"(2) to accomplish that goal in such a manner that the average aviation security-related delay experienced by airline passengers is reduced to a level of less than 10 minutes."

Pub. L. 109–90, title V, §514, Oct. 18, 2005, 119 Stat. 2084, provided that: "Notwithstanding section 3302 of title 31, United States Code, for fiscal year 2006 and thereafter, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration may impose a reasonable charge for the lease of real and personal property to Transportation Security Administration employees and for use by Transportation Security Administration employees and may credit amounts received to the appropriation or fund initially charged for operating and maintaining the property, which amounts shall be available, without fiscal year limitation, for expenditure for property management, operation, protection, construction, repair, alteration, and related activities."

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation act:

Pub. L. 108–334, title V, §516, Oct. 18, 2004, 118 Stat. 1318.

Pub. L. 109–90, title V, §515, Oct. 18, 2005, 119 Stat. 2084, provided that: "For fiscal year 2006 and thereafter, the acquisition management system of the Transportation Security Administration shall apply to the acquisition of services, as well as equipment, supplies, and materials."

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation act:

Pub. L. 108–334, title V, §517, Oct. 18, 2004, 118 Stat. 1318.

Pub. L. 109–90, title V, §540, Oct. 18, 2005, 119 Stat. 2088, provided that: "For fiscal year 2006 and thereafter, notwithstanding section 553 of title 5, United States Code, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall impose a fee for any registered traveler program undertaken by the Department of Homeland Security by notice in the Federal Register, and may modify the fee from time to time by notice in the Federal Register: *Provided*, That such fees shall not exceed the aggregate costs associated with the program and shall be credited to the Transportation Security Administration registered traveler fee account, to be available until expended."

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §109, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 613, as amended by Pub. L. 107–296, title XIV, §1403(b), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2306, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) Require effective 911 emergency call capability for telephones serving passenger aircraft and passenger trains.

"(2) Establish a uniform system of identification for all State and local law enforcement personnel for use in obtaining permission to carry weapons in aircraft cabins and in obtaining access to a secured area of an airport, if otherwise authorized to carry such weapons.

"(3) Establish requirements to implement trusted passenger programs and use available technologies to expedite the security screening of passengers who participate in such programs, thereby allowing security screening personnel to focus on those passengers who should be subject to more extensive screening.

"(4) In consultation with the Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration, develop alternative security procedures under which a medical product to be transported on a flight of an air carrier would not be subject to an inspection that would irreversibly damage the product.

"(5) Provide for the use of technologies, including wireless and wire line data technologies, to enable the private and secure communication of threats to aid in the screening of passengers and other individuals on airport property who are identified on any State or Federal security-related data base for the purpose of having an integrated response coordination of various authorized airport security forces.

"(6) In consultation with the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, consider whether to require all pilot licenses to incorporate a photograph of the license holder and appropriate biometric imprints.

"(7) Provide for the use of voice stress analysis, biometric, or other technologies to prevent a person who might pose a danger to air safety or security from boarding the aircraft of an air carrier or foreign air carrier in air transportation or intrastate air transportation.

"(8) Provide for the use of technology that will permit enhanced instant communications and information between airborne passenger aircraft and appropriate individuals or facilities on the ground.

"(9) Require that air carriers provide flight attendants with a discreet, hands-free, wireless method of communicating with the pilots.

"(b)

[For definitions of terms used in section 109 of Pub. L. 107–71, set out above, see section 133 of Pub. L. 107–71, set out as a note under section 40102 of this title.]

1 So in original. Probably should not be capitalized.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A) The Secretary of Homeland Security, or the Secretary's designee.

(B) The Secretary of Transportation, or the Secretary's designee.

(C) The Attorney General, or the Attorney General's designee.

(D) The Secretary of Defense, or the Secretary's designee.

(E) The Secretary of the Treasury, or the Secretary's designee.

(F) The Director of National Intelligence, or the Director's designee.

(G) One member appointed by the President to represent the National Security Council.

(2)

(c)

(1) review and ratify or disapprove any regulation or security directive issued by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration under section 114(l)(2) within 30 days after the date of issuance of such regulation or directive;

(2) facilitate the coordination of intelligence, security, and law enforcement activities affecting transportation;

(3) facilitate the sharing of intelligence, security, and law enforcement information affecting transportation among Federal agencies and with carriers and other transportation providers as appropriate;

(4) explore the technical feasibility of developing a common database of individuals who may pose a threat to transportation or national security;

(5) review plans for transportation security;

(6) make recommendations to the Administrator regarding matters reviewed under paragraph (5).

(d)

(e) 1 sensitive security information, or information protected in accordance with section 40119(b),2 will be discussed.

(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §102(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 604; amended Pub. L. 107–296, title IV, §426(a), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2186; Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §411, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2725; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3626.)

Section 40119 of this title, referred to in subsec. (e), was repealed by Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(c)(3), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3627.

**2018**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(b)(1), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for security".

Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(b)(2), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary".

**2010**—Subsec. (b)(1)(F). Pub. L. 111–259 amended subpar. (F) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (F) read as follows: "The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, or the Director's designee."

**2002**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–296, §426(a)(1), substituted "Department of Homeland Security" for "Department of Transportation".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 107–296, §426(a)(2), added subpar. (A), redesignated former subpars. (A) to (F) as (B) to (G), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (G) which read as follows: "One member appointed by the President to represent the Office of Homeland Security."

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 107–296, §426(a)(3), substituted "Secretary of Homeland Security" for "Secretary of Transportation".

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the Transportation Security Administration of the Department of Transportation, including the functions of the Secretary of Transportation, and of the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security, relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 203(2), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

1 So in original. The word "information" probably should be inserted.

2 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(b)

(1) to provide assistance and communicate best practices and financing and funding opportunities to eligible entities for the programs referred to in subsection (d)(1);

(2) to administer the application processes for programs within the Department in accordance with subsection (d);

(3) to promote innovative financing best practices in accordance with subsection (e);

(4) to reduce uncertainty and delays with respect to environmental reviews and permitting in accordance with subsection (f); and

(5) to reduce costs and risks to taxpayers in project delivery and procurement in accordance with subsection (g).

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) report to the Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy;

(B) be responsible for the management and oversight of the daily activities, decisions, operations, and personnel of the Bureau;

(C) support the Council on Credit and Finance established under section 117 in accordance with this section; and

(D) carry out such additional duties as the Secretary may prescribe.

(d)

(1)

(A) The infrastructure finance programs authorized under chapter 6 of title 23.

(B) The railroad rehabilitation and improvement financing program authorized under sections 22401 through 22403.

(C) Amount allocations authorized under section 142(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.

(D) The Rural and Tribal Assistance Pilot Program established under section 21205(b)(1) of the Surface Transportation Investment Act of 2021.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A) evaluates the application processes for the programs referred to in paragraph (1);

(B) identifies administrative and legislative actions that would improve the efficiency of the application processes without diminishing Federal oversight; and

(C) describes how the Executive Director will implement administrative actions identified under subparagraph (B) that do not require an Act of Congress.

(6)

(A)

(i) establish procedures for analyzing and evaluating applications and for utilizing the recommendations of the Council on Credit and Finance;

(ii) establish procedures for addressing late-arriving applications, as applicable, and communicating the Bureau's decisions for accepting or rejecting late applications to the applicant and the public; and

(iii) document major decisions in the application evaluation process through a decision memorandum or similar mechanism that provides a clear rationale for such decisions.

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A) by making Federal credit assistance programs more accessible to eligible recipients;

(B) by providing advice and expertise to eligible entities that seek to leverage public and private funding;

(C) by sharing innovative financing best practices and case studies from eligible entities with other eligible entities that are interested in utilizing innovative financing methods; and

(D) by developing and monitoring—

(i) best practices with respect to standardized State public-private partnership authorities and practices, including best practices related to—

(I) accurate and reliable assumptions for analyzing public-private partnership procurements;

(II) procedures for the handling of unsolicited bids;

(III) policies with respect to noncompete clauses; and

(IV) other significant terms of public-private partnership procurements, as determined appropriate by the Bureau;

(ii) standard contracts for the most common types of public-private partnerships for transportation facilities; and

(iii) analytical tools and other techniques to aid eligible entities in determining the appropriate project delivery model, including a value for money analysis.

(3)

(A) ensure the transparency of a project receiving credit assistance under a program referred to in subsection (d)(1) and procured as a public-private partnership by—

(i) requiring the sponsor of the project to undergo a value for money analysis or a comparable analysis prior to deciding to advance the project as a public-private partnership;

(ii) requiring the analysis required under subparagraph (A), and other key terms of the relevant public-private partnership agreement, to be made publicly available by the project sponsor at an appropriate time;

(iii) not later than 3 years after the date of completion of the project, requiring the sponsor of the project to conduct a review regarding whether the private partner is meeting the terms of the relevant public-private partnership agreement; and

(iv) providing a publicly available summary of the total level of Federal assistance in such project; and

(B) develop guidance to implement this paragraph that takes into consideration variations in State and local laws and requirements related to public-private partnerships.

(4)

(f)

(1)

(2)

(A) by coordinating efforts to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the environmental review and permitting process;

(B) by providing technical assistance and training to field and headquarters staff of Federal agencies on policy changes and innovative approaches to the delivery of projects; and

(C) by identifying, developing, and tracking metrics for permit reviews and decisions by Federal agencies for projects under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969.

(3)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(A) establish maximum thresholds for acceptable project cost increases and delays in project delivery;

(B) establish uniform methods for States to measure cost and delivery changes over the life cycle of a project; and

(C) be tailored, as necessary, to various types of project procurements, including design-bid-build, design-build, and public-private partnerships.

(3)

(A) collect information related to procurement benchmarks developed under paragraph (1), including project specific information detailed under paragraph (2); and

(B) provide on a publicly accessible Internet Web site of the Department a report on the information collected under subparagraph (A).

(h)

(1)

(A) the purposes of the office are duplicative of the purposes of the Bureau; and

(B) the elimination of the office does not adversely affect the obligations of the Secretary under any Federal law.

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(i)

(ii)

(4)

(A) the offices eliminated under paragraph (1) and the rationale for elimination of the offices;

(B) the offices and office functions consolidated under paragraph (2) and the rationale for consolidation of the offices and office functions;

(C) the actions taken under paragraph (3) and the rationale for taking such actions; and

(D) any additional legislative actions that may be needed.

(i)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(j)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title IX, §9001(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1612; amended Pub. L. 115–56, div. D, §164(a), as added Pub. L. 115–123, div. B, §20101(2), Feb. 9, 2018, 132 Stat. 121; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §§21101(d)(4), 21205(i), 21301(j)(4)(A), title V, §25009(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 657, 682, 692, 854.)

Section 142 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(C), is classified to section 142 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Section 21205(b)(1) of the Surface Transportation Investment Act of 2021, referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(D), is section 21205(b)(1) of Pub. L. 117–58, which is set out in a note below.

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsecs. (d)(5), (6)(B)(iii), (h)(4), and (i)(3), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsec. (f)(2)(D), (3), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.

**2021**—Subsec. (d)(1)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(j)(4)(A), substituted "sections 22401 through 22403" for "sections 501 through 503 of the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (45 U.S.C. 821–823)".

Subsec. (d)(1)(D). Pub. L. 117–58, §21205(h), added subpar. (D). Former subpar. (D) struck out.

Pub. L. 117–58, §21101(d)(4), struck out subpar. (D) which read as follows: "The nationally significant freight and highway projects program under section 117 of title 23."

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 117–58, §25009(b), redesignated subpars. (B) to (D) as (A) to (C), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: "by serving as the Department's liaison to the Council on Environmental Quality;".

**2018**—Subsec. (h)(3)(D)(i), (ii). Pub. L. 115–56, §164(a), as added by Pub. L. 115–123, §20101(2), substituted "The" for "During the 2-year period beginning on the date of enactment of this section, the" and inserted at end "Any such funds or limitation of obligations or portions thereof transferred to the Bureau may be transferred back to and merged with the original account."

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21205(a)–(h), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 680–682, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) a unit of local government or political subdivision that is located outside of an urbanized area with a population of more than 150,000 residents, as determined by the Bureau of the Census;

"(B) a State seeking to advance a project located in an area described in subparagraph (A);

"(C) a federally recognized Indian Tribe; and

"(D) the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands.

"(3)

"(A) subparagraph (A) or (B) of section 116(d)(1) of title 49, United States Code;

"(B) section 118(d)(3)(A) of that title (as added by section 21101(a)); or

"(C) chapter 67 of that title (as added by section 21201).

"(4)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) Financial, technical, and legal assistance to evaluate potential projects reasonably expected to be eligible to receive funding or financing assistance under an eligible program.

"(B) Assistance with development-phase activities, including—

"(i) project planning;

"(ii) feasibility studies;

"(iii) revenue forecasting and funding and financing options analyses;

"(iv) environmental review;

"(v) preliminary engineering and design work;

"(vi) economic assessments and cost-benefit analyses;

"(vii) public benefit studies;

"(viii) statutory and regulatory framework analyses;

"(ix) value for money studies;

"(x) evaluations of costs to sustain the project;

"(xi) evaluating opportunities for private financing and project bundling; and

"(xii) any other activity determined to be appropriate by the Secretary.

"(C) Information regarding innovative financing best practices and case studies, if the eligible entity is interested in using innovative financing methods.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(A)

"(i) the resources available to eligible entities under the pilot program; and

"(ii) the application process established under paragraph (2)(A).

"(B)

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(I)

"(II)

"(iii)

"(3)

"(A) the type of eligible entity that submitted the application;

"(B) the location of each potential project described in the application;

"(C) a brief description of the assistance requested;

"(D) the date on which the Secretary received the application; and

"(E) the date on which the Secretary provided the notice of approval or disapproval under paragraph (2)(C)(i).

"(e)

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) $1,600,000 for fiscal year 2022;

"(B) $1,800,000 for fiscal year 2023;

"(C) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

"(D) $2,200,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

"(E) $2,400,000 for fiscal year 2026.

"(3)

"(g)

"(h)

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A) The Deputy Secretary of Transportation.

(B) The Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy.

(C) The Chief Financial Officer and Assistant Secretary for Budget and Programs.

(D) The General Counsel of the Department of Transportation.

(E) The Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy.

(F) The Administrator of the Federal Highway Administration.

(G) The Administrator of the Federal Transit Administration.

(H) The Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration.

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(4)

(c)

(1) review applications for assistance submitted under the programs referred to in subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of section 116(d)(1);

(2) review applications for assistance submitted under the program referred to in section 116(d)(1)(D), as determined appropriate by the Secretary;

(3) make recommendations to the Secretary regarding the selection of projects to receive assistance under such programs;

(4) review, on a regular basis, projects that received assistance under such programs; and

(5) carry out such additional duties as the Secretary may prescribe.

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title IX, §9002(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1618.)

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(b)

(c)

(1) to carry out the national multimodal freight policy described in section 70101;

(2) to administer and oversee certain multimodal freight grant programs within the Department in accordance with subsection (d);

(3) to promote and facilitate the sharing of information between the private and public sectors with respect to freight issues;

(4) to conduct research on improving multimodal freight mobility, and to oversee the freight research activities of the various agencies within the Department;

(5) to assist cities and States in developing freight mobility and supply chain expertise;

(6) to liaise and coordinate with other Federal departments and agencies; and

(7) to carry out other duties, as prescribed by the Secretary.

(d)

(1) develop and manage—

(A) the national freight strategic plan described in section 70102; and

(B) the National Multimodal Freight Network established under section 70103;

(2)(A) oversee the development and updating of the State freight plans described in section 70202; and

(B) provide guidance or best practices relating to the development and updating of State freight plans under that section;

(3)(A) administer multimodal freight grant programs, including multimodal freight grants established under section 117 of title 23; and

(B) establish procedures for analyzing and evaluating applications for grants under those programs;

(4) assist States in the establishment of—

(A) State freight advisory committees under section 70201; and

(B) multi-State freight mobility compacts under section 70204; and

(5) provide to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics input regarding freight data and planning tools.

(e)

(1)

(A) be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate; and

(B) have professional standing and demonstrated knowledge in the field of freight transportation.

(2)

(A) report to the Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy;

(B) be responsible for the management and oversight of the activities, decisions, operations, and personnel of the Freight Office;

(C) work with the modal administrations of the Department to encourage multimodal collaboration; and

(D) carry out such additional duties as the Secretary may prescribe.

(f)

(1)

(2)

(A) the purposes of the office are duplicative of the purposes of the Freight Office;

(B) the office or the functions of the office have been substantially consolidated with the Freight Office pursuant to paragraph (1);

(C) the elimination of the office will not adversely affect the requirements of the Secretary under any Federal law; and

(D) the elimination of the office will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the programs and functions conducted by the office.

(g)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(A)

(i)

(ii)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(h)

(1)

(A) the programs managed or made available by the Freight Office; and

(B) the eligibility requirements for those programs.

(2)

(i)

(1) describes—

(A) the programs and activities administered or overseen by the Freight Office; and

(B) the status of those programs and activities;

(2) identifies—

(A) the number of employees working in the Freight Office as of the date of the notification;

(B) the total number of employees expected to join the Freight Office to support the programs and activities described in paragraph (1); and

(C) the total number of positions that, as a result of the consolidation of offices under this section, were—

(i) eliminated; or

(ii) transferred, assigned, or joined to the Freight Office;

(3)(A) indicates whether the Secretary has consolidated into the Freight Office any office or office function pursuant to subsection (f)(1); and

(B) if the Secretary has consolidated such an office or function, describes the rationale for the consolidation;

(4)(A) indicates whether the Secretary has eliminated any office pursuant to subsection (f)(2); and

(B) if the Secretary has eliminated such an office, describes the rationale for the elimination;

(5) describes any other actions carried out by the Secretary to implement this section; and

(6) describes any recommendations of the Secretary for legislation that may be needed to further implement this section.

(j)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(k)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21101(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 652.)

The date of enactment of this section and the date of enactment of the Surface Transportation Investment Act of 2021, referred to in subsecs. (i) and (j)(3), are the date of enactment of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) a unit of State or local government;

(B) an institution of higher education;

(C) a commercial entity;

(D) a research foundation;

(E) a trade or industry research collaborative;

(F) a federally funded research and development center;

(G) a research facility owned or funded by the Department;

(H) a collaborative that includes relevant international entities; and

(I) a consortia of 2 or more entities described in any of subparagraphs (A) through (H).

(5)

(A)

(B)

(i) roads;

(ii) highways;

(iii) bridges;

(iv) airports;

(v) rail lines;

(vi) harbors; and

(vii) pipelines.

(6)

(b)

(1) to overcome long-term challenges; and

(2) to advance the state of the art for United States transportation infrastructure.

(c)

(1)

(A) to advance the transportation infrastructure of the United States by developing innovative science and technology solutions that—

(i) lower the long-term costs of infrastructure development, including costs of planning, construction, and maintenance;

(ii) reduce the lifecycle impacts of transportation infrastructure on the environment, including through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions;

(iii) contribute significantly to improving the safe, secure, and efficient movement of goods and people; and

(iv) promote the resilience of infrastructure from physical and cyber threats; and

(B) to ensure that the United States is a global leader in developing and deploying advanced transportation infrastructure technologies and materials.

(2)

(A) advance novel, early-stage research with practicable application to transportation infrastructure;

(B) translate techniques, processes, and technologies, from the conceptual phase to prototype, testing, or demonstration;

(C) develop advanced manufacturing processes and technologies for the domestic manufacturing of novel transportation-related technologies; and

(D) accelerate transformational technological advances in areas in which industry entities are unlikely to carry out projects due to technical and financial uncertainty.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) be located within the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology; and

(B) report to the Secretary.

(4)

(5)

(A) approving new programs within ARPA–I;

(B) developing funding criteria, and assessing the success of programs, to achieve the goals described in subsection (c)(1) through the establishment of technical milestones;

(C) administering available funding by providing to eligible entities assistance to achieve the goals described in subsection (c)(1);

(D) terminating programs carried out under this section that are not achieving the goals of the programs; and

(E) establishing a process through which eligible entities can submit to ARPA–I unsolicited research proposals for assistance under this section in accordance with subsection (f).

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) establishing research and development goals for the applicable program, including by convening workshops and conferring with outside experts;

(ii) publicizing the goals of the applicable program;

(iii) soliciting applications for specific areas of particular promise, especially in areas that the private sector or the Federal Government are not likely to carry out absent assistance from ARPA–I;

(iv) establishing research collaborations for carrying out the applicable program;

(v) selecting on the basis of merit each project to be supported under the applicable program, taking into consideration—

(I) the novelty and scientific and technical merit of proposed projects;

(II) the demonstrated capabilities of eligible entities to successfully carry out proposed projects;

(III) the extent to which an eligible entity took into consideration future commercial applications of a proposed project, including the feasibility of partnering with 1 or more commercial entities; and

(IV) such other criteria as the Director may establish;

(vi) identifying innovative cost-sharing arrangements for projects carried out or funded by ARPA–I;

(vii) monitoring the progress of projects supported under the applicable program;

(viii) identifying mechanisms for commercial application of successful technology development projects, including through establishment of partnerships between eligible entities and commercial entities; and

(ix) as applicable, recommending—

(I) program restructuring; or

(II) termination of applicable research partnerships or projects.

(C)

(i) shall serve for a term of 3 years; and

(ii) may be reappointed for any subsequent term of service.

(3)

(A)

(i) make appointments of scientific, engineering, and professional personnel, without regard to the civil service laws;

(ii) fix the basic pay of such personnel at such rate as the Director may determine, but not to exceed level II of the Executive Schedule, without regard to the civil service laws; and

(iii) pay an employee appointed under this subparagraph payments in addition to basic pay, subject to the condition that the total amount of those additional payments for any 12-month period shall not exceed the least of—

(I) $25,000;

(II) an amount equal to 25 percent of the annual rate of basic pay of the employee; and

(III) the amount of the applicable limitation for a calendar year under section 5307(a)(1) of title 5.

(B)

(C)

(f)

(1)

(A) the extent of current and prior efforts with respect to the project proposed to be carried out using the assistance, if applicable; and

(B) any current or prior investments in the technology area for which funding is requested, including as described in subsection (c)(2)(D).

(2)

(A) shall review each unsolicited research proposal submitted under paragraph (1), taking into consideration—

(i) the novelty and scientific and technical merit of the research proposal;

(ii) the demonstrated capabilities of the applicant to successfully carry out the research proposal;

(iii) the extent to which the applicant took into consideration future commercial applications of the proposed research project, including the feasibility of partnering with 1 or more commercial entities; and

(iv) such other criteria as the Director may establish;

(B) may approve a research proposal if the Director determines that the research—

(i) is in accordance with—

(I) the goals described in subsection (c)(1); or

(II) an applicable transportation research and development strategic plan developed under section 6503; and

(ii) would not duplicate any other Federal research being conducted or funded by another Federal agency; and

(C)(i) if funding is denied for the research proposal, shall provide to the eligible entity that submitted the proposal a written notice of the denial that, as applicable—

(I) explains why the research proposal was not selected, including whether the research proposal fails to cover an area of need; and

(II) recommends that the research proposal be submitted to another research program; or

(ii) if the research proposal is approved for funding, shall provide to the eligible entity that submitted the proposal—

(I) a written notice of the approval; and

(II) assistance in accordance with subsection (g) for the proposed research.

(g)

(1) a grant;

(2) a contract;

(3) a cooperative agreement;

(4) a cash prize; or

(5) another, similar form of funding.

(h)

(1)

(A) the projects that received assistance from ARPA–I, including—

(i) each such project that was funded as a result of an unsolicited research proposal; and

(ii) each such project that examines topics or technologies closely related to other activities funded by the Department, including an analysis of whether the Director achieved compliance with subsection (i)(1) in supporting the project; and

(B) the instances of, and reasons for, the provision of assistance under this section for any projects being carried out by industry entities.

(2)

(i)

(1) the activities of ARPA–I are coordinated with, and do not duplicate the efforts of, programs and laboratories within—

(A) the Department; and

(B) other relevant research agencies; and

(2) no funding is provided by ARPA–I for a project, unless the eligible entity proposing the project—

(A) demonstrates sufficient attempts to secure private financing; or

(B) indicates that the project is not independently commercially viable.

(j)

(k)

(1) to accomplish the goals of ARPA–I;

(2) to develop institutional capacity in advanced transportation infrastructure technologies and materials;

(3) to engage underserved populations in developing, demonstrating, and deploying those technologies and materials; and

(4) to otherwise address the needs of ARPA–I.

(l)

(1) partner with university transportation centers under section 5505 to accomplish the goals, and address the needs, of ARPA–I; and

(2) sponsor and select for funding, in accordance with section 5505, competitively selected university transportation center grants, in addition to the assistance provided under section 5505, to address targeted technology and material goals of ARPA–I.

(m)

(1)

(A) an existing advisory committee, office, or other group within the Department; and

(B) a new advisory committee organized to support the programs of ARPA–I by providing advice and assistance regarding—

(i) specific program tasks; or

(ii) the overall direction of ARPA–I.

(2)

(A) the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology;

(B) the Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy; and

(C) any professional or scientific organization with expertise relating to specific processes or technologies under development by ARPA–I.

(n)

(1)

(2)

(A) a recommendation regarding whether ARPA–I should be continued;

(B) a recommendation regarding whether ARPA–I, or the Department generally, should continue to allow entities to submit unsolicited research proposals; and

(C) a description of—

(i) the lessons learned from the operation of ARPA–I; and

(ii) the manner in which those lessons may apply to the operation of other programs of the Department.

(3)

(A) Congress; and

(B) the public.

(o)

(1)

(A) commercial and financial information obtained from a person;

(B) privileged or confidential; and

(C) not subject to disclosure under section 552(b)(4) of title 5.

(2)

(A) information relating to plans for commercialization of technologies developed using assistance provided under this section, including business plans, technology-to-market plans, market studies, and cost and performance models;

(B) information relating to investments provided to an eligible entity from a third party (such as a venture capital firm, a hedge fund, and a private equity firm), including any percentage of ownership of an eligible entity provided in return for such an investment;

(C) information relating to additional financial support that the eligible entity—

(i) plans to invest, or has invested, in the technology developed using assistance provided under this section; or

(ii) is seeking from a third party; and

(D) information relating to revenue from the licensing or sale of a new product or service resulting from research conducted using assistance provided under this section.

(p)

(1) shall be in addition to any existing authority provided to the Secretary; and

(2) shall not supersede or modify any other existing authority.

(q)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(A) not less than 5 percent shall be used for technology transfer and outreach activities—

(i) in accordance with the goal described in subsection (c)(2)(D); and

(ii) within the responsibilities of the program directors described in subsection (e)(2)(B)(viii); and

(B) none may be used for the construction of any new building or facility during the 5-year period beginning on the date of enactment of the Surface Transportation Investment Act of 2021.

(Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25012(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 859.)

Level II of the Executive Schedule, referred to in subsec. (e)(3)(A)(ii), is set out in section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

The date of enactment of the Surface Transportation Investment Act of 2021, referred to in subsec. (q)(3)(B), is the date of enactment of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.




**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25008(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 852, which directed amendment of the analysis for subchapter I of this chapter by adding item 313 at the end, was executed by adding item 313 to the analysis for this chapter, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24111(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 815, which directed amendment of the analysis for subchapter III of this chapter by adding item 355 at the end, was executed by adding item 355 to the analysis for this chapter, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–282, title V, §514(c), Dec. 4, 2018, 132 Stat. 4278, which directed amendment of the analysis for this chapter by adding item 312 at the end, was executed by adding item 312 at the end of the item for subchapter I, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2016**—Pub. L. 114–322, title IV, §5001(b), Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1885, added item 311.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, §§1311(b), 1312(b), 1313(b), title VI, §6011(c), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1399, 1400, 1402, 1569, added items 304a, 307, and 310 and substituted "Research activities" for "Research contracts" in item 330.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, §1446(d)(4), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1438, amended section 1314(b) of Pub. L. 112–141, effective July 6, 2012, as if included in Pub. L. 112–141 as enacted. See 2012 Amendment note below.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, §1314(b), div. C, title II, §32932(a)(2), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 549, 829, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, §1446(d)(4), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1438, substituted "Application of categorical exclusions for multimodal projects" for "Joint activities with the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development" in item 304 and struck out item 307 "Safety information and intervention in Interstate Commerce Commission proceedings".

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–168, §8(b)(2), Dec. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 2035, added item 354.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(6)(B), (9)(B), (10)(B), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1366–1368, added item 303a, struck out items 334 "Limit on aviation charges" and 335 "Authorization of appropriations", and added item 337, subchapter III heading, and items 351 to 353.

**1991**—Pub. L. 102–240, title I, §1036(c)(2), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1985, added item 309.

**1989**—Pub. L. 101–225, title III, §305(2), Dec. 12, 1989, 103 Stat. 1925, added item 336.

**1984**—Pub. L. 98–216, §2(1)(B), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5, substituted "Reports" for "Annual reports" in item 308.

The Secretary of Transportation shall—

(1) under the direction of the President, exercise leadership in transportation matters, including those matters affecting national defense and those matters involving national or regional emergencies;

(2) provide leadership in the development of transportation policies and programs, and make recommendations to the President and Congress for their consideration and implementation;

(3) coordinate Federal policy on intermodal transportation and initiate policies to promote efficient intermodal transportation in the United States;

(4) promote and undertake the development, collection, and dissemination of technological, statistical, economic, and other information relevant to domestic and international transportation;

(5) consult and cooperate with the Secretary of Labor in compiling information regarding the status of labor-management contracts and other labor-management problems and in promoting industrial harmony and stable employment conditions in all modes of transportation;

(6) promote and undertake research and development related to transportation, including noise abatement, with particular attention to aircraft noise, and including basic highway vehicle science;

(7) consult with the heads of other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government on the transportation requirements of the Government, including encouraging them to establish and observe policies consistent with maintaining a coordinated transportation system in procuring transportation or in operating their own transport services;

(8) consult and cooperate with State and local governments, carriers, labor, and other interested persons, including, when appropriate, holding informal public hearings; and

(9) develop and coordinate Federal policy on financing transportation infrastructure, including the provision of direct Federal credit assistance and other techniques used to leverage Federal transportation funds.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2418; Pub. L. 102–240, title V, §5002(a), title VI, §6017, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2158, 2183; Pub. L. 105–178, title I, §1504, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 251.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

301 | 49:1653(a). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §4(a), 80 Stat. 933. |


In the introductory clause before "shall", the words "in carrying out the purposes of this chapter . . . among his responsibilities" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (4), the word "compiling" is substituted for "gathering" for consistency.

**1998**—Par. (9). Pub. L. 105–178 added par. (9).

**1991**—Pars. (3) to (5). Pub. L. 102–240, §5002(a), added par. (3) and redesignated former pars. (3) and (4) as (4) and (5), respectively. Former par. (5) redesignated (6).

Par. (6). Pub. L. 102–240, §§5002(a), 6017, redesignated par. (5) as (6) and inserted ", and including basic highway vehicle science". Former par. (6) redesignated (7).

Pars. (7), (8). Pub. L. 102–240, §5002(a), redesignated pars. (6) and (7) as (7) and (8), respectively.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. A, title I, §11308, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 534, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) notice of the proposed guidance; and

"(2) an opportunity to comment on the proposed guidance.

"(d)

"(1) requires the Secretary to accept or use information that the Secretary determines does not meet the guidance developed under this section; or

"(2) changes the current statutory or regulatory requirements of the Department [of Transportation]."

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25007, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 849, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) resilience to threat probabilities by type of hazard and geographical location;

"(2) resilience to asset vulnerabilities with respect to each applicable threat; and

"(3) anticipated consequences from each applicable threat to each asset.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) identify and support fundamental research to develop a framework and quantitative models to support compilation of information for risk-based analysis of transportation assets by standardizing the basis for quantifying annual risk and increasing system resilience; and

"(B) build on existing resilience research, including studies conducted by—

"(i) the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and

"(ii) the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

"(2)

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25011, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 857, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) a State;

"(2) a unit of local government;

"(3) a transit agency or authority;

"(4) a metropolitan planning organization;

"(5) any other subdivision of a State or local government;

"(6) an institution of higher education; and

"(7) a multi-State or multijurisdictional group.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(I) carry out demonstration programs;

"(II) award grants and provide incentives to eligible entities;

"(III) enter into partnerships with—

"(aa) eligible entities;

"(bb) private sector entities; and

"(cc) National Laboratories; and

"(IV) use any other tools, strategies, or methods that will result in the effective use of data and information for safety purposes.

"(B)

"(i) develop safety analysis tools for State and local governments, with a particular focus on State and local governments with limited capacity to perform safety analysis;

"(ii)(I) identify innovative State and local government practices;

"(II) incubate those practices for further development; and

"(III) replicate those practices nationwide; and

"(iii) transfer to State and local governments the results of the applied research carried out under that subparagraph.

"(C)

"(i)

"(I) encourage the sharing of data between and among Federal, State, and local transportation agencies; and

"(II) leverage data from private sector entities.

"(ii)

"(I) the creation of data ecosystems to reduce barriers to the efficient integration and analysis of relevant datasets for use by safety professionals; and

"(II) the establishment of procedures adequate to ensure sufficient security, privacy, and confidentiality as needed to promote the sharing of sensitive or proprietary data.

"(iii)

"(I) the Director of the Bureau of Transportation Statistics;

"(II) 1 or more trusted third parties, as determined by the Secretary; or

"(III) 1 or more other entities or partnerships capable of securing, managing, and analyzing sensitive or proprietary data.

"(3)

"(A)

"(i) the Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy;

"(ii) the Chief Information Officer of the Department [of Transportation];

"(iii) the Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration;

"(iv) the Administrator of the Federal Highway Administration;

"(v) the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration;

"(vi) the Administrator of the Federal Transit Administration; and

"(vii) the Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration.

"(B)

"(C)

"(4)

"(A) the date that is 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act; and

"(B) the date on which the Secretary makes the direction to officials described in paragraph (3)(C)."

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25022, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 878, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) by developing a cybersecurity risk management strategy for the systems and information of the Department [of Transportation];

"(2) by updating policies to address an organization-wide risk assessment; and

"(3) by updating the processes for coordination between cybersecurity risk management functions and enterprise risk management functions.

"(b)

"(1) reviewing positions in the Department; and

"(2) assigning appropriate work roles in accordance with the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education Cybersecurity Workforce Framework.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the roles, responsibilities, and reporting relationships of the senior officials of the Department with respect to cybersecurity at the components of the Department;

"(B) the extent to which officials of the Department—

"(i) establish requirements for, share information with, provide resources to, and monitor the performance of managers with respect to cybersecurity within the components of the Department; and

"(ii) hold managers accountable for cybersecurity within the components of the Department; and

"(C) other aspects of cybersecurity, as the Comptroller General of the United States determines to be appropriate."

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title VII, §27001, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 884, provided that: "For each grant awarded under this Act [div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, see Tables for classification], or an amendment made by this Act, the Secretary may—

"(1) develop metrics to assess the effectiveness of the activities funded by the grant;

"(2) establish standards for the performance of the activities funded by the grant that are based on the metrics developed under paragraph (1); and

"(3) not later than the date that is 4 years after the date of the initial award of the grant and every 2 years thereafter until the date on which Federal financial assistance is discontinued for the applicable activity, conduct an assessment of the activity funded by the grant to confirm whether the performance is meeting the standards for performance established under paragraph (2)."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, §1431, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1427, as amended by Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25018(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 874, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) 1 out of every 9 jobs in the United States depends on travel and tourism, and the industry supports 15,000,000 jobs in the United States;

"(2) the travel and tourism industry employs individuals in all 50 States, the District of Columbia, and all of the territories of the United States;

"(3) international travel to the United States is the single largest export industry in the United States, generating a trade surplus balance of approximately $74,000,000,000;

"(4) travel and tourism provide significant economic benefits to the United States by generating nearly $2,100,000,000,000 in annual economic output; and

"(5) the United States intermodal transportation network facilitates the large-scale movement of business and leisure travelers, and is the most important asset of the travel industry.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) be composed of members appointed by the Secretary for terms of not more than 3 years; and

"(2) include a representative cross-section of public and private sector stakeholders involved in the travel and tourism industry, including representatives of—

"(A) the travel and tourism industry, product and service providers, and travel and tourism-related associations;

"(B) travel, tourism, and destination marketing organizations;

"(C) the travel and tourism-related workforce;

"(D) State tourism offices;

"(E) State departments of transportation;

"(F) regional and metropolitan planning organizations; and

"(G) local governments.

"(d)

"(1) advise the Secretary on current and emerging priorities, issues, projects, and funding needs related to the use of the intermodal transportation network of the United States to facilitate travel and tourism;

"(2) serve as a forum for discussion for travel and tourism stakeholders on transportation issues affecting interstate and interregional mobility of passengers;

"(3) promote the sharing of information between the private and public sectors on transportation issues impacting travel and tourism;

"(4) gather information, develop technical advice, and make recommendations to the Secretary on policies that improve the condition and performance of an integrated national transportation system that—

"(A) is safe, economical, and efficient; and

"(B) maximizes the benefits to the United States generated through the travel and tourism industry;

"(5) identify critical transportation facilities and corridors that facilitate and support the interstate and interregional transportation of passengers for tourism, commercial, and recreational activities;

"(6) provide for development of measures of condition, safety, and performance for transportation related to travel and tourism;

"(7) provide for development of transportation investment, data, and planning tools to assist Federal, State, and local officials in making investment decisions relating to transportation projects that improve travel and tourism; and

"(8) address other issues of transportation policy and programs impacting the movement of travelers for tourism and recreational purposes, including by making legislative recommendations.

"(e)

"(1) to develop an immediate-term and long-term strategy, including policy recommendations across all modes of transportation, for the Department and other agencies to use infrastructure investments to revive the travel and tourism industry and the overall travel and tourism economy in the wake of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID–19) pandemic; and

"(2) that includes—

"(A) an assessment of the condition and performance of the national transportation network, including consideration of the impacts of the COVID–19 pandemic;

"(B) an identification of the issues on the national transportation network that create significant congestion problems and barriers to long-haul passenger travel and tourism;

"(C) forecasts of long-haul passenger travel and tourism volumes for the 20-year period beginning in the year during which the plan is issued;

"(D) an identification of the major transportation facilities and corridors of regional significance for current and forecasted long-haul travel and tourism volumes, the identification of which shall be revised, as appropriate, in subsequent plans;

"(E) an assessment of statutory, regulatory, technological, institutional, financial, and other barriers to improved long-haul passenger travel performance (including opportunities for overcoming the barriers);

"(F) best practices for improving the performance of the national transportation network;

"(G) strategies to improve intermodal connectivity for long-haul passenger travel and tourism; and

"(H) an identification of possible infrastructure investments that create recovery opportunities for small, underserved, minority, and rural businesses in the travel and tourism industry, including efforts to preserve and protect the scenic, but often less-traveled, roads that promote tourism and economic development throughout the United States."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, §6024, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1585, provided that: "The Secretary [of Transportation] may solicit the support of, and identify opportunities to collaborate with, other Federal research agencies and national laboratories to assist in the effective and efficient pursuit and resolution of research challenges identified by the Secretary."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, §1534, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 584, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 109–364, div. C, title XXXV, §3504, Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2516, provided that: "The Secretary of Transportation may transfer or otherwise make available without reimbursement to any other department a vessel under the jurisdiction of the Department of Transportation, upon request by the Secretary of the department that receives the vessel."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, §1532, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 583, provided that: "The Secretary [of Transportation] shall submit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate a budget justification for each agency of the Department concurrently with the annual budget submission of the President to Congress under section 1105(a) of title 31, United States Code."

Pub. L. 109–59, title I, §1926, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1483, as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, title I, §108(a), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1602, provided that: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Department of Transportation and each agency in the Department shall submit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate a budget justification concurrently with the President's annual budget submission to Congress under section 1105(a) of title 31, United States Code."

Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3034, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 386, provided that, not later than 1 year after June 9, 1998, the Comptroller General would transmit to Congress the results of a study of Federal departments and agencies (other than the Department of Transportation) receiving Federal financial assistance for non-emergency transportation services and any recommendations for enhanced coordination between the Department of Transportation and other Federal departments and agencies that provide non-emergency transportation funding.

Pub. L. 105–66, title III, §346, Oct. 27, 1997, 111 Stat. 1449, provided that:

"(a) As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 27, 1997], the Secretary of Transportation, acting for the Department of Transportation, may take receipt of such equipment and sites of the Ground Wave Emergency Network (referred to in this section as 'GWEN') as the Secretary of Transportation determines to be necessary for the establishment of a nationwide system to be known as the 'Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System' (referred to in this section as 'NDGPS').

"(b) As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 27, 1997], the Secretary of Transportation may establish the NDGPS. In establishing the NDGPS, the Secretary of Transportation may—

"(1) if feasible, reuse GWEN equipment and sites transferred to the Department of Transportation under subsection (a);

"(2) to the maximum extent practicable, use contractor services to install the NDGPS;

"(3) modify the positioning system operated by the Coast Guard at the time of the establishment of the NDGPS to integrate the reference stations made available pursuant to subsection (a);

"(4) in cooperation with the Secretary of Commerce, ensure that the reference stations referred to in paragraph (3) are compatible with, and integrated into, the Continuously Operating Reference Station (commonly referred to as 'CORS') system of the National Geodetic Survey of the Department of Commerce; and

"(5) in cooperation with the Secretary of Commerce, investigate the use of the NDGPS reference stations for the Global Positioning System Integrated Precipitable Water Vapor System of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

"(c) The Secretary of Transportation may—

"(1) manage and operate the NDGPS;

"(2) ensure that the service of the NDGPS is provided without the assessment of any user fee; and

"(3) in cooperation with the Secretary of Defense, ensure that the use of the NDGPS is denied to any enemy of the United States.

"(d) In any case in which the Secretary of Transportation determines that contracting for the maintenance of 1 or more NDGPS reference stations is cost-effective, the Secretary of Transportation may enter into a contract to provide for that maintenance.

"(e) The Secretary of Transportation may—

"(1) in cooperation with appropriate representatives of private industries and universities and officials of State governments—

"(A) investigate improvements (including potential improvements) to the NDGPS;

"(B) develop standards for the NDGPS; and

"(C) sponsor the development of new applications for the NDGPS; and

"(2) provide for the continual upgrading of the NDGPS to improve performance and address the needs of—

"(A) the Federal Government;

"(B) State and local governments; and

"(C) the general public."

Pub. L. 102–240, title V, §5002(b), (c), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2158, which provided for establishment within the Office of the Secretary of Transportation of an Intermodal Transportation Advisory Board to make recommendations for carrying out responsibilities of the Secretary concerning the coordination of Federal policy on intermodal transportation, and for establishment within the Office of the Secretary of an Office of Intermodalism to develop intermodal transportation data, to coordinate Federal research on intermodal transportation, to provide technical assistance to States and metropolitan planning organizations, and to provide administrative and clerical support to the Intermodal Transportation Advisory Board, was repealed and reenacted as sections 5502 and former 5503 of this title by Pub. L. 103–272, §§1(d), 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 849, 850, 1379.

Pub. L. 102–240, title V, §5003, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2159, which directed Secretary of Transportation to make grants to States, representing a variety of geographic regions and transportation needs, patterns, and modes, for purpose of developing model State intermodal transportation plans consistent with policy of United States to encourage and promote development of national intermodal transportation system, was repealed and reenacted as section 5504 of this title by Pub. L. 103–272, §§1(d), 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 850, 1379.

Pub. L. 102–240, title V, §5005, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2160, provided for establishment of a National Commission on Intermodal Transportation, consisting of 11 appointed members, to make a complete investigation and study of intermodal transportation in the United States and internationally and to send a report to Congress not later than Sept. 30, 1993, containing recommendations for implementing the policy set out in section 302(e) of this title, with the Commission to terminate on the 180th day following transmittal of the report, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 104–287, §7(3), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3400.

Pub. L. 102–240, title VI, §6015, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2181, directed Secretary of Transportation to identify existing and emerging trade corridors and transportation subsystems that facilitate trade between United States, Canada, and Mexico and to recommend changes to improve and integrate corridor subsystems in order to achieve increased productivity and use of innovative marketing techniques, and directed Secretary to report to Congress not later than 18 months after Dec. 18, 1991, on transportation infrastructure needs and associated costs and to propose an agenda to develop systemwide integration of services for national benefits.

Pub. L. 102–240, title VI, §6020, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2184, directed Secretary of Transportation to conduct a study to evaluate feasibility, costs, and benefits of constructing and operating pneumatic capsule pipelines for underground movement of commodities other than hazardous liquids and gas, and to submit, not later than 2 years after Dec. 18, 1991, a report to Congress on the results of the study, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 104–287, §7(3), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3400.

Pub. L. 100–457, title III, §317(b), Sept. 30, 1988, 102 Stat. 2149, directed Department of Transportation to undertake a long-range, multi-modal national transportation strategic planning study, such study to forecast long-term needs and costs for developing and maintaining facilities and services to achieve a desired national transportation program for moving people and goods in the year 2015 and to include detailed analyses of transportation needs within six to nine metropolitan areas that have diverse population, development, and demographic patterns, including at least one interstate metropolitan area, with study to be submitted to Congress on or before Oct. 1, 1989. Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation act: Pub. L. 100–202, §101(l) [title III, §317(b)], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–358, 1329–381.

Designation of Department of Transportation as lead agency and duties of the Secretary for encouraging, facilitating, and developing commercial expendable launch vehicle operations by private enterprise, see Ex. Ord. No. 12465, Feb. 24, 1984, 49 F.R. 7211, set out under section 50903 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs.

Ex. Ord. No. 13274, Sept. 18, 2002, 67 F.R. 59449, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 13286, §2, Feb. 28, 2003, 68 F.R. 10619, provided:

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and to enhance environmental stewardship and streamline the environmental review and development of transportation infrastructure projects, it is hereby ordered as follows:

*Policy*. The development and implementation of transportation infrastructure projects in an efficient and environmentally sound manner is essential to the well-being of the American people and a strong American economy. Executive departments and agencies (agencies) shall take appropriate actions, to the extent consistent with applicable law and available resources, to promote environmental stewardship in the Nation's transportation system and expedite environmental reviews of high-priority transportation infrastructure projects.

*Actions*. (a) For transportation infrastructure projects, agencies shall, in support of the Department of Transportation, formulate and implement administrative, policy, and procedural mechanisms that enable each agency required by law to conduct environmental reviews (reviews) with respect to such projects to ensure completion of such reviews in a timely and environmentally responsible manner.

(b) In furtherance of the policy set forth in section 1 of this order, the Secretary of Transportation, in coordination with agencies as appropriate, shall advance environmental stewardship through cooperative actions with project sponsors to promote protection and enhancement of the natural and human environment in the planning, development, operation, and maintenance of transportation facilities and services.

(c) The Secretary of Transportation shall designate for the purposes of this order a list of high-priority transportation infrastructure projects that should receive expedited agency reviews and shall amend such list from time to time as the Secretary deems appropriate. For projects on the Secretary's list, agencies shall to the maximum extent practicable expedite their reviews for relevant permits or other approvals, and take related actions as necessary, consistent with available resources and applicable laws, including those relating to safety, public health, and environmental protection.

*Interagency Task Force*. (a) *Establishment*. There is established, within the Department of Transportation for administrative purposes, the interagency "Transportation Infrastructure Streamlining Task Force" (Task Force) to: (i) monitor and assist agencies in their efforts to expedite a review of transportation infrastructure projects and issue permits or similar actions, as necessary; (ii) review projects, at least quarterly, on the list of priority projects pursuant to section 2(c) of this order; and (iii) identify and promote policies that can effectively streamline the process required to provide approvals for transportation infrastructure projects, in compliance with applicable law, while maintaining safety, public health, and environmental protection.

(b) *Membership and Operation*. The Task Force shall promote interagency cooperation and the establishment of appropriate mechanisms to coordinate Federal, State, tribal, and local agency consultation, review, approval, and permitting of transportation infrastructure projects. The Task Force shall consist exclusively of the following officers of the United States: the Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Transportation (who shall chair the Task Force), Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Defense, Secretary of Homeland Security, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, Chairman of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality. A member of the Task Force may designate, to perform the Task Force functions of the member, any person who is part of the member's department, agency, or office and who is either an officer of the United States appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate or a member of the Senior Executive Service. The Task Force shall report to the President through the Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality.

*Report*. At least once each year, the Task Force shall submit to the President a report that: (a) Describes the results of the coordinated and expedited reviews on a project-by-project basis, and identifies those procedures and actions that proved to be most useful and appropriate in coordinating and expediting the review of the projects.

(b) Identifies substantive and procedural requirements of Federal, State, tribal, and local laws, regulations, and Executive Orders that are inconsistent with, duplicative of, or are structured so as to restrict their efficient implementation with other applicable requirements.

(c) Makes recommendations regarding those additional actions that could be taken to: (i) address the coordination and expediting of reviews of transportation infrastructure projects by simplifying and harmonizing applicable substantive and procedural requirements; and (ii) elevate and resolve controversies among Federal, State, tribal, and local agencies related to the review or impacts of transportation infrastructure projects in a timely manner.

(d) Provides any other recommendations that would, in the judgement of the Task Force, advance the policy set forth in section 1 of this order.

*Preservation of Authority*. Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budget, administrative, and legislative proposals.

*Judicial Review*. This order is intended only to improve the internal management of the Federal Government and is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or equity by a party against the United States, its departments, agencies, instrumentalities or entities, its officers or employees, or any other person.

George W. Bush.

(a) The Secretary of Transportation is governed by the transportation policy of sections 10101 and 13101 of this title in addition to other laws.

(b) This subtitle and chapters 221 and 315 of this title do not authorize, without appropriate action by Congress, the adoption, revision, or implementation of a transportation policy or investment standards or criteria.

(c) The Secretary shall consider the needs—

(1) for effectiveness and safety in transportation systems; and

(2) of national defense.

(d)(1) It is the policy of the United States to promote the construction and commercialization of high-speed ground transportation systems by—

(A) conducting economic and technological research;

(B) demonstrating advancements in high-speed ground transportation technologies;

(C) establishing a comprehensive policy for the development of such systems and the effective integration of the various high-speed ground transportation technologies; and

(D) minimizing the long-term risks of investors.

(2) It is the policy of the United States to establish in the shortest time practicable a United States designed and constructed magnetic levitation transportation technology capable of operating along Federal-aid highway rights-of-way, as part of a national transportation system of the United States.

(e)

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2419; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(2), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 102–240, title I, §1036(a), title V, §5001, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1978, 2158; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(6), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1375; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 946.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

302(a) | 49:1653(b)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §4(b), 80 Stat. 933. |

302(b) | 49:1653(b)(2). | |

302(c) | 49:1653(b)(3). |


In subsection (a), the words "In carrying out his duties and responsibilities under this chapter" before "Secretary of Transportation" are omitted as surplus. The words "the transportation policy of sections 10101 and 10101a of this title in addition to other laws" are substituted for "all applicable statutes including the policy standards set forth in the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended [49 U.S.C. 1301 et seq.]; the national transportation policy of the Interstate Commerce Act, as amended; title 23, relating to Federal-aid highways; and title 14, titles 52 and 53 of the Revised Statutes, the Act of April 25, 1940, as amended, and the Act of September 2, 1958, as amended, relating to the United States Coast Guard" because each of the omitted laws is now applicable to the Secretary of Transportation and the Department of Transportation as the result of the restatement of those laws, and the Secretary is therefore bound to follow those laws by their own terms.

In subsection (c), the words "In exercising the functions, powers, and duties conferred on and transferred to the Secretary by this chapter" before "Secretary" are omitted as surplus. The word "consider" is substituted for "give full consideration to" to eliminate surplus words. The words "for operational continuity of the functions transferred" after "the needs" are omitted as executed.

**1995**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–88 substituted "13101" for "10101a".

**1994**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–272 substituted "This subtitle and chapters 221 and 315 of this title" for "Subtitle I and chapter 31 of subtitle II of this title and the Department of Transportation Act (49 App. U.S.C. 1651 et seq.)".

**1991**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 102–240, §1036(a), added subsec. (d).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 102–240, §5001, added subsec. (e).

**1984**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–216 substituted "49 App. U.S.C." for "49 U.S.C.".

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

Amendment by section 1036(a) of Pub. L. 102–240 effective Dec. 18, 1991, and applicable to funds authorized to be appropriated or made available after Sept. 30, 1991, and, with certain exceptions, not applicable to funds appropriated or made available on or before Sept. 30, 1991, see section 1100 of Pub. L. 102–240, set out as a note under section 104 of Title 23, Highways.

(a) It is the policy of the United States Government that special effort should be made to preserve the natural beauty of the countryside and public park and recreation lands, wildlife and waterfowl refuges, and historic sites.

(b) The Secretary of Transportation shall cooperate and consult with the Secretaries of the Interior, Housing and Urban Development, and Agriculture, and with the States, in developing transportation plans and programs that include measures to maintain or enhance the natural beauty of lands crossed by transportation activities or facilities.

(c) 1 of title 23) requiring the use of publicly owned land of a public park, recreation area, or wildlife and waterfowl refuge of national, State, or local significance, or land of an historic site of national, State, or local significance (as determined by the Federal, State, or local officials having jurisdiction over the park, area, refuge, or site) only if—

(1) there is no prudent and feasible alternative to using that land; and

(2) the program or project includes all possible planning to minimize harm to the park, recreation area, wildlife and waterfowl refuge, or historic site resulting from the use.

(d)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(2)

(A) the Secretary has determined, in accordance with the consultation process required under section 306108 of title 54, United States Code,2 that—

(i) the transportation program or project will have no adverse effect on the historic site; or

(ii) there will be no historic properties affected by the transportation program or project;

(B) the finding of the Secretary has received written concurrence from the applicable State historic preservation officer or tribal historic preservation officer (and from the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation if the Council is participating in the consultation process); and

(C) the finding of the Secretary has been developed in consultation with parties consulting as part of the process referred to in subparagraph (A).

(3)

(A) the Secretary has determined, after public notice and opportunity for public review and comment, that the transportation program or project will not adversely affect the activities, features, and attributes of the park, recreation area, or wildlife or waterfowl refuge eligible for protection under this section; and

(B) the finding of the Secretary has received concurrence from the officials with jurisdiction over the park, recreation area, or wildlife or waterfowl refuge.

(e)

(1)

(A) align, to the maximum extent practicable, the requirements of this section with the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) and section 306108 of title 54, including implementing regulations; and

(B) not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this subsection, coordinate with the Secretary of the Interior and the Executive Director of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (referred to in this subsection as the "Council") to establish procedures to satisfy the requirements described in subparagraph (A) (including regulations).

(2)

(A)

(i) include the determination of the Secretary in the analysis required under that Act;

(ii) provide a notice of the determination to—

(I) each applicable State historic preservation officer and tribal historic preservation officer;

(II) the Council, if the Council is participating in the consultation process under section 306108 of title 54; and

(III) the Secretary of the Interior; and

(iii) request from the applicable preservation officer, the Council, and the Secretary of the Interior a concurrence that the determination is sufficient to satisfy subsection (c)(1).

(B)

(C)

(i) be included in the record of decision or finding of no significant impact of the Secretary; and

(ii) be posted on an appropriate Federal website by not later than 3 days after the date of receipt by the Secretary of all concurrences requested under subparagraph (A)(iii).

(3)

(A)

(B)

(f)

(1)

(2)

(g)

(h)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) stations; or

(ii) bridges or tunnels located on—

(I) railroad lines that have been abandoned; or

(II) transit lines that are not in use.

(B)

(i) over which service has been discontinued; or

(ii) that have been railbanked or otherwise reserved for the transportation of goods or passengers.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2419; Pub. L. 100–17, title I, §133(d), Apr. 2, 1987, 101 Stat. 173; Pub. L. 109–59, title VI, §6009(a)(2), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1875; Pub. L. 113–287, §5(p), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3272; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, §§1301(b), 1302(b), 1303(b), title XI, §11502(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1376, 1378, 1690.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

303(a) | 49:1651(b)(2). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §2(b)(2), 80 Stat. 931. |

49:1653(f) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §4(f), 80 Stat. 934; restated Aug. 23, 1968, Pub. L. 90–495, §18(b), 82 Stat. 824. | |

303(b) | 49:1653(f) (2d sentence). | |

303(c) | 49:1653(f) (less 1st, 2d sentences). |


In subsection (a), the words "hereby declared to be" before "the policy" are omitted as surplus. The words "of the United States Government" are substituted for "national" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (b), the words "crossed by transportation activities or facilities" are substituted for "traversed" for clarity.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "After August 23, 1968" after "Secretary" are omitted as executed. The word "transportation" is inserted before "program" for clarity. In clause (2), the words "or project" are added for consistency.

Section 204 of title 23, referred to in subsec. (c), was repealed and a new section 204 enacted by Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, §1119(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 473, 489.

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsec. (e)(1)(A), (2)(A), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (e)(1)(B), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

**2015**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–94, §11502(b)(1), substituted "subsections (d) and (h)" for "subsection (d)".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 114–94, §1301(b), added subsec. (e).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 114–94, §1302(b), added subsec. (f).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 114–94, §1303(b), added subsec. (g).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 114–94, §11502(b)(2), added subsec. (h).

**2014**—Subsec. (d)(2)(A). Pub. L. 113–287 substituted "section 306108 of title 54, United States Code" for "section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (16 U.S.C. 470f)" in introductory provisions.

**2005**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §6009(a)(2)(A), inserted heading and substituted "Subject to subsection (d), the Secretary" for "The Secretary" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–59, §6009(a)(2)(B), added subsec. (d).

**1987**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–17 inserted "(other than any project for a park road or parkway under section 204 of title 23)" after "program or project".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title X, §1079, Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1916, provided that: "No military flight operation (including a military training flight), or designation of airspace for such an operation, may be treated as a transportation program or project for purposes of section 303(c) of title 49, United States Code."

1 See References in Text note below.

2 So in original. The words ", United States Code" probably should not appear.

(a)

(1) to promote, encourage, and develop water transportation, service, and facilities for the commerce of the United States; and

(2) to foster and preserve rail and water transportation.

(b)

(c)

(1) investigate the types of vessels suitable for different classes of inland waterways to promote, encourage, and develop inland waterway transportation facilities for the commerce of the United States;

(2) investigate water terminals, both for inland waterway traffic and for through traffic by water and rail, including the necessary docks, warehouses, and equipment, and investigate railroad spurs and switches connecting with those water terminals, to develop the types most appropriate for different locations and for transferring passengers or property between water carriers and rail carriers more expeditiously and economically;

(3) consult with communities, cities, and towns about the location of water terminals, and cooperate with them in preparing plans for terminal facilities;

(4) investigate the existing status of water transportation on the different inland waterways of the United States to learn the extent to which—

(A) the waterways are being used to their capacity and are meeting the demands of traffic; and

(B) water carriers using those waterways are interchanging traffic with rail carriers;

(5) investigate other matters that may promote and encourage inland water transportation; and

(6) compile, publish, and distribute information about transportation on inland waterways that the Secretary considers useful to the commercial interests of the United States.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(6)(A), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1366.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

303a | 49 App.:142. | Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, §500, 41 Stat. 499; Aug. 6, 1981, Pub. L. 97–31, §12(9), 95 Stat. 154. |


Section 4(j)(6)(A) amends 49:ch. 3 by restating 49 App.:142 as section 303a because the provision more appropriately belongs in chapter 3.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "in full vigor both" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "be construed to" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), the word "appropriate" is omitted as surplus. The word "vessels" is substituted for "boats" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "the subject of", "apparatus", "appliances in connection therewith", and "or interchange" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "appropriate" and "suitable" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(6), the words "province and", "from time to time", and "useful statistics, data, and" are omitted as surplus.

Pub. L. 116–283, div. G, title LVXXXIV [LXXXIV], §8426, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 4730, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3) Arctic sea routes.—The term 'Arctic Sea Routes' means the international Northern Sea Route, the Transpolar Sea Route, and the Northwest Passage.

"(c)

"(1)

"(A)

"(B)

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) 1 individual appointed and designated by the Secretary of Transportation to serve as the Chairperson of the Advisory Committee;

"(ii) 1 individual appointed and designated by the Secretary of the Department in which the Coast Guard is operating to serve as the Vice Chairperson of the Advisory Committee;

"(iii) 1 designee of the Secretary of Commerce;

"(iv) 1 designee of the Secretary of State;

"(v) 1 designee of the Secretary of Transportation;

"(vi) 1 designee of the Secretary of Defense;

"(vii) 1 designee from the State of Alaska, nominated by the Governor of Alaska and designated by the Secretary of Transportation;

"(viii) 1 designee from the State of Washington, nominated by the Governor of Washington and designated by the Secretary of Transportation;

"(ix) 3 Alaska Native Tribal members;

"(x) 1 individual representing Alaska Native subsistence co-management groups affected by Arctic maritime transportation;

"(xi) 1 individual representing coastal communities affected by Arctic maritime transportation;

"(xii) 1 individual representing vessels of the United States (as defined in section 116 of title 46, United States Code) participating in the shipping industry;

"(xiii) 1 individual representing the marine safety community;

"(xiv) 1 individual representing the Arctic business community; and

"(xv) 1 individual representing maritime labor organizations.

"(C)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(3)

"(A) Develop a set of policy recommendations that would enhance the leadership role played by the United States in improving the safety and reliability of Arctic maritime transportation in accordance with customary international maritime law and existing Federal authority. Such policy recommendations shall consider options to establish a United States entity that could perform the following functions in accordance with United States law and customary international maritime law:

"(i) Construction, operation, and maintenance of current and future maritime infrastructure necessary for vessels transiting the Arctic Sea Routes, including potential new deep draft and deepwater ports.

"(ii) Provision of services that are not widely commercially available in the United States Arctic that would—

"(I) improve Arctic maritime safety and environmental protection;

"(II) enhance Arctic maritime domain awareness; and

"(III) support navigation and incident response for vessels transiting the Arctic Sea Routes.

"(iii) Establishment of rules of measurement for vessels and cargo for the purposes of levying voluntary rates of charges or fees for services.

"(B) As an option under subparagraph (A), consider establishing a congressionally chartered seaway development corporation modeled on the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation, and—

"(i) develop recommendations for establishing such a corporation and a detailed implementation plan for establishing such an entity; or

"(ii) if the Advisory Committee decides against recommending the establishment of such a corporation, provide a written explanation as to the rationale for the decision and develop an alternative, as practicable.

"(C) Provide advice and recommendations, as requested, to the Secretary of Transportation and the Secretary of the Department in which the Coast Guard is operating on Arctic marine transportation, including seaway development, and consider national security interests, where applicable, in such recommendations.

"(D) In developing the advice and recommendations under subparagraph (C), engage with and solicit feedback from coastal communities, Alaska Native subsistence co-management groups, and Alaska Native tribes.

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(1) coordination of any activities recommended by the implementation plan submitted by the Advisory Committee and approved by the Secretary of Transportation; and

"(2) facilitation of multilateral dialogues with member and observer nations of the Arctic Council to encourage cooperation on Arctic maritime transportation.

"(g)

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(b)

(c)

(1) the lead authority makes a determination, with the concurrence of the cooperating authority—

(A) on the applicability of a categorical exclusion to a proposed multimodal project; and

(B) that the project satisfies the conditions for a categorical exclusion under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) and this section;

(2) the lead authority follows the implementing regulations of the cooperating authority or procedures under that Act; and

(3) the lead authority determines that—

(A) the proposed multimodal project does not individually or cumulatively have a significant impact on the environment; and

(B) extraordinary circumstances do not exist that merit additional analysis and documentation in an environmental impact statement or environmental assessment required under that Act.

(d)

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2419; Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, §1314(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 547; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, §1310, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1397.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

304(a) | 49:1653(g) (less 3d sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §4(g), 80 Stat. 934. |

304(b) | 49:1653(g) (3d sentence). |


In subsection (a), the text of 49:1653(g) (last sentence) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (a)(4), the word "ensure" is substituted for "assure" as being more precise. The words "of the United States Government" are substituted for "Federal", and the words "United States" are substituted for "national", for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (b), the words "The Secretaries shall report on April 1 of each year" are substituted for "They shall, within one year after the effective date of the Act, and annually thereafter, report" to omit executed words and to specify the date of April 1 because the President prescribed April 1, 1967, as the effective date of the Department of Transportation Act (Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931) by Executive Order No. 11340, March 30, 1967 (32 F.R. 5443). The word "consider" is substituted for "determine" for consistency.

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2) and (c), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §1310(1)(A), substituted "operating administration or secretarial office that has expertise but" for "operating authority that" and inserted "proposed multimodal" after "with respect to a".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §1310(1)(B), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'lead authority' means a Department of Transportation operating administration or secretarial office that—

"(A) is the lead authority over a proposed multimodal project; and

"(B) has determined that the components of the project that fall under the modal expertise of the lead authority—

"(i) satisfy the conditions for a categorical exclusion under implementing regulations or procedures of the lead authority under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.); and

"(ii) do not require the preparation of an environmental assessment or environmental impact statement under that Act."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–94, §1310(2), inserted "or title 23" after "under this title".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–94, §1310(3), added subsec. (c) and struck out former subsec. (c) which related to application of categorical exclusions for multimodal projects.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 114–94, §1310(3), added subsec. (d) and struck out former subsec. (d). Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(1)

"(2)

2012–Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to joint activities with the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1) cite the sources, authorities, and reasons that support the position of the agency; and

(2) if appropriate, indicate the circumstances that would trigger agency reappraisal or further response.

(b)

(1) the final environmental impact statement makes substantial changes to the proposed action that are relevant to environmental or safety concerns; or

(2) there is a significant new circumstance or information relevant to environmental concerns that bears on the proposed action or the impacts of the proposed action.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) the adopting operating administration certifies that the proposed action is substantially the same as the project considered in the document to be adopted;

(B) the other operating administration concurs with such decision; and

(C) such actions are consistent with the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.).

(3)

(A) the incorporated material is cited in the environmental assessment or final environmental impact statement and the contents of the incorporated material are briefly described;

(B) the incorporated material is reasonably available for inspection by potentially interested persons within the time allowed for review and comment; and

(C) the incorporated material does not include proprietary data that is not available for review and comment.

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, §1311(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1398.)

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (c)(2)(C), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a) Subject to sections 301–304 1 of this title, the Secretary of Transportation shall develop standards and criteria to formulate and economically evaluate all proposals for investing amounts of the United States Government in transportation facilities and equipment. Based on experience, the Secretary shall revise the standards and criteria. When approved by Congress, the Secretary shall prescribe standards and criteria developed or revised under this subsection. This subsection does not apply to—

(1) the acquisition of transportation facilities or equipment by a department, agency, or instrumentality of the Government to provide transportation for its use;

(2) an inter-oceanic canal located outside the 48 contiguous States;

(3) defense features included at the direction of the Department of Defense in designing and constructing civil air, sea, or land transportation;

(4) foreign assistance programs;

(5) water resources projects; or

(6) grant-in-aid programs authorized by law.

(b) A department, agency, or instrumentality of the Government preparing a survey, plan, or report that includes a proposal about which the Secretary has prescribed standards and criteria under subsection (a) of this section shall—

(1) prepare the survey, plan, or report under those standards and criteria and on the basis of information provided by the Secretary on the—

(A) projected growth of transportation needs and traffic in the affected area;

(B) the relative efficiency of various modes of transportation;

(C) the available transportation services in the area; and

(D) the general effect of the proposed investment on existing modes of transportation and on the regional and national economy;

(2) coordinate the survey, plan, or report—

(A) with the Secretary and include the views and comments of the Secretary; and

(B) as appropriate, with other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government, States, and local governments, and include their views and comments; and

(3) send the survey, plan, or report to the President for disposition under law and procedure established by the President.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2420.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

305(a) | 49:1656(a) (less next-to-last par.). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §7 (less (a) next-to-last par.), 80 Stat. 941. |

305(b) | 49:1656 (less (a)). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "consistent with national transportation policies" after "develop standards and criteria" are omitted as unnecessary because of section 302 of the revised title. The words "Based on experience" are substituted for "in the light of experience", and the words "shall prescribe" are substituted for "be promulgated by the", to conform to other sections of the revised title. The words "from time to time" after "shall revise" are omitted as unnecessary. The words "This subsection does not apply to" are substituted for "except such proposals as are concerned with" for clarity. In clause (1), the words "a department, agency, or instrumentality of the Government" are substituted for "Federal agencies" for clarity and consistency. Similar conforming changes are made throughout the section. The word "services" after "provide transportation" is omitted as unnecessary. In clause (2), the words "48 contiguous States" are substituted for "contiguous United States" for clarity.

The text of 49:1656(a) (last par.) that provided that the Secretary of Transportation was a member of the Water Resources Council on matters pertaining to navigation features of water resource projects is omitted as superseded because 42:1962(a) gave the Secretary membership on the Council without limitation.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "unit of" before "governments" are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the word "thereafter" after "send" is omitted as surplus.

Section 304 of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was amended generally by Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, §1314(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 547.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a) In this section, "financial assistance" includes obligation guarantees.

(b) A person in the United States may not be excluded from participating in, be denied the benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under, a project, program, or activity because of race, color, national origin, or sex when any part of the project, program, or activity is financed through financial assistance under section 332 or 333 or chapter 221, 224, or 249 of this title, or section 211 or 216 of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 (45 U.S.C. 721, 726).

(c) When the Secretary of Transportation decides that a person receiving financial assistance under a law referred to in subsection (b) of this section has not complied with that subsection, a Federal civil rights law, or an order or regulation issued under a Federal civil rights law, the Secretary shall notify the person of the decision and require the person to take necessary action to ensure compliance with that subsection.

(d) If a person does not comply with subsection (b) of this section within a reasonable time after receiving a notice under subsection (c) of this section, the Secretary shall take at least one of the following actions:

(1) direct that no more Federal financial assistance be provided the person.

(2) refer the matter to the Attorney General with a recommendation that a civil action be brought against the person.

(3) carry out the duties and powers provided by title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000d et seq.).

(4) take other action provided by law.

(e) When a matter is referred to the Attorney General under subsection (d)(2) of this section, or when the Attorney General has reason to believe that a person is engaged in a pattern or practice violating this section, the Attorney General may begin a civil action in a district court of the United States for appropriate relief.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2421; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(3), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(7), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1376; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(j)(4)(B), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 693.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

306(a) | 45:803(f). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §905, 90 Stat. 148. |

306(b) | 45:803(a). | |

306(c), (d) | 45:803(b). | |

306(e) | 45:803(c)–(e). |


In subsection (b), the enumerated laws are substituted for "through financial assistance under this Act", meaning the Rail Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31) and laws amended by that Act. The laws cited in the subsection are substituted for "through financial assistance under this Act" for clarity. The enumerated laws include provisions of the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 that amend other laws as well as provisions that are not amendments to other laws. A reference to the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 (Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302) is omitted because this section related to that Act is superseded by 49:1615.

In subsection (c), the word "decides" is substituted for "determines" for consistency. The word "ensure" is substituted for "assure" as being more precise.

In subsection (d), the words "at least one of the following actions" are substituted for "and/or" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (e), the text of 45:803(d) is omitted as unnecessary because section 322 of the revised title gives the Secretary of Transportation general authority to prescribe regulations and other provisions of the revised title give the Secretary general authority to carry out his duties and powers. The text of 45:803(e) is omitted as unnecessary.

This is necessary to correct a cross-reference in section 306(b) and to reflect the transfer of the non-positive law provisions of title 49 to title 49 appendix.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964, referred to in subsec. (d)(3), is Pub. L. 88–352, July 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 241. Title VI of the Act is classified generally to subchapter V (§2000d et seq.) of chapter 21 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2000a of Title 42 and Tables.

**2021**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–58 substituted "chapter 221, 224, or 249 of this title, or" for "chapter 221 or 249 of this title," and struck out ", or title V of the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (45 U.S.C. 821 et seq.)" before period at end.

**1994**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–272 substituted "section 332 or 333 or chapter 221 or 249 of this title, section 211 or 216 of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 (45 U.S.C. 721, 726), or title V of the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (45 U.S.C. 821 et seq.)" for "section 332 or 333 of this title, section 211 or 216 of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 (45 U.S.C. 721, 726), title V or VII of the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (45 U.S.C. 821 et seq., 851 et seq.), or section 4(i) or 5 of the Department of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1653(i), 1654)".

**1984**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–216 substituted "section 332 or 333 of this title" for "section 332 of this title" and "49 App. U.S.C." for "49 U.S.C.".

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A) to the maximum extent practicable, that expediting and improving the process of environmental review and permitting through the use of funds accepted and expended under this section does not adversely affect the timeline for review and permitting by Federal agencies, State agencies, or Indian tribes of other entities that have not contributed funds under this section;

(B) that the use of funds accepted under this section will not impact impartial decisionmaking with respect to environmental reviews or permits, either substantively or procedurally; and

(C) that the Secretary maintains, and makes publicly available, including on the Internet, a list of projects or programs for which such review or permits have been carried out using funds authorized under this section.

(f)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, §1312(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1399.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (e)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

A prior section 307, Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2421, related to safety information and intervention in Interstate Commerce Commission proceedings, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32932(a)(1), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 829, effective Oct. 1, 2012.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a) As soon as practicable after the end of each fiscal year, the Secretary of Transportation shall report to the President, for submission to Congress, on the activities of the Department of Transportation during the prior fiscal year.

(b) The Secretary shall submit to the President and Congress each year a report on the aviation activities of the Department. The report shall include—

(1) collected information the Secretary considers valuable in deciding questions about—

(A) the development and regulation of civil aeronautics;

(B) the use of airspace of the United States; and

(C) the improvement of the air navigation and traffic control system; and

(2) recommendations for additional legislation and other action the Secretary considers necessary.

(c) The Secretary shall submit to Congress each year a report on the conditions of the public ports of the United States, including the—

(1) economic and technological development of the ports;

(2) extent to which the ports contribute to the national welfare and security; and

(3) factors that may impede the continued development of the ports.

[(d) Repealed. Pub. L. 104–66, title I, §1121(h), Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 724.]

(e)(1) The Secretary shall submit to Congress in March 1998, and in March of each even-numbered year thereafter, a report of estimates by the Secretary on the current performance and condition of public mass transportation systems with recommendations for necessary administrative or legislative changes.

(2) In reporting to Congress under this subsection, the Secretary shall prepare a complete assessment of public transportation facilities in the United States. The Secretary also shall assess future needs for those facilities and estimate future capital requirements and operation and maintenance requirements for one-year, 5-year, and 10-year periods at specified levels of service.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2422; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(1)(A), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 4; Pub. L. 104–66, title I, §1121(h), Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 724; Pub. L. 105–362, title XV, §1502(c), Nov. 10, 1998, 112 Stat. 3295.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

308(a) | 45:792. | Jan. 2, 1974, Pub. L. 93–236, §602, 87 Stat. 1022. |

49:1658. | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §12, 80 Stat. 949; Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §906(1), 90 Stat. 149. | |

308(b) | 49:1354(e). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §313(e), 72 Stat. 753. |

308(c) | 15:1519a. | Oct. 3, 1980, Pub. L. 96–371, §2, 94 Stat. 1362; Aug. 6, 1981, Pub. L. 97–31, §12(8), 95 Stat. 154. |


In subsection (a), the words "As part of his annual report each year" in 45:792 are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement of the source provisions.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "aviation activities of the Department" are substituted for "work performed under this chapter" because of the restatement. The words "The report shall include" are substituted for "Such report shall contain" for consistency. In clause (1), the words "and data" after "information" are omitted as surplus. The words "airspace of the United States" are substituted for "National airspace" for clarity and consistency. In clause (2), the words "the Secretary considers necessary" are substituted for "as may be considered" for clarity.

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

308(d) | 49 App.:1654a. | Oct. 14, 1980, Pub. L. 96–448, §409, 94 Stat. 1948; Dec. 21, 1982, Pub. L. 97–375, §210(a), 96 Stat. 1825. |

308(e) | 49 App.:1601c. | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §310, 96 Stat. 2151. |


This [deletion of the last sentence of subsection (a)] is necessary because section 111(b) of the Congressional Reports Elimination Act of 1982 (Pub. L. 97–375, 96 Stat. 1821) repealed section 602 of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 (Pub. L. 93–236, 87 Stat. 1022), which was restated as section 308(a) (last sentence) of title 49 by section 1 of the Act of January 12, 1983 (Pub. L. 97–449, 96 Stat. 2413).

In subsection (e)(1), the words "January of each even-numbered year" are substituted for "January of 1984 and in January of every second year thereafter" to eliminate unnecessary words.

**1998**—Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 105–362 substituted "submit to Congress in March 1998, and in March of each even-numbered year thereafter, a report" for "submit a report to Congress in January of each even-numbered year".

**1995**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–66 struck out subsec. (d) which related to reports to Congress listing assistance provided by Government to railroad industry.

**1984**—Pub. L. 98–216, §2(1)(A)(i), substituted "Reports" for "Annual reports" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–216, §2(1)(A)(ii), struck out requirement that the report include a complete statement on the effectiveness of the United States Railway Association and the Consolidated Rail Corporation in carrying out the purposes of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973.

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 98–216, §2(1)(A)(iii), added subsecs. (d) and (e).

Pub. L. 117–58, div. A, title I, §11319, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 545, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) that is more than 5 years behind schedule; or

"(2) for which the total amount spent on the project or activity is not less than $1,000,000,000 more than the original cost estimate for the project or activity.

"(b)

"(1) a brief description of the covered project, including—

"(A) the purpose of the covered project;

"(B) each location in which the covered project is carried out;

"(C) the contract or award number of the covered project, if applicable;

"(D) the year in which the covered project was initiated;

"(E) the Federal share of the total cost of the covered project; and

"(F) each primary contractor, subcontractor, grant recipient, and subgrantee recipient of the covered project;

"(2) an explanation of any change to the original scope of the covered project, including by the addition or narrowing of the initial requirements of the covered project;

"(3) the original expected date for completion of the covered project;

"(4) the current expected date for completion of the covered project;

"(5) the original cost estimate for the covered project, as adjusted to reflect increases in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, as published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics;

"(6) the current cost estimate for the covered project, as adjusted to reflect increases in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, as published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics;

"(7) an explanation for a delay in completion or an increase in the original cost estimate for the covered project, including, where applicable, any impact of insufficient or delayed appropriations; and

"(8) the amount of and rationale for any award, incentive fee, or other type of bonus, if any, awarded for the covered project."

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24210, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 824, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) has not been finalized by the date on which the relevant notification is submitted under subsection (b); and

"(2) relates to—

"(A) section 30120A of title 49, United States Code;

"(B) section 30166(o) of title 49, United States Code;

"(C) section 30172 of title 49, United States Code;

"(D) section 32302(c) of title 49, United States Code;

"(E) a defect reporting requirement under section 32302(d) of title 49, United States Code;

"(F) subsections (b) and (c) of section 32304A of title 49, United States Code;

"(G) the tire pressure monitoring standards required under section 24115 of the FAST Act (49 U.S.C. 30123 note; Public Law 114–94);

"(H) the amendment made by section 24402 of the FAST Act (129 Stat. 1720; Public Law 114–94) to section 30120(g)(1) of title 49, United States Code;

"(I) the records retention rule required under section 24403 of the FAST Act (49 U.S.C. 30117 note; Public Law 114–94);

"(J) the amendments made by section 24405 of the FAST Act (Public Law 114–94; 129 Stat. 1721) to section 30114 of title 49, United States Code;

"(K) a defect and noncompliance notification required under—

"(i) section 24104 of the FAST Act (49 U.S.C. 30119 note; Public Law 114–94); or

"(ii) section 31301 of MAP–21 (49 U.S.C. 30166 note; Public Law 112–141);

"(L) a side impact or frontal impact test procedure for child restraint systems under section 31501 of MAP–21 (49 U.S.C. 30127 note; Public Law 112–141);

"(M) an upgrade to child restraint anchorage system usability requirements required under section 31502 of MAP–21 (49 U.S.C. 30127 note; Public Law 112–141);

"(N) the rear seat belt reminder system required under section 31503 of MAP–21 (49 U.S.C. 30127 note; Public Law 112–141);

"(O) a motorcoach rulemaking required under section 32703 of MAP–21 (49 U.S.C. 31136 note; Public Law 112–141); or

"(P) any rulemaking required under this Act [div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, see Tables for classification].

"(b)

"(1) for a covered rulemaking with a statutory deadline for completion—

"(A) an explanation of why the deadline was not met; and

"(B) an expected date of completion of the covered rulemaking; and

"(2) for a covered rulemaking without a statutory deadline for completion, an expected date of completion of the covered rulemaking.

"(c)

"(1) an updated timeline;

"(2) a list of factors causing delays in the completion of the covered rulemaking; and

"(3) any other details associated with the status of the covered rulemaking."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, §1434, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1430, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions of law requiring submittal to Congress of any annual, semiannual, or other regular periodic report listed in House Document No. 103–7 (in which reporting provisions contained in subsecs. (a) and (b) of this section and, as subsequently amended, subsec. (e) of this section, are listed, respectively, as the 11th item on page 133, the last item on page 132, and the 5th item on page 138), see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

Pub. L. 100–202, §101(l) [title III, §317(a)], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–358, 1329–380, and Pub. L. 100–457, title III, §317(a), Sept. 30, 1988, 102 Stat. 2148, which required Secretary of Transportation to transmit to Congress an annual report on Federal Aviation Administration's prior safety enforcement activities including staffing level comparisons, inspector experience and training schedules, criteria used to set annual work programs, annual inspection comparisons, statement of adequacy of internal management controls, status of regulatory changes, list of specific operational measures of effectiveness, schedule showing number of civil penalty cases closed, schedule showing number of enforcement actions taken, and schedules showing aviation industry's safety record, were repealed and reenacted as section 44723 of this title by Pub. L. 103–272, §§1(e), 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1202, 1379.

(a) The Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretaries of Commerce, Energy, and Defense, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Public Works, and the heads of other interested agencies, shall lead and coordinate Federal efforts in the research and development of high-speed ground transportation technologies in order to foster the implementation of magnetic levitation and high-speed steel wheel on rail transportation systems as alternatives to existing transportation systems.

(b)(1) The Secretary may award contracts and grants for demonstrations to determine the contributions that high-speed ground transportation could make to more efficient, safe, and economical intercity transportation systems. Such demonstrations shall be designed to measure and evaluate such factors as the public response to new equipment, higher speeds, variations in fares, improved comfort and convenience, and more frequent service. In connection with grants and contracts for demonstrations under this section, the Secretary shall provide for financial participation by private industry to the maximum extent practicable.

(2)(A) In connection with the authority provided under paragraph (1), there is established a national high-speed ground transportation technology demonstration program, which shall be separate from the national magnetic levitation prototype development program established under section 1036(b) of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 and shall be managed by the Secretary of Transportation.

(B)(i) Any eligible applicant may submit to the Secretary a proposal for demonstration of any advancement in a high-speed ground transportation technology or technologies to be incorporated as a component, subsystem, or system in any revenue service high-speed ground transportation project or system under construction or in operation at the time the application is made.

(ii) Grants or contracts shall be awarded only to eligible applicants showing demonstrable benefit to the research and development, design, construction, or ultimate operation of any maglev technology or high-speed steel wheel on rail technology. Criteria to be considered in evaluating the suitability of a proposal under this paragraph shall include—

(I) feasibility of guideway or track design and construction;

(II) safety and reliability;

(III) impact on the environment in comparison to other high-speed ground transportation technologies;

(IV) minimization of land use;

(V) effect on human factors related to high-speed ground transportation;

(VI) energy and power consumption and cost;

(VII) integration of high-speed ground transportation systems with other modes of transportation;

(VIII) actual and projected ridership; and

(IX) design of signaling, communications, and control systems.

(C) For the purposes of this paragraph, the term "eligible applicant" means any United States private business, State government, local government, organization of State or local government, or any combination thereof. The term does not include any business owned in whole or in part by the Federal Government.

(D) The amount and distribution of grants or contracts made under this paragraph shall be determined by the Secretary. No grant or contract may be awarded under this paragraph to demonstrate a technology to be incorporated into a project or system located in a State that prohibits under State law the expenditure of non-Federal public funds or revenues on the construction or operation of such project or system.

(E) Recipients of grants or contracts made pursuant to this paragraph shall agree to submit a report to the Secretary detailing the results and benefits of the technology demonstration proposed, as required by the Secretary.

(c)(1) In carrying out the responsibilities of the Secretary under this section, the Secretary is authorized to enter into 1 or more cooperative research and development agreements (as defined by section 12 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3710a)), and 1 or more funding agreements (as defined by section 201(b) of title 35, United States Code), with United States companies for the purpose of—

(A) conducting research to overcome technical and other barriers to the development and construction of practicable high-speed ground transportation systems and to help advance the basic generic technologies needed for these systems; and

(B) transferring the research and basic generic technologies described in subparagraph (A) to industry in order to help create a viable commercial high-speed ground transportation industry within the United States.

(2) In a cooperative agreement or funding agreement under paragraph (1), the Secretary may agree to provide not more than 80 percent of the cost of any project under the agreement. Not less than 5 percent of the non-Federal entity's share of the cost of any such project shall be paid in cash.

(3) The research, development, or utilization of any technology pursuant to a cooperative agreement under paragraph (1), including the terms under which such technology may be licensed and the resulting royalties may be distributed, shall be subject to the provisions of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3701 et seq.).

(4) The research, development, or utilization of any technology pursuant to a funding agreement under paragraph (1), including the determination of all licensing and ownership rights, shall be subject to the provisions of chapter 18 of title 35, United States Code.

(5) At the conclusion of fiscal year 1993 and again at the conclusion of fiscal year 1996, the Secretary shall submit reports to Congress regarding research and technology transfer activities conducted pursuant to the authorization contained in paragraph (1).

(d)(1) Not later than June 1, 1995, the Secretary shall complete and submit to Congress a study of the commercial feasibility of constructing 1 or more high-speed ground transportation systems in the United States. Such study shall consist of—

(A) an economic and financial analysis;

(B) a technical assessment; and

(C) recommendations for model legislation for State and local governments to facilitate construction of high-speed ground transportation systems.

(2) The economic and financial analysis referred to in paragraph (1)(A) shall include—

(A) an examination of the potential market for a nationwide high-speed ground transportation network, including a national magnetic levitation ground transportation system;

(B) an examination of the potential markets for short-haul high-speed ground transportation systems and for intercity and long-haul high-speed ground transportation systems, including an assessment of—

(i) the current transportation practices and trends in each market; and

(ii) the extent to which high-speed ground transportation systems would relieve the current or anticipated congestion on other modes of transportation;

(C) projections of the costs of designing, constructing, and operating high-speed ground transportation systems, the extent to which such systems can recover their costs (including capital costs), and the alternative methods available for private and public financing;

(D) the availability of rights-of-way to serve each market, including the extent to which average and maximum speeds would be limited by the curvature of existing rights-of-way and the prospect of increasing speeds through the acquisition of additional rights-of-way without significant relocation of residential, commercial, or industrial facilities;

(E) a comparison of the projected costs of the various competing high-speed ground transportation technologies;

(F) recommendations for funding mechanisms, tax incentives, liability provisions, and changes in statutes and regulations necessary to facilitate the development of individual high-speed ground transportation systems and the completion of a nationwide high-speed ground transportation network;

(G) an examination of the effect of the construction and operation of high-speed ground transportation systems on regional employment and economic growth;

(H) recommendations for the roles appropriate for local, regional, and State governments to facilitate construction of high-speed ground transportation systems, including the roles of regional economic development authorities;

(I) an assessment of the potential for a high-speed ground transportation technology export market;

(J) recommendations regarding the coordination and centralization of Federal efforts relating to high-speed ground transportation;

(K) an examination of the role of the National Railroad Passenger Corporation in the development and operation of high-speed ground transportation systems; and

(L) any other economic or financial analyses the Secretary considers important for carrying out this section.

(3) The technical assessment referred to in paragraph (1)(B) shall include—

(A) an examination of the various technologies developed for use in the transportation of passengers by high-speed ground transportation, including a comparison of the safety (including dangers associated with grade crossings), energy efficiency, operational efficiencies, and environmental impacts of each system;

(B) an examination of the potential role of a United States designed maglev system, developed as a prototype under section 1036(b) of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, in relation to the implementation of other high-speed ground transportation technologies and the national transportation system;

(C) an examination of the work being done to establish safety standards for high-speed ground transportation as a result of the enactment of section 7 of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 1988;

(D) an examination of the need to establish appropriate technological, quality, and environmental standards for high-speed ground transportation systems;

(E) an examination of the significant unresolved technical issues surrounding the design, engineering, construction, and operation of high-speed ground transportation systems, including the potential for the use of existing rights-of-way;

(F) an examination of the effects on air quality, energy consumption, noise, land use, health, and safety as a result of the decreases in traffic volume on other modes of transportation that are expected to result from the full-scale development of high-speed ground transportation systems; and

(G) any other technical assessments the Secretary considers important for carrying out this section.

(e)(1) Within 12 months after the submission of the study required by subsection (d), the Secretary shall establish the national high-speed ground transportation policy (hereinafter in this section referred to as the "Policy").

(2) The Policy shall include—

(A) provisions to promote the design, construction, and operation of high-speed ground transportation systems in the United States;

(B) a determination whether the various competing high-speed ground transportation technologies can be effectively integrated into a national network and, if not, whether 1 or more such technologies should receive preferential encouragement from the Federal Government to enable the development of such a national network;

(C) a strategy for prioritizing the markets and corridors in which the construction of high-speed ground transportation systems should be encouraged; and

(D) provisions designed to promote American competitiveness in the market for high-speed ground transportation technologies.

(3) The Secretary shall solicit comments from the public in the development of the Policy and may consult with other Federal agencies as appropriate in drafting the Policy.

(Added Pub. L. 102–240, title I, §1036(c)(1), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1982.)

Section 1036(b) of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, referred to in subsecs. (b)(2)(A) and (d)(3)(B), is section 1036(b) of Pub. L. 102–240, which is set out below.

The Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980, referred to in subsec. (c)(3), is Pub. L. 96–480, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2311, which is classified generally to chapter 63 (§3701 et seq.) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3701 of Title 15 and Tables.

Section 7 of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 1988, referred to in subsec. (d)(3)(C), is section 7 of Pub. L. 100–342, which amended section 431 of Title 45, Railroads.

Section effective Dec. 18, 1991, and applicable to funds authorized to be appropriated or made available after Sept. 30, 1991, and, with certain exceptions, not applicable to funds appropriated or made available on or before Sept. 30, 1991, see section 1100 of Pub. L. 102–240, set out as an Effective Date of 1991 Amendment note under section 104 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 102–240, title I, §1036(b), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1978, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(3)

"(A) they determine that the applicant has demonstrated technical merit for the conceptual design and the potential for further development of such design into an operational prototype as described in paragraph (4),

"(B) the applicant agrees to submit the detailed design within such 18-month period to the Maglev Project Office and the selection committee described in paragraph (4), and

"(C) the applicant agrees to provide for matching of the phase two contract at an 80 percent Federal, 20 percent non-Federal, cost share.

"(4)

"(A)

"(i) 1 member to be appointed by the Secretary,

"(ii) 1 member to be appointed by the Assistant Secretary,

"(iii) 3 members to be appointed by the Senate majority and minority leaders, and

"(iv) 3 members to be appointed by the Speaker of the House and the minority leader of the House,

shall be appointed not later than 1 year following the award of contracts under paragraph (3). The selection committee, within 3 months of receiving the detailed designs developed under paragraph (3), shall make a recommendation to the Secretary and the Assistant Secretary as to the best prototype design or the unsuitability of any design. The program director shall provide technical reviews of the phase two contract reports to the selection committee and otherwise provide any technical assistance that the committee requires to assist it in making a recommendation. In the event that the Secretary and the Assistant Secretary determine jointly not to select a design for development under this subsection, they shall report to Congress on the basis for such determination, together with recommendations for future action, including further research, development, or design, termination of the program, or such other action as may be appropriate.

"(B)

"(C)

"(i) The project shall be capable of utilizing Interstate highway rights-of-way along or above a significant portion of its route, and may also use railroad rights-of-way along or above any portion of the railroad route.

"(ii) The total length of guideway shall be at least 19 miles and allow significant full-speed operations between stops.

"(iii) The project shall be constructed and ready for operational testing within 3 years after the award of the contract or grant.

"(iv) The project shall provide for the conversion of the prototype to commercial operation after testing and technical evaluation is completed.

"(v) The project shall be located in an area that provides a potential ridership base for future commercial operation.

"(vi) The project shall utilize a technology capable of being applied in commercial service in most parts of the contiguous United States.

"(vii) The project shall have at least 1 switch.

"(viii) The project shall be intermodal in nature connecting a major metropolitan area with an airport, port, passenger rail station, or other transportation mode.

"(D)

"(5)

"(A)

"(B)

"(6)

"(7)

(a)

(b)

(1) ensure that the Department of Transportation and agencies of jurisdiction possess sufficient information early in the review process to determine a statement of a transportation project's purpose and need and range of alternatives for analysis that the lead agency and agencies of jurisdiction will rely on for concurrent environmental reviews and permitting decisions required for the proposed project;

(2) achieve early concurrence or issue resolution during the NEPA scoping process on the Department of Transportation's statement of a project's purpose and need, and during development of the environmental impact statement on the range of alternatives for analysis, that the lead agency and agencies of jurisdiction will rely on for concurrent environmental reviews and permitting decisions required for the proposed project absent circumstances that require reconsideration in order to meet an agency of jurisdiction's obligations under a statute or Executive order; and

(3) achieve concurrence or issue resolution in an expedited manner if circumstances arise that require a reconsideration of the purpose and need or range of alternatives considered during any Federal agency's environmental or permitting review in order to meet an agency of jurisdiction's obligations under a statute or Executive order.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) identify agencies of jurisdiction and cooperating agencies;

(B) develop the information needed for the purpose and need and alternatives for analysis; and

(C) improve interagency collaboration to help expedite the permitting process for the lead agency and agencies of jurisdiction.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) fully engaged;

(B) utilizing the flexibility of existing regulations, policies, and guidance; and

(C) identifying additional actions to facilitate high quality, efficient, and targeted environmental reviews and permitting decisions.

(3)

(A) work with State and local transportation entities to improve project planning, siting, and application quality; and

(B) consult and coordinate with relevant stakeholders and Federal, tribal, State, and local representatives early in permitting processes.

(4)

(e)

(f)

(1)

(A) progress in aligning Federal environmental reviews under this section; and

(B) the impact this section has had on accelerating the environmental review and permitting process.

(2)

(A) progress in aligning Federal environmental reviews under this section; and

(B) the impact this section has had on accelerating the environmental review and permitting process.

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, §1313(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1400; amended Pub. L. 115–420, §3, Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5444.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsecs. (a), (c)(1), (e), and (f)(1), (2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.

**2019**—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 115–420 inserted ", and make publicly available on the Department of Transportation website," after "House of Representatives" in introductory provisions.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(b)

(1) at least 3 full business days before the issuance of the allocation; or

(2) concurrently with the issuance of the allocation, if the allocation is made using the quick release process of the Department (or any successor process).

(c)

(1)

(A) the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives; and

(B) the Committee on Environment and Public Works, the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate.

(2)

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 114–322, title IV, §5001(a), Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1884.)

(a) 1 and reliable alternative timing system—

(1) to reduce critical dependencies and provide a complement to and backup for the timing component of the Global Positioning System (referred to in this section as "GPS"); and

(2) to ensure the availability of uncorrupted and non-degraded timing signals for military and civilian users in the event that GPS timing signals are corrupted, degraded, unreliable, or otherwise unavailable.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) be wireless;

(B) be terrestrial;

(C) provide wide-area coverage;

(D) be synchronized with coordinated universal time;

(E) be resilient and extremely difficult to disrupt or degrade;

(F) be able to penetrate underground and inside buildings;

(G) be capable of deployment to remote locations;

(H) be developed, constructed, and operated incorporating applicable private sector expertise;

(I) work in concert with and complement any other similar positioning, navigation, and timing systems, including enhanced long-range navigation systems and Nationwide Differential GPS systems;

(J) be available for use by Federal and non-Federal government agencies for public purposes at no net cost to the Federal Government within 10 years of initiation of operation;

(K) be capable of adaptation and expansion to provide position and navigation capabilities;

(L) incorporate the recommendations from any GPS back-up demonstration program initiated and completed by the Secretary, in coordination with other Federal agencies, before the date specified in subsection (c)(1); and

(M) incorporate such other elements as the Secretary considers appropriate.

(c)

(1)

(A) A plan to develop, construct, and operate the system required by subsection (a).

(B) A description and assessment of the advantages of a system to provide a follow-on complementary and backup positioning and navigation capability to the timing component of GPS.

(2)

(3)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A) authorize the entity to sell timing and other services to commercial and non-commercial third parties, subject to any national security requirements determined by the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense;

(B) require the entity to develop, construct, and operate at private expense the backup timing system in accordance with this section;

(C) allow the entity to make any investments in technologies necessary over the life of such agreement to meet future requirements for advanced timing resilience and technologies;

(D) require the entity to share 25 percent of the gross proceeds received by the entity from the sale of timing services to third parties with the Secretary for at least 10 years after the date upon which the Secretary enters into the cooperative agreement;

(E) require the entity—

(i) to assume all financial risk for the completion and operational capability of the system, after the Secretary provides any LORAN facilities necessary for the system under subsection (d), if required for the alternative timing system; and

(ii) to furnish performance and payment bonds in connection with the system in a reasonable amount as determined by the Secretary; and

(F) require the entity to make any investments in technologies necessary over the life of the agreement to meet future requirements for advanced timing resiliency.

(3)

(4)

(5) 2 Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives of such determination not later than 30 days after the date of the determination.

(6)

(Added Pub. L. 115–282, title V, §514(b), Dec. 4, 2018, 132 Stat. 4276; amended Pub. L. 116–283, div. G, title LVXXXV [LXXXV], §8507(d)(2), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 4754; Pub. L. 117–103, div. L, title I, §109A, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 691.)

The date of enactment of the National Timing Resilience and Security Act of 2018, referred to in subsecs. (b)(1) and (c)(1), (2), is the date of enactment of section 514 of Pub. L. 115–282, which was approved Dec. 4, 2018.

Section 1618 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is section 1618 of Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XVI, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2595, which is not classified to the Code.

**2022**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–103 struck out "land-based," after "operation of a".

**2021**—Pub. L. 116–283 made technical correction to directory language of Pub. L. 115–282, §514(b), which enacted this section.

Section 8507(d) of div. G of Pub. L. 116–283 effective as if included in Pub. L. 115–282, see section 8507(d)(7) of Pub. L. 116–283, set out as a note under section 1226 of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters.

For short title of section 514 of Pub. L. 115–282, which enacted this section, as the "National Timing Resilience and Security Act of 2018", see section 514(a) of Pub. L. 115–282, set out as a Short Title of 2018 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.

1 So in original. The comma probably should not appear.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A) the Secretary, who shall serve as an ex officio member of the Council;

(B) the Deputy Secretary of Transportation;

(C) the Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy;

(D) the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology of the Department of Transportation;

(E) the Assistant Secretary for Budget and Programs of the Department of Transportation;

(F) the General Counsel of the Department of Transportation;

(G) the Chief Information Officer of the Department of Transportation;

(H) the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration;

(I) the Administrator of the Federal Highway Administration;

(J) the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration;

(K) the Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration;

(L) the Administrator of the Federal Transit Administration;

(M) the Administrator of the Maritime Administration;

(N) the Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration;

(O) the Administrator of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration; and

(P) any other official of the Department of Transportation, as determined by the Secretary.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(c)

(1) identify and resolve jurisdictional and regulatory gaps or inconsistencies associated with nontraditional and emerging transportation technologies, modes, or projects pending or brought before the Department of Transportation to reduce, to the maximum extent practicable, impediments to the prompt and safe deployment of new and innovative transportation technology, including with respect to—

(A) safety oversight;

(B) environmental review; and

(C) funding and financing issues;

(2) coordinate the response of the Department of Transportation to nontraditional and emerging transportation technology projects;

(3) engage with stakeholders in nontraditional and emerging transportation technology projects; and

(4) develop and establish Department of Transportation-wide processes, solutions, and best practices for identifying and managing nontraditional and emerging transportation technology projects.

(d)

(1) publish initial guidelines to achieve the purposes described in subsection (c)(4); and

(2) promote each modal administration within the Department of Transportation to further test and support the advancement of nontraditional and emerging transportation technologies not specifically considered by the Council.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1) designate a lead modal administration of the Department of Transportation for review of the technology, mode, or project; and

(2) arrange for the detailing of staff between modal administrations or offices of the Department of Transportation as needed to maximize the sharing of experience and expertise.

(h)

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25008(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 850.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (d), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

In this subchapter, "aeronautics", "air commerce", and "air navigation facility" have the same meanings given those terms in section 40102(a) of this title.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2422; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(2), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(8), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1376; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(2), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4378.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

321 | (no source). |


A number of the source provisions of the subchapter are taken from 49:ch. 20. The text of 49:ch. 20 contains general definitions, some of which are used in those source provisions. The section includes those definitions from 49:ch. 20 that are used in the source provisions included in the subchapter.

This makes a clarifying amendment to 49:321.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–429 struck out ", respectively" after "of this title".

Pub. L. 103–272 substituted "section 40102(a) of this title" for "section 101(2), (4), and (8) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 App. U.S.C. 1301(2), (4), (8))".

**1984**—Pub. L. 98–216 substituted "49 App. U.S.C." for "49 U.S.C.".

Pub. L. 103–429, §9, Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4391, provided that: "The amendments made by sections 6(2)–(15), (19)–(35), (37)–(39), (41), (44)–(52), (54)–(62), (65), (66)(B), (70), (73)–(76), and (78)–(81) of this Act [enacting section 41312 of this title and amending this section and sections 5103, 5104, 5115, 5125, 5307, 5318, 5320, 5323, 5326, 5327, 5331, 5337, 5565, 20136, 22108, 24501, 24904, 30141, 30165, 30166, 30308, 31501, 32101, 32304, 32309, 32505, 32703, 32705, 32706, 32908 to 32910, 32913, 33101, 33106, 40102, 40104, 40110, 41103, 41110, 41734, 44502, 44701, 44711, 44937, 45105, 45302, 46301, 46310, 46502, 47101, 47113, 47114, 47128, 47531, 47532, 60109, and 60112 of this title] shall take effect on July 5, 1994."

(a) The Secretary of Transportation may prescribe regulations to carry out the duties and powers of the Secretary. An officer of the Department of Transportation may prescribe regulations to carry out the duties and powers of the officer.

(b) The Secretary may delegate, and authorize successive delegations of, duties and powers of the Secretary to an officer or employee of the Department. An officer of the Department may delegate, and authorize successive delegations of, duties and powers of the officer to another officer or employee of the Department. However, the duties and powers specified in sections 103(c)(1),1 104(c)(1), and 106(g)(1) of this title may not be delegated to an officer or employee outside the Administration concerned.

(c) On a reimbursable basis when appropriate, the Secretary may, in carrying out aviation duties and powers—

(1) use the available services, equipment, personnel, and facilities of other civilian or military departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government, with their consent;

(2) cooperate with those departments, agencies, and instrumentalities in establishing and using aviation services, equipment, and facilities of the Department; and

(3) confer and cooperate with, and use the services, records, and facilities of, State, territorial, municipal, and other agencies.

(d) The Secretary may make expenditures to carry out aviation duties and powers, including expenditures for—

(1) rent and personal services;

(2) travel expenses;

(3) office furniture, equipment, supplies, lawbooks, newspapers, periodicals, and reference books, including exchanges;

(4) printing and binding;

(5) membership in and cooperation with domestic or foreign organizations related to, or a part of, the civil aeronautics industry or the art of aeronautics;

(6) payment of allowances and other benefits to employees stationed in foreign countries to the same extent authorized for members of the Foreign Service of comparable grade;

(7) investigations and studies about aeronautics; and

(8) acquiring, exchanging, operating, and maintaining passenger-carrying aircraft and automobiles and other property.

(e) The Secretary may negotiate, without advertising, the purchase of technical or special property related to air navigation when the Secretary decides that—

(1) making the property would require a substantial initial investment or an extended period of preparation; and

(2) procurement by advertising would likely result in additional cost to the Government by duplication of investment or would result in duplication of necessary preparation that would unreasonably delay procuring the property.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2422.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

322(a) | 49:1657(e)(1) (last 19 words), (2) (last 19 words), (f), (g). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §9(e)–(g), 80 Stat. 944. |

322(b) | 49:1344(d) (less words after semicolon). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§302(k), 303(a), (d) (less words after semicolon), 80 Stat. 747, 749. |

49:1657(e)(1) (less last 19 words), (2) (less last 19 words), (3). | ||

5 App. U.S.C. | Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1968, eff. July 1, 1968, §2, 82 Stat. 1369. | |

322(c) | 49:1343(i). | |

322(d) | 49:1344(a). | |

322(e) | 49:1344(e). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §303(e); added May 21, 1970, Pub. L. 91–258, §51(a)(1), 84 Stat. 234; July 12, 1976, Pub. L. 94–353, §16, 90 Stat. 882; Oct. 19, 1980, Pub. L. 96–470, §112(e), 94 Stat. 2240. |


In the chapter, the words "Secretary of Transportation" and "Secretary" are substituted for "Administrator" in the provisions of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731) restated in the revised chapter because of the transfer of aviation functions to the Secretary under 49:1655(c)(1).

In subsection (a), the words "may prescribe regulations to carry out the duties and powers" are substituted for "may make such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out . . . functions, powers, and duties" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 49:1657(f) and (g) is omitted as executed because the transfer of personnel, assets, and liabilities, etc., has been accomplished.

In subsection (b), the words "Except where this chapter vests in any administration, agency or board, specific functions, powers, and duties" before "the Secretary may" in 49:1657(e)(1) are omitted because of the specific wording of sections 103, 104, and 106 of the revised title. The words "in addition to the authority to delegate and redelegate contained in any other Act in the exercise of the functions transferred to or vested in the Secretary in this chapter" before "delegate" in 49:1657(e)(1) are omitted because the authority of the Secretary to delegate is consolidated in the subsection. The words "the duties and powers of the Secretary" are substituted for "any of his residual functions, powers, and duties" in 49:1657(e)(1) and "any of the functions transferred to him by this reorganization plan" in section 2 of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1968 (eff. July 1, 1968, 82 Stat. 1369), for clarity and consistency. The words "as he may designate" and "of such functions, powers, and duties as he may deem desirable" are omitted as surplus each place they appear in 49:1657(e)(1) and (2). The text of section 322(b) (1st sentence) of the revised title is substituted for 49:1344(d) (less words after semicolon) for clarity and because of the transfer of aviation functions to the Secretary of Transportation under 49:1655(c)(1). The text of 49:1657(e)(2) (words before 2d comma) is omitted as unnecessary because the authority of an officer to delegate is consolidated in the subsection. The words "the duties and powers of the officer" are substituted for "such functions, powers, and duties" in 49:1657(e)(2) for clarity and consistency. The words "the duties and powers specified in sections 103(c)(1), 104(c)(1), and 106(g)(1) of this title" are substituted for "any of the statutory duties and responsibilities specifically assigned to them by this chapter" in 49:1657(e)(3) for clarity. The words "may not be delegated to an officer or employee outside the Administration concerned" are substituted for "The Administrators established by section 1652(e) of this title . . . may not delegate . . . outside of their respective administrations" in 49:1657(e)(3) for clarity and because of the restatement of the section.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "aviation duties and powers" are added because the source provisions being restated only applies to carrying out duties and powers related to the Federal Aviation Administration. In clause (2), the words "those departments, agencies, and instrumentalities" are substituted for "such other agencies and instrumentalities" in 49:1343(i) for clarity and consistency. The words "aviation . . . Department" are substituted for "Administration" in 49:1343(i) because of the transfer of aviation functions to the Secretary under 49:1655(c)(1).

In subsection (d), before clause (1), the words "aviation duties and powers" are substituted for "for the exercise and performance of the powers and duties vested in and imposed upon him by law" in 49:1344(a) because the source provisions being restated only applies to carrying out duties and powers related to the Federal Aviation Administration. The words "at the seat of government and elsewhere as may be necessary" after "expenditures" and "and as from time to time may be appropriated for by Congress" are omitted as surplus. In clause (8), the words "passenger-carrying aircraft and automobiles" are substituted for "passenger-carrying automobiles and aircraft" in 49:1344(a) for clarity. The words "such . . . as is necessary in the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of the Secretary" after "aircraft" in 49:1344(a) are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement of the section. The text of 49:1344(a) (proviso) is omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "or in support of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "making the property" are substituted for "for manufacture" for clarity. In clause (2), the word "formal" is omitted as unnecessary. The word "unreasonably" is substituted for "unduly" for consistency.

Section 103(c)(1) of this title, referred to in subsec. (b), was struck out by Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §101, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4851. Provisions similar to those contained in former subsec. (c)(1) of section 103 are now contained in subsec. (g)(1) of section 103.

Pub. L. 115–271, title VIII, §8108(c), Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 4107, provided that: "Not later than 18 months after the date of the deadline under subsection (a)(2) [section 8108(a)(2) of Pub. L. 115–271, set out in a note under section 7301 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees], the Secretary of Transportation shall issue a final rule revising part 40 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, to authorize, to the extent practicable, the use of electronic signatures or digital signatures executed to electronic forms instead of traditional handwritten signatures executed on paper forms."

Pub. L. 106–69, title III, §329, Oct. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1021, provided that: "Hereafter, notwithstanding any other provision of law, receipts, in amounts determined by the Secretary, collected from users of fitness centers operated by or for the Department of Transportation shall be available to support the operation and maintenance of those facilities."

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(g) [title III, §332], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–439, 2681–471.

Pub. L. 105–66, title III, §332, Oct. 27, 1997, 111 Stat. 1447.

Pub. L. 104–205, title III, §344, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 2976.

Ex. Ord. No. 11382, Nov. 28, 1967, 32 F.R. 16247, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 11428, Sept. 5, 1968, 33 F.R. 12719, upon establishment of Department of Transportation amended and revoked certain executive orders relating to transportation, and, in addition to any other authority, authorized Secretary of Transportation and Federal Aviation Administrator to redelegate and authorize successive redelegations of any authority conferred in the order or the orders amended by it.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a) The Secretary of Transportation may appoint and fix the pay of officers and employees of the Department of Transportation and may prescribe their duties and powers.

(b) The Secretary may procure services under section 3109 of title 5. However, an individual may be paid not more than $100 a day for services.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2423.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

323(a) | 49:1343(d). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §302(f), 72 Stat. 746; Oct. 4, 1961, Pub. L. 87–367, §205(b), 75 Stat. 791; Oct. 11, 1962, Pub. L. 87–793, §1001(h), 76 Stat. 864. |

49:1343(f). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §302(h), 72 Stat. 746; Oct. 4, 1961, Pub. L. 87–367, §205(a), 75 Stat. 791. | |

49:1657(a). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §9(a), (b), 80 Stat. 944; Mar. 27, 1978, Pub. L. 95–251, §2(a)(12), 92 Stat. 183. | |

323(b) | 49:1343(g) (1st sentence 33d–43d words). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §302(i) (1st sentence 31st–41st words), 72 Stat. 747. |

49:1657(b). |


In the section, the word "pay" is substituted for "compensation" for consistency with title 5.

In subsection (a), the words "In addition to the authority contained in any other Act which is transferred to and vested in the Secretary, the National Transportation Safety Board, or any other officer in the Department" before "the Secretary" and "subject to the civil service and classification laws" before "to select" in 49:1657(a) are omitted as unnecessary because of title 5, especially sections 3301, 5101, and 5331. The word "appoint" is substituted for "select, employ, appoint" because it is inclusive. The words "attorneys, and agents" after "employees" in 49:1343(d) and "including investigators, attorneys, and administrative law judges" after "employees" in 49:1657(a) are omitted as included in "officers and employees". The words "of the Department of Transportation" are substituted for "as are necessary to carry out the provisions of this chapter" for consistency.

The text of 49:1343(d) (words after 1st comma) is omitted because of section 414(a)(1)(B) of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (Pub. L. 95–454, 92 Stat. 1177). The text of 49:1343(f) is omitted because of section 414(a)(2)(A) of that Act.

In subsection (b), the word "procure" is substituted for "obtain" to conform to 5:3109. The words "unless otherwise specified in an appropriation Act" after "individuals" in 49:1657(b) are omitted as surplus.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31308(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 770, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate;

"(B) the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives; and

"(C) the Secretary of Transportation.

"(3)

(a) The Secretary of Transportation—

(1) to ensure that national defense interests are safeguarded properly and that the Secretary is advised properly about the needs and special problems of the armed forces, shall provide for participation of members of the armed forces in carrying out the duties and powers of the Secretary related to the regulation and protection of air traffic, including providing for, and research and development of, air navigation facilities, and the allocation of airspace; and

(2) may provide for participation of members of the armed forces in carrying out other duties and powers of the Secretary.

(b) A member of the Coast Guard on active duty may be appointed, detailed, or assigned to a position in the Department of Transportation, except the position of Secretary, Deputy Secretary, or Assistant Secretary for Administration. A retired member of the Coast Guard may be appointed, detailed, or assigned to a position in the Department.

(c) The Secretary of Transportation and the Secretary of a military department may make cooperative agreements, including agreements on reimbursement as may be considered appropriate by the Secretaries, under which a member of the armed forces may be appointed, detailed, or assigned to the Department of Transportation under this section. The Secretary of Transportation shall send a report each year to the appropriate committees of Congress on agreements made to carry out subsection (a)(2) of this section, including the number, rank, and position of each member appointed, detailed, or assigned under those agreements.

(d) The Secretary of a military department does not control the duties and powers of a member of the armed forces appointed, detailed, or assigned under this section when those duties and powers pertain to the Department of Transportation. A member of the armed forces appointed, detailed, or assigned under subsection (a)(2) of this section may not be charged against a statutory limitation on grades or strengths of the armed forces. The appointment, detail, or assignment and service of a member under this section to a position in the Department of Transportation does not affect the status, office, rank, or grade held by that member, or a right or benefit arising from that status, office, rank, or grade.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2423.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

324(a)(1) | 49:1343(a)(1) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §302(c)(1), (2) (related to cooperative agreements), 72 Stat. 745. |

324(a)(2) | 49:1657(c) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §9(c), (d), 80 Stat. 944. |

324(b) | 49:1657(p). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §9(p), 80 Stat. 947; Oct. 28, 1974, Pub. L. 93–496, §16(b), 88 Stat. 1533. |

324(c) | 49:1343(a)(1) (less 1st sentence). | |

49:1657(c) (less 1st sentence), (d)(2). | ||

324(d) | 49:1343(a)(2) (related to cooperative agreements). | |

49:1657(d)(1). |


In the section, the words "members of the armed forces" are substituted for "military personnel", "Members of the Army, the Navy, the Air Force, or the Marine Corps", and "members of the armed services" for clarity and to conform to title 10.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "other duties and powers of the Secretary" are substituted for "the functions of the Department" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (b), the words "Notwithstanding any provision of this chapter or other law" before "a member" and "Subject to the provisions of title 5" before "a retired" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (c), the words "The Secretary of Transportation and the Secretary of a military department may make cooperative agreements under which" are substituted for "by the appropriate Secretary, pursuant to cooperative agreements with the Secretary of Transportation" in 49:1343(a)(1) and 49:1657(c) for clarity. The words "or the Coast Guard" before "may be detailed" in 49:1343(a)(1) (2d sentence) are omitted because of the transfer of the Coast Guard to the Secretary under 49:1655(b) and the transfer of aviation functions to the Secretary under 49:1655(c)(1). The words "may be appointed, detailed, or assigned" are substituted for "may be detailed" for clarity and consistency in 49:1343(a)(1) and 49:1657(c). The words "to the Department of Transportation" are substituted for "for service in the Administration to effect such participation" in 49:1343(a)(1) because of the transfer of aviation functions to the Secretary under 49:1655(c)(1) and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "in writing" after "annually" in 49:1657(d)(2) are omitted as unnecessary. The words "each member appointed, detailed, or assigned" are substituted for "personnel appointed" and "members of the armed services detailed" in 49:1657(d)(2) for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (d), the words "The Secretary of a military department" are substituted for "his armed force or any officer thereof" in 49:1657(d)(1) and "the department from which detailed or appointed or by any agency or officer thereof" in 49:1343(a)(2) for clarity and consistency. The words "directly or indirectly" before "with respect to" are omitted as surplus. The words "the duties and powers of . . . when those duties and powers pertain to the Department of Transportation" are substituted for "with respect to his responsibilities under this chapter or within the Administration" in 49:1343(a)(2) and "with respect to the responsibilities exercised in the position to which appointed, detailed, or assigned" in 49:1657(d)(1) for consistency and because of the transfer of aviation functions to the Secretary under 49:1655(c)(1). The words "does not control" are substituted for "No . . . shall be subject to direction or control by" in 49:1343(a)(2) and "shall not be subject to direction by or control by" 49:1657(d)(1) for clarity. The words "the acceptance of" before "and service" and "any appointive or other" before "position" in 49:1657(d)(1) are omitted as unnecessary. The words "a member" are added because of the restatement of the section. The words "that member" are substituted for "commissioned officers or enlisted men" in 49:1343(a)(2) and "officers and enlisted men" in 49:1657(d)(1) because of the restatement of the section and to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "held" is substituted for "may occupy or hold" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "right or benefit" are substituted for "emolument, perquisite, right, privilege, or benefit" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "incident to or" before "arising" are omitted as surplus.

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions of law requiring submittal to Congress of any annual, semiannual, or other regular periodic report listed in House Document No. 103–7 (in which a report required under subsec. (c) of this section is listed as the 5th item on page 132), see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

(a) Without regard to the provisions of title 5 governing appointment in the competitive service, the Secretary of Transportation may appoint advisory committees to consult with and advise the Secretary in carrying out the duties and powers of the Secretary.

(b) While attending a committee meeting or otherwise serving at the request of the Secretary, a member of an advisory committee may be paid not more than $100 a day. A member is entitled to reimbursement for expenses under section 5703 of title 5. This subsection does not apply to individuals regularly employed by the United States Government.

(c) A member of an advisory committee advising the Secretary in carrying out aviation duties and powers may serve for not more than 100 days in a calendar year.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2424.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

325(a) | 49:1343(g) (1st sentence 1st–32d words). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §302(i) (less 1st sentence 31st–41st words), 72 Stat. 747. |

49:1657(o) (1st sentence). |
Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §9(o), 80 Stat. 947. |
|

325(b) | 49:1343(g) (1st sentence 44th–53d words, last sentence). | |

49:1657(o) (last sentence). |
||

325(c) | 49:1343(g) (1st sentence 54th–last words). |


In subsection (a), the words "provisions of title 5 governing appointment in the competitive service" are substituted for "civil service laws" in 49:1657(o) for clarity and consistency. The words "as shall be appropriate for the purpose of" before "consultation" in 49:1657(o) are omitted as surplus. The words "the Secretary in carrying out the duties and powers of the Secretary" are substituted for "the Department in performance of its functions" in 49:1657(o) and "the Administration in performance of its functions hereunder" in 49:1343(g) for clarity and consistency because the duties and powers are vested in the Secretary of Transportation.

In subsection (b), the word "compensation" after "may be paid" in 49:1657(o) is omitted as surplus. The words "not more than $100 a day" are substituted for "at rates not exceeding those authorized for individuals under subsection (b) of this section" in 49:1657(o) for clarity because that is the rate under 49:1657(b). The words "A member is entitled to reimbursement for expenses under section 5703 of title 5" are substituted for 49:1343(g) (last sentence) and 49:1657(o) (last sentence words after 4th comma) for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "A member of an advisory committee advising the Secretary" are substituted for "in the case of any individual" in 49:1343(g) for clarity. The words "may serve" are added for clarity and because of the restatement of the section. The words "in carrying out aviation duties and powers" are added because the source provisions being restated only applies to carrying out duties and powers related to the Federal Aviation Administration.

Advisory committees in existence on Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period following Jan. 5, 1973, unless, in the case of a committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a committee established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided by law. See section 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a) The Secretary of Transportation may accept and use conditional or unconditional gifts of property for the Department of Transportation. The Secretary may accept a gift of services in carrying out aviation duties and powers. Property accepted under this section and proceeds from that property must be used, as nearly as possible, under the terms of the gift.

(b) The Department has a fund in the Treasury. Disbursements from the fund are made on order of the Secretary. The fund consists of—

(1) gifts of money;

(2) income from property accepted under this section and proceeds from the sale of that property; and

(3) income from securities under subsection (c) of this section.

(c) On request of the Secretary of Transportation, the Secretary of the Treasury may invest and reinvest amounts in the fund in securities of, or in securities whose principal and interest is guaranteed by, the United States Government.

(d) Property accepted under this section is a gift to or for the use of the Government under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 1 et seq.).

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2424; Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

326(a) | 49:1344(c)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §303(c)(1), 72 Stat. 748. |

49:1657(m)(1) (1st, 3d sentences). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §9(m), 80 Stat. 946. | |

326(b) | 49:1657(m)(1) (2d sentence), (3) (less 1st sentence). | |

326(c) | 49:1657(m)(3) (1st sentence). | |

326(d) | 49:1657(m)(2). |


In the section, the word "gifts" is substituted for "gifts and bequests" in 49:1657(m)(1) because it is inclusive.

In subsection (a), the words "accept and use" are substituted for "accept, hold, administer, and utilize", and the words "for the Department" are substituted for "for the purpose of aiding or facilitating the work of the Department" in 49:1657(m)(1), to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "property" is substituted for "property, both real and personal" in 49:1657(m)(1), and "gift or donation of money or other property, real and personal" in 49:1344(c)(1) to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "aviation duties and powers" are added because the source provisions being restated only applies to carrying out duties and powers related to the Federal Aviation Administration. The words "under this section and proceeds from that property" are substituted for "pursuant to this paragraph, and the proceeds thereof" in 49:1657(m)(1) for clarity.

In subsection (b), the words "The Department has a" and "The fund consists of" are added for clarity and because of the restatement of the section. The word "separate" before "fund" is omitted as unnecessary and for consistency. The words "from the fund" are added for clarity. The words "accepted under this section" are substituted for "held by the Secretary pursuant to paragraph (1)" for clarity. The words "that property" are substituted for "other property received as gifts or bequests" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "from securities under subsection (c) of this section" are substituted for "accruing from such securities" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "amounts in the fund" are substituted for "any moneys contained in the fund provided for in paragraph (1)" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (d), the words "under this section" are substituted for "under paragraph (1)" because of the restatement of the section. The words "the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (26 U.S.C. 1 et seq.)" are substituted for "For the purpose of Federal income, estate, and gift taxes" for consistency.

**1986**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted "Internal Revenue Code of 1986" for "Internal Revenue Code of 1954".

(a) The Department of Transportation has an administrative working capital fund. Amounts in the fund are available for expenses of operating and maintaining common administrative services the Secretary of Transportation decides are desirable for the efficiency and economy of the Department. The services may include—

(1) a central supply service for stationery and other supplies and equipment through which adequate stocks may be maintained to meet the requirements of the Department;

(2) central messenger, mail, telephone, and other communications services;

(3) office space;

(4) central services for document reproduction, and for graphics and visual aids; and

(5) a central library service.

(b) Amounts in the fund are available without regard to fiscal year limitation. Amounts may be appropriated to the fund.

(c) The fund consists of—

(1) amounts appropriated to the fund;

(2) the reasonable value of stocks of supplies, equipment, and other assets and inventories on order that the Secretary transfers to the fund, less the related liabilities and unpaid obligations;

(3) amounts received from the sale or exchange of property; and

(4) payments received for loss or damage to property of the fund.

(d) The fund shall be reimbursed, in advance, from amounts available to the Department or from other sources, for supplies and services at rates that will approximate the expenses of operation, including the accrual of annual leave and the depreciation of equipment. Amounts in the fund, in excess of amounts transferred or appropriated to maintain the fund, shall be deposited in the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts. All assets, liabilities, and prior losses are considered in determining the amount of the excess.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2425.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

327(a) | 49:1657(j) (1st sentence less 11th–17th words). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §9(j), 80 Stat. 945. |

327(b) | 49:1657(j) (1st sentence 11th–17th words, 2d sentence, 18th–22d words). | |

327(c) | 49:1657(j) (2d sentence less 18th–22d words, 4th sentence). | |

327(d) | 49:1657(j) (less 1st, 2d, 4th sentences). |


In subsection (a), the words "Department of Transportation has" are substituted for "Secretary is authorized to establish" because the working capital fund has been established. The words "administrative" before "working" and "Amounts in the fund are available" are added for clarity. The words "the Secretary of Transportation decides are" are substituted for "as he shall find to be" for clarity. The words "desirable for the economy" are substituted for "desirable in the interest of economy" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "such services as" before "a central supply service" and "in whole or in part" before "the requirements of the Department" are omitted as surplus. The words "the requirements of the Department" are substituted for "the requirements of the Department and its agencies" because they are inclusive.

In subsection (b), the words "Amounts in the fund" are added for clarity. The words "Amounts may be appropriated to the fund" are substituted for "(which appropriations are hereby authorized)" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "The fund consists of" are substituted for "The capital of the fund shall consist of" and "The fund shall also be credited with" for clarity. The word "reasonable" is substituted for "fair and reasonable" because it is inclusive. The words "amounts appropriated to the fund" are substituted for "of any appropriations made for the purpose of providing capital" for clarity. The words "amounts received from the sale" are substituted for "receipts from the sale", and the words "payments received for loss" are substituted for "receipts in payment for", as being more precise.

In subsection (d), the words "agencies and offices in" after "available funds of" are omitted because they are included in "Department". The words "Amounts in the fund, in excess of amounts" are added for clarity. The words "any surplus found in the fund . . . above the" after "miscellaneous receipts" are omitted because of the restatement of this section. The words "to establish and" before "maintain" are omitted because the working capital fund has been established. The words "deposited in the Treasury" are substituted for "covered into the United States Treasury" for consistency. The words "are . . . in determining the amount of the excess" are added for clarity.

(a) The Department of Transportation has a Transportation Systems Center working capital fund. Amounts in the fund are available for financing the activities of the Center, including research, development, testing, evaluation, analysis, and related activities the Secretary of Transportation approves, for the Department, other agencies, State and local governments, other public authorities, private organizations, and foreign countries.

(b) Amounts in the fund are available without regard to fiscal year limitation. Amounts may be appropriated to the fund.

(c) The capital of the fund consists of—

(1) amounts appropriated to the fund;

(2) net assets of the Center as of October 1, 1980, including unexpended advances made to the Center for which valid obligations were incurred before October 1, 1980;

(3) the reasonable value of property and other assets transferred to the fund after September 30, 1980, less the related liabilities and unpaid obligations; and

(4) the reasonable value of property and other assets donated to the fund.

(d) The fund shall be reimbursed or credited with—

(1) advance payments from applicable funds or appropriations of the Department and other agencies, and with advance payments from other sources, the Secretary authorizes, for—

(A) services at rates that will recover the expenses of operation, including the accrual of annual leave and overhead; and

(B) acquiring property and equipment under regulations the Secretary prescribes; and

(2) receipts from the sale or exchange of property or in payment for loss or damage of property held by the fund.

(e) The Secretary shall deposit at the end of each fiscal year, in the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts, amounts accruing in the fund that the Secretary decides are in excess of the needs of the fund.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2425.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

328(a) | 49:1657(r)(1) (1st sentence, 2d sentence words before last comma, last sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §9(r); added May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §207, 94 Stat. 413. |

328(b) | 49:1657(r)(1) (2d sentence words after last comma), (2)(B) (words after last comma). | |

328(c) | 49:1657(r)(2)(A), (B) (words before last comma), (C). | |

328(d) | 49:1657(r)(3). | |

328(e) | 49:1657(r)(4). |


In subsection (a), the words "Department of Transportation has" are substituted for "Secretary is authorized to establish" because the working capital fund has been established. The text of 49:1657(r)(1) (2d sentence words before last comma) are omitted as executed. The words "The Transportation Systems Center is authorized to perform" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The word "approves" is substituted for "direct . . . and, when approved by the Secretary" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "or his designee" are omitted because of section 322(b) of the revised title.

In subsection (c)(3) and (4), the words "fair and" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "by the Department and other agencies of the Government" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(4), the words "from other sources" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words "or his designee" are omitted because of section 322(b) of the revised title.

In subsection (e), the words "The Secretary shall deposit" are substituted for "there shall be transferred" for clarity and consistency. The words "in the fund" are added for clarity.

(a) The Secretary of Transportation may collect and collate transportation information the Secretary decides will contribute to the improvement of the transportation system of the United States. To the greatest practical extent, the Secretary shall use information available from departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government and other sources. To the extent practical, the Secretary shall make available to other Government departments, agencies, and instrumentalities and to the public the information collected under this subsection.

(b) The Secretary shall—

(1) collect and disseminate information on civil aeronautics (other than that collected and disseminated by the National Transportation Safety Board under chapter 11 of this title) including, at a minimum, information on (A) the origin and destination of passengers in interstate air transportation (as that term is used in part A of subtitle VII of this title), and (B) the number of passengers traveling by air between any two points in interstate air transportation; except that in no case shall the Secretary require an air carrier to provide information on the number of passengers or the amount of cargo on a specific flight if the flight and the flight number under which such flight operates are used solely for interstate air transportation and are not used for providing essential air transportation under subchapter II of chapter 417 of this title;

(2) study the possibilities of developing air commerce and the aeronautical industry; and

(3) exchange information on civil aeronautics with governments of foreign countries through appropriate departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government.

(c)(1) On the written request of a person, a State, territory, or possession of the United States, or a political subdivision of a State, territory, or possession, the Secretary may—

(A) make special statistical studies on foreign and domestic transportation;

(B) make special studies on other matters related to duties and powers of the Secretary;

(C) prepare, from records of the Department of Transportation, special statistical compilations; and

(D) provide transcripts of studies, tables, and other records of the Department.

(2) The person or governmental authority requesting information under paragraph (1) of this subsection must pay the actual cost of preparing the information. Payments shall be deposited in the Treasury in an account that the Secretary shall administer. The Secretary may use amounts in the account for the ordinary expenses incidental to getting and providing the information.

(d) To assist in carrying out duties and powers under part A of subtitle VII of this title, the Secretary of Transportation shall maintain separate cooperative agreements with the Secretary of Defense and the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for the timely exchange of information on their programs, policies, and requirements directly related to carrying out that part.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2426; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(2), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 98–443, §5(a), Oct. 4, 1984, 98 Stat. 1705; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(7), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1366; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(3), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §421, title VIII, §805(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2551, 2587.)

Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §805, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2588, provided that, effective on the date of the issuance of a final rule to modernize the Origin and Destination Survey of Airline Passenger Traffic, pursuant to the Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking published July 15, 1998 (Regulation Identifier Number 2105–AC71), that reduces the reporting burden for air carriers through electronic filing of the survey data collected under subsection (b)(1) of this section, subsection (b)(1) of this section is amended by striking "except that in no case" and all that follows through the semicolon at the end and inserting the following: "except that, if the Secretary requires air carriers to provide flight-specific information, the Secretary—

*"(A) shall not disseminate fare information for a specific flight to the general public for a period of at least 9 months following the date of the flight; and*

*"(B) shall give due consideration to and address confidentiality concerns of carriers, including competitive implications, in any rulemaking prior to adoption of a rule requiring the dissemination to the general public of any flight-specific fare;".*

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

329(a) | 49:1634. | Sept. 30, 1965, Pub. L. 89–220, §4, 79 Stat. 893. |

49:1655(a)(2)(A) (related to 49:1634). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §§6(a)(2)(A) (related to §4 of the Act of Sept. 30, 1965), 9(n), 80 Stat. 937, 946. | |

329(b) | 49:1352. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §311, 72 Stat. 751. |

329(c)(1) | 49:1657(n)(1) (less last 17 words). | |

329(c)(2) | 49:1657(n)(1) (last 17 words), (2). | |

329(d) | 49:1343(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §302(d), 72 Stat. 746. |


In subsection (a), the word "information" is substituted for "data, statistics, and other information" in 49:1634 to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "transportation system of the United States" are substituted for "national transportation system" in 49:1634 for clarity and consistency. The words "in carrying out this activity" before "the Secretary shall" in 49:1634 are omitted as surplus. The words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government" are substituted for "Federal agencies" in 49:1634 for clarity and consistency. The words "To the greatest extent practical" are substituted for "insofar as practicable" in 49:1634 for consistency. The words "The Secretary shall" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b), the words "by the National Transportation Safety Board under title VII of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 1441 et seq.) or the Civil Aeronautics Board under title IV of that Act (49 U.S.C. 1371 et seq.)" are substituted for "the Board under subchapter IV and VII of this chapter)" in 49:1352 because 49:1655(d) (1st sentence) transferred duties of the Civil Aeronautics Board under 49:ch. 20, subch. VII to the Secretary of Transportation to be carried out through the National Transportation Safety Board. The reference to the National Transportation Safety Board is to the independent Board established by section 303(a) of the Independent Safety Board Act of 1974 (Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2167) outside the Department of Transportation and not to the prior Board that was a part of the Department. The words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government" are substituted for "government channels" in 49:1352 for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "of the United States" are added for clarity and consistency. The words "of a State, territory, or possession" are substituted for "thereof" after "subdivision" for clarity. The words "related to the duties and powers of the Secretary" are substituted for "falling within the province of the Department" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "governmental authority requesting information under paragraph (1) of this subsection" are substituted for "body requesting it" for clarity and consistency. The word "separate" before "account" is omitted as unnecessary and for consistency. The words "must pay" are substituted for "upon the payment" after "other records" for clarity. The words "preparing the information" are substituted for "such work" after "actual cost of" for clarity. The word "payments" is substituted for "All moneys received by the Department in payment of the cost of work under paragraph (1)" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "in the Treasury" are added for clarity and consistency. The words "The Secretary may use amounts in the account" are substituted for "These moneys may be used, in the discretion of the Secretary" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "to getting and providing the information" are substituted for "to the work and/or to secure in connection therewith the special services of persons who are neither officers nor employees of the United States" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d), the words "in carrying out duties and powers under the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 1301 et seq.)" are substituted for "in discharge of responsibilities under this chapter" in 49:1343(b) because of the transfer of aviation functions to the Secretary under 49:1655(c)(1) and for consistency. The words "directly related to carrying out that part" are substituted for "directly relating to such responsibilities" in 49:1343(b) because of the restatement of the source provisions.

Section 4(j)(7) amends 49:329 to omit references to overseas air transportation because there no longer is a distinction between interstate air transportation and overseas air transportation.

This amends 49:329 to make conforming amendments necessary because of the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 745).

**2003**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 108–176, §421, added subsec. (e).

**1996**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(3)(A), substituted "(as that term is used in part A of subtitle VII of this title)" for "(as those terms are used in such Act)".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(3)(B), substituted "that part" for "that Act".

**1994**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(7)(A), substituted "chapter 11 of this title" for "title VII of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 1441 et seq.)", "in interstate air transportation" for "in interstate and overseas air transportation" in two places, "for interstate air transportation" for "for interstate or overseas air transportation", and "subchapter II of chapter 417 of this title" for "section 419 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(7)(B), substituted "part A of subtitle VII of this title" for "the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 App. U.S.C. 1301 et seq.)".

**1984**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 98–443 struck out reference to information collected and disseminated by the Civil Aeronautics Board under section 1371 et seq. of this title, and added cls. (A) and (B).

Pub. L. 98–216 substituted "49 App. U.S.C." for "49 U.S.C.".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–216 substituted "49 App. U.S.C." for "49 U.S.C.".

Amendment by section 421 of Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §805(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2588, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the issuance of a final rule to modernize the Origin and Destination Survey of Airline Passenger Traffic, pursuant to the Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking published July 15, 1998 (Regulation Identifier Number 2105–AC71), that reduces the reporting burden for air carriers through electronic filing of the survey data collected under section 329(b)(1) of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 98–443, §5(b), Oct. 4, 1984, 98 Stat. 1705, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on January 1, 1985."

Pub. L. 115–271, title VIII, §8103, Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 4104, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) not later than March 31, 2019, establish and make publicly available on its website a database of the drug and alcohol testing data reported by employers for each mode of transportation; and

"(2) update the database annually.

"(b)

"(1) the total number of drug and alcohol tests by type of substance tested;

"(2) the drug and alcohol test results by type of substance tested;

"(3) the reason for the drug or alcohol test, such as pre-employment, random, post-accident, reasonable suspicion or cause, return-to-duty, or follow-up, by type of substance tested; and

"(4) the number of individuals who refused testing.

"(c)

"(d)

(a)

(b)

(1) give advice and assistance the Secretary believes will best carry out the duties and powers of the Secretary;

(2) participate in coordinating all research started under this section;

(3) indicate the lines of inquiry most important to the Secretary; and

(4) encourage and assist in establishing and maintaining cooperation by and between contractors and between them and other research organizations, the Department of Transportation, and other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government.

(c)

(d)

(1) Coordination, facilitation, and review of Department of Transportation research and development programs and activities.

(2) Advancement, and research and development, of innovative technologies, including intelligent transportation systems.

(3) Comprehensive transportation statistics research, analysis, and reporting.

(4) Education and training in transportation and transportation-related fields.

(5) Activities of the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center.

(6) Coordination in support of multimodal and multidisciplinary research activities.

(e)

(1) enter into grants and cooperative agreements with Federal agencies, State and local government agencies, other public entities, private organizations, and other persons to conduct research into transportation service and infrastructure assurance and to carry out other research activities of the Department of Transportation;

(2) carry out, on a cost-shared basis, collaborative research and development to encourage innovative solutions to multimodal transportation problems and stimulate the deployment of new technology with—

(A) non-Federal entities, including State and local governments, foreign governments, institutions of higher education, corporations, institutions, partnerships, sole proprietorships, and trade associations that are incorporated or established under the laws of any State;

(B) Federal laboratories; and

(C) other Federal agencies; and

(3) directly initiate contracts, grants, cooperative research and development agreements (as defined in section 12(d) of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3710a(d))), and other agreements to fund, and accept funds from, the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, State departments of transportation, cities, counties, institutions of higher education, associations, and the agents of those entities to carry out joint transportation research and technology efforts.

(f)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2427; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, §6011(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1568.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

330(a) | 49:1657(q)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §9(q)(1)–(3), 80 Stat. 947. |

49:1657(q)(2) (1st sentence). | ||

330(b) | 49:1657(q)(2) (less 1st sentence). | |

330(c) | 49:1657(q)(3). |


In subsection (a), the words "may make contracts" are substituted for "is authorized to enter into contracts" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the conduct of" before "scientific" are omitted as surplus. The words "a problem" are substituted for "any aspect of the problems" because of the style of the revised title. The words "carried out by the Secretary" are substituted for "of the Department which are authorized by statute" because the Secretary of Transportation is vested with all duties and powers. The words "Before making a contract" are substituted for "with which he expects to enter into contracts pursuant to this subsection" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "is able to carry out the contract" are substituted for "have the capability of doing effective work" for clarity.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "In carrying out this section" are added for clarity. In clause (1), the word "give" is substituted for "furnish" before "such advice" for consistency. The words "duties and powers of the Secretary" are substituted for "mission of the Department" for clarity and consistency. In clause (4), the word "contractors" is substituted for "the institutions, agencies, organizations, or persons" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government" are substituted for "Federal agencies" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (c), the words "considers relevant" are substituted for "as he deems pertinent" as more precise. The words "from time to time" before "disseminate" and "in the form of reports or . . . to public or private agencies or organizations, or individuals" before "such information" are omitted as unnecessary.

The Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980, referred to in subsec. (h), is Pub. L. 96–480, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2311, which is classified generally to chapter 63 (§3701 et seq.) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3701 of Title 15 and Tables.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, §6011(b)(1), substituted "activities" for "contracts" in section catchline.

Subsecs. (a) to (c). Pub. L. 114–94, §6011(b)(2)–(4), inserted headings.

Subsecs. (d) to (i). Pub. L. 114–94, §6011(b)(5), added subsecs. (d) to (i).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25023, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 879, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the amount of Department funding provided to the Volpe Center, as compared to other Federal and non-Federal research partners;

"(B) the process used by the Department to determine whether to work with the Volpe Center, as compared to any other Federal or non-Federal research partner;

"(C) the extent to which the Department is collaborating with the Volpe Center to address research needs relating to emerging issues; and

"(D) whether the operation of the Volpe Center is duplicative of other public or private sector efforts."

Pub. L. 106–159, title I, §101(g), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1752, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

(a) When necessary and not otherwise available, the Secretary of Transportation may provide for, construct, or maintain the following for officers and employees of the Department of Transportation and their dependents stationed in remote places:

(1) emergency medical services and supplies.

(2) food and other subsistence supplies.

(3) messing facilities.

(4) motion picture equipment and film for recreation and training.

(5) living and working quarters and facilities.

(6) reimbursement for food, clothing, medicine, and other supplies provided by an officer or employee in an emergency for the temporary relief of individuals in distress.

(b) The Secretary shall prescribe reasonable charges for medical treatment provided under subsection (a)(1) of this section and for supplies and services provided under subsection (a)(2) and (3) of this section. Amounts received under this subsection shall be credited to the appropriation from which the expenditure was made.

(c) When appropriations for a fiscal year for aviation duties and powers have not been made before June 1 immediately before the beginning of the fiscal year, the Secretary may designate an officer, and authorize that officer, to incur obligations to buy and transport supplies to carry out those duties and powers at installations outside the 48 contiguous States and the District of Columbia. The amount obligated under this subsection in a fiscal year may be not more than 75 percent of the amount available for buying and transporting supplies to those installations for the then current fiscal year. Payment of obligations under this subsection shall be made from appropriations for the next fiscal year when available.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2427; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(8), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1367.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

331(a) | 49:1657(l) (less last sentence). |
Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §9(l), 80 Stat. 946. |

331(b) | 49:1657(l) (last sentence). |
|

331(c) | 49:1344(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §303(b), 72 Stat. 748. |


In subsection (a), the text of 49:1657(l) (words before 3d comma) is omitted as unnecessary. The words "of the Department of Transportation" are added for clarity. In clause (6), the words "individuals in distress" are substituted for "distressed persons" as being more precise.

In subsection (b), the words "The Secretary shall prescribe reasonable charges" are substituted for "shall be at prices reflecting reasonable value as determined by the Secretary" for clarity and to eliminate surplus words. The words "services, supplies, and facilities provided under subsection (a)(1), (2), and (3) of this section" are substituted for "The furnishing of medical treatment under paragraph (1) and the furnishing of services and supplies under paragraphs (2) and (3) of this subsection" to eliminate surplus words. The words "Amounts received under this subsection" are substituted for "and the proceeds therefrom" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "aviation duties and powers" are substituted for "the Administration" in 49:1344(b) because of the transfer of aviation functions to the Secretary of Transportation under 49:1655(c)(1). The words "before June 1" are substituted for "prior to the first day of March" in 49:1344(b) to conform to the change in the start of the fiscal year from July 1 to October 1 under 31:1020(a)(2). The words "and materials necessary" after "supplies" in 49:1344(b) are omitted as surplus. The words "to carry out those duties and powers" are substituted for "necessary to the proper execution of the Secretary of Transportation's functions" in 49:1344(b) for clarity and consistency. The words "the 48 contiguous States and the District of Columbia" are substituted for "the continental United States" in 49:1344(b) for clarity. The words "including those in Alaska" before "in amounts" in 49:1344(b) are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement of the section. The words "The amount obligated under this subsection in a fiscal year" in 49:1344(b) are added for clarity. The words "available for buying and transporting supplies to those installations" are substituted for "made available for such purposes" in 49:1344(b) for clarity. The word "succeeding" after "next" in 49:1344(b) is omitted as surplus.

Section 4(j)(8) amends 49:331(b) to follow more closely the language in former 49:1657(l) on which it was based.

**1994**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–272 substituted "medical treatment provided under subsection (a)(1) of this section and for supplies and services provided under subsection (a)(2) and (3) of this section" for "services, supplies, and facilities provided under subsection (a)(1), (2), and (3) of this section".

(a) In this section, "minority" includes women.

(b) The Department of Transportation has a Minority Resource Center. The Center may—

(1) include a national information clearinghouse for minority entrepreneurs and businesses to disseminate information to them on business opportunities related to the maintenance, rehabilitation, restructuring, improvement, and revitalization of the railroads of the United States;

(2) carry out market research, planning, economic and business analyses, and feasibility studies to identify those business opportunities;

(3) assist minority entrepreneurs and businesses in obtaining investment capital and debt financing;

(4) design and carry out programs to encourage, promote, and assist minority entrepreneurs and businesses in getting contracts, subcontracts, and projects related to those business opportunities;

(5) develop support mechanisms (including venture capital, surety and bonding organizations, and management and technical services) that will enable minority entrepreneurs and businesses to take advantage of those business opportunities;

(6) participate in, and cooperate with, United States Government programs and other programs designed to provide financial, management, and other forms of support and assistance to minority entrepreneurs and businesses; and

(7) make arrangements to carry out this section.

(c) The Center has an advisory committee of 5 individuals appointed by the Secretary of Transportation. The Secretary shall make the appointments from lists of qualified individuals recommended by minority-dominated trade associations in the minority business community. Each of those trade associations may submit a list of not more than 3 qualified individuals.

(d) The United States Railway Association, the Consolidated Rail Corporation, and the Secretary shall provide the Center with relevant information (including procurement schedules, bids, and specifications on particular maintenance, rehabilitation, restructuring, improvement, and revitalization projects) the Center requests in carrying out this section.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2428; Pub. L. 109–59, title I, §1951, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1514.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

332(a) | 49:1657a(e). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §11; added Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §906(2), 90 Stat. 149. |

332(b) | 49:1657a(a), (c). | |

332(c) | 49:1657a(b). | |

332(d) | 49:1657a(d). |


In subsection (b), before clause (1), the word "has" is substituted for "The Secretary shall, within 180 days after February 5, 1976, establish" because the time for establishing the Center has expired and the Center has been established. The words "The Department of Transportation" are added because of the restatement of the section. The words "(hereafter in this section referred to as the 'Center')" after "Minority Resource Center" are omitted because of the style of the revised title.

In subsection (b)(1), the word "include" is substituted for "establish and maintain", and the words "to disseminate information" are substituted for "and disseminate information from", for clarity. The words "to them . . . related to" are substituted for "to such entrepreneurs and businesses . . . with respect to" to omit unnecessary words. The words "for purposes of furnishing . . . information" before "with respect to" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "those business opportunities" are substituted for "such opportunities" after "identify" for clarity.

In subsection (b)(4), the words "those business opportunities" are substituted for "the maintenance, rehabilitation, restructuring, improvement, and revitalization of the Nation's railroads" to eliminate surplus words.

In subsection (b)(5), the words "related to the maintenance, rehabilitation, restructuring, improvement, and revitalization of the nation's railroads" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

In subsection (b)(7), the words "make arrangements" are substituted for "enter into such contracts, cooperative agreements, or other transactions" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "as may be necessary" after "transactions" are omitted as surplus. The words "to carry out this section" are substituted for "in the conduct of its functions and duties" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (c), the words "The Secretary shall make the appointments" and the words "Each of those trade associations may submit a list of not more than" are added for clarity and because of the restatement of the section.

In subsection (d), the words "in carrying out this section" are substituted for "in connection with the performance of its functions" for clarity and consistency.

**2005**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59 added subsec. (e).

The United States Railway Association abolished effective Apr. 1, 1987, all powers, duties, rights, and obligations of Association relating to Consolidated Rail Corporation under the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 (45 U.S.C. 701 et seq.) transferred to Secretary of Transportation on Jan. 1, 1987, and any securities of Corporation held by Association transferred to Secretary of Transportation on Oct. 21, 1986, see section 1341 of Title 45, Railroads.

(a) The Secretary of Transportation may develop and make available to interested persons any plans, proposals, and recommendations for mergers, consolidations, reorganizations, and other unification or coordination projects for rail transportation (including arrangements for joint use of tracks and other facilities and acquisition or sale of assets) that the Secretary believes will result in a rail system that is more efficient and consistent with the public interest.

(b) To achieve a more efficient, economical, and viable rail system in the private sector, the Secretary, when requested by a rail carrier and under this section, may assist in planning, negotiating, and carrying out a unification or coordination of operations and facilities of at least 2 rail carriers.

(c)(1) The Secretary may conduct studies to determine the potential cost savings and possible improvements in the quality of rail transportation that are likely to result from unification or coordination of at least 2 rail carriers, through—

(A) elimination of duplicating or overlapping operations and facilities;

(B) reducing switching operations;

(C) using the shortest or more efficient and economical routes;

(D) exchanging trackage rights;

(E) combining trackage and terminal or other facilities;

(F) upgrading tracks and other facilities used by at least 2 rail carriers;

(G) reducing administrative and other expenses; and

(H) other measures likely to reduce costs and improve rail transportation.

(2) When the Secretary requests information for a study under this section, a rail carrier shall provide the information requested. In carrying out this section, the Secretary may designate an officer or employee to get from a rail carrier information on the kind, quality, origin, destination, consignor, consignee, and routing of property. This information may be obtained without the consent of the consignor or consignee notwithstanding section 11904 of this title. When appropriate, the designated officer or employee has the powers described in section 203(c) of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 to carry out this section, but a subpena must be issued under the signature of the Secretary.

(d)(1) When requested by a rail carrier, the Secretary may hold conferences on and mediate disputes resulting from a proposed unification or coordination project. The Secretary may invite to a conference—

(A) officers and directors of an affected rail carrier;

(B) representatives of rail carrier employees who may be affected;

(C) representatives of the Surface Transportation Board;

(D) State and local government officials, shippers, and consumer representatives; and

(E) representatives of the Federal Trade Commission and the Attorney General.

(2) A person attending or represented at a conference on a proposed unification or coordination project is not liable under the antitrust laws of the United States for any discussion at the conference and for any agreements reached at the conference, that are entered into with the approval of the Secretary to achieve or determine a plan of action to carry out the unification or coordination project.

(e) When the approval of a proposal submitted by a rail carrier for a merger or other action is subject to the jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board under section 11323(a) of this title, the Secretary may study the proposal to decide whether it satisfies section 11324(b) of this title. When the proposal is the subject of an application and proceeding before the Board, the Secretary may appear in any proceeding related to the application.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2429; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(b), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 946; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32932(a)(3), (4), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 829.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

333(a) | 49:1654(a). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §5(a)–(e); added Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §401, 90 Stat. 61. |

333(b) | 49:1654(b). | |

333(c) | 49:1654(c). | |

333(d) | 49:1654(d). | |

333(e) | 49:1654(e). |


In the section, the word "transportation" is substituted for "services" for consistency.

In subsection (a), the words "feasible" and "but not limited to" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "In order" are omitted as surplus. The words "at least 2" are substituted for "two or more" for consistency.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "as are deemed" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "and the study described in section 901 of the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976" and "or such section 901" are omitted as executed. The word "nature" is omitted as covered by "kind". The word "When" is substituted for "to the extent" for consistency. The word "necessary" is omitted as being included in "appropriate". A cross-reference to section 203(c) of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 is included even though the law is unclear because section 1149 of the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1981 (Pub. L. 97–35, 95 Stat. 675) amended section 203 to repeal the powers referred to in the source provisions. No position is taken as to whether the powers described in section 203(c) are still in existence.

In subsection (d)(1)(A), the word "appropriate" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1)(C), the words "representatives of" are added for consistency in the section.

In subsection (e), the words "in his judgment" are omitted as unnecessary and covered by "decide". The word "satisfies" is substituted for "is in accordance with the standards set forth in" to eliminate unnecessary words.

Section 203 of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), which is classified to section 713 of Title 45, Railroads, was amended generally by Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, §1149, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 675, and as so amended does not contain a subsec. (c). For further details, see the fifth par. of Historical and Revision Notes above.

2012–Subsec. (d)(1)(C). Pub. L. 112–141, §32932(a)(3), substituted "Surface Transportation Board" for "Interstate Commerce Commission".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–141, §32932(a)(4), substituted "Surface Transportation Board" for "Interstate Commerce Commission" and "Board" for "Commission".

**1995**—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 104–88, §308(b)(1), substituted "11904" for "11910(a)(1)".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–88, §308(b)(2), substituted "11323(a)" for "11343(a)" and "11324(b)" for "11344(b)".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

Section 334, Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2430; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(2), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 100–223, title III, §304, Dec. 30, 1987, 101 Stat. 1525; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7207(c)(3), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4428, related to a limit on aviation charges. See section 45301 of this title.

Section 335, Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2430, authorized appropriations to the Secretary of Transportation for fiscal years ending Sept. 30, 1983, and Sept. 30, 1984.

(a) After notice and an opportunity for a hearing, a person found by the Secretary of Transportation to have violated a provision of law that the Secretary carries out through the Maritime Administrator or the Commandant of the Coast Guard or a regulation prescribed under that law by the Secretary for which a civil penalty is provided, is liable to the United States Government for the civil penalty provided. The amount of the civil penalty shall be assessed by the Secretary by written notice. In determining the amount of the penalty, the Secretary shall consider the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the prohibited acts committed and, with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of prior offenses, ability to pay, and other matters that justice requires.

(b) The Secretary may compromise, modify, or remit, with or without consideration, a civil penalty until the assessment is referred to the Attorney General.

(c) If a person fails to pay an assessment of a civil penalty after it has become final, the Secretary may refer the matter to the Attorney General for collection in an appropriate district court of the United States.

(d) The Secretary may refund or remit a civil penalty collected under this section if—

(1) application has been made for refund or remission of the penalty within one year from the date of payment; and

(2) the Secretary finds that the penalty was unlawfully, improperly, or excessively imposed.

(Added Pub. L. 101–225, title III, §305(1), Dec. 12, 1989, 103 Stat. 1924.)

For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

The annual budget the Secretary of Transportation submits shall include a specific request for the Office of the Director of Intelligence and Security. In deciding on the budget request for the Office, the Secretary shall consider recommendations in the annual report submitted under section 44938(a) of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(10)(A), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1367.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

337 | 49 App.:1652b (note). | Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §102(d), 104 Stat. 3069. |


The words "the Secretary of Transportation submits" are substituted for "submission for the Department of Transportation", and the words "budget request for the Office" are substituted for "budget request for the Director", for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(10)(A), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1367; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4125(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1738.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

351 | 49 App.:1653(c). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §4(c), 80 Stat. 933. |


In this subchapter, the words "duty or power" are substituted for "functions, powers, and duties" for clarity and consistency. The words "department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government" are substituted for "department or agency" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a), the word "orders" is omitted as being included in "action".

The Department of Transportation Act, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), is Pub. L. 89–670, Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 931, which was classified principally to sections 1651 to 1660 of former Title 49, Transportation. The Act was repealed and the provisions thereof reenacted in Title 49, Transportation, by Pub. L. 97–449, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2413, and Pub. L. 103–272, July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 745. The Act was also repealed by Pub. L. 104–287, §7(5), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3400. For disposition of sections of former Title 49, see Table at the beginning of Title 49.

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59 substituted "Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration" for "Federal Highway Administration".

Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, to Surface Transportation Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 1302 of this title, and section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title. References to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

In carrying out a duty or power transferred under the Department of Transportation Act (Public Law 89–670, 80 Stat. 931), the Secretary of Transportation and the Administrators of the Federal Railroad Administration, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, and the Federal Aviation Administration have the same authority that was vested in the department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government carrying out the duty or power immediately before the transfer. An action of the Secretary or Administrator in carrying out the duty or power has the same effect as when carried out by the department, agency, or instrumentality.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(10)(A), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1368; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4125(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1738.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

352 | 49 App.:1653(d). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §4(d), 80 Stat. 934. |


The words "force and" are omitted as surplus.

The Department of Transportation Act, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 89–670, Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 931, which was classified principally to sections 1651 to 1660 of former Title 49, Transportation. The Act was repealed and the provisions thereof reenacted in Title 49, Transportation, by Pub. L. 97–449, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2413, and Pub. L. 103–272, July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 745. The Act was also repealed by Pub. L. 104–287, §7(5), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3400. For disposition of sections of former Title 49, see Table at the beginning of Title 49.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 substituted "Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration" for "Federal Highway Administration".

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(10)(A), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1368.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

353 | 49 App.:1657–1. | Nov. 28, 1990, Pub. L. 101–641, §5, 104 Stat. 4656. |


In this section, the words "officer or employee" are substituted for "employee" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a), the words "Secretary of Transportation or the head of a component of the Department of Transportation" are substituted for "Department of Transportation, including any of its agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (b), the word "Secretary" is substituted for "Office of the Secretary of Transportation" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "within that agency" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (c), the words "An officer or employee required to submit to toxicological testing may not assert" are substituted for "may not be asserted" for clarity.

(a)

(b)

(Added and amended Pub. L. 108–168, §8(a), (b)(1), Dec. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 2034.)

The text of section 228 of Pub. L. 106–159, formerly set out as a note under section 4 of the Inspector General Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95–452, formerly set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, which was transferred to this section, redesignated as text of section, and amended by Pub. L. 108–168, §8(a), (b)(1), was based on Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §228, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1773.

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–168 renumbered section 228 of Pub. L. 106–159 as this section and substituted "Investigative authority of Inspector General" for "DOT Authority" in section catchline. See Codification note above.

Pub. L. 113–235, div. K, title I, Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2724, provided in part: "That hereafter funds transferred to the Office of the Inspector General through forfeiture proceedings or from the Department of Justice Assets Forfeiture Fund or the Department of the Treasury Forfeiture Fund, as a participating agency, as an equitable share from the forfeiture of property in investigations in which the Office of Inspector General participates, or through the granting of a Petition for Remission or Mitigation, shall be deposited to the credit of this account [Office of Inspector General, Salaries and Expenses] for law enforcement activities authorized under the Inspector General Act of 1978, as amended [see 5 U.S.C. 401 et seq.], to remain available until expended."

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation act:

Pub. L. 113–76, div. L, title I, Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 600.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A) 5 shall be representatives of units of State or local government with expertise relating to highway engineering and safety issues, including—

(i) motorcycle and motorcyclist safety;

(ii) barrier and road design, construction, and maintenance; or

(iii) intelligent transportation systems;

(B) 1 shall be a motorcyclist who serves as a State or local—

(i) traffic and safety engineer;

(ii) design engineer; or

(iii) other transportation department official;

(C) 1 shall be a representative of a national association of State transportation officials;

(D) 1 shall be a representative of a national motorcyclist association;

(E) 1 shall be a representative of a national motorcyclist foundation;

(F) 1 shall be a representative of a national motorcycle manufacturing association;

(G) 1 shall be a representative of a motorcycle manufacturing company headquartered in the United States;

(H) 1 shall be a roadway safety data expert with expertise relating to crash testing and analysis; and

(I) 1 shall be a member of a national safety organization that represents the traffic safety systems industry.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(i) the Secretary may appoint a replacement for the member, who shall serve the remaining portion of the term; and

(ii) the resigning member may continue to serve after resignation until the date on which a successor is appointed.

(3)

(4)

(c)

(1)

(A) motorcycle and motorcyclist safety;

(B) barrier and road design, construction, and maintenance practices; and

(C) the architecture and implementation of intelligent transportation system technologies.

(2)

(d)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(2)

(A)

(i) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate;

(ii) the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate;

(iii) the Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies of the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate;

(iv) the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives; and

(v) the Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies of the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.

(B)

(i) each recommendation contained in the Council report covered by the review; and

(ii)(I) each recommendation of the Council that was categorized under paragraph (1)(B)(ii) as being under consideration by the Secretary in the preceding review submitted under this paragraph; and

(II) for each such recommendation, whether the recommendation—

(aa) is accepted or rejected by the Secretary; or

(bb) remains under consideration by the Secretary.

(3)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24111(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 812.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.




**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4014(a)(2), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 411, added item 508.

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–102, §2(1), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2204, struck out "DUTIES AND" before "POWERS" in item for heading of subchapter I.

1 Section catchline amended by Pub. L. 112–141 without corresponding amendment of chapter analysis.

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–102, §2(2), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2204, struck out "AND" before "POWERS".

**1995**—Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(c)(1), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 947, struck out "DUTIES" before "AND".

(a) In this chapter—

(1) the definitions in sections 10102 and 13102 of this title apply.

(2) "migrant worker" has the same meaning given that term in section 31501 of this title.

(3) "motor carrier of migrant workers" means a motor carrier of migrant workers subject to the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Transportation under section 31502(c) of this title.

(b)

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2431; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(2), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 102–548, §2(c), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3648; Pub. L. 103–272, §§4(j)(11)(A), 5(m)(9), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1368, 1376; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(c)(2), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 947.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

501(a) | (no source). | |

501(b) | 45:15. | Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, §6, 36 Stat. 299. |

49:26(g). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §25(g); added Aug. 26, 1937, ch. 818, 50 Stat. 837; Sept. 18, 1940, ch. 722, §14(b), 54 Stat. 919. | |

49:1655(f)(2). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(f)(2), 80 Stat. 940. |


In the chapter, the source provisions are those in effect on March 31, 1967, the day before the effective date of the Department of Transportation Act (Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931), because 49:1655(f)(2) gave the Secretary of Transportation the same powers enumerated in 49:1655(f)(2) that the Interstate Commerce Commission had before certain duties and powers under 49:1655(e) were transferred on April 1, 1967, from the Commission to the Secretary. All references to brokers in the source provisions are omitted as not being applicable to the duties and powers transferred to the Secretary of Transportation.

Subsection (a) is included to ensure that the identical definitions that are relevant are used without repeating them. The source provisions for the definitions are found in the revision notes for sections 3101, 3102(c), and 10102 of the revised title.

In subsection (b), the provisions of law to which the chapter applies are only certain laws listed in 49:1655(e). Those laws include the source provisions restated in chapter 31 of the revised title and 45:4, 5, 6 (in carrying out 45:4 and 5), 11, 12, 13 (proviso), 13 (less proviso in carrying out 45:11, 12, and 13 (proviso)), and 61–64b, and 49:26(a)–(f) (words before last semicolon) and (h). The administrative powers of the Secretary under the chapter are based on the administrative powers of 49:1655(f)(2). That provision lists administrative powers the Commission had under the Interstate Commerce Act (ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379) to carry out the Act, and certain other laws authorized the Commission to use its powers under the Act to carry out those other laws. The administrative powers listed in 49:1655(f)(2) and codified in the chapter therefore apply only to a law listed in 49:1655(e) that was a part of the Interstate Commerce Act or to which the powers of the Commission under the Act were applied. The text of 45:61–64b is included because section 4 of the Act of March 4, 1907 (ch. 2939, 34 Stat. 1417), stated, "It shall be the duty of the Interstate Commerce Commission to execute and enforce the provisions of this Act, and all powers granted to the Interstate Commerce Commission are hereby extended to it in the execution of this Act". The transfer to the Secretary was executed on March 31, 1967. The Act of March 4, 1907, was restated by the Act of December 26, 1969 (Pub. L. 91–169, 83 Stat. 463); section 4 was not included in the restatement. However, repeal by implication is not favored and the transfer was completed on March 31, 1967. Therefore, the text of 45:61–64b is included within the scope of the chapter. The text of 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence 1st–7th words) and (3a) (last sentence 1st–5th words) is omitted as executed.

Section 4(j)(11) makes conforming amendments to 49:ch. 5 to reflect the restatement of 49:508 and related provisions in chapter 59 of the revised title.

**1995**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–88 substituted "sections 10102 and 13102" for "section 10102".

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(9)(A), substituted "section 31501" for "section 3101".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(9)(B), substituted "section 31502(c)" for "section 3102(c)".

Subsec. (a)(4) to (9). Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(11)(A), struck out pars. (4) to (9) which defined "beneficial owner", "carrier", "container", "initial carrier", "intermodal transportation", and "trailer", respectively.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(9)(C), added subsec. (b) and struck out former subsec. (b) which read as follows: "This chapter only applies in carrying out—

"(1) chapter 31 of this title; and

"(2) other duties and powers transferred to the Secretary under section 6(e) of the Department of Transportation Act (49 App. U.S.C. 1655(e)) and vested in the Interstate Commerce Commission before October 15, 1966."

**1992**—Subsec. (a)(4) to (9). Pub. L. 102–548 added pars. (4) to (9).

**1984**—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 98–216 substituted "49 App. U.S.C." for "49 U.S.C.".

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 102–548, §1, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3646, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 508 of this title, amending this section and section 521 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 508 of this title] may be cited as the 'Intermodal Safe Container Transportation Act of 1992'."

(a) The Secretary of Transportation shall carry out this chapter.

(b) The Secretary may—

(1) inquire into and report on the management of the business of rail carriers and motor carriers;

(2) inquire into and report on the management of the business of a person controlling, controlled by, or under common control with those carriers to the extent that the business of the person is related to the management of the business of that carrier; and

(3) obtain from those carriers and persons information the Secretary determines to be necessary.

(c) In carrying out this chapter as it applies to motor carriers, motor carriers of migrant workers, and motor private carriers, the Secretary may—

(1) confer and hold joint hearings with State authorities;

(2) cooperate with and use the services, records, and facilities of State authorities; and

(3) make cooperative agreements with a State to enforce the safety laws and regulations of a State and the United States related to highway transportation.

(d) The Secretary may subpena witnesses and records related to a proceeding or investigation under this chapter from a place in the United States to the designated place of the proceeding or investigation. If a witness disobeys a subpena, the Secretary, or a party to a proceeding or investigation before the Secretary, may petition the district court for the judicial district in which the proceeding or investigation is conducted to enforce the subpena. The court may punish a refusal to obey an order of the court to comply with a subpena as a contempt of court.

(e)(1) In a proceeding or investigation, the Secretary may take testimony of a witness by deposition and may order the witness to produce records. A party to a proceeding or investigation pending before the Secretary may take the testimony of a witness by deposition and may require the witness to produce records at any time after a proceeding or investigation is at issue on petition and answer. If a witness fails to be deposed or to produce records under this subsection, the Secretary may subpena the witness to take a deposition, produce the records, or both.

(2) A deposition may be taken before a judge of a court of the United States, a United States magistrate judge, a clerk of a district court, or a chancellor, justice, or judge of a supreme or superior court, mayor or chief magistrate of a city, judge of a county court, or court of common pleas of any State, or a notary public who is not counsel or attorney of a party or interested in the proceeding or investigation.

(3) Before taking a deposition, reasonable notice must be given in writing by the party or the attorney of that party proposing to take a deposition to the opposing party or the attorney of record of that party, whoever is nearest. The notice shall state the name of the witness and the time and place of taking the deposition.

(4) The testimony of a person deposed under this subsection shall be taken under oath. The person taking the deposition shall prepare, or cause to be prepared, a transcript of the testimony taken. The transcript shall be subscribed by the deponent.

(5) The testimony of a witness who is in a foreign country may be taken by deposition before an officer or person designated by the Secretary or agreed on by the parties by written stipulation filed with the Secretary. The deposition shall be filed with the Secretary promptly.

(f) Each witness summoned before the Secretary or whose deposition is taken under this section and the individual taking the deposition are entitled to the same fees and mileage paid for those services in the courts of the United States.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2431; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(12), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1368.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

502 | 49:1655(f)(2). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(f)(2), 80 Stat. 940. |

502(c)–(f) | 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 305"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 205"); added Aug. 9, 1935, ch. 498, 49 Stat. 546. |

49:304(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 305"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 205"); added Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 905, §2, 70 Stat. 958. |


The section is included because 49:1655(f)(2) gave the same administrative powers exercised by the Interstate Commerce Commission under certain sections of title 49 to the Secretary of Transportation to carry out duties transferred to the Secretary by 49:1655(e). See the revision notes for section 501 of the revised title for an explanation of the transfer under 49:1655(f)(2). The powers of the Commission have been codified in subtitle IV of the revised title. The comparable provisions of title 49 that are represented by the section may be found as follows:

Section 502 | 49 U.S. Code | Revised Section |
---|---|---|

(a), (b) | 12(1)(a) (1st sentence, 2d sentence, and last sentence words before 1st semicolon). | 10321 |

304(a) (matter before (1)), (6), (7) (less words after semicolon). | 10321 | |

(c) | 305(f). | 11502 |

(d) | 12(1)(a) (last sentence words after last semicolon), (2), (3). | 10321 |

305(d) (related to Commission subpena power). | 10321 | |

(e)(1)–(3) | 12(4). | 10321 |

305(d) (related to depositions taken by Commission). | 10321 | |

(e)(4) and (5) | 12(5), (6). | 10321 |

305(d) (related to depositions taken by Commission). | 10321 | |

(f) | 12(7). | 10321 |

18(1) (last sentence). | 10321 | |

305(d) (related to depositions taken by Commission). | 10321 |


See the revision notes for the revised sections for an explanation of changes made in the text. Changes not accounted for in those revision notes are as follows:

The text of 49:305(a)–(c), (e), and (g)–(j) is not included for motor carriers of migrant workers and motor private carriers because those provisions, while included in the enumeration in 49:304(a)(3) and (3a), are not included in the specific enumeration of 49:1655(f)(2)(B)(ii).

In subsection (b), the text of 49:12(1)(a) (2d sentence words after semicolon) is omitted as unnecessary because the Secretary of Transportation already has authority under chapter 3 of the revised title to make recommendations to Congress.

In subsections (c)–(f), the text of 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence 1st–7th words) and (3a) (last sentence 1st–5th words) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (c), the words "economic and" are omitted as not being transferred to the Secretary. The text of 49:305(f) (last sentence) is omitted as not applicable to this chapter.

In subsection (d), the reference to joint boards in 49:305(d) is omitted as not applicable to this chapter because 49:305(a) (establishing joint boards) is not included in the specific enumeration of 49:1655(f)(2)(B)(ii).

Section 4(j)(12) amends 49:502(e)(2) and 10321(d)(3) to reflect the change in the name of United States magistrates to United States magistrate judges made by section 321 of the Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–650, 104 Stat. 5117).

**1994**—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 103–272 inserted "judge" after "United States magistrate".

(a) Each motor carrier of migrant workers (except a motor contract carrier) and each motor private carrier shall designate an agent by name and post office address on whom service of notices in a proceeding before, and actions of, the Secretary of Transportation may be made. The designation shall be in writing and filed with the Secretary. The carrier also shall file the designation with the authority of each State in which it operates having jurisdiction to regulate transportation by motor vehicle in intrastate commerce on the highways of that State. The designation may be changed at any time in the same manner as originally made.

(b) A notice of the Secretary to a carrier under this section is served personally or by mail on that carrier or its designated agent. Service by mail on the designated agent is made at the address filed for the agent. When notice is given by mail, the date of mailing is considered to be the time when the notice is served. If the carrier does not have a designated agent, service may be made by posting a copy of the notice in the office of the secretary or clerk of the authority having jurisdiction to regulate transportation by motor vehicle in intrastate commerce on the highways of the State in which the carrier maintains headquarters and with the Secretary.

(c) Each of those carriers, including such a carrier operating in the United States while providing transportation between places in a foreign country or between a place in one foreign country and a place in another foreign country, shall designate an agent in each State in which it operates by name and post office address on whom process issued by a court with subject matter jurisdiction may be served in an action brought against that carrier. The designation shall be in writing and filed with the Secretary and with the authority of each State in which the carrier operates having jurisdiction to regulate transportation by motor vehicle in intrastate commerce on the highways of that State. If a designation under this subsection is not made, service may be made on any agent of the carrier in that State. The designation may be changed at any time in the same manner as originally made.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2432.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

503 | 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 321"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 221"); added Aug. 9, 1935, ch. 498, 49 Stat. 546. |

49:304(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 321"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 221"); added Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 905, §2, 70 Stat. 958. | |

49:1655(e)(6)(D) (related to "Sec. 321(a), (c)"). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(e)(6)(D) (related to "Sec. 221(a), (c)"), 80 Stat. 940. |


The section is included because 49:1655(e)(6)(D) transferred to the Secretary of Transportation all functions, powers, and duties of the Interstate Commerce Commission under 49:321(a) and (c) to the extent those subsections relate to motor carriers of migrant workers and motor private carriers. The powers of the Commission have been codified in subtitle IV of the revised title. The comparable provisions of title 49 that are represented by the section may be found as follows:

Section 503 | 49 U.S. Code | Revised Section |
---|---|---|

(a), (b) | 321(a). | 10329 |

(c) | 321(c). | 10330 |


See the revision notes for the revised sections for an explanation of changes made in the text. Changes not accounted for in those revision notes are as follows:

In the section, the words "motor carriers" are omitted because 49:1655(e)(6)(D) applies 49:321(a) and (c) only to motor carriers of migrant workers, other than motor contract carriers, and to motor private carriers, and 49:1655(f)(2)(B)(ii) contains no reference to 49:321. The text of 49:321(b) and (d) is not included because those provisions, while included in the enumeration in 49:304(a)(3) and (3a), are not included in the specific enumeration of 49:1655(e)(6)(D).

In subsection (b), the text of 49:321(a) (less 1st–5th sentences) is omitted as not applicable to this chapter.

(a) In this section—

(1) "association" means an organization maintained by or in the interest of a group of rail carriers, motor carriers, motor carriers of migrant workers, or motor private carriers that performs a service, or engages in activities, related to transportation of that carrier.

(2) "carrier" means a motor carrier, motor carrier of migrant workers, motor private carrier, and rail carrier.

(3) "lessor" means a person owning a railroad that is leased to and operated by a rail carrier, and a person leasing a right to operate as a motor carrier, motor carrier of migrant workers, or motor private carrier to another.

(4) "lessor" and "carrier" include a receiver or trustee of that lessor or carrier, respectively.

(b)(1) The Secretary of Transportation may prescribe the form of records required to be prepared or compiled under this section by—

(A) carriers and lessors; and

(B) a person furnishing cars or protective service against heat or cold to or for a rail carrier.

(2) The Secretary may require—

(A) carriers, lessors, associations, or classes of them as the Secretary may prescribe, to file annual, periodic, and special reports with the Secretary containing answers to questions asked by the Secretary; and

(B) a person furnishing cars or protective service against heat or cold to a rail carrier to file reports with the Secretary containing answers to questions about those cars or service.

(c) The Secretary, or an employee (and, in the case of a motor carrier, a contractor, or an employee of the recipient of a grant issued under section 31102 of this title) designated by the Secretary, may on demand and display of proper credentials, in person or in writing—

(1) inspect the equipment of a carrier or lessor; and

(2) inspect and copy any record of—

(A) a carrier, lessor, or association;

(B) a person controlling, controlled by, or under common control with a carrier, if the Secretary considers inspection relevant to that person's relation to, or transaction with, that carrier; and

(C) a person furnishing cars or protective service against heat or cold to or for a rail carrier if the Secretary prescribed the form of that record.

(d) The Secretary may prescribe the time period during which records must be preserved by a carrier, lessor, and person furnishing cars or protective service.

(e)(1) An annual report shall contain an account, in as much detail as the Secretary may require, of the affairs of a carrier, lessor, or association for the 12-month period ending on the 31st day of December of each year. The annual report shall be filed with the Secretary by the end of the 3d month after the end of the year for which the report is made unless the Secretary extends the filing date or changes the period covered by the report.

(2) The annual report and, if the Secretary requires, any other report made under this section shall be made under oath.

(f) No part of a report of an accident occurring in operations of a motor carrier, motor carrier of migrant workers, or motor private carrier and required by the Secretary, and no part of a report of an investigation of the accident made by the Secretary, may be admitted into evidence or used in a civil action for damages related to a matter mentioned in the report or investigation.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2433; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4006(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 401; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32501(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 802.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

504 | 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 320(a) (1st, 2d sentences), (b)–(g)"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 220(a) (1st, 2d sentences), (b)–(g)"); added Aug. 9, 1935, ch. 498, 49 Stat. 546. |

49:304(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 320(a) (1st, 2d sentences), (b)–(g)"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 220(a) (1st, 2d sentences), (b)–(g)"); added Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 905, §2, 70 Stat. 958. | |

49:1655(f)(2). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(f)(2), 80 Stat. 940. | |

504(f) | 49:320(f). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §220(f); added Sept. 18, 1940, ch. 722, §24, 54 Stat. 926. |


The section is included because 49:1655(f)(2) gave the same administrative powers exercised by the Interstate Commerce Commission under certain sections of title 49 to the Secretary of Transportation to carry out duties transferred to the Secretary by 49:1655(e). See the revision notes for section 501 of the revised title for an explanation of the transfer under 49:1655(f)(2). The powers of the Commission have been codified in subtitle IV of the revised title. The comparable provisions of title 49 that are represented by the section may be found as follows:

Section 504 | 49 U.S. Code | Revised Section |
---|---|---|

(a)(1), (3), and (4) | 20(8). | 3501, 11141 |

320(e). | 11141 | |

(a)(2) | (no source). | |

(b)(1) | 20(5) (1st sentence), (6) (2d sentence, 1st cl.), (7)(b) (proviso). | 11144 |

320(d) (1st sentence). | 11144 | |

(b)(2) | 20(1) (1st sentence less manner and form of reports), (6) (2d sentence, 2d cl.). | 11145 |

320(a) (1st sentence). | 11145 | |

(c) | 20(5) (less 1st sentence), (6) (less 2d sentence). | 11144 |

320(d) (3d and 4th sentences). | 11144 | |

(d) | 20(7)(b) (proviso). | 11144 |

320(d) (less 1st, 3d, and 4th sentences). | 11144 | |

(e) | 20(1) (1st sentence related to manner and form of reports). | 11145 |

320(a) (2d sentence), (b). | 11145 |


See the revision notes for the revised sections for an explanation of changes made in the text. Changes not accounted for in those revision notes are as follows:

The provisions of 49:320(c) are not included for motor carriers of migrant workers and motor private carriers because those provisions, while included in the enumeration in 49:304(a)(3) and (3a), are not included in the specific enumeration of 49:1655(f)(2)(B)(ii).

In the section, the text of 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence 1st–7th words) and (3a) (last sentence 1st–5th words) is omitted as executed. The text of 49:320(b) (related to 13-period accounting year) and (g) is not included because it was enacted after the effective date of the transfer authority under 49:1655.

In subsection (a), references to "water line" and "pipe line" are omitted as not applicable to this chapter. Clause (2) is added to provide a simple phrase to refer to all types of carriers to which the section applies.

In subsection (f), the words "the course of the" are omitted as surplus. The words "civil action" are substituted for "suit or action" because of rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.).

**2012**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–141 inserted ", or an employee of the recipient of a grant issued under section 31102 of this title" after "a contractor" and ", in person or in writing" after "proper credentials" in introductory provisions.

**1998**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–178 inserted "(and, in the case of a motor carrier, a contractor)" after "employee" in introductory provisions.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a) The Secretary of Transportation may require a motor carrier, motor carrier of migrant workers, or motor private carrier to file a copy of each arrangement related to a matter under this chapter that it has with another person. The Secretary may disclose the existence or contents of an arrangement between a motor contract carrier and a shipper filed under this section only if the disclosure is consistent with the public interest and is made as part of the record in a formal proceeding.

(b) Except as provided in subsection (a) of this section, all arrangements and statistics, tables, and figures contained in reports filed with the Secretary by a motor carrier under this chapter are public records. Such a public record, or a copy or extract of it, certified by the Secretary under seal is competent evidence in a proceeding of the Secretary, and, except as provided in section 504(f) of this title, in a judicial proceeding.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2434.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

505 | 49:1655(f)(2). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(f)(2), 80 Stat. 940. |

505(a) | 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 320(a) (less 1st, 2d sentences)"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 220(a) (less 1st, 2d sentences)"); added Aug. 9, 1935, ch. 498, 49 Stat. 546. |

49:304(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 320(a) (less 1st, 2d sentences)"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 220(a) (less 1st, 2d sentences)"); added Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 905, §2, 70 Stat. 958. |


The section is included because 49:1655(f)(2) gave the same administrative powers exercised by the Interstate Commerce Commission under certain sections of title 49 to the Secretary of Transportation to carry out duties transferred to the Secretary by 49:1655(e). See the revision notes for section 501 of the revised title for an explanation of the transfer under 49:1655(f)(2). The powers of the Commission have been codified in subtitle IV of the revised title. The comparable provisions of title 49 that are represented by the section may be found as follows:

Section 505 | 49 U.S. Code | Revised Section |
---|---|---|

(a) | 320(a) (less 1st, 2d sentences). | 10764 |

(b) | 16(13). | 10303 |

304(d) (related to administrative matters). | 10303 |


See the revision notes for the revised sections for an explanation of changes made in the text. Changes not accounted for in those revision notes are as follows:

In subsection (a), the text of 49:320(a) (proviso) is not included for motor carriers of migrant workers and motor private carriers because that provision, while included in the enumeration in 49:304(a)(3) and (3a), is not included in the specific enumeration of 49:1655(f)(2)(B)(ii). The text of 40:304(a)(3) (last sentence 1st–7th words) and (3a) (last sentence 1st–5th words) is omitted as executed. The words "also" and "with it" are omitted as surplus. The words "contract, agreement, or" are omitted as covered by "arrangement". The words "carrier or" are omitted as covered by "person". The words "related to a matter under this chapter" are substituted for "in relation to any traffic affected by the provisions of this chapter" for clarity because of section 501 of the revised title.

Subsection (b) does not apply to reports made to the Secretary by a rail carrier because 49:16(13) is not included in the specific enumeration of 49:1655(f)(2)(B)(ii). The subsection does not apply to motor carriers of migrant workers and motor private carriers because 49:304(d) only applies to motor carriers and 49:304(a)(3) and (3a) do not apply 49:304(d) to motor carriers of migrant workers and motor private carriers. References to schedules, classifications, and tariffs are omitted as not applicable to this chapter. The words "Except as provided in subsection (a) of this section" are added for clarity. The words "except as provided in section 504(f) of this title" are added for clarity and consistency because of the restatement of the chapter.

(a) The Secretary of Transportation may begin an investigation under this chapter on the initiative of the Secretary or on complaint. If the Secretary finds that a rail carrier, motor carrier, motor carrier of migrant workers, or motor private carrier is violating this chapter, the Secretary shall take appropriate action to compel compliance with this chapter. The Secretary may take action only after giving the carrier notice of the investigation and an opportunity for a proceeding.

(b) A person, including a governmental authority, may file with the Secretary a complaint about a violation of this chapter by a carrier referred to in subsection (a) of this section. The complaint must state the facts that are the subject of the violation. The Secretary may dismiss a complaint the Secretary determines does not state reasonable grounds for investigation and action. However, the Secretary may not dismiss a complaint made against a rail carrier because of the absence of direct damage to the complainant.

(c) The Secretary shall make a written report of each proceeding involving a rail carrier or motor carrier conducted and furnish a copy to each party to that proceeding. The report shall include the findings, conclusions, and the order of the Secretary. The Secretary may have the reports published for public use. A published report of the Secretary is competent evidence of its contents.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2434.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

506 | 49:1655(f)(2). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(f)(2), 80 Stat. 940. |

506(a), (b) | 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 304(c)"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 204(c)"); added Aug. 9, 1935, ch. 498, 49 Stat. 546; Sept. 18, 1940, ch. 722, §20(b)(4), 54 Stat. 922. |

49:304(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 304(c)"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 204(c)"); added Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 905, §2, 70 Stat. 958. |


The section is included because 49:1655(f)(2) gave the same administrative powers exercised by the Interstate Commerce Commission under certain sections of title 49 to the Secretary of Transportation to carry out duties transferred to the Secretary by 49:1655(e). See the revision notes for section 501 of the revised title for an explanation of the transfer under 49:1655(f)(2). The powers of the Commission have been codified in subtitle IV of the revised title. The comparable provisions of title 49 that are represented by the section may be found as follows:

Section 506 | 49 U.S. Code | Revised Section |
---|---|---|

(a) | 13(1) (1st sentence less words before semicolon, last sentence), (2) (1st, 2d sentences). | 11701 |

304(c) (1st sentence words after 5th comma, 2d sentence). | 11701 | |

(b) | 13(1) (1st sentence words before semicolon). | 11701 |

13(2) (less 1st, 2d sentences). | 11701 | |

304(c) (less 1st sentence words after 5th comma, 2d sentence). | 11701 | |

(c) | 14. | 10310 |

304(d) (related to reports). | 10310 |


See the revision notes for the revised sections for an explanation of changes made in the text. Changes not accounted for in those revision notes are as follows:

In subsections (a) and (b), the text of 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence 1st–7th words) and (3a) (last sentence 1st–5th words) is omitted as executed.

Subsection (a) is patterned after 49:304(c). The words "violating this chapter" are substituted for "failed to comply with any such provision or requirement" for clarity.

In subsection (b), the text of 49:13(2) (last sentence) is omitted because 49:13(3) is not included in the specific enumeration of 49:1655(f)(2)(B)(ii). The words "referred to in subsection (a) of this section" are added for clarity.

Subsection (c) does not apply to motor carriers of migrant workers and motor private carriers because 49:304(d) applies only to motor carriers and 49:304(a)(3) and (3a) do not apply 49:304(d) to motor carriers of migrant workers and motor private carriers. The word "proceeding" is substituted for "investigation" for clarity and to conform to other sections of the revised title. The word "findings" is added for clarity. The word "decision" is omitted as covered by "conclusions". The words "or requirement" are omitted as covered by "order". The words "in the premises" are omitted as surplus. The words "and in case damages are awarded, such report shall include the findings of fact on which the award is made" are omitted as not applicable to this chapter. The words "entered of record", "and decisions in such form and manner as may be best adapted for public information and use", and "in all courts of the United States and of the several States without any further proof or authentication thereof" are omitted as surplus. The text of 49:14(3) (last sentence) is omitted as unnecessary.

(a) The Secretary of Transportation may bring a civil action to enforce—

(1) an order of the Secretary under this chapter when violated by a rail carrier; and

(2) this chapter or a regulation or order of the Secretary under this chapter when violated by a motor carrier, motor carrier of migrant workers, motor private carrier, or freight forwarder.

(b) The Attorney General may, and on request of the Secretary shall, bring court proceedings to enforce this chapter or a regulation or order of the Secretary under this chapter and to prosecute a person violating this chapter or a regulation or order of the Secretary.

(c) The Attorney General, at the request of the Secretary, may bring an action in an appropriate district court of the United States for equitable relief to redress a violation by any person of a provision of subchapter III of chapter 311 (except sections 31138 and 31139) or section 31502 of this title, or an order or regulation issued under any of those provisions. Such district court shall have jurisdiction to determine any such action and may grant such relief as is necessary or appropriate, including mandatory or prohibitive injunctive relief, interim equitable relief, and punitive damages.

(d) A person injured because a rail carrier or freight forwarder does not obey an order of the Secretary under this chapter may bring a civil action to enforce that order under this subsection.

(e) In a civil action brought under subsection (a)(2) of this section against a motor carrier, motor carrier of migrant workers, or motor private carrier—

(1) trial is in the judicial district in which the carrier operates;

(2) process may be served without regard to the territorial limits of the district or of the State in which the action is brought; and

(3) a person participating with the carrier in a violation may be joined in the civil action without regard to the residence of the person.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2435; Pub. L. 98–554, title II, §213(a), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2841; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(10), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1376.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

507 | 49:1655(f)(2). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(f)(2), 80 Stat. 940. |

507(a), (d) | 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 322(b)"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 222(b)"); added Aug. 9, 1935, ch. 498, 49 Stat. 546. |

49:304(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 322(b)"). | Feb 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 222(b)"); added Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 905, §2, 70 Stat. 958. |


The section is included because 49:1655(f)(2) gave the same administrative powers exercised by the Interstate Commerce Commission under certain sections of title 49 to the Secretary of Transportation to carry out duties transferred to the Secretary by 49:1655(e). See the revision notes for section 501 of the revised title for an explanation of the transfer under 49:1655(f)(2). The powers of the Commission have been codified in subtitle IV of the revised title. The comparable provisions of title 49 that are represented by the section may be found as follows:

Section 507 | 49 U.S. Code | Revised Section |
---|---|---|

(a) | 16(12) (related to Commission action). | 11702 |

322(b)(1) (less 1st sentence last 18 words, 2d sentence, last sentence). | 11702 | |

1017(b)(1) (related to Commission action). | 11702 | |

(b) | 12(1)(a) (last sentence less words before 1st semicolon and after last semicolon). | 11703 |

16(12) (related to action by the Attorney General). | 11703 | |

20(9). | 11703 | |

(c) | 16(12) (related to action by private person). | 11705 |

1017(b)(1) (related to action by the Attorney General). | 11703 | |

(d) | 322(b)(1) (1st sentence last 18 words, 2d sentence, last sentence). | 11702 |

1017(b)(1) (related to action by private person). | 11705 |


See the revision notes for the revised sections for an explanation of changes made in the text. Changes not accounted for in those revision notes are as follows:

In the section, the text of 49:322(b)(2) and (3) is not included for motor carriers of migrant workers and motor private carriers because those provisions, while included in the enumeration in 49:304(a)(3) and (3a), are not included in the specific enumeration of 49:1655(f)(2)(B)(ii).

In subsections (a) and (d), the text of 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence 1st–7th words) and (3a) (last sentence 1st–5th words) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (a), the words "or of any term or condition of any certificate or permit" are omitted as not applicable to this chapter.

In subsection (a)(1), reference to a civil action to enforce an order for the payment of money is omitted as not applicable to this chapter.

**1994**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–272 substituted "subchapter III of chapter 311 (except sections 31138 and 31139) or section 31502 of this title" for "section 3102 of this title or the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984" and "any of those provisions" for "such section or Act".

**1984**—Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 98–554 added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsecs. (c) and (d) as (d) and (e), respectively.

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4026, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 416, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) in what circumstances the Secretary would exercise the new authority;

"(2) how the Secretary would determine that shippers, freight forwarders, brokers, consignees, or other persons committed violations described in subsection (a), including what types of evidence would be conclusive;

"(3) what procedures would be necessary during investigations to ensure the confidentiality of shipper contract terms prior to the Secretary's findings of violations;

"(4) what impact the exercise of the new authority would have on the Secretary's resources, including whether additional investigative or legal resources would be necessary and whether the staff would need specialized education or training to exercise properly such authority;

"(5) to what extent the Secretary would conduct educational activities for persons who would be subject to the new authority; and

"(6) any other information that would assist the Congress in determining whether to provide the Secretary the new authority."

(a)

(1) a motor carrier requesting the safety performance records of an individual under consideration for employment as a commercial motor vehicle driver as required by and in accordance with regulations issued by the Secretary;

(2) a person who has complied with such a request; or

(3) the agents or insurers of a person described in paragraph (1) or (2).

(b)

(1)

(A) the motor carrier and any agents of the motor carrier have complied with the regulations issued by the Secretary in using the records, including the requirement that the individual who is the subject of the records be afforded a reasonable opportunity to review and comment on the records;

(B) the motor carrier and any agents and insurers of the motor carrier have taken all precautions reasonably necessary to protect the records from disclosure to any person, except for such an insurer, not directly involved in deciding whether to hire that individual; and

(C) the motor carrier has used those records only to assess the safety performance of the individual who is the subject of those records in deciding whether to hire that individual.

(2)

(A) the complying person and any agents of the complying person have taken all precautions reasonably necessary to ensure the accuracy of the records and have complied with the regulations issued by the Secretary in furnishing the records, including the requirement that the individual who is the subject of the records be afforded a reasonable opportunity to review and comment on the records; and

(B) the complying person and any agents and insurers of the complying person have taken all precautions reasonably necessary to protect the records from disclosure to any person, except for such an insurer, not directly involved in forwarding the records.

(3)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4014(a)(1), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 409.)

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4014(a)(1), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 409, which directed the addition of section 508 at end of this chapter, was executed by adding this section at the end of subchapter I of this chapter to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

A prior section 508, added Pub. L. 102–548, §2(a), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3646, related to certification of weights and description, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(11)(B), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1368. See chapter 59 of this title.

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4014(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 411, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [enacting this section] shall take effect on January 31, 1999."

(a)(1) A person required under section 504 of this title to make, prepare, preserve, or submit to the Secretary of Transportation a record about rail carrier transportation, that does not make, prepare, preserve, or submit that record as required under that section, is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of $500 for each violation.

(2) A rail carrier, and a lessor, receiver, or trustee of that carrier, violating section 504(c)(1) of this title, is liable to the Government for a civil penalty of $100 for each violation.

(3) A rail carrier, a lessor, receiver, or trustee of that carrier, a person furnishing cars or protective service against heat or cold, and an officer, agent, or employee of one of them, required to make a report to the Secretary or answer a question, that does not make a report to the Secretary or does not specifically, completely, and truthfully answer the question, is liable to the Government for a civil penalty of $100 for each violation.

(4) A separate violation occurs for each day a violation under this subsection continues.

(5) Trial in a civil action under this subsection is in the judicial district in which the rail carrier has its principal operating office or in a district through which the railroad of the rail carrier runs.

(b)

(1)

(A) 1 or 31502 of this title, or a violation of a regulation issued under any of those provisions, has occurred, the Secretary shall issue a written notice to the violator. Such notice shall describe with reasonable particularity the nature of the violation found and the provision which has been violated. The notice shall specify the proposed civil penalty, if any, and suggest actions which might be taken in order to abate the violation. The notice shall indicate that the violator may, within 15 days of service, notify the Secretary of the violator's intention to contest the matter. In the event of a contested notice, the Secretary shall afford such violator an opportunity for a hearing, pursuant to section 554 of title 5, following which the Secretary shall issue an order affirming, modifying, or vacating the notice of violation.

(B)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) who does not make that report, does not specifically, completely, and truthfully answer that question in 30 days from the date the Secretary requires the question to be answered, or does not make, prepare, or preserve that record in the form and manner prescribed by the Secretary, shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty in an amount not to exceed $1,000 for each offense, and each day of the violation shall constitute a separate offense, except that the total of all civil penalties assessed against any violator for all offenses related to any single violation shall not exceed $10,000; or

(ii) who knowingly falsifies, destroys, mutilates, or changes a required report or record, knowingly files a false report with the Secretary, knowingly makes or causes or permits to be made a false or incomplete entry in that record about an operation or business fact or transaction, or knowingly makes, prepares, or preserves a record in violation of a regulation or order of the Secretary, shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty in an amount not to exceed $10,000 for each violation, if any such action can be shown to have misrepresented a fact that constitutes a violation other than a reporting or recordkeeping violation.

(C)

(D)

(E)(i)

(ii)

(F)

(3) The Secretary may require any violator served with a notice of violation to post a copy of such notice or statement of such notice in such place or places and for such duration as the Secretary may determine appropriate to aid in the enforcement of subchapter III of chapter 311 (except sections 31138 and 31139) or section 31302, 31303, 31304, 31305(b), or 31502 of this title, as the case may be.

(4) Such civil penalty may be recovered in an action brought by the Attorney General on behalf of the United States in the appropriate district court of the United States or, before referral to the Attorney General, such civil penalty may be compromised by the Secretary.

(5)(A) If, upon inspection or investigation, the Secretary determines that a violation of a provision of subchapter III of chapter 311 (except sections 31138 and 31139) or section 31302, 31303, 31304, 31305(b), or 31502 of this title or a regulation issued under any of those provisions, or combination of such violations, poses an imminent hazard to safety, the Secretary shall order a vehicle or employee operating such vehicle out of service, or order an employer to cease all or part of the employer's commercial motor vehicle operations. In making any such order, the Secretary shall impose no restriction on any employee or employer beyond that required to abate the hazard. Subsequent to the issuance of the order, opportunity for review shall be provided in accordance with section 554 of title 5, except that such review shall occur not later than 10 days after issuance of such order.

(B) In this paragraph, "imminent hazard" means any condition of vehicle, employee, or commercial motor vehicle operations which substantially increases the likelihood of serious injury or death if not discontinued immediately.

(6)

(A)

(B)

(i) any provision of section 31302, 31303(b) or (c), 31304, 31305(b), or 31310(g)(1)(A) of this title or a regulation issued under such section, or

(ii) with respect to notification of a serious traffic violation as defined under section 31301 of this title, any provision of section 31303(a) of this title or a regulation issued under section 31303(a),

shall, upon conviction, be subject for each offense to a fine not to exceed $5,000 or imprisonment for a term not to exceed 90 days, or both.

(7) The Secretary shall issue regulations establishing penalty schedules designed to induce timely compliance for persons failing to comply promptly with the requirements set forth in any notices and orders under this subsection.

(8)

(A)

(B)

(9) Any aggrieved person who, after a hearing, is adversely affected by a final order issued under this section may, within 30 days, petition for review of the order in the United States Court of Appeals in the circuit wherein the violation is alleged to have occurred or where the violator has his principal place of business or residence, or in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Review of the order shall be based on a determination of whether the Secretary's findings and conclusions were supported by substantial evidence, or were otherwise not in accordance with law. No objection that has not been urged before the Secretary shall be considered by the court, unless reasonable grounds existed for failure or neglect to do so. The commencement of proceedings under this subsection shall not, unless ordered by the court, operate as a stay of the order of the Secretary.

(10) All penalties and fines collected under this section shall be deposited into the Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account).

(11) In any action brought under this section, process may be served without regard to the territorial limits of the district of the State in which the action is brought.

(12) In any proceeding for criminal contempt for violation of an injunction or restraining order issued under this section, trial shall be by the court, or, upon demand of the accused, by a jury, conducted in accordance with the provisions of rule 42(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.

(13) The provisions of this subsection shall not affect chapter 51 of this title or any regulation promulgated by the Secretary under chapter 51.

(14) As used in this subsection, the terms "commercial motor vehicle", "employee", "employer", and "State" have the meaning such terms have under section 31132 of this title.

(15)

(A)

(i) The Secretary, or an authorized State official carrying out motor carrier safety enforcement activities under section 31102, may enforce an imminent hazard out-of-service order issued under chapters 5, 51, 131 through 149, 311, 313, or 315 of this title, or a regulation promulgated thereunder, by towing and impounding a commercial motor vehicle until the order is rescinded.

(ii) Enforcement shall not unreasonably interfere with the ability of a shipper, carrier, broker, or other party to arrange for the alternative transportation of any cargo or passenger being transported at the time the commercial motor vehicle is immobilized. In the case of a commercial motor vehicle transporting passengers, the Secretary or authorized State official shall provide reasonable, temporary, and secure shelter and accommodations for passengers in transit.

(iii) The Secretary's designee or an authorized State official carrying out motor carrier safety enforcement activities under section 31102, shall immediately notify the owner of a commercial motor vehicle of the impoundment and the opportunity for review of the impoundment. A review shall be provided in accordance with section 554 of title 5, except that the review shall occur not later than 10 days after the impoundment.

(B)

(C)

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2435; Pub. L. 98–554, title II, §213(b), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2842; Pub. L. 99–570, title XII, §12012, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–184; Pub. L. 101–500, §15(e)(2), Nov. 3, 1990, 104 Stat. 1220; Pub. L. 102–548, §2(b), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3648; Pub. L. 103–272, §§4(j)(11)(D), 5(m)(11), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1368, 1376; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(4), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4015(a), (b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 411; Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §§206(b), 208, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1763, 1764; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §§4102(a), 4103, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1715, 1716; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §§32501(b), 32502–32504, 32506, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 803, 804.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

521 | 49:1655(f)(2). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(f)(2), 80 Stat. 940. |


The section is included because 49:1655(f)(2) gave the same administrative powers exercised by the Interstate Commerce Commission under certain sections of title 49 to the Secretary of Transportation to carry out duties transferred to the Secretary by 49:1655(e). See the revision notes for section 501 of the revised title for an explanation of the transfer under 49:1655(f)(2). The powers of the Commission have been codified in subtitle IV of the revised title. The comparable provisions of title 49 that are represented by the section may be found as follows:

Section 521 | 49 U.S. Code | Revised Section |
---|---|---|

(a) | 20(7)(a), (c)–(e). | 11901 |

(b) | 322(h). | 11901 |


See the revision notes for the revised section for an explanation of changes made in the text. Changes not accounted for in those revision notes are as follows:

In subsection (a)(3), the words "against heat and cold" are inserted for consistency with sections 11105 and 11901 of the revised title.

Subsection (b) does not apply to motor carriers of migrant workers and motor private carriers because 49:322(h) (1st sentence) only applies to motor carriers and 49:304(a)(3) and (3a) do not apply 49:322(h) (1st sentence) to motor carriers of migrant workers and motor private carriers. The reference to 49:303(c), 306(a)(1), and 309(a)(1) is omitted as not applicable to this chapter.

Section 31310(g)(1)(A), referred to in subsec. (b)(1)(A), was redesignated section 31310(i)(1)(A), by Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §201(b)(1), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1759.

The date of the enactment of this paragraph, referred to in subsec. (b)(8)(B), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–159, which was approved Dec. 9, 1999.

The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, referred to in subsec. (b)(12), are set out in the Appendix to Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.

**2012**—Subsec. (b)(2)(D). Pub. L. 112–141, §32506, struck out "ability to pay," after "prior offenses,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(E). Pub. L. 112–141, §32501(b), designated existing provisions as cl. (i) and added cl. (ii).

Subsec. (b)(2)(E)(i). Pub. L. 112–141, §32502, inserted "In the case of a motor carrier, the Secretary may also place the violator's motor carrier operations out of service." after "$10,000." and substituted "defense to a penalty" for "defense to such penalty".

Subsec. (b)(2)(F). Pub. L. 112–141, §32503, added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (b)(15). Pub. L. 112–141, §32504, added par. (15).

**2005**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §4103(1), inserted headings for subsec. (b), par. (1), and subpar. (A).

Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 109–59, §4102(a)(2), substituted "$10,000" for "$5,000" in cls. (i) and (ii).

Subsec. (b)(2)(B)(i). Pub. L. 109–59, §4102(a)(1), substituted "$1,000" for "$500".

Subsec. (b)(2)(E). Pub. L. 109–59, §4103(2), added subpar. (E).

**1999**—Subsec. (b)(5)(B). Pub. L. 106–159, §208, substituted "substantially increases the likelihood of" for "is likely to result in".

Subsec. (b)(8) to (14). Pub. L. 106–159, §206(b), added par. (8) and redesignated former pars. (8) to (13) as (9) to (14), respectively.

**1998**—Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 105–178, §4015(a)(1), struck out "fix a reasonable time for abatement of the violation," before "specify the proposed civil penalty".

Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 105–178, §4015(a)(2), added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "The Secretary shall, not later than 60 days after November 3, 1990, establish operational procedures to require a highway safety specialist or other appropriate representative of the Secretary to initiate, at the time of a safety review, compliance review, or other inspection or audit activity, or within a reasonable time thereafter, an enforcement action whenever any of the offenses referred to in paragraph (2)(A) and (B) can be documented, except recordkeeping violations not specified by the Secretary as serious. The procedures shall—

"(i) specify those serious recordkeeping violations for which an enforcement action shall be initiated, including instances in which the falsification of records of duty status or drivers' medical certificates is required or permitted, and such other recordkeeping violations as the Secretary determines to be serious; and

"(ii) authorize, but not require, initiation of an enforcement action for recordkeeping violations not specified by the Secretary as serious."

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 105–178, §4015(b)(1), added subpar. (A) and struck out heading and text of former subpar. (A). Text read as follows: "Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, any person who is determined by the Secretary, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, to have committed an act which is a violation of a recordkeeping requirement issued by the Secretary under subchapter III of chapter 311 (except sections 31138 and 31139) or section 31502 of this title or which is a violation of chapter 59 of this title shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty not to exceed $500 for each offense. Each day of a violation shall constitute a separate offense, except that the total of all civil penalties assessed against any violator for all offenses relating to any single violation shall not exceed $2,500. If the Secretary determines that a serious pattern of safety violations, other than recordkeeping requirements, exists or has occurred, the Secretary may assess a civil penalty not to exceed $1,000 for each offense; except that the maximum fine for each such pattern of safety violations shall not exceed $10,000. If the Secretary determines that a substantial health or safety violation exists or has occurred which could reasonably lead to, or has resulted in, serious personal injury or death, the Secretary may assess a civil penalty not to exceed $10,000 for each offense. Notwithstanding any other provision of this section (other than subparagraph (B)), except for recordkeeping violations, no civil penalty shall be assessed under this section against an employee for a violation unless the Secretary determines that such employee's actions constituted gross negligence or reckless disregard for safety, in which case such employee shall be liable for a civil penalty not to exceed $1,000."

Subsec. (b)(2)(B) to (D). Pub. L. 105–178, §4015(b)(2), (3), added subpar. (B) and redesignated former subpars. (B) and (C) as (C) and (D), respectively.

**1996**—Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "November 3, 1990" for "the date of enactment of this subparagraph" in introductory provisions.

**1994**—Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(11)(A), substituted "a provision of subchapter III of chapter 311 (except sections 31138 and 31139) or section 31302, 31303, 31304, 31305(b), 31310(g)(1)(A), or 31502 of this title" for "section 3102 of this title or the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984 or section 12002, 12003, 12004, 12005(b), or 12008(d)(2) of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986" and "any of those provisions" for "such sections or Act".

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(11)(B), substituted "under subchapter III of chapter 311 (except sections 31138 and 31139) or section 31502 of this title" for "pursuant to section 3102 of this title or the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984".

Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(11)(D), substituted "chapter 59 of this title" for "section 508 of this title".

Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(11)(C), substituted "section 31302, 31303, 31304, 31305(b), or 31310(g)(1)(A) of this title" for "section 12002, 12003, 12004, 12005(b), or 12008(d)(2) of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986".

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(11)(D), substituted "subchapter III of chapter 311 (except sections 31138 and 31139) or section 31302, 31303, 31304, 31305(b), or 31502 of this title" for "section 3102 of this title or the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984 or section 12002, 12003, 12004, or 12005(b) of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986".

Subsec. (b)(5)(A). Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(11)(E), substituted "a provision of subchapter III of chapter 311 (except sections 31138 and 31139) or section 31302, 31303, 31304, 31305(b), or 31502 of this title" for "section 3102 of this title or the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984 or section 12002, 12003, 12004, or 12005(b) of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986" and "any of those provisions" for "such sections or Act".

Subsec. (b)(6)(A). Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(11)(F), substituted "subchapter III of chapter 311 (except sections 31138 and 31139) or section 31502 of this title" for "section 3102 of this title, the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984", "any of those provisions" for "such section or Act", and "shall be subject" for "shall be liable".

Subsec. (b)(6)(B)(i). Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(11)(G), substituted "section 31302, 31303(b) or (c), 31304, 31305(b), or 31310(g)(1)(A) of this title" for "section 12002, 12003(b), 12003(c), 12004, 12005(b), or 12008(d)(2) of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986".

Subsec. (b)(6)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(11)(H), substituted "section 31301 of this title" for "section 12019 of such Act", "section 31303(a) of this title" for "section 12003(a) of such Act", and "section 31303(a)" for "such section 12003(a)".

Subsec. (b)(12). Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(11)(I), substituted "chapter 51 of this title" for "any provision of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. App. 1801–1812)" and "chapter 51" for "such Act".

Subsec. (b)(13). Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(11)(J), substituted "section 31132 of this title" for "section 204 of the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984".

**1992**—Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 102–548 inserted "or which is a violation of section 508 of this title" after "Act of 1984".

**1990**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 101–500 designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpar. (B).

**1986**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 99–570, §12012(a), inserted "or section 12002, 12003, 12004, 12005(b), or 12008(d)(2) of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986" after "the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984" and substituted "such sections" for "such section".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 99–570, §12012(b), (f)(1), inserted heading, designated existing provisions as subpars. (A) and (C) with corresponding headings, added subpar. (B), in subpar. (A) indented such subparagraph and aligned it with subpar. (B), and inserted exception relating to subpar. (B).

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 99–570, §12012(c), inserted "or section 12002, 12003, 12004, or 12005(b) of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986" after "the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984".

Subsec. (b)(5)(A). Pub. L. 99–570, §12012(d), inserted "or section 12002, 12003, 12004, or 12005(b) of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986" after "the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984" and substituted "such sections" for "such section".

Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 99–570, §12012(e), (f)(2), (g)(1), inserted heading, designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) with corresponding heading, added subpar. (B), in subpar. (A) indented such subparagraph and aligned it with subpar. (B), and substituted "to a fine" for "for a fine" in two places.

Subsec. (b)(13). Pub. L. 99–570, §12012(g)(2), substituted "section 204" for "section 4".

**1984**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 98–554 substituted provisions relating to notice to violators and opportunity for hearings for former provisions which set forth penalties for failure to make reports and keep records.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 98–554 substituted provisions setting forth amount of civil penalties for former provisions which related to the place of trial and manner of service of process for violations of recordkeeping and reporting provisions.

Subsec. (b)(3) to (13). Pub. L. 98–554 added pars. (3) to (13).

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §222, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1769, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) should establish and assess minimum civil penalties for each violation of a law referred to in subsection (a); and

"(2) shall assess the maximum civil penalty for each violation of a law referred to in subsection (a) by any person who is found to have committed a pattern of violations of critical or acute regulations issued to carry out such a law or to have previously committed the same or a related violation of critical or acute regulations issued to carry out such a law.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

Section 213(d) of Pub. L. 98–554 directed Secretary of Transportation to conduct a study of effectiveness of civil and criminal penalties established by amendments made by section 213 of Pub. L. 98–554 in deterring violations of commercial motor vehicle safety regulations issued under title II of Pub. L. 98–554 and in effectively prosecuting such violations when they occur, which study was to examine the effectiveness of penalties in effect before Oct. 30, 1984, in comparison to the penalties established by the amendments made by title II of Pub. L. 98–554, and was to further investigate the need for, and make recommendations concerning, increased fine levels for civil and criminal penalties, and the need for additional categories of civil and criminal penalties to deter further, and prosecute effectively, violations of such commercial motor vehicle safety regulations, and further directed Secretary to submit to Congress a report on the findings of this study, together with legislative recommendations, not later than 2 years after Oct. 30, 1984.

1 See References in Text note below.

A person required to make a report to the Secretary of Transportation, or make, prepare, or preserve a record, under section 504 of this title about transportation by rail carrier, that knowingly and willfully (1) makes a false entry in the report or record, (2) destroys, mutilates, changes, or by another means falsifies the record, (3) does not enter business related facts and transactions in the record, (4) makes, prepares, or preserves the record in violation of a regulation or order of the Secretary, or (5) files a false report or record with the Secretary, shall be fined not more than $5,000, imprisoned for not more than 2 years, or both.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2436; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4015(c), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 412.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

522 | 49:1655(f)(2). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(f)(2), 80 Stat. 940. |

522(b) | 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 322(g)"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 222(g)"); added Aug. 9, 1935, ch. 498, 49 Stat. 546. |

49:304(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 322(g)"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 222(g)"); added Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 905, §2, 70 Stat. 958. |


The section is included because 49:1655(f)(2) gave the same administrative powers exercised by the Interstate Commerce Commission under certain sections of title 49 to the Secretary of Transportation to carry out duties transferred to the Secretary by 49:1655(e). See the revision notes for section 501 of the revised title for an explanation of the transfer under 49:1655(f)(2). The powers of the Commission have been codified in subtitle IV of the revised title. The comparable provisions of title 49 that are represented by the section may be found as follows:

Section 522 | 49 U.S. Code | Revised Section |
---|---|---|

(a) | 20(7)(b) (less proviso). | 11909 |

(b) | 322(g). | 11909 |


See the revision notes for the revised section for an explanation of changes made in the text. Changes not accounted for in those revision notes are as follows:

The text of 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence 1st–7th words) and (3a) (last sentence 1st–5th words) is omitted as executed.

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178 struck out "(a)" before "A person required to make a report to the Secretary of Transportation" and struck out subsec. (b) which read as follows: "A person required to make a report to the Secretary, answer a question, or make, prepare, or preserve a record under section 504 of this title about transportation by motor carrier, motor carrier of migrant workers, or motor private carrier, or an officer, agent, or employee of that person, that (1) willfully does not make that report, (2) willfully does not specifically, completely, and truthfully answer that question in 30 days from the date the Secretary requires the question to be answered, (3) willfully does not make, prepare, or preserve that record in the form and manner prescribed by the Secretary, (4) knowingly and willfully falsifies, destroys, mutilates, or changes that report or record, (5) knowingly and willfully files a false report or record with the Secretary, (6) knowingly and willfully makes a false or incomplete entry in that record about a business related fact or transaction, or (7) knowingly and willfully makes, prepares, or preserves a record in violation of a regulation or order of the Secretary, shall be fined not more than $5,000."

(a) A motor carrier, or an officer, receiver, trustee, lessee, or employee of that carrier, or another person authorized by that carrier to receive information from that carrier, may not knowingly disclose to another person (except the shipper or consignee), and another person may not solicit, or knowingly receive, information about the nature, kind, quantity, destination, consignee, or routing of property tendered or delivered to that carrier without the consent of the shipper or consignee if that information may be used to the detriment of the shipper or consignee or may disclose improperly to a competitor the business transactions of the shipper or consignee.

(b) This chapter does not prevent a motor carrier, motor carrier of migrant workers, or motor private carrier from giving information—

(1) in response to legal process issued under authority of a court of the United States or a State;

(2) to an officer, employee, or agent of the United States Government, a State, or a territory or possession of the United States; and

(3) to another motor carrier, motor carrier of migrant workers, or motor private carrier, or its agent, to adjust mutual traffic accounts in the ordinary course of business.

(c) An employee of the Secretary of Transportation delegated to make an inspection under section 504 of this title who knowingly discloses information acquired during that inspection, except as directed by the Secretary, a court, or a judge of that court, shall be fined not more than $500, imprisoned for not more than 6 months, or both.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2436.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

523 | 49:1655(f)(2). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(f)(2), 80 Stat. 940. |

523(b) | 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 322(f)"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 222(d), (f)"); added Aug. 9, 1935, ch. 498, 49 Stat. 546. |

49:304(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 322(f)"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 222(d), (f)"); added Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 905, §2, 70 Stat. 958. | |

523(c) | 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 322(d)"). | |

49:304(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 322(d)"). |


The section is included because 49:1655(f)(2) gave the same administrative powers exercised by the Interstate Commerce Commission under certain sections of title 49 to the Secretary of Transportation to carry out duties transferred to the Secretary by 49:1655(e). See the revision notes for section 501 of the revised title for an explanation of the transfer under 49:1655(f)(2). The powers of the Commission have been codified in subtitle IV of the revised title. The comparable provisions of title 49 that are represented by the section may be found as follows:

Section 523 | 49 U.S. Code | Revised Section |
---|---|---|

(a) | 322(e). | 11910 |

(b) | 322(f). | 11910 |

(c) | 20(7)(f). | 11910 |

322(d). | 11910 |


See the revision notes for the revised section for an explanation of changes made in the text. Changes not accounted for in those revision notes are as follows:

Subsection (a) does not apply to motor carriers of migrant workers and motor private carriers because 49:322(e) only applies to motor carriers and 49:304(a)(3) and (3a) do not apply 49:322(e) to motor carriers of migrant workers and motor private carriers. The words "engaged in interstate or foreign commerce" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement of the chapter.

In subsections (b) and (c), the text of 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence 1st–7th words) and (3a) (last sentence 1st–5th words) is omitted as executed.

A person, or an officer, employee, or agent of that person, that by any means tries to evade regulation of motor carriers under this chapter, chapter 51, subchapter III of chapter 311 (except sections 31138 and 31139) or section 31302, 31303, 31304, 31305(b), 31310(g)(1)(A), or 31502 of this title, or a regulation issued under any of those provisions, shall be fined at least $2,000 but not more than $5,000 for the first violation and at least $2,500 but not more than $7,500 for a subsequent violation.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2437; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32505(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 804.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

524 | 49:1655(f)(2). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(f)(2), 80 Stat. 940. |


The section is included because 49:1655(f)(2) gave the same administrative powers exercised by the Interstate Commerce Commission under certain sections of title 49 to the Secretary of Transportation to carry out duties transferred to the Secretary by 49:1655(e). See the revision notes for section 501 of the revised title for an explanation of the transfer under 49:1655(f)(2). The powers of the Commission have been codified in subtitle IV of the revised title. The comparable provisions of title 49 that are represented by the section may be found as follows:

Section 524 | 49 U.S. Code | Revised Section |
---|---|---|

322(c) (related to evasion of regulation). | 11906 |


See the revision notes for the revised section for an explanation of changes made in the text. Changes not accounted for in those revision notes are as follows:

The section does not apply to motor carriers of migrant workers and motor private carriers because 49:322(c) (related to evasion of regulation) only applies to motor carriers and 49:304(a)(3) and (3a) do not apply 49:322(c) (related to evasion of regulation) to motor carriers of migrant workers and motor private carriers.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 struck out "knowingly and willfully" after "by any means", inserted ", chapter 51, subchapter III of chapter 311 (except sections 31138 and 31139) or section 31302, 31303, 31304, 31305(b), 31310(g)(1)(A), or 31502 of this title, or a regulation issued under any of those provisions," after "this chapter", and substituted "$2,000 but not more than $5,000" for "$200 but not more than $500" and "$2,500 but not more than $7,500" for "$250 but not more than $2,000".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

A motor carrier, motor carrier of migrant workers, or motor private carrier not obeying a subpoena or requirement of the Secretary of Transportation under this chapter to appear and testify or produce records shall be fined at least $1,000 but not more than $10,000, imprisoned for not more than one year, or both. The Secretary may withhold, suspend, amend, or revoke any part of the registration of a person required to register under chapter 139 for failing to obey a subpoena or requirement of the Secretary under this chapter to appear and testify or produce records.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2437; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32110, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 782.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

525 | 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 305(d) (related to liability)"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat., 379, §204(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 205(d) (related to liability)"); added Aug. 9, 1935, ch. 498, 49 Stat. 546. |

49:304(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 305(d) (related to liability)"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 205(d) (related to liability)"); added Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 905, §2, 70 Stat. 958. | |

49:1655(f)(2). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(f)(2), 80 Stat. 940. |


The section is included because 49:1655(f)(2) gave the same administrative powers exercised by the Interstate Commerce Commission under certain sections of title 49 to the Secretary of Transportation to carry out duties transferred to the Secretary by 49:1655(e). See the revision notes for section 501 of the revised title for an explanation of the transfer under 49:1655(f)(2). The powers of the Commission have been codified in subtitle IV of the revised title. The comparable provisions of title 49 that are represented by the section may be found as follows:

Section 525 | 49 U.S. Code | Revised Section |
---|---|---|

305(d) (related to liability). | 11913 |


See the revision notes for the revised section for an explanation of changes made in the text. Changes not accounted for in those revision notes are as follows:

The section does not apply to the liability of a rail carrier because 49:46 is not included in the specific enumeration of 49:1655(f)(2)(B)(ii). The text of 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence 1st–7th words) and (3a) (last sentence 1st–5th words) is omitted as executed. The words "under this chapter" are added for clarity.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 substituted "subpoenas" for "subpenas" in section catchline, and, in text, substituted "subpoena" for "subpena", "$1,000" for "$100", and "$10,000" for "$5,000" and inserted at end "The Secretary may withhold, suspend, amend, or revoke any part of the registration of a person required to register under chapter 139 for failing to obey a subpoena or requirement of the Secretary under this chapter to appear and testify or produce records."

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

When another criminal penalty is not provided under a provision of this chapter, subchapter III of chapter 311 (except sections 31138 and 31139), or section 31502 of this title, a person that knowingly and willfully violates any of those provisions or a regulation or order of the Secretary of Transportation under any of those provisions, related to transportation by motor carrier, motor carrier of migrant workers, or motor private carrier, shall be fined at least $100 but not more than $500 for the first violation and at least $200 but not more than $500 for a subsequent violation. A separate violation occurs each day the violation continues.

(Pub. L. 97–449, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2437; Pub. L. 98–554, title II, §213(c), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2844; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(12), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1377.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

526 | 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 322(a)"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 222(a)"); added Aug. 9, 1935, ch. 498, 49 Stat. 546. |

49:304(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 322(a)"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 222(a)"); added Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 905, §2, 70 Stat. 958. | |

49:1655(f)(2). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(f)(2), 80 Stat. 940. |


The section is included because 49:1655(f)(2) gave the same administrative powers exercised by the Interstate Commerce Commission under certain sections of title 49 to the Secretary of Transportation to carry out duties transferred to the Secretary by 49:1655(e). See the revision notes for section 501 of the revised title for an explanation of the transfer under 49:1655(f)(2). The powers of the Commission have been codified in subtitle IV of the revised title. The comparable provisions of title 49 that are represented by the section may be found as follows:

Section 526 | 49 U.S. Code | Revised Section |
---|---|---|

322(a). | 11914 |


See the revision notes for the revised section for an explanation of changes made in the text. Changes not accounted for in those revision notes are as follows:

The reference to a certificate, permit, or licence is omitted as not applicable to this chapter. The text of 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence 1st–7th words) and (3a) (last sentence 1st–5th words) is omitted as executed.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–272 substituted "a provision of this chapter, subchapter III of chapter 311 (except sections 31138 and 31139), or section 31502 of this title, a person that knowingly and willfully violates any of those provisions or a regulation or order of the Secretary of Transportation under any of those provisions" for "this chapter, section 3102 of this title, or the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984, a person that knowingly and willfully violates a provision of this chapter or such section or Act, or a regulation or order of the Secretary of Transportation under this chapter or such section or Act".

**1984**—Pub. L. 98–554 inserted ", section 3102 of this title, or the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984" after "chapter" the first place it appears and inserted "or such section or Act" after "chapter" the second and third places it appears.

Former chapter 7 of this title was renumbered chapter 13 of this title and transferred to follow chapter 11 of this title. Sections 701 to 706, 721 to 724, and 726 were renumbered sections 1301 to 1306 and 1321 to 1325, respectively, and former sections 725 and 727 were repealed.

Section, Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §201(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 937, required Secretary of Transportation to provide administrative support for the Board.

Section, Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §201(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 940, related to definitions for this chapter.








**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §§1107(b)(2), 1109(e)(2), 1111(b), 1113(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3433, 3435, 3436, 3438, added items 117 and 1140 and substituted "Reports, studies, and retrospective reviews" for "Reports and studies" in item 1116 and "Board." for "Board" in item 1138.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title V, §501(b), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4897, added item 1139.

**2006**—Pub. L. 109–443, §5(b), Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3300, added item 1138.

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–424, §§5(c)(2), 12(b), Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1885, 1887, added item 1137 and substituted "and surface vehicle recordings and transcripts" for "voice and other material" in item 1154.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–264, title IV, §407(a)(2), title VII, §702(a)(2), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3258, 3267, added items 1119 and 1136.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–272, §1(c), (d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 745, added subtitle II (comprised of chapter 11, §§1101–1155) and struck out former subtitle II, except that chapter 31 (comprised of §§3101–3104) of subtitle II was redesignated and restated as chapter 315 (comprised of §§31501–31504) of subtitle VI, as enacted by Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e).

1 So in original. Probably should be "1117."

2 So in original. New item 1117 added without striking out existing item 1117.

Section 2101(23) of title 46 and section 40102(a) of this title apply to this chapter. In this chapter, the term "accident" includes damage to or destruction of vehicles in surface or air transportation or pipelines, regardless of whether the initiating event is accidental or otherwise.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 746; Pub. L. 106–424, §2, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1883; Pub. L. 115–232, div. C, title XXXV, §3541(b)(17), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2324.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1101 | (no source) |


A number of the source provisions of the chapter are taken from 49 App.:ch. 20. The text of 49 App.:ch. 20 contains general definitions, some of which are used in those source provisions.

This section is included to ensure that the identical definitions that are relevant are used without repeating them. The source provisions for the definitions are found in the revision note for section 40102(a) of the revised title.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–232 substituted "Section 2101(23)" for "Section 2101(17a)".

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–424 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Section 40102(a) of this title applies to this chapter."

Pub. L. 114–110, §1(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2228, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Surface Transportation Board Reauthorization Act of 2015'."

Pub. L. 109–443, §1(a), Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3297, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 1138 of this title, amending sections 1111, 1113, 1117, 1118, 1131, 1135, and 1137 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1111 and 1118 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 1113 of this title] may be cited as the 'National Transportation Safety Board Reauthorization Act of 2006'."

Pub. L. 108–168, §1, Dec. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 2032, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 354 of this title, amending sections 354, 1118, 1119, 1131, 1135, and 1136 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1113, 1131, and 1135 of this title] may be cited as the 'National Transportation Safety Board Reauthorization Act of 2003'."

Pub. L. 106–424, §1(a), Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1883, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 1137 of this title, amending this section and sections 1111, 1113 to 1115, 1118, 1131, 1154, 44721, and 46301 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1111, 1113, 1131, 44703, and 44721 of this title] may be cited as the 'National Transportation Safety Board Amendments Act of 2000'."

Pub. L. 104–291, title I, §101, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3452, provided that: "This title [amending sections 1114, 1115, and 1118 of this title] may be cited as the 'National Transportation Safety Board Amendments of 1996'."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §1102, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3429, provided that: "In this division [enacting section 1140 of this title, amending sections 1111, 1113, 1114, 1116 to 1118, 1131, 1134, 1136, 1138, 1139, 1154, 41113, and 41313 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1116, 1119, and 40101 of this title], the following definitions apply:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1) appoint and supervise officers and employees, other than regular and full-time employees in the immediate offices of another member, necessary to carry out this chapter;

(2) fix the pay of officers and employees necessary to carry out this chapter;

(3) distribute business among the officers, employees, and administrative units of the Board; and

(4) supervise the expenditures of the Board.

(f)

(g)

(1) aviation.

(2) highway and motor vehicle.

(3) rail and tracked vehicle.

(4) pipeline.

(5) marine.

(h)

(1) report directly to the Chairman on financial management and budget execution;

(2) direct, manage, and provide policy guidance and oversight on financial management and property and inventory control; and

(3) review the fees, rents, and other charges imposed by the Board for services and things of value it provides, and suggest appropriate revisions to those charges to reflect costs incurred by the Board in providing those services and things of value.

(i)

(j)

(k)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) no formal or informal vote or other official agency action is taken at the meeting;

(ii) each individual present at the meeting is a member or an employee of the Board;

(iii) at least 1 member of the Board from each political party is present at the meeting, if applicable; and

(iv) the General Counsel of the Board is present at the meeting.

(B)

(i) a list of the individuals present at the meeting; and

(ii) a summary of the matters, including key issues, discussed at the meeting, except for any matter the Board properly determines may be withheld from the public under section 552b(c) of title 5.

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)

(i) to limit the applicability of section 552b of title 5 with respect to any information which is proposed to be withheld from the public under subparagraph (B)(ii); or

(ii) to authorize the Board to withhold from any individual any record that is accessible to that individual under section 552a of title 5.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 746; Pub. L. 106–424, §10, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1886; Pub. L. 109–443, §9(a), (d), Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3301; Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §1112(a), (b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3436.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1111(a) | 49 App.:1902(a). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §303(a), (b)(2)– (c), 88 Stat. 2167, 2168. |

1111(b) | 49 App.:1902(b)(1) (1st sentence words before comma, 2d–last sentences). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §303(b)(1), 88 Stat. 2167; Oct. 14, 1982, Pub. L. 97–309, §1 (1st sentence), 96 Stat. 1453. |

1111(c) | 49 App.:1902(b)(2). | |

1111(d) | 49 App.:1902(b)(1) (1st sentence words after comma), (3) (1st, 2d, 4th sentences). | |

1111(e) | 49 App.:1902(b)(3) (3d, last sentences), (c)(3). | |

1111(f) | 49 App.:1902(b)(4). | |

1111(g) | 49 App.:1902(b)(5), (c)(1). | |

1111(h) | 49 App.:1902(c)(2). |


In subsection (a), the words "previously established within the Department of Transportation" are omitted as unnecessary. The words "in accordance with this section, on and after April 1, 1975" are omitted as executed.

In subsection (c), the words "except as otherwise provided in this paragraph" are omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:1902(b)(2) (4th sentence) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (d), the words "On or before January 1, 1976" are omitted as executed. The words "(and thereafter as required)" and "(hereafter in this chapter referred to as the 'Chairman')" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "is the chief executive and administrative officer of the Board" are substituted for "shall be the chief executive officer of the Board and shall exercise the executive and administrative functions of the Board" for clarity. The words "Subject to the general policies and decisions of the Board, the Chairman shall" are substituted for 49 App.:1902(b)(3) (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the words "Subject to the civil service and classification laws" are omitted as unnecessary because of title 5, United States Code, especially sections 3301, 5101, and 5331. The words "the Board is authorized" are omitted for consistency because the authority to appoint officers and employees is vested in the Chairman subject to the "general policies and decisions of the Board" as provided in the source provisions. The words "including investigators, attorneys, and administrative law judges" are omitted as covered by "officers and employees". The words "carry out this chapter" are substituted for "carry out its powers and duties under this chapter" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (3), the words "expenditures of the Board" are substituted for "the use and expenditure of funds" for clarity.

In subsection (f), the words "duties and powers" are substituted for "function" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (g), the text of 49 App.:1902(c)(1) is omitted as unnecessary because of 40:ch. 10.

GS–15, referred to in subsec. (i), is contained in the General Schedule, which is set out under section 5332 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

**2018**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, §1112(a), substituted "3 years" for "2 years".

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 115–254, §1112(b), added subsec. (k).

**2006**—Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 109–443, §9(d)(1), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: "appoint, supervise, and fix the pay of officers and employees necessary to carry out this chapter;".

Subsec. (e)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 109–443, §9(d)(2), (3), added par. (2) and redesignated former pars. (2) and (3) as (3) and (4), respectively.

Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 109–443, §9(a), added par. (5).

Subsecs. (i), (j). Pub. L. 109–443, §9(d)(4), (5), added subsec. (i) and redesignated former subsec. (i) as (j).

**2000**—Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 106–424 added subsec. (h) and redesignated former subsec. (h) as (i).

Pub. L. 109–443, §2(a)(2), Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3297, provided that:

"(A)

"(i) develop a plan to achieve, to the maximum extent feasible, the self-sufficient operation of the National Transportation Safety Board Academy and utilize the Academy's facilities and resources;

"(ii) submit a draft of the plan to the Comptroller General for review and comment; and

"(iii) submit a draft of the plan to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives.

"(B)

"(i) give consideration in developing the plan under subparagraph (A)(i) to other revenue-generating measures, including subleasing the facility to another entity; and

"(ii) include in the plan a detailed financial statement that covers current Academy expenses and revenues and an analysis of the projected impact of the plan on the Academy's expenses and revenues.

"(C)

"(i) an updated copy of the plan developed pursuant to subparagraph (A)(i);

"(ii) any comments and recommendations made by the Comptroller General pursuant to the Government Accountability Office's review of the draft plan; and

"(iii) a response to the Comptroller General's comments and recommendations, including a description of any modifications made to the plan in response to those comments and recommendations.

"(D)

Pub. L. 109–443, §6, Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3300, provided that: "The National Transportation Safety Board, in consultation with the Inspector General of the Department of Transportation, shall continue to develop and implement comprehensive internal audit controls for its operations. The audit controls shall address, at a minimum, Board asset management systems, including systems for accounting management, debt collection, travel, and property and inventory management and control."

Pub. L. 106–424, §11, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1887, provided that: "The National Transportation Safety Board, in consultation with the Inspector General of the Department of Transportation, shall develop and implement comprehensive internal audit controls for its financial programs based on the findings and recommendations of the private sector audit firm contract entered into by the Board in March, 2000. The improved internal audit controls shall, at a minimum, address Board asset management systems, including systems for accounting management, debt collection, travel, and property and inventory management and control."

(a)

(1) one member of the Board acting as chairman; and

(2) 2 members representing the public, appointed by the President on notification of the establishment of the special board of inquiry.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 747.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1112 | 49 App.:1443. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §703, 72 Stat. 782. |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(d) (1st sentence), 80 Stat. 938. | |

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(a)(1)(A), 88 Stat. 2168. |


In subsection (c), the words "when convened to investigate an accident certified to it by the National Transportation Safety Board" are omitted as surplus.

(a)

(2) A witness or evidence in a hearing under paragraph (1) of this subsection may be summoned or required to be produced from any place in the United States to the designated place of the hearing. A witness summoned under this subsection is entitled to the same fee and mileage the witness would have been paid in a court of the United States.

(3) A subpoena shall be issued under the signature of the Chairman or the Chairman's delegate but may be served by any person designated by the Chairman.

(4) If a person disobeys a subpoena, order, or inspection notice of the Board, the Board may bring a civil action in a district court of the United States to enforce the subpoena, order, or notice. An action under this paragraph may be brought in the judicial district in which the person against whom the action is brought resides, is found, or does business. The court may punish a failure to obey an order of the court to comply with the subpoena, order, or notice as a contempt of court.

(b)

(A) procure the temporary or intermittent services of experts or consultants under section 3109 of title 5;

(B) make agreements and other transactions necessary to carry out this chapter without regard to section 6101(b) to (d) of title 41;

(C) use, when appropriate, available services, equipment, personnel, and facilities of a department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government on a reimbursable or other basis;

(D) confer with employees and use services, records, and facilities of State and local governmental authorities;

(E) appoint advisory committees composed of qualified private citizens and officials of the Government and State and local governments as appropriate;

(F) accept voluntary and uncompensated services notwithstanding another law;

(G) accept gifts of money and other property;

(H) make contracts with nonprofit entities to carry out studies related to duties and powers of the Board;

(I) negotiate and enter into agreements with individuals and private entities and departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government, State and local governments, and governments of foreign countries for the provision of facilities, accident-related and technical services or training in accident investigation theory and techniques, and require that such entities provide appropriate consideration for the reasonable costs of any facilities, goods, services, or training provided by the Board; and

(J) notwithstanding section 1343 of title 31, acquire 1 or more small unmanned aircraft (as defined in section 44801) for use in investigations under this chapter.

(2) The Board shall deposit in the Treasury amounts received under paragraph (1)(I) of this subsection to be credited as offsetting collections to the appropriation of the Board. The Board shall maintain an annual record of collections received under paragraph (1)(I) of this subsection.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 747; Pub. L. 106–424, §§3(a), (b)(1), 4, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1883, 1884; Pub. L. 109–443, §9(e)–(g), Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3301; Pub. L. 111–350, §5(o)(2), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3853; Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §1112(c)–(e), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3437, 3438.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1113(a) | 49 App.:1903(b)(1), (3). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(a)(1)(A), (b)(1), (3), (4), (7)–(9), 88 Stat. 2168, 2169, 2170; July 19, 1988, Pub. L. 100–372, §4, 102 Stat. 876. |

1113(b)(1)(A) | 49 App.:1441(b) (words before semicolon). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §701(b), 72 Stat. 781. |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(d) (1st sentence), 80 Stat. 938. | |

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A), (b)(6)(C). | ||

1113(b)(1)(B) | 49 App.:1903(b)(4). | |

1113(b)(1)(C) | 49 App.:1441(b) (words after semicolon). | |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | ||

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A). | ||

49 App.:1903(b)(6)(A). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(b)(6), 88 Stat. 2170; July 19, 1988, Pub. L. 100–372, §5, 102 Stat. 877. | |

1113(b) (1)(D)–(I), (2) | 49 App.:1903(b)(6)(B), (D)–(H). | |

1113(c) | 49 App.:1903(b)(7). | |

1113(d) | 49 App.:1903(b)(8). | |

1113(e) | 49 App.:1903(b)(9). | |

1113(f) | 49 App.:1903(b)(12). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(b)(12), 88 Stat. 2171; July 19, 1988, Pub. L. 100–372, §4, 102 Stat. 876; Nov. 28, 1990, Pub. L. 101–641, §6, 104 Stat. 4656. |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "sit and act at such times and places" are omitted as unnecessary. The word "necessary" is substituted for "as the Board or such officer or employee deems advisable" because it is more accurate.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "the witness would have been" are added for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a)(4), the words "If a person disobeys" are substituted for "In case of contumacy or refusal to obey" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "of the Board" are substituted for "of the Board, or of any duly designated employee thereof" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the Board may bring a civil action in a district court of the United States" are substituted for "such district court shall, upon the request of the Board, have jurisdiction" for consistency in the revised title and because of 28:1331. The word "forthwith" is omitted as surplus. The words "An action under this paragraph may be brought in the judicial district" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1)(A), the text of 49 App.:1441(b) (words before semicolon) is omitted as superseded by 49 App.:1903(b)(6)(C).

In subsection (b)(1)(B), the words "make agreements and other transactions" are substituted for "enter into . . . such contracts, leases, cooperative agreements, or other transactions" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "to carry out this chapter" are substituted for "in the conduct of the functions and the duties of the Board under this chapter" for consistency. The words "with any government entity or any person" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1)(C), the words "Department of Transportation and of other" are omitted as surplus. The words "department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government" are substituted for "civilian or military agencies and instrumentalities of the Federal Government" in 49 App.:1903(b)(6)(A) for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The text of 49 App.:1441(b) (words after semicolon) is omitted as superseded by 49 App.:1903(b)(6)(A).

In subsection (b)(1)(D), the word "available" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1)(E), the words "one or more" are omitted as surplus because the authority to appoint advisory committees is discretionary and unlimited on its face. The word "appropriate" is substituted for "necessary or appropriate" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "in accordance with the Federal Advisory Committee Act" are omitted as surplus because that Act applies unless specifically excluded. (See 5 App. U.S.C.)

In subsection (b)(1)(G), the words "gifts of money and other property" are substituted for "gifts or donations of money or property (real, personal, mixed, tangible, or intangible)" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(1)(H), the words "public or private" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (b)(2) is substituted for "and to apply the funds received to the Board's appropriations" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (c), the word "submits" is substituted for "submits or transmits" for consistency. The words "Director of the Office of Management and Budget" are substituted for "Office of Management and Budget" because of 31:502(a).

In subsection (d), the word "appropriate" is substituted for "necessary or appropriate" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e), the words "officer or employee" are substituted for "employee" for consistency in the revised title. The words "by order" are substituted for "by special or general orders" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "individuals" is substituted for "people" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (f), the words "prescribe regulations to carry out this chapter" are substituted for "rules and regulations as may be necessary to the exercise of its functions" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code and because "rule" and "regulation" are synonymous.

GS–10 of the General Schedule, referred to in subsec. (g)(1), is set out under section 5332 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1112(e), substituted "subpoena" for "subpena".

Subsec. (b)(1)(J). Pub. L. 115–254, §1112(c), added subpar. (J).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 115–254, §1112(d), struck out subsec. (h). Text read as follows: "The Board shall maintain at least 1 full-time employee in each State located more than 1,000 miles from the nearest Board regional office to provide initial investigative response to accidents the Board is empowered to investigate under this chapter that occur in that State."

**2011**—Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 111–350 substituted "section 6101(b) to (d) of title 41" for "section 3709 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5)".

**2006**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 109–443, §9(e), substituted "subpoena" for "subpena".

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 109–443, §9(e), which directed substitution of "subpoena" for "subpena", was executed by making the substitution wherever appearing, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–443, §9(f), inserted at end "The Board shall develop and approve a process for the Board's review and comment or approval of documents submitted to the President, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, or Congress under this subsection."

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 109–443, §9(g), added subsec. (h).

**2000**—Subsec. (b)(1)(I). Pub. L. 106–424, §3(a), amended subpar. (I) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (I) read as follows: "require that the departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government, State and local governments, and governments of foreign countries provide appropriate consideration for the reasonable costs of goods and services supplied by the Board."

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 106–424, §3(b)(1), inserted "as offsetting collections" after "to be credited" and "The Board shall maintain an annual record of collections received under paragraph (1)(I) of this subsection." at end.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 106–424, §4, added subsec. (g).

Pub. L. 108–168, §4, Dec. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 2033, as amended by Pub. L. 109–443, §3, Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3298, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) describes each contract executed by the Board to which the authority provided by subsection (a) was applied; and

"(2) sets forth the rationale for dispensing with competition requirements with respect to such contract."

Pub. L. 106–424, §9, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1886, provided that: "The Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board shall establish annual fiscal year budgets for non-accident-related travel expenditures for Board members which shall be approved by the Board and submitted to the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and to the House of Representatives Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure together with an annual report detailing the non-accident-related travel of each Board member. The report shall include separate accounting for foreign and domestic travel, including any personnel or other expenses associated with that travel."

(a)

(2) The Board shall deposit in the Treasury amounts received under paragraph (1) to be credited to the appropriation of the Board as offsetting collections.

(b)

(A) to another department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government when requested for official use;

(B) to a committee of Congress having jurisdiction over the subject matter to which the information is related, when requested by that committee;

(C) in a judicial proceeding under a court order that preserves the confidentiality of the information without impairing the proceeding; and

(D) to the public to protect health and safety after giving notice to any interested person to whom the information is related and an opportunity for that person to comment in writing, or orally in closed session, on the proposed disclosure, if the delay resulting from notice and opportunity for comment would not be detrimental to health and safety.

(2) Information disclosed under paragraph (1) of this subsection may be disclosed only in a way designed to preserve its confidentiality.

(3)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) if the Board holds a public hearing on the accident or incident, at the time of the hearing; or

(B) if the Board does not hold a public hearing, at the time a majority of the other factual reports on the accident or incident are placed in the public docket.

(3)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) if the Board holds a public hearing on the accident, at the time of the hearing; or

(B) if the Board does not hold a public hearing, at the time a majority of the other factual reports on the accident are placed in the public docket.

(3)

(e)

(A) any report of a confirmed positive toxicological test, verified as positive by a medical review officer, conducted on an officer or employee of the Department of Transportation under post-accident, unsafe practice, or reasonable suspicion toxicological testing requirements of the Department, when the officer or employee is reasonably associated with the circumstances of an accident or incident under the investigative jurisdiction of the Board.

(B) any laboratory record documenting that the test is confirmed positive.

(2) Except as provided by paragraph (3) of this subsection, the Board shall maintain the confidentiality of, and exempt from disclosure under section 552(b)(3) of title 5—

(A) a laboratory record provided the Board under paragraph (1) of this subsection that reveals medical use of a drug allowed under applicable regulations; and

(B) medical information provided by the tested officer or employee related to the test or a review of the test.

(3) The Board may use a laboratory record made available under paragraph (1) of this subsection to develop an evidentiary record in an investigation of an accident or incident if—

(A) the fitness of the tested officer or employee is at issue in the investigation; and

(B) the use of that record is necessary to develop the evidentiary record.

(f)

(1)

(A) the Board shall release records pertaining to such an investigation when the country conducting the investigation issues its final report or 2 years following the date of the accident, whichever occurs first; and

(B) the Board may disclose records and information when authorized to do so by the country conducting the investigation.

(2)

(g)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 749; Pub. L. 104–291, title I, §§102, 103, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3452; Pub. L. 106–424, §§3(b)(2), 5(a), (b), Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1884, 1885; Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §1104(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3429.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1114(a) | 49 App.:1905(a). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §306(a), (b), 88 Stat. 2172; Oct. 14, 1982, Pub. L. 97–309, §2, 96 Stat. 1453. |

1114(b) | 49 App.:1905(b). | |

1114(c) | 49 App.:1905(c). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §306(c); added Oct. 14, 1982, Pub. L. 97–309, §2, 96 Stat. 1453; restated Nov. 28, 1990, Pub. L. 101–641, §4, 104 Stat. 4654. |

1114(d)(1) | 49 App.:1903(b) (11)(A). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §304(b)(11); added Nov. 28, 1990, Pub. L. 101–641, §6, 104 Stat. 4656. |

1114(d)(2) | 49 App.:1903(b) (11)(B). | |

1114(d)(3) | 49 App.:1903(b) (11)(C). |


In subsection (a), the words "record, information, or investigation" are substituted for "communication, document, investigation, or other report, or information" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "of the United States" are added for clarity.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law" are omitted as surplus. The word "relevant" is substituted for "relevant and pertinent" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d), the words "officer or employee" are substituted for "employee" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (d)(2), before clause (A), the words "maintain the confidentiality of" are substituted for "maintain in confidence" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In clause (A), the words "of a confirmed and verified toxicological test" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement of the source provisions in paragraph (1) of this subsection.

In subsection (d)(3), the words "laboratory record made available under paragraph (1) of this subsection" are substituted for "such a laboratory record" for clarity.

Section 503(e) of the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1987, referred to in subsec. (e)(1), is section 503(e) of Pub. L. 100–71, which is set out as a note under section 7301 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

**2018**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1104(a)(1)(C)(i), inserted heading and substituted "Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Board" for "The Board".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1104(a)(1)(C)(ii), designated second sentence of par. (1) as par. (2) and amended it generally. Prior to amendment, second sentence of par. (1) read as follows: "However, the Board shall make public any part of a transcript or any written depiction of visual information the Board decides is relevant to the accident or incident—

"(A) if the Board holds a public hearing on the accident or incident, at the time of the hearing; or

"(B) if the Board does not hold a public hearing, at the time a majority of the other factual reports on the accident or incident are placed in the public docket."

Former par. (2) redesignated (3).

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §1104(a)(1)(A), (B), redesignated par. (2) as (3) and inserted heading.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1104(a)(2)(B)(i), substituted "Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Board" for "The Board".

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1104(a)(2)(B)(ii), designated second sentence of par. (1) as par. (2) and amended it generally. Prior to amendment, second sentence of par. (1) read as follows: "However, the Board shall make public any part of a transcript or any written depiction of visual information that the Board decides is relevant to the accident—

"(A) if the Board holds a public hearing on the accident, at the time of the hearing; or

"(B) if the Board does not hold a public hearing, at the time a majority of the other factual reports on the accident are placed in the public docket."

Former par. (2) redesignated (3).

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §1104(a)(2)(A), redesignated par. (2) as (3).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 115–254, §1104(a)(3), added subsec. (g).

**2000**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–424, §§3(b)(2), 5(b)(2), designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted "(d), and (f)" for "and (e)" in first sentence, and added par. (2).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–424, §5(a)(1), struck out "Voice" after "Cockpit" in heading.

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 106–424, §5(a)(2), (3), substituted "cockpit voice or video recorder" for "cockpit voice recorder" in first sentence and inserted "or any written depiction of visual information" after "transcript" in second sentence.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 106–424, §5(a)(2), substituted "cockpit voice or video recorder" for "cockpit voice recorder".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–424, §5(b)(1)(B), which directed the addition of subsec. (d) after subsec. (e), was executed by adding subsec. (d) before subsec. (e) to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e).

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 106–424, §5(b)(1)(A), redesignated subsecs. (d) and (e) as (e) and (f), respectively.

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–291, §102(1), substituted "(b), (c), and (e)" for "(b) and (c)".

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 104–291, §103, added par. (3).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–291, §102(2), added subsec. (e).

(a)

(b)

(1) the Board for safety training of employees of the Board in carrying out their duties and powers; and

(2) other safety personnel of the United States Government, State and local governments, governments of foreign countries, interstate authorities, and private organizations the Board designates in consultation with the Secretary.

(c)

(A) shall be credited to the appropriate appropriation (subject to the requirements of any annual appropriation); and

(B) is an offset against any annual reimbursement agreement between the Board and the Secretary to cover all reasonable costs of providing training under this subsection that the Secretary incurs in operating the Institute.

(2) The Board shall maintain an annual record of offsets under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 750; Pub. L. 104–291, title I, §104, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3453; Pub. L. 106–424, §3(b)(3), Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1884.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1115(a) | (no source). | |

1115(b) | 49 App.:1903(b)(10) (1st, 2d sentences). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(b)(10), 88 Stat. 2156; added July 19, 1988, Pub. L. 100–372, §4, 102 Stat. 876. |

1115(c) | 49 App.:1903(b)(10) (3d–last sentences). |


In subsections (b) and (c), the words "or successor organization" are omitted as unnecessary because of subsection (a) of this section.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "(established for the purpose of developing courses and conducting training in safety and security for all modes of transportation)" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "carrying out their duties and powers" are substituted for "in the performance of all of their authorized functions" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (2), the words "of the United States Government, State and local governments, governments of foreign countries, interstate authorities, and private organizations" are substituted for "of Federal, interstate, State, local, and foreign governments and non-governmental organizations" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "the Secretary shall deposit the fee in the Treasury" are added for clarity. In clause (B), the words "direct and indirect" are omitted as surplus. The word "administration" is omitted as being included in "operating". The text of 49 App.:1903(b)(10) (last sentence) is omitted because 5:ch. 41 applies to the National Transportation Safety Board by its own terms.

**2000**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–424 substituted "of the Board" for "of the 'National Transportation Safety Board, Salaries and Expenses' ".

**1996**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–291 added subsec. (d).

(a)

(1) advocate meaningful responses to reduce the likelihood of transportation accidents similar to those investigated by the Board; and

(2) propose corrective action to make the transportation of individuals as safe and free from risk of injury as possible, including action to minimize personal injuries that occur in transportation accidents.

(b)

(1) carry out special studies and investigations about transportation safety, including avoiding personal injury;

(2) examine techniques and methods of accident investigation and periodically publish recommended procedures for accident investigations;

(3) prescribe requirements for persons reporting accidents and aviation incidents that—

(A) may be investigated by the Board under this chapter; or

(B) involve public aircraft (except aircraft of the armed forces and the intelligence agencies);

(4) evaluate, examine the effectiveness of, and publish the findings of the Board about the transportation safety consciousness of other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government and their effectiveness in preventing accidents; and

(5) evaluate the adequacy of safeguards and procedures for the transportation of hazardous material and the performance of other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government responsible for the safe transportation of that material.

(c)

(1) a statistical and analytical summary of the transportation accident investigations conducted and reviewed by the Board during the prior calendar year;

(2) a survey and summary of the recommendations made by the Board to reduce the likelihood of recurrence of those accidents together with the observed response to each recommendation;

(3) a detailed appraisal of the accident investigation and accident prevention activities of other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government and State and local governmental authorities having responsibility for those activities under a law of the United States or a State;

(4) a description of the activities and operations of the National Transportation Safety Board Training Center during the prior calendar year;

(5) a list of accidents, during the prior calendar year, that the Board was required to investigate under section 1131 but did not investigate and an explanation of why they were not investigated; and

(6) a list of ongoing investigations that have exceeded the expected time allotted for completion by Board order and an explanation for the additional time required to complete each such investigation.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) a determination of whether the recommendation should be updated, closed, or reissued in light of—

(i) changed circumstances;

(ii) more recently issued recommendations;

(iii) the availability of new technologies; or

(iv) new information making the recommendation ineffective or insufficient for achieving its objective; and

(B) a justification for each determination under subparagraph (A).

(3)

(A) the findings of the review under paragraph (1);

(B) each determination under paragraph (2)(A) and justification under paragraph (2)(B); and

(C) if applicable, a schedule for updating, closing, or reissuing a recommendation.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 751; Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §§1107(a), 1111(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3432, 3436.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1116(a) | 49 App.:1441(a)(3), (5) (related to reducing accidents). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §701(a)(3), (5), 72 Stat. 781. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(d) (1st sentence), 80 Stat. 938. | |

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A), (3). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(a)(1)(A), (3)–(5), (7), (8), 88 Stat. 2168, 2169. | |

1116(b)(1) | 49 App.:1441(a)(5) (related to studies). | |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | ||

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A), (4). | ||

1116(b) (2)–(5) | 49 App.:1903(a)(5). | |

49 App.:1903(a)(6). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(a)(6), 88 Stat. 2169; Nov. 3, 1981, Pub. L. 97–74, §4, 95 Stat. 1065; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §311(a), 101 Stat. 1528. | |

49 App.:1903(a)(7), (8). |


In subsection (a)(1), the word "recommending" is omitted as being included in "advocate" in 49 App.:1903(a)(3). The word "recurrence" is omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:1441(a)(3) and (5) (related to reducing accidents) is omitted as superseded by 49 App.:1903(a)(3).

In subsection (b)(1), the words "carry out" are substituted for "initiate and conduct" in 49 App.:1903(a)(4) for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The text of 49 App.:1441(a)(5) (related to studies) is omitted as superseded by 49 App.:1903(a)(4).

In subsection (b)(2), the word "examine" is substituted for "assess and reassess" for clarity. The words "prepare and" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3), the words "by regulation" are omitted as unnecessary because of section 1113(f) of the revised title.

In subsection (b)(4), the word "effectiveness" is substituted for "efficacy" for clarity.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1111(a)(1), substituted ", studies, and retrospective reviews" for "and studies" in section catchline.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §1107(a), added subsec. (c).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, §1111(a)(2), added subsec. (d).

Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §1111(c), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3436, provided that: "Nothing in this section [amending this section] or the amendments made by this section may be construed to limit or otherwise affect the authority of the [National Transportation Safety] Board to update, close, or reissue a recommendation."

(a)

(b)

(1) a brief summary of the Board's collection and analysis of the specific accident investigation information most relevant to the recommendation;

(2) a description of the Board's use of external information, including studies, reports, and experts, other than the findings of a specific accident investigation, if any were used to inform or support the recommendation, including a brief summary of the specific safety benefits and other effects identified by each study, report, or expert; and

(3) a brief summary of any examples of actions taken by regulated entities before the publication of the safety recommendation, to the extent such actions are known to the Board, that were consistent with the recommendation.

(c)

(d)

(1) an existing agency best practices document; or

(2) an existing regulatory requirement.

(e)

(f)

(1) to delay publication of the findings, cause, or probable cause of a Board investigation;

(2) to delay the issuance of an urgent recommendation that the Board has determined must be issued to avoid immediate loss, death, or injury; or

(3) to limit the number of examples the Board may consider before issuing a recommendation.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 751; Pub. L. 104–66, title II, §2151, Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 731; Pub. L. 109–443, §2(a)(1), Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3297; Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §1107(b)(1), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3432.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1117 | 49 App.:1904. | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §305, 88 Stat. 2171. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "but need not be limited to" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "in such detail as the Board deems advisable" are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government and State and local governmental authorities" are substituted for "other government agencies" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "for those activities" are substituted for "in this field" for clarity. In clause (4), the word "evaluation" is substituted for "appraisal and evaluation and review" because it is inclusive.

The date of enactment of the National Transportation Safety Board Reauthorization Act and the date of enactment of such Act, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (e), are the date of enactment of div. C of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to annual report.

**2006**—Pars. (4) to (6). Pub. L. 109–443 added pars. (4) to (6).

**1995**—Par. (4). Pub. L. 104–66 struck out par. (4) which read as follows: "an evaluation conducted every 2 years of transportation safety and recommendations for legislative and administrative action and change."

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) shall be credited as offsetting collections to the account that finances the activities and services for which the fee is imposed or with which the refund or reimbursement is associated;

(B) shall be available for expenditure only to pay the costs of activities and services for which the fee is imposed or with which the refund or reimbursement is associated; and

(C) shall remain available until expended.

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 752; Pub. L. 103–411, §2, Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4236; Pub. L. 104–291, title I, §105, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3453; Pub. L. 106–424, §13, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1888; Pub. L. 108–168, §2, Dec. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 2032; Pub. L. 109–443, §8(a), (b)(1), (c), Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3300; Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §1103, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3429.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1118(a) | 49 App.:1907(a) (1st–6th, last sentences). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §309(a), 88 Stat. 2173; Oct. 11, 1976, Pub. L. 94–481, 90 Stat. 2080; Sept. 11, 1978, Pub. L. 95–363, §2, 92 Stat. 597; Nov. 3, 1981, Pub. L. 97–74, §2, 95 Stat. 1065; June 6, 1983, Pub. L. 98–37, 97 Stat. 204; July 19, 1988, Pub. L. 100–372, §2, 102 Stat. 876; Nov. 28, 1990, Pub. L. 101–641, §2, 104 Stat. 4654. |

1118(b) | 49 App.:1907(b) (1st, 2d sentences). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §309(b); added July 19, 1988, Pub. L. 100–372, §2(b), 102 Stat. 876. |

1118(c) | 49 App.:1907(a) (7th sentence), (b) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), the words "to the National Transportation Safety Board" are added for clarity and consistency in the revised title. References to the fiscal years ending June 30, 1975, through September 30, 1992, are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "amounts equal to amounts expended annually out of the fund" are substituted for "to replenish the fund annually" for clarity.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254 amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "There are authorized to be appropriated for the purposes of this chapter $57,000,000 for fiscal year 2000, $65,000,000 for fiscal year 2001, $72,000,000 for fiscal year 2002, $73,325,000 for fiscal year 2003, $78,757,000 for fiscal year 2004, $83,011,000 for fiscal year 2005, $87,539,000 for fiscal year 2006, $81,594,000 for fiscal year 2007, and $92,625,000 for fiscal year 2008. Such sums shall remain available until expended."

**2006**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–443, §8(a), struck out "and" after "2005," and substituted "2006, $81,594,000 for fiscal year 2007, and $92,625,000 for fiscal year 2008." for "2006."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–443, §8(b)(1), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) related to appropriations and fees for the National Transportation Safety Board Academy.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–443, §8(c), struck out heading and text of subsec. (d). Text read as follows: "The National Transportation Safety Board shall transmit an annual report to the Congress on the activities and operations of the National Transportation Safety Board Academy."

**2003**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–168, §2(a), struck out "and" after "fiscal year 2001," and substituted "$73,325,000 for fiscal year 2003, $78,757,000 for fiscal year 2004, $83,011,000 for fiscal year 2005, and $87,539,000 for fiscal year 2006. Such sums shall" for "such sums to".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–168, §2(b), added second sentence and struck out former second sentence which read as follows: "Amounts equal to the amounts expended annually out of the fund are authorized to be appropriated to the emergency fund."

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 108–168, §2(c), added subsecs. (c) and (d).

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–424 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) $1,000,000 to establish the fund.

"(2) amounts equal to amounts expended annually out of the fund.

"(c)

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–291 struck out "and" after "1995," and inserted ", $42,400,00 for fiscal year 1997, $44,400,000 for fiscal year 1998, and $46,600,000 for fiscal year 1999." before period at end of first sentence.

**1994**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–411 reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Not more than $38,800,000 may be appropriated to the National Transportation Safety Board for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993, to carry out this chapter."

Pub. L. 109–443, §8(b)(2), Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3300, provided that: "The amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall take effect on October 1, 2005."

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 104–264, title IV, §407(a)(1), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3257; amended Pub. L. 108–168, §5, Dec. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 2034.)

The date of the enactment of this section, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 104–264, which was approved Oct. 9, 1996.

**2003**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–168 added subsec. (c).

Except as otherwise specifically provided, section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §1108, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3433, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the quality of accident data the Board makes available to the public; and

"(2) the selection of accidents for investigation and allocation of limited resources.

"(c)

"(1) maintain a historical record of accidents that are investigated by the Board; and

"(2) be capable of the secure storage, retrieval, and management of information associated with the investigations of such accidents."

(a)

(A) an aircraft accident the Board has authority to investigate under section 1132 of this title or an aircraft accident involving a public aircraft as defined by section 40102(a) of this title other than an aircraft operated by the Armed Forces or by an intelligence agency of the United States;

(B) a highway accident, including a railroad grade crossing accident, the Board selects in cooperation with a State;

(C) a railroad accident in which there is a fatality or substantial property damage, or that involves a passenger train;

(D) a pipeline accident in which there is a fatality, substantial property damage, or significant injury to the environment;

(E) a major marine casualty (except a casualty involving only public vessels) occurring on or under the navigable waters, internal waters, or the territorial sea of the United States as described in Presidential Proclamation No. 5928 of December 27, 1988, or involving a vessel of the United States (as defined in section 116 of title 46), under regulations prescribed jointly by the Board and the head of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating; and

(F) any other accident related to the transportation of individuals or property when the Board decides—

(i) the accident is catastrophic;

(ii) the accident involves problems of a recurring character; or

(iii) the investigation of the accident would carry out this chapter.

(2)(A) Subject to the requirements of this paragraph, an investigation by the Board under paragraph (1)(A)–(D) or (F) of this subsection has priority over any investigation by another department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government. The Board shall provide for appropriate participation by other departments, agencies, or instrumentalities in the investigation. However, those departments, agencies, or instrumentalities may not participate in the decision of the Board about the probable cause of the accident.

(B) If the Attorney General, in consultation with the Chairman of the Board, determines and notifies the Board that circumstances reasonably indicate that the accident may have been caused by an intentional criminal act, the Board shall relinquish investigative priority to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The relinquishment of investigative priority by the Board shall not otherwise affect the authority of the Board to continue its investigation under this section.

(C) If a Federal law enforcement agency suspects and notifies the Board that an accident being investigated by the Board under subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (D) of paragraph (1) may have been caused by an intentional criminal act, the Board, in consultation with the law enforcement agency, shall take necessary actions to ensure that evidence of the criminal act is preserved.

(3) This section and sections 1113, 1116(b), 1133, and 1134(a) and (c)–(e) of this title do not affect the authority of another department, agency, or instrumentality of the Government to investigate an accident under applicable law or to obtain information directly from the parties involved in, and witnesses to, the accident. The Board and other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities shall ensure that appropriate information developed about the accident is exchanged in a timely manner.

(b)

(2) Paragraph (1) of this subsection and subsection (a)(1)(E) of this section do not affect the responsibility, under another law of the United States, of the head of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating.

(c)

(A) investigate an accident described under subsection (a) or (b) of this section in which misfeasance or nonfeasance by the Government has not been alleged; and

(B) report the facts and circumstances of the accident to the Board.

(2) The Board shall use the report in establishing cause or probable cause of an accident described under subsection (a) or (b) of this section.

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 752; Pub. L. 103–411, §3(c), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4237; Pub. L. 106–424, §§6(a), 7, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1885, 1886; Pub. L. 108–168, §7, Dec. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 2034; Pub. L. 109–443, §9(b), (c), Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3301; Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §1113(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3438; Pub. L. 117–263, div. K, title CXVI, §11601(c)(3), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 4146.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1131(a)(1) | 49 App.:1903(a) (1)(A)–(E) (less last sentence of (E)), (F). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(a)(1)(A)–(F), 88 Stat. 2168; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §303, 106 Stat. 3307. |

1131(a)(2) | 49 App.:1903(a)(1) (2d, 3d sentences). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(a)(1) (less (A)–(F)), 88 Stat. 2168; Nov. 3, 1981, Pub. L. 97–74, §3, 95 Stat. 1065. |

1131(a)(3) | 49 App.:1903(a)(1) (4th, 5th sentences). | |

1131(b) | 49 App.:1903(a)(1)(E) (last sentence). | |

1131(c) | 49 App.:1441(f). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §701(a)(4), (f), 72 Stat. 781. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(d) (1st sentence), 80 Stat. 938. | |

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A) (6th, last sentences). | ||

1131(d) | 49 App.:1441(a)(4). | |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | ||

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A). | ||

49 App.:1903(a)(2). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(a)(2), 88 Stat. 2168; July 19, 1988, Pub. L. 100–372, §3(a), 102 Stat. 876. |


In this section, the word "conditions" is omitted as being included in "circumstances". The words "head of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating" are substituted for "Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a)(1)(A), the words "the Board has authority to investigate under section 1132 of this title" are substituted for "which is within the scope of the functions, powers, and duties transferred from the Civil Aeronautics Board under section 1655(d) of this Appendix pursuant to title VII of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended [49 App. U.S.C. 1441 et seq.]" because of the restatement.

In subsection (a)(1)(F), before subclause (i), the word "decides" is substituted for "in the judgment of" for clarity. The word "individuals" is substituted for "people" for consistency in the revised title. In subclause (iii), the words "the investigation of" are added as being more precise.

In subsection (a)(3), the word "developed" is substituted for "obtained or developed" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(2), the word "affect" is substituted for "eliminate or diminish" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the text of 49 App.:1441(f) is omitted as superseded by 49 App.:1903(a)(1) (6th, last sentences).

In subsection (d), the words "in writing" in 49 App.:1903(a)(2) are omitted as surplus. The words "by it" are added for clarity. The text of 49 App.:1441(a)(4) is omitted as superseded by 49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A) and (2).

Presidential Proclamation No. 5928, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(E), is set out as a note under section 1331 of Title 43, Public Lands.

**2022**—Subsec. (a)(1)(E). Pub. L. 117–263 substituted "section 116" for "section 2101(46)".

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "a public aircraft as defined by section 40102(a) of this title" for "a public aircraft as defined by section 40102(a)(37) of this title".

**2006**—Subsec. (a)(1)(E). Pub. L. 109–443, §9(b), substituted "on or under the navigable waters, internal waters, or the territorial sea of the United States as described in Presidential Proclamation No. 5928 of December 27, 1988," for "on the navigable waters or territorial sea of the United States," and inserted "(as defined in section 2101(46) of title 46)" after "vessel of the United States".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 109–443, §9(c), inserted "or the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating" after "Transportation" in introductory provisions.

**2003**—Subsec. (a)(2)(B), (C). Pub. L. 108–168 realigned margins.

**2000**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 106–424, §6(a), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), substituted "Subject to the requirements of this paragraph, an investigation" for "An investigation", and added subpars. (B) and (C).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–424, §7, substituted "1134(a), (b), (d), and (f)" for "1134(b)(2)".

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 103–411, §3(c)(1), inserted before semicolon at end "or an aircraft accident involving a public aircraft as defined by section 40102(a)(37) of this title other than an aircraft operated by the Armed Forces or by an intelligence agency of the United States".

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 103–411, §3(c)(2), added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (e).

Pub. L. 103–411, §3(d), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4237, provided that: "The amendments made by subsections (a) and (c) [amending this section and section 40102 of this title] shall take effect on the 180th day following the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 25, 1994]."

For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

Pub. L. 108–168, §3(b), Dec. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 2033, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 6, 2003], the National Transportation Safety Board and the Federal Bureau of Investigation shall revise their 1977 agreement on the investigation of accidents to take into account the amendments made by this section [amending section 1136 of this title] and shall submit a copy of the revised agreement to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate."

Pub. L. 106–424, §6(b), Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1886, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 1, 2000], the National Transportation Safety Board and the Federal Bureau of Investigation shall revise their 1977 agreement on the investigation of accidents to take into account the amendments made by this Act [see Short Title of 2000 Amendment note set out under section 1101 of this title]."

Pub. L. 106–424, §8, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1886, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 1, 2000], the National Transportation Safety Board and the United States Coast Guard shall revise their Memorandum of Understanding governing major marine accidents—

"(1) to redefine or clarify the standards used to determine when the National Transportation Safety Board will lead an investigation; and

"(2) to develop new standards to determine when a major marine accident involves significant safety issues relating to Coast Guard safety functions."

(a)

(A) each accident involving civil aircraft; and

(B) with the participation of appropriate military authorities, each accident involving both military and civil aircraft.

(2) A person employed under section 1113(b)(1) of this title that is conducting an investigation or hearing about an aircraft accident has the same authority to conduct the investigation or hearing as the Board.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 753.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1132(a)(1) | 49 App.:1441(a)(2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§701(a)(1), (2), (c) (1st sentence), (g), 702, 72 Stat. 781, 782. |

49 App.:1442(a). | ||

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(d) (1st sentence), 80 Stat. 938. | |

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(a)(1)(A), 88 Stat. 2168. | |

1132(a)(2) | 49 App.:1441(c) (1st sentence). | |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | ||

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A). | ||

1132(b) | 49 App.:1441(a)(1). | |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | ||

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A). | ||

1132(c) | 49 App.:1441(g). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | ||

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A). | ||

1132(d) | 49 App.:1442(b), (c). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1), (d) (1st sentence). | ||

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A). |


In subsection (a)(1)(A), the words "and report the facts, conditions, and circumstances related to each accident and the probable cause thereof" in 49 App.:1441(a)(2) are omitted as unnecessary because of section 1131(d) of the revised title.

In subsection (a)(1)(B), the words "provide for" in 49 App.:1442(a) are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "any member of the National Transportation Safety Board or any officer or employee of the National Transportation Safety Board" in 49 App.:1441(c) are omitted as unnecessary because of sections 1113 and 1134 of the revised title.

In subsections (c) and (d), the words "Secretary of Transportation" and "Secretary" are substituted for "Administrator" in sections 701(g) and 702(b) and (c) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 782) for consistency. Section 6(c)(1) of the Department of Transportation Act (Public Law 89–670, 80 Stat. 938) transferred all duties and powers of the Federal Aviation Agency and the Administrator to the Secretary of Transportation. However, the Secretary was to carry out certain provisions through the Administrator. In addition, various laws enacted since then have vested duties and powers in the Administrator. All provisions of law the Secretary is required to carry out through the Administrator are included in 49:106(g).

In subsection (c), the words "and his representatives" in 49 App.:1441(g) are omitted because of 49:322(b). The words "when participation is necessary to carry out the duties and powers" are substituted for "In order to assure the proper discharge . . . of his duties and responsibilities" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "or his representatives" are omitted because of 49:322(b).

The National Transportation Safety Board shall review on appeal—

(1) the denial, amendment, modification, suspension, or revocation of a certificate issued by the Secretary of Transportation under section 44703, 44709, or 44710 of this title;

(2) the revocation of a certificate of registration under section 44106 of this title;

(3) a decision of the head of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating on an appeal from the decision of an administrative law judge denying, revoking, or suspending a license, certificate, document, or register in a proceeding under section 6101, 6301, or 7503, chapter 77, or section 9303 of title 46; and

(4) under section 46301(d)(5) of this title, an order imposing a penalty under section 46301.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 754.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1133(1)–(3) | 49 App.:1903(a)(9). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(a)(9), 88 Stat. 2169; Oct. 19, 1984, Pub. L. 98–499, §4(b), 98 Stat. 2315. |

1133(4) | (no source). |


In clause (1), the word "certificate" is substituted for "operating certificate" for consistency in the revised title. The words "or license" are omitted as unnecessary because only certificates are issued under the sections cited in this section.

In clause (3), the words "head of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating" are substituted for "Commandant of the Coast Guard" for consistency with 14:5 and 46:2101(34).

Clause (4) is added to reflect all the appellate responsibilities of the National Transportation Safety Board.

For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

(a)

(1) on display of appropriate credentials and written notice of inspection authority, may enter property where a transportation accident has occurred or wreckage from the accident is located and do anything necessary to conduct an investigation; and

(2) during reasonable hours, may inspect any record, including an electronic record, process, control, or facility related to an accident investigation under this chapter.

(b)

(2) Any civil aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, appliance, or property on an aircraft involved in an accident in air commerce shall be preserved, and may be moved, only as provided by regulations of the Board.

(c)

(1) does not interfere unnecessarily with transportation services provided by the owner or operator of the vehicle, vessel, rolling stock, track, or pipeline component; and

(2) to the maximum extent feasible, preserves evidence related to the accident, consistent with the needs of the investigation and with the cooperation of that owner or operator.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(2) With or without reimbursement, the Board may obtain a copy of an autopsy report performed by a State or local official on an individual who died because of a transportation accident investigated by the Board under this chapter.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 754; Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §1105, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3431.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1134(a) | 49 App.:1903(b)(2) (1st sentence words before 3d comma, 3d sentence). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(b)(2), 88 Stat. 2170; Nov. 3, 1981, Pub. L. 97–74, §5, 95 Stat. 1065; Nov. 28, 1990, Pub. L. 101–641, §3, 104 Stat. 4654. |

1134(b) | 49 App.:1441(c) (2d sentence), (d). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §701(c) (2d, last sentences), (d), 72 Stat. 781; Oct. 15, 1962, Pub. L. 87–810, §§1, 2, 76 Stat. 921. |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(d) (1st sentence), 80 Stat. 938. | |

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(a)(1)(A), (b)(5), 88 Stat. 2168, 2170. | |

1134(c) | 49 App.:1903(b)(2) (1st sentence words after 3d comma, 2d sentence). | |

1134(d) | 49 App.:1903(b)(2) (5th, last sentences). | |

1134(e) | 49 App.:1903(b)(2) (4th sentence). | |

1134(f) | 49 App.:1441(c) (last sentence). | |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | ||

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A), (b)(5). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the word "officer" is added for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "investigating an aircraft accident" are substituted for "carrying out its duties" in 49 App.:1441(c) for clarity. The words "inspect and test" are substituted for "examine and test" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "In carrying out subsection (a)(1) of this section, an officer or employee" are added because of the restatement. The words "or any part of any such item" are omitted as surplus. The words "when such examination or testing is determined to be required for purposes of such investigation" are omitted as unnecessary because of the words "do anything necessary to conduct an investigation" in subsection (a)(1) of this section. In clause (1), the word "obstruct" is omitted as being included in "interfere".

In subsection (d), the word "individuals" is substituted for "persons" the 2d time that word is used for clarity. The words "The Board shall make any of those decisions" are substituted for "and shall be made" because of the restatement.

In subsection (e), the word "promptly" is substituted for "with reasonable promptness" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (f)(1), the words "In the case of any fatal accident" in 49 App.:1441(c) are omitted as surplus. The words "to examine the remains of any deceased person aboard the aircraft at the time of the accident, who dies as a result of the accident" are omitted as unnecessary because of the authority of the Board to conduct autopsies.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 115–254 inserted "including an electronic record," after "record,".

(a)

(1) to carry out procedures to adopt the complete recommendation;

(2) to carry out procedures to adopt a part of the recommendation; or

(3) to refuse to carry out procedures to adopt the recommendation.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) any recommendation for which the Secretary has developed, or intends to develop, procedures to adopt the recommendation or part of the recommendation, but has yet to complete the procedures; and

(B) any recommendation for which the Secretary, in the preceding year, has issued a response under subsection (a)(2) or (a)(3) refusing to carry out all or part of the procedures to adopt the recommendation.

(3)

(A)

(i) a description of the recommendation;

(ii) a description of the procedures planned for adopting the recommendation or part of the recommendation;

(iii) the proposed date for completing the procedures; and

(iv) if the Secretary has not met a deadline contained in a proposed timeline developed in connection with the recommendation under subsection (b), an explanation for not meeting the deadline.

(B)

(i) a description of the recommendation; and

(ii) a description of the reasons for the refusal to carry out all or part of the procedures to adopt the recommendation.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 755; Pub. L. 108–168, §6, Dec. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 2034; Pub. L. 109–443, §2(b), Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3298; Pub. L. 111–216, title II, §202, Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2351; Pub. L. 111–249, §6(1), (2), Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2628.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1135(a), (b) | 49 App.:1906(a) (less last sentence). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §307(a), 88 Stat. 2172; Nov. 3, 1981, Pub. L. 97–74, §6, 95 Stat. 1066; July 19, 1988, Pub. L. 100–372, §3(b), 102 Stat. 876. |

1135(c) | 49 App.:1906(a) (last sentence). | |

1135(d) | 49 App.:1906(b). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §307(b); added Nov. 3, 1981, Pub. L. 97–74, §6, 95 Stat. 1066. |


In subsections (a) and (b), the words "carry out" are substituted for "initiate and conduct" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a)(1), the word "complete" is substituted for "in full" for consistency in the revised title.

**2010**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–216, §202(a), as amended by Pub. L. 111–249, §6(1), inserted "to the Board" after "shall give" in introductory provisions.

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 111–216, §202(b), as amended by Pub. L. 111–249, §6(2), added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (e).

**2006**—Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 109–443 amended heading and text of par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "This subsection shall cease to be in effect after the report required to be filed on February 1, 2008, is filed."

**2003**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–168 amended heading and text of subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary shall submit to Congress on January 1 of each year a report containing each recommendation on transportation safety made by the Board to the Secretary during the prior year and a copy of the Secretary's response to each recommendation."

Pub. L. 111–249, §6, Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2628, provided that the amendments made by section 6 of Pub. L. 111–249 are effective as of Aug. 1, 2010, and as if included in Pub. L. 111–216 as enacted.

Pub. L. 108–168, §9, Dec. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 2035, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) 15-passenger van safety;

"(2) railroad grade crossing safety; and

"(3) medical certifications for a commercial driver's license.

"(b)

"(1) final regulatory action has been taken on the recommendation;

"(2) the Secretary determines, and states in the report, that no action should be taken on that recommendation; or

"(3) the report, if any, required to be submitted in 2008 is submitted.

"(c)

Pub. L. 107–355, §19, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 3009, as amended by Pub. L. 108–426, §2(c)(3), Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2424, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

(a)

(1) designate and publicize the name and phone number of a director of family support services who shall be an employee of the Board and shall be responsible for acting as a point of contact within the Federal Government for the families of passengers involved in the accident and a liaison between the air carrier or foreign air carrier and the families; and

(2) designate an independent nonprofit organization, with experience in disasters and posttrauma communication with families, which shall have primary responsibility for coordinating the emotional care and support of the families of passengers involved in the accident.

(b)

(c)

(1) To provide mental health and counseling services, in coordination with the disaster response team of the air carrier or foreign air carrier involved.

(2) To take such actions as may be necessary to provide an environment in which the families may grieve in private.

(3) To meet with the families who have traveled to the location of the accident, to contact the families unable to travel to such location, and to contact all affected families periodically thereafter until such time as the organization, in consultation with the director of family support services designated for the accident under subsection (a)(1), determines that further assistance is no longer needed.

(4) To communicate with the families as to the roles of the organization, government agencies, and the air carrier or foreign air carrier involved with respect to the accident and the post-accident activities.

(5) To arrange a suitable memorial service, in consultation with the families.

(d)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(2)

(e)

(1) are briefed, prior to any public briefing, about the accident, its causes, and any other findings from the investigation; and

(2) are individually informed of and allowed to attend any public hearings and meetings of the Board about the accident.

(f)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(h)

(1)

(2)

(A) an employee of an air carrier or foreign air carrier aboard an aircraft;

(B) any other person aboard the aircraft without regard to whether the person paid for the transportation, occupied a seat, or held a reservation for the flight; and

(C) any other person injured or killed in the aircraft accident, as determined appropriate by the Board.

(i)

(j)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 104–264, title VII, §702(a)(1), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3265; amended Pub. L. 106–181, title IV, §401(a)(1), (b)–(d), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 129; Pub. L. 108–168, §3(a), Dec. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 2033; Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §1109(c), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3434.)

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1109(c)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted "aircraft accident involving an air carrier or foreign air carrier, resulting in any loss of life, and for which the National Transportation Safety Board will serve as the lead investigative agency" for "aircraft accident within the United States involving an air carrier or foreign air carrier and resulting in a major loss of life".

Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1109(c)(2)(A), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'aircraft accident' means any aviation disaster regardless of its cause or suspected cause."

Subsec. (h)(2)(C). Pub. L. 115–254, §1109(c)(2)(B), added subpar. (C).

**2003**—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 108–168 added subsec. (j).

**2000**—Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 106–181, §401(a)(1), substituted "transportation and in the event of an accident involving a foreign air carrier that occurs within the United States," for "transportation,", inserted "(including any associate, agent, employee, or other representative of an attorney)" after "attorney", and substituted "45th day" for "30th day".

Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 106–181, §401(b), added par. (3).

Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 106–181, §401(c), amended heading and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'passenger' includes an employee of an air carrier aboard an aircraft."

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 106–181, §401(d), added subsec. (i).

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) keep the Chairman of the Board and Congress fully and currently informed about problems relating to administration of the internal accounting and administrative control systems of the Board;

(2) issue findings and recommendations for actions to address such problems; and

(3) report periodically to Congress on any progress made in implementing actions to address such problems.

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 106–424, §12(a), Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1887; amended Pub. L. 109–443, §4, Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3299; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(b)(96), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4353.)

**2022**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted "subsections (a) and (c) of section 406 of title 5." for "subsections (a) and (b) of section 6 of the Inspector General Act of 1978 (5 U.S.C. App.)."

**2006**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–443 amended heading and text of subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Inspector General shall be reimbursed by the Board for the costs associated with carrying out activities under this section."

(a)

(b)

(1) information management and security, including privacy protection of personally identifiable information;

(2) resource management;

(3) workforce development;

(4) procurement and contracting planning, practices and policies;

(5) the process and procedures to select an accident to investigate;

(6) the extent to which the Board follows leading practices in selected management areas; and

(7) the extent to which the Board addresses management challenges in completing accident investigations.

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 109–443, §5(a), Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3299; amended Pub. L. 113–188, title XV, §1502, Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2025; Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §1110, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3435.)

**2018**—Subsec. (b)(5) to (7). Pub. L. 115–254, §1110(1), added par. (5) and redesignated former pars. (5) and (6) as (6) and (7), respectively.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §1110(2), inserted comma after "Science".

**2014**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–188 struck out "at least annually, but may be conducted" after "Such evaluation and audit shall be conducted".

(a)

(1) designate and publicize the name and telephone number of a director of family support services who shall be an employee of the Board and shall be responsible for acting as a point of contact within the Federal Government for the families of passengers involved in the accident and a liaison between the rail passenger carrier and the families; and

(2) designate an independent nonprofit organization, with experience in disasters and post-trauma communication with families, which shall have primary responsibility for coordinating the emotional care and support of the families of passengers involved in the accident.

(b)

(1) facilitating the recovery and identification of fatally injured passengers involved in an accident described in subsection (a); and

(2) communicating with the families of passengers involved in the accident as to the roles, with respect to the accident and the post-accident activities, of—

(A) the organization designated for an accident under subsection (a)(2);

(B) Government agencies; and

(C) the rail passenger carrier involved.

(c)

(1) To provide mental health and counseling services, in coordination with the disaster response team of the rail passenger carrier involved.

(2) To take such actions as may be necessary to provide an environment in which the families may grieve in private.

(3) To meet with the families who have traveled to the location of the accident, to contact the families unable to travel to such location, and to contact all affected families periodically thereafter until such time as the organization, in consultation with the director of family support services designated for the accident under subsection (a)(1), determines that further assistance is no longer needed.

(4) To arrange a suitable memorial service, in consultation with the families.

(d)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(2)

(e)

(1) are briefed, prior to any public briefing, about the accident and any other findings from the investigation; and

(2) are individually informed of and allowed to attend any public hearings and meetings of the Board about the accident.

(f)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(h)

(1)

(A) results in any loss of life;

(B) the National Transportation Safety Board will serve as the lead investigative agency for; and

(C) occurs in the provision of—

(i) interstate intercity rail passenger transportation (as such term is defined in section 24102); or

(ii) high-speed rail (as such term is defined in section 26105) transportation, regardless of its cause or suspected cause.

(2)

(A) interstate intercity rail passenger transportation (as such term is defined in section 24102); or

(B) interstate or intrastate high-speed rail (as such term is defined in section 26105) transportation,

except that such term does not include a tourist, historic, scenic, or excursion rail carrier.

(3)

(A) an employee of a rail passenger carrier aboard a train;

(B) any other person aboard the train without regard to whether the person paid for the transportation, occupied a seat, or held a reservation for the rail transportation; and

(C) any other person injured or killed in a rail passenger accident, as determined appropriate by the Board.

(i)

(j)

(1)

(2)

(k)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title V, §501(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4894; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1676; Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §1109(d), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3435.)

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1109(d)(1), substituted "resulting in any loss of life, and for which the National Transportation Safety Board will serve as the lead investigative agency" for "resulting in a major loss of life" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1109(d)(2), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'rail passenger accident' means any rail passenger disaster resulting in a major loss of life occurring in the provision of—

"(A) interstate intercity rail passenger transportation (as such term is defined in section 24102); or

"(B) interstate or intrastate high-speed rail (as such term is defined in section 26105) transportation,

regardless of its cause or suspected cause."

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §11316(a)(1), substituted "telephone number" for "phone number".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §11316(a)(2), substituted "post-trauma communication with families" for "post trauma communication with families".

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 114–94, §11316(a)(3), substituted "rail passenger accident" for "railroad passenger accident" in pars. (1) and (2).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title V, §503, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4899, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) a model plan to assist rail passenger carriers in responding to passenger rail accidents;

"(2) recommendations on methods to improve the timeliness of the notification provided by passenger rail carriers to the families of passengers involved in a passenger rail accident;

"(3) recommendations on methods to ensure that the families of passengers involved in a passenger rail accident who are not citizens of the United States receive appropriate assistance; and

"(4) recommendations on methods to ensure that emergency services personnel have as immediate and accurate a count of the number of passengers onboard the train as possible.

"(c)

In the course of an investigation of an accident described in section 1131(a)(1), except an aircraft accident described in section 1136 or a rail passenger accident described in section 1139, the Board may, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the families of individuals involved in the accident, and other individuals the Board deems appropriate—

(1) are informed as to the roles, with respect to the accident and the post-accident activities, of the Board;

(2) are briefed, before any public briefing, about the accident, its causes, and any other findings from the investigation; and

(3) are individually informed of and allowed to attend any public hearings and meetings of the Board about the accident.

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §1109(e)(1), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3435.)

(a)

(b)

(1) to enforce section 1132, 1134(b) or (f)(1) (related to an aircraft accident), 1136(g)(2), or 1155(a) of this title or a regulation prescribed or order issued under any of those sections; and

(2) to prosecute a person violating those sections or a regulation prescribed or order issued under any of those sections.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 756; Pub. L. 106–181, title IV, §401(a)(2), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 129.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1151(a) | 49 App.:1487(a) (related to CAB). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§1007 (related to CAB), 1008 (related to CAB), 72 Stat. 796. |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(d) (1st sentence), 80 Stat. 938. | |

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(a)(1)(A), 88 Stat. 2168. | |

1151(b) | 49 App.:1487(b) (related to CAB). | |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | ||

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A). | ||

1151(c) | 49 App.:1488 (related to CAB). | |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | ||

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A). |


In this section, the words "section 1132, 1134(b) or (f)(1) (related to an aircraft accident), or 1155(a) of this title" are substituted for "issued under this chapter" and "provisions of this chapter" because those sections restate the relevant provisions of 49 App.:ch. 20 carried out by the National Transportation Safety Board.

In subsections (a) and (b), the word "rule" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulation". The word "requirement" is omitted as being included in "order". The words "or any term, condition, or limitation of any certificate or permit" are omitted because the National Transportation Safety Board does not have authority to issue certificates or permits.

In subsection (a), the words "their duly authorized agents" are omitted as surplus. The words "may bring a civil action" are substituted for "may apply" in 49 App.:1487(a) for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words "An action under this subsection may be brought in the judicial district in which" are substituted for "for any district wherein" for clarity. The text of 49 App.:1487(a) (words after semicolon) is omitted as unnecessary because of rule 81(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.).

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "Attorney General" are substituted for "any district attorney of the United States" in 49 App.:1487(b) because of 28:509. The words "to whom the Board or Secretary of Transportation may apply" are omitted as surplus. The words "may bring a civil action" are substituted for "is authorized to institute . . . all necessary proceedings" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words "under the direction of the Attorney General" are omitted as unnecessary because of 28:516. The text of 49 App.:1487(b) (words after last comma) is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (c), the words "civil action" are substituted for "proceeding in court" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.).

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181 inserted "1136(g)(2)," before "or 1155(a)" in subsecs. (a), (b)(1), and (c).

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

A person interested in or affected by a matter under consideration in a proceeding or a civil action to enforce section 1132, 1134(b) or (f)(1) (related to an aircraft accident), or 1155(a) of this title, or a regulation prescribed or order issued under any of those sections, may be joined as a party or permitted to intervene in the proceeding or civil action.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 756.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1152 | 49 App.:1489. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1009, 72 Stat. 796. |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(d) (1st sentence), 80 Stat. 938. | |

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(a)(1)(A), 88 Stat. 2168. |


The words "civil action" are substituted for "proceedings . . . begun originally in any court of the United States" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words "section 1132, 1134(b) or (f)(1) (related to an aircraft accident), or 1155(a) of this title" are substituted for "the provisions of this chapter" in 49 App.:1489 because 49 App.:1489 is taken from 49 App.:ch. 20 and the sections in quotations restate the relevant provisions of 49 App.:ch. 20 carried out by the National Transportation Safety Board. The remaining relevant provisions of 49 App.:ch. 20 are restated in part A of subtitle VII of the revised title, and provisions comparable to this section are included as section 46109 of the revised title. The word "rule" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulation". The word "requirement" is omitted as included in "order". The words "or any term, condition, or limitation of any certificate or permit" are omitted because the Board does not have authority to issue certificates or permits. The words "may be joined as a party or permitted to intervene" are substituted for "it shall be lawful to include as parties, or to permit the intervention of" for clarity. The text of 49 App.:1489 (words after semicolon) is omitted as surplus.

(a)

(b)

(2) When a petition is filed under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the clerk of the court immediately shall send a copy of the petition to the Board. The Board shall file with the court a record of the proceeding in which the order was issued.

(3) When the petition is sent to the Board, the court has exclusive jurisdiction to affirm, amend, modify, or set aside any part of the order and may order the Board to conduct further proceedings. After reasonable notice to the Board, the court may grant interim relief by staying the order or taking other appropriate action when cause for its action exists. Findings of fact by the Board, if supported by substantial evidence, are conclusive.

(4) In reviewing an order under this subsection, the court may consider an objection to an order of the Board only if the objection was made in the proceeding conducted by the Board or if there was a reasonable ground for not making the objection in the proceeding.

(5) A decision by a court under this subsection may be reviewed only by the Supreme Court under section 1254 of title 28.

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 756; Pub. L. 108–293, title VI, §622, Aug. 9, 2004, 118 Stat. 1063; Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §301(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 56.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1153(a) | 49 App.:1655(d) (last sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(d), 80 Stat. 938. |

49 App.:1903(d). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(d), 88 Stat. 2171. | |

1153(b)(1) | 49 App.:1486(a), (b) (as 1486(a), (b) relates to CAB). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1006(a), (b), (e), (f) (as §1006(a), (b), (e), (f) relates to CAB), 72 Stat. 795. |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | ||

1153(b)(2) | 49 App.:1486(c) (related to CAB). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1006(c) (related to CAB), 72 Stat. 795; restated June 29, 1960, Pub. L. 86–546, §1, 74 Stat. 255. |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | ||

1153(b)(3) | 49 App.:1486(d), (e) (1st sentence) (as 1486(d), (e) (1st sentence) relates to CAB). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1006(d) (related to CAB), 72 Stat. 795; restated Sept. 13, 1961, Pub. L. 87–225, §2, 75 Stat. 497. |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | ||

1153(b)(4) | 49 App.:1486(e) (last sentence related to CAB). | |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | ||

1153(b)(5) | 49 App.:1486(f) (related to CAB). | |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | ||

1153(c) | 49 App.:1429(a) (8th–last sentences related to Administrator under subch. VII). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §609(a) (8th–last sentences related to Administrator under title VII), 72 Stat. 779; Nov. 18, 1971, Pub. L. 92–159, §2(a), 85 Stat. 481; Aug. 26, 1992, Pub. L. 102–345, §3(a)(2), 106 Stat. 925. |

49 App.:1471(a) (3)(D)(v) (related to Administrator under subch. VII). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §901(a) (3)(D)(v) (related to Administrator under title VII); added Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7208(b), 102 Stat. 4429; restated Aug. 26, 1992, Pub. L. 102–345, §2(a), 106 Stat. 923. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |


In subsection (a), the text of 49 App.:1903(d) (last sentence) is omitted as unnecessary because 5:ch. 7 applies by its own terms. The words "final order" are substituted for "order, affirmative or negative" in 49 App.:1903(d) and "Decisions of the National Transportation Safety Board made pursuant to the exercise of the functions, powers, and duties enumerated in this subsection shall be administratively final" in 49 App.:1655(d) to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "is issued" are substituted for "after the entry" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The text of 49 App.:1655(d) (last sentence words after last comma) is omitted as unnecessary because of 49 App.:1903(d).

In subsection (b)(1), the words "affirmative or negative" are omitted as surplus. The words "related to an aviation matter" are added because the source provisions being restated only apply to aviation matters. The words "is issued" are substituted for "the entry of" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "if any" are omitted as surplus. The words "of the proceeding" are added for clarity. The words "complained of" and "as provided in section 2112 of title 28" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3), the word "amend" is added for consistency in the revised title. The word "interim" is substituted for "interlocutory" for clarity. The words "taking other appropriate action" are substituted for "by such mandatory or other relief as may be appropriate" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(4), the words "made in the proceeding conducted by" are substituted for "urged before" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the source provisions are combined to eliminate unnecessary words and are restated in this chapter to alert the reader to the authority of the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to seek judicial review of an order of the National Transportation Safety Board under section 44709 or 46301(d) of the revised title that the Administrator decides will have a significant adverse impact on carrying out source provisions restated in this chapter that are derived from title VII of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 781).

**2012**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–95 substituted "section 44703(d), 44709, or" for "section 44709 or".

**2004**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–293 added subsec. (d).

(a)

(A) any still image that the National Transportation Safety Board has not made available to the public under section 1114(c) or 1114(d) of this title;

(B) any part of a cockpit or surface vehicle recorder transcript that the National Transportation Safety Board has not made available to the public under section 1114(c) or 1114(d) of this title; and

(C) a cockpit or surface vehicle recorder recording.

(2)(A) Except as provided in paragraph (4)(A) of this subsection, a court may allow discovery by a party of a cockpit or surface vehicle recorder transcript if, after an in camera review of the transcript, the court decides that—

(i) the part of the transcript made available to the public under section 1114(c) or 1114(d) of this title does not provide the party with sufficient information for the party to receive a fair trial; and

(ii) discovery of additional parts of the transcript is necessary to provide the party with sufficient information for the party to receive a fair trial.

(B) A court may allow discovery, or require production for an in camera review, of a cockpit or surface vehicle recorder transcript that the Board has not made available under section 1114(c) or 1114(d) of this title only if the cockpit or surface vehicle recorder recording is not available.

(3) Except as provided in paragraph (4)(A) of this subsection, a court may allow discovery by a party of a cockpit or surface vehicle recorder recording, including with regard to a video recording any still image that the National Transportation Safety Board has not made available to the public under section 1114(c) or 1114(d) of this title, if, after an in camera review of the recording, the court decides that—

(A) the parts of the transcript made available to the public under section 1114(c) or 1114(d) of this title and to the party through discovery under paragraph (2) of this subsection do not provide the party with sufficient information for the party to receive a fair trial; and

(B) discovery of the cockpit or surface vehicle recorder recording, including with regard to a video recording any still image that the National Transportation Safety Board has not made available to the public under section 1114(c) or 1114(d) of this title, is necessary to provide the party with sufficient information for the party to receive a fair trial.

(4)(A) When a court allows discovery in a judicial proceeding of a still image or a part of a cockpit or surface vehicle recorder transcript not made available to the public under section 1114(c) or 1114(d) of this title or a cockpit or surface vehicle recorder recording, the court shall issue a protective order—

(i) to limit the use of the still image, the part of the transcript, or the recording to the judicial proceeding; and

(ii) to prohibit dissemination of the still image, the part of the transcript, or the recording to any person that does not need access to the still image, the part of the transcript, or the recording for the proceeding.

(B) A court may allow a still image or a part of a cockpit or surface vehicle recorder transcript not made available to the public under section 1114(c) or 1114(d) of this title or a cockpit or surface vehicle recorder recording to be admitted into evidence in a judicial proceeding, only if the court places the still image, the part of the transcript, or the recording under seal to prevent the use of the still image, the part of the transcript, or the recording for purposes other than for the proceeding.

(5) This subsection does not prevent the Board from referring at any time to cockpit or surface vehicle recorder information in making safety recommendations.

(6) In this subsection:

(A)

(B)

(C)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 757; Pub. L. 106–424, §5(c)(1), Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1885; Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §1104(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3430.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1154(a) | 49 App.:1905(c)(3), (d). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §306(c)(3), (d); added Oct. 14, 1982, Pub. L. 97–309, §2, 96 Stat. 1453; restated Nov. 28, 1990, Pub. L. 101–641, §4, 104 Stat. 4655. |

1154(b) | 49 App.:1441(e). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §701(e), 72 Stat. 781. |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(d) (1st sentence), 80 Stat. 938. | |

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A), (c). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(a)(1)(A), (c), 88 Stat. 2168, 2171. |


In subsection (a), the word "transcript" is substituted for "transcriptions" for clarity.

In subsection (a)(1)(A), the words "that the National Transportation Safety Board has not made available to the public" are substituted for "other than such portions made available to the public by the Board" for clarity.

In subsection (a)(2)(B), the words "prepared by or under the direction of the Board" are omitted as unnecessary and for consistency with the source provisions restated in this subsection.

In subsection (b), the words "civil action" are substituted for "suit or action" in 49 App.:1441(e) and 1903(c) for consistency with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.).

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1104(b)(1), substituted "In General" for "Transcripts and Recordings" in heading.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1104(b)(2), added subpar. (A) and redesignated former subpars. (A) and (B) as (B) and (C), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §1104(b)(3), substituted "recorder recording, including with regard to a video recording any still image that the National Transportation Safety Board has not made available to the public under section 1114(c) or 1114(d) of this title," for "recorder recording" in introductory provisions and in subpar. (B).

Subsec. (a)(4)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1104(b)(4), inserted "a still image or" before "a part of a cockpit" in introductory provisions and substituted "the still image, the part of the transcript, or the recording" for "the part of the transcript or the recording" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a)(4)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §1104(b)(4)(B), inserted "a still image or" before "a part of a cockpit" and substituted "the still image, the part of the transcript, or the recording" for "the part of the transcript or the recording" in two places.

Subsec. (a)(6)(B), (C). Pub. L. 115–254, §1104(b)(5), added subpar. (B) and redesignated former subpar. (B) as (C).

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–424, §5(c)(1)(A), substituted "and surface vehicle recordings and transcripts" for "voice and other material" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–424, §5(c)(1)(B), substituted "cockpit or surface vehicle recorder" for "cockpit voice recorder" wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 106–424, §5(c)(1)(C), substituted "section 1114(c) or 1114(d)" for "section 1114(c)" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 106–424, §5(c)(1)(D), which directed the amendment of this section by adding par. (6) at the end, was executed by adding par. (6) at the end of subsec. (a) to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

(a)

(2) This subsection does not apply to a member of the armed forces of the United States or an employee of the Department of Defense subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice when the member or employee is performing official duties. The appropriate military authorities are responsible for taking necessary disciplinary action and submitting to the National Transportation Safety Board a timely report on action taken.

(3) The Board may compromise the amount of a civil penalty imposed under this subsection.

(4) The Government may deduct the amount of a civil penalty imposed or compromised under this subsection from amounts it owes the person liable for the penalty.

(5) A civil penalty under this subsection may be collected by bringing a civil action against the person liable for the penalty. The action shall conform as nearly as practicable to a civil action in admiralty.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 758; Pub. L. 104–264, title VII, §702(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3267.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

1155(a)(1), (2) | 49 App.:1471(a)(1) (related to subchapter VII). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §901(a)(1) (related to title VII), 72 Stat. 783; restated July 10, 1962, Pub. L. 87–528, §12, 76 Stat. 149; Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §107, 88 Stat. 414; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §113(b), 88 Stat. 2162. |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(d) (1st sentence), 80 Stat. 938. | |

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §304(a)(1)(A), 88 Stat. 2168. | |

1155(a)(3), (4) | 49 App.:1471(a)(2) (related to subchapter VII). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §901(a)(2) (related to title VII), 72 Stat. 784; July 10, 1962, Pub. L. 87–528, §12, 76 Stat. 150; restated Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §35(b), 92 Stat. 1740. |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | ||

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A). | ||

1155(a)(5) | 49 App.:1473(b)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §903(b)(1), 72 Stat. 786; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §36, 92 Stat. 1741. |

49 App.:1473(b)(4). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §903(b)(4), 72 Stat. 787. | |

49 App.:1655(d) (1st sentence). | ||

49 App.:1903(a)(1)(A). | ||

1155(b) | 49 App.:1472(p). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §902(p); added Oct. 15, 1962, Pub. L. 87–810, §4, 76 Stat. 921; Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §103(b), 88 Stat. 410; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §204(e), 101 Stat. 1520. |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "section 1132 or 1134(b) or (f)(1) (related to an aircraft accident) of this title" are substituted for "any provision of subchapter . . . VII . . . of this chapter" in 49 App.:1471(a)(1) because those sections restate the relevant source provisions of 49 App.:ch. 20 carried out by the Board. The words "regulation prescribed or order issued under either of those sections" are substituted for "rule, regulation, or order issued thereunder" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code and because "rule" and "regulation" are synonymous. The words "liable to the United States Government" are substituted for "subject to" for clarity. The words "for each such violation" are omitted as unnecessary because of 18:1.

In subsection (a)(2), the word "civilian" is omitted as unnecessary. The words "with respect thereto" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(4), the words "imposed or compromised" are substituted for "finally determined or fixed by order of the Board, or the amount agreed upon in compromise" in 49 App.:1471(a)(2) for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(5), the words "imposed or assessed" are omitted as surplus. The words "civil action against the person" are substituted for "proceedings in personam against the person" in 49 App.:1473(b)(1) for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.) and to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 49 App.:1473(b)(1) (1st sentence words after 1st comma and last sentence) is omitted as unnecessary because penalties imposed by the National Transportation Safety Board do not involve liens on aircraft. The text of 49 App.:1473(b)(4) is omitted as unnecessary because of 28:ch. 131.

The Uniform Code of Military Justice, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is classified generally to chapter 47 (§801 et seq.) of Title 10, Armed Forces.

Prior chapter 31 (§§3101–3104) of subtitle II redesignated and restated as chapter 315 (§§31501–31504) of subtitle VI of this title by Pub. L. 103–272, §1(c), (e).

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–264 substituted ", section 1134(b), section 1134(f)(1), or section 1136(g)" for "or 1134(b) or (f)(1)" and "any of" for "either of".

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.



**2015**—Pub. L. 114–110, §§3(a)(1), (2), 10, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2228, 2233, renumbered chapter 7 of this title as this chapter and amended analysis generally, substituting items 1301 to 1306 and 1321 to 1326 for former items 701 to 706 and 721 to 727, respectively.

1 So in original. Does not conform to subchapter heading since word "SUBCHAPTER" does not appear.

(a)

(b)

(2) At all times—

(A) at least 3 members of the Board shall be individuals with professional standing and demonstrated knowledge in the fields of transportation, transportation regulation, or economic regulation; and

(B) at least 2 members shall be individuals with professional or business experience (including agriculture) in the private sector.

(3) The term of each member of the Board shall be 5 years and shall begin when the term of the predecessor of that member ends. An individual appointed to fill a vacancy occurring before the expiration of the term for which the predecessor of that individual was appointed, shall be appointed for the remainder of that term. When the term of office of a member ends, the member may continue to serve until a successor is appointed and qualified, but for a period not to exceed one year. The President may remove a member for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office.

(4) No individual may serve as a member of the Board for more than 2 terms. In the case of an individual appointed to fill a vacancy occurring before the expiration of the term for which the predecessor of that individual was appointed, such individual may not be appointed for more than one additional term.

(5) A member of the Board may not have a pecuniary interest in, hold an official relation to, or own stock in or bonds of, a carrier providing transportation by any mode and may not engage in another business, vocation, or employment.

(6) A vacancy in the membership of the Board does not impair the right of the remaining members to exercise all of the powers of the Board. The Board may designate a member to act as Chairman during any period in which there is no Chairman designated by the President.

(c)

(2) Subject to the general policies, decisions, findings, and determinations of the Board, the Chairman shall be responsible for administering the Board. The Chairman may delegate the powers granted under this paragraph to an officer, employee, or office of the Board. The Chairman shall—

(A) appoint and supervise, other than regular and full-time employees in the immediate offices of another member, the officers and employees of the Board, including attorneys to provide legal aid and service to the Board and its members, and to represent the Board in any case in court;

(B) appoint the heads of offices with the approval of the Board;

(C) distribute Board business among officers and employees and offices of the Board;

(D) prepare requests for appropriations for the Board and submit those requests to the President and Congress with the prior approval of the Board; and

(E) supervise the expenditure of funds allocated by the Board for major programs and purposes.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §201(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 932, §701; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(5), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; renumbered §1301 and amended Pub. L. 114–110, §§3(a)(3), (b), 4, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2228, 2229.)

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–110, §3(a)(3), renumbered section 701 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–110, §3(b), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "There is hereby established within the Department of Transportation the Surface Transportation Board."

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 114–110, §4(a)(1), substituted "5 members" for "3 members" and "3 members" for "2 members".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 114–110, §4(a)(2), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "At any given time, at least 2 members of the Board shall be individuals with professional standing and demonstrated knowledge in the fields of transportation or transportation regulation, and at least one member shall be an individual with professional or business experience (including agriculture) in the private sector."

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 114–110, §4(b)(3), struck out "who becomes a member of the Board pursuant to paragraph (4), or an individual" after "In the case of an individual".

Pub. L. 114–110, §4(b)(1), (2), redesignated par. (5) as (4) and struck out former par. (4) which read as follows: "On January 1, 1996, the members of the Interstate Commerce Commission serving unexpired terms on December 29, 1995, shall become members of the Board, to serve for a period of time equal to the remainder of the term for which they were originally appointed to the Interstate Commerce Commission. Any member of the Interstate Commerce Commission whose term expires on December 31, 1995, shall become a member of the Board, subject to paragraph (3)."

Subsec. (b)(5), (6). Pub. L. 114–110, §4(b)(2), redesignated pars. (6) and (7) as (5) and (6), respectively. Former par. (5) redesignated (4).

**1996**—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of this section" and "December 29, 1995," for "the date of the enactment of the ICC Termination Act of 1995".

Pub. L. 104–88, §2, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, provided that: "Except as otherwise provided in this Act [see Tables for classification], this Act shall take effect on January 1, 1996."

Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §204, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 941, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) that have been issued, made, granted, or allowed to become effective by the Interstate Commerce Commission, any officer or employee of the Interstate Commerce Commission, or any other Government official, or by a court of competent jurisdiction, in the performance of any function that is transferred by this Act [see Tables for classification] or the amendments made by this Act; and

"(2) that are in effect on the effective date of such transfer (or become effective after such date pursuant to their terms as in effect on such effective date),

shall continue in effect according to their terms until modified, terminated, superseded, set aside, or revoked in accordance with law by the Board [Surface Transportation Board], any other authorized official, a court of competent jurisdiction, or operation of law. The Board shall promptly rescind all regulations established by the Interstate Commerce Commission that are based on provisions of law repealed and not substantively reenacted by this Act.

"(b)

"(2) The Board and the Secretary are authorized to provide for the orderly transfer of pending proceedings from the Interstate Commerce Commission.

"(3)(A) Except as provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C), in the case of a proceeding under a provision of law repeal [repealed], and not reenacted, by this Act such proceeding shall be terminated.

"(B) Any proceeding involving a pipeline carrier under subtitle IV of title 49, United States Code, shall be continued to be heard by the Board under such subtitle, as in effect on the day before the effective date of this section [see Effective Date note above], until completion of such proceeding.

"(C) Any proceeding involving the merger of a motor carrier property under subtitle IV of title 49, United States Code, shall continue to be heard by the Board under such subtitle, as in effect on the day before the effective date of this section, until completion of such proceeding.

"(4) Any proceeding with respect to any tariff, rate charge, classification, rule, regulation, or service that was pending under the Intercoastal Shipping Act, 1933 [former 46 U.S.C. App. 843 et seq.] or the Shipping Act, 1916 [former 46 U.S.C. App. 801 et seq., see Disposition Table preceding section 101 of Title 46, Shipping] before the Federal Maritime Commission on November 1, 1995, shall continue to be heard until completion or issuance of a final order thereon under all applicable laws in effect as of November 1, 1995.

"(c)

"(2) Any suit by or against the Interstate Commerce Commission begun before the effective date of this Act shall be continued, insofar as it involves a function retained and transferred under this Act, with the Board (to the extent the suit involves functions transferred to the Board under this Act) or the Secretary (to the extent the suit involves functions transferred to the Secretary under this Act) substituted for the Commission.

"(3) If the court in a suit described in paragraph (1) remands a case to the Board or the Secretary, subsequent proceedings related to such case shall proceed in accordance with applicable law and regulations as in effect at the time of such subsequent proceedings.

"(d)

"(e)

Pub. L. 114–110, §17, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2238, provided that: "Nothing in this Act [see Tables for classification] may be construed to affect any suit commenced by or against the Surface Transportation Board, or any proceeding or challenge pending before the Surface Transportation Board, before the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 2015]."

Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §101, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, provided that: "The Interstate Commerce Commission is abolished."

Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §202, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 940, provided that: "The Chairman of the Surface Transportation Board (in this Act [see Tables for classification] referred to as the 'Board') may allocate or reallocate any function of the Board, consistent with this title [see Tables for classification] and [former] subchapter I of chapter 7 [now 49 U.S.C. 1301 et seq.], as amended by section 201 of this title, among the members or employees of the Board, and may establish, consolidate, alter, or discontinue in the Board any organizational entities that were entities of the Interstate Commerce Commission, as the Chairman considers necessary or appropriate."

Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §203, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 941, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §205, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 943, provided that: "Any reference to the Interstate Commerce Commission in any other Federal law, Executive order, rule, regulation, or delegation of authority, or any document of or pertaining to the Interstate Commerce Commission or an officer or employee of the Interstate Commerce Commission, is deemed to refer to the Board [Surface Transportation Board], a member or employee of the Board, or the Secretary, as appropriate."

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22309, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 734, provided that: "The Surface Transportation Board shall—

"(1) establish a passenger rail program with primary responsibility for carrying out the Board's passenger rail responsibilities; and

"(2) hire up to 10 additional full-time employees to assist in carrying out the responsibilities referred to in paragraph (1)."

Pub. L. 115–269, Oct. 16, 2018, 132 Stat. 3763, provided that:

"This Act may be cited as the 'STB Information Security Improvement Act'.

"(a)

"(1) to identify controls, including risk management, weakness remediation, and security authorization;

"(2) to protect controls, including configuration management, user identity and access management, and security training;

"(3) to detect controls, including continuous monitoring;

"(4) to respond [to] controls, including incident handling and reporting;

"(5) to recover controls for contingency planning; and

"(6) [sic] any additional tools that will improve the implementation of the recommendations.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"No additional funds are authorized to carry out the requirements of this Act. Such requirements shall be carried out using amounts otherwise authorized."

Except as otherwise provided in the ICC Termination Act of 1995, or the amendments made thereby, the Board shall perform all functions that, immediately before January 1, 1996, were functions of the Interstate Commerce Commission or were performed by any officer or employee of the Interstate Commerce Commission in the capacity as such officer or employee.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §201(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 933, §702; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(6), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; renumbered §1302, Pub. L. 114–110, §3(a)(3), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2228.)

The ICC Termination Act of 1995, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 104–88, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 803. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1995 Amendment note set out under section 101 of this title and Tables.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–110 renumbered section 702 of this title as this section.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of such Act".

Interstate Commerce Commission abolished by section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) no formal or informal vote or other official agency action is taken at the meeting;

(ii) each individual present at the meeting is a member or an employee of the Board; and

(iii) the General Counsel of the Board is present at the meeting.

(B)

(i) a list of the individuals present at the meeting; and

(ii) a summary of the matters discussed at the meeting, except for any matters the Board properly determines may be withheld from the public under section 552b(c) of title 5.

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)

(i) to limit the applicability of section 552b of title 5 with respect to any information which is proposed to be withheld from the public under subparagraph (B)(ii); or

(ii) to authorize the Board to withhold from any individual any record that is accessible to that individual under section 552a of title 5, United States Code.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and

(B) the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives.

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §201(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 934, §703; renumbered §1303 and amended Pub. L. 114–110, §§3(a)(3), (c)(1), 5, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2228–2230.)

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–110, §3(a)(3), renumbered section 703 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–110, §5, amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "For purposes of section 552b of title 5, United States Code, the Board shall be deemed to be an agency."

Pub. L. 114–110, §3(c)(1)(A), (B), redesignated subsec. (b) as (a) and struck out former subsec. (a). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Chapter 9 of title 5, United States Code, shall apply to the Board in the same manner as it does to an independent regulatory agency, and the Board shall be an establishment of the United States Government."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–110, §3(c)(1)(B), redesignated subsec. (d) as (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (a).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–110, §3(c)(1)(A), (B), redesignated subsec. (e) as (c) and struck out former subsec. (c). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "In the performance of their functions, the members, employees, and other personnel of the Board shall not be responsible to or subject to the supervision or direction of any officer, employee, or agent of any other part of the Department of Transportation."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 114–110, §3(c)(1)(C), added subsec. (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (b).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 114–110, §3(c)(1)(B), redesignated subsec. (e) as (c).

Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 114–110, §3(c)(1)(A), struck out subsecs. (f) and (g) which read as follows:

"(f)

"(1) showing the amount requested by the Board in its budgetary presentation to the Secretary and the Office of Management and Budget; and

"(2) an assessment of the budgetary needs of the Board.

"(g)

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A) summary information of the case, including the docket number, case name, commodity or commodities involved, and rate review guideline or guidelines used;

(B) the date on which the rate review proceeding began;

(C) the date for the completion of discovery;

(D) the date for the completion of the evidentiary record;

(E) the date for the submission of closing briefs;

(F) the date on which the Board issued the final decision; and

(G) a brief summary of the final decision;

(2)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) the date on which the complaint was received by the Board;

(B) a list of the type of each complaint;

(C) the geographic region of each complaint; and

(D) the resolution of each complaint, if appropriate.

(3)

(4)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §201(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 934, §704; renumbered §1304 and amended Pub. L. 114–110, §§3(a)(3), 6, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2228, 2231.)

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–110, §6, substituted "Reports" for "Annual report" in section catchline, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and inserted heading, substituted "on its activities, including each instance in which the Board has initiated an investigation on its own initiative under this chapter or subtitle IV." for "on its activities.", and added subsecs. (b) and (c).

Pub. L. 114–110, §3(a)(3), renumbered section 704 of this title as this section.

Pub. L. 114–110, §15(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2238, provided that: "Beginning not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 2015], the Surface Transportation Board shall submit quarterly reports to the congressional committees referred to in section 14(b) [Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives] that describes the Surface Transportation Board's progress toward addressing the issues raised in each unfinished regulatory proceeding, regardless of whether the proceeding is subject to a statutory or regulatory deadline."

There are authorized to be appropriated for the activities of the Board—

(1) $33,000,000 for fiscal year 2016;

(2) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2017;

(3) $35,500,000 for fiscal year 2018;

(4) $35,500,000 for fiscal year 2019; and

(5) $36,000,000 for fiscal year 2020.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §201(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 934, §705; renumbered §1305 and amended Pub. L. 114–110, §§3(a)(3), 7, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2228, 2232.)

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–110, §3(a)(3), renumbered section 705 of this title as this section.

Pars. (1) to (5). Pub. L. 114–110, §7, added pars. (1) to (5) and struck out former pars. (1) to (3) which related to appropriations for fiscal years 1996, 1997, and 1998, respectively.

(a)

(b)

(A) the official designation of the individual or group taking the action;

(B) the name of each individual taking, or participating in taking, the action; and

(C) the vote or position of each participating individual.

(2) If an individual member of a group taking an official action referred to in paragraph (1) does not participate in it, the written statement of the action shall indicate that the member did not participate. An individual participating in taking an official action is entitled to express the views of that individual as part of the written statement of the action. In addition to any publication of the written statement, it shall be made available to the public under section 552(a) of title 5.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §201(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 934, §706; renumbered §1306, Pub. L. 114–110, §3(a)(3), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2228.)

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–110 renumbered section 706 of this title as this section.

(a)

(b)

(1) inquire into and report on the management of the business of carriers providing transportation and services subject to subtitle IV;

(2) inquire into and report on the management of the business of a person controlling, controlled by, or under common control with those carriers to the extent that the business of that person is related to the management of the business of that carrier;

(3) obtain from those carriers and persons information the Board decides is necessary to carry out subtitle IV; and

(4) when necessary to prevent irreparable harm, issue an appropriate order without regard to subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5.

(c)

(2) The district courts of the United States have jurisdiction to enforce a subpoena issued under this section. Trial is in the district in which the proceeding is conducted. The court may punish a refusal to obey a subpoena as a contempt of court.

(d)

(2) If a witness fails to be deposed or to produce records under paragraph (1), the Board may subpoena the witness to take a deposition, produce the records, or both.

(3) A deposition may be taken before a judge of a court of the United States, a United States magistrate judge, a clerk of a district court, or a chancellor, justice, or judge of a supreme or superior court, mayor or chief magistrate of a city, judge of a county court, or court of common pleas of any State, or a notary public who is not counsel or attorney of a party or interested in the proceeding.

(4) Before taking a deposition, reasonable notice must be given in writing by the party or the attorney of that party proposing to take a deposition to the opposing party or the attorney of record of that party, whoever is nearest. The notice shall state the name of the witness and the time and place of taking the deposition.

(5) The testimony of a person deposed under this subsection shall be taken under oath. The person taking the deposition shall prepare, or cause to be prepared, a transcript of the testimony taken. The transcript shall be subscribed by the deponent.

(6) The testimony of a witness who is in a foreign country may be taken by deposition before an officer or person designated by the Board or agreed on by the parties by written stipulation filed with the Board. A deposition shall be filed with the Board promptly.

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §201(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 935, §721; renumbered §1321, Pub. L. 114–110, §3(a)(5), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2228.)

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–110 renumbered section 721 of this title as this section.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1) reopen a proceeding;

(2) grant rehearing, reargument, or reconsideration of an action of the Board; or

(3) change an action of the Board.

An interested party may petition to reopen and reconsider an action of the Board under this subsection under regulations of the Board.

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §201(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 936, §722; renumbered §1322, Pub. L. 114–110, §3(a)(5), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2228.)

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–110 renumbered section 722 of this title as this section.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §201(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 937, §723; renumbered §1323 and amended Pub. L. 114–110, §§3(a)(5), 8(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2228, 2232.)

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–110, §3(a)(3), renumbered section 723 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–110, §8(a)(1), struck out "in the District of Columbia," after "designate an agent".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–110, §8(a)(2), struck out "in the District of Columbia" after " usual place of residence".

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §201(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 937, §724; renumbered §1324 and amended Pub. L. 114–110, §§3(a)(5), 8(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2228, 2232.)

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–110, §3(a)(3), renumbered section 724 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–110, §8(b), struck out "in the District of Columbia" after "designate an agent" and "usual place of residence".

(a)

(1) The members of the Council shall be appointed from among citizens of the United States who are not regular full-time employees of the United States and shall be selected for appointment so as to provide as nearly as practicable a broad representation of the various segments of the railroad and rail shipper industries.

(2) Nine of the members shall be appointed from senior executive officers of organizations engaged in the railroad and rail shipping industries, which 9 members shall be the voting members of the Council. Council action and Council positions shall be determined by a majority vote of the members present. A majority of such voting members shall constitute a quorum. Of such 9 voting members—

(A) at least 4 shall be representative of small shippers (as determined by the Chairman); and

(B) at least 4 shall be representative of Class II or III railroads.

(3) The remaining 6 members of the Council shall serve in a nonvoting advisory capacity only, but shall be entitled to participate in Council deliberations. Of the remaining members—

(A) 3 shall be representative of Class I railroads; and

(B) 3 shall be representative of large shipper organizations (as determined by the Chairman).

(4) The Secretary of Transportation and the members of the Board shall serve as ex officio, nonvoting members of the Council. The Council shall not be subject to chapter 10 of title 5. A list of the members appointed to the Council shall be forwarded to the Chairmen and ranking members of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives.

(5) Each ex officio member of the Council may designate an alternate, who shall serve as a member of the Council whenever the ex officio member is unable to attend a meeting of the Council. Any such designated alternate shall be selected from individuals who exercise significant decision-making authority in the Federal agency involved.

(b)

(1) 5 members shall be appointed for terms of 1 year; and

(2) 5 members shall be appointed for terms of 2 years,

as designated by the Chairman at the time of appointment. Any member appointed to fill a vacancy occurring before the expiration of the term for which the member's predecessor was appointed shall be appointed only for the remainder of such term. A member may serve after the expiration of his term until his successor has taken office. Vacancies on the Council shall be filled in the same manner in which the original appointments were made. No member of the Council shall be eligible to serve in excess of two consecutive terms.

(c)

(d)

(2) Upon request by the Council Chairman, the Secretary or Chairman of the Board, to the extent provided in advance in appropriations Acts, may pay the reasonable and necessary expenses incurred by the Council in connection with the coordination of Council activities, announcement and reporting of meetings, and preparation of such Council documents as are required or permitted by this section.

(3) The Council may solicit and use private funding for its activities, subject to this subsection.

(4) Prior to making any Federal funding requests, the Council Chairman shall undertake best efforts to fund such activities privately unless the Council Chairman determines that such private funding would create a conflict of interest, or the appearance thereof, or is otherwise impractical. The Council Chairman shall not request funding from any Federal agency without providing written justification as to why private funding would create any such conflict or appearance, or is otherwise impractical.

(5) To enable the Council to carry out its functions—

(A) the Council Chairman may request directly from any Federal agency such personnel, information, services, or facilities, on a compensated or uncompensated basis, as the Council Chairman determines necessary to carry out the functions of the Council;

(B) each Federal agency may, in its discretion, furnish the Council with such information, services, and facilities as the Council Chairman may request to the extent permitted by law and within the limits of available funds; and

(C) each Federal agency may, in its discretion, detail to temporary duty with the Council, such personnel as the Council Chairman may request for carrying out the functions of the Council, each such detail to be without loss of seniority, pay, or other employee status.

(e)

(f)

(2) To the extent the Council addresses specific grain car issues, it shall coordinate such activities with the National Grain Car Council. The Secretary and Chairman shall cooperate with the Council to provide research, technical and other reasonable support in developing any reports and policy statements required or authorized by this subsection.

(3) The Council shall endeavor to develop within the private sector mechanisms to prevent, or identify and effectively address, obstacles to the most effective and efficient transportation system practicable.

(4) The Council shall prepare an annual report concerning its activities and the results of Council efforts to resolve industry issues, and propose whatever regulatory or legislative relief it considers appropriate. The Council shall include in the annual report such recommendations as it considers appropriate with respect to the performance of the Secretary and Chairman under this chapter, and with respect to the operation and effectiveness of meetings and industry developments relating to the Council's efforts, and such other information as it considers appropriate. Such annual reports shall be reviewed by the Secretary and Chairman, and shall include the Secretary's and Chairman's views or comments relating to—

(A) the accuracy of information therein;

(B) Council efforts and reasonableness of Council positions and actions; and

(C) any other aspects of the Council's work as they may consider appropriate.

The Council may prepare other reports or develop policy statements as the Council considers appropriate. An annual report shall be submitted for each fiscal year and shall be submitted to the Secretary and Chairman within 90 days after the end of the fiscal year. Other such reports and statements may be submitted as the Council considers appropriate.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title II, §201(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 937, §726; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(7), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; renumbered §1325, Pub. L. 114–110, §3(a)(6), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2229; amended Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(303), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4339.)

**2022**—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted "chapter 10 of title 5." for "the Federal Advisory Committee Act."

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–110 renumbered section 726 of this title as this section.

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "December 29, 1995" for "the date of enactment of the ICC Termination Act of 1995" in introductory provisions.

(a)

(b)

(1) keep the Chairman of the Board, the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives fully and currently informed about problems relating to administration of the internal accounting and administrative control systems of the Board;

(2) issue findings and recommendations for actions to address the problems referred to in paragraph (1); and

(3) submit periodic reports to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives that describe any progress made in implementing actions to address the problems referred to in paragraph (1).

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 114–110, §9, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2232; amended Pub. L. 117–286, §4(b)(97), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4353.)

**2022**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted "subsections (a) and (c) of section 406 of title 5." for "subsections (a) and (b) of section 6 of the Inspector General Act of 1978 (5 U.S.C. App.)."



**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21202(c), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 676, added item for chapter 67. Item was conformed to the style of this analysis and starting section number was supplied editorially.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, §6019(c), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1581, added second item for chapter 63 and item for chapter 65.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52011(c)(2), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 895, added first item for chapter 63.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3002(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545, substituted "Public" for "Mass" in item for chapter 53.

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7302(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 482, added item for chapter 61.

1 So in original. Two items for chapter 63 have been enacted.

3 See 2021 Amendment note below.


**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III, §33007(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 836, added item 5118.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §§7111, 7115(a)(2), (h), 7123(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1899, 1901, 1908, struck out item 5111 "Rail tank cars", substituted "Special permits and exclusions" for "Exemptions and exclusions" in item 5117, struck out item 5118 "Inspectors", added items 5127 and 5128, and struck out former item 5127 "Authorization of appropriations".

**2001**—Pub. L. 107–56, title X, §1012(a)(2), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 397, added item 5103a.

The purpose of this chapter is to protect against the risks to life, property, and the environment that are inherent in the transportation of hazardous material in intrastate, interstate, and foreign commerce.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 759; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7101(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1891.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5101 | 49 App.:1801. | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §102, 88 Stat. 2156. |


The words "It is declared to be the policy of Congress", "the Nation", and "which are" are omitted as surplus.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 substituted "The purpose of this chapter is to protect against the risks to life, property, and the environment that are inherent in the transportation of hazardous material in intrastate, interstate, and foreign commerce" for "The purpose of this chapter is to provide adequate protection against the risks to life and property inherent in the transportation of hazardous material in commerce by improving the regulatory and enforcement authority of the Secretary of Transportation".

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3001, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1446, provided that: "This title [amending sections 5302 to 5304, 5307, 5309 to 5312, 5314, 5315, 5323, 5325, 5327, 5329, 5336 to 5340, and 10501 of this title and sections 5313 and 5314 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, repealing sections 5313, 5319, and 5322 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under 5309, 5310, 5325, 5329, 5338 of this title, section 5313 of Title 5, and section 12143 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending provisions set out as a note under sections 5303 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 5309 of this title] may be cited as the 'Federal Public Transportation Act of 2015'."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VII, §7001, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1588, provided that: "This title [amending sections 5103, 5107 to 5109, 5116, 5117, 5121, and 5128 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 5103, 5116, 20103, 20141, 20155, and 31305 of this title] may be cited as the 'Hazardous Materials Transportation Safety Improvement Act of 2015'."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20001, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 622, provided that: "This division [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012'."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III, §33001, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 832, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Hazardous Materials Transportation Safety Improvement Act of 2012'."

Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3001, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1544, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Federal Public Transportation Act of 2005'."

Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7001, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1891, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Hazardous Materials Transportation Safety and Security Reauthorization Act of 2005'."

Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3001, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 338, provided that: "This title [amending sections 5302 to 5305, 5307 to 5315, 5317 to 5320, 5323, 5325 to 5328, and 5333 to 5338 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 301, 5301, 5307 to 5310, 5323, 5336, and 5338 of this title and sections 138 and 322 of Title 23, Highways] may be cited as the 'Federal Transit Act of 1998'."

Pub. L. 104–291, title II, §201, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3453, provided that: "This title [enacting section 5908 of this title and amending sections 5901 to 5903 and 5905 to 5907 of this title] may be cited as the 'Intermodal Safe Container Transportation Amendments Act of 1996'."

Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §101, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1673, provided that: "This title [amending sections 5102 to 5104, 5107, 5108, 5110, 5116, 5117, 5121, and 5125 to 5127 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 5103, 5112, and 5121 of this title, and section 307 of Title 23, Highways] may be cited as the 'Hazardous Materials Transportation Authorization Act of 1994'."

For transfer of duties, powers, and authority of Research and Special Programs Administration under this chapter to the Administrator of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, see section 2(b) of Pub. L. 108–426, set out as a note under section 108 of this title.

Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7101(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1891, provided that: "Congress finds with respect to hazardous materials transportation that—

"(1) approximately 4,000,000,000 tons of regulated hazardous materials are transported each year and approximately 1,200,000 movements of hazardous materials occur each day, according to Department of Transportation estimates;

"(2) the movement of hazardous materials in commerce is necessary to maintain economic vitality and meet consumer demands and must be conducted in a safe, secure, and efficient manner;

"(3) accidents involving, or unauthorized access to, hazardous materials in transportation may result in a release of such materials and pose a serious threat to public health and safety;

"(4) because of the potential risks to life, property, and the environment posed by unintentional releases of hazardous materials, consistency in laws and regulations governing the transportation of hazardous materials is necessary and desirable; and

"(5) in order to provide reasonable, adequate, and cost-effective protection from the risks posed by the transportation of hazardous materials, a network of well-trained State and local emergency response personnel and hazmat employees is essential."

Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §123, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1682, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) In the case of any equipment or products that may be authorized to be purchased with financial assistance provided under this title, it is the sense of Congress that entities receiving such assistance should, in expending such assistance, purchase only American-made equipment and products.

"(2) In providing financial assistance under this title, the Secretary of Transportation shall provide to each recipient of the assistance a notice describing the statement made in paragraph (1) by Congress.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), no contract or subcontract may be made with funds authorized under this title to a company organized under the laws of a foreign country unless the Secretary of Transportation finds that such country affords comparable opportunities to companies organized under laws of the United States.

"(2)(A) The Secretary of Transportation may waive the provisions of paragraph (1) if the products or services required are not reasonably available from companies organized under the laws of the United States. Any such waiver shall be reported to Congress.

"(B) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to the extent that to do so would violate the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or any other international agreement to which the United States is a party."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III, §33002, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 832, provided that: "In this title [see Tables for classification], the term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of Transportation."

In this chapter—

(1) "commerce" means trade or transportation in the jurisdiction of the United States—

(A) between a place in a State and a place outside of the State;

(B) that affects trade or transportation between a place in a State and a place outside of the State; or

(C) on a United States-registered aircraft.

(2) "hazardous material" means a substance or material the Secretary designates under section 5103(a) of this title.

(3) "hazmat employee"—

(A) means an individual—

(i) who—

(I) is employed on a full time, part time, or temporary basis by a hazmat employer; or

(II) is self-employed (including an owner-operator of a motor vehicle, vessel, or aircraft) transporting hazardous material in commerce; and

(ii) who during the course of such full time, part time, or temporary employment, or such self employment, directly affects hazardous material transportation safety as the Secretary decides by regulation; and

(B) includes an individual, employed on a full time, part time, or temporary basis by a hazmat employer, or self employed, who during the course of employment—

(i) loads, unloads, or handles hazardous material;

(ii) designs, manufactures, fabricates, inspects, marks, maintains, reconditions, repairs, or tests a package, container, or packaging component that is represented, marked, certified, or sold as qualified for use in transporting hazardous material in commerce;

(iii) prepares hazardous material for transportation;

(iv) is responsible for the safety of transporting hazardous material; or

(v) operates a vehicle used to transport hazardous material.

(4) "hazmat employer"—

(A) means a person—

(i) who—

(I) employs or uses at least 1 hazmat employee on a full time, part time, or temporary basis; or

(II) is self-employed (including an owner-operator of a motor vehicle, vessel, or aircraft) transporting hazardous material in commerce; and

(ii) who—

(I) transports hazardous material in commerce;

(II) causes hazardous material to be transported in commerce; or

(III) designs, manufactures, fabricates, inspects, marks, maintains, reconditions, repairs, or tests a package, container, or packaging component that is represented, marked, certified, or sold as qualified for use in transporting hazardous material in commerce; and

(B) includes a department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government, or an authority of a State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe, carrying out an activity described in clause (ii).

(5) "imminent hazard" means the existence of a condition relating to hazardous material that presents a substantial likelihood that death, serious illness, severe personal injury, or a substantial endangerment to health, property, or the environment may occur before the reasonably foreseeable completion date of a formal proceeding begun to lessen the risk of that death, illness, injury, or endangerment.

(6) "Indian tribe" has the same meaning given that term in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 450b).1

(7) "motor carrier"—

(A) means a motor carrier, motor private carrier, and freight forwarder as those terms are defined in section 13102; but

(B) does not include a freight forwarder, as so defined, if the freight forwarder is not performing a function relating to highway transportation.

(8) "National Response Team" means the National Response Team established under the National Contingency Plan established under section 105 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (42 U.S.C. 9605).

(9) "person", in addition to its meaning under section 1 of title 1—

(A) includes a government, Indian tribe, or authority of a government or tribe that—

(i) offers hazardous material for transportation in commerce;

(ii) transports hazardous material to further a commercial enterprise; or

(iii) designs, manufactures, fabricates, inspects, marks, maintains, reconditions, repairs, or tests a package, container, or packaging component that is represented, marked, certified, or sold as qualified for use in transporting hazardous material in commerce; but

(B) does not include—

(i) the United States Postal Service; and

(ii) in sections 5123 and 5124 of this title, a department, agency, or instrumentality of the Government.

(10) "public sector employee"—

(A) means an individual employed by a State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe and who during the course of employment has responsibilities related to responding to an accident or incident involving the transportation of hazardous material;

(B) includes an individual employed by a State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe as a firefighter or law enforcement officer; and

(C) includes an individual who volunteers to serve as a firefighter for a State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe.

(11) "Secretary" means the Secretary of Transportation except as otherwise provided.

(12) "State" means—

(A) except in section 5119 of this title, a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, and any other territory or possession of the United States designated by the Secretary; and

(B) in section 5119 of this title, a State of the United States and the District of Columbia.

(13) "transports" or "transportation" means the movement of property and loading, unloading, or storage incidental to the movement.

(14) "United States" means all of the States.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 759; Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §117(a)(1), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1678; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(d), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 947; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §§7102, 7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1892, 1909; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §302(a), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1618.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5102(1) | 49 App.:1802(1)–(3), (13). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §103, 88 Stat. 2156; restated Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §3(a), 104 Stat. 3245; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §§501, 502, 106 Stat. 3311. |

5102(2) | 49 App.:1802(4). | |

5102(3) | 49 App.:1802(5). | |

5102(4) | 49 App.:1802(6). | |

5102(5) | 49 App.:1802(7). | |

5102(6) | 49 App.:1802(8). | |

5102(7) | 49 App.:1802(9). | |

5102(8) | 49 App.:1802(10). | |

5102(9) | 49 App.:1802(11). | |

5102(10) | 49 App.:1802(12). | |

5102(11) | 49 App.:1802(14). | |

5102(12) | 49 App.:1802(15). | |

5102(13) | 49 App.:1802(16). |


In this chapter, the words "or shipped" are omitted as being included in "transported".

In clause (1), before subclause (A), the text of 49 App.:1802(1), (3), and (13) is omitted because the complete names of the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and Secretary of Transportation are used the first time the terms appear in a section. The words "traffic, commerce" are omitted as surplus. In subclause (B), the words "between a place in a State and a place outside of the State" are substituted for "described in clause (A)" for clarity.

In clauses (3)(C) and (10)(B), the words "at a minimum" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (5), the words "administrative hearing or other" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (9), before subclause (A), the words "including any trustee, receiver, assignee, or similar representative thereof" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (12), the words "by any mode" are omitted as surplus.

Section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 450b), referred to in par. (6), is section 4 of Pub. L. 93–638, Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2204, which was classified to section 450b of Title 25, Indians, prior to editorial reclassification as section 5304 of Title 25.

**2008**—Par. (3). Pub. L. 110–244 amended Pub. L. 109–59, §7102(2). See 2005 Amendment notes below.

**2005**—Par. (1)(C). Pub. L. 109–59, §7102(1), added subpar. (C).

Par. (2). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation".

Par. (3)(A)(i). Pub. L. 109–59, §7102(2)(A), as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, §302(a)(1), (2), added cl. (i) and struck out former cl. (i) which read as follows: "employed by a hazmat employer; and".

Par. (3)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 109–59, §7102(2)(B), as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, §302(a)(1), (3), substituted "course of such full time, part time, or temporary employment, or such self employment," for "course of employment" and inserted "and" at end.

Par. (3)(B). Pub. L. 109–59, §7102(2)(D)(i), as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, §302(a)(1), substituted "employed on a full time, part time, or temporary basis by a hazmat employer, or self employed," for "employed by a hazmat employer," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–59, §7102(2)(C), as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, §302(a)(1), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "includes an owner-operator of a motor vehicle transporting hazardous material in commerce; and".

Par. (3)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 109–59, §7102(2)(D)(ii), as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, §302(a)(1), added cl. (ii) and struck out former cl. (ii) which read as follows: "manufactures, reconditions, or tests containers, drums, and packagings represented as qualified for use in transporting hazardous material;".

Par. (3)(C). Pub. L. 109–59, §7102(2)(C), as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, §302(a)(1), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B).

Par. (4). Pub. L. 109–59, §7102(3), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) consisted of subpars. (A) to (C), which included within definition of "hazmat employer" a person using at least one employee in connection with transporting or containers for transporting hazardous material, an owner-operator of a motor vehicle transporting hazardous material in commerce, and a department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government, or an authority of a State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe, carrying out certain described activities.

Par. (5). Pub. L. 109–59, §7102(4), inserted "relating to hazardous material" after "of a condition".

Par. (7). Pub. L. 109–59, §7102(5), amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: " 'motor carrier' means a motor carrier, motor private carrier, and freight forwarder as those terms are defined in section 13102 of this title."

Par. (8). Pub. L. 109–59, §7102(6), substituted "National Response Team" for "national response team" in two places and "National Contingency Plan" for "national contingency plan".

Par. (9)(A). Pub. L. 109–59, §7102(7), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: "includes a government, Indian tribe, or authority of a government or tribe offering hazardous material for transportation in commerce or transporting hazardous material to further a commercial enterprise; but".

Pars. (11) to (14). Pub. L. 109–59, §7102(8), added par. (11) and redesignated former pars. (11) to (13) as (12) to (14), respectively.

**1995**—Par. (7). Pub. L. 104–88 substituted "motor carrier, motor private" for "motor common carrier, motor contract carrier, motor private" and "section 13102" for "section 10102".

**1994**—Pars. (3)(C)(ii), (4)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 103–311 substituted "packagings" for "packages".

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–244 effective as of the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59 (Aug. 10, 2005) and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 109–59 as of that date, and provisions of Pub. L. 109–59, as in effect on the day before June 6, 2008, that are amended by Pub. L. 110–244 to be treated as not enacted, see section 121(b) of Pub. L. 110–244, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(b)

(A) apply to a person who—

(i) transports hazardous material in commerce;

(ii) causes hazardous material to be transported in commerce;

(iii) designs, manufactures, fabricates, inspects, marks, maintains, reconditions, repairs, or tests a package, container, or packaging component that is represented, marked, certified, or sold as qualified for use in transporting hazardous material in commerce;

(iv) prepares or accepts hazardous material for transportation in commerce;

(v) is responsible for the safety of transporting hazardous material in commerce;

(vi) certifies compliance with any requirement under this chapter; or

(vii) misrepresents whether such person is engaged in any activity under clause (i) through (vi); and

(B) shall govern safety aspects, including security, of the transportation of hazardous material the Secretary considers appropriate.

(2) A proceeding to prescribe the regulations must be conducted under section 553 of title 5, including an opportunity for informal oral presentation.

(c)

(1)

(A) it is in the public interest to grant the waiver;

(B) the waiver is not inconsistent with the safety of transporting hazardous materials; and

(C) the waiver is necessary to facilitate the safe movement of hazardous materials into, from, and within an area of a major disaster or emergency that has been declared under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.).

(2)

(3)

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 761; Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §117(a)(2), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1678; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(3), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4378; Pub. L. 107–296, title XVII, §1711(a), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2319; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §§7103, 7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1893, 1909; Pub. L. 109–177, title VII, §741, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 272; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VII, §7201, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1589.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5103(a) | 49 App.:1803. | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §104, 88 Stat. 2156. |

5103(b) | 49 App.:1804(a) (1)–(3). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §105(a)(1)–(3), 88 Stat. 2157; restated Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §4, 104 Stat. 3247. |


In subsection (a), the words "such quantity and form of material" and "in his discretion" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "in accordance with section 553 of title 5" are omitted because 5:553 applies unless otherwise stated. In clause (A)(i), the words "hazardous material in commerce", and in clause (A)(ii), the words "hazardous material . . . in commerce", are added for consistency in this chapter.

This amends 49:5103(b)(2) to clarify the restatement of 49 App.:1804(a)(2) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 761).

The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(1)(C), is Pub. L. 93–288, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 143, which is classified principally to chapter 68 (§5121 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5121 of Title 42 and Tables.

**2015**—Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 114–94 added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsecs. (c) and (d) as (d) and (e), respectively.

**2006**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–177 added subsec. (d).

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary shall designate" for "Secretary of Transportation shall designate".

Pub. L. 109–59, §7103(a), substituted "infectious substance, flammable or combustible liquid, solid, or gas, toxic, oxidizing, or corrosive material," for "etiologic agent, flammable or combustible liquid or solid, poison, oxidizing or corrosive material," and "determines" for "decides".

Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 109–59, §7103(b), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: "apply to a person—

"(i) transporting hazardous material in commerce;

"(ii) causing hazardous material to be transported in commerce; or

"(iii) manufacturing, fabricating, marking, maintaining, reconditioning, repairing, or testing a packaging or a container that is represented, marked, certified, or sold by that person as qualified for use in transporting hazardous material in commerce; and".

Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 109–59, §7103(c)(1), struck out heading and text of subpar. (C). Text read as follows: "When prescribing a security regulation or issuing a security order that affects the safety of the transportation of hazardous material, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall consult with the Secretary."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §7103(c)(2), added subsec. (c).

**2002**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 107–296, §1711(a)(1), substituted "transportation, including security," for "transportation" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 107–296, §1711(a)(2), substituted "aspects, including security," for "aspects".

Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 107–296, §1711(a)(3), added subpar. (C).

**1994**—Subsec. (b)(1)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 103–311 substituted "a packaging or a" for "a package or".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "be conducted under section 553 of title 5, including" for "include" and "presentation" for "presentations".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VII, §7207, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1592, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) identify what standards and protocols are used to approve such persons, assess the adequacy of such standards and protocols to ensure that persons seeking approval are qualified and capable of performing classifications, and make recommendations to address any deficiencies identified;

"(2) assess the adequacy of the Secretary's oversight of persons approved to perform the classifications, including the qualification of individuals engaged in the oversight of approved persons, and make recommendations to enhance oversight sufficiently to ensure that classifications are issued as required;

"(3) identify what standards and protocols exist to rescind, suspend, or deny approval of persons who perform such classifications, assess the adequacy of such standards and protocols, and make recommendations to enhance such standards and protocols if necessary; and

"(4) include annual data for fiscal years 2005 through 2015 on the number of applications received for new classifications pursuant to section 173.56(b) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, of those applications how many classifications recommended by persons approved by the Secretary were changed to another classification and the reasons for the change, and how many hazardous materials incidents have been attributed to a classification recommended by such approved persons in the United States.

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title IV, §411, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4888, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) an analysis of the potential application of 'as low as reasonably achievable' principles for exposure to radiation to such employees with an emphasis on the need for special protection from radiation exposure for such employees during the first trimester of pregnancy or who are undergoing or have recently undergone radiation therapy;

"(2) the feasibility of requiring real-time dosimetry monitoring for such employees;

"(3) the feasibility of requiring routine radiation exposure monitoring in fixed railroad locations, such as yards and repair facilities; and

"(4) a review of the effectiveness of the Department's packaging requirements for radioactive materials.

"(b)

"(c)

[For definitions of "railroad carrier", "Department", "railroad", and "Secretary", as used in section 411 of Pub. L. 110–432, set out above, see section 2(a) of Pub. L. 110–432, set out as a note under section 20102 of this title.]

Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §111, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1676, provided that: "The Secretary of Transportation shall conduct a study of existing practices regarding the placement of cars on trains, with particular attention to the placement of cars that carry hazardous materials. In conducting the study, the Secretary shall consider whether such placement practices increase the risk of derailment, hazardous materials spills, or tank ruptures or have any other adverse effect on safety. The results of the study shall be submitted to Congress within 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 26, 1994]."

Pub. L. 104–88, title IV, §406, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 957, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) the packaging is in compliance with regulations of the Secretary under the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act [former 49 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.] as in effect on September 30, 1991; and

"(2) the packaging will not be used for the transportation of hazardous materials that include materials which are poisonous by inhalation or materials in Packing Groups I and II.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) to determine whether the requirements of section 5103(b) of title 49, United States Code (relating to regulations for safe transportation), as they pertain to fiber drum packaging with a removable head can be met for the transportation of liquid hazardous materials (with respect to those liquid hazardous materials transported by such drums pursuant to regulations in effect on September 30, 1991) with standards (including fiber drum industry standards set forth in a June 8, 1992, exemption application submitted to the Department of Transportation), other than the performance-oriented packaging standards adopted under docket number HM–181 contained in part 178 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; and

"(B) to determine whether a packaging standard (including such fiber drum industry standards), other than such performance-oriented packaging standards, will provide an equal or greater level of safety for the transportation of liquid hazardous materials than would be provided if such performance-oriented packaging standards were in effect.

"(2)

"(d)

Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §122, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1681, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(1) The provisions of subsections (a), (b), and (c) shall not apply to packaging for those hazardous materials regulated by the Department of Transportation as poisonous by inhalation under chapter 51 of title 49, United States Code.

"(2) Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit the Secretary of Transportation from issuing or enforcing regulations for the international transportation of hazardous materials."

(a)

(1)

(A) "the Secretary of Homeland Security"; 1 has first determined, upon receipt of a notification under subsection (d)(1)(B), that the individual does not pose a security risk warranting denial of the license; or

(B) the individual holds a valid transportation security card issued under section 70105 of title 46.

(2)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(A) shall carry out a background records check regarding the individual; and

(B) upon completing the background records check, shall notify the Secretary of Homeland Security of the completion and results of the background records check.

(2)

(A) A check of the relevant criminal history data bases.

(B) In the case of an alien, a check of the relevant data bases to determine the status of the alien under the immigration laws of the United States.

(C) As appropriate, a check of the relevant international data bases through Interpol–U.S. National Central Bureau or other appropriate means.

(e)

(1) each alien to whom the State issues a license described in subsection (a); and

(2) each other individual to whom such a license is issued, as the Secretary of Homeland Security may require.

(f)

(g)

(1)

(A)

(i) such notification is appropriate considering the potential security implications; and

(ii) the Director, in a final notification of threat assessment,2 served on the applicant 2 determines that the applicant does not meet the standards set forth in regulations issued to carry out this section.

(B)

(i)

(I) has performed a security threat assessment under this section; and

(II) has issued a final notification of no security threat,

is deemed to have met the requirements of any other background check that is required for purposes of any Federal law applicable to transportation workers if that background check is equivalent to, or less stringent than, the background check required under this section.

(ii)

(iii)

(2)

(A) an appeals process similar to and to the same extent as the process provided under part 1572 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, by which an applicant denied a hazardous materials endorsement to a commercial driver's license by that State may appeal that denial; and

(B) a waiver process similar to and to the same extent as the process provided under part 1572 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, by which an applicant denied a hazardous materials endorsement to a commercial driver's license by that State may apply for a waiver.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A)

(B)

(i) include a list of background checks and other security or threat assessment requirements applicable to transportation workers under Federal laws for which the Department of Homeland Security is responsible and the process by which the Secretary of Homeland Security will determine whether such checks or assessments are equivalent to, or less stringent than, the background check performed under this section; and

(ii) provide an analysis of how the Director plans to reduce or eliminate redundant background checks in a manner that will continue to ensure the highest level of safety and security.

(h)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 107–56, title X, §1012(a)(1), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 396; amended Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §§7104, 7105, 7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1894, 1909; Pub. L. 110–53, title XV, §1556(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 475; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §302(b), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1618; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1978, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3618.)

With respect to a "transportation security card issued under section 70105 of title 46", referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(B), amendments made by Pub. L. 117–263 to section 70105 of Title 46, Shipping, are such that section 70105 now refers to "transportation worker identification credential" rather than "transportation security card". See section 70105 of Title 46.

Section 101(a)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, referred to in subsec. (f), is classified to section 1101(a)(3) of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsecs. (g) and (h), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1978(a), substituted "unless—" for "unless", "(A) 'the Secretary of Homeland Security';" for "the Secretary of Homeland Security", and "; or" for period at end and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1978(b), substituted "under subsection (a)(1)(A)" for "described in subsection (a)(1)" in introductory provisions.

**2008**—Subsec. (g)(1)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 110–244 substituted "subsection" for "Act".

**2007**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 110–53, §1556(a)(1), substituted "Secretary of Homeland Security" for "Secretary".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–53, §1556(a)(2), substituted "Secretary of Transportation" for "Secretary" in two places.

Subsec. (d)(1)(B). Pub. L. 110–53, §1556(a)(3), substituted "Secretary of Homeland Security" for "Secretary".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 110–53, §1556(a)(4), substituted "Secretary of Homeland Security" for "Secretary" wherever appearing.

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation".

Pub. L. 109–59, §7104(c), substituted "subsection (d)(1)(B)," for "subsection (c)(1)(B),".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §7104(a), substituted "with respect to any material defined as hazardous material by the Secretary for which the Secretary requires placarding of a commercial motor vehicle transporting that material in commerce" for "with respect to—

"(1) any material defined as a hazardous material by the Secretary of Transportation; and

"(2) any chemical or biological material or agent determined by the Secretary of Health and Human Services or the Attorney General as being a threat to the national security of the United States".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §7104(b)(2), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–59, §7104(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e).

Subsec. (d)(1)(B). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "submit to the Secretary" for "submit to the Secretary of Transportation" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–59, §7104(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (d) as (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (f).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–59, §7104(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (e) as (f).

Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 109–59, §7105, added subsecs. (g) and (h).

Pub. L. 107–56, title X, §1012(c), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 398, provided that: "There is authorized to be appropriated for the Department of Transportation and the Department of Justice such amounts as may be necessary to carry out section 5103a of title 49, United States Code, as added by subsection (a)."

1 So in original. The quotation marks and semicolon probably should not appear.

2 So in original. Comma probably should appear after "applicant".

(a)

(1) a package, component of a package, or packaging for transporting hazardous material is safe, certified, or complies with this chapter only if the package, component of a package, or packaging meets the requirements of each applicable regulation prescribed under this chapter; or

(2) hazardous material is present in a package, container, motor vehicle, rail freight car, aircraft, or vessel only if the material is present.

(b)

(1) a marking, label, placard, or description on a document required under this chapter or a regulation prescribed under this chapter; or

(2) a package, component of a package, or packaging, container, motor vehicle, rail freight car, aircraft, or vessel used to transport hazardous material.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 761; Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §117(b), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1678; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(4), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4378; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7106, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1897.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5104(a) | 49 App.:1804(e). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §105(e), (f); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §5, 104 Stat. 3252. |

5104(b) | 49 App.:1804(f). |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "the requirements of" and "applicable" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the word "deface" is omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:5104(a)(1) to clarify the restatement of 49 App.:1804(e)(1) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 761).

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §7106(a), substituted "a package, component of a package, or packaging for" for "a container, package, or packaging (or a component of a container, package, or packaging) for" and "the package, component of a package, or packaging meets" for "the container, package, or packaging (or a component of a container, package, or packaging) meets".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §7106(b)(1), substituted "No person may" for "A person may not" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §7106(b)(2), inserted "component of a package, or packaging," after "package,".

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–429 inserted "applicable" after "each".

Pub. L. 103–311 substituted ", package, or packaging (or a component of a container, package, or packaging)" for "or package" in two places.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(2) The Secretary may allow a person, transporting or causing to be transported a highway-route-controlled quantity of radioactive material, to inspect the motor vehicle used to transport the material and to certify that the vehicle complies with this chapter. The inspector qualification requirements the Secretary prescribes for an individual inspecting a motor vehicle apply to an individual conducting an inspection under this paragraph.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 762; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §§7107, 7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1897, 1909.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5105(a) | 49 App.:1813(e). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §116(e); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §505(2), 106 Stat. 3311. |

49 App.:1813 (note). | Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §16(e), 104 Stat. 3263. | |

5105(b) | 49 App.:1813(a). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §116(a)–(d); added Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–559, §3, 98 Stat. 2907; restated Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §15, 104 Stat. 3261; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §505(1), 106 Stat. 3311. |

5105(c) | 49 App.:1813(b). | |

5105(d) | 49 App.:1813(c). | |

5105(e) | 49 App.:1813(d). |


In subsection (a), section 16(e) of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–615, 104 Stat. 3263) is included to correct a mistake in the source provisions being restated. See section 16(a)(1) of the Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–615, 104 Stat. 3262), stating that the meanings of "high-level radioactive waste" and "spent nuclear fuel" are as defined in 49 App.:1813, as added by section 15 of the Act (104 Stat. 3261). See also Cong. Rec. S16863 (daily ed., Oct. 23, 1990).

In subsection (b), the words "Secretary of Energy" are substituted for "Department of Energy" because of 42:7131.

In subsection (c), the word "regulations" is substituted for "rule" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code and because "rule" and "regulation" are synonymous.

In subsection (d), before clause (1), the words "In combination" are omitted as surplus.

**2005**—Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary shall" for "Secretary of Transportation shall" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary shall" for "Secretary of Transportation shall" in par. (1) and "Secretary may" for "Secretary of Transportation may" in par. (2).

Pub. L. 109–59, §7107, redesignated subsec. (e) as (d) and struck out former subsec. (d) which related to a study to be conducted not later than Nov. 16, 1991, to decide which factors, if any, shippers and carriers should consider when selecting routes and modes that would enhance overall public safety related to the transportation of high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §7107(2), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d).

The Secretary may prescribe criteria for handling hazardous material, including—

(1) a minimum number of personnel;

(2) minimum levels of training and qualifications for personnel;

(3) the kind and frequency of inspections;

(4) equipment for detecting, warning of, and controlling risks posed by the hazardous material;

(5) specifications for the use of equipment and facilities used in handling and transporting the hazardous material; and

(6) a system of monitoring safety procedures for transporting the hazardous material.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 763; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1909.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5106 | 49 App.:1805(a). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §106(a), 88 Stat. 2157. |


Before clause (1), the text of 49 App.:1805(a) (last sentence) is omitted as being included in "prescribe". In clause (4), the words "to be used" are omitted as surplus. In clause (6), the word "assurance" is omitted as surplus.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation" in introductory provisions.

(a)

(1) shall establish the date, as provided by subsection (b) of this section, by which the training shall be completed; and

(2) may provide for different training for different classes or categories of hazardous material and hazmat employees.

(b)

(1) 6 months after the regulations are prescribed; or

(2) the date on which an individual is to begin carrying out a duty or power of a hazmat employee if the individual is employed as a hazmat employee after the 6-month period.

(c)

(1) recognizing and understanding the Department of Transportation hazardous material classification system.

(2) the use and limitations of the Department hazardous material placarding, labeling, and marking systems.

(3) general handling procedures, loading and unloading techniques, and strategies to reduce the probability of release or damage during or incidental to transporting hazardous material.

(4) health, safety, and risk factors associated with hazardous material and the transportation of hazardous material.

(5) appropriate emergency response and communication procedures for dealing with an accident or incident involving hazardous material transportation.

(6) the use of the Department Emergency Response Guidebook and recognition of its limitations or the use of equivalent documents and recognition of the limitations of those documents.

(7) applicable hazardous material transportation regulations.

(8) personal protection techniques.

(9) preparing a shipping document for transporting hazardous material.

(d)

(1) the requirements of regulations the Secretary of Labor prescribes related to hazard communication, and hazardous waste operations, and emergency response that are contained in part 1910 of title 29, Code of Federal Regulations; and

(2) the regulations the Agency prescribes related to worker protection standards for hazardous waste operations that are contained in part 311 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations.

(e)

(1)

(A) for training instructors to train hazmat employees; and

(B) to the extent determined appropriate by the Secretary, for such instructors to train hazmat employees.

(2)

(A) expertise in conducting a training program for hazmat employees; and

(B) the ability to reach and involve in a training program a target population of hazmat employees.

(f)

(g)

(2) An action of the Secretary under subsections (a)–(d) of this section and section 5106 is not an exercise, under section 4(b)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653(b)(1)), of statutory authority to prescribe or enforce standards or regulations affecting occupational safety or health.

(h)

(i)

(1) conducting national outreach and training programs to assist communities in preparing for and responding to accidents and incidents involving the transportation of hazardous materials, including Class 3 flammable liquids by rail; and

(2) training State and local personnel responsible for enforcing the safe transportation of hazardous materials, including Class 3 flammable liquids.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 763; Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §§106, 119(c)(1)–(3), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1674, 1680; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §§7108, 7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1897, 1909; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III, §33016, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 841; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VII, §7301, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1594.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5107(a) | 49 App.:1805(b)(1), (2), (5) (1st sentence). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §106(b); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §7(3), 104 Stat. 3253. |

5107(b) | 49 App.:1805(b)(4), (5) (last sentence). | |

5107(c) | 49 App.:1805(b)(6). | |

5107(d) | 49 App.:1805(b)(3) (1st sentence). | |

5107(e) | 49 App.:1816(a)–(c). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §118(a)–(c); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §18, 104 Stat. 3269. |

5107(f)(1) | 49 App.:1805(b)(7). | |

5107(f)(2) | 49 App.:1805(b)(3) (last sentence). |


In subsections (a)(1) and (b), before clause (1), the words "in order to comply with requirements established by such regulations" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Within 18 months after November 16, 1990" are omitted as obsolete. In clause (1), the words "as provided by subsection (b) of this section" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "in accordance with the requirements established by such regulations" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "in accordance with the requirements established under this subsection" and "appropriate" before "documentation" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), before clause (1), the words "take such actions as may be necessary to" are omitted as surplus. In clauses (1) and (2), the words "(and amendments thereto)" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "Secretary of Labor" are substituted for "Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the Department of Labor" because of 29:551.

In subsection (e), the words "and education" are omitted as being included in "training". Before clause (1), the words "regarding the safe loading, unloading, handling, storage, and transportation of hazardous materials and emergency preparedness for responding to accidents or incidents involving the transportation of hazardous materials in order to meet the requirements issued under section 1816(b) of this title may be made under this section" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(1), the words "(relating to coordination of Federal information policy)" are omitted as surplus.

**2015**—Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 114–94 added subsec. (i).

**2012**—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 112–141 inserted "through a competitive process" after "shall be made" and struck out "hazmat employee" after "nonprofit" in introductory provisions.

**2005**—Subsecs. (a) to (d). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation" in introductory provisions of subsecs. (a) to (c) and "Secretary shall" for "Secretary of Transportation shall" in introductory provisions of subsec. (d).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §7108(1), added subsec. (e) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (e). Text read as follows: "The Secretary shall, subject to the availability of funds under section 5127(c)(3), make grants for training instructors to train hazmat employees under this section. A grant under this subsection shall be made to a nonprofit hazmat employee organization that demonstrates—

"(1) expertise in conducting a training program for hazmat employees; and

"(2) the ability to reach and involve in a training program a target population of hazmat employees."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–59, §7108(3), added subsec. (f). Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–59, §7108(2), redesignated subsec. (f) as (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (h).

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation".

Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation".

Pub. L. 109–59, §7108(4), substituted "section 5106" for "sections 5106, 5108(a)–(g)(1) and (h), and 5109 of this title".

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 109–59, §7108(2), redesignated subsec. (g) as (h).

**1994**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–311, §106, in introductory provisions inserted "or duplicate" after "conflict with" and in par. (1) substituted "hazard communication, and hazardous waste operations, and" for "hazardous waste operations and".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–311, §119(c)(1), (2), in first sentence substituted "The Secretary shall, subject to the availability of funds under section 5127(c)(3), make grants for training instructors to train hazmat employees under this section." for "In consultation with the Secretaries of Transportation and Labor and the Administrator, the Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences may make grants to train hazmat employees under this section." and in second sentence inserted "hazmat employee" after "nonprofit".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 103–311, §119(c)(3), added subsec. (g).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(A) a highway-route-controlled quantity of radioactive material.

(B) more than 25 kilograms of a Division 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3 explosive material in a motor vehicle, rail car, or transport container.

(C) more than one liter in each package of a hazardous material the Secretary designates as extremely toxic by inhalation.

(D) hazardous material in a bulk packaging, container, or tank, as defined by the Secretary, if the bulk packaging, container, or tank has a capacity of at least 3,500 gallons or more than 468 cubic feet.

(E) a shipment of at least 5,000 pounds (except in a bulk packaging) of a class of hazardous material for which placarding of a vehicle, rail car, or freight container is required under regulations prescribed under this chapter.

(2) The Secretary may require any of the following persons to file a registration statement with the Secretary under this subsection:

(A) a person transporting or causing to be transported hazardous material in commerce and not required to file a registration statement under paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(B) a person designing, manufacturing, fabricating, inspecting, marking, maintaining, reconditioning, repairing, or testing a package, container, or packaging component that is represented, marked, certified, or sold as qualified for use in transporting hazardous material in commerce.

(3) A person required to file a registration statement under this subsection may transport or cause to be transported, or design, manufacture, fabricate, inspect, mark, maintain, recondition, repair, or test a package, container packaging component, or container for use in transporting, hazardous material, only if the person has a statement on file as required by this subsection.

(4) The Secretary may waive the filing of a registration statement, or the payment of a fee, required under this subsection, or both, for any person not domiciled in the United States who solely offers hazardous materials for transportation to the United States from a place outside the United States if the country of which such person is a domiciliary does not require persons domiciled in the United States who solely offer hazardous materials for transportation to the foreign country from places in the United States to file registration statements, or to pay fees, for making such an offer.

(b)

(A) the name and principal place of business of the registrant;

(B) a description of each activity the registrant carries out for which filing a statement under subsection (a) of this section is required; and

(C) each State in which the person carries out any of the activities.

(2) A person carrying out more than one activity, or an activity at more than one location, for which filing is required only has to file one registration statement to comply with subsection (a) of this section.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(2)(A) In addition to a fee established under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Secretary shall establish and impose by regulation and collect an annual fee. Subject to subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, the fee shall be at least $250 but not more than $3,000 from each person required to file a registration statement under this section. The Secretary shall determine the amount of the fee under this paragraph on at least one of the following:

(i) gross revenue from transporting hazardous material.

(ii) the type of hazardous material transported or caused to be transported.

(iii) the amount of hazardous material transported or caused to be transported.

(iv) the number of shipments of hazardous material.

(v) the number of activities that the person carries out for which filing a registration statement is required under this section.

(vi) the threat to property, individuals, and the environment from an accident or incident involving the hazardous material transported or caused to be transported.

(vii) the percentage of gross revenue derived from transporting hazardous material.

(viii) the amount to be made available to carry out sections 5108(g)(2), 5115, and 5116 of this title.

(ix) other factors the Secretary considers appropriate.

(B) The Secretary shall adjust the amount being collected under this paragraph to reflect any unexpended balance in the account established under section 5116(h) of this title. However, the Secretary is not required to refund any fee collected under this paragraph.

(C) The Secretary shall transfer to the Secretary of the Treasury amounts the Secretary of Transportation collects under this paragraph for deposit in the Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness Fund established under section 5116(h) of this title.

(3)

(h)

(i)

(2)(A) This section does not apply to an employee of a hazmat employer.

(B) Subsections (a)–(h) of this section do not apply to a department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government, an authority of a State or political subdivision of a State, an Indian tribe, or an employee of a department, agency, instrumentality, or authority carrying out official duties.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 765; Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §§104, 117(a)(3), 119(d)(1), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1673, 1678, 1680; Pub. L. 105–102, §2(3), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2204; Pub. L. 105–225, §7(b)(1), Aug. 12, 1998, 112 Stat. 1511; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §§7109(a)–(c), (e), (f), 7114(d)(3), 7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1897, 1898, 1900, 1909; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VII, §7203(b)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1591.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5108(a)(1) | 49 App.:1805(c)(1). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §106(c); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §8(a), 104 Stat. 3255; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §503(a)(1)–(3), (b), 106 Stat. 3311. |

5108(a)(2) | 49 App.:1805(c)(3). | |

5108(a)(3) | 49 App.:1805(c)(4). | |

5108(b) | 49 App.:1805(c)(7), (8). | |

5108(c) | 49 App.:1805(c)(5), (6). | |

5108(d) | 49 App.:1805(c)(9). | |

5108(e) | 49 App.:1805(c)(2). | |

5108(f) | 49 App.:1805(c)(10). | |

5108(g)(1) | 49 App.:1805(c)(11). | |

5108(g)(2) | 49 App.:1815(h) (1)–(5). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §117A(h)(1)– (5); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §17, 104 Stat. 3267. |

5108(h) | 49 App.:1805(c)(12). | |

5108(i) | 49 App.:1805(c) (13)–(15). |


In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "at a minimum" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "streamline and", "with respect to a person who is required to file a registration statement under this subsection", and "with the Department of Transportation" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g), the word "impose" is substituted for "assess" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (g)(2)(A), before clause (i), the words "Not later than September 30, 1992" are omitted as obsolete. In clause (viii), the words "of funds" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g)(2)(B), the words "of fees" and "from persons" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (i)(1), the words "(relating to coordination of Federal information policy)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (i)(2)(A), the words "Notwithstanding any other provisions of this subsection" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:5108(f) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

**2015**—Subsec. (g)(2)(B), (C). Pub. L. 114–94 substituted "5116(h)" for "5116(i)".

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 109–59, §7109(a)(1), substituted "Division 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3 explosive material" for "class A or B explosive".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary may" for "Secretary of Transportation may" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 109–59, §7109(a)(2), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "a person manufacturing, fabricating, marking, maintaining, reconditioning, repairing, or testing a package or container the person represents, marks, certifies, or sells for use in transporting in commerce hazardous material the Secretary designates."

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 109–59, §7109(a)(3), substituted "design, manufacture, fabricate, inspect, mark, maintain, recondition, repair, or test a package, container packaging component, or" for "manufacture, fabricate, mark, maintain, recondition, repair, or test a package or".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary requires" for "Secretary of Transportation requires" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 109–59, §7109(b), substituted "any of the activities" for "the activity".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §7109(c), amended heading and text of subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(1) Each person required to file a registration statement under subsection (a) of this section must file the first statement not later than March 31, 1992. The Secretary of Transportation may extend that date to September 30, 1992, for activities referred to in subsection (a)(1) of this section. A person shall renew the statement periodically consistent with regulations the Secretary prescribes, but not more than once each year and not less than once every 5 years.

"(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall decide by regulation when and under what circumstances a registration statement must be amended and the procedures to follow in amending the statement."

Subsecs. (d) to (f). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation" in subsec. (d), "Secretary in carrying" for "Secretary of Transportation in carrying" in subsec. (e), and "Secretary shall" for "Secretary of Transportation shall" in subsec. (f).

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary shall" for "Secretary of Transportation shall".

Pub. L. 109–59, §7109(f)(1), substituted "shall" for "may".

Subsec. (g)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary shall establish" for "Secretary of Transportation shall establish" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–59, §7109(f)(2), substituted "$3,000" for "$5,000" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g)(2)(B). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary shall" for "Secretary of Transportation shall".

Subsec. (g)(2)(C). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary shall" for "Secretary of Transportation shall".

Pub. L. 109–59, §7114(d)(3), substituted "the Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness Fund established" for "the account the Secretary of the Treasury establishes".

Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 109–59, §7109(f)(3), added par. (3).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation".

Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation".

Subsec. (i)(2)(B). Pub. L. 109–59, §7109(e), inserted "an Indian tribe," after "subdivision of a State,".

**1998**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 105–225 substituted "section 552(b)" for "section 552(f)".

**1997**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 105–102 which directed substitution of "section 552(b)" for "section 522(f)" could not be executed because "section 522(f)" did not appear.

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 103–311, §117(a)(3), substituted "a bulk packaging" for "a bulk package" and "the bulk packaging" for "the package".

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 103–311, §104, added par. (4).

Subsec. (g)(2)(A)(viii). Pub. L. 103–311, §119(d)(1), struck out "5107(e)," before "5108(g)(2)".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7109(d), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1898, provided that: "As soon as practicable, the Administrator of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration shall transmit to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration hazardous material registrant information obtained before, on, or after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 10, 2005] under section 5108 of title 49, United States Code, together with any Department of Transportation identification number for each registrant."

(a)

(1) to provide the transportation to be authorized by the permit;

(2) to comply with this chapter and regulations the Secretary prescribes to carry out this chapter; and

(3) to comply with applicable United States motor carrier safety laws and regulations and applicable minimum financial responsibility laws and regulations.

(b)

(1) a class A or B explosive;

(2) liquefied natural gas;

(3) hazardous material the Secretary designates as extremely toxic by inhalation; and

(4) a highway-route-controlled quantity of radioactive material, as defined by the Secretary.

(c)

(d)

(2) If the Secretary decides an imminent hazard exists, the Secretary may amend, suspend, or revoke a permit before scheduling a hearing.

(e)

(1) application procedures, including form, content, and fees necessary to recover the complete cost of carrying out this section;

(2) standards for deciding the duration, terms, and limitations of a safety permit;

(3) procedures to amend, suspend, or revoke a permit; and

(4) other procedures the Secretary considers appropriate to carry out this section.

(f)

(g)

(h)

(1) the carrier has the opportunity, prior to the denial of such permit, to submit a written description of corrective actions taken and other documentation the carrier wishes the Secretary to consider, including a corrective action plan; and

(2) the Secretary determines the actions or plan is insufficient to address the safety concerns identified during the course of the comprehensive review.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 767; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1909; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VII, §7202, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1589.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5109(a) | 49 App.:1805(d)(1), (2). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §106(d); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §8(a), 104 Stat. 3257; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §503(a)(4), (5), (b), 106 Stat. 3311. |

5109(b) | 49 App.:1805(d)(5). | |

5109(c) | 49 App.:1805(d)(7). | |

5109(d) | 49 App.:1805(d)(4). | |

5109(e) | 49 App.:1805(d)(6). | |

5109(f) | 49 App.:1805(d)(3). | |

5109(g) | 49 App.:1805(d)(8). | |

5109(h) | 49 App.:1805 (note). | Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §8(b), 104 Stat. 3258. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Except as provided in this subsection" and "used to provide such transportation" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the word "all" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(2), the word "conditions" is omitted as being included in "terms".

In subsection (h), the text of section 8(b) (words before semicolon of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–615, 104 Stat. 3258) is omitted as obsolete.

**2015**—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 114–94 amended subsec. (h) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary shall prescribe regulations necessary to carry out this section not later than November 16, 1991."

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59 substituted "Secretary issues" for "Secretary of Transportation issues" in introductory provisions.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III, §33014, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 840, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) the list of hazardous materials requiring a safety permit;

"(2) the number of permits that have been issued, denied, revoked, or suspended since inception of the program and the number of commercial motor carriers that have never had a permit denied, revoked, or suspended since inception of the program;

"(3) the reasons for such denials, revocations, or suspensions;

"(4) the criteria used by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration to determine whether a hazardous material safety permit issued by a State is equivalent to the Federal permit; and

"(5) actions the Secretary could implement to improve the program, including whether to provide opportunities for an additional level of fitness review prior to the denial, revocation, or suspension of a safety permit.

"(b)

(a)

(b)

(2) Except as provided in paragraph (1) of this subsection, the shipping paper shall be kept in a location the Secretary specifies in a motor vehicle, train, vessel, aircraft, or facility until—

(A) the hazardous material no longer is in transportation; or

(B) the documents are made available to a representative of a department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government or a State or local authority responding to an accident or incident involving the motor vehicle, train, vessel, aircraft, or facility.

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2) 1 shall retain the paper, or an electronic format of it, for a period of 1 year after the date that the shipping paper is provided to the carrier, with the paper or electronic format to be accessible through the carrier's principal place of business.

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 768; Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §115, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1678; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §§7110, 7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1898, 1909; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §302(i), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1618.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5110(a) | 49 App.:1804(g)(1) (1st sentence words before "for the carrier"). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §105(g); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §6, 104 Stat. 3253. |

5110(b) | 49 App.:1804(g)(2). | |

5110(c) | 49 App.:1804(g)(1) (1st sentence words after "paragraph (2)", last sentence), (3). | |

5110(d) | 49 App.:1804(g)(4). |


In subsection (c)(1), the words "A motor carrier" are substituted for "the carrier" for clarity.

**2008**—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 110–244, §302(i)(2), substituted "offeror's" for "shipper's".

Pub. L. 110–244, §302(i)(1), which directed substitution of "Offerors" for "Shippers" "in the subsection heading", was executed by making the substitution in par. (1) heading to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary apply" for "Secretary of Transportation apply".

Pub. L. 109–59, §7110(a)(1), substituted "in regulations" for "under subsection (b) of this section".

Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §7110(a)(2), (3), redesignated subsecs. (c) and (d) as (b) and (c), respectively, and struck out former subsec. (b) which related to considerations and requirements in carrying out subsec. (a).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–59, §7110(b), reenacted heading without change and amended text of subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "After the hazardous material to which a shipping paper provided to a carrier under subsection (a) applies is no longer in transportation, the person who provided the shipping paper and the carrier required to maintain it under subsection (a) shall retain the paper or electronic image thereof for a period of 1 year to be accessible through their respective principal places of business. Such person and carrier shall, upon request, make the shipping paper available to a Federal, State, or local government agency at reasonable times and locations."

Pub. L. 109–59, §7110(a)(3), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (c).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §7110(a)(3), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d).

**1994**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–311 added subsec. (e).

Pub. L. 101–615, §25, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3273, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) to determine methods of improving the current system of placarding vehicles transporting hazardous materials; and

"(B) to determine methods for establishing and operating a central reporting system and computerized telecommunications data center described in subsection (b)(1).

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) to consult with the Department of Transportation, the Department of Health and Human Services, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, shippers and carriers of hazardous materials, manufacturers of computerized telecommunications systems, State and local emergency preparedness organizations (including law enforcement and firefighting organizations), and appropriate international organizations in conducting such study; and

"(B) to submit, not later than 19 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, to the Secretary, the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, and the Committees on Energy and Commerce and Public Works and Transportation of the House of Representatives a report on the results of such study.

Such report shall include recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences with respect to establishment and operation of a central reporting system and computerized telecommunications data center described in paragraph (1).

"(3)

"(c)

"(1) to determine whether such a system and center should be established and operated by the United States Government or by a private entity, either on its own initiative or under contract with the United States;

"(2) to determine, on an annualized basis, the estimated cost for establishing, operating, and maintaining such a system and center and for carrier and shipper compliance with such a system;

"(3) to determine methods for financing the cost of establishing, operating, and maintaining such a system and center;

"(4) to determine projected safety benefits of establishing and operating such a system and center;

"(5) to determine whether or not shippers, carriers, and handlers of hazardous materials, in addition to law enforcement officials and persons responsible for responding to emergencies involving hazardous materials, should have access to such system for obtaining information concerning shipments of hazardous materials and technical and other information and advice with respect to such emergencies;

"(6) to determine methods for ensuring the security of the information and data stored in such a system;

"(7) to determine types of hazardous materials and types of shipments for which information and data should be stored in such a system;

"(8) to determine the degree of liability of the operator of such a system and center for providing incorrect, false, or misleading information;

"(9) to determine deadlines by which shippers, carriers, and handlers of hazardous materials should be required to submit information to the operator of such a system and center and minimum standards relating to the form and contents of such information;

"(10) to determine measures (including the imposition of civil and criminal penalties) for ensuring compliance with the deadlines and standards referred to in paragraph (9); and

"(11) to determine methods for accessing such a system through mobile satellite service or other technologies having the capability to provide 2-way voice, data, or facsimile services.

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

Pub. L. 101–615, §26, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3273, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

1 So in original. Comma probably should not appear.

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 769, related to use of rail tank cars built before Jan. 1, 1971, to transport hazardous material in commerce.

(a)

(A) any use of a vehicle under this paragraph to transport any hazardous material in commerce; and

(B) any motor vehicle used to transport hazardous material in commerce.

(2) Except as provided by subsection (d) of this section and section 5125(c) of this title, each State and Indian tribe may establish, maintain, and enforce—

(A) designations of specific highway routes over which hazardous material may and may not be transported by motor vehicle; and

(B) limitations and requirements related to highway routing.

(b)

(A) a requirement that a highway routing designation, limitation, or requirement of a State or Indian tribe shall enhance public safety in the area subject to the jurisdiction of the State or tribe and in areas of the United States not subject to the jurisdiction of the State or tribe and directly affected by the designation, limitation, or requirement;

(B) minimum procedural requirements to ensure public participation when the State or Indian tribe is establishing a highway routing designation, limitation, or requirement;

(C) a requirement that, in establishing a highway routing designation, limitation, or requirement, a State or Indian tribe consult with appropriate State, local, and tribal officials having jurisdiction over areas of the United States not subject to the jurisdiction of that State or tribe establishing the designation, limitation, or requirement and with affected industries;

(D) a requirement that a highway routing designation, limitation, or requirement of a State or Indian tribe shall ensure through highway routing for the transportation of hazardous material between adjacent areas;

(E) a requirement that a highway routing designation, limitation, or requirement of one State or Indian tribe affecting the transportation of hazardous material in another State or tribe may be established, maintained, and enforced by the State or tribe establishing the designation, limitation, or requirement only if—

(i) the designation, limitation, or requirement is agreed to by the other State or tribe within a reasonable period or is approved by the Secretary under subsection (d) of this section; and

(ii) the designation, limitation, or requirement is not an unreasonable burden on commerce;

(F) a requirement that establishing a highway routing designation, limitation, or requirement of a State or Indian tribe be completed in a timely way;

(G) a requirement that a highway routing designation, limitation, or requirement of a State or Indian tribe provide reasonable routes for motor vehicles transporting hazardous material to reach terminals, facilities for food, fuel, repairs, and rest, and places to load and unload hazardous material;

(H) a requirement that a State be responsible—

(i) for ensuring that political subdivisions of the State comply with standards prescribed under this subsection in establishing, maintaining, and enforcing a highway routing designation, limitation, or requirement; and

(ii) for resolving a dispute between political subdivisions; and

(I) a requirement that, in carrying out subsection (a) of this section, a State or Indian tribe shall consider—

(i) population densities;

(ii) the types of highways;

(iii) the types and amounts of hazardous material;

(iv) emergency response capabilities;

(v) the results of consulting with affected persons;

(vi) exposure and other risk factors;

(vii) terrain considerations;

(viii) the continuity of routes;

(ix) alternative routes;

(x) the effects on commerce;

(xi) delays in transportation; and

(xii) other factors the Secretary considers appropriate.

(2) The Secretary may not assign a specific weight that a State or Indian tribe shall use when considering the factors under paragraph (1)(I) of this subsection.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) the name of the State agency responsible for hazardous material highway route designations; and

(ii) a list of the State's currently effective hazardous material highway route designations.

(B)

(i) at least once every 2 years; and

(ii) not later than 60 days after a hazardous material highway route designation is established, amended, or discontinued.

(d)

(2) A State or Indian tribe involved in a dispute under this subsection may petition the Secretary to resolve the dispute. The Secretary shall resolve the dispute not later than one year after receiving the petition. The resolution shall provide the greatest level of highway safety without being an unreasonable burden on commerce and shall ensure compliance with standards prescribed under subsection (b) of this section.

(3)(A) After a petition is filed under this subsection, a civil action about the subject matter of the dispute may be brought in a court only after the earlier of—

(i) the day the Secretary issues a final decision; or

(ii) the last day of the one-year period beginning on the day the Secretary receives the petition.

(B) A State or Indian tribe adversely affected by a decision of the Secretary under this subsection may bring a civil action for judicial review of the decision in an appropriate district court of the United States not later than 89 days after the day the decision becomes final.

(e)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 769; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1909; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III, §33013(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 839.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5112(a)(1) | 49 App.:1804(b)(7). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §105(b)(1)–(3), (5)–(9), (c), 88 Stat. 2157; restated Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §4, 104 Stat. 3248, 3251. |

5112(a)(2) | 49 App.:1804(b)(1). | |

5112(b)(1) | 49 App.:1804(b)(2), (3). | |

5112(b)(2) | 49 App.:1804(b)(9). | |

5112(c) | 49 App.:1804(c). | |

5112(d) | 49 App.:1804(b)(5). | |

5112(e) | 49 App.:1804(b)(6). | |

5112(f) | 49 App.:1804(b)(8). |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "in the area which is subject to the jurisdiction of such State or Indian tribe" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "Not later than 18 months after November 16, 1990" are omitted as obsolete. In clause (H)(i), the words "prescribed under this subsection" are added for clarity.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "within 18 months of November 16, 1990" are omitted as obsolete. The words "over a matter" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(3), the word "civil" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (e), the words "superseding or otherwise", "application of", "relating to vehicle weight limitations", and "relating to vehicle length and vehicle width limitations, respectively" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), the word "modify" is omitted as surplus and for consistency in the revised title. The words "issued by the Department of Transportation before November 16, 1990, and" are omitted as obsolete.

**2012**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–141 designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added par. (2).

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–59 substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation" in introductory provisions.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §121, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1681, directed Secretary of Transportation to submit to Congress, not later than 1 year after Aug. 26, 1994, report on results of study to determine safety considerations of transporting hazardous materials by motor carriers in close proximity to Federal prisons, particularly those housing maximum security prisoners, which was to include evaluation of ability of such facilities and designated local planning agencies to safely evacuate such prisoners in event of emergency and any special training, equipment, or personnel that would be required by such facility and designated local emergency planning agencies to carry out such evacuation.

A violation of section 31144(c)(3) shall be considered a violation of this chapter, and shall be subject to the penalties in sections 5123 and 5124.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 771; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4009(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 407; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7112(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1899.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5113(a) | 49 App.:1814(a). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §117; added Nov. 3, 1990, Pub. L. 101–500, §15(b)(1), 104 Stat. 1218. |

5113(b) | 49 App.:1814(b). | |

5113(c) | 49 App.:1814(c). | |

5113(d) | 49 App.:2501 (note). | Nov. 3, 1990, Pub. L. 101–500, §15(b)(2), 104 Stat. 1219. |


In subsections (a) and (c), the words "individuals" is substituted for "passengers, including the driver" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Effective January 1, 1991" are omitted as obsolete. The words "to take such action as may be necessary " are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "from the Secretary" and "conditions and other" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act" are omitted as obsolete.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "See section 31144."

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178 substituted "See section 31144." for subsecs. (a) to (d) which related to unsatisfactory safety ratings.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 772; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1909.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5114(a) | 49 App.:1807(a) (1st, 2d sentences), (b) (1st sentence). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §108, 88 Stat. 2159; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §10, 104 Stat. 3259. |

5114(b) | 49 App.:1807(a) (last sentence). | |

5114(c) | 49 App.:1807(b) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), the text of 49 App.:1807(a) (1st sentence) is omitted as executed. The words "or combination of materials" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "further" and "effective" are omitted as surplus.

**2005**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59 substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation".

(a)

(b)

(1) shall include—

(A) a recommended course of study to train public sector employees to respond to an accident or incident involving the transportation of hazardous material and to plan for those responses;

(B) recommended courses and minimum number of hours of instruction necessary for public sector employees to be able to respond safely and efficiently to an accident or incident involving the transportation of hazardous material and to plan those responses; and

(C) appropriate emergency response training and planning programs for public sector employees developed with Federal financial assistance, including programs developed with grants made under section 126(g) of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (42 U.S.C. 9660a); and

(2) may include recommendations on material appropriate for use in a recommended course described in clause (1)(B) of this subsection.

(c)

(1) regulations related to hazardous waste operations and emergency response contained in part 1910 of title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, prescribed by the Secretary of Labor;

(2) regulations related to worker protection standards for hazardous waste operations contained in part 311 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, prescribed by the Administrator; and

(3) standards related to emergency response training prescribed by the National Fire Protection Association and such other voluntary consensus standard-setting organizations as the Secretary of Transportation determines appropriate.

(d)

(1) the Secretary shall distribute the curriculum and any updates to the curriculum to the regional response teams and all committees and commissions established under section 301 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act of 1986 (42 U.S.C. 11001); and

(2) the Secretary may publish and distribute a list of programs and courses maintained and updated under this section and of any programs utilizing such courses.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 772; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(5), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4378; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §§7113, 7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1899, 1909; Pub. L. 109–295, title VI, §612(c), Oct. 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1410; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III, §33004(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 832; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, §6013, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1570.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5115(a) | 49 App.:1815(g)(1), (5). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §117A (g)(1)–(6), (8); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §17, 104 Stat. 3265, 3267. |

5115(b) | 49 App.:1815(g)(2), (3). | |

5115(c) | 49 App.:1815(g)(4). | |

5115(d)(1) | 49 App.:1815(g)(6). | |

5115(d)(2) | 49 App.:1815(g)(8). |


In subsection (c)(3), the words "including standards 471 and 472" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1), the word "updates" is substituted for "amendments" for clarity.

This amends 49:5115(b)(1)(C) to make a cross-reference more precise.

**2015**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–94 inserted ", including online curriculum as appropriate," after "a current curriculum of courses".

**2012**—Subsecs. (b)(1)(B), (2), (c). Pub. L. 112–141 struck out "basic" after "recommended".

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §7113(a), inserted heading and first sentence and struck out former heading and first sentence. Text read as follows: "Not later than November 16, 1992, in coordination with the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, Secretaries of Labor, Energy, and Health and Human Services, and Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and using the existing coordinating mechanisms of the national response team and, for radioactive material, the Federal Radiological Preparedness Coordinating Committee, the Secretary of Transportation shall develop and update periodically a curriculum consisting of a list of courses necessary to train public sector emergency response and preparedness teams."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §7113(b)(1), substituted "maintained and updated" for "developed" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 109–59, §7113(b)(2), substituted "with Federal financial assistance, including programs" for "under other United States Government grant programs, including those".

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 109–59, §7113(c), inserted "and such other voluntary consensus standard-setting organizations as the Secretary of Transportation determines appropriate" before period at end.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–59, §7113(d)(1), substituted "National Response Team" for "national response team" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §7113(d)(2), substituted "Secretary" for "Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency".

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation".

Pub. L. 109–59, §7113(d)(3), inserted "and distribute" after "publish" and substituted "list of programs and courses maintained and updated under this section and of any programs utilizing such courses" for "list of programs that uses a course developed under this section for training public sector employees to respond to an accident or incident involving the transportation of hazardous material".

**1994**—Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "126(g)" for "126".

"Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency" substituted for "Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency" in subsec. (a) on authority of section 612(c) of Pub. L. 109–295, set out as a note under section 313 of Title 6, Domestic Security. Any reference to the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency in title VI of Pub. L. 109–295 or an amendment by title VI to be considered to refer and apply to the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency until Mar. 31, 2007, see section 612(f)(2) of Pub. L. 109–295, set out as a note under section 313 of Title 6.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(A) to develop, improve, and carry out emergency plans under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act of 1986 (42 U.S.C. 11001 et seq.), including ascertaining flow patterns of hazardous material on lands under the jurisdiction of a State or Indian tribe, and between lands under the jurisdiction of a State or Indian tribe and lands of another State or Indian tribe;

(B) to decide on the need for regional hazardous material emergency response teams; and

(C) to train public sector employees to respond to accidents and incidents involving hazardous material.

(2) To the extent that a grant is used to train emergency responders under paragraph (1)(C), the State or Indian tribe shall provide written certification to the Secretary that the emergency responders who receive training under the grant will have the ability to protect nearby persons, property, and the environment from the effects of accidents or incidents involving the transportation of hazardous material in accordance with existing regulations or National Fire Protection Association standards for competence of responders to accidents and incidents involving hazardous materials.

(3) The Secretary may make a grant to a State or Indian tribe under paragraph (1) of this subsection only if—

(A) the State or Indian tribe certifies that the total amount the State or Indian tribe expends (except amounts of the Federal Government) for the purpose of the grant will at least equal the average level of expenditure for the last 5 years; and

(B) any emergency response training provided under the grant shall consist of—

(i) a course developed or identified under section 5115 of this title; or

(ii) any other course the Secretary determines is consistent with the objectives of this section.

(4) A State or Indian tribe receiving a grant under this subsection shall ensure that planning and emergency response training under the grant is coordinated with adjacent States and Indian tribes.

(5) A training grant under paragraph (1)(C) may be used—

(A) to pay—

(i) the tuition costs of public sector employees being trained;

(ii) travel expenses of those employees to and from the training facility;

(iii) room and board of those employees when at the training facility; and

(iv) travel expenses of individuals providing the training;

(B) by the State, political subdivision, or Indian tribe to provide the training; and

(C) to make an agreement with a person (including an authority of a State, a political subdivision of a State or Indian tribe, or a local jurisdiction), subject to approval by the Secretary, to provide the training if—

(i) the agreement allows the Secretary and the State or Indian tribe to conduct random examinations, inspections, and audits of the training without prior notice;

(ii) the person agrees to have an auditable accounting system; and

(iii) the State or Indian tribe conducts at least one on-site observation of the training each year.

(6) The Secretary shall allocate amounts made available for grants under this subsection among eligible States and Indian tribes based on the needs of the States and Indian tribes for emergency response planning and training. In making a decision about those needs, the Secretary shall consider—

(A) the number of hazardous material facilities in the State or on land under the jurisdiction of the Indian tribe;

(B) the types and amounts of hazardous material transported in the State or on such land;

(C) whether the State or Indian tribe imposes and collects a fee for transporting hazardous material;

(D) whether such fee is used only to carry out a purpose related to transporting hazardous material;

(E) the past record of the State or Indian tribe in effectively managing planning and training grants; and

(F) any other factors the Secretary determines are appropriate to carry out this subsection.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1) authority to receive applications for grants under this section.

(2) authority to review applications for technical compliance with this section.

(3) authority to review applications to recommend approval or disapproval.

(4) any other ministerial duty associated with grants under this section.

(g)

(h)

(1) to make grants under this section and section 5107(e);

(2) to monitor and provide technical assistance under subsection (e) of this section;

(3) to publish and distribute an emergency response guide; and

(4) to pay administrative costs of carrying out this section and sections 5107(e) and 5108(g)(2) of this title, except that not more than 2 percent of the amounts made available from the account in a fiscal year may be used to pay those costs.

(i)

(1) In order to further the purposes of subsection (a), the Secretary shall, subject to the availability of funds and through a competitive process, make a grant or make grants to national nonprofit fire service organizations for the purpose of training instructors to conduct hazardous materials response training programs for individuals with statutory responsibility to respond to hazardous materials accidents and incidents.

(2) For the purposes of this subsection the Secretary, after consultation with interested organizations, shall—

(A) identify regions or locations in which fire departments or other organizations which provide emergency response to hazardous materials transportation accidents and incidents are in need of hazardous materials training; and

(B) prioritize such needs and develop a means for identifying additional specific training needs.

(3) Funds granted to an organization under this subsection shall only be used—

(A) to provide training, including portable training, for instructors to conduct hazardous materials response training programs;

(B) to purchase training equipment used exclusively to train instructors to conduct such training programs; and

(C) to disseminate such information and materials as are necessary for the conduct of such training programs.

(4) The Secretary may only make a grant to an organization under this subsection in a fiscal year if the organization enters into an agreement with the Secretary to provide training, including portable training, for instructors to conduct hazardous materials response training programs in such fiscal year that will use—

(A) a course or courses developed or identified under section 5115 of this title; or

(B) other courses which the Secretary determines are consistent with the objectives of this subsection;

for training individuals with statutory responsibility to respond to accidents and incidents involving hazardous materials. Such agreement also shall provide that training courses shall comply with Federal regulations and national consensus standards for hazardous materials response and be open to all such individuals on a nondiscriminatory basis.

(5) The Secretary may not award a grant to an organization under this subsection unless the organization ensures that emergency responders who receive training under the grant will have the ability to protect nearby persons, property, and the environment from the effects of accidents or incidents involving the transportation of hazardous material in accordance with existing regulations or National Fire Protection Association standards for competence of responders to accidents and incidents involving hazardous materials.

(6) Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (3), to the extent determined appropriate by the Secretary, a grant awarded by the Secretary to an organization under this subsection to conduct hazardous material response training programs may be used to train individuals with responsibility to respond to accidents and incidents involving hazardous material.

(7) For the purposes of this subsection, the term "portable training" means live, instructor-led training provided by certified fire service instructors that can be offered in any suitable setting, rather than specific designated facilities. Under this training delivery model, instructors travel to locations convenient to students and utilize local facilities and resources.

(8) The Secretary may impose such additional terms and conditions on grants to be made under this subsection as the Secretary determines are necessary to protect the interests of the United States and to carry out the objectives of this subsection.

(j)

(1)

(A) to develop a hazardous materials response training curriculum for emergency responders, including response activities for the transportation of crude oil, ethanol, and other flammable liquids by rail, consistent with the standards of the National Fire Protection Association; and

(B) to make the training described in subparagraph (A) available in an electronic format.

(2)

(A) represents first responders or public officials responsible for coordinating disaster response; and

(B) is able to provide direct or web-based training to individuals responsible for responding to accidents and incidents involving hazardous materials.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) to make grants under—

(I) subsection (a)(1)(C);

(II) subsection (i); and

(III) section 5107(e);

(ii) to conduct monitoring and provide technical assistance under subsection (e);

(iii) to publish and distribute the emergency response guide referred to in subsection (h)(3); and

(iv) to pay administrative costs in accordance with subsection (h)(4).

(C)

(k)

(1) a detailed accounting and description of each grant expenditure by each grant recipient, including the amount of, and purpose for, each expenditure;

(2) the number of persons trained under the grant program, by training level;

(3) an evaluation of the efficacy of such planning and training programs; and

(4) any recommendations the Secretary may have for improving such grant programs.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 773; Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §§105, 119(a), (d)(2), (3), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1673, 1679, 1680; Pub. L. 103–429, §7(c), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4389; Pub. L. 104–287, §§5(8), 6(b), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389, 3398; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §§7114(a)–(d)(2), (e), 7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1900, 1909; Pub. L. 109–295, title VI, §612(c), Oct. 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1410; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III, §33004(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 832; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VII, §7203(a), (b)(2), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1589, 1591; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title VI, §26002, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 882.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5116(a) | 49 App.:1815(a). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §117A(a)–(f), (g)(7), (9), (h)(6); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §17, 104 Stat. 3263, 3266, 3267, 3268. |

5116(b)(1) | 49 App.:1815(b)(1). | |

5116(b)(2) | 49 App.:1815(b) (2)–(4). | |

5116(b)(3) | 49 App.:1815(b)(5), (6). | |

5116(b)(4) | 49 App.:1815(b)(7). | |

5116(c) | 49 App.:1815(c). | |

5116(d) | 49 App.:1815(e). | |

5116(e) | 49 App.:1815(d). | |

5116(f) | 49 App.:1815(g)(7). | |

5116(g) | 49 App.:1815(f). | |

5116(h) | 49 App.:1815(g)(9). | |

5116(i) | 49 App.:1815(h)(6). |


In subsections (a)(2)(A) and (b)(2)(A), the words "at least equal" are substituted for "be maintained at a level which does not fall below" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(2)(B), the words "by the State emergency response commission" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2)(B)(i), the words "or courses" are omitted because of 1:1.

In subsection (c), the words "including compliance with such sections with respect to accidents and incidents involving the transportation of hazardous materials" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the word "section" is substituted for "subsection" for clarity because there are no objectives in the subsection being restated.

In subsection (e), the words "A grant under this section is for" are substituted for "By a grant under this section, the Secretary shall reimburse any State or Indian tribe an amount not to exceed" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised title. The words "which are required to be expended under subsections (a)(2) and (b)(2) of this section" are omitted as surplus. The words "under this subsection" are added for clarity.

In subsection (h), the words "including coordination of training programs" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:5116(j)(4)(A) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

The Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act of 1986, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(A), is title III of Pub. L. 99–499, Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1728, which is classified generally to chapter 116 (§11001 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 11001 of Title 42 and Tables.

**2021**—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 117–58, §26002(3), added subsec. (j). Former subsec. (j) redesignated (k).

Pub. L. 117–58, §26002(1), substituted "subsections (i) and (j)" for "subsection (i)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 117–58, §26002(2), redesignated subsec. (j) as (k).

**2015**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–94, §7203(a)(3), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a) which related to planning grants.

Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 114–94, §7203(a)(1), (2), redesignated subsecs. (c) and (d) as (b) and (c), respectively, and struck out former subsec. (b) which related to training grants.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 114–94, §7203(a)(1), (b)(2)(A), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d) and substituted "subsection (a)(3)(A)" for "subsections (a)(2)(A) and (b)(2)(A)". Former subsec. (d) redesignated (c).

Subsecs. (e) to (g). Pub. L. 114–94, §7203(a)(1), redesignated subsecs. (f) to (h) as (e) to (g), respectively. Former subsec. (e) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 114–94, §7203(a)(1), redesignated subsec. (i) as (h). Former subsec. (h) redesignated (g).

Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §7203(b)(2)(B)(i), inserted "and section 5107(e)" after "section".

Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §7203(b)(2)(B)(ii), substituted "subsection (e)" for "subsection (f)".

Subsec. (h)(4). Pub. L. 114–94, §7203(b)(2)(B)(iii), substituted "5107(e) and 5108(g)(2)" for "5108(g)(2) and 5115".

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 114–94, §7203(a)(1), (b)(2)(C), redesignated subsec. (j) as (i) and substituted "subsection (a)" for "subsection (b)" in par. (1). Former subsec. (i) redesignated (h).

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 114–94, §7203(b)(2)(D), substituted, in introductory provisions, "planning and training grants under subsection (a) and grants under subsection (i) of this section and under subsections (e) and (i) of section 5107" for "planning grants allocated under subsection (a), training grants under subsection (b), and grants under subsection (j) of this section and under section 5107" and redesignated subpars. (A) to (D) as pars. (1) to (4), respectively.

Pub. L. 114–94, §7203(a)(1), redesignated subsec. (k) as (j). Former subsec. (j) redesignated (i).

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 114–94, §7203(a)(1), redesignated subsec. (k) as (j).

**2012**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §33004(b)(1), inserted at end "To the extent that a grant is used to train emergency responders, the State or Indian tribe shall provide written certification to the Secretary that the emergency responders who receive training under the grant will have the ability to protect nearby persons, property, and the environment from the effects of accidents or incidents involving the transportation of hazardous material in accordance with existing regulations or National Fire Protection Association standards for competence of responders to accidents and incidents involving hazardous materials."

Subsec. (j)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §33004(b)(2)(A), substituted "funds and through a competitive process, make a grant or make grants to national nonprofit fire service organizations for" for "funds, make grants to national nonprofit employee organizations engaged solely in fighting fires for".

Subsec. (j)(3)(A). Pub. L. 112–141, §33004(b)(2)(B), substituted "provide training, including portable training, for" for "train".

Subsec. (j)(4). Pub. L. 112–141, §33004(b)(2)(C)(ii), which directed insertion of "comply with Federal regulations and national consensus standards for hazardous materials response and" after "training course shall", was executed by making the insertion after "training courses shall" in concluding provisions, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 112–141, §33004(b)(2)(C)(i), substituted "provide training, including portable training, for" for "train" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (j)(5) to (8). Pub. L. 112–141, §33004(b)(2)(D), (E), added pars. (5) to (7) and redesignated former par. (5) as (8).

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 112–141, §33004(b)(3), substituted "an annual report" for "annually" and inserted "the report" after "make available" in first sentence, substituted ". The report submitted under this subsection shall include information" for "information" and "The report submitted under this subsection shall identify the ultimate recipients of such grants and include—" for "The report shall identify the ultimate recipients of training grants and include a detailed accounting of all grant expenditures by grant recipients, the number of persons trained under the grant programs, and an evaluation of the efficacy of training programs carried out.", and added pars. (A) to (D).

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(1), (2). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–59, §7114(a), substituted "5 fiscal years" for "2 fiscal years".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–59, §7114(a), substituted "5 fiscal years" for "2 fiscal years".

Subsec. (b)(3)(C), (4). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation" in introductory provisions of par. (3)(C) and "Secretary shall allocate" for "Secretary of Transportation shall allocate" in introductory provisions of par. (4).

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation" in subsec. (c) and "Secretary." for "Secretary of Transportation." in subsec. (d).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–59, §7114(b), substituted "National Response Team" for "national response team".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–59, §7114(c), substituted "Federal financial assistance" for "Government grant programs" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 109–59, §7114(d)(1), (2), in introductory provisions, inserted "(to be known as the 'Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness Fund')" after "an account in the Treasury" and struck out "collects under section 5108(g)(2)(A) of this title and" before "transfers to the Secretary", added par. (3), and redesignated former par. (3) as (4) and substituted "2 percent" for "10 percent".

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 109–59, §7114(e), substituted "The Secretary shall submit annually to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and make available to the public information on the allocation and uses of the planning grants allocated under subsection (a), training grants under subsection (b), and grants under subsection (j) of this section and under section 5107" for "Not later than September 30, 1997, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report on the allocation and uses of training grants authorized under subsection (b) for fiscal year 1993 through fiscal year 1996 and grants authorized under subsection (j) and section 5107 for fiscal years 1995 and 1996" and "The report" for "Such report".

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 104–287, §6(b), made technical correction to directory language of Pub. L. 103–311, §105(b)(2). See 1994 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (j)(4)(A). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(8), substituted "section 5115 of this title" for "subsection (g)".

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–311, §105(a), in introductory provisions inserted "and Indian tribes" after "States", and in subpar. (A) substituted "on lands under the jurisdiction of a State or Indian tribe, and between lands under the jurisdiction of a State or Indian tribe and lands of another State or Indian tribe" for "in a State and between States".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103–311, §105(b)(2), as amended by Pub. L. 104–287, §6(b), struck out "the State" after "only if" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 103–311, §105(b)(1), inserted "or Indian tribe" after "grant to a State" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 103–311, §105(b)(1), (3), inserted "the State or Indian tribe" before "certifies" and "or Indian tribe" before "expends".

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 103–311, §105(b)(4), inserted "the State" before "agrees".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 103–311, §105(c), added par. (3).

Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 103–311, §119(d)(2), as amended by Pub. L. 103–429, struck out "and section 5107(e) of this title" after "under this section".

Subsec. (i)(3). Pub. L. 103–311, §119(d)(3), as amended by Pub. L. 103–429, substituted "5108(g)(2)" for "5107(e), 5108(g)(2),".

Subsecs. (j), (k). Pub. L. 103–311, §119(a), added subsecs. (j) and (k).

"Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency", "Administrators, and Director", and "Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences" substituted for "Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency", "Administrator, and Directors", and "Directors of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences", respectively, in subsecs. (f) to (h), on authority of section 612(c) of Pub. L. 109–295, set out as a note under section 313 of Title 6, Domestic Security. Any reference to the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency in title VI of Pub. L. 109–295 or an amendment by title VI to be considered to refer and apply to the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency until Mar. 31, 2007, see section 612(f)(2) of Pub. L. 109–295, set out as a note under section 313 of Title 6.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 104–287, §6(b), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3398, provided that the amendment made by section 6(b) is effective Aug. 26, 1994.

Pub. L. 103–429, §7(c), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4389, provided that the amendment made by section 7(c) is effective Aug. 26, 1994.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VII, §7203(c), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1591, provided that: "Nothing in this section [amending this section and section 5108 of this title] may be construed to prohibit the Secretary [of Transportation] from recovering and deobligating funds from grants that are not managed or expended in compliance with a grant agreement."

(a)

(A) at least equal to the safety level required under this chapter; or

(B) consistent with the public interest and this chapter, if a required safety level does not exist.

(2) A special permit issued under this section shall be effective for an initial period of not more than 2 years and may be renewed by the Secretary upon application for successive periods of not more than 4 years each or, in the case of a special permit relating to section 5112, for an additional period of not more than 2 years.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(A) a public vessel (as defined in section 2101 of title 46);

(B) a vessel exempted under section 3702 of title 46 from chapter 37 of title 46; and

(C) a vessel to the extent it is regulated under the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972 1 (33 U.S.C. 1221 et seq.).

(2) This chapter and regulations prescribed under this chapter do not prohibit—

(A) or regulate transportation of a firearm (as defined in section 232 of title 18), or ammunition for a firearm, by an individual for personal use; or

(B) transportation of a firearm or ammunition in commerce.

(e)

(f)

(1)

(2)

(A) the safety record for hazardous materials transported under the special permit;

(B) the application of a special permit;

(C) the suitability of provisions in the special permit for incorporation into the hazardous materials regulations; and

(D) rulemaking activity in related areas.

(3)

(g)

(1) publish in the Federal Register notice of the final disposition of each application for a new special permit, modification to an existing special permit, or approval during the preceding quarter; and

(2) make available to the public on the Department of Transportation's Internet Web site notice of the final disposition of any other special permit during the preceding quarter.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 776; Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §120(a), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1680; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §§7115(a)(1), (b)–(g), 7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1901, 1909; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III, §33012(c), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 839; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VII, §7204, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1592.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5117(a) | 49 App.:1806(a) (1st, 2d sentences). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §107, 88 Stat. 2158; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §9, 104 Stat. 3259. |

5117(b) | 49 App.:1806(a) (3d–last sentences). | |

5117(c)(1) | 49 App.:1806(b). | |

5117(c)(2) | 49 App.:1806(c). | |

5117(d) | 49 App.:1806(d). |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "or renew" and "subject to the requirements of this chapter" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the words "at least equal to the safety level required under this chapter" are substituted for "which is equal to or exceeds that level of safety which would be required in the absence of such exemption" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "issued or renewed" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "upon application" and "grant of such" are omitted as surplus. The words "give the public an opportunity to inspect" are substituted for "afford access to . . . public" for clarity. The words "described by subsection (b) of section 552 of title 5, or which is otherwise" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), clauses (A) and (B) are substituted for "any vessel which is excepted from the application of section 201 of the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972 by paragraph (2) of such section". Section 201 of that Act amended section 4417a of the Revised Statutes (classified at 46:391a prior to its repeal and reenactment as part of the codification of subtitle II of title 46 in 1983). Clauses (A) and (B) restate the exceptions provided by section 201 of that Act and by section 4417a of the Revised Statutes as subsequently amended. Clause (C) is substituted for "any other vessel regulated under such Act, to the extent of such regulation" because of the restatement.

In subsection (c)(2), before clause (A), the word "prescribed" is substituted for "issued" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (d), the words "by which", "the requirements of", and "or relieved of the obligation to meet any requirements imposed under" are omitted as surplus.

The Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(C), is Pub. L. 92–340, July 10, 1972, 86 Stat. 424, which was renamed the Ports and Waterways Safety Act by Pub. L. 95–474, §2, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1471, and was classified generally to chapter 25 (§1221 et seq.) of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–282, title IV, §402(e), Dec. 4, 2018, 132 Stat. 4264. See Transitional and Savings Provisions note preceding section 101 of Title 46, Shipping, and chapter 700 (§70001 et seq.) of Title 46.

**2015**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–94, §7204(1), substituted "an application for a new special permit or a modification to an existing special permit" for "an application for a special permit" and inserted "The Secretary shall make available to the public on the Department of Transportation's Internet Web site any special permit other than a new special permit or a modification to an existing special permit and shall give the public an opportunity to inspect the safety analysis and comment on the application for a period of not more than 15 days." before "This subsection".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–94, §7204(2), substituted "a special permit or approval" for "the special permit" in two places, "120 days" for "180 days", and "make available to the public" for "publish", and struck out "in the Federal Register" after "a statement".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 114–94, §7204(3), added subsec. (g).

**2012**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–141 added subsec. (f).

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, §7115(a)(1), substituted "Special permits and exclusions" for "Exemptions and exclusions" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §7115(b), substituted "Issue Special Permits" for "Exempt" in heading.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–59, §7115(c), in introductory provisions, substituted "issue, modify, or terminate a special permit authorizing a variance" for "issue an exemption" and "performing a function regulated by the Secretary under section 5103(b)(1)" for "transporting, or causing to be transported, hazardous material".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §7115(d), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "An exemption under this subsection is effective for not more than 2 years and may be renewed on application to the Secretary."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §7115(e), substituted "the special permit" for "the exemption" and substituted "a special permit" for "an exemption" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §7115(f), substituted "the special permit" for "the exemption" in two places.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §7115(g), substituted "a special permit" for "an exemption" and "be granted a variance" for "be exempt".

**1994**—Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 103–311 added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsecs. (c) and (d) as (d) and (e), respectively.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III, §33012(a), (b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 838, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) standard operating procedures to support administration of the special permit and approval programs; and

"(2) objective criteria to support the evaluation of special permit and approval applications.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the safety record for hazardous materials transported under the special permit;

"(B) the application of a special permit;

"(C) the suitability of provisions in the special permit for incorporation into the hazardous materials regulations; and

"(D) rulemaking activity in related areas.

"(3)

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1)

(A) reducing the risks associated with the transportation of hazardous material; and

(B) identifying and evaluating new technologies to facilitate the safe, secure, and efficient transportation of hazardous material.

(2)

(A) utilize information gathered from other modal administrations with similar programs;

(B) coordinate with other modal administrations, as appropriate; and

(C) coordinate, as appropriate, with other Federal agencies.

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) emergency planning and response, including information and programs that can be readily assessed and implemented in local jurisdictions;

(B) risk analysis and perception and data assessment;

(C) commodity flow data, including voluntary collaboration between shippers and first responders for secure data exchange of critical information;

(D) integration of safety and security;

(E) cargo packaging and handling;

(F) hazmat release consequences; and

(G) materials and equipment testing.

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III, §33007(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 835; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, §6014, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1570.)

A prior section 5118, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 777; Pub. L. 108–426, §2(c)(2), Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2424, related to employment of additional hazardous material safety inspectors, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7115(h), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1901.

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 114–94, §6014(1), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–94, §6014(2), added subsec. (c).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 777; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7116, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1901.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5119(a) | 49 App.:1819(a). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §121(a)–(g); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §22, 104 Stat. 3271; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §507, 106 Stat. 3312. |

5119(b) | 49 App.:1819(b), (c). | |

5119(c)(1) | 49 App.:1819(d). | |

5119(c)(2) | 49 App.:1819(e). | |

5119(c)(3) | 49 App.:1819(f). | |

5119(d) | 49 App.:1819(g). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "As soon as practicable after November 16, 1990" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "Subject to the provisions of this subsection" and "to the Secretary" are omitted as surplus.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (e), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, section consisted of subsecs. (a) to (d) relating to establishment of working group, consultation and reporting, regulations, and relationship to other laws.

**1996**—Subsec. (b)(2), Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Public Works and Transportation".

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1) does not require the Secretary to prescribe a standard or requirement identical to a standard or requirement adopted by an international authority if the Secretary decides the standard or requirement is unnecessary or unsafe; and

(2) does not prohibit the Secretary from prescribing a safety standard or requirement more stringent than a standard or requirement adopted by an international authority if the Secretary decides the standard or requirement is necessary in the public interest.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 778; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §§7117, 7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1902, 1909.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5120(a) | 49 App.:1804(d)(1). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §105(d), 88 Stat. 2157; restated Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615 §4, 104 Stat. 3252. |

5120(b) | 49 App.:1804(d)(2) (1st sentence). | |

5120(c) | 49 App.:1804(d)(2) (last sentence). |


**2005**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary may" for "Secretary of Transportation may".

Pub. L. 109–59, §7117(a), inserted "and requirements" after "standards".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary to prescribe" for "Secretary of Transportation to prescribe".

Pub. L. 109–59, §7117(b)(1), inserted "or requirement" after "standard" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §7117(b)(2), struck out "included in a standard" before "adopted" and inserted "standard or" before "requirement" wherever appearing.

(a)

(b)

(1) maintain records and property, make reports, and provide information the Secretary by regulation or order requires; and

(2) make the records, property, reports, and information available for inspection when the Secretary undertakes an investigation or makes a request.

(c)

(1)

(A) may inspect and investigate, at a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner, records and property relating to a function described in section 5103(b)(1);

(B) except in the case of packaging immediately adjacent to its hazardous material contents, may gain access to, open, and examine a package offered for, or in, transportation when the officer, employee, or agent has an objectively reasonable and articulable belief that the package may contain a hazardous material;

(C) may remove from transportation a package or related packages in a shipment offered for or in transportation for which—

(i) such officer, employee, or agent has an objectively reasonable and articulable belief that the package may pose an imminent hazard; and

(ii) such officer, employee, or agent contemporaneously documents such belief in accordance with procedures set forth in guidance or regulations prescribed under subsection (e);

(D) may gather information from the offeror, carrier, packaging manufacturer or tester, or other person responsible for the package, to ascertain the nature and hazards of the contents of the package;

(E) as necessary, under terms and conditions specified by the Secretary, may order the offeror, carrier, packaging manufacturer or tester, or other person responsible for the package to have the package transported to, opened, and the contents examined and analyzed, at a facility appropriate for the conduct of such examination and analysis;

(F) when safety might otherwise be compromised, may authorize properly qualified personnel to assist in the activities conducted under this subsection; and

(G) shall provide to the affected offeror, carrier, packaging manufacturer or tester, or other person responsible for the package reasonable notice of—

(i) his or her decision to exercise his or her authority under paragraph (1);

(ii) any findings made; and

(iii) any actions being taken as a result of a finding of noncompliance.

(2)

(3)

(A) in the safe and prompt resumption of transportation of the package concerned; or

(B) in any case in which the hazardous material being transported is perishable, in the safe and expeditious resumption of transportation of the perishable hazardous material.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) describes the violation, condition, or practice that constitutes or is causing the imminent hazard;

(B) states the restrictions, prohibitions, recalls, or out-of-service orders issued or imposed; and

(C) describes the standards and procedures for obtaining relief from the order.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) the safe and expeditious resumption of transportation of perishable hazardous material, including radiopharmaceuticals and other medical products, that may require timely delivery due to life-threatening situations;

(B) the means by which—

(i) noncompliant packages that present an imminent hazard are placed out-of-service until the condition is corrected; and

(ii) noncompliant packages that do not present a hazard are moved to their final destination;

(C) appropriate training and equipment for inspectors; and

(D) the proper closure of packaging in accordance with the hazardous material regulations.

(f)

(A) maintain a facility and technical staff sufficient to provide, within the United States Government, the capability of evaluating a risk related to the transportation of hazardous material and material alleged to be hazardous;

(B) maintain a central reporting system and information center capable of providing information and advice to law enforcement and firefighting personnel, other interested individuals, and officers and employees of the Government and State and local governments on meeting an emergency related to the transportation of hazardous material; and

(C) conduct a continuous review on all aspects of transporting hazardous material to decide on and take appropriate actions to ensure safe transportation of hazardous material.

(2) Paragraph (1) of this subsection does not prevent the Secretary from making a contract with a private entity for use of a supplemental reporting system and information center operated and maintained by the contractor.

(g)

(1) to expand risk assessment and emergency response capabilities with respect to the safety and security of transportation of hazardous material;

(2) to enhance emergency communications capacity as determined necessary by the Secretary, including the use of integrated, interoperable emergency communications technologies where appropriate;

(3) to conduct research, development, demonstration, risk assessment, and emergency response planning and training activities; or

(4) to otherwise carry out this chapter.

(h)

(1) a statistical compilation of accidents and casualties related to the transportation of hazardous material;

(2) a list and summary of applicable Government regulations, criteria, orders, and special permits;

(3) a summary of the basis for each special permit;

(4) an evaluation of the effectiveness of enforcement activities relating to a function regulated by the Secretary under section 5103(b)(1) and the degree of voluntary compliance with regulations;

(5) a summary of outstanding problems in carrying out this chapter in order of priority; and

(6) recommendations for appropriate legislation.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 779; Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §§108, 117(a)(2), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1674, 1678; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §§7118, 7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1902, 1909; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §302(e), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1618; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32501(c), title III, §33009(a), (b)(1), (c), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 803, 836, 837; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VII, §7205, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1592.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5121(a) | 49 App.:1808(a) (1st sentence, last sentence words before semicolon). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §109(a) (1st sentence, last sentence words before semicolon), (b), (c), 88 Stat. 2159. |

5121(b) | 49 App.:1808(b). | |

5121(c) | 49 App.:1808(c). | |

5121(d) | 49 App.:1808(d). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §109(d), 88 Stat. 2159; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–559, §1(a), 98 Stat. 2907; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §11, 104 Stat. 3259. |

5121(e) | 49 App.:1808(e). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §109(e), 88 Stat. 2159; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–559, §1(b), 98 Stat. 2907. |


In subsection (a), the words "to the extent necessary . . . his responsibilities under" and "relevant" are omitted as surplus. The word "documents" is omitted as being included in "records". The words "directly or indirectly" are omitted as surplus. The word "prescribed" is substituted for "issued" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "requirements under" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "establish and" are omitted as surplus. The word "requires" is substituted for "prescribe" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "enter upon . . . and examine" and "of persons to the extent such records and properties" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "or shipment by any person" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words "establish and" are omitted as executed. In clause (B), the words "capable of" are substituted for "so as to be able to" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "technical and other" and "of communities" are omitted as surplus. The words "and employees" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In clause (C), the words "in order" and "to be able to" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "prepare and" and "comprehensive" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the word "thorough" is omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "in effect" are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the words "granted or maintained" are omitted as surplus. In clause (6), the words "additional . . . as are deemed necessary or" are omitted as surplus.

The date of enactment of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Safety and Security Reauthorization Act of 2005, referred to in subsec. (e), is the date of enactment of title VII of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

**2015**—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 114–94 substituted "make available to the public on the Department of Transportation's Internet Web site" for "transmit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate" in introductory provisions.

**2012**—Subsec. (c)(1)(G). Pub. L. 112–141, §33009(a), added subpar. (G).

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, §32501(c), inserted ", in person or in writing," after "proper credentials".

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 112–141, §33009(b)(1), added par. (3).

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §33009(c), inserted "safety and" before "security".

**2008**—Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 110–244, §302(e)(1), substituted "special permits" for "exemptions".

Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 110–244, §302(e)(2), substituted "special permit" for "exemption".

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary may investigate" for "Secretary of Transportation may investigate".

Pub. L. 109–59, §7118(a), inserted "conduct tests," after "investigate," and substituted "Except as provided in subsections (c) and (d), after" for "After" and "regulation prescribed, or an order, special permit, or approval issued," for "regulation prescribed".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §7118(b)(1), inserted "and property" after "records".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §7118(b)(2), inserted "property," after "records," and "for inspection" after "available" and substituted "undertakes an investigation or makes a request" for "requests".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §7118(c), amended heading and text of subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(1) The Secretary may authorize an officer, employee, or agent to inspect, at a reasonable time and in a reasonable way, records and property related to—

"(A) manufacturing, fabricating, marking, maintaining, reconditioning, repairing, testing, or distributing a packaging or a container for use by a person in transporting hazardous material in commerce; or

"(B) the transportation of hazardous material in commerce.

"(2) An officer, employee, or agent under this subsection shall display proper credentials when requested."

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §7118(d), added subsecs. (d) and (e). Former subsecs. (d) and (e) redesignated (f) and (h), respectively.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–59, §7118(d)(1), redesignated subsec. (d) as (f).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–59, §7118(e), added subsec. (g).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 109–59, §7118(f)(1), substituted "transmit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate" for "submit to the President for transmittal to the Congress" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–59, §7118(d)(1), redesignated subsec. (e) as (h).

Subsec. (h)(4). Pub. L. 109–59, §7118(f)(2), inserted "relating to a function regulated by the Secretary under section 5103(b)(1)" after "activities".

**1994**—Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 103–311, §117(a)(2), substituted "a packaging or a" for "a package or".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–311, §108, substituted "Report" for "Annual Report" in heading and substituted first sentence for former first sentence which read as follows: "The Secretary shall submit to the President, for submission to Congress, not later than June 15th of each year, a report about the transportation of hazardous material during the prior calendar year."

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III, §33005, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 833, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) may not waive the requirements under section 5110 of title 49, United States Code; and

"(2) shall consult with organizations representing—

"(A) fire services personnel;

"(B) law enforcement and other appropriate enforcement personnel;

"(C) other emergency response providers;

"(D) persons who offer hazardous material for transportation;

"(E) persons who transport hazardous material by air, highway, rail, and water; and

"(F) employees of persons who transport or offer for transportation hazardous material by air, highway, rail, and water.

"(c)

"(1) prepare a report on the results of the pilot projects carried out under this section, including—

"(A) a detailed description of the pilot projects;

"(B) an evaluation of each pilot project, including an evaluation of the performance of each paperless hazard communications system in such project;

"(C) an assessment of the safety and security impact of using paperless hazard communications systems, including any impact on the public, emergency response, law enforcement, and the conduct of inspections and investigations;

"(D) an analysis of the associated benefits and costs of using the paperless hazard communications systems for each mode of transportation; and

"(E) a recommendation that incorporates the information gathered in subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), and (D) on whether paperless hazard communications systems should be permanently incorporated into the Federal hazardous material transportation safety program under chapter 51 of title 49, United States Code; and

"(2) submit a final report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives that contains the results of the pilot projects carried out under this section, including the matters described in paragraph (1).

"(d)

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III, §33008, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 836, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) how to collect, analyze, and publish findings from inspections and investigations of accidents or incidents involving the transportation of hazardous material; and

"(2) how to identify noncompliance with regulations issued under chapter 51 of title 49, United States Code, and take appropriate enforcement action.

"(b)

"(1) guidelines for hazardous material inspector and investigator qualifications;

"(2) best practices and standards for hazardous material inspector and investigator training programs; and

"(3) standard protocols to coordinate investigation efforts among Federal, State, and local jurisdictions on accidents or incidents involving the transportation of hazardous material.

"(c)

"(1) shall be mandatory for—

"(A) the Department of Transportation's multimodal personnel conducting hazardous material enforcement inspections or investigations; and

"(B) State employees who conduct federally funded compliance reviews, inspections, or investigations; and

"(2) shall be made available to Federal, State, and local hazardous material safety enforcement personnel."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III, §33009(b)(2), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 837, provided that: "In accordance with section 5103(b)(2) of title 49, United States Code, not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall take all actions necessary to finalize a regulation under paragraph (1) of this subsection [amending this section]."

Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §116, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1678, provided that: "The Secretary of Transportation shall designate a toll free telephone number for transporters of hazardous materials and other individuals to report to the Secretary possible violations of chapter 51 of title 49, United States Code, or any order or regulation issued under that chapter."

(a)

(b)

(A) to suspend or restrict the transportation of the hazardous material responsible for the hazard; or

(B) to eliminate or mitigate the hazard.

(2) On request of the Secretary, the Attorney General shall bring an action under paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(c)

(2) Clearance refused or revoked under this subsection may be granted upon the filing of a bond or other surety satisfactory to the Secretary.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 780; Pub. L. 104–324, title III, §312(a), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3920; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §§7119, 7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1905, 1909; Pub. L. 109–304, §17(h)(1), Oct. 6, 2006, 120 Stat. 1709.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5122(a) | 49 App.:1808(a) (last sentence words after semicolon). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §§109(a) (last sentence words after semicolon), 111(a), 88 Stat. 2159, 2161. |

49 App.:1810(a). | ||

5122(b) | 49 App.:1810(b). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §111(b), 88 Stat. 2161; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §3(b), 104 Stat. 3247. |


In this section, the words "bring a civil action" are substituted for "bring an action in" in 49 App.:1810 and "petition . . . for an order . . . for such other order" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a), the text of 49 App.:1808(a) (last sentence words after semicolon) and the words "for equitable relief" in 49 App.:1810(a) are omitted as surplus. The words "enforce this chapter" are substituted for "redress a violation by any person of a provision of this chapter" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "regulation prescribed or order issued" are substituted for "order or regulation issued" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "The court may award appropriate relief, including" are substituted for "Such district courts shall have jurisdiction to determine such actions and may grant such relief as is necessary or appropriate, including mandatory or prohibitive injunctive relief, interim equitable relief, and" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "as is necessary" are omitted as surplus.

**2006**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 109–304 substituted "Secretary of Homeland Security" and "section 60105 of title 46" for "Secretary of the Treasury" and "section 4197 of the Revised Statutes of the United States (46 App. U.S.C. 91)", respectively.

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation".

Pub. L. 109–59, §7119(a), substituted "this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order, special permit, or approval" for "this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order" and "The court may award appropriate relief, including a temporary or permanent injunction, punitive damages, and assessment of civil penalties considering the same penalty amounts and factors as prescribed for the Secretary in an administrative case under section 5123" for "The court may award appropriate relief, including punitive damages".

Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 109–59, §7119(b), substituted "or mitigate the hazard" for "or ameliorate the hazard".

**1996**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–324 added subsec. (c).

(a)

(A) the person has actual knowledge of the facts giving rise to the violation; or

(B) a reasonable person acting in the circumstances and exercising reasonable care would have that knowledge.

(2) If the Secretary finds that a violation under paragraph (1) results in death, serious illness, or severe injury to any person or substantial destruction of property, the Secretary may increase the amount of the civil penalty for such violation to not more than $175,000.

(3) If the violation is related to training, a person described in paragraph (1) shall be liable for a civil penalty of at least $450.

(4) A separate violation occurs for each day the violation, committed by a person that transports or causes to be transported hazardous material, continues.

(b)

(c)

(1) the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation;

(2) with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of prior violations, the ability to pay, and any effect on the ability to continue to do business; and

(3) other matters that justice requires.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(1) The Secretary may impose a penalty on a person who obstructs or prevents the Secretary from carrying out inspections or investigations under subsection (c) or (i) of section 5121.

(2) For the purposes of this subsection, the term "obstructs" means actions that were known, or reasonably should have been known, to prevent, hinder, or impede an investigation.

(i)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) set forth procedures to require a person who is delinquent in paying civil penalties to cease any activity regulated under this chapter until payment has been made or an acceptable payment plan has been arranged; and

(B) ensures 1 that the person described in subparagraph (A)—

(i) is notified in writing; and

(ii) is given an opportunity to respond before the person is required to cease the activity.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 780; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §§7120(a)–(c), 7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1905, 1906, 1909; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III, §33010, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 837.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5123(a)(1) | 49 App.:1809(a)(1) (1st sentence less 3d–16th words, 2d sentence words before 4th comma, 3d sentence). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §110(a)(1), 88 Stat. 2160; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §12(a)(1), 104 Stat. 3259. |

49 App.:1809(a)(3). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §110(a)(3); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §12(a)(2), 104 Stat. 3259. | |

5123(a)(2) | 49 App.:1809(a)(1) (2d sentence words after 4th comma). | |

5123(b) | 49 App.:1809(a)(1) (1st sentence 3d–16th words, 4th sentence). | |

5123(c) | 49 App.:1809(a)(1) (last sentence). | |

5123(d), (e) | 49 App.:1809(a)(2) (1st sentence). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §110(a)(2), 88 Stat. 2160. |

5123(f) | 49 App.:1809(a)(2) (2d sentence). | |

5123(g) | 49 App.:1809(a)(2) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (1), the words "A person that knowingly violates this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of at least $250 but not more than $25,000 for each violation" are substituted for 49 App.:1809(a)(1) (1st sentence less 3d–16th words, 2d sentence words before 4th comma, 3d sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), the word "impose" is substituted for "assessed" for consistency.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "the violator" are substituted for "the person found to have committed such violation" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (f), the words "imposed or compromised" are substituted for "of such penalty, when finally determined (or agreed upon in compromise)" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency. The words "liable for the penalty" are substituted for "charged" for clarity.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (i)(3), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–141, which was approved July 6, 2012.

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §33010(1)(A), in introductory provisions, struck out "at least $250 but" after "civil penalty of" and substituted "$75,000" for "$50,000".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, §33010(1)(B), substituted "$175,000" for "$100,000".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 112–141, §33010(1)(C), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: "If the violation is related to training, paragraph (1) shall be applied by substituting '$450' for '$250'."

Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 112–141, §33010(2), added subsecs. (h) and (i).

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §7120(a)(1), in introductory provisions substituted "regulation, order, special permit, or approval issued" for "regulation prescribed or order issued" and "$50,000" for "$25,000".

Subsec. (a)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 109–59, §7120(a)(2), (3), added pars. (2) and (3) and redesignated former par. (2) as (4).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "Secretary may" for "Secretary of Transportation may".

Pub. L. 109–59, §7120(b), substituted "regulation prescribed or order, special permit, or approval issued" for "regulation prescribed".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–59, §7120(c), substituted "section and any accrued interest on the civil penalty as calculated in accordance with section 1005 of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (33 U.S.C. 2705). In the civil action, the amount and appropriateness of the civil penalty shall not be subject to review." for "section."

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7120(d), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1906, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

1 So in original. Probably should be "ensure".

(a)

(b)

(1) a person acts knowingly when—

(A) the person has actual knowledge of the facts giving rise to the violation; or

(B) a reasonable person acting in the circumstances and exercising reasonable care would have that knowledge; and

(2) knowledge of the existence of a statutory provision, or a regulation or a requirement required by the Secretary, is not an element of an offense under this section.

(c)

(1) the person has knowledge of the facts giving rise to the violation; and

(2) the person has knowledge that the conduct was unlawful.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 781; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7121, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1906.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5124 | 49 App.:1809(b). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §110(b), 88 Stat. 2161; restated Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §12(b), 104 Stat. 3259. |


**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "A person knowingly violating section 5104(b) of this title or willfully violating this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both."

(a)

(1) complying with a requirement of the State, political subdivision, or tribe and a requirement of this chapter, a regulation prescribed under this chapter, or a hazardous materials transportation security regulation or directive issued by the Secretary of Homeland Security is not possible; or

(2) the requirement of the State, political subdivision, or tribe, as applied or enforced, is an obstacle to accomplishing and carrying out this chapter, a regulation prescribed under this chapter, or a hazardous materials transportation security regulation or directive issued by the Secretary of Homeland Security.

(b)

(A) the designation, description, and classification of hazardous material.

(B) the packing, repacking, handling, labeling, marking, and placarding of hazardous material.

(C) the preparation, execution, and use of shipping documents related to hazardous material and requirements related to the number, contents, and placement of those documents.

(D) the written notification, recording, and reporting of the unintentional release in transportation of hazardous material and other written hazardous materials transportation incident reporting involving State or local emergency responders in the initial response to the incident.

(E) the designing, manufacturing, fabricating, inspecting, marking, maintaining, reconditioning, repairing, or testing a package, container, or packaging component that is represented, marked, certified, or sold as qualified for use in transporting hazardous material in commerce.

(2) If the Secretary prescribes or has prescribed under section 5103(b), 5104, 5110, or 5112 of this title or prior comparable provision of law a regulation or standard related to a subject referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection, a State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe may prescribe, issue, maintain, and enforce only a law, regulation, standard, or order about the subject that is substantively the same as a provision of this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter. The Secretary shall decide on and publish in the Federal Register the effective date of section 5103(b) of this title for any regulation or standard about any of those subjects that the Secretary prescribes. The effective date may not be earlier than 90 days after the Secretary prescribes the regulation or standard nor later than the last day of the 2-year period beginning on the date the Secretary prescribes the regulation or standard.

(3) If a State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe imposes a fine or penalty the Secretary decides is appropriate for a violation related to a subject referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection, an additional fine or penalty may not be imposed by any other authority.

(c)

(2)(A) A highway routing designation, limitation, or requirement established before the date a regulation is prescribed under section 5112(b) of this title does not have to comply with section 5112(b)(1)(B), (C), and (F).

(B) This subsection and section 5112 of this title do not require a State or Indian tribe to comply with section 5112(b)(1)(I) if the highway routing designation, limitation, or requirement was established before November 16, 1990.

(C) The Secretary may allow a highway routing designation, limitation, or requirement to continue in effect until a dispute related to the designation, limitation, or requirement is resolved under section 5112(d) of this title.

(d)

(2) After consulting with States, political subdivisions of States, and Indian tribes, the Secretary shall prescribe regulations for carrying out paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(3) Subsection (a) of this section does not prevent a State, political subdivision of a State, or Indian tribe, or another person directly affected by a requirement, from seeking a decision on preemption from a court of competent jurisdiction instead of applying to the Secretary under paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(e)

(1) provides the public at least as much protection as do requirements of this chapter and regulations prescribed under this chapter; and

(2) is not an unreasonable burden on commerce.

(f)

(2) A State or political subdivision thereof or Indian tribe that levies a fee in connection with the transportation of hazardous materials shall biennially report to the Secretary on—

(A) the basis on which the fee is levied upon persons involved in such transportation;

(B) the purposes for which the revenues from the fee are used;

(C) the annual total amount of the revenues collected from the fee; and

(D) such other matters as the Secretary requests.

(g)

(h)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 781; Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §§107, 117(a)(2), 120(b), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1674, 1678, 1681; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(6), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4378; Pub. L. 107–296, title XVII, §1711(b), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2320; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §§7122, 7123(a), 7126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1907, 1909; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §302(c), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1618; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III, §§33006(d), 33011, 33013(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 835, 838, 839.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5125(a) | 49 App.:1811(a). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §112(a)–(e), 88 Stat. 2161; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §216(a), 93 Stat. 1015; restated Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §13, 104 Stat. 3259. |

5125(b) | 49 App.:1804(a)(4), (5). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §105(a)(4), (5), (b)(4), 88 Stat. 2157; restated Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §4, 104 Stat. 3247, 3250. |

5125(c) | 49 App.:1804(b)(4). | |

5125(d) | 49 App.:1811(c). | |

5125(e) | 49 App.:1811(d). | |

5125(f) | 49 App.:1811(e). | |

5125(g) | 49 App.:1811(b). |


In subsections (a) and (b)(1), the words "and unless authorized by Federal law" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the reference to subsections (b) and (c) is substituted for 49 App.:1811(a)(3) for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "ruling, provision" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3), the word "imposes" is substituted for "assesses" for consistency.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "the procedural requirements of" and "the substantive requirements of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2)(A), the words "procedural requirements of the Federal standards established pursuant to" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), the words "may bring a civil action for judicial review" are substituted for "may seek judicial review . . . only by filing a petition" for consistency in the revised title.

This amends 49:5125(a) and (b)(1) to clarify the restatement of 49 App.:1804(a)(4) and 1811(a) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 781).

**2012**—Subsec. (b)(1)(D). Pub. L. 112–141, §33006(d), inserted "and other written hazardous materials transportation incident reporting involving State or local emergency responders in the initial response to the incident" before period at end.

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §33013(b), inserted ", and is published in the Department's hazardous materials route registry under section 5112(c)" before period at end.

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, §33011, substituted "biennially" for ", upon the Secretary's request,".

**2008**—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 110–244, §302(c)(1), substituted "5119(f)" for "5119(e)".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 110–244, §302(c)(2), substituted "5119(f)" for "5119(b)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 110–244, §302(c)(2), (3), substituted "(a), (b)(1), or (c)" for "(b), (c)(1), or (d)" and "5119(f)" for "5119(b)".

**2005**—Subsec. (b)(1)(E). Pub. L. 109–59, §7122(a)(1), added subpar. (E) and struck out former subpar. (E) which read as follows: "the design, manufacturing, fabricating, marking, maintenance, reconditioning, repairing, or testing of a packaging or a container represented, marked, certified, or sold as qualified for use in transporting hazardous material."

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §7126, substituted "If the Secretary" for "If the Secretary of Transportation".

Pub. L. 109–59, §7122(a)(2), substituted "subjects that the Secretary prescribes. The" for "subjects that the Secretary prescribes after November 16, 1990. However, the".

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §7122(b), inserted "or section 5119(e)" before period at end of first sentence.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §7122(c), inserted "or section 5119(b)" before period at end of first sentence.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–59, §7123(a), redesignated subsec. (g) as (f), realigned margins, and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (f). Text read as follows: "A party to a proceeding under subsection (d) or (e) of this section may bring a civil action in an appropriate district court of the United States for judicial review of the decision of the Secretary not later than 60 days after the decision becomes final."

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–59, §7123(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (h) as (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (f).

Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 109–59, §7123(a)(2), redesignated subsecs. (h) and (i) as (g) and (h), respectively.

Pub. L. 109–59, §7122(d), added subsecs. (h) and (i).

**2002**—Subsecs. (a), (b)(1). Pub. L. 107–296 substituted "chapter, a regulation prescribed under this chapter, or a hazardous materials transportation security regulation or directive issued by the Secretary of Homeland Security" for "chapter or a regulation prescribed under this chapter" wherever appearing.

**1994**—Subsecs. (a), (b)(1). Pub. L. 103–429 inserted "and unless authorized by another law of the United States" after "section" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1)(E). Pub. L. 103–311, §117(a)(2), substituted "a packaging or a" for "a package or".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–311, §120(b), inserted after second sentence "The Secretary shall issue a decision on an application for a determination within 180 days after the date of the publication of the notice of having received such application, or the Secretary shall publish a statement in the Federal Register of the reason why the Secretary's decision on the application is delayed, along with an estimate of the additional time necessary before the decision is made."

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 103–311, §107, designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) a pipeline subject to regulation under chapter 601 of this title; or

(2) any matter that is subject to the postal laws and regulations of the United States under this chapter or title 18 or 39.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 783; Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §117(a)(2), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1678; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7124, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1908; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §302(d), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1618.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5126(a) | 49 App.:1818. | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §120; added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §20, 104 Stat. 3270. |

5126(b) | 49 App.:1811(f). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §112(f), 88 Stat. 2161; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §216(a), 93 Stat. 1015; restated Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §13, 104 Stat. 3260. |


In subsection (a), the word "manufactures" is substituted for "manufacturers" to correct an error in the source provisions. The words "of the executive, legislative, or judicial branch", "be subject to and", "substantive and procedural", and "this chapter or any other" are omitted as surplus.

**2008**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–244 amended Pub. L. 109–59. See 2005 Amendment note below.

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §7124(4), substituted "designing, manufacturing, fabricating, inspecting, marking, maintaining, reconditioning, repairing, or testing" for "manufacturing, fabricating, marking, maintenance, reconditioning, repairing, or testing".

Pub. L. 109–59, §7124(3), as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, substituted "shall comply with this chapter" for "must comply with this chapter".

Pub. L. 109–59, §7124(1), (2), substituted "transports hazardous material, or causes hazardous material to be transported," for "transports or causes to be transported hazardous material," and "designs, manufactures, fabricates, inspects, marks, maintains, reconditions, repairs, or tests a package, container, or packaging component that is represented" for "manufactures, fabricates, marks, maintains, reconditions, repairs, or tests a packaging or a container that the person represents, marks, certifies, or sells".

**1994**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–311 substituted "a packaging or a" for "a package or".

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–244 effective as of the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59 (Aug. 10, 2005) and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 109–59 as of that date, and provisions of Pub. L. 109–59, as in effect on the day before June 6, 2008, that are amended by Pub. L. 110–244 to be treated as not enacted, see section 121(b) of Pub. L. 110–244, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7123(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1907.)

A prior section 5127 was renumbered section 5128 of this title.

(a)

(1) $67,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

(2) $68,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

(3) $69,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

(4) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

(5) $71,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.

(b)

(1) $39,050,000 to carry out section 5116(a);

(2) $150,000 to carry out section 5116(e);

(3) $625,000 to publish and distribute the Emergency Response Guidebook under section 5116(h)(3); and

(4) $2,000,000 to carry out section 5116(i).

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 783, §5127; Pub. L. 103–311, title I, §§103, 119(b), (c)(4), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1673, 1680; renumbered §5128 and amended Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §§7123(b), 7125, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1907, 1908; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §302(f), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1618; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title III, §33017, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 841; Pub. L. 113–159, title I, §1301, Aug. 8, 2014, 128 Stat. 1847; Pub. L. 114–21, title I, §1301, May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 225; Pub. L. 114–41, title I, §1301, July 31, 2015, 129 Stat. 453; Pub. L. 114–73, title I, §1301, Oct. 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 575; Pub. L. 114–87, title I, §1301, Nov. 20, 2015, 129 Stat. 684; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VII, §7101, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1588; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title VI, §26001, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 881.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5127(a) | 49 App.:1812(a). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §115, 88 Stat. 2164; July 19, 1975, Pub. L. 94–56, §4, 89 Stat. 264; Oct. 11, 1976, Pub. L. 94–474, §3, 90 Stat. 2068; Sept. 30, 1978, Pub. L. 95–403, 92 Stat. 863; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–559, §2, 98 Stat. 2907; restated Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §14, 104 Stat. 3260; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §504, 106 Stat. 3311. |

5127(b) | 49 App.:1816(d). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §118(d); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §18, 104 Stat. 3269; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §506, 106 Stat. 3312. |

5127(c) | 49 App.:1815(i)(3). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §117A(i); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §17, 104 Stat. 3268. |

5127(d) | 49 App.:1815(i)(1), (2), (4). | |

5127(e) | 49 App.:1819(h) (1st sentence). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, 88 Stat. 2156, §121(h); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §22, 104 Stat. 3272. |

5127(f) | 49 App.:1812(b). | |

5127(g) | 49 App.:1815(i)(5). | |

49 App.:1819(h) (last sentence). |


In the section, references to fiscal years 1991 and 1992 are omitted as obsolete.

In subsections (b), (c)(1), and (d), the words "amounts in" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the text of 49 App.:1815(i)(3)(A) is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "relating to dissemination of the curriculum" are omitted as surplus.

**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to authorization of appropriations for fiscal years 2016 to 2020.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to authorization of appropriations for fiscal years 2013 to 2015.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 114–41, §1301(a)(2), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: "$35,615,474 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015."

Pub. L. 114–21, §1301(a), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: "$28,468,948 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015."

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 114–87, §1301(a), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) read as follows: "$5,958,639 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015."

Pub. L. 114–73, §1301(a), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) read as follows: "$3,388,246 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015."

Pub. L. 114–41, §1301(a), added par. (4).

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 114–41, §1301(b)(1), substituted "

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 114–87, §1301(b), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "From the Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness Fund established under section 5116(i), the Secretary may expend for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015—

"(A) $26,197 to carry out section 5115;

"(B) $3,037,705 to carry out subsections (a) and (b) of section 5116, of which not less than $1,902,049 shall be available to carry out section 5116(b);

"(C) $20,902 to carry out section 5116(f);

"(D) $87,090 to publish and distribute the Emergency Response Guidebook under section 5116(i)(3); and

"(E) $139,344 to carry out section 5116(j)."

Pub. L. 114–73, §1301(b), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "From the Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness Fund established under section 5116(i), the Secretary may expend for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015—

"(A) $14,896 to carry out section 5115;

"(B) $1,727,322 to carry out subsections (a) and (b) of section 5116, of which not less than $1,081,557 shall be available to carry out section 5116(b);

"(C) $11,885 to carry out section 5116(f);

"(D) $49,522 to publish and distribute the Emergency Response Guidebook under section 5116(i)(3); and

"(E) $79,235 to carry out section 5116(j)."

Pub. L. 114–41, §1301(b)(2), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "From the Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness Fund established under section 5116(i), the Secretary may expend for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015—

"(A) $156,581 to carry out section 5115;

"(B) $18,156,712 to carry out subsections (a) and (b) of section 5116, of which not less than $11,368,767 shall be available to carry out section 5116(b);

"(C) $124,932 to carry out section 5116(f);

"(D) $520,548 to publish and distribute the Emergency Response Guidebook under section 5116(i)(3); and

"(E) $832,877 to carry out section 5116(j)."

Pub. L. 114–21, §1301(b), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "From the Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness Fund established under section 5116(i), the Secretary may expend for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015—

"(A) $125,162 to carry out section 5115;

"(B) $14,513,425 to carry out subsections (a) and (b) of section 5116, of which not less than $9,087,534 shall be available to carry out section 5116(b);

"(C) $99,863 to carry out section 5116(f);

"(D) $416,096 to publish and distribute the Emergency Response Guidebook under section 5116(i)(3); and

"(E) $665,753 to carry out section 5116(j)."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–87, §1301(c), substituted "and $710,383 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $557,377 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1301(c), substituted "and $557,377 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $316,940 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1301(c), substituted "each of fiscal years 2013 through 2015 and $316,940 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "each of the fiscal years 2013 and 2014 and $3,331,507 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1301(c), substituted "and $3,331,507 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $2,663,014 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

**2014**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 113–159, §1301(a), added par. (3).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–159, §1301(b), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and inserted heading, redesignated former pars. (1) to (5) as subpars. (A) to (E), respectively, of par. (1) and realigned margins, and added par. (2).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 113–159, §1301(c), inserted "and $2,663,014 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," after "2014".

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to authorization of appropriations for fiscal years 2005 to 2008.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–244 substituted "Authorization" for "Authorizations" in section catchline.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, §7125, substituted "Authorizations" for "Authorization" in section catchline and amended text generally, substituting provisions relating to authorization of appropriations for fiscal years 2005 to 2008, consisting of subsecs. (a) to (f), for provisions relating to authorization of appropriations for fiscal years 1993 to 1998, consisting of subsecs. (a) to (g).

Pub. L. 109–59, §7123(b), renumbered section 5127 of this title as this section.

**1994**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–311, §103, substituted "fiscal year 1993, $18,000,000 for fiscal year 1994, $18,540,000 for fiscal year 1995, $19,100,000 for fiscal year 1996, and $19,670,000 for fiscal year 1997" for "the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993,".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–311, §119(c)(4), amended subsec. (b)(1) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b)(1) read as follows:

"(b)

Pub. L. 103–311, §119(b), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.



**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §§3008(c), 3009(b), 3017(b), 3030(b)–(d), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1469, 1473, 1487, 1496, 1497, substituted "Public transportation innovation" for "Research, development, demonstration, and deployment projects" in item 5312, "Technical assistance and workforce development" for "Technical assistance and standards development" in item 5314, and "Grants for buses and bus facilities" for "Bus and bus facilities formula grants" in item 5339, and struck out item 5313 "Transit cooperative research program", item 5319 "Bicycle facilities", and item 5322 "Human resources and training".

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20030(k), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 731, amended generally the analysis for this chapter, adding item 5326, substituting "Policies and purposes" for "Policies, findings, and purposes" in item 5301, "Statewide and nonmetropolitan transportation planning" for "Statewide transportation planning" in item 5304, "Fixed guideway capital investment grants" for "Capital investment grants" in item 5309, "Formula grants for the enhanced mobility of seniors and individuals with disabilities" for "Formula grants for special needs of elderly individuals and individuals with disabilities" in item 5310, "Formula grants for rural areas" for "Formula grants for other than urbanized areas" in item 5311, "Technical assistance and standards development" for "National research programs" in item 5314, "Private sector participation" for "National transit institute" in item 5315, "Human resources and training" for "Human resource programs" in item 5322, "General provisions" for "General provisions on assistance" in item 5323, "Public transportation emergency relief program" for "Special provisions for capital projects" in item 5324, "Public transportation safety program" for "Investigations of safety hazards and security risks" in item 5329, "State of good repair grants" for "Apportionment based on fixed guideway factors" in item 5337, and "Bus and bus facilities formula grants" for "Alternatives analysis program" in item 5339, and striking out items 5308 "Clean fuels grant program", 5316 "Job access and reverse commute formula grants", 5317 "New freedom program", 5320 "Alternative transportation in parks and public lands, and 5328 "Project review".

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(1), 3005(c), 3006(c), 3007(b), 3010(b), 3011(b), 3012(c), 3013(i), 3014(e)(2), 3015(b)(2), 3016(d), 3018(b), 3019(b), 3021(b), 3024(b), 3025(b), 3028(d), 3029(b), 3033(b), 3035(b), 3038(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1544, 1559, 1566, 1568, 1573, 1588, 1593, 1596, 1597, 1600, 1605, 1608, 1614, 1620, 1622, 1625, 1627, 1629, 1638, substituted "PUBLIC" for "MASS" in chapter heading, substituted "transportation planning" for "planning" in item 5303, "Statewide transportation planning" for "Transportation improvement program" in item 5304, "Planning programs" for "Transportation management areas" in item 5305, "grant program" for "formula grant program" in item 5308, "grants" for "grants and loans" in item 5309, "Formula grants" for "Formula grants and loans" in item 5310, "grants" for "grant" in item 5311, "deployment" for "training" in item 5312, "Transit cooperative research program" for "State planning and research programs" in item 5313, "research programs" for "planning and research programs" in item 5314, "Alternative transportation in parks and public lands" for "Suspended light rail system technology pilot project" in item 5320, "Special provisions for capital projects" for "Limitations on discretionary and special needs grants and loans" in item 5324, "Investigations of safety hazards and security risks" for "Investigation of safety hazards" in item 5329, "State safety oversight" for "Withholding amounts for noncompliance with safety requirements" in item 5330, "National transit database" for "Reports and audits" in item 5335, and "Apportionment based on fixed guideway factors" for "Apportionment of appropriations for fixed guideway modernization" in item 5337, added items 5316, 5317, and 5340, and struck out item 5326 "Special procurements".

Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3037(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1636, which directed amendment of the analysis for chapter 53 by striking the item relating to section 5339 and inserting a new item 5339, was executed by adding the new item 5339 after item 5338 to reflect the probable intent of Congress, because no item for section 5339 had been enacted.

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §§3007(a)(2), 3008(b), 3009(b), 3014(b), 3017(b), 3025(b)(2), title V, §5110(c), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 347, 352, 359, 361, 365, 444, substituted "Urbanized area formula grants" for "Block grants" in item 5307, "Clean fuels formula grant program" for "Mass Transit Account block grants" in item 5308, "Capital investment" for "Discretionary" in item 5309, "Formula grant" for "Financial assistance" in item 5311, and "transit" for "mass transportation" in item 5315, struck out items 5316 "University research institutes" and 5317 "Transportation centers", and inserted "provisions" after "Administrative" in item 5334.

Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3013(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 359, which directed insertion of "formula" before "grants" in item 5310, was executed by substituting "Formula grants" for "Grants" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3027(d), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(o)(2), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 858, substituted "formula grants" for "block grants" in item 5336.

1 Section repealed by Pub. L. 112–141 without corresponding amendment of chapter analysis.

(a)

(b)

(1) provide funding to support public transportation;

(2) improve the development and delivery of capital projects;

(3) establish standards for the state of good repair of public transportation infrastructure and vehicles;

(4) promote continuing, cooperative, and comprehensive planning that improves the performance of the transportation network;

(5) establish a technical assistance program to assist recipients under this chapter to more effectively and efficiently provide public transportation service;

(6) continue Federal support for public transportation providers to deliver high quality service to all users, including individuals with disabilities, seniors, and individuals who depend on public transportation;

(7) support research, development, demonstration, and deployment projects dedicated to assisting in the delivery of efficient and effective public transportation service; and

(8) promote the development of the public transportation workforce.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 785; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(4), 3003, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20003, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 622.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5301(a) | 49 App.:1607(a) (1st sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §8(a) (1st sentence); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §305(b), 92 Stat. 2743; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §310, 101 Stat. 227; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3012, 105 Stat. 2098. |

5301(b) | 49 App.:1601(a). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §2, 78 Stat. 302; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3005, 105 Stat. 2088. |

49 App.:1601b. | Nov. 26, 1974, Pub. L. 93–503, §2, 88 Stat. 1566. | |

5301(c) | 49 App.:1601a (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §1, 84 Stat. 962. |

5301(d) | 49 App.:1612(a). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §16(a); added Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §8, 84 Stat. 967; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3021(1), 105 Stat. 2110. |

5301(e) | 49 App.:1610(a) (1st sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §14(a) (1st sentence), 78 Stat. 308; Sept. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89–562, §2(a)(1), 80 Stat. 715; restated Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §6, 84 Stat. 966. |

5301(f) | 49 App.:1601(b). | |

49 App.:1601a (last sentence). |


In subsection (b)(1), the words "the predominant part" in 49 App.:1601(a)(1) and "lives in urban areas" in 49 App.:1601b(1) are omitted because of the restatement. The words "metropolitan and other" in 49 App.:1601(a)(1) are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "housing, urban renewal, highway, and other", "being", "the . . . provision of", and "transportation and other" in 49 App.:1601(a)(2) are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(4), the words "the early 1970's" are substituted for "recent years" in 49 App.:1601b(4), and the words "minimal mass transportation service" are substituted for "this essential public service", for clarity.

In subsection (b)(5), the word "particularly" in 49 App.:1601b(5) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(6), the words "were . . . in the early 1970's" are substituted for "now" in 49 App.:1601b(6) for clarity. The words "engaged in", "actually", and "comprehensive" in 49 App.:1601b(6) are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(9), the word "many" in 49 App.:1601(b)(7) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the text of 49 App.:1601a (1st sentence words after semicolon) is omitted as executed.

In subsections (d) and (e), the words "hereby declared to be" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "to ensure that mass transportation can be used by elderly individuals and individuals with disabilities" are substituted for "in the planning and design of mass transportation facilities and services so that the availability to elderly persons and persons with disabilities of mass transportation which they can effectively utilize will be assured" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the field of" and "(including the programs under this chapter) . . . contain provisions" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the words "carrying out" are substituted for "construction of", and the word "capital" is added, for consistency in the revised chapter. The reference to section 5310 of the revised title is added for clarity because a loan or grant made under section 5310 is deemed to have been made under section 5309.

In subsection (f)(5), the words "local" and "to exercise the initiative necessary" are omitted as surplus.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to policies, findings, and purposes.

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §3003(a), amended heading and text of subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "It is in the interest of the United States to encourage and promote the development of transportation systems that embrace various modes of transportation and efficiently maximize mobility of individuals and goods in and through urbanized areas and minimize transportation-related fuel consumption and air pollution."

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §3003(b), substituted "two-thirds" for "70 percent" and "urbanized areas" for "urban areas".

Subsecs. (b)(4), (6) to (9), (d). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §3003(c), substituted "a" for "an urban" and struck out "under sections 5309 and 5310 of this title" before period at end.

Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §3003(d)(1), substituted "public transportation equipment" for "mass transportation equipment" and "both public transportation companies and private companies engaged in public transportation" for "public and private mass transportation companies".

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §3003(d)(2), substituted "public transportation systems" for "urban mass transportation systems" and "both public transportation companies and private companies engaged in public transportation" for "public and private mass transportation companies".

Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 109–59, §3003(d)(3), substituted "public transportation systems" for "urban mass transportation systems" and "public transportation companies or private companies engaged in public transportation" for "public or private mass transportation companies".

Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 109–59, §3003(d)(4), substituted "public" for "urban mass".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 117–2, title III, §3401, Mar. 11, 2021, 135 Stat. 72, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) be for grants to eligible recipients under sections 5307, 5309, 5310, and 5311 of title 49, United States Code, to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus; and

"(B) not be subject to any prior restriction on the total amount of funds available for implementation or execution of programs authorized under sections 5307, 5310, or 5311 of such title.

"(2)

"(A)

"(i) reimbursement for payroll of public transportation (including payroll and expenses of private providers of public transportation);

"(ii) operating costs to maintain service due to lost revenue due as a result of the coronavirus public health emergency, including the purchase of personal protective equipment; and

"(iii) paying the administrative leave of operations or contractor personnel due to reductions in service.

"(B)

"(i) available for immediate obligation, notwithstanding the requirement for such expenses to be included in a transportation improvement program, long-range transportation plan, statewide transportation plan, or statewide transportation improvement program under sections 5303 and 5304 of title 49, United States Code;

"(ii) directed to payroll and operations of public transportation (including payroll and expenses of private providers of public transportation), unless the recipient certifies to the Administrator of the Federal Transit Administration that the recipient has not furloughed any employees;

"(iii) used to provide a Federal share of the costs for any grant made under this section of 100 percent.

"(b)

"(1)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) each urbanized area shall receive an apportionment of an amount that, when combined with amounts that were otherwise made available to such urbanized area for similar activities to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus, is equal to 132 percent of the urbanized area's 2018 operating costs; and

"(ii) for funds remaining after the apportionment described in clause (i), such funds shall be apportioned such that each urbanized area that did not receive an apportionment under clause (i) shall receive an apportionment equal to 25 percent of the urbanized area's 2018 operating costs.

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(3)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) any State that received an amount for similar activities to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus that is equal to or greater than 150 percent of the combined 2018 rural operating costs of the recipients and subrecipients in such State shall receive an amount equal to 5 percent of such State's 2018 rural operating costs;

"(ii) any State that does not receive an allocation under clause (i) that received an amount for similar activities to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus that is equal to or greater than 140 percent of the combined 2018 rural operating costs of the recipients and subrecipients in that State shall receive an amount equal to 10 percent of such State's 2018 rural operating costs; and

"(iii) any State that does not receive an allocation under clauses (i) or (ii) shall receive an amount equal to 20 percent of such State's 2018 rural operating costs.

"(4)

"(A)

"(i) $1,425,000,000 shall be for grants administered under subsections (d) and (e) of section 5309 of title 49, United States Code; and

"(ii) $250,000,000 shall be for grants administered under subsection (h) of section 5309 of title 49, United States Code.

"(B)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(iii)

"(iv)

"(5)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(6)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) increase ridership and reduce travel times, while maintaining or expanding the total level of vehicle revenue miles of service provided in the planning period; or

"(ii) make service adjustments to increase the quality or frequency of service provided to low-income riders and disadvantaged neighborhoods or communities.

"(C)

"(7)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(i)

"(I) estimates of financial need;

"(II) data on reductions in farebox or other sources of local revenue for sustained operations;

"(III) a spending plan for such funds; and

"(IV) demonstration of expenditure of greater than 90 percent of funds available to the applicant from funds made available for similar activities in fiscal year 2020.

"(ii)

"(I) not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Mar. 11, 2021], issue a Notice of Funding Opportunity for assistance under this paragraph; and

"(II) not later than 120 days after the application deadline established in the Notice of Funding Opportunity under subclause (I), make awards under this paragraph to selected applicants.

"(iii)

"(I)

"(II)

"(iv)

"(D)

Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3032, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 385, as amended by Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(v), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 861, provided that a study of the effect of contracting out mass transportation operation and administrative functions was to be arranged between the Secretary of Transportation and the Transportation Research Board of the National Academy of Sciences no later than 6 months after June 9, 1998, and made available funds for fiscal year 1999.

Pub. L. 102–240, title VIII, §8004, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2206, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) current Federal policy places commuter transit benefits at a disadvantage compared to drive-to-work benefits;

"(2) this Federal policy is inconsistent with important national policy objectives, including the need to conserve energy, reduce reliance on energy imports, lessen congestion, and clean our Nation's air;

"(3) commuter transit benefits should be part of a comprehensive solution to national transportation and air pollution problems;

"(4) current Federal law allows employers to provide only up to $21 per month in employee benefits for transit or van pools;

"(5) the current 'cliff provision', which treats an entire commuter transit benefit as taxable income if it exceeds $21 per month, unduly penalizes the most effective employer efforts to change commuter behavior;

"(6) employer-provided commuter transit incentives offer many public benefits, including increased access of low-income persons to good jobs, inexpensive reduction of roadway and parking congestion, and cost-effective incentives for timely arrival at work; and

"(7) legislation to provide equitable treatment of employer-provided commuter transit benefits has been introduced with bipartisan support in both the Senate and House of Representatives.

"(b)

Except as otherwise specifically provided, in this chapter the following definitions apply:

(1)

(2)

(A) historic preservation, rehabilitation, and operation of historic public transportation buildings, structures, and facilities (including historic bus and railroad facilities) intended for use in public transportation service;

(B) bus shelters;

(C) functional landscaping and streetscaping, including benches, trash receptacles, and street lights;

(D) pedestrian access and walkways;

(E) bicycle access, including bicycle storage shelters and parking facilities and the installation of equipment for transporting bicycles on public transportation vehicles;

(F) signage; or

(G) enhanced access for persons with disabilities to public transportation.

(3)

(A) in which the majority of each line operates in a separated right-of-way dedicated for public transportation use during peak periods; and

(B) that includes features that emulate the services provided by rail fixed guideway public transportation systems, including—

(i) defined stations;

(ii) traffic signal priority for public transportation vehicles;

(iii) short headway bidirectional services for a substantial part of weekdays and weekend days; and

(iv) any other features the Secretary may determine are necessary to produce high-quality public transportation services that emulate the services provided by rail fixed guideway public transportation systems.

(4)

(A) acquiring, constructing, supervising, or inspecting equipment or a facility for use in public transportation, expenses incidental to the acquisition or construction (including designing, engineering, location surveying, mapping, and acquiring rights-of-way), payments for the capital portions of rail trackage rights agreements, transit-related intelligent transportation systems, relocation assistance, acquiring replacement housing sites, and acquiring, constructing, relocating, and rehabilitating replacement housing;

(B) rehabilitating a bus;

(C) remanufacturing a bus;

(D) overhauling rail rolling stock;

(E) preventive maintenance;

(F) leasing equipment or a facility for use in public transportation;

(G) a joint development improvement that—

(i) enhances economic development or incorporates private investment, such as commercial and residential development;

(ii)(I) enhances the effectiveness of public transportation and is related physically or functionally to public transportation; or

(II) establishes new or enhanced coordination between public transportation and other transportation;

(iii) provides a fair share of revenue that will be used for public transportation;

(iv) provides that if equipment to fuel privately owned zero-emission passenger vehicles is installed, the recipient of assistance under this chapter shall collect fees from users of the equipment in order to recover the costs of construction, maintenance, and operation of the equipment;

(v) provides that a person making an agreement to occupy space in a facility constructed under this paragraph shall pay a fair share of the costs of the facility through rental payments and other means; and

(vi) may include—

(I) property acquisition;

(II) demolition of existing structures;

(III) site preparation;

(IV) utilities;

(V) building foundations;

(VI) walkways;

(VII) pedestrian and bicycle access to a public transportation facility;

(VIII) construction, renovation, and improvement of intercity bus and intercity rail stations and terminals;

(IX) renovation and improvement of historic transportation facilities;

(X) open space;

(XI) safety and security equipment and facilities (including lighting, surveillance, and related intelligent transportation system applications);

(XII) facilities that incorporate community services such as daycare or health care;

(XIII) a capital project for, and improving, equipment or a facility for an intermodal transfer facility or transportation mall;

(XIV) construction of space for commercial uses; and

(XV) technology to fuel a zero-emission vehicle;

(H) the introduction of new technology, through innovative and improved products, into public transportation;

(I) the provision of nonfixed route paratransit transportation services in accordance with section 223 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12143), but only for grant recipients that are in compliance with applicable requirements of that Act, including both fixed route and demand responsive service, and only for amounts—

(i) not to exceed 10 percent of such recipient's annual formula apportionment under sections 5307 and 5311; or

(ii) not to exceed 20 percent of such recipient's annual formula apportionment under sections 5307 and 5311, if, consistent with guidance issued by the Secretary, the recipient demonstrates that the recipient meets at least 2 of the following requirements:

(I) Provides an active fixed route travel training program that is available for riders with disabilities.

(II) Provides that all fixed route and paratransit operators participate in a passenger safety, disability awareness, and sensitivity training class on at least a biennial basis.

(III) Has memoranda of understanding in place with employers and the American Job Center to increase access to employment opportunities for people with disabilities.

(J) establishing a debt service reserve, made up of deposits with a bondholder's trustee, to ensure the timely payment of principal and interest on bonds issued by a grant recipient to finance an eligible project under this chapter;

(K) mobility management—

(i) consisting of short-range planning and management activities and projects for improving coordination among public transportation and other transportation service providers carried out by a recipient or subrecipient through an agreement entered into with a person, including a governmental entity, under this chapter (other than section 5309); but

(ii) excluding operating public transportation services;

(L) associated capital maintenance, including—

(i) equipment, tires, tubes, and material, each costing at least .5 percent of the current fair market value of rolling stock comparable to the rolling stock for which the equipment, tires, tubes, and material are to be used; and

(ii) reconstruction of equipment and material, each of which after reconstruction will have a fair market value of at least .5 percent of the current fair market value of rolling stock comparable to the rolling stock for which the equipment and material will be used;

(M) associated transit improvements; or

(N) technological changes or innovations to modify low or no emission vehicles (as defined in section 5339(c)) or facilities.

(5)

(A) an entity designated, in accordance with the planning process under sections 5303 and 5304, by the Governor of a State, responsible local officials, and publicly owned operators of public transportation, to receive and apportion amounts under section 5336 to urbanized areas of 200,000 or more in population; or

(B) a State or regional authority, if the authority is responsible under the laws of a State for a capital project and for financing and directly providing public transportation.

(6)

(7)

(A) that is effective temporarily before the expiration of the otherwise specified periods of time for public notice and comment under section 5334(c); and

(B) prescribed by the Secretary as the result of a finding that a delay in the effective date of the regulation—

(i) would injure seriously an important public interest;

(ii) would frustrate substantially legislative policy and intent; or

(iii) would damage seriously a person or class without serving an important public interest.

(8)

(A) using and occupying a separate right-of-way for the exclusive use of public transportation;

(B) using rail;

(C) using a fixed catenary system;

(D) for a passenger ferry system; or

(E) for a bus rapid transit system.

(9)

(A) means the Governor of a State, the mayor of the District of Columbia, and the chief executive officer of a territory of the United States; and

(B) includes the designee of the Governor.

(10)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(11)

(A) a political subdivision of a State;

(B) an authority of at least 1 State or political subdivision of a State;

(C) an Indian tribe; and

(D) a public corporation, board, or commission established under the laws of a State.

(12)

(13)

(14)

(A) that has not been used in public transportation in the United States before the date of production of the model; or

(B) used in public transportation in the United States, but being produced with a major change in configuration or components.

(15)

(A) means regular, continuing shared-ride surface transportation services that are open to the general public or open to a segment of the general public defined by age, disability, or low income; and

(B) does not include—

(i) intercity passenger rail transportation provided by the entity described in chapter 243 (or a successor to such entity);

(ii) intercity bus service;

(iii) charter bus service;

(iv) school bus service;

(v) sightseeing service;

(vi) courtesy shuttle service for patrons of one or more specific establishments; or

(vii) intra-terminal or intra-facility shuttle services.

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)

(25)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 786; Pub. L. 103–331, title III, §335A, Sept. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 2495; Pub. L. 104–50, title III, §333(a), Nov. 15, 1995, 109 Stat. 457; Pub. L. 104–287, §6(c), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3398; Pub. L. 105–102, §3(a), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2214; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3003, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 338; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(a), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 852; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(4), 3004, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545; Pub. L. 110–244, title II, §201(a), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1609; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20004, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 623; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3002, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1446; Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30001(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 889.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5302(a)(1) | 49 App.:1608(c)(1). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §12(c)(1), 78 Stat. 306; Aug. 10, 1965, Pub. L. 89–117, §1109, 79 Stat. 507; Sept. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89–562, §2(a)(1), 80 Stat. 715; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20, 81 Stat. 25; Aug. 1, 1968, Pub. L. 90–448, §702, 82 Stat. 535; restated Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §308(b), 92 Stat. 2746; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §309(a), 96 Stat. 2151; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §309(a), 101 Stat. 227. |

49 App.:1608(c)(7), (8). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §12(c)(3)–(9), 78 Stat. 306; Aug. 10, 1965, Pub. L. 89–117, §1109, 79 Stat. 507; Sept. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89–562, §2(a)(1), 80 Stat. 715; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20, 81 Stat. 25; Aug. 1, 1968, Pub. L. 90–448, §702, 82 Stat. 535; restated Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §308(b), 92 Stat. 2746; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3016, 105 Stat. 2108. | |

5302(a)(2) | 49 App.:1608(c)(3). | |

5302(a)(3) | 49 App.:1608(c)(13). | July 9, 1965, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §12(c)(12), (13); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §318(b)(3), 101 Stat. 234. |

5302(a)(4) | 49 App.:1608(c)(2). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §12(c)(2), 78 Stat. 306; Aug. 10, 1965, Pub. L. 89–117, §1109, 79 Stat. 507; Sept. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89–562, §2(a)(1), 80 Stat. 715; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20, 81 Stat. 25; Aug. 1, 1968, Pub. L. 90–448, §702, 82 Stat. 535; restated Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §308(b), 92 Stat. 2746; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §309(b), 96 Stat. 2151. |

5302(a)(5) | 49 App.:1608(c)(4) (1st sentence). | |

5302(a)(6) | 49 App.:1608(c)(5). | |

5302(a)(7) | 49 App.:1608(c)(6). | |

5302(a)(8) | (no source). | |

5302(a)(9) | 49 App.:1608(h)(2). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §12(h)(2); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §317(a), 101 Stat. 233; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §6021(a), 105 Stat. 2184. |

49 App.:1608 (note). | Apr. 2, 1988, Pub. L. 100–17, §317(b)(4), 101 Stat. 233. | |

5302(a)(10) | 49 App.:1608(c)(12). | |

5302(a)(11) | 49 App.:1608(c)(9). | |

5302(a)(12) | 49 App.:1608(c)(10). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §12(c)(10), (11), 78 Stat. 306; Aug. 10, 1965, Pub. L. 89–117, §1109, 79 Stat. 507; Sept. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89–562, §2(a)(1), 80 Stat. 715; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20, 81 Stat. 25; Aug. 1, 1968, Pub. L. 90–448, §702, 82 Stat. 535; restated Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §308(b), 92 Stat. 2746; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §318(b)(1), (2), 101 Stat. 234. |

5302(a)(13) | 49 App.:1608(c)(11). | |

5302(b) | 49 App.:1608(c)(4) (last sentence). |


In this chapter, the words "local governmental authority" are substituted for "local public body" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the text of 49 App.:1608(c)(7) is omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:1608(c)(8) is omitted because the complete title of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section. In clause (1), before subclause (A), the words "capital project" are substituted for "construction" for clarity. In subclause (A), the words "actual", "all", and "reconstruction" are omitted as surplus. In subclause (D), the words "(whether or not such overhaul increases the useful life of the rolling stock)" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "for each of the jurisdictions included in the definition of 'State' " are omitted as surplus. In clauses (3) and (10), the word "regulation" is substituted for "rule" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code and because the terms are synonymous. In clause (3)(B)(iii), the words "of persons" are omitted as surplus. In clauses (4) and (5), the word "mass" is substituted for "public" because of the restatement. In clause (4)(A), the words "including, but not limited to, fixed rail, automated guideway transit, and exclusive facilities for buses" are omitted as surplus. In clause (6)(A), the words "municipalities and other" are omitted as surplus. In clause (6)(B), the word "authority" is substituted for "public agencies and instrumentalities" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The word "municipalities" is omitted as surplus. In clause (7), the words "bus, or rail, or other", "either publicly or privately owned", and "on a . . . basis" are omitted as surplus. Clause (8) is added for clarity because the term "net project cost" has the same meaning throughout this chapter. In clause (11), the words "the Commonwealths of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (12), the word "individuals" is substituted for "commuters or others" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (13)(A), the words "in the case of any such area" and "entire" are omitted as surplus. The words "Secretary of Commerce" are substituted for "Bureau of the Census" because of 15:1511(e). In clause (13)(B), the words "so designated by the Bureau of Census", "which shall be", "responsible", and "in cooperation with each other" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (b) applies to section 5307(d)(1)(D) of the revised title because of 49 App.:1607a(e)(1), restated as section 5307(n)(2) of the revised title.

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, referred to in par. (4)(I), is Pub. L. 101–336, July 26, 1990, 104 Stat. 327, which is classified principally to chapter 126 (§12101 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 12101 of Title 42 and Tables.

The Social Security Act, referred to in par. (10)(B)(ii), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620. Part A of title IV of the Act is classified generally to part A (§601 et seq.) of subchapter IV of chapter 7 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables.

**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58 added par. (1), redesignated former pars. (1) to (24) as (2) to (25), respectively; in subpar. (G) of par. (4), added cl. (iv) and redesignated former cls. (iv) and (v) as (v) and (vi), respectively; and in cl. (vi) of subpar. (G) of par. (4), added subcl. (XV).

**2015**—Par. (1)(C). Pub. L. 114–94, §3002(1)(A), inserted "functional" before "landscaping and".

Par. (1)(E). Pub. L. 114–94, §3002(1)(B), substituted "bicycle storage shelters and parking facilities and the installation of equipment" for "bicycle storage facilities and installing equipment".

Par. (3)(F). Pub. L. 114–94, §3002(2)(A), added subpar. (F) and struck out former subpar. (F), which read as follows: "leasing equipment or a facility for use in public transportation, subject to regulations that the Secretary prescribes limiting the leasing arrangements to those that are more cost-effective than purchase or construction;".

Par. (3)(G)(iv). Pub. L. 114–94, §3002(2)(B)(i), inserted "and" at end.

Par. (3)(G)(v)(XIV). Pub. L. 114–94, §3002(2)(B)(ii), struck out "and" at end.

Par. (3)(G)(vi). Pub. L. 114–94, §3002(2)(B)(iii), struck out cl. (vi), which read as follows: "does not include outfitting of commercial space (other than an intercity bus or rail station or terminal) or a part of a public facility not related to public transportation;".

Par. (3)(I). Pub. L. 114–94, §3002(2)(C), added subpar. (I) and struck out former subpar. (I), which read as follows: "the provision of nonfixed route paratransit transportation services in accordance with section 223 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12143), but only for grant recipients that are in compliance with applicable requirements of that Act, including both fixed route and demand responsive service, and only for amounts not to exceed 10 percent of such recipient's annual formula apportionment under sections 5307 and 5311;".

Par. (3)(M), (N). Pub. L. 114–94, §3002(2)(D)–(F), added subpars. (M) and (N).

Par. (24). Pub. L. 114–94, §3002(3), added par. (24).

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally, substituting pars. (1) to (23) for former provisions defining terms for this chapter consisting of subsecs. (a) and (b).

**2008**—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 110–244 substituted "charter, sightseeing," for "charter,".

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §3004(a), substituted "Except as otherwise specifically provided, in this chapter" for "In this chapter" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1)(A), (F). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Subsec. (a)(1)(G). Pub. L. 109–59, §3004(b)(1), inserted "construction, renovation, and improvement of intercity bus and intercity rail stations and terminals," after "public transportation facility," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" wherever appearing in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1)(G)(ii). Pub. L. 109–59, §3004(b)(2), inserted "(other than an intercity bus station or terminal)" after "commercial revenue-producing facility".

Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Subsec. (a)(1)(H). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Subsec. (a)(1)(J) to (L). Pub. L. 109–59, §3004(b)(3)–(5), added subpars. (J) to (L).

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" in introductory provisions and subpar. (A).

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 109–59, §3004(c), substituted "Individual with a disability" for "Handicapped individual" in heading and "individual with a disability" for "handicapped individual" in text.

Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" in two places.

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 109–59, §3004(d), amended heading and text of par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'mass transportation' means transportation by a conveyance that provides regular and continuing general or special transportation to the public, but does not include school bus, charter, or sightseeing transportation."

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" in subpars. (A) and (B).

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 109–59, §3004(e), amended heading and text of par. (10) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'public transportation' means mass transportation."

Subsec. (a)(14) to (16). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 109–59, §3004(f), reenacted heading without change and amended text of par. (17) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'urbanized area' means an area—

"(A) encompassing at least an urbanized area within a State that the Secretary of Commerce designates; and

"(B) designated as an urbanized area within boundaries fixed by State and local officials and approved by the Secretary."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §3004(g), substituted "Individual With a Disability" for "Handicapped Individual" in heading and "individual with a disability" for "handicapped individual" in text.

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, §3003(a), formerly §3003, as renumbered by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(a)(1), amended section generally, revising and restating existing definitions and adding new pars. defining additional terms.

Subsec. (a)(1)(G)(i). Pub. L. 105–178, §3003(b), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(a)(2), substituted "daycare or" for "daycare and".

**1997**—Subsec. (a)(1)(B), (C). Pub. L. 105–102 made technical correction to directory language of Pub. L. 104–50, §333(a). See 1995 Amendment notes below.

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–287 made technical correction to directory language of Pub. L. 103–331, §335A. See 1994 Amendment note below.

**1995**—Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 104–50, §333(a)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 105–102, §3(a)(1), struck out "that extends the economic life of a bus for at least 5 years" after "rehabilitating a bus".

Subsec. (a)(1)(C). Pub. L. 104–50, §333(a)(2), as amended by Pub. L. 105–102, §3(a)(2), struck out "that extends the economic life of a bus for at least 8 years" after "remanufacturing a bus".

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–331, §335A, as amended by Pub. L. 104–287, inserted "payments for the capital portions of rail trackage rights agreements," after "rights of way),".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 effective simultaneously with enactment of Pub. L. 105–178 and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 105–178 at time of enactment, and provisions of Pub. L. 105–178, as in effect on day before July 22, 1998, that are amended by title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 to be treated as not enacted, see section 9016 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 105–102, §3(a), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2214, provided that the amendment made by section 3(a) is effective Nov. 15, 1995.

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–102 effective as if included in the provisions of the Act to which the amendment relates, see section 3(f) of Pub. L. 105–102, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 104–287, §6(c), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3398, provided that the amendment made by section 6(c) is effective Sept. 30, 1994.

Pub. L. 104–50, title III, §333(b), Nov. 15, 1995, 109 Stat. 457, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall not take effect before March 31, 1996."

(a)

(1) to encourage and promote the safe and efficient management, operation, and development of resilient surface transportation systems that will serve the mobility needs of people and freight and foster economic growth and development within and between States and urbanized areas and better connect housing and employment, while minimizing transportation-related fuel consumption and air pollution through metropolitan and statewide transportation planning processes identified in this chapter; and

(2) to encourage the continued improvement and evolution of the metropolitan and statewide transportation planning processes by metropolitan planning organizations, State departments of transportation, and public transit operators as guided by the planning factors identified in subsection (h) and section 5304(d).

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6) TIP.—The term "TIP" means a transportation improvement program developed by a metropolitan planning organization under subsection (j).

(7)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(d)

(1)

(A) by agreement between the Governor and units of general purpose local government that together represent at least 75 percent of the affected population (including the largest incorporated city (based on population) as determined by the Bureau of the Census); or

(B) in accordance with procedures established by applicable State or local law.

(2)

(A) local elected officials;

(B) officials of public agencies that administer or operate major modes of transportation in the metropolitan area, including representation by providers of public transportation; and

(C) appropriate State officials.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(4)

(A) to develop the plans and TIPs for adoption by a metropolitan planning organization; and

(B) to develop long-range capital plans, coordinate transit services and projects, and carry out other activities pursuant to State law.

(5)

(6)

(A)

(B)

(7)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A) shall encompass at least the existing urbanized area and the contiguous area expected to become urbanized within a 20-year forecast period for the transportation plan; and

(B) may encompass the entire metropolitan statistical area or consolidated metropolitan statistical area, as defined by the Bureau of the Census.

(3)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(5)

(A) shall be established in the manner described in subsection (d)(1);

(B) shall encompass the areas described in paragraph (2)(A);

(C) may encompass the areas described in paragraph (2)(B); and

(D) may address any nonattainment area identified under the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.) for ozone or carbon monoxide.

(f)

(1)

(2)

(A) to enter into agreements or compacts, not in conflict with any law of the United States, for cooperative efforts and mutual assistance in support of activities authorized under this section as the activities pertain to interstate areas and localities within the States; and

(B) to establish such agencies, joint or otherwise, as the States may determine desirable for making the agreements and compacts effective.

(3)

(g) MPO

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) recipients of assistance under this chapter;

(ii) governmental agencies and nonprofit organizations (including representatives of the agencies and organizations) that receive Federal assistance from a source other than the Department of Transportation to provide nonemergency transportation services; and

(iii) recipients of assistance under section 204 of title 23.

(4)

(5)

(h)

(1)

(A) support the economic vitality of the metropolitan area, especially by enabling global competitiveness, productivity, and efficiency;

(B) increase the safety of the transportation system for motorized and nonmotorized users;

(C) increase the security of the transportation system for motorized and nonmotorized users;

(D) increase the accessibility and mobility of people and for freight;

(E) protect and enhance the environment, promote energy conservation, improve the quality of life, and promote consistency between transportation improvements and State and local planned growth, housing, and economic development patterns;

(F) enhance the integration and connectivity of the transportation system, across and between modes, for people and freight;

(G) promote efficient system management and operation;

(H) emphasize the preservation of the existing transportation system; and

(I) improve the resiliency and reliability of the transportation system.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(I)

(II)

(ii)

(C)

(D)

(3)

(i)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(I) Any area designated as nonattainment, as defined in section 107(d) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7407(d)).

(II) Any area that was nonattainment and subsequently designated to attainment in accordance with section 107(d)(3) of that Act (42 U.S.C. 7407(d)(3)) and that is subject to a maintenance plan under section 175A of that Act (42 U.S.C. 7505a).

(ii)

(2)

(A)

(i)

(ii)

(B)

(C)

(i) progress achieved by the metropolitan planning organization in meeting the performance targets in comparison with system performance recorded in previous reports; and

(ii) for metropolitan planning organizations that voluntarily elect to develop multiple scenarios, an analysis of how the preferred scenario has improved the conditions and performance of the transportation system and how changes in local policies and investments have impacted the costs necessary to achieve the identified performance targets.

(D)

(i)

(ii)

(E)

(i)

(I) demonstrates how the adopted transportation plan can be implemented;

(II) indicates resources from public and private sources that are reasonably expected to be made available to carry out the plan; and

(III) recommends any additional financing strategies for needed projects and programs.

(ii)

(iii)

(F)

(G)

(H)

(3)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i) potential regional investment strategies for the planning horizon;

(ii) assumed distribution of population and employment;

(iii) assumed distribution of population and housing;

(iv) a scenario that, to the maximum extent practicable, maintains baseline conditions for the performance measures identified in subsection (h)(2);

(v) a scenario that improves the baseline conditions for as many of the performance measures identified in subsection (h)(2) as possible;

(vi) revenue constrained scenarios based on the total revenues expected to be available over the forecast period of the plan; and

(vii) estimated costs and potential revenues available to support each scenario.

(C)

(5)

(A)

(B)

(i) comparison of transportation plans with State conservation plans or maps, if available; or

(ii) comparison of transportation plans to inventories of natural or historic resources, if available.

(6)

(A)

(B)

(i) shall be developed in consultation with all interested parties; and

(ii) shall provide that all interested parties have reasonable opportunities to comment on the contents of the transportation plan.

(C)

(i) hold any public meetings at convenient and accessible locations and times;

(ii) employ visualization techniques to describe plans; and

(iii) make public information available in electronically accessible format and means, such as the World Wide Web, as appropriate to afford reasonable opportunity for consideration of public information under subparagraph (A).

(D)

(i) to further encourage public participation; and

(ii) to solicit public feedback during the transportation planning process.

(7)

(8)

(j)

(1)

(A)

(i) contains projects consistent with the current metropolitan transportation plan;

(ii) reflects the investment priorities established in the current metropolitan transportation plan; and

(iii) once implemented, is designed to make progress toward achieving the performance targets established under subsection (h)(2).

(B)

(C)

(D)

(i) updated at least once every 4 years; and

(ii) approved by the metropolitan planning organization and the Governor.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) demonstrates how the TIP can be implemented;

(ii) indicates resources from public and private sources that are reasonably expected to be available to carry out the program;

(iii) identifies innovative financing techniques to finance projects, programs, and strategies; and

(iv) may include, for illustrative purposes, additional projects that would be included in the approved TIP if reasonable additional resources beyond those identified in the financial plan were available.

(C)

(D)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(C)

(D)

(4)

(5)

(A)

(i) by—

(I) in the case of projects under title 23, the State; and

(II) in the case of projects under this chapter, the designated recipients of public transportation funding; and

(ii) in cooperation with the metropolitan planning organization.

(B)

(6)

(A)

(B)

(7)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(k)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(i) develop regional goals to reduce vehicle miles traveled during peak commuting hours and improve transportation connections between areas with high job concentration and areas with high concentrations of low-income households;

(ii) identify existing public transportation services, employer-based commuter programs, and other existing transportation services that support access to jobs in the region; and

(iii) identify proposed projects and programs to reduce congestion and increase job access opportunities.

(D)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i) consult with—

(I) State and local entities responsible for land use, economic development, housing, management of road networks, or public transportation; and

(II) other appropriate public or private entities; and

(ii) coordinate, to the extent practicable, with applicable State and local entities to align the goals of the process with the goals of any comprehensive housing affordability strategies established within the metropolitan planning area pursuant to section 105 of the Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act (42 U.S.C. 12705) and plans developed under section 5A of the United States Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437c–1).

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(I) develop regional goals for the integration of housing, transportation, and economic development strategies to—

(aa) better connect housing and employment while mitigating commuting times;

(bb) align transportation improvements with housing needs, such as housing supply shortages, and proposed housing development;

(cc) align planning for housing and transportation to address needs in relationship to household incomes within the metropolitan planning area;

(dd) expand housing and economic development within the catchment areas of existing transportation facilities and public transportation services when appropriate, including higher-density development, as locally determined;

(ee) manage effects of growth of vehicle miles traveled experienced in the metropolitan planning area related to housing development and economic development;

(ff) increase share of households with sufficient and affordable access to the transportation networks of the metropolitan planning area;

(II) identify the location of existing and planned housing and employment, and transportation options that connect housing and employment; and

(III) include a comparison of transportation plans to land use management plans, including zoning plans, that may affect road use, public transportation ridership and housing development.

(5)

(A)

(B)

(6)

(A)

(i) ensure that the metropolitan planning process of a metropolitan planning organization serving a transportation management area is being carried out in accordance with applicable provisions of Federal law; and

(ii) subject to subparagraph (B), certify, not less often than once every 4 years, that the requirements of this paragraph are met with respect to the metropolitan planning process.

(B)

(i) the transportation planning process complies with the requirements of this section and other applicable requirements of Federal law; and

(ii) there is a TIP for the metropolitan planning area that has been approved by the metropolitan planning organization and the Governor.

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(D)

(l)

(1)

(2)

(A) the overall effectiveness of performance-based planning as a tool for guiding transportation investments;

(B) the effectiveness of the performance-based planning process of each metropolitan planning organization under this section;

(C) the extent to which metropolitan planning organizations have achieved, or are currently making substantial progress toward achieving, the performance targets specified under this section and whether metropolitan planning organizations are developing meaningful performance targets; and

(D) the technical capacity of metropolitan planning organizations that operate within a metropolitan planning area with a population of 200,000 or less and their ability to carry out the requirements of this section.

(3)

(m)

(1)

(2)

(n)

(1)

(2)

(o)

(p)

(q)

(r)

(1)

(2)

(A) a metropolitan planning organization;

(B) a transportation management area under subsection (k); and

(C) an urbanized area, which is comprised of a population of 145,000 and 25 square miles of land area and 25 square miles of land area 1 in the State of California and a population of 65,000 and 12 square miles of land area and 12 square miles of land area 1 in the State of Nevada.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 788; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(10), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; Pub. L. 105–102, §2(4), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2204; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §§3004, 3029(b)(1)–(3), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 341, 372; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(b), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 852; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3005(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1547; Pub. L. 110–244, title II, §201(b), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1609; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20005(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 628; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3003(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1447; Pub. L. 114–322, title III, §3603(f)(3), Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1789; Pub. L. 115–31, div. K, title I, §192, May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 756; Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30002, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 890.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5303(a) | 49 App.:1607(a) (2d–last sentences). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §8(a) (2d–last sentences)–(g), (n); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §305(b), 92 Stat. 2743; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §310, 101 Stat. 227; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3012, 105 Stat. 2098, 2104. |

5303(b) | 49 App.:1607(f). | |

5303(c)(1) | 49 App.:1607(b)(1). | |

5303(c)(2) | 49 App.:1607(b)(2). | |

5303(c)(3) | 49 App.:1607(b)(6). | |

5303(c)(4) | 49 App.:1607(b)(4). | |

5303(c)(5) | 49 App.:1607(b)(5). | |

5303(c)(6) | 49 App.:1607(b)(3). | |

5303(d) | 49 App.:1607(c). | |

5303(e) | 49 App.:1607(d), (e). | |

5303(f) | 49 App.:1607(g). | |

5303(g) | 49 App.:1607(n). | |

5303(h) | 49 App.:1607(p). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §8(p); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §305(b), 92 Stat. 2743; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §310, 101 Stat. 227; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3012, 105 Stat. 2105; Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, §502(h), 106 Stat. 1566. |


In this section, the word "together" is omitted as surplus. The words "Secretary of Commerce" are substituted for "Bureau of the Census" because of 15:1511(e).

In subsection (b)(2), the word "applicable" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3), the words "where it does not yet occur" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(4), the words "the provisions of all applicable" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(4), before clause (A), the words "whether made under this section or other provisions of law" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the word "entire" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(2), the words "or compacts" and "joint or otherwise" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(3), the word "area" is added for clarity and consistency with 42:7501(2).

In subsection (f)(5)(A), the words "published or otherwise" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g), before clause (1), the words "local governmental authorities" are substituted for "local public bodies", and the words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government" are substituted for "Federal departments and agencies", for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (h)(6)(A), the words "for obligation", "a period of", and "the close of" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:5303(f)(2) and (h)(4) to correct erroneous cross-references.

This amends 49:5303(c)(1) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

This amends 49:5303(c)(4)(A) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

This amends 49:5303(c)(5)(A) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

The date of enactment of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012, referred to in subsecs. (d)(2) and (l)(2), is deemed to be Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

The Clean Air Act, referred to in subsecs. (e)(4)(A), (5)(D), (g)(1), (i)(3), (m)(2), and (n)(1), is act July 14, 1955, ch. 360, 69 Stat. 322, which is classified generally to chapter 85 (§7401 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7401 of Title 42 and Tables.

The date of enactment of the SAFETEA-LU, referred to in subsec. (e)(4)(A), (5), is the date of enactment of title III of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsec. (q), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.

**2021**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §30002(a)(1), inserted "and better connect housing and employment" after "urbanized areas".

Subsec. (d)(3)(D). Pub. L. 117–58, §30002(b)(1)(A), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (d)(7). Pub. L. 117–58, §30002(b)(1)(B), substituted "an existing urbanized area (as defined by the Bureau of the Census)" for "an existing metropolitan planning area" and "the area" for "the existing metropolitan planning area".

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §30002(b)(2)(A), substituted "an urbanized area (as defined by the Bureau of the Census)" for "a metropolitan area".

Subsec. (g)(3)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §30002(a)(2), inserted "housing," after "economic development,".

Subsec. (g)(4), (5). Pub. L. 117–58, §30002(b)(2)(B), added pars. (4) and (5).

Subsec. (h)(1)(E). Pub. L. 117–58, §30002(a)(3), inserted ", housing," after "growth".

Subsec. (i)(4)(B)(iii) to (vii). Pub. L. 117–58, §30002(a)(4)(A), added cl. (iii) and redesignated former cls. (iii) to (vi) as (iv) to (vii), respectively.

Subsec. (i)(6)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §30002(a)(4)(B), inserted "affordable housing organizations," after "disabled,".

Subsec. (i)(6)(D). Pub. L. 117–58, §30002(b)(3), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (k)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 117–58, §30002(a)(5), added par. (4) and redesignated former pars. (4) and (5) as (5) and (6), respectively.

Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 117–58, §30002(b)(4), substituted "section 104(b)(6)" for "section 104(b)(5)".

**2017**—Subsec. (r)(2)(C). Pub. L. 115–31 made amendment identical to that made by Pub. L. 114–322. See 2016 Amendment note below.

**2016**—Subsec. (r)(2)(C). Pub. L. 114–322 inserted "and 25 square miles of land area" after "145,000" and "and 12 square miles of land area" after "65,000".

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(a)(1), inserted "resilient" after "development of".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(a)(2), substituted ", bicycle transportation facilities, and intermodal facilities that support intercity transportation, including intercity buses and intercity bus facilities and commuter vanpool providers" for "and bicycle transportation facilities".

Subsec. (d)(3) to (7). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(a)(3), added par. (3), redesignated pars. (3) to (6) as (4) to (7), respectively, and in par. (5), substituted "paragraph (6)" for "paragraph (5)".

Subsec. (e)(4)(B). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(a)(4), substituted "subsection (d)(6)" for "subsection (d)(5)".

Subsec. (g)(3)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(a)(5), inserted "tourism, natural disaster risk reduction," after "economic development,".

Subsec. (h)(1)(I). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(a)(6), added subpar. (I).

Subsec. (i)(2)(A)(i). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(a)(7)(A)(i), substituted "public transportation facilities, intercity bus facilities" for "transit".

Subsec. (i)(2)(G). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(a)(7)(A)(ii), substituted ", provide" for "and provide" and inserted before period at end ", and reduce the vulnerability of the existing transportation infrastructure to natural disasters".

Subsec. (i)(2)(H). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(a)(7)(A)(iii), inserted before period at end ", including consideration of the role that intercity buses may play in reducing congestion, pollution, and energy consumption in a cost-effective manner and strategies and investments that preserve and enhance intercity bus systems, including systems that are privately owned and operated".

Subsec. (i)(6)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(a)(7)(B), inserted "public ports," before "freight shippers," and "(including intercity bus operators, employer-based commuting programs, such as a carpool program, vanpool program, transit benefit program, parking cash-out program, shuttle program, or telework program)" after "private providers of transportation".

Subsec. (i)(8). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(a)(7)(C), substituted "paragraph (2)(E)" for "paragraph (2)(C)" in two places.

Subsec. (k)(3)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(a)(8)(A), inserted "(including intercity bus operators, employer-based commuting programs, such as a carpool program, vanpool program, transit benefit program, parking cash-out program, shuttle program, or telework program), job access projects," after "travel demand reduction".

Subsec. (k)(3)(C), (D). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(a)(8)(B), added subpars. (C) and (D).

Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(a)(9)(A), inserted a period at end.

Subsec. (l)(2)(D). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(a)(9)(B), substituted "with a population of 200,000 or less" for "of less than 200,000".

Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(a)(10), substituted "Funds apportioned under section 104(b)(5)" for "Funds set aside under section 104(f)".

Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(a)(11), added subsec. (r).

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally, substituting provisions consisting of subsecs. (a) to (q), including requirement to submit report on performance-based planning processes, for former provisions consisting of subsecs. (a) to (p).

**2008**—Subsec. (f)(3)(C)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(b)(1), added subcl. (II) and struck out former subcl. (II). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "In addition to funds made available to the metropolitan planning organization for the Lake Tahoe region under other provisions of this chapter and title 23, 1 percent of the funds allocated under section 202 of title 23 shall be used to carry out the transportation planning process for the Lake Tahoe region under this subparagraph."

Subsec. (j)(3)(D). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(b)(2), inserted "or the identified phase" after "the project" in two places.

Subsec. (k)(2). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(b)(3), struck out "a metropolitan planning area serving" before "a transportation management area,".

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text consisted of subsecs. (a) to (h) relating to designation of a metropolitan planning organization for each urbanized area with a population of more than 50,000, general requirements, scope of planning process, boundaries of each area, coordination in multistate areas, development of long-range transportation plans, grants for studies and evaluations, and apportionment of funds.

**1998**—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(a), added subsecs. (a) and (b) and struck out headings and text of former subsecs. (a) and (b) which related to development requirements and plan and program factors, respectively.

Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(b)(1)(B), substituted "or cities, as defined by the Bureau of the Census)" for "as defined by the Secretary of Commerce)".

Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(b)(1)(A), as amended by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(b)(1)(A), substituted "general purpose local government that together represent" for "general local government representing".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(b)(2), substituted "Each policy board of a metropolitan planning organization that serves an area designated as a transportation management area when designated or redesignated under this subsection shall consist of" for "In a metropolitan area designated as a transportation management area, the designated metropolitan planning organization, if redesignated after December 18, 1991, shall include" and "officials of public agencies" for "officials of authorities".

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(b)(3), as amended by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(b)(1)(B), substituted "within an existing metropolitan planning area only if the chief executive officer of the State and the existing metropolitan organization determine that the size and complexity of the existing metropolitan planning area" for "in an urbanized area (as defined by the Secretary of Commerce) only if the chief executive officer decides that the size and complexity of the urbanized area".

Subsec. (c)(4)(A). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(b)(4), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(b)(1)(E), directed an amendment identical to that made by Pub. L. 105–102, §2(4)(B). See 1997 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (c)(5)(A). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(b)(5)(A), formerly §3004(b)(4)(A), as renumbered and amended by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(b)(1)(C), (D), substituted "general purpose local government that together represent" for "general local government representing".

Subsec. (c)(5)(B). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(b)(5)(B), formerly §3004(b)(4)(B), as renumbered by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(b)(1)(D), substituted "or cities, as defined by the Bureau of the Census)" for "as defined by the Secretary of Commerce)".

Subsec. (c)(5)(D). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(b)(5)(C), formerly §3004(b)(4)(C), as renumbered by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(b)(1)(D), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(c), inserted "Planning" after "Metropolitan" in subsec. heading, designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted par. heading, realigned margins, inserted "planning" before "area" in first sentence and substituted pars. (2) to (4) for "The area shall cover at least the existing urbanized area and the contiguous area expected to become urbanized within the 20-year forecast period and may include the Metropolitan Statistical Area or Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the Secretary of Commerce. An area designated as a nonattainment area for ozone or carbon monoxide under the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.) shall include at least the boundaries of the nonattainment area, except as the chief executive officer and metropolitan planning organization otherwise agree."

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(d)(1), inserted "or compact" after "2 States making an agreement" and substituted "making the agreements and compacts effective" for "making the agreement effective".

Subsec. (e)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(d)(2), as amended by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(b)(2), added pars. (4) to (6).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(e)(5), substituted "Developing Long-Range Transportation Plans" for "Developing Long-Range Plans" in heading.

Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(e)(6), which directed substitution of "long-range transportation plans" for "long-range plans" wherever appearing, could not be executed because "long-range plans" does not appear in text.

Subsec. (f)(1)(A). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(e)(1)(A), substituted "national, regional, and metropolitan transportation functions" for "United States and regional transportation functions".

Subsec. (f)(1)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(e)(1)(B), added cl. (iii) and struck out former cl. (iii) which read as follows: "recommends innovative financing techniques, including value capture, tolls, and congestion pricing, to finance needed projects and programs;".

Subsec. (f)(1)(C). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(e)(1)(C), added subpar. (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: "assess capital investment and other measures necessary—

"(i) to ensure the preservation of the existing metropolitan transportation system, including requirements for operational improvements, resurfacing, restoration, and rehabilitation of existing and future major roadways, and operations, maintenance, modernization, and rehabilitation of existing and future mass transportation facilities; and

"(ii) to use existing transportation facilities most efficiently to relieve vehicular congestion and maximize the mobility of individuals and goods; and".

Subsec. (f)(1)(E). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(f)(1), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(b)(3), added subpar. (E).

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(e)(2), substituted "and any State or local goals developed within the cooperative metropolitan planning process as they relate to a 20-year forecast period and to other forecast periods as determined by the participants in the planning process" for "as they are related to a 20-year forecast period".

Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(e)(3), inserted "freight shippers, providers of freight transportation services," after "mass transportation authority employees," and "representatives of users of public transit," after "private providers of transportation,".

Subsec. (f)(5)(A). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(e)(4), inserted "published or otherwise" before "made readily available".

Subsec. (f)(6). Pub. L. 105–178, §3004(f)(2), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(b)(3), added par. (6).

Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(b)(1), (2), substituted "subsection (c) or (h)(1) of section 5338 of this title" for "section 5338(g)(1) of this title" and "sections 5304 and 5305 of this title" for "sections 5304–5306 of this title".

Subsec. (h)(2)(A), (3)(A). Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(b)(1), substituted "subsection (c) or (h)(1) of section 5338 of this title" for "section 5338(g)(1) of this title".

Subsec. (h)(4). Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(b)(3), substituted "subsection (c) or (h)(1) of section 5338 of this title" for "section 5338(g) of this title".

**1997**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 105–102, §2(4)(A), inserted "and sections 5304–5306 of this title" after "this section".

Subsec. (c)(4)(A). Pub. L. 105–102, §2(4)(B), substituted "paragraph (5)" for "paragraph (3)".

Subsec. (c)(5)(A). Pub. L. 105–102, §2(4)(C), inserted "and sections 5304–5306 of this title" after "this section".

**1996**—Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(10)(A), substituted "subsection (b)" for "subsection (e)".

Subsec. (h)(4). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(10)(B), substituted "section 5338(g)" for "5338(g)(1)".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 effective simultaneously with enactment of Pub. L. 105–178 and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 105–178 at time of enactment, and provisions of Pub. L. 105–178, as in effect on day before July 22, 1998, that are amended by title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 to be treated as not enacted, see section 9016 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, as amended by Pub. L. 105–102, §3(d)(2)(A), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, provided that: "The amendments made by sections 3 and 5(10)–(17), (19), (20), (52), (53), (55), (61), (62), (65), (70), (77)–(79), and (91)–(93) of this Act [amending this section, sections 5307, 5309, 5315, 5317, 5323, 5325, 5327, 5336, 5338, 20301, 21301, 22106, 32702, 32705, 40109, 41109, 46301, 46306, 46316, 60114, 70102, and 70112 of this title, and section 1445 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] shall take effect on July 5, 1994."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20005(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 642, as amended by Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30009, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 904, provided that:

"(1)

"(A)

"(B)

"(2)

"(A) enhance economic development, ridership, and other goals established during the project development and engineering processes;

"(B) facilitate multimodal connectivity and accessibility;

"(C) increase access to transit hubs for pedestrian and bicycle traffic;

"(D) enable mixed-use development;

"(E) identify infrastructure needs associated with the eligible project; and

"(F) include private sector participation.

"(3)

"(A) identification of an eligible project;

"(B) a schedule and process for the development of a comprehensive plan or a site-specific plan;

"(C) a description of how the eligible project and the proposed comprehensive plan or the proposed site-specific plan advance the metropolitan transportation plan of the metropolitan planning organization;

"(D) proposed performance criteria for the development and implementation of the comprehensive plan or the site-specific plan; and

"(E) identification of—

"(i) partners;

"(ii) availability of and authority for funding; and

"(iii) potential State, local or other impediments to the implementation of the comprehensive plan or the site-specific plan."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20013(d), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 694, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3010(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1474, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall publish in the Federal Register policy guidance regarding how to best document compliance by recipients of Federal assistance under chapter 53 of title 49, United States Code, with the requirements regarding private enterprise participation in public transportation planning and transportation improvement programs under sections 5303(i)(6), 5306(a), and 5307(b) of such title 49."

Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3005(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1559, required the Secretary of Transportation to issue guidance on a schedule for implementation of the changes made to this section by section 3005(a) of Pub. L. 109–59 and required State or metropolitan planning organization plan or program updates to reflect such changes beginning July 1, 2007.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(b)

(1) coordinate planning carried out under this section with the transportation planning activities carried out under section 5303 for metropolitan areas of the State and with statewide trade and economic development planning activities and related multistate planning efforts; and

(2) develop the transportation portion of the State implementation plan as required by the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.).

(c)

(1)

(2)

(d)

(1)

(A) support the economic vitality of the United States, the States, nonmetropolitan areas, and metropolitan areas, especially by enabling global competitiveness, productivity, and efficiency;

(B) increase the safety of the transportation system for motorized and nonmotorized users;

(C) increase the security of the transportation system for motorized and nonmotorized users;

(D) increase the accessibility and mobility of people and freight;

(E) protect and enhance the environment, promote energy conservation, improve the quality of life, and promote consistency between transportation improvements and State and local planned growth and economic development patterns;

(F) enhance the integration and connectivity of the transportation system, across and between modes throughout the State, for people and freight;

(G) promote efficient system management and operation;

(H) emphasize the preservation of the existing transportation system; and

(I) improve the resiliency and reliability of the transportation system.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(I)

(II)

(ii)

(C)

(D)

(3)

(e)

(1) with respect to nonmetropolitan areas, cooperate with affected local officials with responsibility for transportation or, if applicable, through regional transportation planning organizations described in subsection (l);

(2) consider the concerns of Indian tribal governments and Federal land management agencies that have jurisdiction over land within the boundaries of the State; and

(3) consider coordination of transportation plans, the transportation improvement program, and planning activities with related planning activities being carried out outside of metropolitan planning areas and between States.

(f)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(C)

(D)

(i)

(ii)

(3)

(A)

(i) nonmetropolitan local elected officials, or, if applicable, through regional transportation planning organizations described in subsection (l), an opportunity to participate in accordance with subparagraph (B)(i); and

(ii) citizens, affected public agencies, representatives of public transportation employees, public ports, freight shippers, private providers of transportation (including intercity bus operators, employer-based commuting programs, such as a carpool program, vanpool program, transit benefit program, parking cash-out program, shuttle program, or telework program), representatives of users of public transportation, representatives of users of pedestrian walkways and bicycle transportation facilities, representatives of the disabled, providers of freight transportation services, and other interested parties a reasonable opportunity to comment on the proposed plan.

(B)

(i) develop and document a consultative process to carry out subparagraph (A)(i) that is separate and discrete from the public involvement process developed under clause (ii);

(ii) hold any public meetings at convenient and accessible locations and times;

(iii) employ visualization techniques to describe plans; and

(iv) make public information available in electronically accessible format and means, such as the World Wide Web, as appropriate to afford reasonable opportunity for consideration of public information under subparagraph (A).

(C)

(i) to further encourage public participation; and

(ii) to solicit public feedback during the transportation planning process.

(4)

(A)

(B)

(5)

(A) a financial plan that—

(i) demonstrates how the adopted statewide transportation plan can be implemented;

(ii) indicates resources from public and private sources that are reasonably expected to be made available to carry out the plan; and

(iii) recommends any additional financing strategies for needed projects and programs; and

(B) for illustrative purposes, additional projects that would be included in the adopted statewide transportation plan if reasonable additional resources beyond those identified in the financial plan were available.

(6)

(7)

(A) a description of the performance measures and performance targets used in assessing the performance of the transportation system in accordance with subsection (d)(2); and

(B) a system performance report and subsequent updates evaluating the condition and performance of the transportation system with respect to the performance targets described in subsection (d)(2), including progress achieved by the metropolitan planning organization in meeting the performance targets in comparison with system performance recorded in previous reports;

(8)

(9)

(g)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(C)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(D)

(i) consistent with the statewide transportation plan developed under this section for the State;

(ii) identical to the project or phase of the project as described in an approved metropolitan transportation plan; and

(iii) in conformance with the applicable State air quality implementation plan developed under the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.), if the project is carried out in an area designated as a nonattainment area for ozone, particulate matter, or carbon monoxide under part D of title I of that Act (42 U.S.C. 7501 et seq.).

(E)

(F)

(i)

(ii)

(G)

(i)

(ii)

(H)

(6)

(A)

(B)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(h)

(1)

(A) The extent to which the State is making progress toward achieving, the performance targets described in subsection (d)(2), taking into account whether the State developed appropriate performance targets.

(B) The extent to which the State has made transportation investments that are efficient and cost-effective.

(C) The extent to which the State—

(i) has developed an investment process that relies on public input and awareness to ensure that investments are transparent and accountable; and

(ii) provides reports allowing the public to access the information being collected in a format that allows the public to meaningfully assess the performance of the State.

(2)

(A)

(i) the overall effectiveness of performance-based planning as a tool for guiding transportation investments; and

(ii) the effectiveness of the performance-based planning process of each State.

(B)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) a policy committee, the majority of which shall consist of nonmetropolitan local officials, or their designees, and, as appropriate, additional representatives from the State, private business, transportation service providers, economic development practitioners, and the public in the region; and

(B) a fiscal and administrative agent, such as an existing regional planning and development organization, to provide professional planning, management, and administrative support.

(4)

(A) developing and maintaining, in cooperation with the State, regional long-range multimodal transportation plans;

(B) developing a regional transportation improvement program for consideration by the State;

(C) fostering the coordination of local planning, land use, and economic development plans with State, regional, and local transportation plans and programs;

(D) providing technical assistance to local officials;

(E) participating in national, multistate, and State policy and planning development processes to ensure the regional and local input of nonmetropolitan areas;

(F) providing a forum for public participation in the statewide and regional transportation planning processes;

(G) considering and sharing plans and programs with neighboring regional transportation planning organizations, metropolitan planning organizations, and, where appropriate, tribal organizations; and

(H) conducting other duties, as necessary, to support and enhance the statewide planning process under subsection (d).

(5)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 793; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3005, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 345; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(c)(2), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 854; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3006(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1559; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20006, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 643; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3003(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1449; Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30003, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 893.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5304(a) | 49 App.:1607(h)(1). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §8(h); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §305(b), 92 Stat. 2743; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §310, 101 Stat. 227; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3012, 105 Stat. 2102; Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, §§501, 502(e), 106 Stat. 1566. |

5304(b) | 49 App.:1607(h)(2). | |

5304(c) | 49 App.:1607(h)(3), (5). | |

5304(d) | 49 App.:1607(h)(6). | |

5304(e) | 49 App.:1607(h)(4). |


In subsection (b)(1), the word "initial" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2)(C), the words "and programs" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), the word "otherwise" is omitted as surplus.

The Clean Air Act, referred to in subsecs. (b)(2) and (g)(5)(D)(iii), is act July 14, 1955, ch. 360, 69 Stat. 322, which is classified generally to chapter 85 (§7401 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Part D of title I of the Act is classified generally to part D (§7501 et seq.) of subchapter I of chapter 85 of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7401 of Title 42 and Tables.

The date of enactment of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (h)(2)(A), is deemed to be Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsec. (j), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.

**2021**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 117–58, §30003(a)(1), struck out quotation marks before "In" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (f)(3)(C). Pub. L. 117–58, §30003(b), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 117–58, §30003(a)(2), substituted "this" for "this this".

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(b)(1), substituted ", bicycle transportation facilities, and intermodal facilities that support intercity transportation, including intercity buses and intercity bus facilities and commuter vanpool providers" for "and bicycle transportation facilities".

Subsec. (d)(1)(I). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(b)(2)(A), added subpar. (I).

Subsec. (d)(2)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(b)(2)(B)(i), struck out "urbanized" after "In".

Subsec. (d)(2)(C). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(b)(2)(B)(ii), struck out "urbanized" after "public transportation in".

Subsec. (f)(3)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 114–94, §3003(b)(3), inserted "public ports," before "freight shippers," and "(including intercity bus operators, employer-based commuting programs, such as a carpool program, vanpool program, transit benefit program, parking cash-out program, shuttle program, or telework program)" after "private providers of transportation".

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to statewide transportation planning and consisted of subsecs. (a) to (j).

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text consisted of subsecs. (a) to (e) relating to development and updating of a transportation improvement program, contents of program, selection of projects, notice and an opportunity to comment on proposed programs, and conformance of review requirements under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969.

**1998**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–178, §3005(d)(1), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(c)(2), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added par. (2).

Pub. L. 105–178, §3005(a), in second sentence, substituted "the metropolitan planning organization, in cooperation with the chief executive officer of the State and any affected mass transportation operator," for "the organization" and inserted "other affected employee representatives, freight shippers, providers of freight transportation services," after "transportation authority employees," and "representatives of users of public transit," after "private providers of transportation,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 105–178, §3005(d)(2)(A), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(c)(2), struck out "and" at end.

Subsec. (b)(2)(C). Pub. L. 105–178, §3005(d)(2)(B), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(c)(2), which directed amendment of subpar. (C) by substituting "strategies; and" for "strategies which may include", was executed by making the substitution for "strategies, which may include" to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Remaining provisions of subpar. (C) redesignated (D).

Pub. L. 105–178, §3005(b), added subpar. (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: "recommends innovative financing techniques, including value capture, tolls, and congestion pricing, to finance needed projects."

Subsec. (b)(2)(D). Pub. L. 105–178, §3005(d)(2)(B), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(c)(2), which directed amendment of subpar. (C) by substituting "strategies; and" followed by "(D) may include" for "strategies which may include", was executed by making the substitutions for "strategies, which may include" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 105–178, §3005(c)(1), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: "Except as provided in section 5305(d)(1) of this title, the State, in cooperation with the metropolitan planning organization, shall select projects in a metropolitan area that involve United States Government participation. Selection shall comply with the transportation improvement program for the area."

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 105–178, §3005(c)(2), added par. (3).

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 105–178, §3005(d)(3), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(c)(2), added par. (4) and struck out heading and text of former par. (4). Text read as follows: "Notwithstanding subsection (b)(2)(C), a State or metropolitan planning organization shall not be required to select any project from the illustrative list of additional projects included in the financial plan under subsection (b)(2)(C)."

Pub. L. 105–178, §3005(c)(2), added par. (4).

Subsec. (c)(5), (6). Pub. L. 105–178, §3005(c)(2), added pars. (5) and (6).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 effective simultaneously with enactment of Pub. L. 105–178 and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 105–178 at time of enactment, and provisions of Pub. L. 105–178, as in effect on day before July 22, 1998, that are amended by title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 to be treated as not enacted, see section 9016 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3006(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1565, required the Secretary of Transportation to issue guidance on a schedule for implementation of the changes made to this section by section 3006(a) of Pub. L. 109–59 and required State or metropolitan planning organization plan or program updates to reflect such changes beginning July 1, 2007.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A) develop transportation plans and programs;

(B) plan, engineer, design, and evaluate a public transportation project; and

(C) conduct technical studies relating to public transportation.

(2)

(A) Studies related to management, planning, operations, capital requirements, and economic feasibility.

(B) Evaluating previously financed projects.

(C) Peer reviews and exchanges of technical data, information, assistance, and related activities in support of planning and environmental analyses among metropolitan planning organizations and other transportation planners.

(D) Other similar and related activities preliminary to and in preparation for constructing, acquiring, or improving the operation of facilities and equipment.

(c)

(d)

(1)

(A)

(i) the population of urbanized areas in each State, as shown by the latest available decennial census of population; bears to

(ii) the total population of urbanized areas in all States, as shown by that census.

(B)

(2)

(A) considers population of urbanized areas;

(B) provides an appropriate distribution for urbanized areas to carry out the cooperative processes described in this section;

(C) the State develops in cooperation with the metropolitan planning organizations; and

(D) the Secretary approves.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(e)

(1)

(A)

(i) the population of urbanized areas in each State, as shown by the latest available decennial census; bears to

(ii) the population of urbanized areas in all States, as shown by that census.

(B)

(2)

(f)

(1)

(A) not to require a State or local match; or

(B) to allow a Government share greater than 80 percent.

(2)

(A)

(i) the applicable urbanized area;

(ii) the applicable rural area;

(iii) an adjoining urbanized area; or

(iv) an adjoining rural area.

(B)

(g)

(1) 82.72 percent shall be available for the metropolitan planning program under subsection (d); and

(2) 17.28 percent shall be available to carry out subsection (e).

(h)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 794; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3006, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 346; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(d), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 854; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3007(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1566; Pub. L. 111–147, title IV, §431, Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 88; Pub. L. 111–322, title II, §2301, Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3526; Pub. L. 112–5, title III, §301, Mar. 4, 2011, 125 Stat. 18; Pub. L. 112–30, title I, §131, Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 350; Pub. L. 112–102, title III, §301, Mar. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 275; Pub. L. 112–140, title III, §301, June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 396; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20030(a), div. G, title III, §113001, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 730, 983; Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30004, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 893.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5305(a)–(e) | 49 App.:1607(i). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §8(i); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §305(b), 92 Stat. 2743; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §310, 101 Stat. 227; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3012, 105 Stat. 2103; Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, §502(f), 106 Stat. 1566. |

5305(f) | 49 App.:1607(l). |
July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §8(j), (l); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §305(b), 92 Stat. 2743; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §310, 101 Stat. 227; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3012, 105 Stat. 2104. |

5305(g) | 49 App.:1607(j). |


In subsection (c), the words "title 23" are substituted for "this title" for consistency in this chapter and to reflect the apparent intent of Congress. The word "appropriate" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(2), the words "under the formula program" are omitted as surplus.

In subsections (f) and (g), the word "area" is added for clarity and consistency with 42:7501(2).

In subsection (f), the words "Notwithstanding any other provisions of this chapter or title 23, United States Code" are omitted as surplus.

**2021**—Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §30004(1), substituted "this section and sections" for "this section and section".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–58, §30004(2), added subsec. (f) and struck out former subsec. (f). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Government share of the cost of an activity funded using amounts made available under this section may not exceed 80 percent of the cost of the activity unless the Secretary determines that it is in the interests of the Government not to require a State or local match."

**2012**—Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 112–141, §20030(a)(1), substituted "section 5304 and 5306" for "sections 5304, 5306, 5315, and 5322" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–141, §20030(a)(2), substituted "

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 112–141, §113001, substituted "2012" for "2011 and for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 112–141, §20030(a)(3), substituted "section 5338(a)(2)(A) for a fiscal year" for "section 5338(c) for fiscal years 2005 through 2012" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 301, temporarily substituted "ending on July 6, 2012" for "ending on June 30, 2012" in introductory provisions. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102 substituted "2011 and for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012" for "2011 and for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012" in introductory provisions.

**2011**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 112–30 substituted "2011 and for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012" for "2011".

Pub. L. 112–5 substituted "2011" for "2010, and for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending March 4, 2011,".

**2010**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 111–322 substituted "March 4, 2011" for "December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147 substituted "2010, and for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010," for "2009" in introductory provisions.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text consisted of subsecs. (a) to (h) relating to designation of areas as transportation management areas and plans and programs in an area.

**1998**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 105–178, §3006(a), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "any other area, including the Lake Tahoe Basin as defined in the Act of December 19, 1980 (Public Law 96–551, 94 Stat. 3233), when requested by the chief executive officer and the metropolitan organization designated for the area or the affected local officials."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–178, §3006(b), inserted "affected" before "mass transportation operators".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–178, §3006(c), struck out at end "The Secretary shall establish a phase-in schedule to comply with sections 5303, 5304, and 5306."

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 105–178, §3006(d), as amended by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(d), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows:

"(1)(A) In consultation with the State, the metropolitan planning organization designated for a transportation management area shall select the projects to be carried out in the area with United States Government participation under this chapter or title 23, except projects of the National Highway System or under the Bridge and Interstate Maintenance programs.

"(B) In cooperation with the metropolitan planning organization designated for a transportation management area, the State shall select the projects to be carried out in the area of the National Highway System or under the Bridge and Interstate Maintenance programs."

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 105–178, §3006(e)(1), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "If the Secretary does not certify before October 1, 1993, that a metropolitan planning organization is carrying out its responsibilities, the Secretary may withhold any part of the apportionment under section 104(b)(3) of title 23 attributed to the relevant metropolitan area under section 133(d)(3) of title 23 and capital amounts apportioned under section 5336 of this title. If an organization remains uncertified for more than 2 consecutive years after September 30, 1994, 20 percent of that apportionment and capital amounts shall be withheld. The withheld apportionments shall be restored when the Secretary certifies the organization."

Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 105–178, §3006(e)(2), added par. (4).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 105–178, §3006(f), added subsec. (h).

Amendment by section 20030(a) of Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. G, title IV, §114001, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 988, provided that: "This division [amending this section and sections 5307, 5309, 5311, 5337, 5338, 31104, and 31144 of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 5309, 5310, 5338, 14710, and 31100 of this title] and the amendments made by this division shall take effect on July 1, 2012."

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–140 to cease to be effective on July 6, 2012, with text as amended by Pub. L. 112–140 to revert back to read as it did on the day before June 29, 2012, and amendments by Pub. L. 112–141 to be executed as if Pub. L. 112–140 had not been enacted, see section 1(c) of Pub. L. 112–140, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 effective simultaneously with enactment of Pub. L. 105–178 and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 105–178 at time of enactment, and provisions of Pub. L. 105–178, as in effect on day before July 22, 1998, that are amended by title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 to be treated as not enacted, see section 9016 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(b)

(1) a metropolitan planning organization to impose a legal requirement on a transportation facility, provider, or project not eligible under this chapter or title 23; and

(2) intervention in the management of a transportation authority.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 795; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3008, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1568.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5306(a) | 49 App.:1607(o). |
July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §8(o); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §305(b), 92 Stat. 2743; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §310, 101 Stat. 227; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3012, 105 Stat. 2105. |

5306(b) | 49 App.:1607(m). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §8(m); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §305(b), 92 Stat. 2743; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §310, 101 Stat. 227; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3012, 105 Stat. 2104; Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, §502(g), 106 Stat. 1566. |


In subsection (a), the words "(through modernization, extension, addition, or otherwise)" are omitted as surplus.

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59 inserted ", as determined by local policies, criteria, and decisionmaking," after "feasible".

(a)

(1)

(A) capital projects;

(B) planning;

(C) job access and reverse commute projects; and

(D) operating costs of equipment and facilities for use in public transportation in an urbanized area with a population of fewer than 200,000 individuals, as determined by the Bureau of the Census.

(2) The Secretary may make grants under this section to finance the operating cost of equipment and facilities for use in public transportation, excluding rail fixed guideway, in an urbanized area with a population of not fewer than 200,000 individuals, as determined by the Bureau of the Census—

(A) for public transportation systems that—

(i) operate 75 or fewer buses in fixed route service or demand response service, excluding ADA complementary paratransit service, during peak service hours, in an amount not to exceed 75 percent of the share of the apportionment which is attributable to such systems within the urbanized area, as measured by vehicle revenue hours; or

(ii) operate a minimum of 76 buses and a maximum of 100 buses in fixed route service or demand response service, excluding ADA complementary paratransit service, during peak service hours, in an amount not to exceed 50 percent of the share of the apportionment which is attributable to such systems within the urbanized area, as measured by vehicle revenue hours; or

(B) subject to paragraph (3), for public transportation systems that—

(i) operate 75 or fewer buses in fixed route service or demand response service, excluding ADA complementary paratransit service, during peak service hours, in an amount not to exceed 75 percent of the share of the apportionment allocated to such systems within the urbanized area, as determined by the local planning process and included in the designated recipient's final program of projects prepared under subsection (b); or

(ii) operate a minimum of 76 buses and a maximum of 100 buses in fixed route service or demand response service, excluding ADA complementary paratransit service during peak service hours, in an amount not to exceed 50 percent of the share of the apportionment allocated to such systems within the urbanized area, as determined by the local planning process and included in the designated recipient's final program of projects prepared under subsection (b).

(3) The amount available to a public transportation system under subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2) shall be not more than 10 percent greater than the amount that would otherwise be available to the system under subparagraph (A) of that paragraph.

(b)

(1) make available to the public information on amounts available to the recipient under this section;

(2) develop, in consultation with interested parties, including private transportation providers, a proposed program of projects for activities to be financed;

(3) publish a proposed program of projects in a way that affected individuals, private transportation providers, and local elected officials have the opportunity to examine the proposed program and submit comments on the proposed program and the performance of the recipient;

(4) provide an opportunity for a public hearing in which to obtain the views of individuals on the proposed program of projects;

(5) ensure that the proposed program of projects provides for the coordination of public transportation services assisted under section 5336 of this title with transportation services assisted from other United States Government sources;

(6) consider comments and views received, especially those of private transportation providers, in preparing the final program of projects; and

(7) make the final program of projects available to the public.

(c)

(1) the recipient, within the time the Secretary prescribes, submits a final program of projects prepared under subsection (b) of this section and a certification for that fiscal year that the recipient (including a person receiving amounts from a Governor under this section)—

(A) has or will have the legal, financial, and technical capacity to carry out the program, including safety and security aspects of the program;

(B) has or will have satisfactory continuing control over the use of equipment and facilities;

(C) will maintain equipment and facilities in accordance with the recipient's transit asset management plan;

(D) will ensure that, during non-peak hours for transportation using or involving a facility or equipment of a project financed under this section, a fare that is not more than 50 percent of the peak hour fare will be charged for any—

(i) senior;

(ii) individual who, because of illness, injury, age, congenital malfunction, or other incapacity or temporary or permanent disability (including an individual who is a wheelchair user or has semiambulatory capability), cannot use a public transportation service or a public transportation facility effectively without special facilities, planning, or design; and

(iii) individual presenting a Medicare card issued to that individual under title II or XVIII of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 401 et seq. and 1395 et seq.);

(E) in carrying out a procurement under this section, will comply with sections 5323 and 5325;

(F) has complied with subsection (b) of this section;

(G) has available and will provide the required amounts as provided by subsection (d) of this section;

(H) will comply with sections 5303 and 5304;

(I) has a locally developed process to solicit and consider public comment before raising a fare or carrying out a major reduction of transportation;

(J)(i) will expend for each fiscal year for public transportation security projects, including increased lighting in or adjacent to a public transportation system (including bus stops, subway stations, parking lots, and garages), increased camera surveillance of an area in or adjacent to that system, providing an emergency telephone line to contact law enforcement or security personnel in an area in or adjacent to that system, and any other project intended to increase the security and safety of an existing or planned public transportation system, at least 1 percent of the amount the recipient receives for each fiscal year under section 5336 of this title; or

(ii) has decided that the expenditure for security projects is not necessary;

(K) in the case of a recipient for an urbanized area with a population of not fewer than 200,000 individuals, as determined by the Bureau of the Census, will submit an annual report listing projects carried out in the preceding fiscal year under this section for associated transit improvements as defined in section 5302; and

(L) will comply with section 5329(d); and

(2) the Secretary accepts the certification.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) in cash from non-Government sources other than revenues from providing public transportation services;

(B) from revenues from the sale of advertising and concessions;

(C) from an undistributed cash surplus, a replacement or depreciation cash fund or reserve, or new capital;

(D) from amounts appropriated or otherwise made available to a department or agency of the Government (other than the Department of Transportation) that are eligible to be expended for transportation; and

(E) from amounts received under a service agreement with a State or local social service agency or private social service organization.

(4)

(e)

(1)

(A) the recipient applies for the payment;

(B) the Secretary approves the payment; and

(C) before carrying out any part of the project, the Secretary approves the plans and specifications for the part in the same way as for other projects under this section.

(2)

(A) the recipient's expected apportionment under section 5336 of this title if the total amount authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year to carry out this section is appropriated; less

(B) the maximum amount of the apportionment that may be made available for projects for operating expenses under this section.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(f)

(1)

(A)

(i) the activities proposed under subsection (c) of this section in a timely and effective way and can continue to do so; and

(ii) those activities and its certifications and has used amounts of the Government in the way required by law.

(B)

(2)

(3)

(g)

(h)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 795; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(7), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4378; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(11), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3007(a)(1), (b)–(h), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 347, 348; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(e), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 855; Pub. L. 107–232, §1, Oct. 1, 2002, 116 Stat. 1478; Pub. L. 108–88, §8(n), Sept. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 1125; Pub. L. 108–202, §9(n), Feb. 29, 2004, 118 Stat. 488; Pub. L. 108–224, §7(n), Apr. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 636; Pub. L. 108–263, §7(n), June 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 708; Pub. L. 108–280, §7(n), July 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 885; Pub. L. 108–310, §8(n), Sept. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 1158; Pub. L. 109–14, §7(m), May 31, 2005, 119 Stat. 333; Pub. L. 109–20, §7(m), July 1, 2005, 119 Stat. 355; Pub. L. 109–35, §7(m), July 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 389; Pub. L. 109–37, §7(m), July 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 404; Pub. L. 109–40, §7(m), July 28, 2005, 119 Stat. 420; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(4), 3009(a)–(h), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545, 1568–1571; Pub. L. 110–244, title II, §201(c), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1609; Pub. L. 111–147, title IV, §432, Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 88; Pub. L. 111–322, title II, §2302, Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3526; Pub. L. 112–5, title III, §302, Mar. 4, 2011, 125 Stat. 18; Pub. L. 112–30, title I, §132, Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 350; Pub. L. 112–102, title III, §302, Mar. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 275; Pub. L. 112–140, title III, §302, June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 396; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20007, div. G, title III, §113002, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 652, 983; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3004, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1450; Pub. L. 115–31, div. K, title I, §165, May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 749.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5307(a)(1) | 49 App.:1607a(j)(1) (last sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(j)(1) (last sentence); added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §303, 96 Stat. 2145; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §§309(b)(1), (2), 327(b), 101 Stat. 227, 238. |

5307(a)(2) | 49 App.:1607a(m)(1). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(h), (i), (m)(1); added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §303, 96 Stat. 2145, 2147; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §327(b), 101 Stat. 238; Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, §503(2), 106 Stat. 1567. |

5307(b)(1) | 49 App.:1607a(j)(1) (1st sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(j)(1) (1st sentence); added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §303, 96 Stat. 2145; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §§309(b)(3), 327(b), 101 Stat. 227, 238. |

5307(b)(2) | 49 App.:1607a(j)(1) (2d sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(j)(1) (2d sentence); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3013(h)(1), 105 Stat. 2107. |

5307(b)(3) | 49 App.:1607a(j)(1) (3d, 4th sentences). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(j)(1) (3d, 4th sentences); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §308, 101 Stat. 226. |

5307(b)(4) | 49 App.:1607a(j)(2). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(j)(2); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §309(b)(4), 101 Stat. 227. |

5307(b)(5) | 49 App.:1607a(j)(3). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(j)(3); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3013(h)(2), 105 Stat. 2107. |

5307(c) | 49 App.:1607a(f). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(f); added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §303, 96 Stat. 2144; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §327(b), 101 Stat. 238; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3013(g), 105 Stat. 2107. |

5307(d)(1) | 49 App.:1607a(e)(2) (1st, last sentences). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(e)(2); added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §303, 96 Stat. 2143; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §§312(a), 327(b), 101 Stat. 228, 238; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3013(d), 105 Stat. 2106. |

49 App.:1607a(e)(3). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 202, §9(e)(3); added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §303, 96 Stat. 2143; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §327(b), 101 Stat. 238; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3013(f), 105 Stat. 2106. | |

5307(d)(2) | 49 App.:1607a(e)(5). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(e)(5); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §312(f)(1), 101 Stat. 229. |

5307(e) | 49 App.:1607a(k)(1). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(k)(1); added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §303, 96 Stat. 2145; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §§309(c), (d), (f), 312(b)(1), 327(b), 101 Stat. 227, 228, 238. |

5307(f) | 49 App.:1607a (note). | Nov. 21, 1989, Pub. L. 101–164, §334(c), 103 Stat. 1098. |

5307(g) | 49 App.:1607a(p). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(p); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §306(b), 101 Stat. 225. |

5307(h) | 49 App.:1607a(e)(6). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(e)(6); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3013(e), 105 Stat. 2106. |

5307(i) | 49 App.:1607a(g). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(g); added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §303, 96 Stat. 2144; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §§312(f)(2), 327(b), 101 Stat. 229, 238. |

5307(j) | 49 App.:1607a(e)(4). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(e)(4); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §312(b)(2), 101 Stat. 228. |

5307(k) | 49 App.:1607a(e)(2) (2d, 3d sentences). | |

5307(l) |
49 App.:1607a(i). | |

5307(m) | 49 App.:1607a(r). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(r); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3013(j), 105 Stat. 2107. |

5307(n)(1) | 49 App.:1607a(h). | |

5307(n)(2) | 49 App.:1607a(e)(1). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(e)(1); added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §303, 96 Stat. 2143; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §327(b), 101 Stat. 238; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3013(c), 105 Stat. 2106. |


In subsection (a)(2)(A), the word "required" is omitted as surplus. The word "apportion" is substituted for "dispense" for consistency in this chapter. The word "appropriated" is omitted for clarity.

In subsection (a)(2)(B), the word "authority" is substituted for "agency" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "by lease, contract, or otherwise" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "by operation or lease or otherwise" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3), the words "the Secretary prescribes" are added for clarity. The text of 49 App.:1607a(j)(1) (4th sentence) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (b)(4), the words "(whether by employees of the grant recipient or by contract)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "of funds" are omitted as surplus. The words "to the recipient" are added for clarity. The words "with such funds" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "as appropriate" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(5), the words "and shall, if deemed appropriate by the recipient, modify the proposed program of projects" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1)(B), the words "through operation or lease or otherwise" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1)(D), the words "ensure that elderly and handicapped individuals . . . will be charged during non-peak hours for transportation using or involving a facility or equipment of a project financed under this chapter not more than 50 percent of the peak hour fare" are substituted for 49 App.:1607a(e)(3)(C) and the words "will give the rate required by section 1604(m) of this Appendix" for clarity and consistency in the revised title. The word "duly" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1)(J)(ii), the words "has decided" are added for clarity to correct an error in the source provisions being restated.

In subsection (e), the words "at its option", "public", "the amount of any", "by such system", "Any public or private", "solely", and "available in" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), the word "authority" is substituted for "agency or instrumentality" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (f)(1), the words "is responsible under State laws for the financing, construction and operation, directly by lease, contract or otherwise, of public transportation services" are omitted as surplus because a State that is a designated recipient has that responsibility. The words "of UMTA funds", "combined total permissible", and "regardless of whether the amount for any particular urbanized area is exceeded" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(2), the word "Secretary" is substituted for "UMTA" [subsequently changed to "FTA" because of section 3004(b) of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (Public Law 102–240, 105 Stat. 2088)] because of 49:102(b) and 107(a). The words "This provision shall take effect with the fiscal year 1990 section 9 apportionment" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (g)(2), before clause (A), the word "applies" is substituted for "is sought beyond the currently authorized funds for such recipient" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (A), the words "of funds" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g)(3), the words "Subject to the provisions of this paragraph", "the Federal share of which the Secretary is authorized to pay under this subsection", and "actually" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (i)(1)(A), before clause (i), the words "necessary or" are omitted as surplus. In clause (ii), the words "required by law" are substituted for "which is consistent with the applicable requirements of this chapter and other applicable laws" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (i)(1)(B), the words "Comptroller General" are substituted for "General Accounting Office" because of 31:702(b).

In subsection (i)(2), the words "In addition to the reviews and audits described in paragraph (1)" and "perform a" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (i)(3) is substituted for 49 App.:1607a(g)(3) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (l), the words "Administrator for Federal Procurement Policy" are substituted for "Office of Federal Procurement Policy" because of 41:404(b). The words "Such approval shall be binding until withdrawn" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (n)(1), the words "available under section 5336 of this title" are substituted for "available under this subsection" for clarity.

In subsection (n)(2), the references to sections 5302(a)(8) and 5318 are added for clarity. The source provisions of sections 5302(a)(8) and 5318, enacted by section 317 of the Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act of 1987 (Public Law 100–17, 101 Stat. 233), were not intended to come under the exclusion stated in 49 App.:1607a(e)(1). The reference to 49 App.:1604(k)(3) is omitted as obsolete. The words "condition, limitation, or other" and "for programs of projects" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:5307(d)(1)(D) to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 797).

This makes a clarifying amendment to 49:5307(d)(1)(E)(iii).

This amends 49:5307(a)(2) to delete an obsolete provision.

The Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(1)(D)(iii), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620. Titles II and XVIII of such Act are classified generally to subchapters II (§401 et seq.) and XVIII (§1395 et seq.) respectively, of chapter 7 of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables.

**2017**—Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 115–31 added pars. (2) and (3) and struck out former pars. (2) and (3) which read as follows:

"(2)

"(A) for public transportation systems that operate 75 or fewer buses in fixed route service or demand response service, excluding ADA complementary paratransit service, during peak service hours, in an amount not to exceed 75 percent of the share of the apportionment which is attributable to such systems within the urbanized area, as measured by vehicle revenue hours; and

"(B) for public transportation systems that operate a minimum of 76 buses and a maximum of 100 buses in fixed route service or demand response service, excluding ADA complementary paratransit service, during peak service hours, in an amount not to exceed 50 percent of the share of the apportionment which is attributable to such systems within the urbanized area, as measured by vehicle revenue hours.

"(3)

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §3004(1)(A), inserted "or demand response service, excluding ADA complementary paratransit service," before "during peak" in subpars. (A) and (B).

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 114–94, §3004(1)(B), added par. (3).

Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 114–94, §3004(2)(A), inserted "in accordance with the recipient's transit asset management plan" after "equipment and facilities".

Subsec. (c)(1)(K). Pub. L. 114–94, §3004(2)(B), substituted "Census, will submit an annual report listing projects carried out in the preceding fiscal year under this section for associated transit improvements as defined in section 5302; and" for "Census—

"(i) will expend not less than 1 percent of the amount the recipient receives each fiscal year under this section for associated transit improvements, as defined in section 5302; and

"(ii) will submit an annual report listing projects carried out in the preceding fiscal year with those funds; and".

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, §20007, amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to urbanized area formula grants and consisted of subsecs. (a) to (l).

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, §113002(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 302(1), temporarily substituted "

Pub. L. 112–102, §302(1), substituted "

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 112–141, §113002(2), substituted "2012," for "2011 and the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 302(2), temporarily substituted "ending on July 6, 2012," for "ending on June 30, 2012," in introductory provisions. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §302(2), substituted "2011 and the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "2011 and the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(2)(E). Pub. L. 112–141, §113002(3), substituted "

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 302(3), temporarily substituted "

Pub. L. 112–102, §302(3), substituted "

**2011**—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 112–30, §132(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 112–5, §302(1), substituted "

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 112–30, §132(2), substituted "2011 and the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "2011," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 112–5, §302(2), substituted "2011," for "2010, and the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending March 4, 2011," in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(2)(E). Pub. L. 112–30, §132(3), substituted "

Pub. L. 112–5, §302(3), substituted "

**2010**—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 111–322, §2302(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 111–147, §432(1), substituted "

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 111–322, §2302(2), substituted "March 4, 2011" for "December 31, 2010" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 111–147, §432(2), substituted "2010, and the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010," for "2009," in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(2)(E). Pub. L. 111–322, §2302(3), substituted "

Pub. L. 111–147, §432(3), substituted "

**2008**—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(c)(1), substituted "

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(c)(2), in introductory provisions, substituted "2009" for "2007" and "public" for "mass".

Subsec. (b)(2)(E). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(c)(3), added subpar. (E).

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(c)(4), substituted "section 5303(k)" for "section 5305(a)" in introductory provisions.

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(b)(1), substituted "means—" for "means", designated part of existing provisions as subpar. (A), and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(b)(2), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: "a person designated, consistent with the planning process under sections 5303–5306 of this title, by the chief executive officer of a State, responsible local officials, and publicly owned operators of mass transportation to receive and apportion amounts under section 5336 of this title that are attributable to transportation management areas established under section 5305(a) of this title; or".

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(c)(1), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: "The Secretary of Transportation may make grants under this section for capital projects and to finance the planning and improvement costs of equipment, facilities, and associated capital maintenance items for use in mass transportation, including the renovation and improvement of historic transportation facilities with related private investment. The Secretary may also make grants under this section to finance the operating cost of equipment and facilities for use in mass transportation in an urbanized area with a population of less than 200,000."

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(c)(2), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which related to special rule for fiscal years 2003 and 2004 and for the period of Oct. 1, 2004, through July 30, 2005.

Pub. L. 109–40, §7(m)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(m)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(m)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(m)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(m)(1), substituted "

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(m)(2), substituted "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(m)(2), substituted "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(m)(2), substituted "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(m)(2), substituted "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(m)(2), substituted "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(c)(3), struck out par. (4) which read as follows: "A project for the reconstruction of equipment and material, each of which after reconstruction will have a fair market value of at least .5 percent of the current fair market value of rolling stock comparable to the rolling stock for which the equipment and material will be used, is a capital project for an associated capital maintenance item under this section."

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(d)(1), inserted ", including safety and security aspects of the program" before semicolon at end.

Subsec. (d)(1)(E)(iv). Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(d)(2), added cl. (iv).

Subsec. (d)(1)(H). Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(d)(3), substituted "section 5301(a), section 5301(d), and sections 5303 through 5306" for "sections 5301(a) and (d), 5303–5306, and 5310(a)–(d) of this title".

Subsec. (d)(1)(J)(i). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (d)(1)(K). Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(d)(4), (5), added subpar. (K).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(e), reenacted heading without change and amended text of subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "A grant of the Government for a capital project (including associated capital maintenance items) under this section is for 80 percent of the net project cost of the project. A recipient may provide additional local matching amounts. A grant for operating expenses may not be more than 50 percent of the net project cost of the project. The remainder of the net project cost shall be provided in cash from sources other than amounts of the Government or revenues from providing mass transportation (excluding revenues derived from the sale of advertising and concessions that are more than the amount of those revenues in the fiscal year that ended September 30, 1985). Transit system amounts that make up the remainder shall be from an undistributed cash surplus, a replacement or depreciation cash fund or reserve, or new capital."

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Subsec. (g)(4). Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(f), struck out par. (4) which read as follows: "The Secretary shall consider changes in capital project cost indices when determining the estimated cost under paragraph (3) of this subsection."

Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(a), redesignated subsecs. (i) and (l) as (h) and (i), respectively, and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (h). Text read as follows: "The Secretary shall prescribe streamlined administrative procedures for complying with the certification requirement under subsection (d)(1)(B) and (C) of this section for track and signal equipment used in existing operations."

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(a), redesignated subsec. (m) as (j) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (j). Text read as follows: "A recipient (including a person receiving amounts from a chief executive officer of a State under this section) shall submit annually to the Secretary a report on the revenues the recipient derives from the sale of advertising and concessions."

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(g), reenacted heading without change and amended text of subsec. (k) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(1) Section 1001 of title 18 applies to a certificate or submission under this section. The Secretary may end a grant under this section and seek reimbursement, directly or by offsetting amounts available under section 5336 of this title, when a false or fraudulent statement or related act within the meaning of section 1001 is made in connection with a certification or submission.

"(2) Sections 5302, 5318, 5319, 5323(a)(1), (d), and (f), 5332, and 5333 of this title apply to this section and to a grant made under this section. Except as provided in this section, no other provision of this chapter applies to this section or to a grant made under this section."

Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(a), redesignated subsec. (n) as (k) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (k). Text read as follows:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(h), added subsec. (l).

Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (l) as (i).

Subsecs. (m), (n). Pub. L. 109–59, §3009(a)(2), redesignated subsecs. (m) and (n) as (j) and (k), respectively.

**2004**—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 108–310 inserted "

Pub. L. 108–280 substituted "

Pub. L. 108–263 substituted "

Pub. L. 108–224 substituted "

Pub. L. 108–202 substituted "

**2003**—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(n)(1), inserted "and for the period of October 1, 2003, through February 29, 2004" after "2003" in heading.

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(n)(2), inserted "and for the period of October 1, 2003, through February 29, 2004" after "2003," and added cl. (iv).

Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(n)(3), inserted at end "Each portion of an area not designated as an urbanized area under the 1990 Federal decennial census and eligible to receive funds under subparagraph (A)(iv) shall receive an amount of funds made available to carry out this section that is no less than the amount the portion of the area received under section 5311 in fiscal year 2002."

**2002**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 107–232, §1(1), struck out at end "The Secretary may make grants under this section from funds made available for fiscal year 1998 to finance the operating costs of equipment and facilities for use in mass transportation in an urbanized area with a population of at least 200,000."

Subsec. (b)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 107–232, §1(2)–(4), added par. (2), redesignated former pars. (2) and (3) as (3) and (4), respectively, and realigned margins of par. (3)(C), as redesignated.

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, §3007(a)(1), substituted "Urbanized area formula grants" for "Block grants" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–178, §3007(b)(1), substituted "In this section, the following definitions apply:" for "In this section—" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 105–178, §3007(b)(2), inserted "

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 105–178, §3007(b)(3), inserted "

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 105–178, §3007(h)(1), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(e), inserted at end "The Secretary may make grants under this section from funds made available for fiscal year 1998 to finance the operating costs of equipment and facilities for use in mass transportation in an urbanized area with a population of at least 200,000."

Pub. L. 105–178, §3007(c)(1), substituted "and improvement costs of equipment" for ", improvement, and operating costs of equipment" and inserted at end "The Secretary may also make grants under this section to finance the operating cost of equipment and facilities for use in mass transportation in an urbanized area with a population of less than 200,000."

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 105–178, §3007(c)(2)(A), inserted ", in writing," after "approved".

Subsec. (b)(2)(C). Pub. L. 105–178, §3007(c)(2)(B)–(4), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (b)(3), (4). Pub. L. 105–178, §3007(c)(5), (6), redesignated par. (4) as (3) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: "A grant for a capital project under this section also is available to finance the leasing of equipment and facilities for use in mass transportation, subject to regulations the Secretary prescribes limiting the grant to leasing arrangements that are more cost effective than acquisition or construction."

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 105–178, §3007(c)(5), struck out par. (5) which read as follows: "Amounts under this section are available for a highway project under title 23 only if amounts used for the State or local share of the project are eligible to finance either a highway or mass transportation project."

Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 105–178, §3007(d), substituted "the most favorable financing terms reasonably available for the project at the time of borrowing. The applicant shall certify, in a manner satisfactory to the Secretary, that the applicant has shown reasonable diligence in seeking the most favorable financing terms." for "the amount by which the estimated cost of carrying out the part (if it would be carried out at the time the part is converted to a regularly financed project) exceeds the actual cost (except interest) of carrying out the part."

Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 105–178, §3007(e), inserted at end "To the extent practicable, the Secretary shall coordinate such reviews with any related State or local reviews."

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 105–178, §3007(f), amended heading and text of subsec. (k) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "A certification under subsection (d) of this section and any additional certification required by law to be submitted to the Secretary may be consolidated into a single document to be submitted annually as part of the grant application under this section. The Secretary shall publish annually a list of all certifications required under this chapter with the publication required under section 5336(e)(2) of this title."

Subsec. (k)(3). Pub. L. 105–178, §3007(h)(2), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(e), inserted "preceding" before "fiscal year".

Subsec. (n)(2). Pub. L. 105–178, §3007(g), inserted "5319," after "5318,".

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "title; or" for "title;" in subpar. (A) and "transportation." for "transportation; or" in subpar. (B) and struck out subpar. (C) which read as follows: "a recipient designated under section 5(b)(1) of the Federal Transit Act not later than January 5, 1983."

**1994**—Subsec. (d)(1)(D). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(7)(A), substituted "section" for "chapter".

Subsec. (d)(1)(E)(iii). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(7)(B), substituted "Buy America" for "Buy-American".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by section 20007 of Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by section 113002 of Pub. L. 112–141 effective July 1, 2012, see section 114001 of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 5305 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–140 to cease to be effective on July 6, 2012, with text as amended by Pub. L. 112–140 to revert back to read as it did on the day before June 29, 2012, and amendments by Pub. L. 112–141 to be executed as if Pub. L. 112–140 had not been enacted, see section 1(c) of Pub. L. 112–140, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 effective simultaneously with enactment of Pub. L. 105–178 and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 105–178 at time of enactment, and provisions of Pub. L. 105–178, as in effect on day before July 22, 1998, that are amended by title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 to be treated as not enacted, see section 9016 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–447, div. H, title I, §167, Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3228, required the Secretary to continue the pilot program authorized under section 166 of Pub. L. 108–199, increased the program to 5 pilot projects, and required reports on the results of the projects.

Pub. L. 108–199, div. F, title I, §166, Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 309, required the Secretary to establish a pilot program consisting of 3 pilot projects related to cooperative procurement of major capital equipment and required reports on the results of the projects.

Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3011, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 357, as amended by Pub. L. 108–202, §9(u), Feb. 29, 2004, 118 Stat. 489; Pub. L. 108–224, §7(u), Apr. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 637; Pub. L. 108–263, §7(u), June 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 708; Pub. L. 108–280, §7(u), July 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 886; Pub. L. 108–310, §8(u), Sept. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 1158; Pub. L. 109–14, §7(t), May 31, 2005, 119 Stat. 334; Pub. L. 109–20, §7(s), July 1, 2005, 119 Stat. 356; Pub. L. 109–35, §7(s), July 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 389; Pub. L. 109–37, §7(s), July 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 404; Pub. L. 109–40, §7(s), July 28, 2005, 119 Stat. 421, allowed recipients of assistance under section 5307 or 5309 of this title to use proceeds from the issuance of revenue bonds as part of the local matching funds for a capital project for fiscal years 1999 to 2004 and from Oct. 1, 2004, to July 30, 2005.

Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3021, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 363; as amended by Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(m), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 857; Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(g) [title III, §354], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–439, 2681–476; Pub. L. 106–69, title III, §323, Oct. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1020, required the Secretary of Transportation to establish a pilot program to determine the benefits of using funds from the Mass Transit Account of the Highway Trust Fund for intercity passenger rail and required a report evaluating the program to be submitted no later than Oct. 1, 2002.

Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3027(c), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 366; as amended by Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(o)(1), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 858; Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(g) [title III, §360], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–439, 2681–477; Pub. L. 106–31, title VI, §6004, May 21, 1999, 113 Stat. 113; Pub. L. 106–346, §101(a) [title III, §341], Oct. 23, 2000, 114 Stat. 1356, 1356A–32; Pub. L. 108–199, div. F, title I, §176, Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 311, authorized the Secretary of Transportation to continue helping to finance mass transportation operating costs in certain urban areas for the period beginning on June 9, 1998, and ending no later than 3 years after that date.

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 800; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3008(a), (c), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 348; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(f), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 855; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3010(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1572, related to a grant program for clean fuel buses.

Repeal effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3045, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1705, which provided for the establishment of a national fuel cell bus technology development program, was repealed by Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20002(c)(4), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 622.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) in which the majority of the project operates in a separated right-of-way dedicated for public transportation use during peak periods;

(B) that represents a substantial investment in a single route in a defined corridor or subarea; and

(C) that includes features that emulate the services provided by rail fixed guideway public transportation systems, including—

(i) defined stations;

(ii) traffic signal priority for public transportation vehicles;

(iii) short headway bidirectional services for a substantial part of weekdays and weekend days; and

(iv) any other features the Secretary may determine are necessary to produce high-quality public transportation services that emulate the services provided by rail fixed guideway public transportation systems.

(5)

(A) a new fixed guideway project that is a minimum operable segment or extension to an existing fixed guideway system; or

(B) a fixed guideway bus rapid transit project that is a minimum operable segment or an extension to an existing bus rapid transit system.

(6)

(A) the Federal assistance provided or to be provided under this section is less than $150,000,000; and

(B) the total estimated net capital cost is less than $400,000,000.

(b)

(1) new fixed guideway capital projects or small start projects, including the acquisition of real property, the initial acquisition of rolling stock for the system, the acquisition of rights-of-way, and relocation, for fixed guideway corridor development for projects in the advanced stages of project development or engineering; and

(2) core capacity improvement projects, including the acquisition of real property, the acquisition of rights-of-way, double tracking, signalization improvements, electrification, expanding system platforms, acquisition of rolling stock associated with corridor improvements increasing capacity, construction of infill stations, and such other capacity improvement projects as the Secretary determines are appropriate to increase the capacity of an existing fixed guideway system corridor by at least 10 percent. Core capacity improvement projects do not include elements to improve general station facilities or parking, or acquisition of rolling stock alone.

(c)

(1)

(A) the project is part of an approved transportation plan required under sections 5303 and 5304;

(B) the applicant has, or will have—

(i) the legal, financial, and technical capacity to carry out the project, including the safety and security aspects of the project;

(ii) satisfactory continuing control over the use of the equipment or facilities; and

(iii) the technical and financial capacity to maintain new and existing equipment and facilities; and

(C) the applicant has made progress toward meeting the performance targets in section 5326(c)(2).

(2)

(3)

(A) the applicant achieved budget, cost, and ridership outcomes for the project that are consistent with or better than projections; and

(B) the applicant demonstrates that the applicant continues to have the staff expertise and other resources necessary to implement a new project.

(4)

(d)

(1)

(A)

(i) the applicant—

(I) submits a letter to the Secretary describing the project and requesting entry into the project development phase; and

(II) initiates activities required to be carried out under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) with respect to the project; and

(ii) the Secretary—

(I) responds in writing to the applicant within 45 days whether the information provided is sufficient to enter into the project development phase, including, when necessary, a detailed description of any information deemed insufficient; and

(II) provides concurrent notice to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives of whether the new fixed guideway capital project is entering the project development phase.

(B)

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(I) a reasonable plan for completing the activities required under this paragraph; and

(II) an estimated time period within which the applicant will complete such activities.

(2)

(A)

(i) is selected as the locally preferred alternative at the completion of the process required under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.);

(ii) is adopted into the metropolitan transportation plan required under section 5303;

(iii) is justified based on a comprehensive review of the project's mobility improvements, the project's environmental benefits, congestion relief associated with the project, economic development effects associated with the project, policies and land use patterns of the project that support public transportation, and the project's cost-effectiveness as measured by cost per rider; and

(iv) is supported by an acceptable degree of local financial commitment (including evidence of stable and dependable financing sources), as required under subsection (f).

(B)

(i) the reliability of the forecasting methods used to estimate costs and utilization made by the recipient and the contractors to the recipient; and

(ii) population density and current public transportation ridership in the transportation corridor.

(e)

(1)

(A)

(i) the applicant—

(I) submits a letter to the Secretary describing the project and requesting entry into the project development phase; and

(II) initiates activities required to be carried out under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) with respect to the project; and

(ii) the Secretary—

(I) responds in writing to the applicant within 45 days whether the information provided is sufficient to enter into the project development phase, including when necessary a detailed description of any information deemed insufficient; and

(II) provides concurrent notice to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives of whether the core capacity improvement project is entering the project development phase.

(B)

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(I) a reasonable plan for completing the activities required under this paragraph; and

(II) an estimated time period within which the applicant will complete such activities.

(2)

(A)

(i) is selected as the locally preferred alternative at the completion of the process required under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969;

(ii) is adopted into the metropolitan transportation plan required under section 5303;

(iii) is in a corridor that is—

(I) at or over capacity; or

(II) projected to be at or over capacity within the next 10 years, without regard to any temporary measures employed by the applicant expected to increase short-term capacity within the next 10 years;

(iv) is justified based on a comprehensive review of the project's mobility improvements, the project's environmental benefits, congestion relief associated with the project, economic development effects associated with the project, the capacity needs of the corridor, and the project's cost-effectiveness as measured by cost per rider; and

(v) is supported by an acceptable degree of local financial commitment (including evidence of stable and dependable financing sources), as required under subsection (f).

(B)

(i) the reliability of the forecasting methods used to estimate costs and utilization made by the recipient and the contractors to the recipient;

(ii) whether the project will increase capacity at least 10 percent in a corridor;

(iii) whether the project will improve interconnectivity among existing systems; and

(iv) whether the project will improve environmental outcomes.

(f)

(1)

(A) the proposed project plan provides for the availability of contingency amounts that the Secretary determines to be reasonable to cover unanticipated cost increases or funding shortfalls;

(B) each proposed local source of capital and operating financing is stable, reliable, and available within the proposed project timetable; and

(C) local resources are available to recapitalize, maintain, and operate the overall existing and proposed public transportation system, including essential feeder bus and other services necessary to achieve the projected ridership levels without requiring a reduction in existing public transportation services or level of service to operate the project.

(2)

(A) the reliability of the forecasting methods used to estimate costs and revenues made by the recipient and the contractors to the recipient;

(B) existing grant commitments;

(C) the degree to which financing sources are dedicated to the proposed purposes;

(D) any debt obligation that exists, or is proposed by the recipient, for the proposed project or other public transportation purpose;

(E) the extent to which the project has a local financial commitment that exceeds the required non-Government share of the cost of the project; and

(F) private contributions to the project, including cost-effective project delivery, management or transfer of project risks, expedited project schedule, financial partnering, and other public-private partnership strategies.

(g)

(1)

(A) the project meets the applicable requirements under this section; and

(B) there is a reasonable likelihood that the project will continue to meet the requirements under this section.

(2)

(A)

(i) in the case of a new fixed guideway capital project, the project justification criteria under subsection (d)(2)(A)(iii), and the degree of local financial commitment; and

(ii) in the case of a core capacity improvement project, the capacity needs of the corridor, the project justification criteria under subsection (e)(2)(A)(iv), and the degree of local financial commitment.

(B)

(i) provide, in addition to the overall project rating under subparagraph (A), individual ratings for each of the criteria established under subsection (d)(2)(A)(iii) or (e)(2)(A)(iv), as applicable; and

(ii) give comparable, but not necessarily equal, numerical weight to each of the criteria established under subsections (d)(2)(A)(iii) or (e)(2)(A)(iv), as applicable, in calculating the overall project rating under clause (i).

(C)

(3)

(A) the share of the cost of the project to be provided under this section does not exceed 50 percent of the total cost of the project;

(B) the applicant requests the use of the warrants;

(C) the applicant certifies that its existing public transportation system is in a state of good repair; and

(D) the applicant meets any other requirements that the Secretary considers appropriate to carry out this subsection.

(4)

(5)

(A) not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012; and

(B) each time the Secretary makes significant changes to the process and criteria, but not less frequently than once every 2 years.

(6)

(A) new fixed guideway capital projects that is based on the results of project justification, policies and land use patterns that promote public transportation, and local financial commitment, as required under this subsection; and

(B) core capacity improvement projects that is based on the results of the capacity needs of the corridor, project justification, and local financial commitment.

(7)

(8)

(h)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) the applicant—

(I) submits a letter to the Secretary describing the project and requesting entry into the project development phase; and

(II) initiates activities required to be carried out under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) with respect to the project; and

(ii) the Secretary—

(I) responds in writing to the applicant within 45 days whether the information provided is sufficient to enter into the project development phase, including, when necessary, a detailed description of any information deemed insufficient; and

(II) provides concurrent notice to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives of whether the small starts project is entering the project development phase.

(B)

(3)

(A) has been adopted as the locally preferred alternative as part of the metropolitan transportation plan required under section 5303;

(B) is based on the results of an analysis of the benefits of the project as set forth in paragraph (4); and

(C) is supported by an acceptable degree of local financial commitment.

(4)

(5)

(6)

(A)

(B)

(7)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(i)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)

(G)

(i) shall enhance, or increase the capacity of—

(I) the total transportation system of the applicant; or

(II) the transportation system of the region the applicant serves (which, in the case of a State whose request addresses a single region, means that region); and

(ii) shall—

(I) streamline procurements for the applicant; or

(II) enable time or cost savings for the projects.

(H)

(I)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)

(G)

(i) shall enhance, or increase the capacity of—

(I) the total transportation system of the applicant; or

(II) the transportation system of the region the applicant serves (which, in the case of a State whose request addresses a single region, means that region); and

(ii) shall—

(I) streamline procurements for the applicant; or

(II) enable time or cost savings for the projects.

(H)

(I)

(i)

(ii)

(I)

(II)

(III)

(3)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(i) include only projects in an immediate future bundling request that are ready to receive a grant agreement under this section,

(ii) be carried out through a full funding grant agreement or expedited grant agreement pursuant to subsection (k)(2) for the included projects, if a project seeking assistance under the combined grant agreement is a new start project or core capacity improvement project; and

(iii) be carried out through a grant agreement pursuant to subsection (h)(7) for the included projects, if the projects seeking assistance under the combined grant agreement consist entirely of small start projects.

(D)

(j)

(k)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(i) establish the terms of participation by the Government in a new fixed guideway capital project or core capacity improvement project;

(ii) establish the maximum amount of Federal financial assistance for the project;

(iii) include the period of time for completing the project, even if that period extends beyond the period of an authorization; and

(iv) make timely and efficient management of the project easier according to the law of the United States.

(D)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(E)

(i)

(ii)

(I) collection of data on the current public transportation system regarding public transportation service levels and ridership patterns, including origins and destinations, access modes, trip purposes, and rider characteristics;

(II) documentation of the predicted scope, service levels, capital costs, operating costs, and ridership of the project;

(III) collection of data on the public transportation system 2 years after the opening of a new fixed guideway capital project or core capacity improvement project, including analogous information on public transportation service levels and ridership patterns and information on the as-built scope, capital, and financing costs of the project; and

(IV) analysis of the consistency of predicted project characteristics with actual outcomes.

(F)

(3)

(A)

(i) a full funding grant agreement for the project will be made; and

(ii) the terms of the work agreement will promote ultimate completion of the project more rapidly and at less cost.

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(5)

(l)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(2)

(3)

(A) the Secretary determines that the net capital project cost of the project is not more than 10 percent higher than the net capital project cost estimated at the time the project was approved for advancement into the engineering phase; and

(B) the ridership estimated for the project is not less than 90 percent of the ridership estimated for the project at the time the project was approved for advancement into the engineering phase.

(4)

(A) in cash from non-Government sources;

(B) from revenues from the sale of advertising and concessions; or

(C) from an undistributed cash surplus, a replacement or depreciation cash fund or reserve, or new capital.

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(A) establish a Government share of at least 80 percent; and

(B) not lower the project's rating for degree of local financial commitment for purposes of subsections (d)(2)(A)(v) or (h)(3)(C) as a result of the Government share specified in this paragraph.

(m)

(1)

(A) the State or local governmental authority applies for the payment;

(B) the Secretary approves the payment; and

(C) before the State or local governmental authority carries out the part of the project, the Secretary approves the plans and specifications for the part in the same way as other projects under this section.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(n)

(1)

(2)

(o)

(1)

(A) a proposal of allocations of amounts to be available to finance grants for projects under this section among applicants for these amounts;

(B) evaluations and ratings, as required under subsections (d), (e), and (i), for each such project that is in project development, engineering, or has received a full funding grant agreement; and

(C) recommendations of such projects for funding based on the evaluations and ratings and on existing commitments and anticipated funding levels for the next 3 fiscal years based on information currently available to the Secretary.

(2)

(A) conduct a biennial review that—

(i) assesses—

(I) the processes and procedures for evaluating, rating, and recommending all new fixed guideway capital projects and core capacity improvement projects for grant agreements under this section and section 3005(b) of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2015 (49 U.S.C. 5309 note; Public Law 114–94); and

(II) the Secretary's implementation of such processes and procedures;

(ii) includes, with respect to projects that entered into revenue service since the previous biennial review—

(I) a description and analysis of the impacts of the projects on public transportation services and public transportation ridership;

(II) a description and analysis of the consistency of predicted and actual benefits and costs of the innovative project development and delivery methods of, or innovative financing for, the projects; and

(III) an identification of the reasons for any differences between predicted and actual outcomes for the projects; and

(iii) in conducting the review under clause (ii), incorporates information from the plans submitted by applicants under subsection (k)(2)(E)(i); and

(B) report to Congress on the results of such review by May 31 of the applicable year.

(p)

(q)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) the net capital costs of the public transportation costs attributable to the project as determined under paragraph (4); and

(B) the share of funds dedicated to the project from sources other than this section included in the unified finance plan for the project.

(4)

(A) engineering studies;

(B) studies of economic feasibility;

(C) the expected use of equipment or facilities; and

(D) the public transportation costs attributable to the project.

(5)

(A)

(B)

(r)

(1)

(A) Project name.

(B) Project sponsor.

(C) City or urbanized area and State in which the project will be located.

(D) Project type.

(E) Project mode.

(F) Project length and number of stops, including length of exclusive bus rapid transit lanes, if applicable.

(G) Anticipated total project cost.

(H) Anticipated share of project costs to be sought under this section.

(I) Date of compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.).

(J) Date on which the project entered the project development phase.

(K) Date on which the project entered the engineering phase, if applicable.

(L) Date on which a Letter of No Prejudice was requested, and date on which a Letter of No Prejudice was issued or denied, if applicable.

(M) Date of the applicant's most recent project ratings, including date of request for updated ratings, if applicable.

(N) Status of the project sponsor in securing non-Federal matching funds.

(O) Date on which a project grant agreement is anticipated to be executed.

(2)

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 800; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), (12), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; Pub. L. 102–240, title III, §3049(a), as added Pub. L. 105–130, §8, Dec. 1, 1997, 111 Stat. 2559; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3009(a), (c)–(h)(1), (3)(D), (i)–(k), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 352–357; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(g), (h)(3), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 855, 856; Pub. L. 106–69, title III, §347, Oct. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1024; Pub. L. 106–346, §101(a) [title III, §380], Oct. 23, 2000, 114 Stat. 1356, 1356A–42; Pub. L. 106–554, §1(a)(4) [div. A, §1101], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–201; Pub. L. 108–88, §8(a), Sept. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 1121; Pub. L. 108–202, §9(a), Feb. 29, 2004, 118 Stat. 484; Pub. L. 108–224, §7(a), Apr. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 632; Pub. L. 108–263, §7(a), June 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 704; Pub. L. 108–271, §8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814; Pub. L. 108–280, §7(a), July 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 882; Pub. L. 108–310, §8(a), Sept. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 1154; Pub. L. 109–14, §7(a), May 31, 2005, 119 Stat. 330; Pub. L. 109–20, §7(a), July 1, 2005, 119 Stat. 352; Pub. L. 109–35, §7(a), July 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 386; Pub. L. 109–37, §7(a), July 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 401; Pub. L. 109–40, §7(a), July 28, 2005, 119 Stat. 417; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3011(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1573; Pub. L. 110–244, title II, §201(d), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1610; Pub. L. 111–147, title IV, §433, Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 88; Pub. L. 111–322, title II, §2303, Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3527; Pub. L. 112–5, title III, §303, Mar. 4, 2011, 125 Stat. 18; Pub. L. 112–30, title I, §133, Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 350; Pub. L. 112–102, title III, §303, Mar. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 275; Pub. L. 112–140, title III, §303, June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 396; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20008(a), div. G, title III, §113003, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 656, 984; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3005(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1450; Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30005(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 894.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5309(a) (1)–(5) | 49 App.:1602(a)(1)(A). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §3(a)(1)(A), 78 Stat. 303; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25; Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §2(2), 84 Stat. 962; Nov. 26, 1974, Pub. L. 93–503, §§102, 104, 106, 88 Stat. 1566, 1571, 1572; Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §302(a), 92 Stat. 2735; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §313, 96 Stat. 2152. |

49 App.:1602(a)(1)(B), (C), (D) (1st, 3d sentences). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §3(a)(1)(B)–(D), (2)(B), (3), 78 Stat. 303; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25; Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §2(2), 84 Stat. 962; Nov. 26, 1974, Pub. L. 93–503, §§102, 104, 106, 88 Stat. 1566, 1571, 1572; restated Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §302(a), 92 Stat. 2735, 2736. | |

5309(a)(6) | 49 App.:1602(a)(1)(E). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §3(a)(1)(E), 78 Stat. 303; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25; Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §2(2), 84 Stat. 962; Nov. 26, 1974, Pub. L. 93–503, §§102, 104, 106, 88 Stat. 1566, 1571, 1572; Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §302(a), 92 Stat. 2736; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3006(a), 105 Stat. 2089. |

5309(a)(7) | 49 App.:1602(a)(1)(F). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §3(a)(1)(F); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3006(b), 105 Stat. 2089. |

5309(b)(1) | 49 App.:1602(b) (1st sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §3(b), 78 Stat. 303; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25; restated Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §2(2), 84 Stat. 963; Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §302(b), 92 Stat. 2737. |

5309(b)(2) | 49 App.:1602(a)(2)(B). | |

5309(b)(3) | 49 App.:1602(b) (8th, last sentences). | |

5309(b)(4), (5) | 49 App.:1602(b) (2d–6th sentences). | |

5309(c) | 49 App.:1602(a)(5). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §3(a)(5); added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §304(b), 96 Stat. 2149. |

5309(d) | 49 App.:1602(a)(2)(A). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §3(a)(2)(A), 78 Stat. 303; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25; Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §2(2), 84 Stat. 962; Nov. 26, 1974, Pub. L. 93–503, §§102, 104, 106, 88 Stat. 1566, 1571, 1572; Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §302(a), 92 Stat. 2736; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §304(a), 96 Stat. 2149; restated Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §309(e), 101 Stat. 227. |

49 App.:1602(a)(3). | ||

5309(e)(1) | 49 App.:1602 (note). | Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §303(b), 101 Stat. 223. |

5309(e) (2)–(7) | 49 App.:1602(i). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §3(i); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §303(a), 101 Stat. 223; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3010, 105 Stat. 2093. |

5309(f)(1) | 49 App.:1602(a)(1)(D) (last sentence). | |

5309(f)(2) | 49 App.:1602(a)(1)(D) (2d sentence). | |

5309(g) | 49 App.:1602(a)(4). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §3(a)(4), 78 Stat. 303; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25; Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §2(2), 84 Stat. 962; Nov. 26, 1974, Pub. L. 93–503, §§102, 104, 106, 88 Stat. 1566, 1571, 1572; restated Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §302(a), 92 Stat. 2736; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §305, 96 Stat. 2150; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §302, 101 Stat. 223; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3007, 105 Stat. 2090. |

5309(h) | 49 App.:1603(a). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §4(a), 78 Stat. 304; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25; Aug. 1, 1968, Pub. L. 90–448, §704(a), 82 Stat. 535; Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §3(a), 84 Stat. 965; Aug. 13, 1973, Pub. L. 93–87, §301(a), 87 Stat. 295; Nov. 26, 1974, Pub. L. 93–503, §103(b), 88 Stat. 1571; Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §303(b), 92 Stat. 2737; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §302(b), 96 Stat. 2141; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3006(f), (g), 105 Stat. 2089. |

5309(i) | 49 App.:1602(c) (2d, last sentences). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §3(c), 78 Stat. 303; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25; restated Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §2(2), 84 Stat. 964. |

5309(j) | 49 App.:1602(b) (7th sentence). | |

5309(k) | 49 App.:1602(c) (1st sentence). | |

5309(l) |
49 App.:1603(d). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §4(d); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3006(h)(2), 105 Stat. 2090. |

5309(m)(1) | 49 App.:1602(k)(1). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §3(k)(1); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §305, 101 Stat. 224; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3006(d)(1), 105 Stat. 2089. |

5309(m)(2) | 49 App.:1602(k)(3). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §3(k)(3); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3006(d)(2), 105 Stat. 2089. |

5309(m)(3) | 49 App.:1602(j). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §3(j); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §304, 101 Stat. 223. |

5309(m)(4) | 49 App.:1602(k)(2). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §3(k)(2); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §305, 101 Stat. 224. |

5309(n) | 49 App.:1602(l). |
July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §3(l); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §306(a), 101 Stat. 224; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3006(e), 105 Stat. 2089. |

5309(o) |
49 App.:1602(n). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §3(n); added Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, §502(d), 106 Stat. 1566. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "in accordance with the provisions of this chapter" are omitted as surplus. The words "and on such terms and conditions as the Secretary may prescribe" and 49 App.:1602(a)(1)(D) (3d sentence) are omitted as unnecessary because of section 5334(a) of the revised title and 49:322(a). The words "(directly, through the purchase of securities or equipment trust certificates, or otherwise)" and "and agencies thereof" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the word "detailed" is omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "capital projects" are substituted for "the acquisition, construction, reconstruction, and improvement of facilities and equipment for use, by operation or lease or otherwise, in mass transportation service" for clarity and consistency in this section. The words "Eligible facilities and equipment may include personal property such as buses and other rolling stock, and rail and bus facilities, and real" are omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:1602(a)(1)(B) (last sentence) is omitted as obsolete because former 49 App.:1604(a)(4) is executed and is not included in this restatement. In clause (3), the words "the capital costs of" are added for clarity and consistency in this section. The words "highway and" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the word "finance" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "for real property acquisition" are omitted as surplus. The words "for an approved project" are added for clarity and consistency. The words "which shall be in lieu of the determination required by subparagraph (A)", "real", and "connection with" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3), the word "comprehensive" is omitted as surplus. The words "by the project" are added for clarity. The words "a period of" and "longer" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(4), the words "a period not exceeding" and "Each agreement shall provide that" are omitted as surplus. The words "shall be made within the 10-year period" are substituted for "shall not be later than 10 years following the fiscal year in which the agreement is made" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "if any, over the original cost of the real property" are omitted as surplus. The words "deposit in" are substituted for "credit to" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b)(5), the word "actual" is omitted as surplus. The words "deposited in" are substituted for "credited to" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "grant or loan" are substituted for "assistance" for consistency in the revised section. In clause (1), the words "rail carrier" are substituted for "railroad" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (d), before clause (1), the words "Except as provided in subsections (b)(2) and (e) of this section" are added for clarity. In clause (1), the words "through operation or lease or otherwise" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(2), before clause (A), the word "existing" is added for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (e)(6)(C), the words "Part A of title I of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (Public Law 102–240, 105 Stat. 1915)" are substituted for "the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1991" because the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1991 was title I of H.R. 1531, that was not enacted into law but contained predecessor provisions to Part A of title I of H.R. 2950, enacted into law as the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991.

In subsection (f)(1), the words "or entity" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(2), before clause (A), the words "for a project under subsection (a)(5) of this section" are added for clarity. In clause (B), the words "whether publicly or privately owned" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g)(1)(A), the words "The letter shall be regarded as an intention to obligate" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g)(1)(D), the words "pursuant to such a letter of intent" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g)(2)(A)(i), the words "and conditions" are omitted as being included in "terms".

In subsection (g)(4), the word "issued" is omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:1602(a)(4)(E) (3d sentence) is omitted as executed. The text of 49 App.:1602(a)(4)(E) (4th and last sentences) is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (h), the words "nature and extent of" are omitted as surplus. The words "net project cost" are substituted for "what portion of the cost of a project to be assisted under section 1602 of this Appendix cannot be reasonably financed from revenues—which portion shall hereinafter be called 'net project cost' " because of the definition of "net project cost" in section 5302(a) of the revised title. The words "Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection" are added for clarity. The words "Such remainder may be provided in whole or in part from other than public sources and any public or private", "solely", and "at any time" are omitted as surplus. The words "shall be deemed" are omitted as unnecessary since the text is a statement of a legal conclusion.

In subsection (i), before clause (1), the words "Except for a loan under subsection (b) of this section" are added for clarity. The words "made under this section" and "at a rate" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the word "market" is omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "under the program" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (j), the words "loan and interest" are substituted for "principal and accrued interest on the loan then outstanding" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (m)(1)(B) and (3), the word "existing" is added for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (m)(1), before clause (A), the words "Subject to paragraph (3)" are omitted as surplus. The reference to fiscal year 1992 is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (m)(3), before clause (A), the words "Not later than 30 days after April 2, 1987" are omitted as executed. The words "prepare and" are omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:1602(j)(1) is omitted as obsolete because 49 App.:1602(k)(1) was restated by section 3006(d)(1) of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (Public Law 102–240, 105 Stat. 2089) and clause (D) was not carried forward.

In subsection (m)(4), the text of 49 App.:1602(k)(2)(B) is omitted as expired.

In subsection (n)(2), the words "Subject to the provisions of this paragraph", "the Federal share of which the Secretary is authorized to pay under this subsection", and "actually" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:5309(a) to clarify the restatement of 49 App.:1602(a)(1) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 800).

This amends 49:5309(e)(4)(B) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

This amends 49:5309(m)(1)(A) to make a conforming amendment.

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsecs. (d)(1)(A)(i)(II), (B), (2)(A), (e)(1)(A)(i)(II), (B), (2)(A), (h)(2)(A)(i)(II), (B), (6)(B), (i)(2), (k)(3)(A), and (r)(1)(I), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.

The date of enactment of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012, referred to in subsecs. (g)(5)(A), (6), (8), (j), and (l)(7) is deemed to be Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (r)(3), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

Pub. L. 111–322, §2303(4)–(7), which directed amendment of subpars. (B) to (E) of subsec. (m) of this section without specifying the paragraph to be amended, was executed to subpars. (B) to (E) of par. (7) of subsec. (m), to reflect the probable intent of Congress. See 2010 Amendment notes below.

**2021**—Subsec. (a)(6), (7). Pub. L. 117–58, §30005(a)(1), struck out par. (6), which defined "program of interrelated projects", redesignated former par. (7) as (6), and in par. (6), substituted "$150,000,000" for "$100,000,000" in subpar. (A) and "$400,000,000" for "$300,000,000" in subpar. (B).

Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 117–58, §30005(a)(2), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (e)(2)(A)(iii)(II). Pub. L. 117–58, §30005(a)(3), substituted "the next 10 years, without regard to any temporary measures employed by the applicant expected to increase short-term capacity within the next 10 years" for "the next 5 years".

Subsec. (g)(3)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §30005(a)(4)(A), substituted "exceed 50 percent" for "exceed—

"(i) $100,000,000; or

"(ii) 50 percent".

Subsec. (g)(7), (8). Pub. L. 117–58, §30005(a)(4)(B), (C), added par. (7) and redesignated former par. (7) as (8).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 117–58, §30005(a)(5), added pars. (1) to (4) and struck out former pars. (1) to (8), which related to programs of interrelated projects.

Subsec. (k)(2)(E). Pub. L. 117–58, §30005(a)(6)(A), substituted "Information collection and analysis plan" for "Before and after study" in heading, struck out cl. (i), which set out study requirements, redesignated cl. (ii) as (i) and substituted "Submission of plan" for "Information collection and analysis plan" in cl. heading, redesignated subcl. (II) of cl. (i) as cl. (ii), redesignated items (aa) to (dd) as subcls. (I) to (IV), respectively, substituted "clause (i)" for "subclause (I)" in introductory provisions of cl. (ii), and realigned margins.

Subsec. (k)(5). Pub. L. 117–58, §30005(a)(6)(B), substituted "Not later than 15" for "At least 30".

Subsec. (o)(2). Pub. L. 117–58, §30005(a)(7)(A), (B), redesignated par. (3) as (2) and struck out former par. (2). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Not later than the first Monday in August of each year, the Secretary shall submit to the committees described in paragraph (1) a report containing a summary of the results of any studies conducted under subsection (k)(2)(E)."

Subsec. (o)(2)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §30005(a)(7)(C)(i)(I)–(III), substituted "that" for "of" in introductory provisions, inserted "(i) assesses—", redesignated former cls. (i) and (ii) as subcls. (I) and (II), respectively, and realigned margins.

Subsec. (o)(2)(A)(i)(I). Pub. L. 117–58, §30005(a)(7)(C)(i)(IV)(aa), substituted "all new fixed guideway capital projects and core capacity improvement projects for grant agreements under this section and section 3005(b) of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2015 (49 U.S.C. 5309 note; Public Law 114–94)" for "new fixed guideway capital projects and core capacity improvement projects".

Subsec. (o)(2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 117–58, §30005(a)(7)(C)(i)(IV)(bb), (V), added cl. (ii).

Subsec. (o)(2)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, §30005(a)(7)(C)(ii), substituted "the applicable year" for "each year".

Subsec. (o)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, §30005(a)(7)(B), redesignated par. (3) as (2).

Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 117–58, §30005(a)(8), added subsec. (r).

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(1)(A), struck out "and weekend days" after "substantial part of weekdays".

Subsec. (a)(6)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(1)(B)(i), inserted ", small start projects," after "new fixed guideway capital projects".

Subsec. (a)(6)(B). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(1)(B)(ii), added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B), which read as follows: "1 or more new fixed guideway capital projects and 1 or more core capacity improvement projects."

Subsec. (a)(7)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(1)(C)(i), substituted "$100,000,000" for "$75,000,000".

Subsec. (a)(7)(B). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(1)(C)(ii), substituted "$300,000,000" for "$250,000,000".

Subsec. (d)(1)(B). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(2)(A), struck out ", policies and land use patterns that promote public transportation," after "project justification".

Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(iii) to (v). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(2)(B), inserted "and" after semicolon in cl. (iii), redesignated cl. (v) as (iv), and struck out former cl. (iv), which read as follows: "is supported by policies and land use patterns that promote public transportation, including plans for future land use and rezoning, and economic development around public transportation stations; and".

Subsec. (g)(2)(A)(i). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(3), struck out "the policies and land use patterns that support public transportation," after "subsection (d)(2)(A)(iii),".

Subsec. (h)(6). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(4), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), inserted heading, and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(5)(A), substituted "subsection (d), (e), or (h)" for "subsection (d) or (e)".

Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(5)(B)(i), inserted "new fixed guideway capital project or core capacity improvement" after "federally funded" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (i)(2)(D). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(5)(B)(ii), added subpar. (D) and struck out former subpar. (D), which read as follows: "the program of interrelated projects, when evaluated as a whole, meets the requirements of subsection (d)(2) or (e)(2), as applicable;".

Subsec. (i)(2)(F). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(5)(B)(iii), inserted "or subsection (h)(5), as applicable" after "subsection (f)".

Subsec. (i)(3)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(5)(C), added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "A project receiving a grant under this section that is part of a program of interrelated projects may not advance from the project development phase to the engineering phase, or from the engineering phase to the construction phase, unless the Secretary determines that the program of interrelated projects meets the applicable requirements of this section and there is a reasonable likelihood that the program will continue to meet such requirements."

Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(6)(A), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Based on engineering studies, studies of economic feasibility, and information on the expected use of equipment or facilities, the Secretary shall estimate the net capital project cost. A grant for a fixed guideway project or small start project shall not exceed 80 percent of the net capital project cost. A grant for a core capacity project shall not exceed 80 percent of the net capital project cost of the incremental cost of increasing the capacity in the corridor."

Subsec. (l)(4). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(6)(B), added par. (4) and struck out former par. (4). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The remainder of the net capital project cost shall be provided from an undistributed cash surplus, a replacement or depreciation cash fund or reserve, or new capital."

Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(7), added subsec. (n) and struck out former subsec. (n), which related to availability of amounts for a new fixed guideway capital project.

Subsecs. (p), (q). Pub. L. 114–94, §3005(a)(8), added subsecs. (p) and (q).

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, §20008(a), amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to capital investment grants and consisted of subsecs. (a) to (m).

Subsec. (m)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, §113003(1)(A), (B), substituted "

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 303(1)(A), (B), temporarily substituted "

Pub. L. 112–102, §303(1)(A), (B), substituted "

Subsec. (m)(2)(A)(i). Pub. L. 112–141, §113003(1)(C), substituted "2012" for "2011 and $150,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 303(1)(C), temporarily substituted "2011 and $152,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "2011 and $150,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §303(1)(C), substituted "2011 and $150,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "2011 and $100,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (m)(6)(B). Pub. L. 112–141, §113003(2)(A), substituted "2012" for "2011 and $11,250,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 303(2)(A), temporarily substituted "2011 and $11,400,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "2011 and $11,250,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §303(2)(A), substituted "2011 and $11,250,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "2011 and $7,500,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (m)(6)(C). Pub. L. 112–141, §113003(2)(B), substituted "through 2012" for "though 2011 and $3,750,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 303(2)(B), temporarily substituted "through 2011 and $3,800,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "though 2011 and $3,750,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §303(2)(B), substituted "2011 and $3,750,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "2011 and $2,500,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (m)(7)(A). Pub. L. 112–141, §113003(3)(A)(i), in introductory provisions, substituted "2012" for "2011 and $7,500,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," and inserted "each fiscal year" before colon at end.

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 303(3)(A)(i), temporarily substituted "2011 and $7,600,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "2011 and $7,500,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," and "shall be set aside:" for "shall be set aside for:" in introductory provisions. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §303(3)(A)(i), substituted "2011 and $7,500,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "2011 and $5,000,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (m)(7)(A)(i), (ii). Pub. L. 112–141, §113003(3)(A)(ii), (iii), struck out "for each fiscal year and $1,875,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," after "$2,500,000".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 303(3)(a)(ii), (iii), temporarily substituted "$1,900,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$1,875,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §303(3)(A)(ii), (iii), substituted "for each fiscal year and $1,875,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "for each fiscal year and $1,250,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (m)(7)(A)(iii) to (vi). Pub. L. 112–141, §113003(3)(A)(iv)–(vii), struck out "for each fiscal year and $750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," after "$1,000,000".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 303(3)(A)(iv)–(vii), temporarily substituted "$760,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §303(3)(A)(iv)–(vii), substituted "for each fiscal year and $750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "for each fiscal year and $500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (m)(7)(A)(vii). Pub. L. 112–141, §113003(3)(A)(viii), struck out "for each fiscal year and $487,500 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," after "$650,000".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 303(3)(A)(viii), temporarily substituted "$494,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$487,500 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §303(3)(A)(viii), substituted "for each fiscal year and $487,500 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "for each fiscal year and $325,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (m)(7)(A)(viii). Pub. L. 112–141, §113003(3)(A)(ix), struck out "for each fiscal year and $262,500 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," after "$350,000".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 303(3)(A)(ix), temporarily substituted "$266,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$262,500 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §303(3)(A)(ix), substituted "for each fiscal year and $262,500 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "for each fiscal year and $175,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (m)(7)(B)(vii). Pub. L. 112–141, §113003(3)(B), added cl. (vii) and struck out former cl. (vii) which read as follows: "$10,125,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012."

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 303(3)(B), temporarily added cl. (vii), which set aside $10,260,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012, and temporarily struck out former cl. (vii) which read as follows: "$10,125,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012." See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §303(3)(B), added cl. (vii) and struck out former cl. (vii) which read as follows: "$6,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012."

Subsec. (m)(7)(C). Pub. L. 112–141, §113003(3)(C), struck out "and during the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," after "each fiscal year".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 303(3)(C), temporarily substituted "ending on July 6, 2012," for "ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §303(3)(C), substituted "and during the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "and during the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (m)(7)(D). Pub. L. 112–141, §113003(3)(D), struck out "and not less than $26,250,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," after "each fiscal year".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 303(3)(D), temporarily substituted "and not less than $26,600,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "and not less than $26,250,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §303(3)(D), substituted "and not less than $26,250,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "and not less than $17,500,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (m)(7)(E). Pub. L. 112–141, §113003(3)(E), struck out "and $2,250,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," after "each fiscal year".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 303(3)(E), temporarily substituted "and $2,280,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "and $2,250,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §303(3)(E), substituted "and $2,250,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "and $1,500,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

**2011**—Subsec. (m)(2). Pub. L. 112–30, §133(1)(A), (B), substituted "

Pub. L. 112–5, §303(1)(A), (B), substituted "

Subsec. (m)(2)(A)(i). Pub. L. 112–30, §133(1)(C), substituted "2011 and $100,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §303(1)(C), substituted "2011" for "2010, and $84,931,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011,".

Subsec. (m)(6)(B). Pub. L. 112–30, §133(2)(A), substituted "2011 and $7,500,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §303(2)(A), substituted "2011" for "2010, and $6,369,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011,".

Subsec. (m)(6)(C). Pub. L. 112–30, §133(2)(B), substituted "2011 and $2,500,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §303(2)(B), substituted "2011" for "2010, and $2,123,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011,".

Subsec. (m)(7)(A). Pub. L. 112–30, §133(3)(A)(i), substituted "2011 and $5,000,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "2011" and struck out "each fiscal year" before colon.

Pub. L. 112–5, §303(3)(A)(i)–(iii), struck out cl. (i) designation and heading, substituted "$10,000,000 shall be available in each of fiscal years 2006 through 2011" for "$10,000,000 shall be available in each of fiscal years 2006 through 2010" in introductory provisions, redesignated subcls. (I) to (VIII) of former cl. (i) as cls. (i) to (viii), respectively, struck out former cl. (ii) which provided a special rule for Oct. 1, 2010, through Mar. 4, 2011, and realigned margins.

Subsec. (m)(7)(A)(i), (ii). Pub. L. 112–30, §133(3)(A)(ii), (iii), substituted "$2,500,000 for each fiscal year and $1,250,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "$2,500,000".

Subsec. (m)(7)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 112–30, §133(3)(A)(iv), substituted "$1,000,000 for each fiscal year and $500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "$1,000,000".

Subsec. (m)(7)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 112–30, §133(3)(A)(v), substituted "$1,000,000 for each fiscal year and $500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "$1,000,000".

Pub. L. 112–5, §303(3)(A)(iv), inserted a period at the end.

Subsec. (m)(7)(A)(v), (vi). Pub. L. 112–30, §133(3)(A)(vi), (vii), substituted "$1,000,000 for each fiscal year and $500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "$1,000,000".

Subsec. (m)(7)(A)(vii). Pub. L. 112–30, §133(3)(A)(viii), substituted "$650,000 for each fiscal year and $325,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "$650,000".

Subsec. (m)(7)(A)(viii). Pub. L. 112–30, §133(3)(A)(ix), substituted "$350,000 for each fiscal year and $175,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "$350,000".

Subsec. (m)(7)(B). Pub. L. 112–5, §303(3)(B)(i), struck out "$5,732,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" after cl. (v).

Subsec. (m)(7)(B)(vi). Pub. L. 112–5, §303(3)(B)(ii), added cl. (vi).

Subsec. (m)(7)(B)(vii). Pub. L. 112–30, §133(3)(B), added cl. (vii).

Subsec. (m)(7)(C). Pub. L. 112–30, §133(3)(C), substituted "fiscal year and during the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "fiscal year".

Pub. L. 112–5, §303(3)(C), struck out ", and during the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending March 4, 2011," after "year".

Subsec. (m)(7)(D). Pub. L. 112–30, §133(3)(D), substituted "fiscal year and not less than $17,500,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "fiscal year".

Pub. L. 112–5, §303(3)(D), struck out ", and not less than $14,863,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011," after "year".

Subsec. (m)(7)(E). Pub. L. 112–30, §133(3)(E), substituted "fiscal year and $1,500,000 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "fiscal year".

Pub. L. 112–5, §303(3)(E), struck out ", and $1,273,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011," after "year".

**2010**—Subsec. (m)(2). Pub. L. 111–322, §2303(1)(A), (B), substituted "

Pub. L. 111–147, §433(1)(A), (B), substituted "

Subsec. (m)(2)(A)(i). Pub. L. 111–322, §2303(1)(C), substituted "$84,931,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$50,000,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147, §433(1)(C), substituted "2010, and $50,000,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010," for "2009".

Subsec. (m)(6)(B). Pub. L. 111–322, §2303(2)(A), which directed substitution of "$6,369,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$3,750,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010", was executed by making the substitution for "$3,750,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 111–147, §433(2)(A), substituted "2010, and $3,750,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010," for "2009".

Subsec. (m)(6)(C). Pub. L. 111–322, §2303(2)(B), substituted "$2,123,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$1,250,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147, §433(2)(B), substituted "2010, and $1,250,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010," for "2009".

Subsec. (m)(7)(A). Pub. L. 111–147, §433(3)(A), inserted cl. (i) designation and heading, substituted "$10,000,000 shall be available in each of fiscal years 2006 through 2010" for "$10,000,000 shall be available in each of fiscal years 2006 through 2009" in introductory provisions, redesignated former cls. (i) to (viii) as subcls. (I) to (VIII), respectively, of cl. (i), and added cl. (ii).

Subsec. (m)(7)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 111–322, §2303(3)(A)(iii), substituted "155/365ths" for "25 percent".

Pub. L. 111–322, §2303(3)(A)(ii), which directed substitution of "$4,246,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$2,500,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010", was executed by making the substitution for "$2,500,000 shall be available in the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 111–322, §2303(3)(A)(i), substituted "

Subsec. (m)(7)(B). Pub. L. 111–322, §2303(4), which directed general amendment of cl. (vi), was executed by substituting "$5,732,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "(vi) $3,375,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010." See Codification note above.

Subsec. (m)(7)(B)(v). Pub. L. 111–147, §433(3)(B), added cl. (v).

Subsec. (m)(7)(B)(vi). Pub. L. 111–147, §433(3)(B), added cl. (vi).

Subsec. (m)(7)(C). Pub. L. 111–322, §2303(5), substituted "March 4, 2011" for "December 31, 2010". See Codification note above.

Pub. L. 111–147, §433(3)(C), inserted ", and during the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010," after "fiscal year".

Subsec. (m)(7)(D). Pub. L. 111–322, §2303(6), substituted "$14,863,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$8,750,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010". See Codification note above.

Pub. L. 111–147, §433(3)(D), inserted ", and not less than $8,750,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010," after "year".

Subsec. (m)(7)(E). Pub. L. 111–322, §2303(7), substituted "$1,273,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$750,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010". See Codification note above.

Pub. L. 111–147, §433(3)(E), inserted ", and $750,000 shall be available for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010," after "year".

**2008**—Subsec. (d)(5)(B). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(d)(1), substituted "this subsection and shall give comparable, but not necessarily equal, numerical weight to each project justification criteria in calculating the overall project rating." for "regulation."

Subsec. (e)(6)(B). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(d)(2), substituted "subsection and shall give comparable, but not necessarily equal, numerical weight to each project justification criteria in calculating the overall project rating." for "subsection."

Subsec. (m)(2)(A). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(d)(3), substituted "

Subsec. (m)(7)(B). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(d)(4), substituted "section 3045" for "section 3039" in introductory provisions.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text consisted of subsecs. (a) to (p) providing for grants and loans to assist State and local governmental authorities in financing capital projects related to fixed guideway systems, capital projects needed for an efficient and coordinated mass transportation system, the capital costs of coordinating mass transportation with other transportation, the introduction of new technology, and mass transportation projects to meet the special needs of elderly individuals and individuals with disabilities.

Subsec. (m)(1). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(a)(1), substituted "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(a)(1), substituted "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(a)(1), substituted "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(a)(1), substituted "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(a)(1), substituted "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (m)(2)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(a)(2), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(a)(2), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(a)(2), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(a)(2), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(a)(2), substituted "

Subsec. (m)(3)(B). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(a)(3), substituted "$2,470,000" for "$2,465,754" and "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(a)(3), substituted "$2,465,754" for "$2,430,000" and "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(a)(3), substituted "$2,430,000" for "$2,400,000" and "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(a)(3), substituted "$2,400,000" for "$2,250,000" and "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(a)(3), substituted "$2,250,000" for "$2,000,000" and "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005".

Subsec. (m)(3)(C). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(a)(4), substituted "$41,506,850" for "$41,095,900" and "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(a)(4), substituted "$41,095,900" for "$40,500,000" and "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(a)(4), substituted "$40,500,000" for "$40,000,000" and "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(a)(4), substituted "$40,000,000" for "$37,500,000" and "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(a)(4), substituted "$37,500,000" for "$33,333,333" and "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005".

**2004**—Subsec. (m)(1). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(a)(1), inserted "and for the period of October 1, 2004, through May 31, 2005" after "2004" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 108–280, §7(a)(1)(A), struck out "2003 and for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31," before "2004" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(a)(1)(A), substituted "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(a)(1)(A), substituted "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(a)(1)(A), substituted "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (m)(1)(A). Pub. L. 108–280, §7(a)(1)(B), substituted ", except for fiscal year 2004 during which $1,206,506,000 will be available" for ", except for the period beginning on October 1, 2003, and ending on July 31, 2004, during which $999,489,679 will be available".

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(a)(1)(A), (B), substituted "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004" and "$999,489,679" for "$899,540,711".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(a)(1)(B), substituted "June 30, 2004, during which $899,540,711 will be available" for "April 30, 2004, during which $699,642,775 will be available".

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(a)(1)(B), inserted ", except for the period beginning on October 1, 2003, and ending on April 30, 2004, during which $699,642,775 will be available" after "modernization".

Subsec. (m)(1)(B). Pub. L. 108–280, §7(a)(1)(C), substituted ", except for fiscal year 2004 during which $1,323,794,000 will be available" for ", except for the period beginning on October 1, 2003, and ending on July 31, 2004, during which $1,096,653,013 will be available".

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(a)(1)(A), (C), substituted "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004" and "$1,096,653,013" for "$986,987,712".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(a)(1)(C), substituted "June 30, 2004, during which $986,987,712 will be available" for "April 30, 2004, during which $767,657,109 will be available".

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(a)(1)(C), inserted ", except for the period beginning on October 1, 2003, and ending on April 30, 2004, during which $767,657,109 will be available" before the semicolon.

Subsec. (m)(1)(C). Pub. L. 108–280, §7(a)(1)(D), substituted ", except for fiscal year 2004 during which $607,200,000 will be available" for ", except for the period beginning on October 1, 2003, and ending on July 31, 2004, during which $503,014,600 will be available".

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(a)(1)(A), (D), substituted "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004" and "$503,014,600" for "$452,713,140".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(a)(1)(D), which directed the amendment of subpar. (C) without providing closing quotation marks designating the provisions to be inserted, was executed by substituting "2003, and ending on June 30, 2004, during which $452,713,140 will be available" for "2003 and ending on April 30, 2004, during which $352,110,220 will be available", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(a)(1)(D), inserted ", except for the period beginning on October 1, 2003 and ending on April 30, 2004, during which $352,110,220 will be available" after "facilities".

Subsec. (m)(2)(B)(i). Pub. L. 108–280, §7(a)(2)(A), substituted "2004" for "2003".

Subsec. (m)(2)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(a)(2), added cl. (iii).

Pub. L. 108–280, §7(a)(2)(B), struck out heading and text of cl. (iii). Text read as follows: "Of the amounts made available under paragraph (1)(B), $8,615,533 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2003, and ending on July 31, 2004, for capital projects described in clause (i)."

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(a)(2), inserted cl. (iii) and struck out heading and text of former cl. (iii). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Of the amounts made available under paragraph (1)(B), $7,753,980 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2003, and ending on June 30, 2004, for capital projects described in clause (i)."

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(a)(2), amended heading and text of cl. (iii) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Of the amounts made available under paragraph (1)(B), $6,066,667 shall be available for the period beginning on October 1, 2003, and ending on April 30, 2004, for capital projects described in clause (i)."

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(a)(2), amended heading and text of cl. (iii) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Of the amounts made available under paragraph (1)(B), $4,333,333 shall be available for the period of October 1, 2003, through February 29, 2004, for capital projects described in clause (i)."

Subsec. (m)(3)(B). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(a)(3), inserted "(and $2,000,000 shall be available for the period October 1, 2004, through May 31, 2005)" after "2004".

Pub. L. 108–280, §7(a)(3), substituted "2004" for "2003 (and $2,485,250 shall be available for the period October 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004)".

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(a)(3), substituted "$2,485,250" for "$2,236,725" and "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(a)(3), substituted "$2,236,725" for "$1,750,000" and "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(a)(3), substituted "$1,750,000" for "$1,250,000" and "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004".

Subsec. (m)(3)(C). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(a)(4), inserted ", and $33,333,333 shall be available for the period October 1, 2004, through May 31, 2005," after "2004)".

Pub. L. 108–280, §7(a)(4), substituted "1999 through 2004" for "1999 through 2003", "$50,000,000" for "$41,420,833", and "fiscal year 2004" for "the period October 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(a)(4), substituted "$41,420,833" for "$37,278,750" and "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(a)(4), substituted "$37,278,750" for "$28,994,583" and "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(a)(4), substituted "$28,994,583 shall be transferred to and administered under section 5309 for buses and bus facilities" for "$20,833,334 shall be available" and "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004".

Subsec. (o)(3). Pub. L. 108–271 substituted "Government Accountability Office" for "General Accounting Office" in introductory provisions.

**2003**—Subsec. (m)(1). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(a)(1), inserted "and for the period of October 1, 2003, through February 29, 2004" after "2003".

Subsec. (m)(2)(B). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(a)(2), added cl. (iii).

Subsec. (m)(3)(B). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(a)(3), inserted "(and $1,250,000 shall be available for the period October 1, 2003, through February 29, 2004)" after "2003".

Subsec. (m)(3)(C). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(a)(4), inserted "(and $20,833,334 shall be available for the period October 1, 2003, through February 29, 2004)" after "2003".

**2000**—Subsec. (g)(4). Pub. L. 106–346 designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpars. (B) to (G).

Subsec. (g)(4)(D)(2). Pub. L. 106–554 struck out "light" before "rail extension".

**1999**—Subsec. (g)(1)(B). Pub. L. 106–69 inserted "and the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations" after "Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate".

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, §3009(a), substituted "Capital investment" for "Discretionary" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(1)(E) to (H). Pub. L. 105–178, §3009(c), added subpars. (E) and (F), redesignated former subpars. (F) and (G) as (G) and (H), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (E) which read as follows: "transportation projects that enhance urban economic development or incorporate private investment, including commercial and residential development, because the projects—

"(i) enhance the effectiveness of a mass transportation project and are related physically or functionally to that mass transportation project; or

"(ii) establish new or enhanced coordination between mass transportation and other transportation;".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–178, §3009(d), amended subsec. (c) generally, substituting "[Reserved.]" for former heading and text which read as follows:

"(c)

"(1) owned by a rail carrier subject to reorganization under title 11; and

"(2) used to provide commuter rail transportation."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–178, §3009(k)(1), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(g), in par. (3)(C), substituted "suburban sprawl" for "urban sprawl", and in par. (6), substituted "or 'not recommended', based" for "or not 'recommended', based" in second sentence and inserted "of the" before "criteria established" in last sentence.

Pub. L. 105–178, §3009(e), reenacted heading without change and amended text of subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (e) related to, in par. (1), applicability of subsection to projects, in par. (2), approval of grants or loans for capital projects, in par. (3), criteria for making approval decisions, in par. (4), issuance of guidelines on evaluation of alternatives, project justification, and degree of local financial commitment, in par. (5), advancement of project from alternatives analysis to preliminary engineering, in par. (6), exemptions from requirements of subsection, and in par. (7), requirement of full financing agreement.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 105–178, §3009(h)(1), amended subsec. (f) generally, substituting "[Reserved.]" for former heading and text which read as follows:

"(f)

"(2) Eligible costs for a project under subsection (a)(5) of this section—

"(A) include property acquisition, demolition of existing structures, site preparation, utilities, building foundations, walkways, open space, and a capital project for, and improving, equipment or a facility for an intermodal transfer facility or transportation mall; but

"(B) do not include construction of a commercial revenue-producing facility or a part of a public facility not related to mass transportation."

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 105–178, §3009(f)(1), substituted "Funding" for "Financing" in heading.

Subsec. (g)(1)(B). Pub. L. 105–178, §3009(f)(3), substituted "At least 60 days" for "At least 30 days" and "letter or agreement. The Secretary shall include with the notification a copy of the proposed letter or agreement as well as the evaluations and ratings for the project" for "issuance of the letter" and inserted "or entering into a full funding grant agreement" after "subparagraph (A) of this paragraph".

Subsec. (g)(2)(A), (B), (3)(A)(i). Pub. L. 105–178, §3009(f)(2), substituted "full funding" for "full financing".

Subsec. (g)(4). Pub. L. 105–178, §3009(k)(2), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(g), substituted "5338(b) of this title for new fixed guideway systems and extensions to existing fixed guideway systems and the amount appropriated under section 5338(h)(5) or an amount equivalent to the last 2 fiscal years of funding authorized under section 5338(b) for new fixed guideway systems and extensions to existing fixed guideway systems" for "5338(a) of this title to carry out this section or an amount equivalent to the total authorizations under section 5338(b) for new fixed guideway systems and extensions to existing fixed guideway systems for fiscal years 2002 and 2003".

Pub. L. 105–178, §3009(f)(2), (4), substituted "full funding" for "full financing" before "grant agreements" in two places and "an amount equivalent to the total authorizations under section 5338(b) for new fixed guideway systems and extensions to existing fixed guideway systems for fiscal years 2002 and 2003" for "50 percent of the uncommitted cash balance remaining in the Mass Transit Account of the Highway Trust Fund (including amounts received from taxes and interest earned that are more than amounts previously obligated)".

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 105–178, §3009(k)(3), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(g), substituted "5338(b)" for "5338" in introductory provisions of par. (1), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) relating to limitation on amounts available for activities other than final design and construction, redesignated par. (4) as (3)(C), added pars. (3)(D) and (4), and struck out par. (5) relating to funding for ferry boat systems.

Pub. L. 105–178, §3009(g), reenacted heading without change and amended text of subsec. (m) generally, substituting provisions allocating amounts for fiscal years 1998 to 2003 for provisions allocating amounts for each fiscal year ending Sept. 30 from 1993 to 1997 and for period of Oct. 1, 1997 to Mar. 31, 1998.

Subsec. (n)(2). Pub. L. 105–178, §3009(h)(3)(D), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, §9009(h)(3), substituted "in a manner satisfactory" for "in a way satisfactory".

Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 105–178, §3009(i), added subsec. (o) relating to reports.

Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 105–178, §3009(j), added subsec. (p).

**1997**—Subsec. (m)(1). Pub. L. 102–240, §3049(a), as added by Pub. L. 105–130, inserted ", and for the period of October 1, 1997, through March 31, 1998" after "1997".

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(12)(A), designated existing provisions as par. (1), redesignated former pars. (1) to (7) as subpars. (A) to (G) of par. (1), respectively, and former subpars. (A) and (B) of par. (5) as subcls. (i) and (ii) of subpar. (E), respectively, and added par. (2).

Subsec. (e)(4)(B). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(12)(B), substituted "paragraph (2)" for "paragraph (1)(B)".

Subsec. (g)(1)(B). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), substituted "Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Public Works and Transportation".

Subsec. (m)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(12)(C), inserted "rail" before "fixed guideway modernization".

Subsec. (m)(3). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), substituted "Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Public Works and Transportation".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by section 20008(a) of Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by section 113003 of Pub. L. 112–141 effective July 1, 2012, see section 114001 of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 5305 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–140 to cease to be effective on July 6, 2012, with text as amended by Pub. L. 112–140 to revert back to read as it did on the day before June 29, 2012, and amendments by Pub. L. 112–141 to be executed as if Pub. L. 112–140 had not been enacted, see section 1(c) of Pub. L. 112–140, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 effective simultaneously with enactment of Pub. L. 105–178 and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 105–178 at time of enactment, and provisions of Pub. L. 105–178, as in effect on day before July 22, 1998, that are amended by title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 to be treated as not enacted, see section 9016 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by section 5(12) of Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3005(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1454, as amended by Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30005(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 900, provided that:

"(1)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(i) means a substantial corridor-based capital investment in an existing fixed guideway system that increases the capacity of a corridor by not less than 10 percent; and

"(ii) may include project elements designed to aid the existing fixed guideway system in making substantial progress towards achieving a state of good repair.

"(D)

"(i) including—

"(I) defined stations;

"(II) traffic signal priority for public transportation vehicles;

"(III) short headway bidirectional services for a substantial part of weekdays; and

"(IV) any other features the Secretary may determine support a long-term corridor investment; and

"(ii) the majority of which does not operate in a separated right-of-way dedicated for public transportation use during peak periods.

"(E)

"(F)

"(i) in which the majority of the project operates in a separated right-of-way dedicated for public transportation use during peak periods;

"(ii) that represents a substantial investment in a single route in a defined corridor or subarea; and

"(iii) that includes features that emulate the services provided by rail fixed guideway public transportation systems, including—

"(I) defined stations;

"(II) traffic signal priority for public transportation vehicles;

"(III) short headway bidirectional services for a substantial part of weekdays and weekend days; and

"(IV) any other features the Secretary may determine are necessary to produce high-quality public transportation services that emulate the services provided by rail fixed guideway public transportation systems.

"(G)

"(i) a fixed guideway capital project that is a minimum operable segment or extension to an existing fixed guideway system; or

"(ii) a fixed guideway bus rapid transit project that is a minimum operable segment or an extension to an existing bus rapid transit system.

"(H)

"(I)

"(i) the Federal assistance provided or to be provided under this subsection is less than $150,000,000; and

"(ii) the total estimated net capital cost is less than $400,000,000.

"(2)

"(A) new fixed guideway capital projects or small start projects, including the acquisition of real property, the initial acquisition of rolling stock for the system, the acquisition of rights-of-way, and relocation, for projects in the advanced stages of planning and design; and

"(B) core capacity improvement projects, including the acquisition of real property, the acquisition of rights-of-way, double tracking, signalization improvements, electrification, expanding system platforms, acquisition of rolling stock associated with corridor improvements increasing capacity, construction of infill stations, and such other capacity improvement projects as the Secretary determines are appropriate to increase the capacity of an existing fixed guideway system corridor by not less than 10 percent. Core capacity improvement projects do not include elements to improve general station facilities or parking, or acquisition of rolling stock alone.

"(3)

"(A)

"(i) the eligible project is part of an approved transportation plan required under sections 5303 and 5304 of title 49, United States Code;

"(ii) the applicant has, or will have—

"(I) the legal, financial, and technical capacity to carry out the eligible project, including the safety and security aspects of the eligible project;

"(II) satisfactory continuing control over the use of the equipment or facilities;

"(III) the technical and financial capacity to maintain new and existing equipment and facilities; and

"(IV) advisors providing guidance to the applicant on the terms and structure of the project that are independent from investors in the project;

"(iii) the eligible project is supported, or will be supported, in part, through a public-private partnership, provided such support is determined by local policies, criteria, and decisionmaking under section 5306(a) of title 49, United States Code;

"(iv) the eligible project is justified based on findings presented by the project sponsor to the Secretary, including—

"(I) mobility improvements attributable to the project;

"(II) environmental benefits associated with the project;

"(III) congestion relief associated with the project;

"(IV) economic development effects derived as a result of the project; and

"(V) estimated ridership projections;

"(v) the eligible project is supported by an acceptable degree of local financial commitment (including evidence of stable and dependable financing sources); and

"(vi) the eligible project will be operated and maintained by employees of an existing provider of fixed guideway or bus rapid transit public transportation in the service area of the project, or if none exists, by employees of an existing public transportation provider in the service area.

"(B)

"(C)

"(i) the applicant achieved budget, cost, and ridership outcomes for the project that are consistent with or better than projections; and

"(ii) the applicant demonstrates that the applicant continues to have the staff expertise and other resources necessary to implement a new project.

"(D)

"(i)

"(I) each proposed source of capital and operating financing is stable, reliable, and available within the proposed eligible project timetable; and

"(II) resources are available to recapitalize, maintain, and operate the overall existing and proposed public transportation system, including essential feeder bus and other services necessary, without degradation to the existing level of public transportation services.

"(ii)

"(I) the reliability of the forecasting methods used to estimate costs and revenues made by the applicant and the contractors to the applicant;

"(II) existing grant commitments;

"(III) the degree to which financing sources are dedicated to the proposed eligible project;

"(IV) any debt obligation that exists or is proposed by the applicant, for the proposed eligible project or other public transportation purpose; and

"(V) private contributions to the eligible project, including cost-effective project delivery, management or transfer of project risks, expedited project schedule, financial partnering, and other public-private partnership strategies.

"(E)

"(4)

"(A) identification of an eligible project;

"(B) a schedule and finance plan for the construction and operation of the eligible project;

"(C) an analysis of the efficiencies of the proposed eligible project development and delivery methods and innovative financing arrangement for the eligible project, including any documents related to the—

"(i) public-private partnership required under paragraph (3)(A)(iii); and

"(ii) project justification required under paragraph (3)(A)(iv); and

"(D) a certification that the existing public transportation system of the applicant or, in the event that the applicant does not operate a public transportation system, the public transportation system to which the proposed project will be attached, is in a state of good repair.

"(5)

"(A)

"(i) of approval of the grant request; or

"(ii) if the grant request does not meet the requirements under paragraph (4), of disapproval of the grant request, including a detailed explanation of the reasons for the disapproval.

"(B)

"(6)

"(A) the eligible project meets the definition of a core capacity improvement project; and

"(B) the Secretary certifies that the eligible project will allow the applicant to make substantial progress in achieving a state of good repair.

"(7)

"(8)

"(A)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(B)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(iii)

"(I) establish the terms of participation by the Federal Government in the eligible project;

"(II) establish the maximum amount of Federal financial assistance for the eligible project;

"(III) include the period of time for completing construction of the eligible project, consistent with the terms of the public-private partnership agreement, even if that period extends beyond the period of an authorization; and

"(IV) make timely and efficient management of the eligible project easier according to the law of the United States.

"(iv)

"(I)

"(II)

"(III)

"(IV)

"(v)

"(I)

"(II)

"(C)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(D)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(9)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(D)

"(E)

"(F)

"(10)

"(A)

"(B)

"(11)

"(12)

"(A) require the privatization of the operation or maintenance of any project for which an applicant seeks funding under this subsection;

"(B) revise the determinations by local policies, criteria, and decisionmaking under section 5306(a) of title 49, United States Code;

"(C) alter the requirements for locally developed, coordinated, and implemented transportation plans under sections 5303 and 5304 of title 49, United States Code; or

"(D) alter the eligibilities or priorities for assistance under this subsection or section 5309 of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 113–235, div. K, title I, §167, Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2720, provided that: "In developing guidance implementing 49 U.S.C. 5309(i) Program of Interrelated Projects, the Secretary shall consider projects eligible under section 5309(h) Small Starts Projects, including streetcars."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20008(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 674, which related to a pilot program for expedited project delivery, was repealed by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3030(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1496.

Pub. L. 111–117, div. A, title I, §173, Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3066, provided that the rating under former subsec. (d) of this section of the non-New Starts share of the public transportation element of certain interstate multi-modal projects would be based on the percentage of non-New Starts funds in the unified finance plan.

Pub. L. 110–244, title II, §201(p), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1615, required the Secretary of Transportation to analyze the various benefits of transit tunnels.

Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3011(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1588, as amended by Pub. L. 111–147, title IV, §437(b)(1), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 92; Pub. L. 111–322, title II, §2307(b)(1), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3530; Pub. L. 112–5, title III, §307(b)(1), Mar. 4, 2011, 125 Stat. 21; Pub. L. 112–30, title I, §137(b)(1), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 354; Pub. L. 112–102, title III, §307(b)(1), Mar. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 280; Pub. L. 112–140, title III, §307(b)(1), June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 401; Pub. L. 112–141, div. G, title III, §113007(b)(1), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 987, which provided for the establishment and implementation of a pilot program to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of public-private partnerships for certain new fixed guideway capital projects, was repealed by Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20002(c)(2), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 622.

Pub. L. 105–200, title IV, §403(b), July 16, 1998, 112 Stat. 670, required the Secretary of Transportation to submit a report, no later than 2 years after July 16, 1998, on the use of funds made available under section 3037 of Pub. L. 105–178.

Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3010, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 357, as amended by Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(i), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 856, prohibited the consideration of the dollar value of mobility improvements in performing certain duties of the Secretary and required the Comptroller General to study and report on the dollar value of mobility improvements no later than Jan. 1, 2000.

Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3037, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 387, as amended by Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(w), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 862; Pub. L. 108–88, §8(l), Sept. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 1124; Pub. L. 108–202, §9(l), Feb. 29, 2004, 118 Stat. 488; Pub. L. 108–224, §7(l), Apr. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 636; Pub. L. 108–263, §7(l), June 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 707; Pub. L. 108–280, §7(l), July 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 884; Pub. L. 108–310, §8(l), Sept. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 1157; Pub. L. 109–14, §7(k), May 31, 2005, 119 Stat. 333; Pub. L. 109–20, §7(k), July 1, 2005, 119 Stat. 355; Pub. L. 109–35, §7(k), July 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 388; Pub. L. 109–37, §7(k), July 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 403; Pub. L. 109–40, §7(k), July 28, 2005, 119 Stat. 420, which authorized the Secretary of Transportation to make access to jobs grants and reverse commute grants to assist qualified entities in financing eligible projects, was repealed by Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3018(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1605, effective Oct. 1, 2005.

Pub. L. 91–453, §10, Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 968, as amended by Pub. L. 102–240, title III, §3003(b), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2088, encouraged industries adversely affected by reductions in Federal Government spending to compete for contracts under former sections 5309 and 5312 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(A) a designated recipient or a State that receives a grant under this section directly; or

(B) a State or local governmental entity that operates a public transportation service.

(2)

(b)

(1)

(A) public transportation projects planned, designed, and carried out to meet the special needs of seniors and individuals with disabilities when public transportation is insufficient, inappropriate, or unavailable;

(B) public transportation projects that exceed the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12101 et seq.);

(C) public transportation projects that improve access to fixed route service and decrease reliance by individuals with disabilities on complementary paratransit; and

(D) alternatives to public transportation that assist seniors and individuals with disabilities with transportation.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) a private nonprofit organization; or

(ii) a State or local governmental authority that—

(I) is approved by a State to coordinate services for seniors and individuals with disabilities; or

(II) certifies that there are no private nonprofit organizations readily available in the area to provide the services described in paragraph (1)(A).

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A)

(B)

(i) participate and coordinate with recipients of assistance under this chapter in the design and delivery of transportation services; and

(ii) participate in the planning for the transportation services described in clause (i).

(6)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(7)

(c)

(1)

(A)

(i) the number of seniors and individuals with disabilities in each such urbanized area; bears to

(ii) the number of seniors and individuals with disabilities in all such urbanized areas.

(B)

(i) the number of seniors and individuals with disabilities in urbanized areas with a population of fewer than 200,000 individuals, as determined by the Bureau of the Census, in each State; bears to

(ii) the number of seniors and individuals with disabilities in urbanized areas with a population of fewer than 200,000 individuals, as determined by the Bureau of the Census, in all States.

(C)

(i) the number of seniors and individuals with disabilities in rural areas in each State; bears to

(ii) the number of seniors and individuals with disabilities in rural areas in all States.

(2)

(A)

(i) funds apportioned under paragraph (1)(A) shall be used for projects serving urbanized areas with a population of 200,000 or more individuals, as determined by the Bureau of the Census;

(ii) funds apportioned under paragraph (1)(B) shall be used for projects serving urbanized areas with a population of fewer than 200,000 individuals, as determined by the Bureau of the Census; and

(iii) funds apportioned under paragraph (1)(C) shall be used for projects serving rural areas.

(B)

(i) for a project serving an area other than an area specified in subparagraph (A)(ii) or (A)(iii), as the case may be, if the Governor of the State certifies that all of the objectives of this section are being met in the area specified in subparagraph (A)(ii) or (A)(iii); or

(ii) for a project anywhere in the State, if the State has established a statewide program for meeting the objectives of this section.

(C)

(D)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) may be provided from an undistributed cash surplus, a replacement or depreciation cash fund or reserve, a service agreement with a State or local social service agency or a private social service organization, or new capital; and

(B) may be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise made available—

(i) to a department or agency of the Government (other than the Department of Transportation) that are eligible to be expended for transportation; or

(ii) to carry out the Federal lands highways program under section 204 1 of title 23.

(4)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) the projects selected by the recipient are included in a locally developed, coordinated public transit-human services transportation plan;

(ii) the plan described in clause (i) was developed and approved through a process that included participation by seniors, individuals with disabilities, representatives of public, private, and nonprofit transportation and human services providers, and other members of the public; and

(iii) to the maximum extent feasible, the services funded under this section will be coordinated with transportation services assisted by other Federal departments and agencies, including any transportation activities carried out by a recipient of a grant from the Department of Health and Human Services.

(B)

(f)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(g)

(1) the recipient in possession of the facility or equipment consents to the transfer; and

(2) the facility or equipment will continue to be used as required under this section.

(h)

(1)

(2)

(A) modifications to the geographic coverage of transportation service, the quality of transportation service, or service times that increase the availability of transportation services for seniors and individuals with disabilities;

(B) ridership;

(C) accessibility improvements; and

(D) other measures, as the Secretary determines is appropriate.

(i)

(1) innovative practices;

(2) program models;

(3) new service delivery options;

(4) findings from activities under subsection (h); and

(5) transit cooperative research program reports.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 807; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3013(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 359; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(2), 3012(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1544, 1589; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20009, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 675; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3006(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1462.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5310(a) | 49 App.:1612(b) (1st sentence words before cl. (1)), cls. (1) (words before 3d comma), (2) (words before "with such grants"). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §16(b) (1st sentence); added Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §8, 84 Stat. 967; restated Aug. 13, 1973, Pub. L. 93–87, §301(g), 87 Stat. 295; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3021(1)– (4), 105 Stat. 2110. |

5310(b) | 49 App.:1612(c)(2), (3). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §16(c); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3021(6), 105 Stat. 2110; Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, §502(k), 106 Stat. 1567. |

5310(c) | 49 App.:1612(c)(1). | |

5310(d) | 49 App.:1612(b) (1st sentence cl. (3)). | |

5310(e) | 49 App.:1612(b) (1st sentence cls. (1) (words after 3d comma), (2) (words after "service under this subsection")). | |

5310(f) | 49 App.:1612(e). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §16(e); added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §317(c), 96 Stat. 2153; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §327(a)(4), 101 Stat. 238; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3021(1), (5), 105 Stat. 2110. |

5310(g) | 49 App.:1612(c)(4). | |

5310(h) | 49 App.:1612(f). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §16(f); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §321, 101 Stat. 235; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3021(5), (7), 105 Stat. 2110, 2111. |

5310(i) | 49 App.:1614(g) (related to 1612(b)). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §18(g) (related to §16(b)); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §313, 92 Stat. 2750; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3022, 105 Stat. 2111. |

5310(j) | 49 App.:1604b. | Nov. 26, 1974, Pub. L. 93–503, §108, 88 Stat. 1572. |


In this section, the words "governmental authorities" are substituted for "public bodies" because of section 5302(a) of the revised title.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "In addition to the grants and loans otherwise provided for under this chapter" are omitted as surplus. In clauses (1) and (2), the words "the specific purpose of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "or agencies thereof" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "for expenditure", "to the States", and "amounts of a" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "A recipient of amounts under this section" are added for clarity to correct an error in the source provisions. The words "under a contract, lease, or other arrangement" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the words "terms, conditions . . . and provisions" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(1), the words "and is deemed" are substituted for "and being considered for the purposes of all other laws" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (e)(2), the words "insofar as may be appropriate" and "necessary or . . . for purposes of this paragraph" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), the words "any applicable" are omitted as surplus. The words "prescribe regulations establishing" are substituted for "not later than ninety days after January 6, 1983, publish in the Federal Register for public comment, proposed regulations and, not later than one hundred and eighty days after January 6, 1983, promulgate final regulations, establishing" to eliminate unnecessary and executed words. Section 3021(1) of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (Public Law 102–240, 105 Stat. 2110) is applied to 49 App.:1612(e) to carry out the apparent intent of Congress.

In subsection (g), the words "not later than 60 days following December 18, 1991" are omitted as obsolete. The words "and agencies" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (j), the words "elderly individuals and individuals with disabilities" are substituted for "elderly and handicapped persons" for consistency.

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (b)(1)(B), is Pub. L. 101–336, July 26, 1990, 104 Stat. 327, which is classified principally to chapter 126 (§12101 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 12101 of Title 42 and Tables.

Section 204 of title 23, referred to in subsec. (d)(3)(B)(ii), was repealed and a new section 204 was enacted by Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, §1119(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 473, 489. As enacted by Pub. L. 112–141, section 204 relates to the Federal lands access program.

The date of enactment of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (h)(1), is deemed to be Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §3006(a)(1), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'recipient' means a designated recipient or a State that receives a grant under this section directly."

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 114–94, §3006(a)(2), added subsec. (i).

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to formula grants for special needs of elderly individuals and individuals with disabilities.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, §3012(a), amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text consisted of subsecs. (a) to (j) relating to formula grants and loans for special needs of elderly individuals and individuals with disabilities.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(2), substituted "Public" for "Mass".

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178 substituted "Formula grants" for "Grants" in section catchline.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3006(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1462, provided that:

"(1)

"(A) the term 'eligible project' has the meaning given the term 'capital project' in section 5302 of title 49, United States Code; and

"(B) the term 'eligible recipient' means a recipient or subrecipient, as those terms are defined in section 5310 of title 49, United States Code.

"(2)

"(A) the deployment of coordination technology;

"(B) projects that create or increase access to community One-Call/One-Click Centers; and

"(C) such other projects as determined appropriate by the Secretary.

"(3)

"(A) a detailed description of the eligible project;

"(B) an identification of all eligible project partners and their specific role in the eligible project, including—

"(i) private entities engaged in the coordination of nonemergency medical transportation services for the transportation disadvantaged; or

"(ii) nonprofit entities engaged in the coordination of nonemergency medical transportation services for the transportation disadvantaged;

"(C) a description of how the eligible project would—

"(i) improve local coordination or access to coordinated transportation services;

"(ii) reduce duplication of service, if applicable; and

"(iii) provide innovative solutions in the State or community; and

"(D) specific performance measures the eligible project will use to quantify actual outcomes against expected outcomes.

"(4)

"(5)

"(A)

"(B)

"(6)

Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3012(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1591, as amended by Pub. L. 111–147, title IV, §437(c), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 92; Pub. L. 111–322, title II, §2307(c), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3530; Pub. L. 112–5, title III, §307(c), Mar. 4, 2011, 125 Stat. 21; Pub. L. 112–30, title I, §137(c), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 354; Pub. L. 112–102, title III, §307(c), Mar. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 280; Pub. L. 112–140, title III, §307(c), June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 401; Pub. L. 112–141, div. G, title III, §113007(c), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 987, which established a pilot program for certain States to carry out projects for public transportation of elderly individuals and individuals with disabilities, was repealed by Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20002(c)(3), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 622.

Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3038, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 392, as amended by Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(x), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 862; Pub. L. 106–346, §101(a) [title III, §336], Oct. 23, 2000, 114 Stat. 1356, 1356A–31; Pub. L. 108–88, §8(m), Sept. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 1125; Pub. L. 108–202, §9(m), Feb. 29, 2004, 118 Stat. 488; Pub. L. 108–224, §7(m), Apr. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 636; Pub. L. 108–263, §7(m), June 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 707; Pub. L. 108–280, §7(m), July 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 885; Pub. L. 108–310, §8(m), Sept. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 1158; Pub. L. 109–14, §7(l), May 31, 2005, 119 Stat. 333; Pub. L. 109–20, §7(l), July 1, 2005, 119 Stat. 355; Pub. L. 109–35, §7(l), July 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 388; Pub. L. 109–37, §7(l), July 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 403; Pub. L. 109–40, §7(l), July 28, 2005, 119 Stat. 420; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3039(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1638, which provided for grants to over-the-road bus operators to finance costs associated with bus accessibility for persons with disabilities, was repealed by Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20002(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 622.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(1)

(A) planning, provided that a grant under this section for planning activities shall be in addition to funding awarded to a State under section 5305 for planning activities that are directed specifically at the needs of rural areas in the State;

(B) public transportation capital projects;

(C) operating costs of equipment and facilities for use in public transportation;

(D) job access and reverse commute projects; and

(E) the acquisition of public transportation services, including service agreements with private providers of public transportation service.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(i) the program provides a fair distribution of amounts in the State, including Indian reservations; and

(ii) the program provides the maximum feasible coordination of public transportation service assisted under this section with transportation service assisted by other Federal sources.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(4)

(A) total annual revenue;

(B) sources of revenue;

(C) total annual operating costs;

(D) total annual capital costs;

(E) fleet size and type, and related facilities;

(F) vehicle revenue miles; and

(G) ridership.

(c)

(1)

(A) an amount equal to 5 percent shall be available to carry out paragraph (2); and

(B) 3 percent shall be available to carry out paragraph (3).

(2)

(A) 20 percent shall be distributed by the Secretary on a competitive basis; and

(B) 80 percent shall be apportioned as formula grants as provided in subsection (j).

(3)

(A)

(i) the term "Appalachian region" has the same meaning as in section 14102 of title 40; and

(ii) the term "eligible recipient" means a State that participates in a program established under subtitle IV of title 40.

(B)

(C)

(D)

(i) that use is approved, in writing, by the eligible recipient after appropriate notice and an opportunity for comment and appeal are provided to affected public transportation providers; and

(ii) the eligible recipient, in approving the use of amounts under this subparagraph, determines that the local transit needs are being addressed.

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(I)

(II)

(iii)

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(I) more than 5 percent of the amount apportioned under clause (ii); or

(II) more than 5 percent of the amount apportioned under clause (iii).

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1)

(A) planning and marketing for intercity bus transportation;

(B) capital grants for intercity bus facilities;

(C) joint-use facilities;

(D) operating grants through purchase-of-service agreements, user-side subsidies, and demonstration projects; and

(E) coordinating rural connections between small public transportation operations and intercity bus carriers.

(2)

(g)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(A) may be provided in cash from non-Government sources;

(B) may be provided from revenues from the sale of advertising and concessions;

(C) may be provided from an undistributed cash surplus, a replacement or depreciation cash fund or reserve, a service agreement with a State or local social service agency or a private social service organization, or new capital;

(D) may be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise made available to a department or agency of the Government (other than the Department of Transportation) that are eligible to be expended for transportation;

(E) notwithstanding subparagraph (B), may be derived from amounts made available to carry out the Federal lands highway program established by section 204 1 of title 23; and

(F) in the case of an intercity bus project that includes both feeder service and an unsubsidized segment of intercity bus service to which the feeder service connects, may be derived from the costs of a private operator for the unsubsidized segment of intercity bus service, including all operating and capital costs of such service whether or not offset by revenue from such service, as an in-kind match for the operating costs of connecting rural intercity bus feeder service funded under subsection (f), if the private operator agrees in writing to the use of the costs of the private operator for the unsubsidized segment of intercity bus service as an in-kind match.

(4)

(5)

(h)

(i)

(1)

(2)

(j)

(1)

(A)

(i) 50 percent of the total amount shall be apportioned so that each Indian tribe providing public transportation service shall receive an amount equal to the total amount apportioned under this clause multiplied by the ratio of the number of vehicle revenue miles provided by an Indian tribe divided by the total number of vehicle revenue miles provided by all Indian tribes, as reported to the Secretary;

(ii) 25 percent of the total amount shall be apportioned equally among each Indian tribe providing at least 200,000 vehicle revenue miles of public transportation service annually, as reported to the Secretary; and

(iii) 25 percent of the total amount shall be apportioned among each Indian tribe providing public transportation on tribal lands (American Indian Areas, Alaska Native Areas, and Hawaiian Home Lands, as defined by the Bureau of the Census) on which more than 1,000 low-income individuals reside (as determined by the Bureau of the Census) so that each Indian tribe shall receive an amount equal to the total amount apportioned under this clause multiplied by the ratio of the number of low-income individuals residing on an Indian tribe's lands divided by the total number of low-income individuals on tribal lands on which more than 1,000 low-income individuals reside.

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 809; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3014(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 359; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(4), 3013(a)–(h), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545, 1593–1596; Pub. L. 110–244, title II, §201(e), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1610; Pub. L. 111–147, title IV, §434, Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 89; Pub. L. 111–322, title II, §2304, Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3527; Pub. L. 112–5, title III, §304, Mar. 4, 2011, 125 Stat. 19; Pub. L. 112–30, title I, §134, Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 351; Pub. L. 112–102, title III, §304, Mar. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 277; Pub. L. 112–140, title III, §304, June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 398; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20010, div. G, title III, §113004, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 680, 985; Pub. L. 113–159, title I, §1201, Aug. 8, 2014, 128 Stat. 1845; Pub. L. 114–21, title I, §1201, May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 222; Pub. L. 114–41, title I, §1201, July 31, 2015, 129 Stat. 450; Pub. L. 114–73, title I, §1201, Oct. 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 572; Pub. L. 114–87, title I, §1201, Nov. 20, 2015, 129 Stat. 681; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3007, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1464; Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30006, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 900.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5311(a) | 49 App.:1614(c) (3d sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §18(b), (c) (2d, 3d sentences), (d), (e) (1st–4th sentences), (f); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §313, 92 Stat. 2749, 2750. |

5311(b)(1) | 49 App.:1614(b) (1st sentence 18th–last words, 2d, last sentences), (c) (2d sentence words between 1st and 2d commas). | |

5311(b)(2) | 49 App.:1614(h). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §18(h); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §323, 101 Stat. 235. |

5311(c) | 49 App.:1614(a) (1st sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §18(a) (1st sentence); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §313, 92 Stat. 2748; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §316(a), 96 Stat. 2153. |

49 App.:1614(a) (2d sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §18(a) (2d sentence); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §313, 92 Stat. 2748; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3024, 105 Stat. 2112. | |

49 App.:1614(c) (1st sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §18(c) (1st sentence); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §313, 92 Stat. 2749; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §316(b), 96 Stat. 2153. | |

5311(d) | 49 App.:1614(b) (1st sentence 1st–17th words), (c) (2d sentence words before 1st and after 2d commas). | |

5311(e)(1) | 49 App.:1614(d). | |

5311(e)(2) | 49 App.:1614(c) (4th sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §18(c) (4th sentence); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §322, 101 Stat. 235. |

5311(f) | 49 App.:1614(i). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §18(i); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3023, 105 Stat. 2111. |

5311(g)(1) | 49 App.:1614(e) (last sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §18(e) (last sentence); added Dec. 19, 1985, Pub. L. 99–190, §326, 99 Stat. 1289. |

5311(g)(2) | 49 App.:1614(e) (1st–4th sentences). | |

5311(h) | 49 App.:1614(c) (last sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §18(c) (last sentence); added Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, §502(l), 106 Stat. 1567. |

5311(i) | 49 App.:1614(g) (related to this section). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §18(g) (related to this section); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §313(a), 92 Stat. 2750; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3022, 105 Stat. 2111. |

5311(j) | 49 App.:1614(f). |


In subsection (a), the words "Eligible" and "and agencies thereof" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "The Secretary of Transportation may make grants" are added for clarity and consistency in this chapter. The word "equitable" is omitted as being included in "fair".

In subsection (b)(2), the words "establish and" are omitted as executed. The word "direct" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "for expenditure in each fiscal year" are omitted as surplus. The words "so that" are substituted for "Such sums shall be made available for expenditure for public transportation projects in areas other than urbanized areas on the basis of a formula under which" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "will be entitled to" and "as designated by the Bureau of the Census" are omitted as surplus. The words "United States" are substituted for "all the States" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "available", "a period of", and "the close of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "included in a program under subsection (b) of this section" are substituted for 49 App.:1614(b) (1st–17th words) and "which are appropriate for areas other than urbanized areas" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "for assistance" are added for clarity.

In subsection (e)(1), the words "of funds under this section. Such technical assistance" and "(public and private)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsections (e)(2) and (g)(2), the word "grant" is substituted for "share" for consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (f), the text of 49 App.:1614(i)(3) is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (f)(1), before clause (A), the words "Subject to paragraph (2)" are omitted as surplus. The reference to fiscal year 1992 is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (g)(2), the words "under this chapter", "as defined by the Secretary", "Any public or private", "solely", and "available in" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (h) is substituted for 49 App.:1614(c) (last sentence) for clarity and consistency in this chapter and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (j)(1), the text of 49 App.:1614(f) (1st sentence) is omitted as unnecessary because of section 5334(a) of the revised title and 49:322(a). The words "in carrying out projects" are omitted as surplus.

Section 204 of title 23, referred to in subsec. (g)(3)(E), was repealed and a new section 204 was enacted by Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, §1119(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 473, 489. As enacted by Pub. L. 112–141, section 204 relates to the Federal lands access program.

**2021**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–58, §30006(1), added pars. (1) and (2), struck out former par. (1) which related to public transportation on Indian reservations, and redesignated former pars. (2) and (3) as (3) and (4), respectively.

Subsec. (j)(1)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §30006(2), substituted "subsection (c)(2)(B)" for "subsection (c)(1)(B)" in introductory provisions.

**2015**—Subsec. (b)(3)(B). Pub. L. 114–94, §3007(b)(1), substituted "5338(a)(2)(F)" for "5338(a)(2)(E)".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §3007(b)(2)(A), substituted "5338(a)(2)(F)" for "5338(a)(2)(E)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, §3007(a)(1), added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A), which read as follows: "$5,000,000 for each fiscal year ending before October 1, 2015, and $887,978 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015, shall be distributed on a competitive basis by the Secretary."

Pub. L. 114–87, §1201(1), substituted "and $887,978 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $696,721 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1201(1), substituted "and $696,721 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $396,175 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1201(1), substituted "for each fiscal year ending before October 1, 2015, and $396,175 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "for each fiscal year ending before October 1, 2014, and $4,164,384 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1201(1), substituted "and $4,164,384 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $3,328,767 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 114–94, §3007(a)(1), added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B), which read as follows: "$25,000,000 for each fiscal year ending before October 1, 2015, and $4,439,891 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015, shall be apportioned as formula grants, as provided in subsection (j)."

Pub. L. 114–87, §1201(2), substituted "and $4,439,891 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $3,483,607 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1201(2), substituted "and $3,483,607 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $1,980,874 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1201(2), substituted "for each fiscal year ending before October 1, 2015, and $1,980,874 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "for each fiscal year ending before October 1, 2014, and $20,821,918 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1201(2), substituted "and $20,821,918 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $16,643,836 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 114–94, §3007(b)(2)(B), substituted "5338(a)(2)(F)" for "5338(a)(2)(E)".

Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, §3007(b)(2)(C), substituted "5338(a)(2)(F)" for "5338(a)(2)(E)".

Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 114–94, §3007(a)(2), added subpars. (A) and (B), redesignated former subpars. (A) to (D) as (C) to (F), respectively, and in subpar. (F), inserted ", including all operating and capital costs of such service whether or not offset by revenue from such service," after "the costs of a private operator for the unsubsidized segment of intercity bus service".

Subsec. (j)(1)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 114–94, §3007(a)(3)(A), substituted "(American Indian Areas, Alaska Native Areas, and Hawaiian Home Lands, as defined by the Bureau of the Census)" for "(as defined by the Bureau of the Census)".

Subsec. (j)(1)(E). Pub. L. 114–94, §3007(a)(3)(B), added subpar. (E).

**2014**—Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 113–159, §1201(1), inserted "for each fiscal year ending before October 1, 2014, and $3,328,767 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," before "shall be distributed".

Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 113–159, §1201(2), inserted "for each fiscal year ending before October 1, 2014, and $16,643,836 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," before "shall be apportioned".

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, §20010, amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to formula grants for other than urbanized areas.

Subsec. (c)(1)(G). Pub. L. 112–141, §113004, amended subpar. (G) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (G) read as follows: "$11,250,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012."

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 304, temporarily amended subpar. (G) generally, apportioning $11,400,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102 amended subpar. (G) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (G) read as follows: "$7,500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012."

**2011**—Subsec. (c)(1)(F). Pub. L. 112–5 amended subpar. (F) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "$6,369,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011."

Subsec. (c)(1)(G). Pub. L. 112–30 added subpar. (G).

**2010**—Subsec. (c)(1)(E). Pub. L. 111–147 added subpar. (E).

Subsec. (c)(1)(F). Pub. L. 111–322 amended subpar. (F) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (F) read as follows: "$3,750,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–147 added subpar. (F).

**2008**—Subsec. (g)(1)(A). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(e)(1), (2), substituted "for a capital project or project administrative expenses" for "for any purpose other than operating assistance" and struck out "capital" after "net".

Subsec. (g)(1)(B). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(e)(2), struck out "capital" after "net".

Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(e)(3), substituted "Section 5333(b) applies" for "Sections 5323(a)(1)(D) and 5333(b) of this title apply".

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §3013(a), amended heading and text of subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "In this section, 'recipient' includes a State authority, a local governmental authority, a nonprofit organization, and an operator of mass transportation service."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §3013(b), reenacted heading without change and amended text of subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(1) The Secretary of Transportation may make grants for transportation projects that are included in a State program of mass transportation service projects (including service agreements with private providers of mass transportation service) for areas other than urbanized areas. The program shall be submitted annually to the Secretary. The Secretary may approve the program only if the Secretary finds that the program provides a fair distribution of amounts in the State, including Indian reservations, and the maximum feasible coordination of mass transportation service assisted under this section with transportation service assisted by other United States Government sources.

"(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall carry out a rural transportation assistance program in nonurbanized areas. In carrying out this paragraph, the Secretary may make grants and contracts for transportation research, technical assistance, training, and related support services in nonurbanized areas."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §3013(c), amended heading and text of subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary of Transportation shall apportion amounts made available under section 5338(a) of this title so that the chief executive officer of each State receives an amount equal to the total amount apportioned multiplied by a ratio equal to the population of areas other than urbanized areas in a State divided by the population of all areas other than urbanized areas in the United States, as shown by the most recent of the following: the latest Government census, the population estimate the Secretary of Commerce prepares after the 4th year after the date the latest census is published, or the population estimate the Secretary of Commerce prepares after the 8th year after the date the latest census is published. The amount may be obligated by the chief executive officer for 2 years after the fiscal year in which the amount is apportioned. An amount that is not obligated at the end of that period shall be reapportioned among the States for the next fiscal year."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §3013(d), inserted ", Planning," after "Administration" in heading and in text struck out "(1)" before "The Secretary", substituted "subrecipient" for "recipient", and struck out par. (2) which read as follows: "Except as provided in this section, a State carrying out a program of operating assistance under this section may not limit the level or extent of use of the Government grant for the payment of operating expenses."

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" in two places.

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §3013(e)(1), inserted heading, struck out "after September 30, 1993," after "in each fiscal year" in introductory provisions and realigned margins of subpars. (A) to (D).

Subsec. (f)(1)(E). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §3013(e)(2), inserted heading and substituted "Secretary, after consultation with affected intercity bus service providers," for "Secretary of Transportation".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–59, §3013(f), substituted "Government" for "Government's" in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(1) In this subsection, 'amounts of the Government or revenues' do not include amounts received under a service agreement with a State or local social service agency or a private social service organization.

"(2) A grant of the Government for a capital project under this section may not be more than 80 percent of the net cost of the project, as determined by the Secretary of Transportation. A grant to pay a subsidy for operating expenses may not be more than 50 percent of the net cost of the operating expense project. At least 50 percent of the remainder shall be provided in cash from sources other than amounts of the Government or revenues from providing mass transportation. Transit system amounts that make up the remainder shall be from an undistributed cash surplus, a replacement or depreciation cash fund or reserve, or new capital."

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 109–59, §3013(g), redesignated subsec. (i) as (h) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (h). Text read as follows: "An amount made available under this section may be used for operating assistance."

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 109–59, §3013(g)(2), redesignated subsec. (j) as (i). Former subsec. (i) redesignated (h).

Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §3013(h), which directed amendment of subsec. (j)(1) by substituting "if the Secretary of Labor utilizes a special warranty that provides a fair and equitable arrangement to protect the interests of employees" for "but the Secretary of Labor may waive the application of section 5333(b)", was executed by making the substitution in subsec. (i)(1) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the redesignation of subsec. (j) as (i) by Pub. L. 109–59, §3013(g)(2). See above.

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 109–59, §3013(g)(2), redesignated subsec. (j) as (i).

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, §3014(a)(1), substituted "Formula grants" for "Financial assistance" in section catchline.

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 105–178, §3014(a)(2), struck out "10 percent of the amount made available in the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993, and" before "15 percent of the amount" in introductory provisions.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by section 20010 of Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by section 113004 of Pub. L. 112–141 effective July 1, 2012, see section 114001 of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 5305 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–140 to cease to be effective on July 6, 2012, with text as amended by Pub. L. 112–140 to revert back to read as it did on the day before June 29, 2012, and amendments by Pub. L. 112–141 to be executed as if Pub. L. 112–140 had not been enacted, see section 1(c) of Pub. L. 112–140, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government, including Federal laboratories;

(B) State and local governmental entities;

(C) providers of public transportation;

(D) private or non-profit organizations;

(E) institutions of higher education; and

(F) technical and community colleges.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) a statement of purpose detailing the need being addressed;

(ii) the short- and long-term goals of the project, including opportunities for future innovation and development, the potential for deployment, and benefits to riders and public transportation; and

(iii) the short- and long-term funding requirements to complete the project and any future objectives of the project.

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i) accelerated adoption of advanced digital systems applied throughout the lifecycle of transportation infrastructure (including through the planning, design and engineering, construction, operations, and maintenance phases) that—

(I) maximize interoperability with other systems, products, tools, or applications;

(II) boost productivity;

(III) manage complexity;

(IV) reduce project delays and cost overruns;

(V) enhance safety and quality; and

(VI) reduce total costs for the entire lifecycle of transportation infrastructure assets;

(ii) more timely and productive information-sharing among stakeholders through reduced reliance on paper to manage construction processes and deliverables such as blueprints, design drawings, procurement and supply-chain orders, equipment logs, daily progress reports, and punch lists;

(iii) deployment of digital management systems that enable and leverage the use of digital technologies on construction sites by contractors, such as state-of-the-art automated and connected machinery and optimized routing software that allows construction workers to perform tasks faster, safer, more accurately, and with minimal supervision;

(iv) the development and deployment of best practices for use in digital construction management;

(v) increased technology adoption and deployment by States, local governmental authorities, and designated recipients that enables project sponsors—

(I) to integrate the adoption of digital management systems and technologies in contracts; and

(II) to weigh the cost of digitization and technology in setting project budgets;

(vi) technology training and workforce development to build the capabilities of project managers and sponsors that enables States, local governmental authorities, or designated recipients—

(I) to better manage projects using advanced construction management technologies; and

(II) to properly measure and reward technology adoption across projects;

(vii) development of guidance to assist States, local governmental authorities, and designated recipients in updating regulations to allow project sponsors and contractors—

(I) to report data relating to the project in digital formats; and

(II) to fully capture the efficiencies and benefits of advanced digital construction management systems and related technologies;

(viii) reduction in the environmental footprint of construction projects using advanced digital construction management systems resulting from elimination of congestion through more efficient projects; and

(ix) enhanced worker and pedestrian safety resulting from increased transparency.

(C)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) providing more effective and efficient public transportation service, including services to—

(i) seniors;

(ii) individuals with disabilities; and

(iii) low-income individuals;

(B) mobility management and improvements and travel management systems;

(C) data and communication system advancements;

(D) system capacity, including—

(i) train control;

(ii) capacity improvements; and

(iii) performance management;

(E) capital and operating efficiencies;

(F) planning and forecasting modeling and simulation;

(G) advanced vehicle design;

(H) advancements in vehicle technology;

(I) asset maintenance and repair systems advancement;

(J) construction and project management;

(K) alternative fuels;

(L) the environment and energy efficiency;

(M) safety improvements; or

(N) any other area that the Secretary determines is important to advance the interests of public transportation.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) the development of public transportation research projects that received assistance under subsection (c) that the Secretary determines were successful;

(B) planning and forecasting modeling and simulation;

(C) capital and operating efficiencies;

(D) advanced vehicle design;

(E) advancements in vehicle technology;

(F) the environment and energy efficiency;

(G) system capacity, including train control and capacity improvements; or

(H) any other area that the Secretary determines is important to advance the interests of public transportation.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A) an entity described in subsection (b)(2); or

(B) a consortium of entities described in subsection (b)(2), including a provider of public transportation, that will share the costs, risks, and rewards of early deployment and demonstration of innovation.

(3)

(A) the deployment of research and technology development resulting from private efforts or Federally funded efforts;

(B) the implementation of research and technology development to advance the interests of public transportation; or

(C) the deployment of low or no emission vehicles, zero emission vehicles, or associated advanced technology.

(4)

(5)

(6)

(A) the term "direct carbon emissions" means the quantity of direct greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle, as determined by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency;

(B) the term "low or no emission vehicle" means—

(i) a passenger vehicle used to provide public transportation that the Secretary determines sufficiently reduces energy consumption or harmful emissions, including direct carbon emissions, when compared to a comparable standard vehicle; or

(ii) a zero emission vehicle used to provide public transportation; and

(C) the term "zero emission vehicle" means a low or no emission vehicle that produces no carbon or particulate matter.

(f)

(1)

(A) a description of each project that received assistance under this section during the preceding fiscal year;

(B) an evaluation of each project described in paragraph (1), including any evaluation conducted under subsection (e)(4) for the preceding fiscal year; and

(C) a strategic research roadmap proposal for allocations of amounts for assistance under this section for the current and subsequent fiscal year, including anticipated work areas, proposed demonstrations and strategic partnership opportunities;

(2)

(3)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(h)

(1)

(A) the term "covered institution of higher education" means an institution of higher education with which the Secretary enters into a contract or cooperative agreement, or to which the Secretary makes a grant, under paragraph (2)(B) to operate a facility selected under paragraph (2)(A);

(B) the terms "direct carbon emissions" and "low or no emission vehicle" have the meanings given those terms in subsection (e)(6);

(C) the term "institution of higher education" has the meaning given the term in section 102 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1002); and

(D) the term "low or no emission vehicle component" means an item that is separately installed in and removable from a low or no emission vehicle.

(2)

(A)

(i) to conduct testing, evaluation, and analysis of low or no emission vehicle components intended for use in low or no emission vehicles; and

(ii) to conduct directed technology research.

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(I) capacity to carry out transportation-related advanced component and vehicle evaluation;

(II) laboratories capable of testing and evaluation; and

(III) direct access to or a partnership with a testing facility capable of emulating real-world circumstances in order to test low or no emission vehicle components installed on the intended vehicle.

(C)

(D)

(i) the Secretary shall pay 50 percent of the cost of assessing a low or no emission vehicle component at the applicable facility selected under subparagraph (A) from amounts made available to carry out this section; and

(ii) the remaining 50 percent of such cost shall be paid from amounts recovered through the fees established and collected pursuant to subparagraph (C).

(E)

(F)

(G)

(H)

(i) acquisition of equipment and capital projects related to testing low or no emission vehicle components; or

(ii) research related to advanced vehicle technologies that provides advancements to the entire public transportation industry.

(I)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A) a low or no emission vehicle component to be tested at a facility selected under paragraph (2)(A); or

(B) the development or disclosure of a privately funded component assessment.

(i)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 811; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3015(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 359; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(4), 3014(a)–(e)(1), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545, 1596, 1597; Pub. L. 110–244, title II, §201(f), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1610; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20011, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 686; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3008(a), (b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1465, 1468; Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30007(a), (c), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 900, 902.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5312(a) | 49 App.:1605(a). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §6(a), 78 Stat. 305; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25; Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §13(b), 84 Stat. 969. |

49 App.:1605(d). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §6(d), 78 Stat. 305; Sept. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89–562, §3, 80 Stat. 717; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25. | |

5312(b)(1) | 49 App.:1607c(a) (1st, 2d sentences). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §11(a); added Sept. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89–562, §2(a)(2), 80 Stat. 716. |

5312(b)(2) | 49 App.:1607c(a) (3d sentence). | |

5312(b)(3) | 49 App.:1607c(a) (last sentence). | |

5312(c)(1) | 49 App.:1607b (1st sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §10; added Sept. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89–562, §2(a)(2), 80 Stat. 716; restated Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §306, 92 Stat. 2744. |

5312(c)(2) | 49 App.:1603(c) (1st sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §4(c) (1st sentence); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §303(e), 92 Stat. 2739; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §320, 101 Stat. 235; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3006(h)(1), 105 Stat. 2090. |

5312(c)(3) | 49 App.:1607b (2d–last sentences). |


In subsections (a) and (b)(1), the words "(or the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development when required by section 5334(i) of this title)" are added for clarity.

In subsection (a), the word "working" is omitted as surplus. The words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government" are substituted for "other Federal departments and agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "all phases of", "(including the development, testing, and demonstration of new facilities, equipment, techniques, and methods)", "In carrying out the provisions of this section", "or data as he deems", "public or private", and "contained . . . section 1701d–3 of title 12 or . . . other provision of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "public and private", "assist in establishing or carrying on comprehensive research in the problems of transportation in urban areas. Such grants shall be used to", and "and qualified" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the words "or both" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3), the word "appropriate" is added for clarity.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "and agencies thereof" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(3), before clause (A), the words "public or private training" and "the sum of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "in connection with the fellowship" are omitted as surplus.

The date of enactment of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (h)(3), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

**2021**—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 117–58, §30007(c), added par. (4).

Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 117–58, §30007(a)(1), added subsec. (f) and struck out subsec. (g) relating to annual reports on research.

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §30007(a)(2), substituted ", except that if there is substantial public interest or benefit, the Secretary may approve a greater Federal share." for period at end.

Subsec. (h)(2)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §30007(a)(3)(A)(i), added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary shall competitively select at least one facility to conduct testing, evaluation, and analysis of low or no emission vehicle components intended for use in low or no emission vehicles."

Subsec. (h)(2)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, §30007(a)(3)(A)(ii), added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B), which related to operation and maintenance of facilities to conduct testing, evaluation, and analysis of low or no emission vehicle components.

Subsec. (h)(2)(H), (I). Pub. L. 117–58, §30007(a)(3)(A)(iii), added subpars. (H) and (I).

Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, §30007(a)(3)(B), inserted ", as applicable" before period at end.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(a)(1), substituted "Public transportation innovation" for "Research, development, demonstration, and deployment projects" in section catchline.

Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(a)(2), (3), added subsec. (a) and redesignated former subsec. (a) as (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (c).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (b) as (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(b)(1), substituted "subsection (b)(2)" for "subsection (a)(2)".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e).

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(b)(2)(A), substituted "subsection (b)(2)" for "subsection (a)(2)".

Subsec. (d)(2)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(b)(2)(B), substituted "subsection (c)" for "subsection (b)".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (d) as (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (f).

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(b)(3), substituted "subsection (b)(2)" for "subsection (a)(2)" in subpars. (A) and (B).

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(a)(4)(A)(i), inserted "demonstration, deployment, or evaluation" before "project that" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e)(3)(C). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(a)(4)(A)(ii)–(iv), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (e)(5), (6). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(a)(4)(B), added pars. (5) and (6) and struck out former par. (5), which related to low or no emission vehicle deployment.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(a)(6)(A), redesignated subsec. (f) relating to annual report on research as (g).

Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (e) relating to annual report on research as (f). Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(a)(6)(A), redesignated subsec. (f) relating to annual report on research as (g), inserted heading and introductory provisions, and struck out former heading and introductory provisions. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Not later than the first Monday in February of each year, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives a report that includes—".

Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (f) relating to government share of costs as (g).

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(a)(6)(B), struck out "and" at end.

Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(b)(4), which directed substitution of "subsection (e)(4)" for "subsection (d)(4)" in subsec. (f)(2), was executed to par. (2) of subsec. (g) relating to annual report on research, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(a)(6)(C), substituted a period for "; and".

Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(a)(6)(D), struck out par. (3) which read as follows: "a proposal for allocations of amounts for assistance under this section for the subsequent fiscal year."

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(a)(5), added subsec. (h).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 114–94, §3008(a)(7), added subsec. (i).

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to research, development, demonstration, and deployment projects and consisted of subsecs. (a) to (c).

**2008**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–244 substituted "Public Transportation" for "Mass Transportation" in heading.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, §3014(e)(1), substituted "deployment" for "training" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §3014(a), amended heading and text of subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary of Transportation (or the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development when required by section 5334(i) of this title) may undertake, or make grants or contracts (including agreements with departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government) for, research, development, and demonstration projects related to urban mass transportation that the Secretary decides will help reduce urban transportation needs, improve mass transportation service, or help mass transportation service meet the total urban transportation needs at a minimum cost. The Secretary may request and receive appropriate information from any source. This subsection does not limit the authority of the Secretary under another law."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §3014(b), redesignated subsec. (d) as (b) and struck out former subsec. (b) which related to grants to nonprofit institutions of higher learning for research, investigations, and training.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §3014(b), redesignated subsec. (e) as (c) and struck out former subsec. (c) which related to grants to States, local governmental authorities, and operators of mass transportation systems for training fellowships and grants to State and local governmental authorities for projects that would use innovative techniques and methods in managing and providing mass transportation.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §3014(c), substituted "public or private" for "public and private".

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 109–59, §3014(d), struck out "shall be accounted for separately within the Mass Transit Account of the Highway Trust Fund and" after "Such revenues".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–59, §3014(b), redesignated subsec. (d) as (b).

Subsec. (d)(1)(A), (2). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §3014(b), redesignated subsec. (e) as (c).

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" wherever appearing.

**1998**—Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 105–178 added subsecs. (d) and (e).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30007(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 902, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 812; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3029(b)(4), (5), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 372; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(4), 3015(a), (b)(1), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545, 1597; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20030(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 730, related to transit cooperative research program.

Repeal effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(1)

(A)

(i) more effectively and efficiently provide public transportation service;

(ii) administer funds received under this chapter in compliance with Federal law; and

(iii) improve public transportation.

(B)

(i) technical assistance; and

(ii) the development of voluntary and consensus-based standards and best practices by the public transportation industry, including standards and best practices for safety, fare collection, intelligent transportation systems, accessibility, procurement, security, asset management to maintain a state of good repair, operations, maintenance, vehicle propulsion, communications, and vehicle electronics.

(2)

(A) comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12101 et seq.) through technical assistance, demonstration programs, research, public education, and other activities related to complying with such Act;

(B) comply with human services transportation coordination requirements and to enhance the coordination of Federal resources for human services transportation with those of the Department of Transportation through technical assistance, training, and support services related to complying with such requirements;

(C) meet the transportation needs of elderly individuals;

(D) increase transit ridership in coordination with metropolitan planning organizations and other entities through development around public transportation stations through technical assistance and the development of tools, guidance, and analysis related to market-based development around transit stations;

(E) address transportation equity with regard to the effect that transportation planning, investment, and operations have for low-income and minority individuals;

(F) facilitate best practices to promote bus driver safety;

(G) meet the requirements of sections 5323(j) and 5323(m);

(H) assist with the development and deployment of low or no emission vehicles (as defined in section 5339(c)(1)) or low or no emission vehicle components (as defined in section 5312(h)(1)); and

(I) any other technical assistance activity that the Secretary determines is necessary to advance the interests of public transportation.

(3)

(A) a description of each project that received assistance under this subsection during the preceding fiscal year;

(B) an evaluation of the activities carried out by each organization that received assistance under this subsection during the preceding fiscal year;

(C) a proposal for allocations of amounts for assistance under this subsection for the subsequent fiscal year; and

(D) measurable outcomes and impacts of the programs funded under subsections (b) and (c).

(4)

(A)

(B)

(b)

(1)

(A) an employment training program;

(B) an outreach program to increase employment for veterans, females, individuals with a disability, minorities (including American Indians or Alaska Natives, Asian, Black or African Americans, native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics) in public transportation activities;

(C) research on public transportation personnel and training needs;

(D) training and assistance for veteran and minority business opportunities; and

(E) consensus-based national training standards and certifications in partnership with industry stakeholders.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) develop apprenticeships, on-the-job training, and instructional training for public transportation maintenance and operations occupations;

(ii) build local, regional, and statewide public transportation training partnerships with local public transportation operators, labor union organizations, workforce development boards, and State workforce agencies to identify and address workforce skill gaps;

(iii) improve safety, security, and emergency preparedness in local public transportation systems through improved safety culture and workforce communication with first responders and the riding public; and

(iv) address current or projected workforce shortages by developing partnerships with high schools, community colleges, and other community organizations.

(C)

(i) are geographically diverse;

(ii) address the workforce and human resources needs of large public transportation providers;

(iii) address the workforce and human resources needs of small public transportation providers;

(iv) address the workforce and human resources needs of urban public transportation providers;

(v) address the workforce and human resources needs of rural public transportation providers;

(vi) advance training related to maintenance of low or no emission vehicles and facilities used in public transportation;

(vii) target areas with high rates of unemployment;

(viii) advance opportunities for minorities, women, veterans, individuals with disabilities, low-income populations, and other underserved populations; and

(ix) address in-demand industry sector or occupation, as such term is defined in section 3 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3102).

(D)

(i) the impact on reducing public transportation workforce shortages in the area served;

(ii) the diversity of training participants;

(iii) the number of participants obtaining certifications or credentials required for specific types of employment;

(iv) employment outcomes, including job placement, job retention, and wages, using performance metrics established in consultation with the Secretary and the Secretary of Labor and consistent with metrics used by programs under the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3101 et seq.); and

(v) to the extent practical, evidence that the program did not preclude workers who are participating in skills training, on-the-job training, and work-based learning from being referred to, or hired on, projects funded under this chapter without regard to the length of time of their participation in the program.

(E)

(3)

(4)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) intermodal and public transportation planning;

(ii) management;

(iii) environmental factors;

(iv) acquisition and joint use rights-of-way;

(v) engineering and architectural design;

(vi) procurement strategies for public transportation systems;

(vii) turnkey approaches to delivering public transportation systems;

(viii) new technologies;

(ix) emission reduction technologies;

(x) ways to make public transportation accessible to individuals with disabilities;

(xi) construction, construction management, insurance, and risk management;

(xii) maintenance;

(xiii) contract administration;

(xiv) inspection;

(xv) innovative finance;

(xvi) workplace safety; and

(xvii) public transportation security.

(3)

(A) by the Secretary at no cost to the States and local governments for subjects that are a Government program responsibility; or

(B) when the education and training are paid under paragraph (4), by the State, with the approval of the Secretary, through grants and contracts with public and private agencies, other institutions, individuals, and the institute.

(4)

(A)

(B)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 812; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §§3016, 3029(b)(6), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 361, 372; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(4), 3016(a), (b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545, 1598, 1599; Pub. L. 110–244, title II, §201(g), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1610; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20012, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 690; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3009(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1469.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5314(a) | 49 App.:1622(b) (1)–(7). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §26(b)(1)–(8) (related to this subsection); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3030, 105 Stat. 2118. |

5314(b) | 49 App.:1622(b)(8) (related to this subsection). |


In subsection (a)(2), the word "subsection" in the source provision is translated as if it were "paragraph" to reflect the apparent intent of Congress.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "conditions, requirements, and provisions" are omitted as being included in "terms".

In subsection (a)(4)(C), the word "section" in the source provision is translated as if it were "paragraph" to reflect the apparent intent of Congress.

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), is Pub. L. 101–336, July 26, 1990, 104 Stat. 327, which is classified principally to chapter 126 (§12101 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 12101 of Title 42 and Tables.

The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(2)(D)(iv), is Pub. L. 113–128, July 22, 2014, 128 Stat. 1425, which enacted chapter 32 (§3101 et seq.) of Title 29, Labor, repealed chapter 30 (§2801 et seq.) of Title 29 and chapter 73 (§9201 et seq.) of Title 20, Education, and made amendments to numerous other sections and notes in the Code. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3101 of Title 29 and Tables.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94 amended section generally, substituting provisions relating to technical assistance and workforce development for provisions relating to technical assistance and standards development.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to national research programs.

**2008**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 110–244, which directed substitution of "section 5333(b)" for "section 5323(a)(1)(D)" in subsec. (a)(3) of section 5314, without specifying the Code title to be amended, was executed by making the substitution in subsec. (a)(3) of this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, §3016(a)(1), struck out "planning and" before "research" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §3016(a)(2), substituted "section 5338(d)" for "subsections (d) and (h)(7) of section 5338 of this title" and ", contracts, cooperative agreements, or other agreements" for "and contracts" and struck out "5303–5306," before "5312," and "5317," before "and 5322".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §3016(a)(3), substituted "The Secretary shall" for "Of the amounts made available under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Secretary shall make available at least $3,000,000 to".

Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation-related" for "mass transportation-related" and "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Subsec. (a)(4)(A). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Subsec. (a)(4)(B), (C). Pub. L. 109–59, §3016(a)(4), (5), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "The Secretary shall establish an Industry Technical Panel composed of representatives of transportation suppliers and operators and others involved in technology development. A majority of the Panel members shall represent the supply industry. The Panel shall assist the Secretary in identifying priority technology development areas and in establishing guidelines for project development, project cost sharing, and project execution."

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 109–59, §3016(a)(6), added par. (6).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §3016(a)(7), substituted ", contract, cooperative agreement, or other agreement under subsection (a) or section 5312," for "or contract financed under subsection (a) of this section,".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §3016(b), added subsec. (c).

**1998**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(b)(6), substituted "subsections (d) and (h)(7) of section 5338" for "section 5338(g)(4)".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 105–178, §3016, substituted "$3,000,000" for "$2,000,000".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1) better coordinate public and private sector-provided public transportation services;

(2) promote more effective utilization of private sector expertise, financing, and operational capacity to deliver costly and complex new fixed guideway capital projects; and

(3) promote transparency and public understanding of public-private partnerships affecting public transportation.

(b)

(1) provide technical assistance to recipients of Federal transit grant assistance, at the request of a recipient, on practices and methods to best utilize private providers of public transportation; and

(2) educate recipients of Federal transit grant assistance on laws and regulations under this chapter that impact private providers of public transportation.

(c)

(1) identify best practices for public-private partnerships models in the United States and in other countries;

(2) develop standard public-private partnership transaction model contracts; and

(3) perform financial assessments that include the calculation of public and private benefits of a proposed public-private partnership transaction.

(d)

(1) the eligibilities, requirements, or priorities for assistance provided under this chapter; or

(2) the requirements of section 5306(a).

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 813; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(13), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3017(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 361; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(l), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 857; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3017, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1600; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20013(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 692; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3010(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1474.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5315(a) | 49 App.:1625(a) (1st–3d sentences). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §29(a)–(c); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §6022, 105 Stat. 2185. |

5315(b) | 49 App.:1625(a) (last sentence). | |

5315(c) | 49 App.:1625(c). | |

5315(d) | 49 App.:1625(b). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the word "conduct" is substituted for "administer" for consistency in this section.

In subsection (d), the word "department" is omitted for consistency in this section.

This amends 49:5315(d), 5317(b)(5), and 5323(b)(1), (c), and (e) to correct erroneous cross-references.

**2015**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 114–94 added subsec. (d).

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to national transit institute.

**2005**—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §3017(a), added subsecs. (a) and (b) and struck out former subsecs. (a) and (b), which related to establishment and duties of a national transit institute in subsec. (a) and delegation to the institute of the authority of the Secretary to develop and conduct educational and training programs related to mass transportation in subsec. (b).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–59, §3017(b), struck out "mass" after "public" in two places.

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, §3017(a)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 105–206 substituted "transit" for "mass transportation" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–178, §3017(a)(2)(A), as amended by Pub. L. 105–206 substituted "national transit institute" for "national mass transportation institute" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 105–178, §3017(a)(2)(B), as amended by Pub. L. 105–206 inserted "and architectural design" before semicolon at end.

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 105–178, §3017(a)(2)(C), as amended by Pub. L. 105–206 substituted "delivering" for "carrying out".

Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 105–178, §3017(a)(2)(D), as amended by Pub. L. 105–206 inserted ", construction management, insurance, and risk management" before semicolon at end.

Subsec. (a)(15), (16). Pub. L. 105–178, §3017(a)(2)(E)–(G), as amended by Pub. L. 105–206 added pars. (15) and (16).

**1996**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "sections 5307 and 5309" for "sections 5304 and 5306".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 effective simultaneously with enactment of Pub. L. 105–178 and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 105–178 at time of enactment, and provisions of Pub. L. 105–178, as in effect on day before July 22, 1998, that are amended by title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 to be treated as not enacted, see section 9016 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20013(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 692, provided that:

"(1)

"(A) except as provided in paragraph (6), identify any provisions of chapter 53 of title 49, United States Code, and any regulations or practices thereunder, that impede greater use of public-private partnerships and private investment in public transportation capital projects; and

"(B) develop and implement on a project basis procedures and approaches that—

"(i) address such impediments in a manner similar to the Special Experimental Project Number 15 of the Federal Highway Administration (commonly referred to as 'SEP-15'); and

"(ii) protect the public interest and any public investment in public transportation capital projects that involve public-private partnerships or private investment in public transportation capital projects.

"(2)

"(A) any conflict of interest involving any party involved in the public-private partnership;

"(B) tax and financing aspects related to a public-private partnership agreement;

"(C) changes in the workforce and wages, benefits, or rules as a result of a public-private partnership;

"(D) estimates of the revenue or savings the public-private partnership will produce for the private entity and public entity;

"(E) any impacts on other developments and transportation modes as a result of non-compete clauses contained in public-private partnership agreements; and

"(F) any other issues the Secretary believes will increase transparency of public-private partnership agreements and protect the public interest.

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(6)

"(A) section 5333 of title 49, United States Code;

"(B) the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.); or

"(C) any other provision of Federal law."

Section 5316, added Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3018(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1601, related to job access and reverse commute formula grants.

A prior section 5316, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 814; Pub. L. 104–59, title III, §338(c)(5), Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 605, related to university research institutes, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–178, title V, §5110(c), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 444.

Section 5317, added Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3019(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1605, related to the New Freedom grant program to assist individuals with disabilities with public transportation.

A prior section 5317, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 815; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(14), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3029(b)(7), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 372, related to transportation centers, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–178, title V, §5110(c), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 444.

Repeal effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(A) a bus of that model has been tested at a facility authorized under subsection (a); and

(B) the bus tested under subparagraph (A) met—

(i) performance standards for maintainability, reliability, performance (including braking performance), structural integrity, fuel economy, emissions, and noise, as established by the Secretary by rule; and

(ii) the minimum safety performance standards established by the Secretary pursuant to section 5329(b).

(2) 1 (B)(i) shall include a bus model scoring system that results in a weighted, aggregate score that uses the testing categories under subsection (a) and considers the relative importance of each such testing category. The final rule issued under subparagraph (B)(i) shall establish a "pass/fail" standard that uses the aggregate score described in the preceding sentence. Amounts appropriated or otherwise made available under this chapter may be obligated or expended to acquire a new bus model only if the new bus model has received a passing aggregate test score. The Secretary shall work with the bus testing facility, bus manufacturers, and transit agencies to develop the bus model scoring system under this paragraph. A passing aggregate test score under the rule issued under subparagraph (B)(i) indicates only that amounts appropriated or made available under this chapter may be obligated or expended to acquire a new bus model and shall not be interpreted as a warranty or guarantee that the new bus model will meet a purchaser's specific requirements.

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 817; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(8), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4378; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §§3018, 3029(b)(8), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 361, 372; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(4), 3020, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545, 1608; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20014, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 694; Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30008, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 903.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5318(a) | 49 App.:1608 (note). | Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §317(b)(1), 101 Stat. 233; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §6021(b), 105 Stat. 2184. |

5318(b) | 49 App.:1608 (note). | Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §317(b)(2), 101 Stat. 233. |

5318(c) | 49 App.:1608 (note). | Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §317(b)(3), 101 Stat. 233. |

5318(d) | 49 App.:1602(m) (2d–last sentences). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §3(m) (2d–last sentences); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3009, 105 Stat. 2093. |

5318(e) | 49 App.:1608 (note). | Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §317(b)(5), 101 Stat. 233; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §6021(c), 105 Stat. 2184. |

49 App.:1608 (note). | Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, 101 Stat. 132, §317(b)(6); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §6021(d), 105 Stat. 2184. |


In subsection (c), the words "Under the contract entered into under paragraph (2)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "to the operator of the facility" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the text of section 317(b)(5) of the Surface Transportation and Relocation Assistance Act of 1987 (Public Law 100–17, 101 Stat. 132) is omitted as obsolete. The words "operating and maintaining the facility" are substituted for "described in paragraph (3)" for clarity.

This amends 49:5318(e) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

The date of enactment of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (e)(2), is deemed to be Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

**2021**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–58 added subsec. (f).

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 added subsec. (e) and struck out former subsec. (e). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Amounts appropriated or made available under this chapter may be obligated or expended to acquire a new bus model only if a bus of that model has been tested at the facility maintained by the Secretary under subsection (a)."

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §3020(a), amended heading and text of subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary of Transportation shall establish one facility for testing a new bus model for maintainability, reliability, safety, performance (including braking performance), structural integrity, fuel economy, emissions, and noise. The facility shall be established by renovating a facility built with assistance of the United States Government to train rail personnel."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–59, §3020(b), substituted "to carry out this section" for "under section 5309(m)(1)(C) of this title".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §3020(c), amended heading and text of subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary has a bus testing revolving loan fund consisting of amounts authorized for the fund under section 317(b)(5) of the Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act of 1987. The Secretary shall make available as repayable advances from the fund to the person operating and maintaining the facility amounts to operate and maintain the facility."

**1998**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–178, §3018(a), substituted "enter into a contract or cooperative agreement with, or make a grant to," for "make a contract with" and inserted "or organization" after "qualified person", ", cooperative agreement, or grant" after "The contract", and "mass transportation" after "and other".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–178, §§3018(b), 3029(b)(8), substituted "enter into a contract or cooperative agreement with, or make a grant to," for "make a contract with" and "5309(m)(1)(C) of this title" for "5338(j)(5) of this title".

**1994**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–429 inserted "Uniform" before "Relocation".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

1 So in original. Probably should be "subparagraph".

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 818; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3019, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 362; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3002(b)(4), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545; Pub. L. 110–244, title II, §201(h), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1610; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20030(c), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 730, made certain bicycle facilities eligible for assistance under sections 5307, 5309, and 5311 of this title.

Repeal effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Section, added Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3021(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1608; amended Pub. L. 110–244, title II, §201(i), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1610, related to alternative transportation in parks and public lands.

A prior section 5320, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 818; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(9), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4379; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3009(h)(3)(A), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 356; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(h)(1), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 856, related to construction of a suspended light rail system technology pilot project, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3021(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1608.

Repeal effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

The Secretary of Transportation may make capital grants from amounts available under section 5338 of this title to public transportation systems for crime prevention and security. This chapter does not prevent the financing of a project under this section when a local governmental authority other than the grant applicant has law enforcement responsibilities.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 820; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3002(b)(4), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5321 | 49 App.:1620. | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §24; added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §325, 101 Stat. 237. |


**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3028(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1624, required the Secretaries of Transportation and Homeland Security to issue jointly final regulations to establish the characteristics of and requirements for public transportation security grants not later than 180 days after Aug. 10, 2005.

Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3028(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1624, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) establish a process to develop security standards for public transportation agencies;

"(B) create a method of direct coordination with public transportation agencies on security matters;

"(C) address any other issues determined to be appropriate by the Secretary and the Secretary of Homeland Security; and

"(D) include a formal and permanent mechanism to ensure coordination and involvement by the Department of Transportation, as appropriate, in public transportation security."

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 820; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(4), 3022, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545, 1614; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20015, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 695, provided for programs that address human resource needs in public transportation activities.

Repeal effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(1)

(A) the Secretary determines that such financial assistance is essential to a program of projects required under sections 5303, 5304, and 5306;

(B) the Secretary determines that the program provides for the participation of private companies engaged in public transportation to the maximum extent feasible; and

(C) just compensation under State or local law will be paid to the company for its franchise or property.

(2)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(f)

(1)

(A) to an applicant that operates a school system in the area to be served and a separate and exclusive schoolbus program for the school system; and

(B) unless a private schoolbus operator can provide adequate transportation that complies with applicable safety standards at reasonable rates.

(2)

(g)

(h)

(1) pay ordinary governmental or nonproject operating expenses;

(2) pay incremental costs of incorporating art or non-functional landscaping into facilities, including the costs of an artist on the design team; or

(3) support a procurement that uses an exclusionary or discriminatory specification.

(i)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(I) the seating capacity of which is at least 6 adults (not including the driver); and

(II) at least 80 percent of the mileage use of which can be reasonably expected to be for the purposes of transporting commuters in connection with travel between their residences and their place of employment.

(j)

(1)

(2)

(A) applying paragraph (1) would be inconsistent with the public interest;

(B) the steel, iron, and goods produced in the United States are not produced in a sufficient and reasonably available amount or are not of a satisfactory quality;

(C) when procuring rolling stock (including train control, communication, traction power equipment, and rolling stock prototypes) under this chapter—

(i) the cost of components and subcomponents produced in the United States—

(I) for fiscal years 2016 and 2017, is more than 60 percent of the cost of all components of the rolling stock;

(II) for fiscal years 2018 and 2019, is more than 65 percent of the cost of all components of the rolling stock; and

(III) for fiscal year 2020 and each fiscal year thereafter, is more than 70 percent of the cost of all components of the rolling stock; and

(ii) final assembly of the rolling stock has occurred in the United States; or

(D) including domestic material will increase the cost of the overall project by more than 25 percent.

(3)

(A)

(i) publish in the Federal Register and make publicly available in an easily identifiable location on the website of the Department of Transportation a detailed written explanation of the waiver determination; and

(ii) provide the public with a reasonable period of time for notice and comment.

(B)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(A)

(i) the steel, iron, or manufactured goods, as applicable, (referred to in this subparagraph as the "item") is produced in the United States in a sufficient and reasonably available amount;

(ii) the item produced in the United States is of a satisfactory quality; and

(iii) includes a list of known manufacturers in the United States from which the item can be obtained.

(B)

(7)

(A) has an agreement with the United States Government under which the Secretary has waived the requirement of this subsection; and

(B) has violated the agreement by discriminating against goods to which this subsection applies that are produced in the United States and to which the agreement applies.

(8)

(A) affixed a "Made in America" label, or a label with an inscription having the same meaning, to goods sold in or shipped to the United States that are used in a project to which this subsection applies but not produced in the United States; or

(B) represented that goods described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph were produced in the United States.

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(k)

(1) participate and coordinate with recipients of assistance under this chapter in the design and delivery of transportation services; and

(2) be included in the planning for those services.

(l)

(1)

(2)

(m)

(n)

(o)

(p)

(1) the incidental use does not interfere with the recipient's public transportation operations;

(2) all costs related to the incidental use are fully recaptured by the recipient from the nontransit public entity or private entity;

(3) the recipient uses revenues received from the incidental use in excess of costs for planning, capital, and operating expenses that are incurred in providing public transportation; and

(4) private entities pay all applicable excise taxes on fuel.

(q)

(1)

(2)

(r)

(s)

(t)

(1) the transit agency shall be precluded from receiving its allocation of urbanized area formula grant funds for such fiscal year; and

(2) any amounts withheld pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be added to the amount that the Secretary may apportion under section 5336 in the following fiscal year.

(u)

(1)

(A) is incorporated in or has manufacturing facilities in the United States; and

(B) is owned or controlled by, is a subsidiary of, or is otherwise related legally or financially to a corporation based in a country that—

(i) is identified as a nonmarket economy country (as defined in section 771(18) of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1677(18))) as of the date of enactment of this subsection;

(ii) was identified by the United States Trade Representative in the most recent report required by section 182 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2242) as a foreign country included on the priority watch list defined in subsection (g)(3) of that section; and

(iii) is subject to monitoring by the Trade Representative under section 306 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2416).

(2)

(A) a minority relationship or investment; or

(B) relationship with or investment in a subsidiary, joint venture, or other entity based in a country described in paragraph (1)(B) that does not export rolling stock or components of rolling stock for use in the United States.

(3)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(5)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(v)

(1)

(2)

(A) utilize the approach described by the voluntary standards and best practices developed under section 2(c)(15) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 272(c)(15)), as applicable;

(B) identify hardware and software that the recipient determines should undergo third-party testing and analysis to mitigate cybersecurity risks, such as hardware or software for rail rolling stock under proposed procurements; and

(C) utilize the approach described in any voluntary standards and best practices for rail fixed guideway public transportation systems developed under the authority of the Secretary of Homeland Security, as applicable.

(3)

(A) the Secretary of Homeland Security to publish or ensure compliance with requirements or standards concerning cybersecurity for rail fixed guideway public transportation systems; or

(B) the Secretary of Transportation under section 5329 to address cybersecurity issues as those issues relate to the safety of rail fixed guideway public transportation systems.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 821; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(10), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4379; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(15), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3020, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 362; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(4), 3023(a)–(i)(3), (j)–(m), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545, 1615–1619; Pub. L. 110–244, title II, §201(j), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1611; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20016, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 697; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3011, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1474; Pub. L. 116–92, div. F, title LXXVI, §7613, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2314; Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §§30001(b)(2), 30010, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 890, 904.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5323(a)(1) | 49 App.:1602(e). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §3(e), 78 Stat. 303; Sept. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89–562, §2(b)(1), 80 Stat. 716; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25; Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §2(1), 84 Stat. 962; Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §302(c), 92 Stat. 2737. |

5323(a)(2) | 49 App.:1608(e). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §12(e), (g); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §308(d), 92 Stat. 2747. |

5323(b) | 49 App.:1602(d). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §3(d), 78 Stat. 303; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25; restated Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §2(2), 84 Stat. 964. |

5323(c) | 49 App.:1608(h)(1). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §12(h)(1); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §317(a), 101 Stat. 233. |

5323(d) | 49 App.:1602(f). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §3(f); added Jan. 4, 1974, Pub. L. 93–650, §1(a), 89 Stat. 2–1; Aug. 22, 1974, Pub. L. 93–383, §813(a), 88 Stat. 737; Nov. 26, 1974, Pub. L. 93–503, §109(b), 88 Stat. 1573. |

5323(e) | 49 App.:1608(g). | |

5323(f) | 49 App.:1602(g). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §3(g); added Nov. 26, 1974, Pub. L. 93–503, §109(a), 88 Stat. 1572. |

5323(g) | 49 App.:1602a. | Aug. 13, 1973, Pub. L. 93–87, §164, 87 Stat. 281; Jan. 4, 1974, Pub. L. 93–650, §1(b), 89 Stat. 2–1; Aug. 22, 1974, Pub. L. 93–383, §813(b), 88 Stat. 737. |

5323(h) | 49 App.:1602(a)(2)(C). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §3(a)(2)(C), 78 Stat. 303; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25; Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §2(2), 84 Stat. 962; Nov. 26, 1974, Pub. L. 93–503, §§102, 104, 106, 88 Stat. 1566, 1571, 1572; restated Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §302(a), 92 Stat. 2736. |

5323(i) | 49 App.:1608(m). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §12(m); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3020, 105 Stat. 2110. |

5323(j)(1) | 23:101 (note). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §165(a) (related to the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964), 96 Stat. 2136; Mar. 9, 1984, Pub. L. 98–229, §10, 98 Stat. 57; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §1048(a), 105 Stat. 1999. |

5323(j)(2) | 23:101 (note). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §165(b) (related to the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964), 96 Stat. 2137; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §§133(a)(6), 337(a)(1), (b), (c), 101 Stat. 171, 241. |

5323(j)(3) | 23:101 (note). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §165(c) (related to the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964), 96 Stat. 2137. |

5323(j)(4) | 23:101 (note). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, 96 Stat. 2097, §165(g) (related to the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §1048(b), 105 Stat. 2000. |

5323(j)(5) | 23:101 (note). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, 96 Stat. 2097, §165(f) (related to the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §1048(b), 105 Stat. 1999. |

5323(j)(6) | 23:101 (note). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §165(d) (related to the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964), 96 Stat. 2137. |

5323(j)(7) | 23:101 (note). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, 96 Stat. 2097, §165(e) (related to the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §1048(b), 105 Stat. 1999. |

5323(k) | 49 App.:1607(q). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §8(q); added Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, §502(i), 106 Stat. 1566. |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "directly or indirectly", "any facilities or other", "reconstructing", and "for the purpose of providing by contract or otherwise" are omitted as surplus. In clause (C), the words "and adequate", "acquisition of", and "applicable" are omitted as surplus. In clause (D), the words "the requirements of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "may not use" are substituted for "None of the provisions of this chapter shall be construed to authorize" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the purpose of financing" are omitted as surplus.

In subsections (b)(1), (c), and (e), the words "except section 5307" are added for clarity because of 49 App.:1607a(e)(1), restated as section 5307(n)(2) of the revised title.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the word "reconstruction" is omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "in the matter" are omitted as surplus. In clause (C), the word "environmental" is substituted for "and its impact on the environment" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (D), the word "comprehensive" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the word "description" is substituted for "statement" for clarity.

In subsections (d)–(f) and (h), the word "Federal" is omitted as surplus.

In subsections (d) and (f), the word "provide" is substituted for "engage in", and the word "transportation" is substituted for "operations", for consistency.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "with the Secretary", "and equitable", and "publicly and privately owned" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "alleged", "take appropriate action to", "and conditions", and "for mass transportation facilities and equipment" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the words "This subsection shall apply to" and "which is acquiring such buses" are omitted as surplus. The words "occurring on or after November 6, 1978" are omitted as executed. The words "In the case of" are omitted as surplus. The words "may include" are substituted for "the Secretary shall permit . . . to provide in advertising for bids for" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (f)(1), before clause (A), the words "for use in providing public", "to any applicant for such assistance", and "and the Secretary" are omitted as surplus. The word "agrees" is substituted for "shall have first entered into an agreement that such applicant" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (A), the words "with respect to operation of a schoolbus program" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (g) is substituted for 49 App.:1602a to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (j), the word "goods" is substituted for "products" for consistency.

In subsection (j)(1), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (j)(2), before clause (A), the words "The Secretary of Transportation may waive" are substituted for "shall not apply" for clarity. In clause (B), the words "steel, iron, and goods" are substituted for "materials and products" for consistency. In clause (C), before subclause (i), the words "bus and other" are omitted as surplus. In subclauses (i) and (ii), the words "rolling stock" are substituted for "vehicle or equipment" for consistency. In clause (D), the word "contract" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (j)(4), before clause (A), the words "The Secretary of Transportation may not make a waiver under" are substituted for "shall not apply" for clarity. The words "government of a foreign country" are substituted for "foreign country", and the word "Government" is added, for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (j)(5), before clause (A), the words "the debarment, suspension, and ineligibility procedures in" are omitted as surplus. The words "department, agency, or instrumentality of the Government" are substituted for "Federal agency" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In clause (A), the word "produced" is substituted for "made" for consistency.

In subsection (k), the word "statewide" is omitted as surplus.

This makes a clarifying amendment to the catchline for 49:5323(j).

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5323(l) |
49 App.:1608(j). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §12(j), as added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §319, 101 Stat. 234. |


The word "review" is substituted for "audit" for clarity. The words "buses and other" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:5315(d), 5317(b)(5), and 5323(b)(1), (c), and (e) to correct erroneous cross-references.

The Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970, referred to in subsec. (b), is Pub. L. 91–646, Jan. 2, 1971, 84 Stat. 1894, which is classified principally to chapter 61 (§4601 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4601 of Title 42 and Tables.

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (i)(1), is Pub. L. 101–336, July 26, 1990, 104 Stat. 327, which is classified principally to chapter 126 (§12101 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 12101 of Title 42 and Tables.

The Clean Air Act, referred to in subsec. (i)(1), is act July 14, 1955, ch. 360, 69 Stat. 322, which is classified generally to chapter 85 (§7401 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7401 of Title 42 and Tables.

The date of enactment of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (j)(3)(B), is deemed to be Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

The Federal Public Transportation Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (j)(8), is title III of div. A of Pub. L. 114–94, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1446. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2015 Amendment note set out under section 5101 of this title and Tables.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (u)(1), (5), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 116–92, which was approved Dec. 20, 2019.

**2021**—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, §30001(b)(2), substituted "section 5302(4)(J)" for "section 5302(3)(J)".

Subsec. (u)(2). Pub. L. 117–58, §30010, added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "For purposes of paragraph (1), the term 'otherwise related legally or financially' does not include a minority relationship or investment."

**2019**—Subsecs. (u), (v). Pub. L. 116–92 added subsecs. (u) and (v).

**2015**—Subsec. (h)(2), (3). Pub. L. 114–94, §3011(1), added par. (2) and redesignated former par. (2) as (3).

Subsec. (j)(2)(C). Pub. L. 114–94, §3011(2)(A), added subpar. (C) and struck out former subpar. (C), which read as follows: "when procuring rolling stock (including train control, communication, and traction power equipment) under this chapter—

"(i) the cost of components and subcomponents produced in the United States is more than 60 percent of the cost of all components of the rolling stock; and

"(ii) final assembly of the rolling stock has occurred in the United States; or".

Subsec. (j)(5) to (11). Pub. L. 114–94, §3011(2)(B)–(D), added pars. (5) and (6), redesignated former pars. (5) to (9) as pars. (7) to (11), respectively, and in par. (8), substituted "Federal Public Transportation Act of 2015" for "Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012".

Subsec. (j)(12), (13). Pub. L. 114–94, §3011(2)(E), added pars. (12) and (13).

Subsec. (q)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §3011(3), struck out at end "The Secretary may establish restrictions on such an acquisition as the Secretary determines to be necessary and appropriate."

Subsecs. (s), (t). Pub. L. 114–94, §3011(4), added subsecs. (s) and (t).

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to general provisions on assistance.

**2008**—Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 110–244 substituted "section 5336(d)(2)" for "section 5336(e)(2)".

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(a)(1), inserted heading and text of par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which authorized use of financial assistance provided under this chapter for certain purposes only if the Secretary finds the assistance is essential to a program of projects required under sections 5303–5306 of this title, the Secretary finds that the program, to the maximum extent feasible, provides for the participation of private companies, just compensation will be paid to the company for its franchise or property, and the Secretary of Labor certifies that the assistance complies with section 5333(b) of this title.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(a)(2), inserted heading.

Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(b), reenacted heading without change and amended text of subsec. (b) generally, substituting provisions relating to general requirements, notice, and application requirements, consisting of pars. (1) to (3), for provisions relating to application requirements and notice, consisting of pars. (1) and (2).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(c), amended heading and text of subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Amounts appropriated or made available under this chapter after September 30, 1989, may be obligated or expended to acquire a new bus model only if a bus of the model has been tested at the facility established under section 5318 of this title."

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(d)(1), inserted heading.

Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" in two places.

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(d)(2), inserted heading and text of par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "On receiving a complaint about a violation of an agreement, the Secretary of Transportation shall investigate and decide whether a violation has occurred. If the Secretary decides that a violation has occurred, the Secretary shall correct the violation under terms of the agreement. In addition to a remedy specified in the agreement, the Secretary may bar a recipient under this subsection or an operator from receiving further assistance when the Secretary finds a continuing pattern of violations of the agreement."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(e), amended heading and text of subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The initial advertising by a State or local governmental authority for bids to acquire buses using financial assistance under this chapter may include passenger seat functional specifications that are at least equal to performance specifications the Secretary of Transportation prescribes. The specifications shall be based on a finding by the State or local governmental authority of local requirements for safety, comfort, maintenance, and life cycle costs."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(f), in par. (1) inserted heading and realigned margins, added par. (2), and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "An applicant violating an agreement under this subsection may not receive other financial assistance under this chapter."

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" in two places in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(g), substituted "133 and 142" for "103(e)(4) and 142(a) or (c)" in two places.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(h), substituted "Government's" for "Government" in subsec. heading, designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted par. heading, inserted "or facilities" after "equipment" wherever appearing, and added par. (2).

Subsec. (j)(3) to (5). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(i)(1), added par. (3) and redesignated former pars. (3) and (4) as (4) and (5), respectively. Former par. (5) redesignated (6).

Subsec. (j)(6). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(i)(1)(A), (2), redesignated par. (5) as (6) and substituted "Federal Public Transportation Act of 2005" for "Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (Public Law 102–240, 105 Stat. 1914)" in introductory provisions. Former par. (6) redesignated (7).

Subsec. (j)(7), (8). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(i)(1)(A), redesignated pars. (6) and (7) as (7) and (8), respectively.

Subsec. (j)(9). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(i)(3), added par. (9).

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(j), amended heading and text of subsec. (l) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The planning and programming requirements of section 135 of title 23 apply to a grant made under sections 5307–5311 of this title."

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(k), inserted at end "Rolling stock procurements of 20 vehicles or fewer made for the purpose of serving other than urbanized areas and urbanized areas with populations of 200,000 or fewer shall be subject to the same requirements as established for procurements of 10 or fewer buses under the post-delivery purchaser's requirements certification process under section 663.37(c) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations."

Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(l), substituted "chapter 6 (other than section 609) of title 23" for "the Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 1998".

Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 109–59, §3023(m), added subsec. (p).

**1998**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–178, §3020(a), substituted "Condition on Charter Bus Transportation Service" for "Buying and Operating Buses" in heading.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 105–178, §3020(c), amended heading and text of subsec. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "A Government grant for a project to be assisted under this chapter that involves acquiring vehicle-related equipment required by the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.) or the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12101 et seq.) is for 90 percent of the net project cost of the equipment that is attributable to complying with those Acts. The Secretary of Transportation, through practicable administrative procedures, may determine the costs attributable to that equipment."

Subsec. (j)(7). Pub. L. 105–178, §3020(b), inserted heading and amended text of par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Not later than January 1, 1995, the Secretary of Transportation shall submit to Congress a report on purchases from foreign entities waived under paragraph (2) of this subsection in the fiscal years ending September 30, 1992, and September 30, 1993. The report shall indicate the dollar value of items for which waivers were granted."

Subsecs. (k) to (m). Pub. L. 105–178, §3020(d), added subsec. (k) and redesignated former subsecs. (k) and (l) as (l) and (m), respectively.

Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 105–178, §3020(e), added subsec. (n).

Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 105–178, §3020(f), added subsec. (o).

**1996**—Subsecs. (b)(1), (c), (e). Pub. L. 104–287 struck out "(except section 5307)" after "under this chapter".

**1994**—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(10)(A), substituted "America" for "American" in heading.

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(10)(B), added subsec. (l).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3023(i)(5), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1618, required the Secretary of Transportation to issue a final rule on implementation of the Buy America requirements of former subsec. (j) of this section no later than 180 days after Aug. 10, 2005.

Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3035, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 387, required certain buses manufactured after Sept. 1, 1999, to conform with the Federal Transit Administration Guidance on Buy America Requirements, dated March 18, 1997.

(a)

(1)

(A) evacuation services;

(B) rescue operations;

(C) temporary public transportation service; or

(D) reestablishing, expanding, or relocating public transportation route service before, during, or after an emergency.

(2)

(A) the Governor of a State has declared an emergency and the Secretary has concurred; or

(B) the President has declared a major disaster under section 401 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5170).

(b)

(1) capital projects to protect, repair, reconstruct, or replace equipment and facilities of a public transportation system operating in the United States or on an Indian reservation that the Secretary determines is in danger of suffering serious damage, or has suffered serious damage, as a result of an emergency; and

(2) eligible operating costs of public transportation equipment and facilities in an area directly affected by an emergency during—

(A) the 1-year period beginning on the date of a declaration described in subsection (a)(2); or

(B) if the Secretary determines there is a compelling need, the 2-year period beginning on the date of a declaration described in subsection (a)(2).

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(d)

(1) subject to the terms and conditions the Secretary determines are necessary; and

(2) made only for expenses that are not reimbursed under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.).

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) paragraph (2); or

(B) section 5307 or 5311, in the case of a grant made available under section 5307 or 5311, respectively, to address an emergency.

(f)

(1) submit to the Secretary documentation demonstrating proof of insurance required under Federal law for all structures related to the grant application; and

(2) certify to the Secretary that the applicant has insurance required under State law for all structures related to the grant application.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 824; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3024(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1619; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20017(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 703; Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30011, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 904.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5324(a) | 49 App.:1606(a). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §7(a), 78 Stat. 305; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25. |

5324(b)(1) | 49 App.:1610(a) (last sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §14(a) (last sentence)–(c), 78 Stat. 308; Sept. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89–562, §2(a)(1), 80 Stat. 715; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25; restated Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §6, 84 Stat. 966. |

5324(b)(2) | 49 App.:1610(b). | |

5324(b)(3) | 49 App.:1610(c). | |

5324(c) | 49 App.:1608(d). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §12(d), 78 Stat. 307; Aug. 10, 1965, Pub. L. 89–117, §1109, 79 Stat. 507; Sept. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89–562, §2(a)(1), 80 Stat. 715; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25; Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §308(c), 92 Stat. 2747. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the word "provided" is substituted for "extended" for clarity. The words "to any project" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "available . . . displaced" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "Health and Human Services" are substituted for "Health, Education, and Welfare" in section 14(a) (last sentence) of the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 (Public Law 88–365, 78 Stat. 308) [subsequently changed to the Federal Transit Act by section 3003(a) of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (Public Law 102–240, 105 Stat. 2087)] because of 20:3508(b).

In subsection (b)(2), before clause (A), the words "In carrying out section 5306 of this title" are added for clarity and consistency with subsections (b)(3) and (c) of this section. The word "detailed" is omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "should the proposal be implemented" are omitted as surplus. In clause (D), the words "which may be involved in the proposed project should it be implemented" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3)(A), before clause (i), the word "financial" is added for clarity. The words "full and complete" are omitted as surplus. In clause (ii), the word "fair" is omitted as surplus. In clause (iii), the word "either" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3)(B), the words "before the State or local agency pursuant to section 1602(d) of this Appendix" and "before the State or local public agency . . . to permit him" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "The Secretary of Transportation may not" are substituted for "None of the provisions of this chapter shall be construed to authorize the Secretary to" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "in any manner . . . mode of" and "rates, fares, tolls, rentals, or other . . . fixed or prescribed . . . by any local public or private transit agency" are omitted as surplus. The words "However, the Secretary may" are substituted for "but nothing in this subsection shall prevent the Secretary from taking such actions as may be necessary to" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "local governmental authority, corporation, or association" are substituted for "agency or agencies" for consistency with sections 5309 and 5310 of the revised title.

The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), is Pub. L. 93–288, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 143, which is classified principally to chapter 68 (§5121 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5121 of Title 42 and Tables.

**2021**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–58 added subsec. (f).

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to special provisions for capital projects.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section consisted of subsecs. (a) to (c) relating to requirements of a relocation program for families displaced by a project, consideration of economic, social, and environmental interests, and prohibition against regulating the operation of a mass transportation system for which a grant is made under section 5309 and regulating any charge for the system after a grant is made.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20017(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 705, provided that:

"(1)

"(A) to improve coordination between the Department of Transportation and the Department of Homeland Security; and

"(B) to expedite the provision of Federal assistance for public transportation systems for activities relating to a major disaster or emergency declared by the President under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.) (referred to in this subsection as a 'major disaster or emergency').

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) provide for improved coordination and expeditious use of public transportation, as appropriate, in response to and recovery from a major disaster or emergency;

"(B) establish procedures to address—

"(i) issues that have contributed to delays in the reimbursement of eligible transportation-related expenses relating to a major disaster or emergency;

"(ii) any challenges identified in the review under paragraph (4); and

"(iii) the coordination of assistance for public transportation provided under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act [42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.] and section 5324 of title 49, United States Code, as amended by this Act, as appropriate; and

"(C) provide for the development and distribution of clear guidelines for State, local, and tribal governments, including public transportation systems, relating to—

"(i) assistance available for public transportation systems for activities relating to a major disaster or emergency—

"(I) under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act;

"(II) under section 5324 of title 49, United States Code, as amended by this Act; and

"(III) from other sources, including other Federal agencies; and

"(ii) reimbursement procedures that speed the process of—

"(I) applying for assistance under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act and section 5324 of title 49, United States Code, as amended by this Act; and

"(II) distributing assistance for public transportation systems under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act and section 5324 of title 49, United States Code, as amended by this Act.

"(4)

"(5)

"(6)

"(A)

"(B)

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(A) means a project under which a recipient enters into a contract with a seller, firm, or consortium of firms to design and build a public transportation system, or an operable segment of such system, that meets specific performance criteria; and

(B) may include an option to finance, or operate for a period of time, the system or segment or any combination of designing, building, operating, or maintaining such system or segment.

(2)

(e)

(1)

(A) not more than 5 years after the date of the original contract for bus procurements; and

(B) not more than 7 years after the date of the original contract for rail procurements, provided that such option does not allow for significant changes or alterations to the rolling stock.

(2)

(f)

(1) based on—

(A) initial capital costs; or

(B) performance, standardization, life cycle costs, and other factors; or

(2) with a party selected through a competitive procurement process.

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(1)

(2)

(A) the integrity of the contractor;

(B) the contractor's compliance with public policy;

(C) the contractor's past performance; and

(D) the contractor's financial and technical resources.

(k)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 825; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(16), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3022, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 363; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(n), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 857; Pub. L. 107–217, §3(n)(2), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1302; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3025(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1620; Pub. L. 110–244, title II, §201(k), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1611; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §§20018, 20030(d), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 706, 730; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3030(e), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1497.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5325(a) | 49 App.:1608(b)(1). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §12(b)(1), 78 Stat. 306; Sept. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89–562, §2(a)(1), 80 Stat. 715; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25; Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §308(a)(1), 92 Stat. 2745. |

5325(b) | 49 App.:1608(b)(2). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §12(b)(2); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §308(a)(2), 92 Stat. 2745; restated Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §308, 96 Stat. 2151. |

5325(c) | 49 App.:1608(b)(3). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §12(b)(3); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §315(a), 101 Stat. 232. |

5325(d) | 49 App.:1608(b)(4). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §12(b)(4); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §316, 101 Stat. 232. |


In subsection (a), the words "reconstruction", "in furtherance of the purposes", "by applicants", "procedures as defined by the Secretary", "of the contracting parties", and "the operations or activities under" are omitted as surplus. The words "shall be made available to" are substituted for "shall . . . have access to", and the words "an officer or employee of the Secretary or Comptroller General" are substituted for "any of their duly authorized representatives", for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

Subsection (b) is substituted for 49 App.:1608(b)(2) for clarity. The text of 49 App.:1608(b)(2) (last sentence) is omitted as executed.

This amends the catchline for 49:5325(d) to make a clarifying amendment.

The Federal Public Transportation Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (h), is title III of Pub. L. 114–94, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1446. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2015 Amendment note set out under section 5101 of this title and Tables.

**2015**—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §3030(e)(1), struck out "at least two" after "allow".

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 114–94, §3030(e)(2), substituted "Federal Public Transportation Act of 2015" for "Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012".

**2012**—Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 112–141, §20030(d), substituted "the Federal Acquisition Regulation, or any successor thereto" for "title 48, Code of Federal Regulations (commonly known as the Federal Acquisition Regulation)".

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §20018(1), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "A recipient procuring rolling stock with Government financial assistance under this chapter may make a multiyear contract to buy the rolling stock and replacement parts under which the recipient has an option to buy additional rolling stock or replacement parts for not more than 5 years after the date of the original contract."

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 112–141, §20018(2), substituted "Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012" for "Federal Public Transportation Act of 2005".

Subsec. (j)(2)(C). Pub. L. 112–141, §20018(3), struck out ", including the performance reported in the Contractor Performance Assessment Reports required under section 5309(l)(2)" after "past performance".

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 112–141, §20018(4), added subsec. (k).

**2008**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(k)(1), inserted "adopted before August 10, 2005" before period at end.

Subsec. (b)(2), (3). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(k)(2), (3), redesignated par. (3) as (2) and struck out former par. (2). Text read as follows: "Paragraph (1) does not apply to the extent a State has adopted by law, before the date of enactment of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2005, an equivalent State qualifications-based requirement for contracting for architectural, engineering, and design services."

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section consisted of subsecs. (a) to (c) relating to noncompetitive bidding in subsec. (a), procedures for award of architectural, engineering, and design contracts in subsec. (b), and efficient procurement in subsec. (c).

**2002**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–217 substituted "chapter 11 of title 40" for "title IX of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 541 et seq.)".

**1998**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–178, §3022(b), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, inserted "or requirement" after "A contract" and "When awarding such contracts, recipients of assistance under this chapter shall maximize efficiencies of administration by accepting nondisputed audits conducted by other governmental agencies, as provided in subparagraphs (C) through (F) of section 112(b)(2) of title 23, United States Code." before "This subsection does not apply".

Pub. L. 105–178, §3022(a)(1), (2), redesignated subsec. (d) as (b) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (b). Text read as follows: "A recipient of financial assistance of the United States Government under this chapter may make a contract to expend that assistance to acquire rolling stock—

"(1) based on—

"(A) initial capital costs; or

"(B) performance, standardization, life cycle costs, and other factors; or

"(2) with a party selected through a competitive procurement process."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–178, §3022(a)(1), (3), added subsec. (c) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (c). Text read as follows: "A recipient of a grant under section 5307 of this title procuring an associated capital maintenance item under section 5307(b) may make a contract directly with the original manufacturer or supplier of the item to be replaced, without receiving prior approval of the Secretary, if the recipient first certifies in writing to the Secretary that—

"(1) the manufacturer or supplier is the only source for the item; and

"(2) the price of the item is no more than the price similar customers pay for the item."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–178, §3022(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (d) as (b).

**1996**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 effective simultaneously with enactment of Pub. L. 105–178 and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 105–178 at time of enactment, and provisions of Pub. L. 105–178, as in effect on day before July 22, 1998, that are amended by title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 to be treated as not enacted, see section 9016 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3019, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1488, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A)

"(i) the term 'cooperative procurement contract' means a contract—

"(I) entered into between a State government or eligible nonprofit entity and 1 or more vendors; and

"(II) under which the vendors agree to provide an option to purchase rolling stock and related equipment to multiple participants;

"(ii) the term 'eligible nonprofit entity' means—

"(I) a nonprofit cooperative purchasing organization that is not a grantee; or

"(II) a consortium of entities described in subclause (I);

"(iii) the terms 'lead nonprofit entity' and 'lead procurement agency' mean an eligible nonprofit entity or a State government, respectively, that acts in an administrative capacity on behalf of each participant in a cooperative procurement contract;

"(iv) the term 'participant' means a grantee that participates in a cooperative procurement contract; and

"(v) the term 'participate' means to purchase rolling stock and related equipment under a cooperative procurement contract using assistance provided under chapter 53 of title 49, United States Code.

"(B)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(iii)

"(iv)

"(I) subject to subclauses (II) and (III), may be for an initial term of not more than 2 years;

"(II) may include not more than 3 optional extensions for terms of not more than 1 year each; and

"(III) may be in effect for a total period of not more than 5 years, including each extension authorized under subclause (II).

"(v)

"(I) may charge the participants in the contract for the cost of administering, planning, and providing technical assistance for the contract in an amount that is not more than 1 percent of the total value of the contract; and

"(II) with respect to the cost described in subclause (I), may incorporate the cost into the price of the contract or directly charge the participants for the cost, but not both.

"(2)

"(A)

"(i) the vendors agree to provide an option to purchase rolling stock and related equipment to the State government and any other participant; and

"(ii) the State government acts throughout the term of the contract as the lead procurement agency.

"(B)

"(3)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(4)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(D)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(c)

"(1)

"(A)

"(B)

"(2)

"(A)

"(i) the rolling stock or related equipment covered under the lease is eligible for capital assistance under such chapter; and

"(ii) there is or will be no Federal interest in the rolling stock or related equipment covered under the lease as of the date on which the lease takes effect.

"(B)

"(i) maintain an inventory of the rolling stock or related equipment acquired under the lease; and

"(ii) maintain on the accounting records of the grantee the liability of the grantee under the lease.

"(C)

"(i) the cost of the rolling stock or related equipment;

"(ii) associated financing costs, including interest, legal fees, and financial advisor fees;

"(iii) ancillary costs such as delivery and installation charges; and

"(iv) maintenance costs.

"(D)

"(E)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(3)

"(A)

"(i) the term 'removable power source'—

"(I) means a power source that is separately installed in, and removable from, a zero emission vehicle; and

"(II) may include a battery, a fuel cell, an ultra-capacitor, or other advanced power source used in a zero emission vehicle; and

"(ii) the term 'zero emission vehicle' has the meaning given the term in section 5339(c) of title 49, United States Code.

"(B)

"(C)

"(D)

"(4)

"(A) an evaluation of the overall costs and benefits of leasing rolling stock; and

"(B) a comparison of the expected short-term and long-term maintenance costs of leasing versus buying rolling stock.

"(5)

"(d)

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A) includes, at a minimum, capital asset inventories and condition assessments, decision support tools, and investment prioritization; and

(B) the recipient certifies complies with the rule issued under this section.

(3)

(b)

(1) a definition of the term "state of good repair" that includes objective standards for measuring the condition of capital assets of recipients, including equipment, rolling stock, infrastructure, and facilities;

(2) a requirement that recipients and subrecipients of Federal financial assistance under this chapter develop a transit asset management plan;

(3) a requirement that each designated recipient of Federal financial assistance under this chapter report on the condition of the system of the recipient and provide a description of any change in condition since the last report;

(4) an analytical process or decision support tool for use by public transportation systems that—

(A) allows for the estimation of capital investment needs of such systems over time; and

(B) assists with asset investment prioritization by such systems; and

(5) technical assistance to recipients of Federal financial assistance under this chapter.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) the progress of the recipient during the fiscal year to which the report relates toward meeting the performance targets established under paragraph (2) for that fiscal year; and

(B) the performance targets established by the recipient for the subsequent fiscal year.

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20019, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 707.)

The date of enactment of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012, referred to in subsecs. (c)(1) and (d), is deemed to be Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20019, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 707, which directed that section 5326 of this title be amended generally, was executed by adding a new section 5326 to reflect the probable intent of Congress. A prior section 5326 was repealed by Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3025(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1622.

A prior section 5326, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 826; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(11), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4379; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3023(a), (b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 364, related to turnkey system projects, acquisition of rolling stock, and procurement of associated capital maintenance items, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3025(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1622.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1) adequate recipient staff organization with well-defined reporting relationships, statements of functional responsibilities, job descriptions, and job qualifications;

(2) a budget covering the project management organization, appropriate consultants, property acquisition, utility relocation, systems demonstration staff, audits, and miscellaneous payments the recipient may be prepared to justify;

(3) a construction schedule for the project;

(4) a document control procedure and recordkeeping system;

(5) a change order procedure that includes a documented, systematic approach to the handling of construction change orders;

(6) organizational structures, management skills, and staffing levels required throughout the construction phase;

(7) quality control and quality assurance functions, procedures, and responsibilities for construction, system installation, and integration of system components;

(8) material testing policies and procedures;

(9) internal plan implementation and reporting requirements;

(10) criteria and procedures to be used for testing the operational system or its major components;

(11) periodic updates of the plan, especially related to project budget and project schedule, financing, ridership estimates, and the status of local efforts to enhance ridership where ridership estimates partly depend on the success of those efforts;

(12) the recipient's commitment to submit a project budget and project schedule to the Secretary quarterly; and

(13) safety and security management.

(b)

(2) The Secretary shall inform the recipient of the reasons when a plan is disapproved.

(c) 1 with access to the construction sites and records of the recipient when reasonably necessary.

(d)

(1) a definition of "major capital project" for section 5338(f) 1 that excludes a project to acquire rolling stock or to maintain or rehabilitate a vehicle;

(2) a requirement that oversight—

(A) begin during the project development phase of a project, unless the Secretary finds it more appropriate to begin the oversight during another phase of the project, to maximize the transportation benefits and cost savings associated with project management oversight; and

(B) be limited to quarterly reviews of compliance by the recipient with the project management plan approved under subsection (b) unless the Secretary finds that the recipient requires more frequent oversight because the recipient has failed to meet the requirements of such plan and the project may be at risk of going over budget or becoming behind schedule; and

(3) a process for recipients that the Secretary has found require more frequent oversight to return to quarterly reviews for purposes of paragraph (2)(B).

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 826; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(12), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4379; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(17), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3024, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 364; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3026, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1622; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20020, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 708; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3012, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1475.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5327(a) | 49 App.:1619(d), (e). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §23(b)–(g); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §324, 101 Stat. 236. |

5327(b) | 49 App.:1619(g). | |

5327(c)(1) | 49 App.:1619(a). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §23(a); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §324, 101 Stat. 235; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3027, 105 Stat. 2115. |

5327(c)(2) | 49 App.:1619(h). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §23(h); added Nov. 21, 1989, Pub. L. 101–164, §340, 103 Stat. 1099. |

5327(c)(3) | 49 App.:1619(b). | |

5327(d) | 49 App.:1619(c). | |

5327(e) | 49 App.:1619(f). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "as required in each case by the Secretary" are omitted as surplus. In clause (11), the words "such items as" and "where applicable" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "Beginning October 1, 1987" are omitted as executed. The words "with any person" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "In addition to the purposes provided for under subsection (a) of this section" and "with any person" are omitted as surplus. The cross-reference to paragraph (1) is not changed. The cross-reference in 49 App.:1619(h), the source provision being restated in this subsection, is no longer correct, but is apparently still meant to apply to funds made available under 49 App.:1619(a).

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the text of 49 App.:1619(f) (2d sentence) is omitted as executed. In clause (1), The words "vehicles or other" and "the performance of" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:5327(c)(1) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

This amends 49:5327(c) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

Section 5338, referred to in subsecs. (c) and (d)(1), was amended generally by Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30017, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 912. As amended, section 5338 no longer contains a subsec. (f). Provisions relating to oversight, formerly contained in section 5338(f), can be found elsewhere in section 5338.

**2015**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–94, §3012(1), which directed substitution of section "5338(f)" for "section 5338(i)", was executed by substituting "section 5338(f)" for "section 5338(i)", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §3012(2)(A)(i), which directed substitution of section 5338(f) for "section 5338(i)" without placing quotation marks around the language to be substituted, was executed by substituting "section 5338(f)" for "section 5338(i)", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (d)(2), (3). Pub. L. 114–94, §3012(2)(A)(ii), (B), added pars. (2) and (3) and struck out former par. (2), which read as follows: "a requirement that oversight begin during the project development phase of a project, unless the Secretary finds it more appropriate to begin the oversight during another phase of the project, to maximize the transportation benefits and cost savings associated with project management oversight."

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–141, §20020(1)(A), in introductory provisions, substituted "Federal financial assistance for a major capital project for public transportation under this chapter or any other provision of Federal law, a recipient must prepare a project management plan approved by the Secretary and carry out the project in accordance with the project management plan" for "United States Government financial assistance for a major capital project under this chapter or the National Capital Transportation Act of 1969 (Public Law 91–143, 83 Stat. 320), a recipient must prepare and carry out a project management plan approved by the Secretary of Transportation".

Subsec. (a)(12). Pub. L. 112–141, §20020(1)(B), substituted "quarterly" for "each month".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–141, §20020(2), (3), added subsec. (c) and struck out former subsec. (c) which related to limitations.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–141, §20020(2), (4), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d) and struck out former subsec. (d) which related to access to sites and records.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §20020(5)(A), substituted "section 5338(i)" for "subsection (c) of this section".

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, §20020(5)(B), substituted "project development phase" for "preliminary engineering stage" and "another phase" for "another stage".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–141, §20020(4), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–141, §20020(2), struck out subsec. (f). Text read as follows: "A recipient of financial assistance for a project under this chapter with an estimated total cost of $1,000,000,000 or more shall submit to the Secretary an annual financial plan for the project. The plan shall be based on detailed annual estimates of the cost to complete the remaining elements of the project and on reasonable assumptions, as determined by the Secretary, of future increases in the cost to complete the project."

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 109–59, §3026(a), added par. (13).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §3026(b), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) specified limitations on use of available amounts for certain purposes.

**1998**—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 105–178, §3024(a), substituted "enter into contracts" for "make contracts" and inserted "and to provide technical assistance to correct deficiencies identified in compliance reviews and audits carried out under this section" before period at end of first sentence.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 105–178, §3024(b), added subsec. (f).

**1996**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "to carry out a major project under section 5309" for "to carry out a major project under section 5307".

**1994**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "section 5307, 5309, 5311, or 103(e)(4) or that Act" for "section 5307, 5309, 5311, or 103(e)(4) of that Act".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 107–87, title III, §319, Dec. 18, 2001, 115 Stat. 858, provided that: "Beginning in fiscal year 2002 and thereafter, the Secretary may use up to 1 percent of the amounts made available to carry out 49 U.S.C. 5309 for oversight activities under 49 U.S.C. 5327."

1 See References in Text note below.

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 828; Pub. L. 104–205, title III, §336, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 2974; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3009(h)(2), (3)(B), (C), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 356; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(h)(2), (3), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 856; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3027, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1623, related to project review and advancement by the Secretary.

Repeal effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) safety performance criteria for all modes of public transportation, or, in the case of a recipient receiving assistance under section 5307 that is serving an urbanized area with a population of 200,000 or more, safety performance measures, including measures related to the risk reduction program under subsection (d)(1)(I), for all modes of public transportation;

(B) the definition of the term "state of good repair" established under section 5326(b);

(C) minimum safety performance standards for public transportation vehicles used in revenue operations that—

(i) do not apply to rolling stock otherwise regulated by the Secretary or any other Federal agency; and

(ii) to the extent practicable, take into consideration—

(I) relevant recommendations of the National Transportation Safety Board;

(II) recommendations of, and best practices standards developed by, the public transportation industry; and

(III) innovations in driver assistance technologies and driver protection infrastructure, where appropriate, and a reduction in visibility impairments that contribute to pedestrian fatalities;

(D) in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, precautionary and reactive actions required to ensure public and personnel safety and health during an emergency (as defined in section 5324(a));

(E) minimum safety standards to ensure the safe operation of public transportation systems that—

(i) are not related to performance standards for public transportation vehicles developed under subparagraph (C); and

(ii) to the extent practicable, take into consideration—

(I) relevant recommendations of the National Transportation Safety Board;

(II) best practices standards developed by the public transportation industry;

(III) any minimum safety standards or performance criteria being implemented across the public transportation industry;

(IV) relevant recommendations from the report under section 3020 of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2015; and

(V) any additional information that the Secretary determines necessary and appropriate;

(F) a public transportation safety certification training program, as described in subsection (c); and

(G) consideration, where appropriate, of performance-based and risk-based methodologies.

(3)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(A) a requirement that the board of directors (or equivalent entity) of the recipient approve, or, in the case of a recipient receiving assistance under section 5307 that is serving an urbanized area with a population of 200,000 or more, the safety committee of the entity established under paragraph (5), followed by the board of directors (or equivalent entity) of the recipient approve, the agency safety plan and any updates to the agency safety plan;

(B) for each recipient serving an urbanized area with a population of fewer than 200,000, a requirement that the agency safety plan be developed in cooperation with frontline employee representatives;

(C) methods for identifying and evaluating safety risks throughout all elements of the public transportation system of the recipient;

(D) strategies to minimize the exposure of the public, personnel, and property to hazards and unsafe conditions, and consistent with guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or a State health authority, minimize exposure to infectious diseases;

(E) a process and timeline for conducting an annual review and update of the safety plan of the recipient;

(F) performance targets based on—

(i) the safety performance criteria and state of good repair standards established under subparagraphs (A) and (B), respectively, of subsection (b)(2); or

(ii) in the case of a recipient receiving assistance under section 5307 that is serving an urbanized area with a population of 200,000 or more, safety performance measures established under the national public transportation safety plan, as described in subsection (b)(2)(A);

(G) assignment of an adequately trained safety officer who reports directly to the general manager, president, or equivalent officer of the recipient;

(H) a comprehensive staff training program for—

(i) the operations personnel and personnel directly responsible for safety of the recipient that includes—

(I) the completion of a safety training program; and

(II) continuing safety education and training; or

(ii) in the case of a recipient receiving assistance under section 5307 that is serving an urbanized area with a population of 200,000 or more, the operations and maintenance personnel and personnel directly responsible for safety of the recipient that includes—

(I) the completion of a safety training program;

(II) continuing safety education and training; and

(III) de-escalation training; and

(I) in the case of a recipient receiving assistance under section 5307 that is serving an urbanized area with a population of 200,000 or more, a risk reduction program for transit operations to improve safety by reducing the number and rates of accidents, injuries, and assaults on transit workers based on data submitted to the national transit database under section 5335, including—

(i) a reduction of vehicular and pedestrian accidents involving buses that includes measures to reduce visibility impairments for bus operators that contribute to accidents, including retrofits to buses in revenue service and specifications for future procurements that reduce visibility impairments; and

(ii) the mitigation of assaults on transit workers, including the deployment of assault mitigation infrastructure and technology on buses, including barriers to restrict the unwanted entry of individuals and objects into the workstations of bus operators when a risk analysis performed by the safety committee of the recipient established under paragraph (5) determines that such barriers or other measures would reduce assaults on transit workers and injuries to transit workers.

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(5)

(A)

(i) be convened by a joint labor-management process;

(ii) consist of an equal number of—

(I) frontline employee representatives, selected by a labor organization representing the plurality of the frontline workforce employed by the recipient or, if applicable, a contractor to the recipient, to the extent frontline employees are represented by labor organizations; and

(II) management representatives; and

(iii) have, at a minimum, responsibility for—

(I) identifying and recommending risk-based mitigations or strategies necessary to reduce the likelihood and severity of consequences identified through the agency's safety risk assessment;

(II) identifying mitigations or strategies that may be ineffective, inappropriate, or were not implemented as intended; and

(III) identifying safety deficiencies for purposes of continuous improvement.

(B)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A) a rail fixed guideway public transportation system within the jurisdiction of the State that is not subject to regulation by the Federal Railroad Administration; or

(B) a rail fixed guideway public transportation system in the engineering or construction phase of development within the jurisdiction of the State that will not be subject to regulation by the Federal Railroad Administration.

(3)

(A) assumes responsibility for overseeing rail fixed guideway public transportation safety;

(B) adopts and enforces Federal and relevant State laws on rail fixed guideway public transportation safety;

(C) establishes a State safety oversight agency;

(D) determines, in consultation with the Secretary, an appropriate staffing level for the State safety oversight agency that is commensurate with the number, size, and complexity of the rail fixed guideway public transportation systems in the eligible State;

(E) requires that employees and other designated personnel of the eligible State safety oversight agency who are responsible for rail fixed guideway public transportation safety oversight are qualified to perform such functions through appropriate training, including successful completion of the public transportation safety certification training program established under subsection (c); and

(F) prohibits any public transportation agency from providing funds to the State safety oversight agency or an entity designated by the eligible State as the State safety oversight agency under paragraph (4).

(4)

(A)

(i) is financially and legally independent from any public transportation entity that the State safety oversight agency oversees;

(ii) does not directly provide public transportation services in an area with a rail fixed guideway public transportation system subject to the requirements of this section;

(iii) does not employ any individual who is also responsible for the administration of rail fixed guideway public transportation programs subject to the requirements of this section;

(iv) has the authority to review, approve, oversee, and enforce the implementation by the rail fixed guideway public transportation agency of the public transportation agency safety plan required under subsection (d);

(v) has investigative, inspection, and enforcement authority with respect to the safety of rail fixed guideway public transportation systems of the eligible State;

(vi) audits, at least once triennially, the compliance of the rail fixed guideway public transportation systems in the eligible State subject to this subsection with the public transportation agency safety plan required under subsection (d); and

(vii) provides, at least once annually, a status report on the safety of the rail fixed guideway public transportation systems the State safety oversight agency oversees to—

(I) the Federal Transit Administration;

(II) the Governor of the eligible State; and

(III) the board of directors, or equivalent entity, of any rail fixed guideway public transportation system that the State safety oversight agency oversees.

(B)

(i) have fewer than 1,000,000 combined actual and projected rail fixed guideway revenue miles per year; or

(ii) provide fewer than 10,000,000 combined actual and projected unlinked passenger trips per year.

(5)

(A) jointly with all other eligible States in which the rail fixed guideway public transportation system operates, ensure uniform safety standards and enforcement procedures that shall be in compliance with this section, and establish and implement a State safety oversight program approved by the Secretary; or

(B) jointly with all other eligible States in which the rail fixed guideway public transportation system operates, designate an entity having characteristics consistent with the characteristics described in paragraph (3) to carry out the State safety oversight program approved by the Secretary.

(6)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(I) any Federal funds;

(II) any funds received from a public transportation agency; or

(III) any revenues earned by a public transportation agency.

(iv)

(7)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(i) shall notify the Governor of the eligible State of such denial of certification and failure to adequately modify the program, and shall request that the Governor take all possible actions to correct deficiencies in the program to ensure the certification of the program; and

(ii) may—

(I) withhold funds available under paragraph (6) in an amount determined by the Secretary;

(II) withhold not more than 5 percent of the amount required to be appropriated for use in a State or urbanized area in the State under section 5307 of this title, until the State safety oversight program has been certified; or

(III) require fixed guideway public transportation systems under such State safety oversight program to provide up to 100 percent of Federal assistance made available under this chapter only for safety-related improvements on such systems, until the State safety oversight program has been certified.

(8)

(A)

(B)

(i) transmit to the eligible State and affected recipient or recipients, a written explanation of the determination or subsequent finding, including any intention to withhold funding under this section, the amount of funds proposed to be withheld, and if applicable, a formal notice of a withdrawal of State safety oversight program approval; and

(ii) require the State to submit a State safety oversight program or modification for certification by the Secretary that meets the requirements of this subsection.

(C)

(i) withhold funds available under paragraph (6) in an amount determined by the Secretary;

(ii) beginning 1 year after the date of the determination, withhold not more than 5 percent of the amount required to be appropriated for use in a State or an urbanized area in the State under section 5307, until the State safety oversight program or modification has been certified; and

(iii) use any other authorities authorized under this chapter considered necessary and appropriate.

(D)

(9)

(A) the amount of funds apportioned to each eligible State; and

(B) the certification status of each State safety oversight program, including what steps a State program that has been denied certification must take in order to be certified.

(10)

(A) oversee the implementation of each State safety oversight program under this subsection;

(B) audit the operations of each State safety oversight agency at least once triennially; and

(C) issue rules to carry out this subsection.

(11)

(f)

(1) conduct inspections, investigations, audits, examinations, and testing of the equipment, facilities, rolling stock, and operations of the public transportation system of a recipient;

(2) make reports and issue directives with respect to the safety of the public transportation system of a recipient or the public transportation industry generally;

(3) in conjunction with an accident investigation or an investigation into a pattern or practice of conduct that negatively affects public safety, issue a subpoena to, and take the deposition of, any employee of a recipient or a State safety oversight agency, if—

(A) before the issuance of the subpoena, the Secretary requests a determination by the Attorney General of the United States as to whether the subpoena will interfere with an ongoing criminal investigation; and

(B) the Attorney General—

(i) determines that the subpoena will not interfere with an ongoing criminal investigation; or

(ii) fails to make a determination under clause (i) before the date that is 30 days after the date on which the Secretary makes a request under subparagraph (A);

(4) require the production of documents by, and prescribe recordkeeping and reporting requirements for, a recipient or a State safety oversight agency;

(5) investigate public transportation accidents and incidents and provide guidance to recipients regarding prevention of accidents and incidents;

(6) at reasonable times and in a reasonable manner, enter and inspect equipment, facilities, rolling stock, operations, and relevant records of the public transportation system of a recipient; and

(7) issue rules to carry out this section.

(g)

(1)

(A) issuing directives;

(B) requiring more frequent oversight of the recipient by a State safety oversight agency or the Secretary;

(C) imposing more frequent reporting requirements;

(D) requiring that any Federal financial assistance provided under this chapter be spent on correcting safety deficiencies identified by the Secretary or the State safety oversight agency before such funds are spent on other projects; and

(E) withholding not more than 25 percent of financial assistance under section 5307.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) written notice of a violation and the amount proposed to be withheld; and

(ii) a reasonable period of time within which the recipient may address the violation or propose and initiate an alternative means of compliance that the Secretary determines is acceptable.

(h)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(i)

(j)

(1)

(A) a Federal standard of care established by a regulation or order issued by the Secretary under this section; or

(B) its own program, rule, or standard that it created pursuant to a rule or order issued by the Secretary.

(2)

(3)

(k)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(A) the State safety oversight program standard adopted by a State safety oversight agency under section 674.27 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or any successor regulation); and

(B) the public transportation agency safety plan established by a rail fixed guideway public transportation agency under subsection (d).

(4)

(A) the inspection practices of the State safety oversight agency are commensurate with the number, size, and complexity of the rail fixed guideway public transportation systems that the State safety oversight agency oversees;

(B) the inspection program of the State safety oversight agency is risk-based; and

(C) the State safety oversight agency has sufficient resources to conduct the inspections.

(5)

(6)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 830; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3028(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1624; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20021(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 709; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3013, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1476; Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30012(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 904.)

Amendment of section by section 30012(a)(5) of div. C of Pub. L. 117—58 applicable with respect to a State safety oversight agency on and after the date that is 2 years after the date on which the Secretary of Transportation issues the special directive to the State safety oversight agency under subsec. (k)(5) of this section. See 2021 Amendment note below.

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5329(a) | 49 App.:1618(a). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §22(a); added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §318(b), 96 Stat. 2154; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3026(1), 105 Stat. 2114. |

5329(b) | 49 App.:1618(b). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §22(b); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3026(2), 105 Stat. 2114. |


In subsection (a), the words "manner of" are omitted as surplus. The word "how" is substituted for "the means which might best be employed" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "or eliminating" and "from the local public body" are omitted as surplus. The words "a plan is approved and carried out" are substituted for "he approves such plan and the local public body implements such plan" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(1) and (2), the words "a description of" are added for clarity.

Section 3020 of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (b)(2)(D)(ii)(IV), is section 3020 of Pub. L. 114–94, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1491, which is not classified to the Code.

The date of enactment of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012, referred to in subsecs. (d)(2), (3)(B), (e)(7)(A), (j)(2), and (k), is deemed to be Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

**2021**—Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §30012(a)(1)(A)(i), inserted ", or, in the case of a recipient receiving assistance under section 5307 that is serving an urbanized area with a population of 200,000 or more, safety performance measures, including measures related to the risk reduction program under subsection (d)(1)(I), for all modes of public transportation" after "public transportation".

Subsec. (b)(2)(C)(ii)(III). Pub. L. 117–58, §30012(a)(1)(A)(ii), added subcl. (III).

Subsec. (b)(2)(D) to (G). Pub. L. 117–58, §30012(a)(1)(A)(iii)–(vii), added subpars. (D) and (G), and redesignated former subpars. (D) and (E) as (E) and (F), respectively.

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, §30012(a)(1)(B), added par. (3).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–58, §30012(a)(2), struck out par. (1) designation and heading and par. (2). Prior to amendment, text of par. (2) read as follows: "Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012, the Secretary shall establish interim provisions for the certification and training of the personnel described in paragraph (1), which shall be in effect until the effective date of the final rule issued by the Secretary to implement this subsection."

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §30012(a)(3)(A)(i), substituted "Each recipient" for "Effective 1 year after the effective date of a final rule issued by the Secretary to carry out this subsection, each recipient" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §30012(a)(3)(A)(ii), inserted ", or, in the case of a recipient receiving assistance under section 5307 that is serving an urbanized area with a population of 200,000 or more, the safety committee of the entity established under paragraph (5), followed by the board of directors (or equivalent entity) of the recipient approve," after "recipient approve".

Subsec. (d)(1)(B) to (H). Pub. L. 117–58, §30012(a)(3)(A)(iii)–(viii), added subpar. (B) and redesignated former subpars. (B) to (G) as (C) to (H), respectively; in subpar. (D), inserted ", and consistent with guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or a State health authority, minimize exposure to infectious diseases" before semicolon at end; added subpar. (F) and struck out former subpar. (F), which related to perforamce targets; and added subpars. (H) and (I) and struck out former subpar. (H), which related to comprehensive staff training programs.

Subsec. (d)(4), (5). Pub. L. 117–58, §30012(a)(3)(B), added pars. (4) and (5).

Subsec. (e)(4)(A)(v). Pub. L. 117–58, §30012(a)(4)(A), inserted ", inspection," after "investigative".

Subsec. (e)(11). Pub. L. 117–58, §30012(a)(4)(B), added par. (11).

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 117–58, §30012(a)(5), added subsec. (k) and struck out former subsec. (k). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a report that—

"(1) analyzes public transportation safety trends among the States and documents the most effective safety programs implemented using grants under this section; and

"(2) describes the effect on public transportation safety of activities carried out using grants under this section."

**2015**—Subsec. (b)(2)(D), (E). Pub. L. 114–94, §3013(1), added subpar. (D) and redesignated former subpar. (D) as (E).

Subsec. (e)(8) to (10). Pub. L. 114–94, §3013(2), added par. (8) and redesignated former pars. (8) and (9) as (9) and (10), respectively.

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §3013(3), which directed insertion of "or the public transportation industry generally" after "recipients", was executed by making the insertion after "recipient", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §3013(4)(A), substituted "a recipient" for "an eligible State, as defined in subsection (e)," in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g)(1)(E). Pub. L. 114–94, §3013(4)(B)–(D), added subpar. (E).

Subsec. (g)(2)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, §3013(5), inserted "or withhold funds" after "use of funds" and "or (1)(E)" after "paragraph (1)(D)".

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 114–94, §3013(6), added subsec. (h) and struck out former subsec. (h), which related to cost-benefit analysis.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to investigations of safety hazards and security risks.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 amended section catchline and text generally, substituting provisions relating to investigations of safety hazards and security risks for provisions relating to investigation of safety hazards.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30012(b)(2), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 909, provided that: "Section 5329(k) of title 49, United States Code (as amended by subsection (a)), shall apply with respect to a State safety oversight agency on and after the date that is 2 years after the date on which the Secretary of Transportation issues the special directive to the State safety oversight agency under paragraph (5) of that section 5329(k)."

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30012(b)(1), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 909, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 15, 2021], the Secretary of Transportation shall issue each special directive required under section 5329(k)(5) of title 49, United States Code (as added by subsection (a))."

Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30012(c), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 909, provided that: "Nothing in this section [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] or the amendments made by this section affects the requirements for initial approval of a State safety oversight program, including the initial deadline, under section 5329(e)(3) of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3022, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1493, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) different safety needs of drivers of different modes;

"(2) differences in operating environments;

"(3) the use of technology to mitigate driver assault risks;

"(4) existing experience, from both agencies and operators that already are using or testing driver assault mitigation infrastructure; and

"(5) the impact of the rule on future rolling stock procurements and vehicles currently in revenue service.

"(c)

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 831; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(4), 3029(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545, 1625, related to State safety oversight of certain rail fixed guideway public transportation systems.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20030(e), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 731, provided that the repeal of this section is effective 3 years after the effective date of the final rules issued by the Secretary of Transportation under section 5329(e) of this title. Such effective date is Apr. 15, 2016, see 81 F.R. 14230.

(a)

(1) "controlled substance" means any substance under section 102 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 U.S.C. 802) whose use the Secretary decides has a risk to transportation safety.

(2) "person" includes any entity organized or existing under the laws of the United States, a State, territory, or possession of the United States, or a foreign country.

(3) "public transportation" means any form of public transportation, except a form the Secretary decides is covered adequately, for employee alcohol and controlled substances testing purposes, under section 20140 or 31306 of this title or section 2303a, 7101(i), or 7302(e) of title 46. The Secretary may also decide that a form of public transportation is covered adequately, for employee alcohol and controlled substances testing purposes, under the alcohol and controlled substance statutes or regulations of an agency within the Department of Transportation or the Coast Guard.

(b)

(B) When the Secretary considers it appropriate in the interest of safety, the Secretary may prescribe regulations for conducting periodic recurring testing of public transportation employees responsible for safety-sensitive functions (as decided by the Secretary) for the use of alcohol or a controlled substance in violation of law or a Government regulation.

(2) In prescribing regulations under this subsection, the Secretary—

(A) shall require that post-accident testing of such a public transportation employee be conducted when loss of human life occurs in an accident involving public transportation; and

(B) may require that post-accident testing of such a public transportation employee be conducted when bodily injury or significant property damage occurs in any other serious accident involving public transportation.

(c)

(A) to have used or been impaired by alcohol when on duty; or

(B) to have used a controlled substance, whether or not on duty, except as allowed for medical purposes by law or regulation.

(2) This section does not supersede any penalty applicable to a public transportation employee under another law.

(d)

(1) promote, to the maximum extent practicable, individual privacy in the collection of specimens;

(2) for laboratories and testing procedures for controlled substances, incorporate the Department of Health and Human Services scientific and technical guidelines dated April 11, 1988, and any amendments to those guidelines, including mandatory guidelines establishing—

(A) comprehensive standards for every aspect of laboratory controlled substances testing and laboratory procedures to be applied in carrying out this section, including standards requiring the use of the best available technology to ensure the complete reliability and accuracy of controlled substances tests and strict procedures governing the chain of custody of specimens collected for controlled substances testing;

(B) the minimum list of controlled substances for which individuals may be tested; and

(C) appropriate standards and procedures for periodic review of laboratories and criteria for certification and revocation of certification of laboratories to perform controlled substances testing in carrying out this section;

(3) require that a laboratory involved in controlled substances testing under this section have the capability and facility, at the laboratory, of performing screening and confirmation tests;

(4) provide that all tests indicating the use of alcohol or a controlled substance in violation of law or a Government regulation be confirmed by a scientifically recognized method of testing capable of providing quantitative information about alcohol or a controlled substance;

(5) provide that each specimen be subdivided, secured, and labeled in the presence of the tested individual and that a part of the specimen be retained in a secure manner to prevent the possibility of tampering, so that if the individual's confirmation test results are positive the individual has an opportunity to have the retained part tested by a 2d confirmation test done independently at another certified laboratory if the individual requests the 2d confirmation test not later than 3 days after being advised of the results of the first confirmation test;

(6) ensure appropriate safeguards for testing to detect and quantify alcohol in breath and body fluid samples, including urine and blood, through the development of regulations that may be necessary and in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services;

(7) provide for the confidentiality of test results and medical information (except information about alcohol or a controlled substance) of employees, except that this clause does not prevent the use of test results for the orderly imposition of appropriate sanctions under this section; and

(8) ensure that employees are selected for tests by nondiscriminatory and impartial methods, so that no employee is harassed by being treated differently from other employees in similar circumstances.

(e)

(f)

(2) In prescribing regulations under this section, the Secretary—

(A) shall establish only requirements that are consistent with international obligations of the United States; and

(B) shall consider applicable laws and regulations of foreign countries.

(g)

(1)

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 832; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(13), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4379; Pub. L. 104–59, title III, §342(a), Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 608; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(3), (4), 3030, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545, 1625; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §§20022, 20030(f), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 717, 731.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5331(a) | 49 App.:1618a(a). | Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §6, 105 Stat. 962. |

5331(b) | 49 App.:1618a(b). | |

5331(c) | 49 App.:1618a(f). | |

5331(d) | 49 App.:1618a(d). | |

5331(e) | 49 App.:1618a(c). | |

5331(f) | 49 App.:1618a(e). | |

5331(g) | 49 App.:1618a(g). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the text of 49 App.:1618a(a)(3) is omitted as surplus because the complete name of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section. In clause (3), the words "controlled substances" are substituted for "drug" for consistency in this section.

In subsection (b)(1)(B), the word "also" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2)(B), the words "may require" are substituted for "as determined by the Secretary" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d), the word "samples" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(2), before subclause (A), the word "subsequent" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(3), the words "of any individual" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(4), the words "by any individual" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(5), the word "tested" is substituted for "assayed" for consistency. The words "2d confirmation test" are substituted for "independent test" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (d)(6), the word "Secretary" is substituted for "Department" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (f)(1), the word "prescribe" is substituted for "adopt" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The word "rule" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulation". The word "ordinance" is omitted as being included in "law" and "regulation". The words "whether the provisions apply specifically to mass transportation employees, or to the general public" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(3), the word "prevent" is substituted for "restrict the discretion of" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (g) the words "in accordance with such regulations" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:5331(a)(3) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, §20030(f), substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 112–141, §20022, added subsec. (g) and struck out former subsec. (g). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "A person is not eligible for financial assistance under section 5307, 5309, or 5311 of this title if the person is required, under regulations the Secretary of Transportation prescribes under this section, to establish a program of alcohol and controlled substances testing and does not establish the program."

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 109–59, §3030(a), substituted "section 20140 or 31306 of this title or section 2303a, 7101(i), or 7302(e) of title 46" for "section 20140 or 31306 of this title" and inserted at end "The Secretary may also decide that a form of public transportation is covered adequately, for employee alcohol and controlled substances testing purposes, under the alcohol and controlled substance statutes or regulations of an agency within the Department of Transportation or the Coast Guard.".

Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" in two places.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(3), substituted "Public" for "Mass" in heading.

Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 109–59, §3030(b), struck out "or section 103(e)(4) of title 23" after "5311 of this title".

Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" wherever appearing.

Subsecs. (b)(1)(B), (2), (c)(2), (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 109–59, §3030(c), struck out par. (3) which read as follows: "This section does not prevent the Secretary of Transportation from continuing in effect, amending, or further supplementing a regulation prescribed before October 28, 1991, governing the use of alcohol or a controlled substance by mass transportation employees."

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–59, §3030(b), struck out "or section 103(e)(4) of title 23" after "5311 of this title".

**1995**—Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104–59 added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: "In the interest of mass transportation safety, the Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe regulations not later than October 28, 1992, that establish a program requiring mass transportation operations that receive financial assistance under section 5307, 5309, or 5311 of this title or section 103(e)(4) of title 23 to conduct preemployment, reasonable suspicion, random, and post-accident testing of mass transportation employees responsible for safety-sensitive functions (as decided by the Secretary) for the use of alcohol or a controlled substance in violation of law or a United States Government regulation."

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "section 20140 or 31306" for "subchapter III of chapter 201 or section 31306".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(2) When the Secretary decides that a person receiving financial assistance under this chapter is not complying with subsection (b) of this section, a civil rights law of the United States, or a regulation or order under that law, the Secretary shall notify the person of the decision and require action be taken to ensure compliance with subsection (b).

(d)

(1) direct that no further financial assistance of the United States Government under this chapter be provided to the person;

(2) refer the matter to the Attorney General with a recommendation that a civil action be brought;

(3) proceed under title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000d et seq.); or

(4) take any other action provided by law.

(e)

(1) a matter is referred to the Attorney General under subsection (d)(2) of this section; or

(2) the Attorney General believes a person is engaged in a pattern or practice in violation of this section.

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 834; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §§20023(a), 20030(g), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 717, 731.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5332(a) | 49 App.:1615(a)(5). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §19; added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §314, 92 Stat. 2750. |

5332(b) | 49 App.:1615(a)(1) (1st sentence). | |

5332(c) | 49 App.:1615(a)(2), (3)(A). | |

5332(d) | 49 App.:1615(a)(3)(B). | |

5332(e) | 49 App.:1615(a)(4). | |

5332(f) | 49 App.:1615(a)(1) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), the words "the term" and "one or more" are omitted as surplus. The words "partnerships, associations, corporations" and "mutual companies, joint-stock companies" are omitted because of 1:1.

In subsection (b), the word "receiving" is substituted for "funded in whole or in part through" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "directly or indirectly", "issued", and "necessary" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), before clause (1), the words "does not" are substituted for "fails or refuses to" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "period of" and "pursuant to paragraph (a) of this subsection" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the word "appropriate" is omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the words "proceed under" are substituted for "exercise the powers and functions provided by" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "in any appropriate district court of the United States" and "including injunctive relief" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), the words "considered to be" and "and not in lieu of" are omitted as surplus.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964, referred to in subsecs. (d)(3) and (f), is Pub. L. 88–352, July 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 241. Title VI of the Act is classified generally to subchapter V (§2000d et seq.) of chapter 21 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2000a of Title 42 and Tables.

**2012**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–141, §20023(a)(1), substituted "religion" for "creed" and inserted "disability," after "sex,".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §20030(g), struck out "of Transportation" after "Secretary".

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 112–141, §20023(a)(2), substituted "or" for "and".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(b) 1 5318, 5323(a)(1), 5323(b), 5323(d), 5328,1 5337, and 5338(b) of this title, the interests of employees affected by the assistance shall be protected under arrangements the Secretary of Labor concludes are fair and equitable. The agreement granting the assistance under sections 5307–5312, 5316,1 5318, 5323(a)(1), 5323(b), 5323(d), 5328,1 5337, and 5338(b) shall specify the arrangements.

(2) Arrangements under this subsection shall include provisions that may be necessary for—

(A) the preservation of rights, privileges, and benefits (including continuation of pension rights and benefits) under existing collective bargaining agreements or otherwise;

(B) the continuation of collective bargaining rights;

(C) the protection of individual employees against a worsening of their positions related to employment;

(D) assurances of employment to employees of acquired public transportation systems;

(E) assurances of priority of reemployment of employees whose employment is ended or who are laid off; and

(F) paid training or retraining programs.

(3) Arrangements under this subsection shall provide benefits at least equal to benefits established under section 11326 of this title.

(4) Fair and equitable arrangements to protect the interests of employees utilized by the Secretary of Labor for assistance to purchase like-kind equipment or facilities, and grant amendments which do not materially revise or amend existing assistance agreements, shall be certified without referral.

(5) When the Secretary is called upon to issue fair and equitable determinations involving assurances of employment when one private transit bus service contractor replaces another through competitive bidding, such decisions shall be based on the principles set forth in the Department of Labor's decision of September 21, 1994, as clarified by the supplemental ruling of November 7, 1994, with respect to grant NV–90–X021. This paragraph shall not serve as a basis for objections under section 215.3(d) of title 29, Code of Federal Regulations.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 835; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(e), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 947; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3029(b)(9), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 372; Pub. L. 107–217, §3(n)(3), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1302; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(4), 3031, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545, 1625; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20030(h), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 731.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5333(a) | 49 App.:1609(a), (b). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §13, 78 Stat. 307; Sept. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89–562, §2(a)(1), (b)(2), 80 Stat. 715, 716; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25. |

5333(b) | 49 App.:1609(c). |


In subsection (a), the words "take such action as may be necessary to", "the performance of", "the assistance of", and "at rates" are omitted as surplus. The word "same" is added for clarity. The words "duties and powers" are substituted for "authority and functions" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b)(1), the reference to sections 5307, 5308, 5310, and 5311 of the revised title is added for clarity because of 49 App.:1607a(e)(1), 1607a–2(a), 1612(b), and 1614(f), restated as sections 5307(n)(2), 5308(b)(1), 5310(a), and 5311(i) of the revised title. The reference to section 5312 is added for clarity because it is intended that 49 App.:1609(c) cover research, development, training, and demonstration projects. The words "terms and conditions of the protective" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), before clause (A), the words "without being limited to" are omitted as being included in "include". The words "such provisions as may be necessary for" are omitted as surplus. In clause (C), the word "individual" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3), the words "section 11347 of this title" are substituted for and coextensive with "section 5(2)(f) of the Act of February 4, 1887 (24 Stat. 379), as amended" in section 13(c) of the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 (Public Law 88–365, 78 Stat. 307) on authority of section 3(b) of the Act of October 17, 1978 (Public Law 95–473, 92 Stat. 1466).

Reorganization Plan No. 14 of 1950, referred to in subsec. (a), is set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Sections 5316 and 5328 of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), were repealed by Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20002(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 622.

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–141 substituted "sections 3141 through 3144" for "sections 3141–3144".

**2005**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §3031(1), substituted "5316, 5318, 5323(a)(1), 5323(b), 5323(d), 5328, 5337, and 5338(b)" for "5318(d), 5323(a)(1), (b), (d), and (e), 5328, 5337, and 5338(b)" in two places.

Subsec. (b)(2)(D). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Subsec. (b)(4), (5). Pub. L. 109–59, §3031(2), added pars. (4) and (5).

**2002**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–217 substituted "sections 3141–3144, 3146, and 3147 of title 40" for "the Act of March 3, 1931 (known as the Davis-Bacon Act) (40 U.S.C. 276a—276a–5)" and "section 3145 of title 40" for "section 2 of the Act of June 13, 1934 (40 U.S.C. 276c)".

**1998**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 105–178 substituted "5338(b)" for "5338(j)(5)" in two places.

**1995**—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 104–88 substituted "11326" for "11347".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1) prescribe terms for a project that receives Federal financial assistance under this chapter (except terms the Secretary of Labor prescribes under section 5333(b) of this title);

(2) sue and be sued;

(3) foreclose on property or bring a civil action to protect or enforce a right conferred on the Secretary of Transportation by law or agreement;

(4) buy property related to a loan under this chapter;

(5) agree to pay an annual amount in place of a State or local tax on real property acquired or owned under this chapter;

(6) sell, exchange, or lease property, a security, or an obligation;

(7) obtain loss insurance for property and assets the Secretary of Transportation holds;

(8) consent to a modification in an agreement under this chapter;

(9) include in an agreement or instrument under this chapter a covenant or term the Secretary of Transportation considers necessary to carry out this chapter;

(10) collect fees to cover the costs of training or conferences, including costs of promotional materials, sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration to promote public transportation and credit amounts collected to the appropriation concerned; and

(11) issue regulations as necessary to carry out the purposes of this chapter.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(c)

(2) Except for emergency regulations, the Secretary shall give interested parties at least 60 days to participate in a regulatory proceeding under this chapter by submitting written information, views, or arguments, with or without an oral presentation, except when the Secretary for good cause finds that public notice and comment are unnecessary because of the routine nature or insignificant impact of the regulation or that an emergency regulation should be issued. The Secretary may extend the 60-day period if the Secretary decides the period is insufficient to allow diligent individuals to prepare comments or that other circumstances justify an extension.

(3) An emergency regulation ends 120 days after it is issued.

(4) The Secretary shall comply with this subsection when proposing or carrying out a regulation governing an activity under this chapter, except for a routine matter or a matter with no significant impact.

(d)

(1) submit each year a budget program as provided in section 9103 of title 31; and

(2) maintain a set of accounts for audit under chapter 35 of title 31.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1) deprive a State or political subdivision of a State of jurisdiction of the property; or

(2) impair the civil rights, under the laws of a State or political subdivision of a State, of an inhabitant of the property.

(h)

(1)

(A) a local governmental authority to be used for a public purpose with no further obligation to the Government if the Secretary decides—

(i) the asset will remain in public use for at least 5 years after the date the asset is transferred;

(ii) there is no purpose eligible for assistance under this chapter for which the asset should be used;

(iii) the overall benefit of allowing the transfer is greater than the interest of the Government in liquidation and return of the financial interest of the Government in the asset, after considering fair market value and other factors; and

(iv) through an appropriate screening or survey process, that there is no interest in acquiring the asset for Government use if the asset is a facility or land; or

(B) a local governmental authority, nonprofit organization, or other third party entity to be used for the purpose of transit-oriented development with no further obligation to the Government if the Secretary decides—

(i) the asset is a necessary component of a proposed transit-oriented development project;

(ii) the transit-oriented development project will increase transit ridership;

(iii) at least 40 percent of the housing units offered in the transit-oriented development, including housing units owned by nongovernmental entities, are legally binding affordability restricted to tenants with incomes at or below 60 percent of the area median income and owners with incomes at or below 60 percent 1 the area median income, which shall include at least 20 percent of such housing units offered restricted to tenants with incomes at or below 30 percent of the area median income and owners with incomes at or below 30 percent the area median income;

(iv) the asset will remain in use as described in this section for at least 30 years after the date the asset is transferred; and

(v) with respect to a transfer to a third party entity—

(I) a local government authority or nonprofit organization is unable to receive the property;

(II) the overall benefit of allowing the transfer is greater than the interest of the Government in liquidation and return of the financial interest of the Government in the asset, after considering fair market value and other factors; and

(III) the third party has demonstrated a satisfactory history of construction or operating an affordable housing development.

(2) A decision under paragraph (1) must be in writing and include the reason for the decision.

(3) This subsection is in addition to any other law related to using and disposing of a facility or equipment under an assistance agreement.

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(I)

(II)

(aa) the recipient shall retain an amount equal to the sum of—

(AA) $5,000; and

(BB) of the remaining proceeds, a percentage of the amount equal to the non-Federal share expended by the recipient in making the original purchase; and

(bb) any amounts remaining after application of item (aa) shall be returned to the Federal Transit Administration.

(iii)

(C)

(D)

(i)

(2) The provisions of title 23 related to the non-Government share apply to amounts under title 23 used for public transportation projects. The provisions of this chapter related to the non-Government share apply to amounts under this chapter used for highway projects.

(j)

(k)

(1)

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 836; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; Pub. L. 104–316, title I, §127(a), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3840; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §§3023(c), 3025(a), (b)(1), (c), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 364, 365; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(4), 3032, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545, 1626; Pub. L. 111–350, §5(o)(3), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3853; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §§20024, 20030(i), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 718, 731; Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30013, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 909; Pub. L. 117–81, div. F, title LXVI, §6609, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2446.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5334(a) | 49 App.:1608(a) (1st sentence related to 12:1749a(c) (1)–(3) (1st sentence), (4)–(8), (10)). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §12(a), 78 Stat. 306; Sept. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89–562, §2(a)(1), 80 Stat. 715; May 25, 1967, Pub. L. 90–19, §20(a), 81 Stat. 25. |

5334(b) | 49 App.:1608(i)(1), (2). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §12(i)(1), (2); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §318(a), 101 Stat. 233. |

49 App.:1608(i)(3). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §12(i)(3); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3017, 105 Stat. 2108. | |

5334(c) | 49 App.:1608(a) (1st sentence related to 12:1749a(a) (less proviso)). | |

5334(d) | 49 App.:1608(a) (1st sentence related to 12:1749a(b), last sentence). | |

5334(e) | 49 App.:1608(a) (1st sentence related to 12:1749a(a) (proviso)). | |

5334(f) | 49 App.:1608(a) (1st sentence related to 12:1749a(c)(3) (last sentence)). | |

5334(g) | 49 App.:1608(k). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §12(k); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3018, 105 Stat. 2108. |

5334(h) | 49 App.:1607(k). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §8(k); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §305(b), 92 Stat. 2743; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §310, 101 Stat. 227; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3012, 105 Stat. 2104; Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, §502(a), 106 Stat. 1566. |

5334(i) | 49 App.:1608 (note) (related to authority and functions reserved to Secretary of Housing and Urban Development). | Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1968, eff. June 30, 1968, §1(a)(1) (related to authority and functions reserved to Secretary of Housing and Urban Development), 82 Stat. 1369. |

5334(j)(1) | 49 App.:1608(a) (1st sentence related to 12:1749a(e)). | |

5334(j)(2) | 49 App.:1608(a) (1st sentence related to 12:1749a(d)). |


In subsections (c)–(f), and (j), the relevant substantive provisions of 12:1749a are substituted for "shall . . . have the functions, powers, and duties set forth in section 1749a of title 12, except subsections (c)(2) and (f) of such section" for clarity. The reference to subsection (c)(2) is omitted as obsolete because section 201(d)(1) of the Housing and Community Development Technical Amendments Act of 1984 (Public Law 98–479, 98 Stat. 2228) repealed 12:1749a(c)(2). The words "(in addition to any authority otherwise vested in him)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a), the text of 49 App.:1608(a) (1st sentence related to 12:1749a(c)(8)) is omitted as obsolete. Before clause (1), the words "carrying out this chapter" are substituted for "the performance of, and with respect to, the functions, powers, and duties vested in him by this chapter" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the words "(except terms the Secretary of Labor prescribes under section 5333(b) of this title)" are added for clarity because 49 App.:1608(a) only applies to the Secretary of Transportation and does not supersede the responsibility of the Secretary of Labor. In clause (3), the word "civil" is added for clarity. The words "contract, or other" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the words "bid for and . . . at any foreclosure or any other sale" are omitted as surplus. In clause (6), the words "at public or private sale", "real or personal", and "upon such terms as he may fix" are omitted as surplus. Clause (8) is substituted for 49 App.:1608(a) (1st sentence related to 12:1749a(c)(7)) to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (9), the word "provisions" is omitted as surplus. The words "carry out this chapter" are substituted for "assure that the purposes of this subchapter will be achieved" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), the words "regulatory" and "regulatory proceeding" are substituted for "rulemaking" for consistency in the revised title and because "rule" and "regulation" are synonymous.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "Federal Transit Administration" are substituted for "Urban Mass Transportation Administration" because of section 3004(b) of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (Public Law 102–240, 105 Stat. 2088). The words "also" and "required by the first sentence of this paragraph" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "In the performance of, and with respect to, the functions, powers, and duties vested in him by this subchapter . . . notwithstanding the provisions of any other law" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "prepare . . . and" and "for wholly owned Government corporations" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (d) is substituted for 49 App.:1608(a) (1st sentence related to 12:1749a(b) and last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e), the words "such . . . as the making of loans" are omitted as surplus. The words "under this chapter" are added for clarity. The word "related" is substituted for "in connection with such financial transactions" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "approved by the Secretary" are omitted as surplus. The word "binding" is substituted for "final and conclusive" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "and employees" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (f), before clause (1), the words "in any way" are substituted for "complete, administer, remodel and convert, dispose of, lease and otherwise" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the words "civil or criminal" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "political subdivision of a State" are substituted for "local" for consistency.

In subsection (g)(1), before clause (A), the words "facilities and equipment and other", "(including land)", and "first" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g)(3), the words "and not in lieu of" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (i) is substituted for section 1(a)(1) (related to authority and functions reserved to Secretary of Housing and Urban Development) of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1968 to eliminate unnecessary words. The reference to 49 App.:1602(c)(1) is translated as a reference to 49 App.:1602(e)(1) because section 2(1) of the Urban Mass Transportation Assistance Act of 1970 (Public Law 91–453, 84 Stat. 962) redesignated subsection (c) as subsection (e). The references to 49 App.:1603(a) (1st sentence), 1604, and 1607c(b) and former 49 App.:1607a are omitted as obsolete because of section 103(a) of the National Mass Transportation Act of 1974 (Public Law 93–503, 88 Stat. 1567) and sections 303(b), 305(a), and 307 of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 1978 (Public Law 95–599, 92 Stat. 2737, 2743, 2747). Reference to 49 App.:1607c(c) is omitted because it was enacted after the Reorganization Plan and was not intended to be within the scope of the Plan.

Subsection (j)(1) is substituted for 49 App.:1608(a) (1st sentence related to 12:1749a(e)) to eliminate unnecessary words.

The date of enactment of this paragraph, referred to in subsec. (h)(4)(D), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 105–178, which was approved June 9, 1998.

**2021**—Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 117–81 amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) related to authorization by Secretary of assets no longer needed.

Subsec. (h)(4)(B) to (D). Pub. L. 117–58 added subpar. (B) and redesignated former subpars. (B) and (C) as (C) and (D), respectively.

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §20024(1), substituted "that receives Federal financial assistance under this chapter" for "under sections 5307 and 5309–5311 of this title".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §20024(2), inserted "or for purposes of establishing and enforcing a program to improve the safety of public transportation systems in the United States as described in section 5329," after "emergency," and substituted "chapter. The Secretary may not" for "chapter, nor may the Secretary".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §20030(i)(1), substituted "Secretary shall prepare" for "Secretary of Transportation shall prepare" and "Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives" for "Committees on Transportation and Infrastructure and Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committees on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and Appropriations of the Senate".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, §20030(i)(1)(A), substituted "Secretary shall give" for "Secretary of Transportation shall give".

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 112–141, §§20030(i)(1)(A), 20024(3), substituted "Secretary shall comply" for "Secretary of Transportation shall comply" and "subsection" for "section (except subsection (i)) and sections 5318(e), 5323(a)(2), 5325(a), 5325(b), and 5325(f)".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–141, §20030(i)(2), struck out "of Transportation" after "Secretary" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–141, §20030(i)(3), struck out "of Transportation" after "The Secretary".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–141, §20030(i)(4), struck out "of Transportation" after "Secretary".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 112–141, §20030(i)(5), in introductory provisions, struck out "of Transportation" after "Secretary".and substituted "paragraph (3) or (4) of subsection (a)" for "subsection (a)(3) or (4) of this section".

Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §20030(i)(6)(A), struck out "of Transportation" after "acquired, the Secretary" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, §20030(i)(6)(B), struck out "of this section" after "paragraph (1)".

Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 112–141, §20024(4), substituted "any other" for "another".

Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §§20024(5), 20030(i)(7), substituted "title 23 may" for "title 23 shall" and "Secretary under this chapter" for "Secretary of Transportation under this chapter".

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 112–141, §20030(i)(8), which directed substitution of "Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives" for "Committees on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and Appropriations of the Senate and Committees on Transportation and Infrastructure and Appropriations of the House of Representatives" in subsec. (j) as redesignated by section 20025 of Pub. L. 112–141, was executed to subsec. (j) as redesignated by section 20024 of Pub. L. 112–141, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 112–141, §20024(6), (7), redesignated subsec. (k) as (j) and struck out former subsec. (j). Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(1) Section 9107(a) of title 31 applies to the Secretary of Transportation under this chapter.

"(2) Section 6101(b) to (d) of title 41 applies to a contract for more than $1,000 for services or supplies related to property acquired under this chapter."

Subsecs. (k), (l). Pub. L. 112–141, §20024(7), redesignated subsecs. (k) and (l) as (j) and (k), respectively.

**2011**—Subsec. (j)(2). Pub. L. 111–350 substituted "Section 6101(b) to (d) of title 41" for "Section 3709 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5)".

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 109–59, §3032(1), added par. (11).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §3032(4), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (c).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §3032(3), redesignated subsec. (b) as (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 109–59, §3032(5), added par. (4) and struck out former par. (4) which read as follows: "The Secretary of Transportation shall comply with this section (except subsections (h) and (i)) and sections 5323(a)(2), 5323(c), 5323(e), 5324(c), 5325(a), 5325(b), 5326(c), and 5326(d) when proposing or carrying out a regulation governing an activity under this chapter, except for a routine matter or a matter with no significant impact."

Subsecs. (d) to (f). Pub. L. 109–59, §3032(3), redesignated subsecs. (c) to (e) as (d) to (f), respectively. Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–59, §3032(3), redesignated subsec. (f) as (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (h).

Subsec. (g)(1), (4)(A). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 109–59, §3032(3), redesignated subsec. (g) as (h). Former subsec. (h) redesignated (i).

Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" in pars. (1) and (2).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 109–59, §3032(2), (3), redesignated subsec. (h) as (i) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (i). Text read as follows: "The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development shall—

"(1) carry out section 5312(a) and (b)(1) of this title related to—

"(A) urban transportation systems and planned development of urban areas; and

"(B) the role of transportation planning in overall urban planning; and

"(2) advise and assist the Secretary of Transportation in making findings under section 5323(a)(1)(A) of this title."

Subsecs. (k), (l). Pub. L. 109–59, §3032(6), added subsecs. (k) and (l).

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, §3025(b)(1), inserted "provisions" after "Administrative" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 105–178, §3025(a), added par. (10).

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 105–178, §3023(c), substituted "5323(a)(2), 5323(c), 5323(e), 5324(c), 5325(a), 5325(b), 5326(c), and 5326(d)" for "5323(a)(2), (c) and (e), 5324(c), and 5325 of this title".

Subsec. (g)(4). Pub. L. 105–178, §3025(c), added par. (4).

**1996**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Public Works and Transportation".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 104–316 substituted "for" for "the Comptroller General shall".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

1 So in original. Probably should be followed by "of".

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1) any information relating to a transit asset inventory or condition assessment conducted by the recipient;

(2) any data on assaults on transit workers of the recipients; and

(3) any data on fatalities that result from an impact with a bus.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 838; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), (18), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389, 3390; Pub. L. 104–316, title I, §127(b), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3840; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3026, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 365; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(4), 3033(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545, 1627; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §§20025(a), 20030(j), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 718, 731; Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30014, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 910.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5335(a) | 49 App.:1608(j). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §12(j); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §319, 101 Stat. 234. |

49 App.:1611(a). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §15(a), 78 Stat. 308; Sept. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89–562, §§2(a)(1), 4, 80 Stat. 715, 717; Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §7, 84 Stat. 967; restated Nov. 26, 1974, Pub. L. 93–503, §111, 88 Stat. 1573. | |

49 App.:1611(b). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, §15(b), 78 Stat. 308; Sept. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89–562, §§2(a)(1), 4, 80 Stat. 715, 717; Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §7, 84 Stat. 967; restated Nov. 26, 1974, Pub. L. 93–503, §111, 88 Stat. 1573; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §304(c), 96 Stat. 2150. | |

5335(b) | 49 App.:1603(b)(1). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §4(b)(1); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §303(e), 92 Stat. 2738; restated Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §307, 101 Stat. 226; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3006(h) (1), 105 Stat. 2090. |

5335(c) | 49 App.:1623(a). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §27; added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3028, 105 Stat. 2115. |

5335(d) | 49 App.:1623(b). |


In subsection (a), the text of 49 App.:1608(j) is omitted as superseded by 31:ch. 75.

In subsection (a)(1), the words "by January 10, 1977" are omitted as executed. The word "maintain" is substituted for "develop, test, and prescribe" for clarity. The text of 49 App.:1611(a) (3d and 4th sentences) is omitted as executed. The words "or data as he deems" and "public or private" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "After July 1, 1978" are omitted as executed. The reference to 49 App.:1604 is omitted as obsolete. The words "for such grant", "or organization", "each . . . both", and "prescribed under subsection (a) of this section" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "commitments, and reservations" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2) and (3), the words "uncommitted, and unreserved" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3) and (5), the words "last day" are substituted for "close" for consistency.

In subsection (b)(4), the words "a listing of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(5), the words "a status report on all" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(6), the words "a status report on", "a letter of credit or other", and "already" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), before clause (1), the words "the transferability provisions of" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:5335(d)(2)(B) to amend an erroneous cross-reference.

**2021**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–58, §30014(1), inserted "geographic service area coverage," after "operating," in first sentence.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–58, §30014(2), added subsec. (c) and struck out former subsec. (c). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The recipient of a grant under this chapter shall report to the Secretary, for inclusion in the National Transit Database, any information relating to a transit asset inventory or condition assessment conducted by the recipient."

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–141, §§20025(a)(1), 20030(j), struck out "of Transportation" after "the Secretary" and substituted "public transportation financial, operating, and asset condition information" for "public transportation financial and operating information".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–141, §20025(a)(2), added subsec. (c).

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, §3033(a), substituted "National transit database" for "Reports and audits" in section catchline, redesignated pars. (1) and (2) of subsec. (a) as subsecs. (a) and (b), respectively, inserted subsec. (b) heading, substituted "The Secretary may award a grant under section 5307 or 5311" for "The Secretary may make a grant under section 5307 of this title" in subsec. (b), and struck out former subsec. (b) which related to submission of a report in January- 1993, on carrying out former section 5307(b)(5) of this title.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" wherever appearing.

**1998**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–178, §3026(a)(1), substituted "National Transit Database" for "Reporting System and Uniform System of Accounts and Records" in heading.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 105–178, §3026(a)(2), substituted "using uniform categories" for "by uniform categories," and "and using a uniform system of accounts" for "and a uniform system of accounts and records".

Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 105–178, §3026(b), redesignated subsec. (d) as (b) and struck out former subsecs. (b) and (c) which related to quarterly reports and biennial needs report, respectively.

**1996**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), substituted "Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Public Works and Transportation" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–316 struck out "and in January of every 2d year after 1993" after "In January 1993" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), substituted "Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Public Works and Transportation" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–316 struck out "and in January of every 2d year after 1993" after "In January 1993" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), substituted "Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Public Works and Transportation" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(18), substituted "Americans with Disabilities Act" for "Americans With Disabilities Act".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20025(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 718, provided that: "The Secretary [of Transportation] shall—

"(1) develop and implement appropriate internal control activities to ensure that public transportation safety incident data is reported accurately and reliably by public transportation systems and State safety oversight agencies to the State Safety Oversight Rail Accident Database; and

"(2) report to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives within 1 year of enactment of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012 [see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways] on the steps taken to improve the accuracy and reliability of public transportation safety incident data reported to the State Safety Oversight Rail Accident Database."

(a)

(1) 9.32 percent shall be apportioned each fiscal year only in urbanized areas with a population of less than 200,000 so that each of those areas is entitled to receive an amount equal to—

(A) 50 percent of the total amount apportioned multiplied by a ratio equal to the population of the area divided by the total population of all urbanized areas with populations of less than 200,000 as shown in the most recent decennial census; and

(B) 50 percent of the total amount apportioned multiplied by a ratio for the area based on population weighted by a factor, established by the Secretary, of the number of inhabitants in each square mile; and

(2) 90.68 percent shall be apportioned each fiscal year only in urbanized areas with populations of at least 200,000 as provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section.

(b)

(2) Of the amount apportioned under subsection (a)(2) of this section, 33.29 percent shall be apportioned as follows:

(A) 95.61 percent of the total amount apportioned under this subsection shall be apportioned so that each urbanized area with a population of at least 200,000 is entitled to receive an amount equal to—

(i) 60 percent of the 95.61 percent apportioned under this subparagraph multiplied by a ratio equal to the number of fixed guideway vehicle revenue miles attributable to the area, as established by the Secretary, divided by the total number of all fixed guideway vehicle revenue miles attributable to all areas; and

(ii) 40 percent of the 95.61 percent apportioned under this subparagraph multiplied by a ratio equal to the number of fixed guideway directional route miles attributable to the area, established by the Secretary, divided by the total number of all fixed guideway directional route miles attributable to all areas.

An urbanized area with a population of at least 750,000 in which commuter rail transportation is provided shall receive at least .75 percent of the total amount apportioned under this subparagraph.

(B) 4.39 percent of the total amount apportioned under this subsection shall be apportioned so that each urbanized area with a population of at least 200,000 is entitled to receive an amount equal to—

(i) the number of fixed guideway vehicle passenger miles traveled multiplied by the number of fixed guideway vehicle passenger miles traveled for each dollar of operating cost in an area; divided by

(ii) the total number of fixed guideway vehicle passenger miles traveled multiplied by the total number of fixed guideway vehicle passenger miles traveled for each dollar of operating cost in all areas.

An urbanized area with a population of at least 750,000 in which commuter rail transportation is provided shall receive at least .75 percent of the total amount apportioned under this subparagraph.

(C) Under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, fixed guideway vehicle revenue or directional route miles, and passengers served on those miles, in an urbanized area with a population of less than 200,000, where the miles and passengers served otherwise would be attributable to an urbanized area with a population of at least 1,000,000 in an adjacent State, are attributable to the governmental authority in the State in which the urbanized area with a population of less than 200,000 is located. The authority is deemed an urbanized area with a population of at least 200,000 if the authority makes a contract for the service.

(D) A recipient's apportionment under subparagraph (A)(i) of this paragraph may not be reduced if the recipient, after satisfying the Secretary that energy or operating efficiencies would be achieved, reduces vehicle revenue miles but provides the same frequency of revenue service to the same number of riders.

(E) For purposes of subparagraph (A) and section 5337(c)(3), the Secretary shall deem to be attributable to an urbanized area not less than 27 percent of the fixed guideway vehicle revenue miles or fixed guideway directional route miles in the public transportation system of a recipient that are located outside the urbanized area for which the recipient receives funds, in addition to the fixed guideway vehicle revenue miles or fixed guideway directional route miles of the recipient that are located inside the urbanized area.

(c)

(1) 90.8 percent of the total amount apportioned under this subsection shall be apportioned as follows:

(A) 73.39 percent of the 90.8 percent apportioned under this paragraph shall be apportioned so that each urbanized area with a population of at least 1,000,000 is entitled to receive an amount equal to—

(i) 50 percent of the 73.39 percent apportioned under this subparagraph multiplied by a ratio equal to the total bus vehicle revenue miles operated in or directly serving the urbanized area divided by the total bus vehicle revenue miles attributable to all areas;

(ii) 25 percent of the 73.39 percent apportioned under this subparagraph multiplied by a ratio equal to the population of the area divided by the total population of all areas, as shown in the most recent decennial census; and

(iii) 25 percent of the 73.39 percent apportioned under this subparagraph multiplied by a ratio for the area based on population weighted by a factor, established by the Secretary, of the number of inhabitants in each square mile.

(B) 26.61 percent of the 90.8 percent apportioned under this paragraph shall be apportioned so that each urbanized area with a population of at least 200,000 but not more than 999,999 is entitled to receive an amount equal to—

(i) 50 percent of the 26.61 percent apportioned under this subparagraph multiplied by a ratio equal to the total bus vehicle revenue miles operated in or directly serving the urbanized area divided by the total bus vehicle revenue miles attributable to all areas;

(ii) 25 percent of the 26.61 percent apportioned under this subparagraph multiplied by a ratio equal to the population of the area divided by the total population of all areas, as shown by the most recent decennial census; and

(iii) 25 percent of the 26.61 percent apportioned under this subparagraph multiplied by a ratio for the area based on population weighted by a factor, established by the Secretary, of the number of inhabitants in each square mile.

(2) 9.2 percent of the total amount apportioned under this subsection shall be apportioned so that each urbanized area with a population of at least 200,000 is entitled to receive an amount equal to—

(A) the number of bus passenger miles traveled multiplied by the number of bus passenger miles traveled for each dollar of operating cost in an area; divided by

(B) the total number of bus passenger miles traveled multiplied by the total number of bus passenger miles traveled for each dollar of operating cost in all areas.

(d)

(1) apportion amounts appropriated under section 5338(a)(2)(C) of this title to carry out section 5307 of this title not later than the 10th day after the date the amounts are appropriated or October 1 of the fiscal year for which the amounts are appropriated, whichever is later; and

(2) publish apportionments of the amounts, including amounts attributable to each urbanized area with a population of more than 50,000 and amounts attributable to each State of a multistate urbanized area, on the apportionment date.

(e)

(f) 1 The Governor may make a transfer only after consulting with responsible local officials and publicly owned operators of public transportation in each area for which the amount originally was apportioned under this section.

(2) The Governor of a State may transfer any part of the State's apportionment under section 5311(c)(3)1 to supplement amounts apportioned to the State under subsection (a)(1) of this section.

(3) The Governor of a State may use throughout the State amounts of a State's apportionment remaining available for obligation at the beginning of the 90-day period before the period of the availability of the amounts expires.

(4) A designated recipient for an urbanized area with a population of at least 200,000 may transfer a part of its apportionment under this section to the Governor of a State. The Governor shall distribute the transferred amounts to urbanized areas under this section.

(5) Capital and operating assistance limitations applicable to the original apportionment apply to amounts transferred under this subsection.

(g)

(h)

(1) $30,000,000 shall be set aside each fiscal year to carry out section 5307(h);

(2) 3.07 percent shall be apportioned to urbanized areas in accordance with subsection (j);

(3) of amounts not apportioned under paragraphs (1) and (2), 3 percent shall be apportioned to urbanized areas with populations of less than 200,000 in accordance with subsection (i);

(4) 0.75 percent shall be apportioned to eligible States for State safety oversight program grants in accordance with section 5329(e)(6); and

(5) any amount not apportioned under paragraphs (1), (2), (3), and (4) shall be apportioned to urbanized areas in accordance with subsections (a) through (c).

(i)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(i) Passenger miles traveled per vehicle revenue mile.

(ii) Passenger miles traveled per vehicle revenue hour.

(iii) Vehicle revenue miles per capita.

(iv) Vehicle revenue hours per capita.

(v) Passenger miles traveled per capita.

(vi) Passengers per capita.

(2)

(A)

(i) the number of performance categories for which each eligible area meets or exceeds the industry average in urbanized areas with a population of at least 200,000 but not more than 999,999; bears to

(ii) the aggregate number of performance categories for which all eligible areas meet or exceed the industry average in urbanized areas with a population of at least 200,000 but not more than 999,999.

(B)

(j)

(1) 75 percent of the funds shall be apportioned among designated recipients for urbanized areas with a population of 200,000 or more in the ratio that—

(A) the number of eligible low-income individuals in each such urbanized area; bears to

(B) the number of eligible low-income individuals in all such urbanized areas.

(2) 25 percent of the funds shall be apportioned among designated recipients for urbanized areas with a population of less than 200,000 in the ratio that—

(A) the number of eligible low-income individuals in each such urbanized area; bears to

(B) the number of eligible low-income individuals in all such urbanized areas.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 840; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(19), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §§3027(a), (b), 3029(b)(10), (11), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 366, 373; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §§3002(b)(4), 3034, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1545, 1627; Pub. L. 110–244, title II, §201(l), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1611; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20026, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 719; Pub. L. 113–159, title I, §1202, Aug. 8, 2014, 128 Stat. 1845; Pub. L. 114–21, title I, §1202, May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 223; Pub. L. 114–41, title I, §1202, July 31, 2015, 129 Stat. 450; Pub. L. 114–73, title I, §1202, Oct. 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 573; Pub. L. 114–87, title I, §1202, Nov. 20, 2015, 129 Stat. 682; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3014, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1478; Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §§30001(b)(3), 30015(a), (b)(1), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 890, 910.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5336(a)(1) | 49 App.:1607a(a)(1). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(a); added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §303, 96 Stat. 2141; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §327(b), 101 Stat. 238; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3013(a), 105 Stat. 2106. |

49 App.:1607a(d). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(b)(1)–(3), (c)–(e)(1), (m)(2); added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §303, 96 Stat. 2141, 2147; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §327(b), 101 Stat. 238. | |

5336(a)(2) | 49 App.:1607a(a)(2). | |

5336(b)(1) | 49 App.:1607a(b)(2) (last sentence). | |

5336(b)(2)(A) | 49 App.:1607a(b)(1), (2) (1st sentence). | |

5336(b)(2)(B) | 49 App.:1607a(b)(3) (1st sentence). | |

5336(b)(2)(C) | 49 App.:1607a(b)(2) (2d sentence), (3) (last sentence). | |

5336(b)(2)(D) | 49 App.:1607a(b)(2) (3d sentence). | |

5336(b)(2)(E) | 49 App.:1607a(b)(4). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(b)(4); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3013(b), 105 Stat. 2106. |

5336(c)(1) | 49 App.:1607a(c)(1), (2), (d) (last sentence). | |

5336(c)(2) | 49 App.:1607a(c)(3). | |

5336(d)(1) | 49 App.:1607a (k)(2)(A). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(k)(2)(A); added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §303, 96 Stat. 2145; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §§312(c)(1), (2), 327(b), 101 Stat. 228, 238. |

5336(d)(2) | 49 App.:1607a (k)(2)(B). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(k)(2)(B); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §312(c)(3), 101 Stat. 228; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3013(i), 105 Stat. 2107. |

49 App.:1607a (k)(2)(C). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(k)(2)(C); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §312(c)(3), 101 Stat. 228. | |

5336(e) | 49 App.:1607a(q). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(q); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §312(e), 101 Stat. 229. |

5336(f) | 49 App.:1607a(m)(2). | |

5336(g) | 49 App.:1607a(n). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(n); added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §303, 96 Stat. 2147; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §§312(d), 327(b), 101 Stat. 229, 238. |

5336(h) | 49 App.:1607a(t). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(t); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3013(k), 105 Stat. 2108. |

5336(i) | 49 App.:1607a(o). |
July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(o); added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §303, 96 Stat. 2147; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §§311, 327(b), 101 Stat. 228, 238. |

5336(j) | 49 App.:1607a(e)(1). | |

5336(k) | 49 App.:1607a(s). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9(s); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3013(j), 105 Stat. 2108. |


In this section, the word "apportioned" is substituted for "available", "shall be available for expenditure", "made available", and "made available for expenditure" for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (a)(1), before subclause (A), the words "the sum of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2)(D), the word "provided" is omitted as surplus. The words "is deemed" are substituted for "as if . . . were" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "directly or indirectly" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1)(B), before clause (i), the words "of at least 200,000" are added for clarity.

In subsection (d)(1)(D), the words "Notwithstanding the preceding sentence" and "each fiscal year" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "Beginning on October 1, 1991" are omitted as executed. The words "paragraph (1) of this subsection" are substituted for "under this section that may be used for operating assistance by urbanized areas" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "(if any)" are omitted as surplus. The words "Secretary of Labor" are substituted for "Department of Labor" because of 29:551. The text of 49 App.:1607a(k)(2)(B) (2d sentence) is omitted as executed. The text of 49 App.:1607a(k)(2)(B) (last sentence) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(1), the words "under section 5338(f) of this title" are added for clarity. The words "in accordance with the provisions of this section" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(2), the words "established by the preceding sentence" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g)(1) and (2), the word "part" is substituted for "amount" for clarity.

In subsection (g)(4), the words "including areas of 200,000 or more population" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (h), the words "in each fiscal year beginning after September 30, 1991" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (i), the words "the close of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (j), the references to sections 5302(a)(8) and 5318 are added for clarity. The source provisions of sections 5302(a)(8) and 5318, enacted by section 317 of the Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act of 1987 (Public Law 100–17, 101 Stat. 233), were not intended to come under the exclusion stated in 49 App.:1607a(e)(1). The words "condition, limitation, or other" and "for programs of projects" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (k), the text of 49 App.:1607a(s)(1) is omitted as obsolete.

This amends 49:5336(b)(2) to clarify the restatement of 49 App.:1607a(b) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 840).

Section 5311(c)(3), referred to in subsec. (f)(1), (2), was redesignated section 5311(c)(4) by Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30006(1)(A), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 900.

**2021**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 117–58, §30001(b)(3), struck out ", as defined in section 5302(4)" after "designated recipient".

Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, §30015(a), substituted "paragraphs (1) and (2), 3 percent" for "paragraphs (1) and (2)—

"(A) for fiscal years 2016 through 2018, 1.5 percent shall be apportioned to urbanized areas with populations of less than 200,000 in accordance with subsection (i); and

"(B) for fiscal years 2019 and 2020, 2 percent".

Subsec. (h)(4). Pub. L. 117–58, §30015(b)(1), substituted "0.75 percent" for "0.5 percent".

**2015**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–94, §3014(1), substituted "subsection (h)(5)" for "subsection (h)(4)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(2)(E). Pub. L. 114–94, §3014(2), substituted "27 percent" for "22.27 percent".

Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §3014(3)(A), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1), which read as follows: "$30,000,000 for each fiscal year ending before October 1, 2015, and $5,327,869 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015, shall be set aside to carry out section 5307(h);".

Pub. L. 114–87 substituted "and $5,327,869 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $4,180,328 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73 substituted "and $4,180,328 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $2,377,049 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41 substituted "for each fiscal year ending before October 1, 2015, and $2,377,049 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "for each fiscal year ending before October 1, 2014, and $24,986,301 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21 substituted "and $24,986,301 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $19,972,603 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 114–94, §3014(3)(B), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3), which read as follows: "of amounts not apportioned under paragraphs (1) and (2), 1.5 percent shall be apportioned to urbanized areas with populations of less than 200,000 in accordance with subsection (i);".

**2014**—Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 113–159 inserted "for each fiscal year ending before October 1, 2014, and $19,972,603 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," before "shall be set aside".

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to apportionment of appropriations for formula grants and consisted of subsecs. (a) to (k).

**2008**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(l)(1)(A), in introductory provisions, substituted "Of the amount apportioned under subsection (i)(2) to carry out section 5307—" for "Of the amount apportioned under subsection (i)(2)—".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(l)(2), amended Pub. L. 109–59, §3034(d)(2). See 2005 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(l)(1)(C), redesignated subsec. (c) relating to study on incentives in formula programs as (k).

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(l)(1)(B), substituted "subsections (a)(1)(C)(vi) and (b)(2)(B) of section 5338" for "subsections (a) and (h)(2) of section 5338".

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 110–244, §201(l)(1)(C), redesignated subsec. (c) relating to study on incentives in formula programs as (k).

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §3034(d)(1), which directed amendment of subsec. (a) by substituting "to carry out section 5307" for "of this title", could not be executed because of prior amendment by Pub. L. 109–59, §3034(a)(4). See below.

Pub. L. 109–59, §3034(a)(4), substituted "Of the amount apportioned under subsection (i)(2)" for "Of the amount made available or appropriated under section 5338(a) of this title" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §3034(d)(2), as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, §201(l)(2), inserted before period at end ", except that the amount apportioned to the Anchorage urbanized area under subsection (b) shall be available to the Alaska Railroad for any costs related to its passenger operations".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §3034(d)(3), inserted "and, beginning in fiscal year 2006, 60 percent of the directional route miles attributable to the Alaska Railroad passenger operations" before period at end.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §3034(c), added at end of section subsec. (c) relating to study on incentives in formula programs.

Subsecs. (d) to (f). Pub. L. 109–59, §3034(a)(1), (2), redesignated subsecs. (e) to (g) as (d) to (f), respectively, and struck out former subsec. (d) which read as follows: "[Reserved.]".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–59, §3034(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (i) as (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (f).

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §3002(b)(4), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation".

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 109–59, §3034(d)(4), substituted "a grant made with funds apportioned under" for "a grant made under" in two places.

Pub. L. 109–59, §3034(a)(1), (2), redesignated subsec. (j) as (h) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (h). Text read as follows: "If sufficient amounts are available, the Secretary of Transportation shall change apportionments under this section between the Mass Transit Account of the Highway Trust Fund and the general fund to ensure that each recipient receives from the general fund at least as much operating assistance made available each fiscal year under this section as the recipient is eligible to receive."

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 109–59, §3034(a)(3), added subsec. (i). Former subsec. (i) redesignated (g).

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 109–59, §3034(b), added subsec. (j). Former subsec. (j) redesignated (h).

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 109–59, §3034(a)(1), struck out heading and text of subsec. (k). Text read as follows: "An area designated an urbanized area under the 1980 census and not designated an urbanized area under the 1990 census for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993, is eligible to receive—

"(1) 50 percent of the amount the area would have received if the area had been an urbanized area as defined by section 5302(a)(13) of this title; and

"(2) an amount equal to 50 percent of the amount that the State in which the area is located would have received if the area had been an area other than an urbanized area."

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, §3027(a), substituted "formula grants" for "block grants" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(b)(10), substituted "5338(a) of this title" for "5338(f) of this title" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–178, §3027(b), amended subsec. (d) generally, substituting "[Reserved.]" for former provisions relating to operating assistance.

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(b)(11), substituted "subsections (a) and (h)(2) of section 5338" for "section 5338(f)".

**1996**—Subsec. (b)(2)(A), (B). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(19)(A), inserted at end "An urbanized area with a population of at least 750,000 in which commuter rail transportation is provided shall receive at least .75 percent of the total amount apportioned under this subparagraph."

Subsec. (b)(2)(C) to (E). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(19)(B), (C), redesignated subpars. (D) and (E) as (C) and (D), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: "An urbanized area with a population of at least 750,000 in which commuter rail transportation is provided shall receive at least .75 percent of the total amount apportioned under this subsection."

Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30015(b)(2), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 910, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to fiscal year 2022 and each fiscal year thereafter."

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by section 201(l)(2) of Pub. L. 110–244 effective as of the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59 (Aug. 10, 2005) and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 109–59 as of that date, and provisions of Pub. L. 109–59, as in effect on the day before June 6, 2008, that are amended by Pub. L. 110–244 to be treated as not enacted, see section 121(b) of Pub. L. 110–244, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3033, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 386, required the Secretary of Transportation to conduct a study on the success of the formula used to apportion funds to urbanized areas and to submit a report no later than Dec. 31, 1999.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1)

(A) using and occupying a separate right-of-way for the exclusive use of public transportation;

(B) using rail;

(C) using a fixed catenary system;

(D) for a passenger ferry system; or

(E) for a bus rapid transit system.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) includes, at a minimum, capital asset inventories and condition assessments, decision support tools, and investment prioritization; and

(B) the recipient certifies that the recipient complies with the rule issued under section 5326(d).

(b)

(1)

(A) rolling stock;

(B) track;

(C) line equipment and structures;

(D) signals and communications;

(E) power equipment and substations;

(F) passenger stations and terminals;

(G) security equipment and systems;

(H) maintenance facilities and equipment;

(I) operational support equipment, including computer hardware and software;

(J) development and implementation of a transit asset management plan; and

(K) other replacement and rehabilitation projects the Secretary determines appropriate.

(2)

(c)

(1) 1 97.15 percent shall be apportioned to recipients in accordance with this subsection.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(5)

(6)

(A)

(B)

(7)

(d)

(1)

(2) 1 2.85 percent shall be apportioned to urbanized areas for high intensity motorbus vehicle state of good repair in accordance with this subsection.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(4)

(5)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A) in cash from non-Government sources;

(B) from revenues derived from the sale of advertising and concessions; or

(C) from an undistributed cash surplus, a replacement or depreciation cash fund or reserve, or new capital.

(f)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) the size of the rail system of the applicant;

(B) the amount of funds available to the applicant under this subsection;

(C) the age and condition of the rail rolling stock of the applicant that has exceeded or will exceed the useful service life of the rail rolling stock in the 5-year period following the grant; and

(D) whether the applicant has identified replacement of the rail vehicles as a priority in the investment prioritization portion of the transit asset management plan of the recipient pursuant to part 625 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or successor regulations).

(5)

(6)

(7)

(A)

(B)

(i) establish the terms of participation by the Federal Government in the project; and

(ii) establish the maximum amount of Federal financial assistance for the project that may be provided through grant payments to be provided in not more than 3 consecutive fiscal years.

(C)

(i) shall obligate an amount of available budget authority specified in law; and

(ii) may include a commitment, contingent on amounts to be specified in law in advance for commitments under this paragraph, to obligate an additional amount from future available budget authority specified in law.

(D)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 844; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(14), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4379; Pub. L. 102–240, title III, §3049(b), as added Pub. L. 105–130, §8, Dec. 1, 1997, 111 Stat. 2559; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §§3028, 3029(b)(12), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 366, 373; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(p), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 858; Pub. L. 108–88, §8(b)(2), Sept. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 1121; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3035(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1629; Pub. L. 110–244, title II, §201(m), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1611; Pub. L. 111–147, title IV, §435, Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 89; Pub. L. 111–322, title II, §2305, Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3528; Pub. L. 112–5, title III, §305, Mar. 4, 2011, 125 Stat. 19; Pub. L. 112–30, title I, §135, Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 352; Pub. L. 112–102, title III, §305, Mar. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 277; Pub. L. 112–140, title III, §305, June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 398; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20027, div. G, title III, §113005, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 723, 985; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3015, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1478; Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30016, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 911.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5337(a) | 49 App.:1602(h) (1)–(4). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §3(h)(1)–(6); added Aug. 22, 1974, Pub. L. 93–503, §110, 88 Stat. 1573; Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §302(d), 92 Stat. 2737; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3008, 105 Stat. 2091. |

5337(b) | 49 App.:1602(h)(5). | |

5337(c) | 49 App.:1602(h)(6). | |

5337(d) | 49 App.:1602(h)(7). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §3(h)(7); added Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, §502(c), 106 Stat. 1566. |


In subsection (a), the words "for expenditure" are omitted for consistency in this chapter. Before clause (1), the reference to fiscal year 1992 is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (c), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law" are omitted as surplus. The word "paragraph" in the source provision is translated as it were "subsection" to reflect the apparent intent of Congress.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "for obligation", "a period of", and "the close of" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:5337(a)(4) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

Section 5338, referred to in subsecs. (c)(1) and (d)(2), was amended generally by Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30017, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 912. As amended, section 5338(a)(2)(K) no longer relates to allocations of funds to carry out this section, but such provision can be found elsewhere in section 5338.

The date of enactment of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(B), (4)(B), is deemed to be Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Section 3028(a) of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (Public Law 105–178; 112 Stat. 366), referred to in subsec. (c)(6)(B), amended generally subsec. (a) of this section. See 1998 Amendment note below.

**2021**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–58 added subsec. (f).

**2015**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §3015(b)(1), substituted "5338(a)(2)(K)" for "5338(a)(2)(I)".

Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 114–94, §3015(a)(1), inserted "the provisions of" before "section 5336(b)(1)".

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §3015(a)(2)(A), (b)(2), substituted "5338(a)(2)(K)" for "5338(a)(2)(I)" and inserted "vehicle" after "motorbus".

Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 114–94, §3015(a)(2)(B), added par. (5).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 114–94, §3015(a)(3), added subsec. (e).

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, §20027, amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to apportionment based on fixed guideway factors.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 112–141, §113005, struck out subsec. (g). Text read as follows: "The Secretary shall apportion amounts made available for fixed guideway modernization under section 5309 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012, in accordance with subsection (a), except that the Secretary shall apportion 75 percent of each dollar amount specified in subsection (a)."

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 305, temporarily amended subsec. (g) generally, enacting similar provisions but directing the Secretary to apportion 76 percent of each dollar amount specified in subsec. (a) for the period beginning on Oct. 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102 amended subsec. (g) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary shall apportion amounts made available for fixed guideway modernization under section 5309 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012, in accordance with subsection (a), except that the Secretary shall apportion 50 percent of each dollar amount specified in subsection (a)."

**2011**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–30, §135(1), substituted "2012" for "2011" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 112–5, §305(1), substituted "2011" for "2010" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 112–30, §135(2), added subsec. (g).

Pub. L. 112–5, §305(2), struck out subsec. (g). Text read as follows: "The Secretary shall apportion amounts made available for fixed guideway modernization under section 5309 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending March 4, 2011, in accordance with subsection (a), except that the Secretary shall apportion 155/365ths of each dollar amount specified in subsection (a)."

**2010**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–147, §435(1), substituted "2010" for "2009" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 111–322 amended subsec. (g) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary shall apportion amounts made available for fixed guideway modernization under section 5309 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010, in accordance with subsection (a), except that the Secretary shall apportion 25 percent of each dollar amount specified in subsection (a)."

Pub. L. 111–147, §435(2), added subsec. (g).

**2008**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–244 substituted "for each of fiscal years 2005 through 2009" for "for each of fiscal years 1998 through 2003" in introductory provisions.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, §3035(a)(1), substituted "Apportionment based on fixed guideway factors" for "Apportionment of appropriations for fixed guideway modernization" in section catchline.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–59, §3035(a)(2), added subsec. (f).

**2003**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 108–88 struck out subsec. (e) relating to special rule.

**1998**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–178, §3028(c), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, in par. (2)(B), substituted "(e)(1)" for "(e)", in par. (3)(D), substituted "(2)(B)" for "(2)(B)(ii)" and "(e)(1)" for "(e)", in par. (4), substituted "(e)(1)" for "(e)", and in pars. (5) to (7), substituted "(e)(2)" for "(e)" wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 105–178, §3028(a), amended heading and text of subsec. (a) generally, substituting provisions relating to distribution for fiscal years 1998 through 2003 for provisions relating to percentage distribution for fiscal years ending Sept. 30, 1993–1997 and for period of Oct. 1, 1997 through Mar. 31, 1998.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–178, §3028(b), added subsec. (e) relating to route segments to be included in apportionment formulas.

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(b)(12), which directed substitution of "subsections (b) and (h)(4) of section 5338" for "section 5338(f)", could not be executed because "section 5338(f)" does not appear in text.

**1997**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–240, §3049(b)(1), as added by Pub. L. 105–130, inserted "and for the period of October 1, 1997, through March 31, 1998," after "1997," in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 102–240, §3049(b)(2), as added by Pub. L. 105–130, added subsec. (e).

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "section 5336(b)(2)(A) of this title" for "section 5336(B)(2)(A)".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by section 20027 of Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by section 113005 of Pub. L. 112–141 effective July 1, 2012, see section 114001 of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 5305 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–140 to cease to be effective on July 6, 2012, with text as amended by Pub. L. 112–140 to revert back to read as it did on the day before June 29, 2012, and amendments by Pub. L. 112–141 to be executed as if Pub. L. 112–140 had not been enacted, see section 1(c) of Pub. L. 112–140, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 effective simultaneously with enactment of Pub. L. 105–178 and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 105–178 at time of enactment, and provisions of Pub. L. 105–178, as in effect on day before July 22, 1998, that are amended by title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 to be treated as not enacted, see section 9016 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–310, §8(b), Sept. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 1154, provided for pro rata apportionment for fixed guideway modernization to reflect partial fiscal year 2005 funding.

Pub. L. 108–88, §8(b)(1), Sept. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 1121, as amended by Pub. L. 108–202, §9(b), Feb. 29, 2004, 118 Stat. 485; Pub. L. 108–224, §7(b), Apr. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 633; Pub. L. 108–263, §7(b), June 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 704, which directed the Secretary of Transportation to determine the amount that each urbanized area would be apportioned for fixed guideway modernization under section 5337 of this title on a pro rata basis reflecting partial fiscal year 2004 funding made available under section 5338 of this title, was repealed by Pub. L. 108–280, §7(b), July 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 882.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1)

(A) $13,355,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

(B) $13,634,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;

(C) $13,990,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

(D) $14,279,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

(E) $14,642,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.

(2)

(A) $184,647,343 for fiscal year 2022, $188,504,820 for fiscal year 2023, $193,426,906 for fiscal year 2024, $197,422,644 for fiscal year 2025, and $202,441,512 for fiscal year 2026 shall be available to carry out section 5305;

(B) $13,157,184 for fiscal year 2022, $13,432,051 for fiscal year 2023, $13,782,778 for fiscal year 2024, $14,067,497 for fiscal year 2025, and $14,425,121 for fiscal year 2026 shall be available to carry out section 20005(b) of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012 (49 U.S.C. 5303 note; Public Law 112–141);

(C) $6,408,288,249 for fiscal year 2022, $6,542,164,133 for fiscal year 2023, $6,712,987,840 for fiscal year 2024, $6,851,662,142 for fiscal year 2025, and $7,025,844,743 for fiscal year 2026 shall be allocated in accordance with section 5336 to provide financial assistance for urbanized areas under section 5307;

(D) $371,247,094 for fiscal year 2022, $379,002,836 for fiscal year 2023, $388,899,052 for fiscal year 2024, $396,932,778 for fiscal year 2025, and $407,023,583 for fiscal year 2026 shall be available to provide financial assistance for services for the enhanced mobility of seniors and individuals with disabilities under section 5310;

(E) $4,605,014 for fiscal year 2022, $4,701,218 for fiscal year 2023, $4,823,972 for fiscal year 2024, $4,923,624 for fiscal year 2025, and $5,048,792 for fiscal year 2026 shall be available for the pilot program for innovative coordinated access and mobility under section 3006(b) of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2015 (49 U.S.C. 5310 note; Public Law 114–94);

(F) $875,289,555 for fiscal year 2022, $893,575,275 for fiscal year 2023, $916,907,591 for fiscal year 2024, $935,848,712 for fiscal year 2025, and $959,639,810 for fiscal year 2026 shall be available to provide financial assistance for rural areas under section 5311;

(G) $36,840,115 for fiscal year 2022, $37,609,743 for fiscal year 2023, $38,591,779 for fiscal year 2024, $39,388,993 for fiscal year 2025, and $40,390,337 for fiscal year 2026 shall be available to carry out section 5312, of which—

(i) $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2022, $5,104,455 for fiscal year 2023, $5,237,739 for fiscal year 2024, $5,345,938 for fiscal year 2025, and $5,481,842 for fiscal year 2026 shall be available to carry out section 5312(h); and

(ii) $6,578,592 for fiscal year 2022, $6,716,026 for fiscal year 2023, $6,891,389 for fiscal year 2024, $7,033,749 for fiscal year 2025, and $7,212,560 for fiscal year 2026 shall be available to carry out section 5312(i);

(H) $11,841,465 for fiscal year 2022, $12,088,846 for fiscal year 2023, $12,404,500 for fiscal year 2024, $12,660,748 for fiscal year 2025, and $12,982,608 for fiscal year 2026 shall be available to carry out section 5314, of which $6,578,592 for fiscal year 2022, $6,716,026 for fiscal year 2023, $6,891,389 for fiscal year 2024, $7,033,749 for fiscal year 2025, and $7,212,560 for fiscal year 2026 shall be available for the national transit institute under section 5314(c);

(I) $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2022, $5,104,455 for fiscal year 2023, $5,237,739 for fiscal year 2024, $5,345,938 for fiscal year 2025, and $5,481,842 for fiscal year 2026 shall be available for bus testing under section 5318;

(J) $131,000,000 for fiscal year 2022, $134,930,000 for fiscal year 2023, $138,977,900 for fiscal year 2024, $143,147,237 for fiscal year 2025, and $147,441,654 for fiscal year 2026 shall be available to carry out section 5334;

(K) $5,262,874 for fiscal year 2022, $5,372,820 for fiscal year 2023, $5,513,111 for fiscal year 2024, $5,626,999 for fiscal year 2025, and $5,770,048 for fiscal year 2026 shall be available to carry out section 5335;

(L) $3,515,528,226 for fiscal year 2022, $3,587,778,037 for fiscal year 2023, $3,680,934,484 for fiscal year 2024, $3,755,675,417 for fiscal year 2025, and $3,850,496,668 for fiscal year 2026 shall be available to carry out section 5337, of which $300,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026 shall be available to carry out section 5337(f);

(M) $603,992,657 for fiscal year 2022, $616,610,699 for fiscal year 2023, $632,711,140 for fiscal year 2024, $645,781,441 for fiscal year 2025, and $662,198,464 for fiscal year 2026 shall be available for the bus and buses facilities program under section 5339(a);

(N) $447,257,433 for fiscal year 2022, $456,601,111 for fiscal year 2023, $468,523,511 for fiscal year 2024, $478,202,088 for fiscal year 2025, and $490,358,916 for fiscal year 2026 shall be available for buses and bus facilities competitive grants under section 5339(b) and no or low emission grants under section 5339(c), of which $71,561,189 for fiscal year 2022, $73,056,178 for fiscal year 2023, $74,963,762 for fiscal year 2024, $76,512,334 for fiscal year 2025, and $78,457,427 for fiscal year 2026 shall be available to carry out section 5339(c); and

(O) $741,042,792 for fiscal year 2022, $756,523,956 for fiscal year 2023, $776,277,698 for fiscal year 2024, $792,313,742 for fiscal year 2025, and $812,455,901 for fiscal year 2026, to carry out section 5340 to provide financial assistance for urbanized areas under section 5307 and rural areas under section 5311, of which—

(i) $392,752,680 for fiscal year 2022, $400,957,696 for fiscal year 2023, $411,427,180 for fiscal year 2024, $419,926,283 for fiscal year 2025, and $430,601,628 for fiscal year 2026 shall be for growing States under section 5340(c); and

(ii) $348,290,112 for fiscal year 2022, $355,566,259 for fiscal year 2023, $364,850,518 for fiscal year 2024, $372,387,459 for fiscal year 2025, and $381,854,274 for fiscal year 2026 shall be for high density States under section 5340(d).

(b)

(c)

(1)

(A) 0.5 percent of amounts made available to carry out section 5305.

(B) 0.75 percent of amounts made available to carry out section 5307.

(C) 1 percent of amounts made available to carry out section 5309.

(D) 1 percent of amounts made available to carry out section 601 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008 (Public Law 110–432; 126 Stat. 4968).1

(E) 0.5 percent of amounts made available to carry out section 5310.

(F) 0.5 percent of amounts made available to carry out section 5311.

(G) 1 percent of amounts made available to carry out section 5337, of which not less than 0.25 percent of amounts made available for this subparagraph shall be available to carry out section 5329.

(H) 0.75 percent of amounts made available to carry out section 5339.

(2)

(A) Activities to oversee the construction of a major capital project.

(B) Activities to review and audit the safety and security, procurement, management, and financial compliance of a recipient or subrecipient of funds under this chapter.

(C) Activities to provide technical assistance generally, and to provide technical assistance to correct deficiencies identified in compliance reviews and audits carried out under this section.

(D) Activities to carry out section 5334.

(3)

(4)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 845; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(20), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390; Pub. L. 102–240, §3049(c), as added Pub. L. 105–130, §8, Dec. 1, 1997, 111 Stat. 2559; Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3029(a), (c), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 368; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(q), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 858; Pub. L. 108–88, §8(c), (e)–(g), (i), (k), Sept. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 1121–1124; Pub. L. 108–202, §9(c), (e)–(g), (i), (k), Feb. 29, 2004, 118 Stat. 485–487; Pub. L. 108–224, §7(c), (e)–(g), (i), (k), Apr. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 633–636; Pub. L. 108–263, §7(c), (e)–(g), (i), (k), June 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 704–707; Pub. L. 108–280, §7(c), (e)–(g), (i), (k), July 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 882–884; Pub. L. 108–310, §8(c), (e)–(g), (i), (k), Sept. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 1154–1157; Pub. L. 109–14, §7(b), (d)–(f), (h), (j), May 31, 2005, 119 Stat. 331–333; Pub. L. 109–20, §7(b), (d)–(f), (h), (j), July 1, 2005, 119 Stat. 353–355; Pub. L. 109–35, §7(b), (d)–(f), (h), (j), July 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 386–388; Pub. L. 109–37, §7(b), (d)–(f), (h), (j), July 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 401–403; Pub. L. 109–40, §7(b), (d)–(f), (h), (j), July 28, 2005, 119 Stat. 417–419; Pub. L. 109–42, §5(a), July 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 436; Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3036, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1629; Pub. L. 110–244, title II, §201(n), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1611; Pub. L. 111–147, title IV, §436, Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 90; Pub. L. 111–322, title II, §2306, Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3528; Pub. L. 112–5, title III, §306, Mar. 4, 2011, 125 Stat. 19; Pub. L. 112–30, title I, §136, Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 352; Pub. L. 112–102, title III, §306, Mar. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 278; Pub. L. 112–140, title III, §306, June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 398; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20028, div. G, title III, §113006, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 726, 985; Pub. L. 113–159, title I, §1203, Aug. 8, 2014, 128 Stat. 1845; Pub. L. 114–21, title I, §1203, May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 223; Pub. L. 114–41, title I, §1203, July 31, 2015, 129 Stat. 450; Pub. L. 114–73, title I, §1203, Oct. 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 573; Pub. L. 114–87, title I, §1203, Nov. 20, 2015, 129 Stat. 682; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3016, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1479; Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30017, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 912.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5338(a) | 49 App.:1617(a) (less availability). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §21; added Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §302(a), 96 Stat. 2140; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §328, 101 Stat. 238; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3025, 105 Stat. 2112; Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, §502(m)–(q), 106 Stat. 1567. |

5338(b) | 49 App.:1617(b) (less availability). | |

5338(c) | 49 App.:1625(d) (1st sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §29(d); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §6022, 105 Stat. 2185. |

5338(d) | 49 App.:1607c(c)(6). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §11(c)(6); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §6024, 105 Stat. 2189; Sept. 23, 1992, Pub. L. 102–368, §801, 106 Stat. 1131. |

5338(e)(1) | 49 App.:1607c(b) (8)(B)(iii), (13) (1st sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §11(b) (8)(B)(iii), (10)(C), (13); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §6023, 105 Stat. 2186, 2187, 2188. |

5338(e)(2) | 49 App.:1607c(b) (1)(C). | |

5338(f) | 49 App.:1617(g). | |

5338(g)–(i) | 49 App.:1617(c) (less availability), (d) (less availability), (e). | |

5338(j)(1) | 49 App.:1612(b) (last sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §16(b) (last sentence); added Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §8, 84 Stat. 968; Aug. 13, 1973, Pub. L. 93–87, §301(g), 87 Stat. 296; restated Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §311(a), 92 Stat. 2748; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §317(a), 96 Stat. 2153. |

5338(j)(2) | 49 App.:1612(d). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §16(d); added Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91–453, §8, 84 Stat. 968; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3021(5), 105 Stat. 2110. |

5338(j)(3) | 49 App.:1603(c) (last sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §4(c) (last sentence); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §303(e), 92 Stat. 2739; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3006(h)(1), 105 Stat. 2090. |

5338(j)(4) | 49 App.:1617(f) (less availability). | |

5338(j)(5) | 49 App.:1602(m) (1st sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §3(m) (1st sentence); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §3009, 105 Stat. 2093. |

5338(k) | 49 App.:1607c(b)(13) (last sentence). | |

49 App.:1617(b)(4). | ||

49 App.:1625(d) (last sentence). | ||

5338(l)(1) |
49 App.:1614(a) (last sentence). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §18(a) (last sentence); added Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §313, 92 Stat. 2749. |

5338(l)(2) |
49 App.:1617(a)–(d), (f) (as (a)–(d), (f) relate to availability). | |

5338(l)(3) |
49 App.:1607a–2(c). | July 9, 1964, Pub. L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302, §9B(c); added Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §313, 101 Stat. 229. |


In this section, references to fiscal year 1992 are omitted as obsolete.

In subsections (a)(1) and (b)(1), before each clause (A), the word "only" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "for the Secretary of Transportation" are added or clarity and consistency.

In subsections (a)(2) and (b)(2), before each clause (A), and (d), before clause (1), the words "to the Secretary" are added for clarity and consistency.

In subsections (b)(1), before clause (A), and (e)(1), the words "for the Secretary" are added for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (d), the text of 49 App.:1607c(c)(6) (last sentence) is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (e)(1), the word "section" in the source provision is translated as if it were "subsection" to reflect the apparent intent of Congress.

In subsection (h)(3), the words "relating to university transportation centers" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (j)(2), the words "set aside and" and "exclusively" are omitted as surplus. The word "mass" is added for consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (k)(1), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law" in 49 App.:1607c(b)(13) (last sentence) and 1625(d) (last sentence) are omitted as surplus. The words "financed with" are added for clarity.

In subsection (k)(2), the words "that is financed with" are added for clarity.

In subsection (l)(3)(A), the words "for obligation by the recipient", "a period of", and "the close of" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:5338(g)(2) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

Section 20005(b) of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), (2)(B), is section 20005(b) of Pub. L. 112–141, which is set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

Section 3006(b) of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), (2)(E), is section 3006(b) of Pub. L. 114–94, which is set out as a note under section 5310 of this title.

Section 3005(b) of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (b), is section 3005(b) of Pub. L. 114–94, which is set out as a note under section 5309 of this title.

Section 601 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (c)(1)(D), is section 601 of div. B of Pub. L. 110–432, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4968, which is not classified to the Code.

**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58 amended section generally, substituting provisions relating to fiscal years 2022 to 2026 for provisions relating to fiscal years 2016 to 2020.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94 amended section generally, substituting provisions relating to fiscal years 2016 to 2020 for provisions relating to fiscal years 2013 to 2015.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(a)(1), substituted "and $1,526,434,426 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015" for "and $1,197,663,934 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(a)(1), substituted "and $1,197,663,934 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015" for "and $681,024,590 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(a)(1), substituted "$8,595,000,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $681,024,590 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015" for "and $7,158,575,342 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(a)(1), substituted "and $7,158,575,342 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015" for "and $5,722,150,685 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015".

Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(a)(2)(A), substituted "and $22,874,317 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $17,947,541 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(a)(2)(A), substituted "and $17,947,541 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $10,205,464 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(a)(2)(A), substituted "$128,800,000 for fiscal 2015, and $10,205,464 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "and $107,274,521 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(a)(2)(A), substituted "and $107,274,521 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $85,749,041 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(a)(2)(B), substituted "and $1,775,956 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $1,393,443 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(a)(2)(B), substituted "and $1,393,443 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $792,350 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(a)(2)(B), substituted "for each of fiscal years 2013 through 2015 and $792,350 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "for each of fiscal years 2013 and 2014 and $8,328,767 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(a)(2)(B), substituted "and $8,328,767 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $6,657,534 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(a)(2)(C), substituted "and $791,836,749 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $621,287,295 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(a)(2)(C), substituted "and $621,287,295 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $353,281,011 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(a)(2)(C), substituted "$4,458,650,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $353,281,011 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "and $3,713,505,753 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(a)(2)(C), substituted "and $3,713,505,753 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $2,968,361,507 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

Subsec. (a)(2)(D). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(a)(2)(D), substituted "and $45,872,951 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $35,992,623 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(a)(2)(D), substituted "and $35,992,623 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $20,466,393 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(a)(2)(D), substituted "$258,300,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $20,466,393 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "and $215,132,055 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(a)(2)(D), substituted "and $215,132,055 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $171,964,110 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

Subsec. (a)(2)(E). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(a)(2)(E), substituted "and $107,942,623 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $84,693,443 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,", "and $5,327,869 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $4,180,328 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,", and "and $3,551,913 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $2,786,885 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(a)(2)(E), substituted "and $84,693,443 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $48,159,016 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,", "and $4,180,328 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $2,377,049 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,", and "and $2,786,885 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $1,584,699 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(a)(2)(E), substituted "$607,800,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $48,159,016 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "and $506,222,466 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,", "$30,000,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $2,377,049 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "and $24,986,301 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,", and "$20,000,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $1,584,699 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "and $16,657,534 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(a)(2)(E), substituted "and $506,222,466 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $404,644,932 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,", "and $24,986,301 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $19,972,603 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,", and "and $16,657,534 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $13,315,068 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

Subsec. (a)(2)(F). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(a)(2)(F), substituted "and $532,787 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $418,033 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(a)(2)(F), substituted "and $418,033 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $237,705 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(a)(2)(F), substituted "each of fiscal years 2013 through 2015 and $237,705 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "each of fiscal years 2013 and 2014 and $2,498,630 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(a)(2)(F), substituted "and $2,498,630 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $1,997,260 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

Subsec. (a)(2)(G). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(a)(2)(G), substituted "and $887,978 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $696,721 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(a)(2)(G), substituted "and $696,721 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $396,175 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(a)(2)(G), substituted "each of fiscal years 2013 through 2015 and $396,175 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "each of fiscal years 2013 and 2014 and $4,164,384 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(a)(2)(G), substituted "and $4,164,384 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $3,328,767 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

Subsec. (a)(2)(H). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(a)(2)(H), substituted "and $683,743 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $536,475 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(a)(2)(H), substituted "and $536,475 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $305,055 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(a)(2)(H), substituted "each of fiscal years 2013 through 2015 and $305,055 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "each of fiscal years 2013 and 2014 and $3,206,575 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(a)(2)(H), substituted "and $3,206,575 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $2,563,151 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

Subsec. (a)(2)(I). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(a)(2)(I), substituted "and $384,654,372 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $301,805,738 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(a)(2)(I), substituted "and $301,805,738 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $171,615,027 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(a)(2)(I), substituted "$2,165,900,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $171,615,027 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "and $1,803,927,671 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(a)(2)(I), substituted "and $1,803,927,671 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $1,441,955,342 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

Subsec. (a)(2)(J). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(a)(2)(J), substituted "and $75,975,410 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $59,611,475 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(a)(2)(J), substituted "and $59,611,475 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $33,896,721 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(a)(2)(J), substituted "$427,800,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $33,896,721 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "and $356,304,658 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(a)(2)(J), substituted "and $356,304,658 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $284,809,315 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

Subsec. (a)(2)(K). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(a)(2)(K), substituted "and $93,397,541 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $73,281,148 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(a)(2)(K), substituted "and $73,281,148 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $41,669,672 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(a)(2)(K), substituted "$525,900,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $41,669,672 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "and $438,009,863 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(a)(2)(K), substituted "and $438,009,863 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $350,119,726 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(b), substituted "and $12,431,694 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015" for "and $9,754,098 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(b), substituted "and $9,754,098 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015" for "and $5,546,448 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(b), substituted "$70,000,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $5,546,448 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015" for "and $58,301,370 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(b), substituted "and $58,301,370 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015" for "and $46,602,740 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(c), substituted "and $1,243,169 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015" for "and $975,410 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(c), substituted "and $975,410 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015" for "and $554,645 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(c), substituted "$7,000,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $554,645 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015" for "and $5,830,137 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(c), substituted "and $5,830,137 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015" for "and $4,660,274 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(d), substituted "and $1,243,169 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015" for "and $975,410 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(d), substituted "and $975,410 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015" for "and $554,645 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(d), substituted "$7,000,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $554,645 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015" for "and $5,830,137 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(d), substituted "and $5,830,137 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015" for "and $4,660,274 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(e), substituted "and $887,978 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015" for "and $696,721 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(e), substituted "and $696,721 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015" for "and $396,175 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(e), substituted "$5,000,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $396,175 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015" for "and $4,164,384 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(e), substituted "and $4,164,384 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015" for "and $3,328,767 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(f), substituted "and $338,674,863 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015" for "and $265,729,508 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(f), substituted "and $265,729,508 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015" for "and $151,101,093 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(f), substituted "$1,907,000,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $151,101,093 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015" for "and $1,558,295,890 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(f), substituted "and $1,558,295,890 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015" for "and $1,269,591,781 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015".

Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(g)(1), substituted "and $18,469,945 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015" for "and $14,491,803 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(g)(1), substituted "and $14,491,803 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015" for "and $8,240,437 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(g)(1), substituted "$104,000,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $8,240,437 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015" for "and $86,619,178 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(g)(1), substituted "and $86,619,178 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015" for "and $69,238,356 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015".

Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(g)(2), substituted "and not less than $887,978 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and not less than $696,721 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(g)(2), substituted "and not less than $696,721 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and not less than $396,175 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(g)(2), substituted "each of fiscal years 2013 through 2015 and not less than $396,175 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "each of fiscal years 2013 and 2014 and not less than $4,164,384 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(g)(2), substituted "and not less than $4,164,384 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and not less than $3,328,767 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 114–87, §1203(g)(3), substituted "and not less than $177,596 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and not less than $139,344 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1203(g)(3), substituted "and not less than $139,344 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and not less than $79,235 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1203(g)(3), substituted "each of fiscal years 2013 through 2015 and not less than $79,235 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "each of fiscal years 2013 and 2014 and not less than $832,877 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1203(g)(3), substituted "and not less than $832,877 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and not less than $665,753 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

**2014**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(a)(1), substituted ", $8,595,000,000 for fiscal year 2014, and $5,722,150,685 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015" for "and $8,595,000,000 for fiscal year 2014".

Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(a)(2)(A), substituted ", $128,800,000 for fiscal year 2014, and $85,749,041 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," for "and $128,800,000 for fiscal year 2014".

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(a)(2)(B), inserted "and $6,657,534 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," after "2014".

Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(a)(2)(C), substituted ", $4,458,650,000 for fiscal year 2014, and $2,968,361,507 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," for "and $4,458,650,000 for fiscal year 2014".

Subsec. (a)(2)(D). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(a)(2)(D), substituted ", $258,300,000 for fiscal year 2014, and $171,964,110 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," for "and $258,300,000 for fiscal year 2014".

Subsec. (a)(2)(E). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(a)(2)(E), substituted ", $607,800,000 for fiscal year 2014, and $404,644,932 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," for "and $607,800,000 for fiscal year 2014", ", $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2014, and $19,972,603 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," for "and $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2014", and ", $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2014, and $13,315,068 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," for "and $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2014".

Subsec. (a)(2)(F). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(a)(2)(F), inserted "and $1,997,260 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," after "2014".

Subsec. (a)(2)(G). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(a)(2)(G), inserted "and $3,328,767 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," after "2014".

Subsec. (a)(2)(H). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(a)(2)(H), inserted "and $2,563,151 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," after "2014".

Subsec. (a)(2)(I). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(a)(2)(I), substituted ", $2,165,900,000 for fiscal year 2014, and $1,441,955,342 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," for "and $2,165,900,000 for fiscal year 2014".

Subsec. (a)(2)(J). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(a)(2)(J), substituted ", $427,800,000 for fiscal year 2014, and $284,809,315 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," for "and $427,800,000 for fiscal year 2014".

Subsec. (a)(2)(K). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(a)(2)(K), substituted ", $525,900,000 for fiscal year 2014, and $350,119,726 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," for "and $525,900,000 for fiscal year 2014".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(b), substituted ", $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2014, and $46,602,740 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015" for "and $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2014".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(c), substituted ", $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2014, and $4,660,274 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015" for "and $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2014".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(d), substituted ", $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2014, and $4,660,274 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015" for "and $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2014".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(e), substituted ", $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2014, and $3,328,767 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015" for "and $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2014".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(f), substituted ", $1,907,000,000 for fiscal year 2014, and $1,269,591,781 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015" for "and $1,907,000,000 for fiscal year 2014".

Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(g)(1), substituted ", $104,000,000 for fiscal year 2014, and $69,238,356 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015" for "and $104,000,000 for fiscal year 2014".

Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(g)(2), inserted "for each of fiscal years 2013 and 2014 and not less than $3,328,767 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," before "shall be available".

Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 113–159, §1203(g)(3), inserted "for each of fiscal years 2013 and 2014 and not less than $665,753 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," before "shall be available".

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, §20028, amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to authorizations and consisted of subsecs. (a) to (g).

Subsec. (b)(1)(G). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(a)(1), added subpar. (G) and struck out former subpar. (G) which read as follows: "$6,270,423,750 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012."

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(a)(1), temporarily added subpar. (G), which made available $6,354,029,400 for the period beginning on Oct. 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012, and struck out former subpar. (G) which read as follows: "$6,270,423,750 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012." See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(a)(1), added subpar. (G) and struck out former subpar. (G) which read as follows: "$4,180,282,500 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012."

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(a)(2)(A), substituted "and $113,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2012" for "$113,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $85,125,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(a)(2)(A), temporarily substituted "$86,260,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$85,125,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(a)(2)(A), substituted "$113,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $85,125,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "$113,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, $113,500,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $56,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(a)(2)(B), substituted "and $4,160,365,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2012" for "$4,160,365,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $3,120,273,750 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(a)(2)(B), temporarily substituted "$3,161,877,400 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$3,120,273,750 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(a)(2)(B), substituted "$4,160,365,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $3,120,273,750 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "$4,160,365,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, $4,160,365,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $2,080,182,500 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(C). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(a)(2)(C), substituted "and $51,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2012" for "$51,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $38,625,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(a)(2)(C), temporarily substituted "$39,140,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$38,625,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(a)(2)(C), substituted "$51,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $38,625,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "$51,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, $51,500,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $25,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(D). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(a)(2)(D), substituted "and $1,666,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2012" for "$1,666,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $1,249,875,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(a)(2)(D), temporarily substituted "$1,266,540,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$1,249,875,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(a)(2)(D), substituted "$1,666,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $1,249,875,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "$1,666,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, $1,666,500,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $833,250,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(E). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(a)(2)(E), substituted "and $984,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2012" for "$984,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $738,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(a)(2)(E), temporarily substituted "$747,840,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$738,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(a)(2)(E), substituted "$984,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $738,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "$984,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, $984,000,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $492,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(F). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(a)(2)(F), substituted "and $133,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2012" for "$133,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $100,125,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(a)(2)(F), temporarily substituted "$101,460,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$100,125,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(a)(2)(F), substituted "$133,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $100,125,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "$133,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, $133,500,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $66,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(G). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(a)(2)(G), substituted "and $465,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2012" for "$465,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $348,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(a)(2)(G), temporarily substituted "$353,400,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$348,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(a)(2)(G), substituted "$465,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $348,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "$465,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, $465,000,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $232,500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(H). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(a)(2)(H), substituted "and $164,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2012" for "$164,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $123,375,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(a)(2)(H), temporarily substituted "$125,020,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$123,375,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(a)(2)(H), substituted "$164,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $123,375,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "$164,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, $164,500,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $82,250,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(I). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(a)(2)(I), substituted "and $92,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2012" for "$92,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $69,375,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(a)(2)(I), temporarily substituted "$70,300,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$69,375,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(a)(2)(I), substituted "$92,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $69,375,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "$92,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, $92,500,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $46,250,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(J). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(a)(2)(J), substituted "and $26,900,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2012" for "$26,900,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $20,175,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(a)(2)(J), temporarily substituted "$20,444,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$20,175,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(a)(2)(J), substituted "$26,900,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $20,175,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "$26,900,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, $26,900,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $13,450,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(K). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(a)(2)(K), substituted "for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2012" for "for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2011 and $2,625,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(a)(2)(K), temporarily substituted "$2,660,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$2,625,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(a)(2)(K), substituted "for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2011 and $2,625,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "in fiscal year 2006; $3,500,000 in fiscal year 2007; $3,500,000 in fiscal year 2008; $3,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, $3,500,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $1,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(L). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(a)(2)(L), substituted "for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2012" for "for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2011 and $18,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(a)(2)(L), temporarily substituted "$19,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$18,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(a)(2)(L), substituted "for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2011 and $18,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "in fiscal year 2006; $25,000,000 in fiscal year 2007; $25,000,000 in fiscal year 2008; $25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $12,500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(M). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(a)(2)(M), substituted "and $465,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2012" for "$465,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $348,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(a)(2)(M), temporarily substituted "$353,400,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$348,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(a)(2)(M), substituted "$465,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $348,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "$465,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, $465,000,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $232,500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(N). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(a)(2)(N), substituted "and $8,800,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2012" for "$8,800,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $6,600,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(a)(2)(N), temporarily substituted "$6,688,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "$6,600,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(a)(2)(N), substituted "$8,800,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, and $6,600,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "$8,800,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, $8,800,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $4,400,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(b), amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: "$1,466,250,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012."

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(b), temporarily amended par. (7) generally, authorizing $1,485,800,000 for the period beginning on Oct. 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(b), amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: "$800,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012."

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(c)(1), substituted "through 2011, and $44,000,000 for fiscal year 2012," for "through 2011, and $33,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(c)(1), temporarily substituted "2011, and $33,440,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "2011, and $33,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," in introductory provisions. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(c)(1), substituted "through 2011, and $33,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "and 2010, $69,750,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $29,500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(c)(2), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) which related to additional authorizations for research and the university centers program from Oct. 1, 2011, to June 30, 2012.

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(c)(2), temporarily added par. (3) which related to additional authorizations for research and the university centers program from Oct. 1, 2011, to July 6, 2012, and temporarily struck out former par. (3) which related to additional authorizations for research and the university centers program from Oct. 1, 2011, to June 30, 2012. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(c)(2), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) which related to additional authorizations for research and the university centers program from Oct. 1, 2011, to Mar. 31, 2012.

Subsec. (e)(7). Pub. L. 112–141, §113006(d), amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: "$74,034,750 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012."

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 306(d), temporarily amended par. (7) generally, authorizing $75,021,880 for the period beginning on Oct. 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §306(d), amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: "$49,455,500 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012."

**2011**—Subsec. (b)(1)(F). Pub. L. 112–5, §306(a)(1), added subpar. (F) and struck out former subpar. (F) which read as follows: "$3,550,376,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending March 4, 2011."

Subsec. (b)(1)(G). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(a)(1), added subpar. (G).

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(a)(2)(A), substituted "$113,500,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $56,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "and $113,500,000 for fiscal year 2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §306(a)(2)(A), substituted "$113,500,000 for fiscal year 2011" for "$48,198,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(a)(2)(B), substituted "$4,160,365,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $2,080,182,500 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "and $4,160,365,000 for fiscal year 2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §306(a)(2)(B), substituted "$4,160,365,000 for fiscal year 2011" for "$1,766,730,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending March 4, 2011,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(C). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(a)(2)(C), substituted "$51,500,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $25,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "and $51,500,000 for fiscal year 2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §306(a)(2)(C), substituted "$51,500,000 for fiscal year 2011" for "$21,869,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(D). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(a)(2)(D), substituted "$1,666,500,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $833,250,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "and $1,666,500,000 for fiscal year 2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §306(a)(2)(D), substituted "$1,666,500,000 for fiscal year 2011" for "$707,691,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(E). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(a)(2)(E), substituted "$984,000,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $492,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "and $984,000,000 for fiscal year 2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §306(a)(2)(E), substituted "$984,000,000 for fiscal year 2011" for "$417,863,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(F). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(a)(2)(F), substituted "$133,500,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $66,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "and $133,500,000 for fiscal year 2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §306(a)(2)(F), substituted "$133,500,000 for fiscal year 2011" for "$56,691,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(G). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(a)(2)(G), substituted "$465,000,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $232,500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "and $465,000,000 for fiscal year 2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §306(a)(2)(G), substituted "$465,000,000 for fiscal year 2011" for "$197,465,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(H). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(a)(2)(H), substituted "$164,500,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $82,250,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "and $164,500,000 for fiscal year 2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §306(a)(2)(H), substituted "$164,500,000 for fiscal year 2011" for "$69,856,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(I). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(a)(2)(I), substituted "$92,500,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $46,250,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "and $92,500,000 for fiscal year 2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §306(a)(2)(I), substituted "$92,500,000 for fiscal year 2011" for "$39,280,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(J). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(a)(2)(J), substituted "$26,900,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $13,450,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "and $26,900,000 for fiscal year 2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §306(a)(2)(J), substituted "$26,900,000 for fiscal year 2011" for "$11,423,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(K). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(a)(2)(K), substituted "$3,500,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $1,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "and $3,500,000 for fiscal year 2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §306(a)(2)(K), substituted "$3,500,000 for fiscal year 2011" for "$1,486,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(L). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(a)(2)(L), substituted "$25,000,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $12,500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "and $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §306(a)(2)(L), substituted "$25,000,000 for fiscal year 2011" for "$10,616,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(M). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(a)(2)(M), substituted "$465,000,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $232,500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "and $465,000,000 for fiscal year 2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §306(a)(2)(M), substituted "$465,000,000 for fiscal year 2011" for "$197,465,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011,".

Subsec. (b)(2)(N). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(a)(2)(N), substituted "$8,800,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $4,400,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "and $8,800,000 for fiscal year 2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §306(a)(2)(N), substituted "$8,800,000 for fiscal year 2011" for "$3,736,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011,".

Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 112–5, §306(b), amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (6) read as follows: "$849,315,000 for the period of October 1, 2010 through March 4, 2011."

Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(b), added par. (7).

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(c)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted "$69,750,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $29,500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "and $69,750,000 for fiscal year 2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §306(c)(1)(A), substituted "$69,750,000 for fiscal year 2011" for "$29,619,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011," in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 112–5, §306(c)(1)(B), substituted "each of fiscal years 2009, 2010, and 2011" for "fiscal year 2009".

Subsec. (d)(2)(A). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(c)(2), substituted "2012" for "2011" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(i) to (iii). Pub. L. 112–5, §306(c)(2)(A), substituted "2011" for "2009".

Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(v) to (viii). Pub. L. 112–5, §306(c)(2)(B), substituted "through 2011" for "and 2009".

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(c)(3), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "If the Secretary determines that a project or activity described in paragraph (2) received sufficient funds in fiscal year 2010, or a previous fiscal year, to carry out the purpose for which the project or activity was authorized, the Secretary may not allocate any amounts under paragraph (2) for the project or activity for fiscal year 2011, or any subsequent fiscal year."

Pub. L. 112–5, §306(c)(3), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) which provided additional authorizations for certain activities and projects.

Subsec. (e)(6). Pub. L. 112–5, §306(d), amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "$42,003,000 for the period of October 1, 2010 through March 4, 2011."

Subsec. (e)(7). Pub. L. 112–30, §136(d), added par. (7).

**2010**—Subsec. (b)(1)(E). Pub. L. 111–147, §436(a)(1), added subpar. (E).

Subsec. (b)(1)(F). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(a)(1), amended subpar. (F) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (F) read as follows: "$2,090,141,250 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(a)(1), added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(a)(2)(A), substituted "$48,198,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$28,375,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(a)(2)(A), substituted "$113,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, and $28,375,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010," for "and $113,500,000 for fiscal year 2009".

Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(a)(2)(B), substituted "$1,766,730,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending March 4, 2011" for "$1,040,091,250 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(a)(2)(B), substituted "$4,160,365,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, and $1,040,091,250 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010," for "and $4,160,365,000 for fiscal year 2009".

Subsec. (b)(2)(C). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(a)(2)(C), substituted "$21,869,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$12,875,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(a)(2)(C), substituted "$51,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, and $12,875,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010," for "and $51,500,000 for fiscal year 2009".

Subsec. (b)(2)(D). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(a)(2)(D), substituted "$707,691,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$416,625,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(a)(2)(D), substituted "$1,666,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, and $416,625,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010," for "and $1,666,500,000 for fiscal year 2009".

Subsec. (b)(2)(E). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(a)(2)(E), substituted "$417,863,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$246,000,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(a)(2)(E), substituted "$984,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, and $246,000,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010," for "and $984,000,000 for fiscal year 2009".

Subsec. (b)(2)(F). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(a)(2)(F), substituted "$56,691,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$33,375,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(a)(2)(F), substituted "$133,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, and $33,375,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010," for "and $133,500,000 for fiscal year 2009".

Subsec. (b)(2)(G). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(a)(2)(G), substituted "$197,465,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$116,250,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(a)(2)(G), substituted "$465,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, and $116,250,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010," for "and $465,000,000 for fiscal year 2009".

Subsec. (b)(2)(H). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(a)(2)(H), substituted "$69,856,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$41,125,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(a)(2)(H), substituted "$164,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, and $41,125,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010," for "and $164,500,000 for fiscal year 2009".

Subsec. (b)(2)(I). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(a)(2)(I), substituted "$39,280,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$23,125,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(a)(2)(I), substituted "$92,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, and $23,125,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010," for "and $92,500,000 for fiscal year 2009".

Subsec. (b)(2)(J). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(a)(2)(J), substituted "$11,423,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$6,725,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(a)(2)(J), substituted "$26,900,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, and $6,725,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010," for "and $26,900,000 for fiscal year 2009".

Subsec. (b)(2)(K). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(a)(2)(K), substituted "$1,486,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$875,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(a)(2)(K), which directed substitution of "$3,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, and $875,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010," for "and $3,500,000 for fiscal year 2009", was executed by making the substitution for "and $3,500,000 in fiscal year 2009", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (b)(2)(L). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(a)(2)(L), "$10,616,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$6,250,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(a)(2)(L), which directed substitution of "$25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, and $6,250,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010," for "and $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2009", was executed by making the substitution for "and $25,000,000 in fiscal year 2009", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (b)(2)(M). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(a)(2)(M), substituted "$197,465,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$116,250,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(a)(2)(M), substituted "$465,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, and $116,250,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010," for "and $465,000,000 for fiscal year 2009".

Subsec. (b)(2)(N). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(a)(2)(N), substituted "$3,736,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$2,200,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(a)(2)(N), substituted "$8,800,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, and $2,200,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending December 31, 2010," for "and $8,800,000 for fiscal year 2009".

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 111–147, §436(b), added par. (5).

Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(b), amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (6) read as follows: "$500,000,000 for the period of October 1, 2010 through December 31, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(b), added par. (6).

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(c)(1), substituted "$29,619,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010 and ending March 4, 2011" for "$17,437,500 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(c)(1), substituted "$69,750,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010, and $17,437,500 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010" for "and $69,750,000 for fiscal year 2009" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 111–147, §436(c)(2), added par. (3).

Subsec. (d)(3)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(c)(2), amended cl. (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Of amounts authorized to be appropriated for the period beginning October 1, 2010, through December 31, 2010, under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall allocate for each of the activities and projects described in subparagraphs (A) through (F) of paragraph (1) an amount equal to 25 percent of the amount allocated for fiscal year 2009 under each such subparagraph."

Subsec. (d)(3)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(c)(3), amended cl. (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Of the amounts allocated under subparagraph (A)(i) for the university centers program under section 5506 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010, the Secretary shall allocate for each program described in clauses (i) through (iii) and (v) through (viii) of paragraph (2)(A) an amount equal to 25 percent of the amount allocated for fiscal year 2009 under each such clause."

Subsec. (d)(3)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(c)(4), substituted "2011" for "2010" and "2010" for "2009".

Subsec. (e)(5). Pub. L. 111–147, §436(d), added par. (5).

Subsec. (e)(6). Pub. L. 111–322, §2306(d), amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "$24,727,750 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending December 31, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–147, §436(d), added par. (6).

**2008**—Subsec. (d)(1)(B). Pub. L. 110–244 substituted "section 5315(b)(2)(P)" for "section 5315(a)(16)".

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section authorized appropriations and availability of funds to carry out sections 5303 to 5305, 5307 to 5315, 5322, and 5334 of this title for periods ranging from fiscal year 1998 to August 14, 2004.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(b)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(b)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(b)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(b)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(b)(1), substituted "

Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(vii). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(b)(2), substituted "$2,796,817,658" for "$2,795,000,000" and "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(b)(2), substituted "$2,795,000,000" for "$2,793,483,000" and "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(b)(2), substituted "$2,793,483,000" for "$2,675,300,000" and "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(b)(2), substituted "$2,675,300,000" for "$2,545,785,000" and "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(b)(2), substituted "$2,545,785,000" for "$2,201,760,000" and "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005".

Subsec. (a)(2)(B)(vii). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(b)(3), substituted "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(b)(3), substituted "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(b)(3), substituted "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(b)(3), substituted "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(b)(3), substituted "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005".

Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(b)(4), substituted "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(b)(4), substituted "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(b)(4), substituted "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(b)(4), substituted "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(b)(4), substituted "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(d)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(d)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(d)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(d)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(d)(1), substituted "

Subsec. (b)(2)(A)(vii). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(d)(2), substituted "$2,336,442,169" for "$2,309,000,366" and "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(d)(2), substituted "$2,309,000,366" for "$2,263,265,142" and "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(d)(2), substituted "$2,263,265,142" for "$2,235,820,000" and "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(d)(2), substituted "$2,235,820,000" for "$2,012,985,000" and "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(d)(2), substituted "$2,012,985,000" for "$1,740,960,000" and "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005".

Subsec. (b)(2)(B)(vii). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(d)(3), substituted "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(d)(3), substituted "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(d)(3), substituted "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(d)(3), substituted "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(d)(3), substituted "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(e)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(e)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(e)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(e)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(e)(1), substituted "

Subsec. (c)(2)(A)(vii). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(e)(2), substituted "$50,146,668" for "$49,546,681" and "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(e)(2), substituted "$49,546,681" for "$48,546,727" and "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(e)(2), substituted "$48,546,727" for "$47,946,667" and "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(e)(2), substituted "$47,946,667" for "$48,346,668" and "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(e)(2), substituted "$48,346,668" for "$41,813,334" and "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005".

Subsec. (c)(2)(B)(vii). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(e)(3), substituted "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(e)(3), substituted "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(e)(3), substituted "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(e)(3), substituted "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(e)(3), substituted "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005".

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(f)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(f)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(f)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(f)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(f)(1), substituted "

Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(vii). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(f)(2), substituted "$39,950,343" for "$39,554,804" and "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(f)(2), substituted "$39,554,804" for "$37,385,434" and "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(f)(2), substituted "$37,385,434" for "$36,933,334" and "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(f)(2), substituted "$36,933,334" for "$32,683,333" and "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(f)(2), substituted "$32,683,333" for "$28,266,667" and "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005".

Subsec. (d)(2)(B)(vii). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(f)(3), substituted "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(f)(3), substituted "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(f)(3), substituted "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(f)(3), substituted "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(f)(3), substituted "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005".

Subsec. (d)(2)(C). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(f)(4), substituted "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(f)(4), substituted "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(f)(4), substituted "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(f)(4), substituted "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(f)(4), substituted "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(h)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(h)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(h)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(h)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(h)(1), substituted "

Subsec. (e)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(h)(2), substituted "$4,180,822" for "$4,131,508" and "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(h)(2), substituted "$4,131,508" for "$4,060,000" and "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(h)(2), substituted "$4,060,000" for "$4,000,000" and "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(h)(2), substituted "$4,000,000" for "$3,700,000" and "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(h)(2), substituted "$3,700,000" for "$3,200,000" and "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005".

Subsec. (e)(2)(B). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(h)(3), substituted "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(h)(3), substituted "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(h)(3), substituted "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(h)(3), substituted "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(h)(3), substituted "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005".

Subsec. (e)(2)(C)(i), (iii). Pub. L. 109–40, §7(h)(4), substituted "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005" in introductory provisions of cl. (i) and in cl. (iii).

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(h)(4), substituted "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005" in introductory provisions of cl. (i) and in cl. (iii).

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(h)(4), substituted "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005" in introductory provisions of cl. (i) and in cl. (iii).

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(h)(4), substituted "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005" in introductory provisions of cl. (i) and in cl. (iii).

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(h)(4), substituted "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005" in introductory provisions of cl. (i) and in cl. (iii).

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 109–42, §5(a)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–40, §7(j)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(j)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(j)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(j)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(j)(1), substituted "

Subsec. (f)(2)(A)(vii). Pub. L. 109–42, §5(a)(2), substituted "$57,650,686" for "$54,350,686" and "August 14" for "July 30".

Pub. L. 109–40, §7(j)(2), substituted "$54,350,686" for "$53,709,604" and "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(j)(2), substituted "$53,709,604" for "$52,780,000" and "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(j)(2), substituted "$52,780,000" for "$52,000,000" and "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(j)(2), substituted "$52,000,000" for "$48,100,000" and "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(j)(2), substituted "$48,100,000" for "$41,600,000" and "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005".

Subsec. (f)(2)(B)(vii). Pub. L. 109–42, §5(a)(3), substituted "August 14" for "July 30".

Pub. L. 109–40, §7(j)(3), substituted "July 30, 2005" for "July 27, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–37, §7(j)(3), substituted "July 27, 2005" for "July 21, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–35, §7(j)(3), substituted "July 21, 2005" for "July 19, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–20, §7(j)(3), substituted "July 19, 2005" for "June 30, 2005".

Pub. L. 109–14, §7(j)(3), substituted "June 30, 2005" for "May 31, 2005".

**2004**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(c)(1), inserted "

Pub. L. 108–280, §7(c)(1), struck out "

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(c)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(c)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(c)(1), substituted "

Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(vi). Pub. L. 108–280, §7(c)(2), added cl. (vi) and struck out former cl. (vi) which read: "$2,544,233,267 for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004."

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(c)(2), substituted "$2,544,233,267" for "$2,289,809,940" and "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(c)(2), substituted "$2,289,809,940" for "$1,780,963,287" and "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(c)(2), substituted "$1,780,963,287" for "$1,292,948,344" and "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004".

Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(vii). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(c)(2)–(4), added cl. (vii).

Subsec. (a)(2)(B)(vi). Pub. L. 108–280, §7(c)(3), added cl. (vi) and struck out former cl. (vi) which read: "$636,058,317 for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004."

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(c)(3), substituted "$636,058,317" for "$572,452,485" and "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(c)(3), substituted "$572,452,485" for "$445,240,822" and "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(c)(3), substituted "$445,240,822" for "$323,459,169" and "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004".

Subsec. (a)(2)(B)(vii). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(c)(2), (3), (5), added cl. (vii).

Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(c)(6), substituted "2005 (other than for the period of October 1, 2004, through May 31, 2005)" for "2003" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 108–280, §7(c)(4), substituted "each of fiscal years 1999 through 2003" for "a fiscal year (other than for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004)" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(c)(4), substituted "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(c)(4), substituted "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(c)(4), substituted "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(e)(1), inserted "

Pub. L. 108–280, §7(e)(1), struck out "

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(e)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(e)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(e)(1), substituted "

Subsec. (b)(2)(A)(vi). Pub. L. 108–280, §7(e)(2), added cl. (vi) and struck out former cl. (vi) which read: "$2,079,325,834 for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004."

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(e)(2), substituted "$2,079,325,834" for "$1,871,393,250" and "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(e)(2), substituted "$1,871,393,250" for "$1,819,410,104" and "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(e)(2), substituted "$1,819,410,104" for "$1,022,503,342" and "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004".

Subsec. (b)(2)(A)(vii). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(e)(2)–(4), added cl. (vii).

Subsec. (b)(2)(B)(vi). Pub. L. 108–280, §7(e)(3), added cl. (vi) and struck out former cl. (vi) which read: "$519,831,458 for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004."

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(e)(3), substituted "$519,831,458" for "$467,848,313" and "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(e)(3), substituted "$467,848,313" for "$363,882,021" and "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(e)(3), substituted "$363,882,021" for "$255,801,669" and "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004".

Subsec. (b)(2)(B)(vii). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(e)(2), (3), (5), added cl. (vii).

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(f)(1), inserted "

Pub. L. 108–280, §7(f)(1), struck out "

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(f)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(f)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(f)(1), substituted "

Subsec. (c)(2)(A)(vi). Pub. L. 108–280, §7(f)(2), added cl. (vi) and struck out former cl. (vi) which read: "$48,545,217 for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004."

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(f)(2), substituted "$48,545,217" for "$43,690,695" and "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(f)(2), substituted "$43,690,695" for "$33,981,652" and "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(f)(2), substituted "$33,981,652" for "$24,636,667" and "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004".

Subsec. (c)(2)(A)(vii). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(f)(2)–(4), added cl. (vii). See Codification note above.

Subsec. (c)(2)(B)(vi). Pub. L. 108–280, §7(f)(3), added cl. (vi) and struck out former cl. (vi) which read: "$11,929,200 for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004."

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(f)(3), substituted "$11,929,200" for "$10,736,280" and "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(f)(3), substituted "$10,736,280" for "$8,350,440" and "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(f)(3), substituted "$8,350,440" for "$6,100,000" and "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004".

Subsec. (c)(2)(B)(vii). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(f)(2), (3), (5), added cl. (vii). See Codification note above.

Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(f)(6), inserted "or any portion of a fiscal year" after "for a fiscal year" in introductory provisions. See Codification note above.

Pub. L. 108–280, §7(f)(4), struck out "or any portion of a fiscal year" after "for a fiscal year" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(g)(1), inserted "

Pub. L. 108–280, §7(g)(1), struck out "

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(g)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(g)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(g)(1), substituted "

Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(vi). Pub. L. 108–280, §7(g)(2), added cl. (vi) and struck out former cl. (vi) which read: "$34,959,183 for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004."

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(g)(2), substituted "$34,959,183" for "$31,463,265" and "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(g)(2), substituted "$31,463,265" for "$24,471,428" and "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(g)(2), substituted "$24,471,428" for "$16,536,667" and "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004".

Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(vii). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(g)(2)–(4), added cl. (vii).

Subsec. (d)(2)(B)(vi). Pub. L. 108–280, §7(g)(3), added cl. (vi) and struck out former cl. (vi) which read: "$8,946,900 for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004."

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(g)(3), substituted "$8,946,900" for "$8,052,210" and "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(g)(3), substituted "$8,052,210" for "$6,262,830" and "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(g)(3), substituted "$6,262,830" for "$4,095,000" and "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004".

Subsec. (d)(2)(B)(vii). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(g)(2), (3), (5), added cl. (vii).

Subsec. (d)(2)(C). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(g)(6), inserted "(other than for the period of October 1, 2004, through May 31, 2005)" after "a fiscal year" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 108–280, §7(g)(4), struck out "(other than for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004)" after "a fiscal year".

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(g)(4), substituted "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(g)(4), substituted "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(g)(4), substituted "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(i)(1), inserted "

Pub. L. 108–280, §7(i)(1), struck out "

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(i)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(i)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(i)(1), substituted "

Subsec. (e)(2)(A). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(i)(2), inserted "and $3,200,000 for the period of October 1, 2004, through May 31, 2005" after "2004".

Pub. L. 108–280, §7(i)(2), struck out "2003 and $3,976,400 for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31," before "2004".

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(i)(2), substituted "$3,976,400" for "$3,578,760" and "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(i)(2), substituted "$3,578,760" for "$2,783,480" and "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(i)(2), substituted "$2,783,480" for "$2,020,833" and "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004".

Subsec. (e)(2)(B). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(i)(3), inserted "and $800,000 for the period of October 1, 2004, through May 31, 2005" after "2004".

Pub. L. 108–280, §7(i)(3), struck out "2003 and $994,100 for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31," before "2004".

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(i)(3), substituted "$994,100" for "$894,690" and "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(i)(3), substituted "$894,690" for "$695,870" and "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(i)(3), substituted "$695,870" for "$505,833" and "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004".

Subsec. (e)(2)(C)(i), (iii). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(i)(4), inserted "(other than for the period of October 1, 2004, through May 31, 2005)" after "fiscal year".

Pub. L. 108–280, §7(i)(4), struck out "(other than for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004)" after "fiscal year".

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(i)(4), substituted "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(i)(4), substituted "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(i)(4), substituted "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004".

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(k)(1), inserted "

Pub. L. 108–280, §7(k)(1), struck out "

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(k)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(k)(1), substituted "

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(k)(1), substituted "

Subsec. (f)(2)(A)(vi). Pub. L. 108–280, §7(k)(2), added cl. (vi) and struck out former cl. (vi) which read: "$50,036,366 for the period of October, 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004."

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(k)(2), substituted "$50,036,366" for "$45,032,730" and "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(k)(2), substituted "$45,032,730" for "$35,025,457" and "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(k)(2), substituted "$35,025,457" for "$24,585,834" and "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004".

Subsec. (f)(2)(A)(vii). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(k)(2)–(4), added cl. (vii).

Subsec. (f)(2)(B)(vi). Pub. L. 108–280, §7(k)(3), added cl. (vi) and struck out former cl. (vi) which read: "$12,509,093 for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004."

Pub. L. 108–263, §7(k)(3), substituted "$12,509,093" for "$11,258,183" and "July 31, 2004" for "June 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–224, §7(k)(3), substituted "$11,258,183" for "$8,756,364" and "June 30, 2004" for "April 30, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–202, §9(k)(3), substituted "$8,756,364" for "$6,150,833" and "April 30, 2004" for "February 29, 2004".

Subsec. (f)(2)(B)(vii). Pub. L. 108–310, §8(k)(2), (3), (5), added cl. (vii).

**2003**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(c)(1), inserted "

Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(vi). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(c)(2)–(4), added cl. (vi).

Subsec. (a)(2)(B)(vi). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(c)(2), (3), (5), added cl. (vi).

Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(c)(6), inserted "(other than for the period of October 1, 2003, through February 29, 2004)" after "a fiscal year" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(e)(1), inserted "

Subsec. (b)(2)(A)(vi). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(e)(2)–(4), added cl. (vi).

Subsec. (b)(2)(B)(vi). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(e)(2), (3), (5), added cl. (vi).

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(f), which directed the amendment of section 5338(c)(2) by inserting "

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(g)(1), inserted "

Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(vi). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(g)(2)–(4), added cl. (vi).

Subsec. (d)(2)(B)(vi). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(g)(2), (3), (5), added cl. (vi).

Subsec. (d)(2)(C). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(g)(6), inserted "(other than for the period of October 1, 2003, through February 29, 2004)" after "a fiscal year" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(i)(1), inserted "

Subsec. (e)(2)(A). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(i)(2), inserted "and $2,020,833 for the period of October 1, 2003, through February 29, 2004" after "2003".

Subsec. (e)(2)(B). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(i)(3), inserted "and $505,833 for the period of October 1, 2003, through February 29, 2004" after "2003".

Subsec. (e)(2)(C)(i), (iii). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(i)(4), inserted "(other than for the period of October 1, 2003, through February 29, 2004)" after "fiscal year".

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(k)(1), inserted "

Subsec. (f)(2)(A)(vi). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(k)(2)–(4), added cl. (vi).

Subsec. (f)(2)(B)(vi). Pub. L. 108–88, §8(k)(2), (3), (5), added cl. (vi).

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(a), reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally, substituting provisions relating to authorizations for Federal transit programs for fiscal years 1998 to 2003 for provisions relating to authorizations for Federal transit programs for fiscal years ending Sept. 30, 1993 to 1997 and for period from Oct. 1, 1997 to Mar. 31, 1998.

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(c)(1)–(5), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, substituted "$42,200,000" for "$43,200,000", "$48,400,000" for "$46,400,000", "$50,200,000" for "$51,200,000", "$53,800,000" for "$52,800,000", and "$58,600,000" for "$57,600,000" in cls. (i) to (v), respectively.

Subsec. (d)(2)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(c)(6), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, inserted ", including not more than $1,000,000 shall be available to carry out section 5315(a)(16)" before semicolon.

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(c)(7)(A), (B), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, substituted "Subject to paragraph (2)(C), there are" for "There are" and "5505" for "5317(b)".

Subsec. (e)(2)(A). Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(c)(7)(A), (C)(i), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, substituted "Subject to subparagraph (C), there shall" for "There shall" and "5505" for "5317(b)".

Subsec. (e)(2)(B). Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(c)(7)(A), (C)(ii), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, substituted "Subject to subparagraph (C), in addition" for "In addition" and "5505" for "5317(b)".

Subsec. (e)(2)(C). Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(c)(7)(C)(iii), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(c)(7)(D), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, added par. (3).

Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(c)(8), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, substituted "(c)(1), (c)(2)(B), (d)(1), (d)(2)(B), (e)(1), (e)(2)(B), (f)(1), (f)(2)(B)," for "(c)(2)(B), (d)(2)(B), (e)(2)(B), (f)(2)(B),".

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(c)(9), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, inserted "under the Transportation Discretionary Spending Guarantee for the Mass Transit Category" after "subsections (a) through (f)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (h)(5)(A) to (E). Pub. L. 105–178, §3029(c)(10), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, added subpars. (A) to (E) and struck out former subpars. (A) to (E) which read as follows:

"(A) for fiscal year 1999, $600,000,000;

"(B) for fiscal year 2000, $610,000,000;

"(C) for fiscal year 2001, $620,000,000;

"(D) for fiscal year 2002, $630,000,000; and

"(E) for fiscal year 2003, $630,000,000;".

**1997**—Subsec. (a)(1)(F). Pub. L. 102–240, §3049(c)(1)(A), as added by Pub. L. 105–130, added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (a)(2)(F). Pub. L. 102–240, §3049(c)(1)(B), as added by Pub. L. 105–130, added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (b)(1)(F). Pub. L. 102–240, §3049(c)(2), as added by Pub. L. 105–130, added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–240, §3049(c)(3), as added by Pub. L. 105–130, inserted "and not more than $1,500,000 for the period of October 1, 1997, through March 31, 1998," after "1997,".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 102–240, §3049(c)(4), as added by Pub. L. 105–130, inserted "and not more than $3,000,000 is available from the Fund (except the Account) for the Secretary for the period of October 1, 1997, through March 31, 1998," after "1997,".

Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 102–240, §3049(c)(5), as added by Pub. L. 105–130, inserted before period at end "and $3,000,000 is available for section 5317 for the period of October 1, 1997, through March 31, 1998".

Subsec. (j)(5)(D). Pub. L. 102–240, §3049(c)(6), as added by Pub. L. 105–130, added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 102–240, §3049(c)(7), as added by Pub. L. 105–130, substituted "(e), or (m) of this section" for "or (e) of this section".

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 102–240, §3049(c)(8), as added by Pub. L. 105–130, added subsec. (m).

**1996**—Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "section 5311(b)(2)" for "section 5308(b)(2)".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by section 20028 of Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by section 113006 of Pub. L. 112–141 effective July 1, 2012, see section 114001 of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 5305 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–140 to cease to be effective on July 6, 2012, with text as amended by Pub. L. 112–140 to revert back to read as it did on the day before June 29, 2012, and amendments by Pub. L. 112–141 to be executed as if Pub. L. 112–140 had not been enacted, see section 1(c) of Pub. L. 112–140, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 effective simultaneously with enactment of Pub. L. 105–178 and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 105–178 at time of enactment, and provisions of Pub. L. 105–178, as in effect on day before July 22, 1998, that are amended by title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 to be treated as not enacted, see section 9016 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3018, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1487, provided that: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the total of all obligations from amounts made available from the Mass Transit Account of the Highway Trust Fund by subsection (a) of section 5338 of title 49, United States Code, and section 3028 of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2015 [section 3028 of Pub. L. 114–94, 129 Stat. 1495] shall not exceed—

"(1) $9,347,604,639 in fiscal year 2016;

"(2) $9,733,706,043 in fiscal year 2017;

"(3) $9,733,353,407 in fiscal year 2018;

"(4) $9,939,380,030 in fiscal year 2019; and

"(5) $10,150,348,462 in fiscal year 2020."

Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3046, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1706, as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, title II, §201(o)(6), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1615; Pub. L. 111–147, title IV, §437(f), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 93; Pub. L. 111–322, title II, §2307(f), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3530; Pub. L. 112–5, title III, §307(f), Mar. 4, 2011, 125 Stat. 21; Pub. L. 112–30, title I, §137(f), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 355; Pub. L. 112–102, title III, §307(f), Mar. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 281; Pub. L. 112–140, title III, §307(f), June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 402; Pub. L. 112–141, div. G, title III, §113007(f), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 988, which allocated amounts appropriated pursuant to former subsec. (d) of this section for various national research and technology programs, was repealed by Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20002(c)(5), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 622.

Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3041, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 394, provided that the Secretary of Transportation ensure that the total apportionments and allocations made to a designated grant recipient under this section for fiscal year 1998 be reduced by the amount apportioned to such designated recipient pursuant to section 8 of Pub. L. 105–130 (amending sections 5309, 5337, and 5338 of this title) and in making the apportionments, the Secretary adjust the amount apportioned to each urbanized area for fixed guideway modernization for fiscal year 1998 to reflect the method of apportioning funds in former section 5337(a) of this title.

Pub. L. 105–178, title III, §3015(d), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9009(k)(2), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 857, and amended by Pub. L. 108–88, §8(j)(3), Sept. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 1124; Pub. L. 108–202, §9(j)(2), Feb. 29, 2004, 118 Stat. 487; Pub. L. 108–224, §7(j)(2), Apr. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 636; Pub. L. 108–263, §7(j)(2), June 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 707; Pub. L. 108–280, §7(j)(2), July 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 884; Pub. L. 108–310, §8(j)(3), Sept. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 1157; Pub. L. 109–14, §7(i)(2), May 31, 2005, 119 Stat. 332; Pub. L. 109–20, §7(i)(2), July 1, 2005, 119 Stat. 355; Pub. L. 109–35, §7(i)(2), July 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 388; Pub. L. 109–37, §7(i)(2), July 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 403; Pub. L. 109–40, §7(i)(2), July 28, 2005, 119 Stat. 419, specified how funds made available by former subsec. (e)(2)(C)(iii) of this section could be used by certain institutions for transportation research, training, and curriculum development.

Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title I, §140, Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2420, which provided that the limitations on obligations for the programs of the Federal Transit Administration were not to apply to any authority under this section previously made available for obligation, or to any other authority previously made available for obligation, was from the Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006 and was repeated in provisions of subsequent appropriations acts which are not set out in the Code.

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 108–447, div. H, title I, §160, Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3227.

Pub. L. 108–199, div. F, title I, §160, Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 308.

Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §309, Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 407.

Pub. L. 107–87, title III, §309, Dec. 18, 2001, 115 Stat. 855.

Pub. L. 106–346, §101(a) [title III, §311], Oct. 23, 2000, 114 Stat. 1356, 1356A–27.

Pub. L. 106–69, title III, §311, Oct. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1018.

Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(g) [title III, §311], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–439, 2681–467.

Pub. L. 105–66, title III, §311, Oct. 27, 1997, 111 Stat. 1443.

Pub. L. 104–205, title III, §311, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 2971.

Pub. L. 104–50, title III, §312, Nov. 15, 1995, 109 Stat. 455.

Pub. L. 103–331, title III, §313, Sept. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 2490.

Pub. L. 103–122, title III, §313, Oct. 27, 1993, 107 Stat. 1221.

Pub. L. 102–388, title III, §313, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1546.

Pub. L. 102–143, title III, §313, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 941, as amended by Pub. L. 102–240, title III, §§3003(b), 3004(b), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2088.

Pub. L. 101–516, title III, §313, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2181.

Pub. L. 101–164, title III, §314, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1094.

Pub. L. 100–457, title III, §314, Sept. 30, 1988, 102 Stat. 2148.

Pub. L. 100–202, §101(l) [title III, §314], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–358, 1329–379.

Pub. L. 99–500, §101(l) [H.R. 5205, title III, §317], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–308, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(l) [H.R. 5205, title III, §317], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–308.

Pub. L. 99–190, §101(e) [title III, §322], Dec. 19, 1985, 99 Stat. 1267, 1287.

1 So in original. Should be "122 Stat. 4968)." See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1)

(A) the term "low or no emission vehicle" has the meaning given that term in subsection (c)(1);

(B) the term "State" means a State of the United States; and

(C) the term "territory" means the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the United States Virgin Islands.

(2)

(A) to replace, rehabilitate, and purchase buses and related equipment, including technological changes or innovations to modify low or no emission vehicles or facilities; and

(B) to construct bus-related facilities.

(3)

(A) section 5307 shall apply to recipients of grants made in urbanized areas under this subsection; and

(B) section 5311 shall apply to recipients of grants made in rural areas under this subsection.

(4)

(A)

(i) designated recipients that allocate funds to fixed route bus operators; or

(ii) State or local governmental entities that operate fixed route bus service.

(B)

(5) 1 shall be distributed as follows:

(A)

(B)

(6)

(A)

(B)

(7)

(A)

(B)

(i) in cash from non-Government sources other than revenues from providing public transportation services;

(ii) from revenues derived from the sale of advertising and concessions;

(iii) from an undistributed cash surplus, a replacement or depreciation cash fund or reserve, or new capital;

(iv) from amounts received under a service agreement with a State or local social service agency or private social service organization; or

(v) from revenues generated from value capture financing mechanisms.

(8)

(9)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)

(G)

(10)

(A)

(B)

(b)

(1)

(A) replacing, rehabilitating, purchasing, or leasing buses or related equipment; and

(B) rehabilitating, purchasing, constructing, or leasing bus-related facilities.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) disclose all metrics and evaluation procedures to be used in considering grant applications under this subsection upon issuance of the notice of funding availability in the Federal Register; and

(B) publish a summary of final scores for selected projects, metrics, and other evaluations used in awarding grants under this subsection in the Federal Register.

(5)

(A)

(B)

(6)

(A)

(i) section 5307 for eligible recipients of grants made in urbanized areas; and

(ii) section 5311 for eligible recipients of grants made in rural areas.

(B)

(7)

(A) shall remain available for 3 fiscal years after the fiscal year for which the amount is made available; and

(B) that remain unobligated at the end of the period described in subparagraph (A) shall be added to the amount made available to an eligible project in the following fiscal year.

(8)

(9)

(A) not later than 30 days after the date on which amounts are made available for obligation under this subsection for a full fiscal year, solicit grant applications for eligible projects on a competitive basis; and

(B) award a grant under this subsection based on the solicitation under subparagraph (A) not later than the earlier of—

(i) 75 days after the date on which the solicitation expires; or

(ii) the end of the fiscal year in which the Secretary solicited the grant applications.

(10)

(A)

(B)

(11)

(A)

(B)

(c)

(1)

(A) the term "direct carbon emissions" means the quantity of direct greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle, as determined by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency;

(B) the term "eligible project" means a project or program of projects in an eligible area for—

(i) acquiring low or no emission vehicles;

(ii) leasing low or no emission vehicles;

(iii) acquiring low or no emission vehicles with a leased power source;

(iv) constructing facilities and related equipment for low or no emission vehicles;

(v) leasing facilities and related equipment for low or no emission vehicles;

(vi) constructing new public transportation facilities to accommodate low or no emission vehicles; or

(vii) rehabilitating or improving existing public transportation facilities to accommodate low or no emission vehicles;

(C) the term "leased power source" means a removable power source, as defined in subsection (c)(3) of section 3019 of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2015 that is made available through a capital lease under such section;

(D) the term "low or no emission bus" means a bus that is a low or no emission vehicle;

(E) the term "low or no emission vehicle" means—

(i) a passenger vehicle used to provide public transportation that the Secretary determines sufficiently reduces energy consumption or harmful emissions, including direct carbon emissions, when compared to a comparable standard vehicle; or

(ii) a zero emission vehicle used to provide public transportation;

(F) the term "recipient" means a designated recipient, a local governmental authority, or a State that receives a grant under this subsection for an eligible project; and

(G) the term "zero emission vehicle" means a low or no emission vehicle that produces no carbon or particulate matter.

(2)

(3)

(A)

(i) with respect to eligible recipients in urbanized areas, section 5307; and

(ii) with respect to eligible recipients in rural areas, section 5311.

(B)

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(D)

(i) demonstrates a long-term fleet management plan with a strategy for how the applicant intends to use the current application and future acquisitions;

(ii) addresses the availability of current and future resources to meet costs;

(iii) considers policy and legislation impacting technologies;

(iv) includes an evaluation of existing and future facilities and their relationship to the technology transition;

(v) describes the partnership of the applicant with the utility or alternative fuel provider of the applicant; and

(vi) examines the impact of the transition on the applicant's current workforce by identifying skill gaps, training needs, and retraining needs of the existing workers of the applicant to operate and maintain zero emission vehicles and related infrastructure and avoids the displacement of the existing workforce.

(4)

(A) not later than 30 days after the date on which amounts are made available for obligation under this subsection for a full fiscal year, solicit grant applications for eligible projects on a competitive basis; and

(B) award a grant under this subsection based on the solicitation under subparagraph (A) not later than the earlier of—

(i) 75 days after the date on which the solicitation expires; or

(ii) the end of the fiscal year in which the Secretary solicited the grant applications.

(5)

(A) shall consider eligible projects relating to the acquisition or leasing of low or no emission buses or bus facilities that make greater reductions in energy consumption and harmful emissions, including direct carbon emissions, than comparable standard buses or other low or no emission buses; and

(B) shall, for no less than 25 percent of the funds made available to carry out this subsection, only consider eligible projects related to the acquisition of low or no emission buses or bus facilities other than zero emission vehicles and related facilities.

(6)

(A) shall remain available to an eligible project for 3 fiscal years after the fiscal year for which the amount is made available; and

(B) that remain unobligated at the end of the period described in subparagraph (A) shall be added to the amount made available to an eligible project in the following fiscal year.

(7)

(A)

(B)

(8)

(A)

(B)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §356, Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 421; amended Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3037(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1635; Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20029(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 729; Pub. L. 113–159, title I, §1204, Aug. 8, 2014, 128 Stat. 1847; Pub. L. 114–21, title I, §1204, May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 225; Pub. L. 114–41, title I, §1204, July 31, 2015, 129 Stat. 452; Pub. L. 114–73, title I, §1204, Oct. 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 575; Pub. L. 114–87, title I, §1204, Nov. 20, 2015, 129 Stat. 684; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3017(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1482; Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30018, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 915.)

Section 5338, referred to in subsec. (a)(5), was amended generally by Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30017, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 912. As amended, section 5338(a)(2)(L) no longer relates to allocations of funds to carry out subsec. (a) of this section, but such provision can be found elsewhere in section 5338.

Section 3019 of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (c)(1)(C), is section 3019 of Pub. L. 114–94, which is set out as a note under section 5325 of this title.

**2021**—Subsec. (a)(5)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §30018(1)(A), substituted "$206,000,000 each fiscal year" for "$90,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2016 through 2020", "$4,000,000" for "$1,750,000", and "$1,000,000" for "$500,000".

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 117–58, §30018(1)(B), added par. (10).

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 117–58, §30018(2)(A), added par. (5) and struck out former par. (5). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Not less than 10 percent of the amounts made available under this subsection in a fiscal year shall be distributed to projects in rural areas."

Subsec. (b)(9) to (11). Pub. L. 117–58, §30018(2)(B), added pars. (9) to (11).

Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §30018(3)(A)(i), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "A grant under this subsection shall be subject to the requirements of section 5307."

Subsec. (c)(3)(D). Pub. L. 117–58, §30018(3)(A)(ii), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 117–58, §30018(3)(B), added par. (5) and struck out former par. (5), which required the Secretary to consider only certain eligible projects relating to the acquisition or leasing of low or no emission buses or bus facilities.

Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 117–58, §30018(3)(C), added par. (8).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–58, §30018(4), added subsec. (d).

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94 amended section generally, substituting provisions relating to grants for buses and bus facilities for provisions relating to bus and bus facilities formula grants.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 114–87 substituted "and $11,632,514 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and $9,127,049 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,", "$221,994 for such period" for "$174,180 for such period", and "$88,798 for such period" for "$69,672 for such period".

Pub. L. 114–73 substituted "and $9,127,049 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and $5,189,891 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,", "$174,180 for such period" for "$99,044 for such period", and "$69,672 for such period" for "$39,617 for such period".

Pub. L. 114–41 substituted "each of fiscal years 2013 through 2015 and $5,189,891 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "each of fiscal years 2013 and 2014 and $54,553,425 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,", "$99,044 for such period" for "$1,041,096 for such period", and "$39,617 for such period" for "$416,438 for such period".

Pub. L. 114–21 substituted "and $54,553,425 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and $43,606,849 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,", "$1,041,096 for such period" for "$832,192 for such period", and "$416,438 for such period" for "$332,877 for such period".

**2014**—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 113–159 inserted "for each of fiscal years 2013 and 2014 and $43,606,849 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," after "$65,500,000", "for each such fiscal year and $832,192 for such period" after "$1,250,000", and "for each such fiscal year and $332,877 for such period" after "$500,000".

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to alternatives analysis program.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 inserted section catchline and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Effective for funds not yet expended on the effective date of this section, the Federal share for funds under this chapter for a grantee named in section 603(14) of Public Law 97–468 shall be the same as the Federal share under 23 U.S.C. section 120(b) for Federal aid highway funds apportioned to the State in which it operates."

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(b) 1 in accordance with subsection (c) and subsection (d).

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) the total land area of the State (in square miles); multiplied by

(B) 370; multiplied by

(C)(i) the population of the State in urbanized areas; divided by

(ii) the total population of the State.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title III, §3038(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1636; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3030(f), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1497.)

Section 5338, referred to in subsec. (b), was amended generally by Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30017, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 912. As amended, section 5338(a)(2)(N), which was probably intended instead of the reference in the original to "section 5338(b)(2)(N)", no longer relates to allocations of funds to carry out this section, but such provision can be found elsewhere in section 5338.

**2015**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–94 added subsec. (b) and struck out former subsec. (b). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Of the amounts made available for each fiscal year under section 5338(b)(2)(M), the Secretary shall apportion—

"(1) 50 percent to States and urbanized areas in accordance with subsection (c); and

"(2) 50 percent to States and urbanized areas in accordance with subsection (d)."

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.



**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §§25013(b), 25020(c)(2), 25021(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 869, 878, which directed amendment of analysis for subchapter I of this chapter by striking out item 5502 "Intermodal Transportation Advisory Board" and adding items 5506 and 5507 at the end, was executed to analysis for this chapter to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, §6015(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1571, struck out item 5503 "Office of Intermodalism".

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §§52009(b), 52010(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 887, added item 5505, struck out former item 5505 "National university transportation centers", and struck out item 5506 "University transportation research".

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, title V, §§5401(c), 5402(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1815, 1820, substituted "National university transportation centers" for "University transportation research" in item 5505 and "University transportation research" for "Advanced vehicle technologies program" in item 5506.

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, title V, §§5110(b), 5111(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 444, 445, added items 5505 and 5506.

(a)

(b)

(2) The National Intermodal Transportation System shall include a National Highway System consisting of the Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways and those principal arterial roads that are essential for interstate and regional commerce and travel, national defense, intermodal transfer facilities, and international commerce and border crossings.

(3) The National Intermodal Transportation System shall include significant improvements in public transportation necessary to achieve national goals for improved air quality, energy conservation, international competitiveness, and mobility for elderly individuals, individuals with disabilities, and economically disadvantaged individuals in urban and rural areas of the United States.

(4) The National Intermodal Transportation System shall provide improved access to ports and airports, the Nation's link to commerce.

(5) The National Intermodal Transportation System shall give special emphasis to the contributions of the transportation sectors to increased productivity growth. Social benefits must be considered with particular attention to the external benefits of reduced air pollution, reduced traffic congestion, and other aspects of the quality of life in the United States.

(6) The National Intermodal Transportation System must be operated and maintained with insistent attention to the concepts of innovation, competition, energy efficiency, productivity, growth, and accountability. Practices that resulted in the lengthy and overly costly construction of the Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways must be confronted and stopped.

(7) The National Intermodal Transportation System shall be adapted to "intelligent vehicles", "magnetic levitation systems", and other new technologies, wherever feasible and economical, with benefit cost estimates given special emphasis on safety considerations and techniques for cost allocation.

(8) When appropriate, the National Intermodal Transportation System will be financed, as regards Government apportionments and reimbursements, by the Highway Trust Fund. Financial assistance will be provided to State and local governments and their instrumentalities to help carry out national goals related to mobility for elderly individuals, individuals with disabilities, and economically disadvantaged individuals.

(9) The National Intermodal Transportation System must be the centerpiece of a national investment commitment to create the new wealth of the United States for the 21st century.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 848.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5501 | 49:101 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §2, 105 Stat. 1914. |


In this section, the words "Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways" are substituted for "National System of Interstate and Defense Highways" because of the Act of October 15, 1990 (Public Law 101–427, 104 Stat. 927).

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 849; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4145(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1749, related to Intermodal Transportation Advisory Board.

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 850; Pub. L. 105–178, title V, §5109(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 440; Pub. L. 108–426, §4(c), Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2425; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4149, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1750; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §301(k), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1616; Pub. L. 113–76, div. L, title I, Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 574, related to the Office of Intermodalism.

Repeal effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 850.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5504 | 49:301 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §5003, 105 Stat. 2159. |


(a)

(1)

(2)

(A) to advance transportation expertise and technology in the varied disciplines that comprise the field of transportation through education, research, and technology transfer activities;

(B) to provide for a critical multimodal transportation knowledge base outside of the Department of Transportation; and

(C) to address critical workforce needs and educate the next generation of transportation leaders with respect to the matters described in subparagraphs (A) through (G) of section 6503(c)(1).

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i) the demonstrated ability of the recipient to address each specific topic area described in the research and strategic plans of the recipient;

(ii) the demonstrated research, technology transfer, and education resources available to the recipient to carry out this section;

(iii) the ability of the recipient to provide leadership in solving immediate and long-range national and regional transportation problems;

(iv) the ability of the recipient to carry out research, education, and technology transfer activities that are multimodal and multidisciplinary in scope;

(v) the demonstrated commitment of the recipient to carry out transportation workforce development programs through—

(I) degree-granting programs or programs that provide other industry-recognized credentials; and

(II) outreach activities to attract new entrants into the transportation field, including women and underrepresented populations;

(vi) the demonstrated ability of the recipient to disseminate results and spur the implementation of transportation research and education programs through national or statewide continuing education programs;

(vii) the demonstrated commitment of the recipient to the use of peer review principles and other research best practices in the selection, management, and dissemination of research projects;

(viii) the strategic plan submitted by the recipient describing the proposed research to be carried out by the recipient and the performance metrics to be used in assessing the performance of the recipient in meeting the stated research, technology transfer, education, and outreach goals; and

(ix) the ability of the recipient to implement the proposed program in a cost-efficient manner, such as through cost sharing and overall reduced overhead, facilities, and administrative costs.

(5)

(A)

(B)

(i) specific criteria of evaluation used in the review;

(ii) descriptions of the review process; and

(iii) explanations of the selected awards.

(6)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(I) section 504(b) of title 23; or

(II) section 505 of title 23.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) the criteria described in subsection (b)(4);

(ii) the location of the lead center within the Federal region to be served; and

(iii) whether the consortium of institutions demonstrates that the consortium has a well-established, nationally recognized program in transportation research and education, as evidenced by—

(I) recent expenditures by the institution in highway or public transportation research;

(II) a historical track record of awarding graduate degrees in professional fields closely related to highways and public transportation; and

(III) an experienced faculty who specialize in professional fields closely related to highways and public transportation.

(C)

(D)

(i)

(ii)

(I) section 504(b) of title 23; or

(II) section 505 of title 23.

(E)

(i)

(ii)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(I) section 504(b) of title 23; or

(II) section 505 of title 23.

(C)

(d)

(1)

(A) coordinate the research, education, and technology transfer activities carried out by grant recipients under this section; and

(B) disseminate the results of that research through the establishment and operation of a publicly accessible online information clearinghouse.

(2)

(A) review and evaluate the programs carried out under this section by grant recipients; and

(B) make available to the public on a website of the Department of Transportation a report describing that review and evaluation.

(3)

(e)

(f)

(Added and amended Pub. L. 105–178, title V, §5110(a), (d), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 441; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9011(d), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 863; Pub. L. 109–59, title V, §5401(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1814; Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52009(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 882; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, §6016, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1571; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25017, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 873.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), probably means the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–94, which amended this section generally and was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

**2021**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §25017(1)(A), inserted "of Transportation, acting through the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology (referred to in this section as the 'Secretary')," after "The Secretary".

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, §25017(1)(B)(i), inserted "multimodal" after "critical".

Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 117–58, §25017(1)(B)(ii), inserted "with respect to the matters described in subparagraphs (A) through (G) of section 6503(c)(1)" after "transportation leaders".

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §25017(2)(A), substituted "as a lead institution under this section, except as provided in subparagraph (B)" for "for each of the transportation centers described under paragraphs (2), (3), and (4) of subsection (c)".

Subsec. (b)(4)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §25017(2)(B)(i), substituted "described in subparagraphs (A) through (G) of section 6503(c)(1)" for "identified in chapter 65".

Subsec. (b)(4)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, §25017(2)(B)(ii), substituted "the heads of the modal administrations of the Department of Transportation," for "the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology and the Administrator of the Federal Highway Administration and other modal administrations" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(5)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, §25017(2)(C), substituted "make available to the public on a website of the Department of Transportation" for "submit to the Committees on Transportation and Infrastructure and Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(3)(E). Pub. L. 117–58, §25017(3), added cl. (i), designated existing provisions as cl. (ii) and inserted heading, and inserted ", including the cybersecurity implications of technologies relating to connected vehicles, connected infrastructure, and autonomous vehicles" after "autonomous vehicles".

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 117–58, §25017(4)(A)(i), (ii), substituted "Review" for "Annual review" in heading and "biennially" for "annually" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, §25017(4)(A)(iii), substituted "make available to the public on a website of the Department of Transportation" for "submit to the Committees on Transportation and Infrastructure and Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committees on Environment and Public Works and Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate".

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, §25017(4)(B), substituted "2022 through 2026" for "2016 through 2020".

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to the university transportation centers program.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to national university transportation centers.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 amended section catchline and text generally, substituting provisions relating to national university transportation centers for provisions relating to university transportation research.

**1998**—Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 105–178, §5110(d)(1), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, substituted "section 508 of title 23, United States Code," for "section 5506,".

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 105–178, §5110(d)(2), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, inserted "Subject to section 5338(e):" before par. (1) and substituted "institutions or groups of institutions" for "institutions" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (j)(4)(B). Pub. L. 105–178, §5110(d)(3), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, substituted "on behalf of a consortium which may also include West Virginia University Institute of Technology, the College of West Virginia, and Bluefield State College" for "on behalf of a consortium of West Virginia colleges and universities".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 effective simultaneously with enactment of Pub. L. 105–178 and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 105–178 at time of enactment, and provisions of Pub. L. 105–178, as in effect on day before July 22, 1998, that are amended by title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 to be treated as not enacted, see section 9016 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1) a State agency;

(2) a local government agency;

(3) an institution of higher education (as defined in section 102 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1002)), including a university transportation center established under section 5505;

(4) a nonprofit organization, including a nonprofit research organization; and

(5) a private sector organization working in collaboration with an entity described in any of paragraphs (1) through (4).

(b)

(1) shall establish a process for eligible entities to submit to the Secretary unsolicited research proposals; and

(2) may enter into arrangements with 1 or more eligible entities to fund research proposed under paragraph (1), in accordance with this section.

(c)

(1) addresses—

(A) a research need identified by—

(i) the Secretary; or

(ii) the Administrator of a modal administration of the Department of Transportation; or

(B) an issue that the Secretary determines to be important; and

(2) is not duplicative of—

(A) any other Federal research project; or

(B) any project for which funding is provided by another Federal agency.

(d)

(1) review each research proposal submitted under the pilot program established under subsection (b); and

(2)(A) if funding is denied for the research proposal—

(i) provide to the eligible entity that submitted the proposal a written notice of the denial that, as applicable—

(I) explains why the research proposal was not selected, including whether the research proposal fails to cover an area of need; and

(II) recommends that the research proposal be submitted to another research program; and

(ii) if the Secretary recommends that the research proposal be submitted to another research program under clause (i)(II), provide guidance and direction to—

(I) the eligible entity; and

(II) the proposed research program office; or

(B) if the research proposal is selected for funding—

(i) provide to the eligible entity that submitted the proposal a written notice of the selection; and

(ii) seek to enter into an arrangement with the eligible entity to provide funding for the proposed research.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A) the research, education, and technology transfer activities carried out by grant recipients under section 5505; and

(B) the research, development, demonstration, and commercial application activities of other relevant programs of the Department of Transportation, including all modal administrations of the Department.

(3)

(A) the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy;

(B) the Director of the National Science Foundation;

(C) the Secretary of Energy;

(D) the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology;

(E) the Secretary of Homeland Security;

(F) the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;

(G) the Secretary of Defense; and

(H) the heads of other appropriate Federal agencies, as determined by the Secretary.

(f)

(1) review and evaluate the pilot program established under subsection (b), including the research carried out under that pilot program; and

(2) make public on a website of the Department of Transportation a report describing the review and evaluation under paragraph (1).

(g)

(1)

(2)

(h)

(i)

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25013(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 867.)

A prior section 5506, added Pub. L. 105–178, title V, §5111(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 444; amended Pub. L. 109–59, title V, §5402(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1815; Pub. L. 110–244, title I, §§111(g)(3), 116, June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1605, 1607, related to grants for university transportation research, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52010(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 887, effective Oct. 1, 2012.

(a)

(b)

(1) to increase awareness of career opportunities in the transportation sector, including aviation pilots, safety inspectors, mechanics and technicians, air traffic controllers, flight attendants, truck and bus drivers, engineers, transit workers, railroad workers, and other transportation professionals; and

(2) to target awareness of professional opportunities in the transportation sector to diverse segments of the population, including with respect to race, sex, ethnicity, ability (including physical and mental ability), veteran status, and socioeconomic status.

(c)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25020(c)(1), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 877.)

In this chapter, "civic and cultural activities" includes libraries, musical and dramatic presentations, art exhibits, adult education programs, public meeting places, and other facilities for carrying on an activity any part of which is supported under a law of the United States.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 851.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5561 | 49 App.:1653(i)(10). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §4(i)(10); added Oct. 28, 1974, Pub. L. 93–496, §§6, 15, 88 Stat. 1530, 1533; Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §707(3), 90 Stat. 125; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §206(a), 94 Stat. 412. |


In this chapter, both sections 6 and 15 of the Amtrak Improvement Act (Public Law 93–496, 88 Stat. 1528, 1533) are listed as source credits for the addition of section 4(i) to the Department of Transportation Act (Public Law 89–670, 80 Stat. 931). This is done to conform to the probable intent of Congress as evidenced by the directory language of section 15 of the Act of October 28, 1974.

In this section, the words "for community groups, convention visitors and others" are omitted as unnecessary.

(a)

(1) promote, on a feasibility demonstration basis, the conversion of at least 3 rail passenger terminals into intermodal transportation terminals;

(2) preserve rail passenger terminals that reasonably are likely to be converted or maintained pending preparation of plans for their reuse;

(3) acquire and use space in suitable buildings of historic or architectural significance but only if use of the space is feasible and prudent when compared to available alternatives; and

(4) encourage State and local governments, local and regional transportation authorities, common carriers, philanthropic organizations, and other responsible persons to develop plans to convert rail passenger terminals into intermodal transportation terminals and civic and cultural activity centers.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 851.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5562(a) | 49 App.:1653(i)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §4(i)(1); added Oct. 28, 1974, Pub. L. 93–496, §§6, 15, 88 Stat. 1528, 1533; Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §707(1), (2), 90 Stat. 125; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §206(a), 94 Stat. 412. |

5562(b) | 49 App.:1653(i)(11). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §4(i)(11); added Oct. 28, 1974, Pub. L. 93–496, §§6, 15, 88 Stat. 1530, 1533; Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §707(3), 90 Stat. 125; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §206(a), 94 Stat. 412. |

5562(c) | 49 App.:1653(i)(4). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §4(i)(4); added Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §707(4), 90 Stat. 125; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §206(a), 94 Stat. 412. |


In subsection (a)(3), the words "but only if" are substituted for "unless . . . would not" for consistency.

In subsection (a)(4), the word "encourage" is substituted for "stimulating" for clarity.

In subsection (b), the words "This chapter does not affect" are substituted for "Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to invalidate" for clarity and consistency. The words "rail passenger terminal" are substituted for "station", and the word "law" is substituted for "statute", for consistency.

(a)

(1) the terminal can be converted to accommodate other modes of transportation the Secretary of Transportation decides are appropriate, including—

(A) motorbus transportation;

(B) mass transit (rail or rubber tire); and

(C) airline ticket offices and passenger terminals providing direct transportation to area airports;

(2) the terminal is listed on the National Register of Historic Places maintained by the Secretary of the Interior;

(3) the architectural integrity of the terminal will be preserved;

(4) to the extent practicable, the use of the terminal facilities for transportation may be combined with use of those facilities for other civic and cultural activities, especially when another activity is recommended by—

(A) the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation;

(B) the Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts; or

(C) consultants retained under subsection (b) of this section; and

(5) the terminal and the conversion project meet other criteria prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation after consultation with the Council and Chairman.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 851.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5563(a), (b) | 49 App.:1653(i)(2) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §4(i)(2); added Oct. 28, 1974, Pub. L. 93–496, §§6, 15, 88 Stat. 1528, 1533; May 26, 1975, Pub. L. 94–25, §13, 89 Stat. 93; Oct. 5, 1978, Pub. L. 95–421, §14, 92 Stat. 929. |

5563(c) | 49 App.:1653(i)(2) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "to convert a rail passenger terminal to an intermodal transportation terminal under section 5562(a)(1) of this title" are substituted for "for the purpose set forth in paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection" for clarity and because of the restatement. In clause (5), the word "prescribed" is substituted for "develop and promulgate" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

Subsection (b) is substituted for "and such judgment is concurred in by consultants recommended by the Chairman of the National Endowment of [sic] the Arts and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and retained for this purpose by the Secretary" for clarity and consistency in the revised title.

(a)

(b)

(1) the Secretary decides the rail passenger terminal has a reasonable likelihood of being converted to, or conditioned for reuse as, an intermodal transportation terminal, a civic or cultural activities center, or both; and

(2) planning activity directed toward conversion or reuse has begun and is proceeding in a competent way.

(c)

(A) reasonably capable of conversion to intermodal transportation terminals;

(B) listed in the National Register of Historic Places maintained by the Secretary of the Interior; or

(C) recommended (on the basis of architectural integrity and quality) by the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation or the Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts.

(2) The Secretary of Transportation may not make a grant under this section for more than 80 percent of the total cost of maintaining the terminal for an interim period of not more than 5 years.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 852.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5564(a) | 49 App.:1653(i)(3) (1st sentence words before proviso). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §4(i)(3); added Oct. 28, 1974, Pub. L. 93–496, §§6, 15, 88 Stat. 1529, 1533; Oct. 5, 1978, Pub. L. 95–421, §14, 92 Stat. 929. |

5564(b) | 49 App.:1653(i)(3) (1st sentence proviso). | |

5564(c) | 49 App.:1653(i)(3) (2d, last sentences). |


In subsection (a), the words "Subject to subsection (b) of this section" are added for clarity. The word "authority" is substituted for "entity" for consistency in the revised title. The words "in accordance with regulations" and "applicable" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words before clause (1) are substituted for "*Provided*, That" for clarity and consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "The Secretary of Transportation may not make a grant" are substituted for "The amount of the Federal share of any grant . . . shall not exceed" for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

(a)

(1) be prepared to develop practicable plans that meet zoning, land use, and other requirements of the applicable State and local jurisdictions in which the terminal is located;

(2) incorporate into the designs and plans proposed for converting the terminal, features that reasonably appear likely to attract private investors willing to carry out the planned conversion and its subsequent maintenance and operation; and

(3) complete the designs and plans for the conversion within the period of time prescribed by the Secretary.

(b)

(c)

(A) listed in the National Register of Historic Places maintained by the Secretary of the Interior; or

(B) recommended (on the basis of architectural integrity and quality) by the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation or the Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts.

(2) The Secretary of Transportation may not make a grant under this section for more than 80 percent of the total cost of the project for which the financial assistance is provided.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 853; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(15), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4379.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5565(a) | 49 App.:1653(i)(5) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §4(i)(5); added Oct. 28, 1974, Pub. L. 93–496, §§6, 15, 88 Stat. 1529, 1533; Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §707(3), 90 Stat. 125; Oct. 5, 1978, Pub. L. 95–421, §14, 92 Stat. 929; Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §128, 93 Stat. 553; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §206(a), 94 Stat. 412. |

5565(b) | 49 App.:1653(i)(5) (2d sentence). | |

5565(c) | 49 App.:1653(i)(5) (3d, last sentences). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the word "authority" is substituted for "entity" for consistency in the revised title. The words "in accordance with regulations" are omitted as unnecessary because of 49:322(a). In clause (1), the words "as well as requirements . . . under this subsection" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. In clause (2), the words "into an intermodal transportation terminal, a civic or cultural center, or both" are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (3), the word "prescribed" is substituted for "establishes" as being more appropriate.

In subsection (b), the words "carried out" are substituted for "implemented and effectuated" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "The Secretary of Transportation may not make a grant" are substituted for "The amount of the Federal share of any grant . . . shall not exceed" for clarity and consistency in this chapter. The word "undertaking" is omitted as being included in "project".

This amends 49:5565 to correct an erroneous section catchline.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–429 inserted "certain" after "converting" in section catchline.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(1) the amount, and disposition by the recipient, of the proceeds of the assistance;

(2) the total cost of the project for which the assistance was given or used;

(3) the amount of that part of the cost of the project supplied by other sources; and

(4) any other records that will make an effective audit easier.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 853.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5566(a) | 49 App.:1653(i)(8) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §4(i)(8); added Oct. 28, 1974, Pub. L. 93–496, §§6, 15, 88 Stat. 1530, 1533; Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §707(3), 90 Stat. 125; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §206(a), 94 Stat. 412. |

5566(b) | 49 App.:1653(i)(8) (last sentence). |


In this section, the word "undertaking" is omitted as being included in "project".

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the word "fully" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "the expiration of" and "of the United States" are omitted as surplus. The words "or any of their duly authorized representatives" are omitted as unnecessary because of 49:322(b) and 31:711(2). The words "may audit and inspect" are substituted for "shall have access for the purpose of audit and examination" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The word "recipient" is substituted for "such receipts" to correct an error in the underlying source provisions.

Amtrak shall give preference to the use of rail passenger terminal facilities that will preserve buildings of historic or architectural significance.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 854.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5567 | 49 App.:1653(i)(7). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §4(i)(7); added Oct. 28, 1974, Pub. L. 93–496, §§6, 15, 88 Stat. 1530, 1533; Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §707(3), 90 Stat. 125; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §206(a), 94 Stat. 412. |


The word "Amtrak" is substituted for "The National Railroad Passenger Corporation" for consistency in the revised title. The words "rail passenger terminal" are substituted for "station" for consistency in this chapter. The word "or" is substituted for "and" for consistency with the source provisions being restated in section 5562(a)(3) of the revised title.

(a)

(1) not more than $15,000,000 to carry out section 5562(a)(1) and (3) of this title.

(2) not more than $2,500,000 to carry out section 5562(a)(2) of this title.

(3) not more than $2,500,000 to carry out section 5562(a)(4) of this title.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 854.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5568 | 49 App.:1653(i)(9). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §4(i)(9); added Oct. 28, 1974, Pub. L. 93–496, §§6, 15, 88 Stat. 1530, 1533; restated Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §707(3), (5), 90 Stat. 125; Oct. 19, 1976, Pub. L. 94–555, §219(a), 90 Stat. 2629; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §206(a), 94 Stat. 412. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "to the Secretary of Transportation" are added for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (b), the words "to carry out" are substituted for "for the purpose set forth . . . in" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.


**2008**—Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §302(g), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1618, substituted "transportation" for "Transportation" in item 5701.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7203, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1913, reenacted chapter heading without change and amended table of sections generally, substituting item 5701 for former items 5701 "Findings", 5702 "Definitions", 5703 "General regulation", 5704 "Tank trucks, rail tank cars, and cargo tanks", 5705 "Motor and rail transportation of nonfood products", 5706 "Dedicated vehicles", 5707 "Waiver authority", 5708 "Food transportation inspections", 5709 "Consultation", 5710 "Administrative", 5711 "Enforcement and penalties", 5712 "Relationship to other laws", 5713 "Application of sections 5711 and 5712", and 5714 "Coordination procedures".

(a)

(1)

(A) food in violation of regulations promulgated under section 416 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act;

(B) a carcass, part of a carcass, meat, meat food product, or animal subject to detention under section 402 of the Federal Meat Inspection Act (21 U.S.C. 672); and

(C) poultry products or poultry subject to detention under section 19 of the Poultry Products Inspection Act (21 U.S.C. 467a).

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7203, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1913.)

Section 416 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(A), is classified to section 350e of Title 21, Food and Drugs.

Prior sections 5701 to 5714 were omitted in the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 109–59, §7203.

Section 5701, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 854, related to findings.

Section 5702, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 854, defined terms.

Section 5703, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 855, directed Secretary to prescribe regulations.

Section 5704, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 856, related to prohibited use of tank trucks, rail tank cars, and cargo tanks.

Section 5705, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 857, related to prohibited motor and rail transportation of nonfood products.

Section 5706, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 857, related to dedication of vehicles to transport asbestos, extremely dangerous products, or refuse.

Section 5707, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 857, related to waiver of provisions.

Section 5708, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 858, related to food transportation inspections. See section 5701 of this title.

Section 5709, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 858, related to consultation with Secretaries of Agriculture and Health and Human Services and Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.

Section 5710, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 858, related to duties and powers of Secretary.

Section 5711, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 858, related to enforcement and penalties.

Section 5712, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 859, related to relationship to other laws.

Section 5713, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 859, related to application of sections 5711 and 5712.

Section 5714, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 859, related to coordination between departments, agencies, and instrumentalities.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2005, see section 7204 of Pub. L. 109–59, set out as an Effective Date of 2005 Amendment note under section 331 of Title 21, Food and Drugs.


**1996**—Pub. L. 104–291, title II, §§208(b), 209(b), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3457, 3458, substituted "Effective date" for "Regulations and effective date" in item 5907 and added item 5908.

In this chapter—

(1) except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the definitions in sections 10102 and 13102 of this title apply.

(2) "beneficial owner" means a person not having title to property but having ownership rights in the property, including a trustee of property in transit from an overseas place of origin that is domiciled or doing business in the United States, except that a carrier, agent of a carrier, broker, customs broker, freight forwarder, warehouser, or terminal operator is not a beneficial owner only because of providing or arranging for any part of the intermodal transportation of property.

(3) "carrier" means—

(A) a motor carrier, water carrier, and rail carrier providing transportation of property in commerce; and

(B) an ocean common carrier (as defined in section 40102 of title 46) providing transportation of property in commerce.

(4) "container" has the meaning given the term "freight container" by the International Standards Organization in Series 1, Freight Containers, 3d Edition (reference number ISO668–1979(E)), including successive revisions, and similar containers that are used in providing transportation in interstate commerce.

(5) "first carrier" means the first carrier transporting a loaded container or trailer in intermodal transportation.

(6) "gross cargo weight" means the weight of the cargo, packaging materials (including ice), pallets, and dunnage.

(7) "intermodal transportation" means the successive transportation of a loaded container or trailer from its place of origin to its place of destination by more than one mode of transportation in interstate or foreign commerce, whether under a single bill of lading or under separate bills of lading.

(8) "trailer" means a nonpower, property-carrying, trailing unit that is designed for use in combination with a truck tractor.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 859; Pub. L. 104–291, title II, §203, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3453; Pub. L. 109–304, §17(h)(2), Oct. 6, 2006, 120 Stat. 1709.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5901(1) | 49:501(a)(1). | |

5901(2) | 49:501(a)(4). | |

5901(3) | 49:501(a)(5). | |

5901(4) | 49:501(a)(6). | |

5901(5) | 49:501(a)(7). | |

5901(6) | 49:501(a)(8). | |

5901(7) | 49:501(a)(9). |


This chapter restates 49:508 and the relevant definitions in 49:501 because the subject matter more appropriately belongs in subtitle III of title 49. The text of 49:501(a)(1) is restated to incorporate the definitions in 49:10102. The terms defined in 49:501(a)(2) and (3) are not used in this chapter.

In clause (2), the word "including" is substituted for "For purposes of this paragraph . . . shall be treated as a beneficial owner of such property" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "is not a beneficial owner only because of providing or arranging for any part of the intermodal transportation of property" are substituted for "providing or arranging for any portion of intermodal transportation of property shall in no case be a beneficial owner of such property, for purposes of this paragraph, solely by reason of providing or arranging for such transportation" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In clause (3)(A), the words "(as such terms are defined in section 10102 of this title)" are omitted as unnecessary because of clause (1) of this section.

In clause (7), the words "property-carrying" are substituted for "cargo carrying" for consistency in the revised title.

**2006**—Par. (3)(B). Pub. L. 109–304 substituted "section 40102 of title 46" for "section 3 of the Shipping Act of 1984 (46 App. U.S.C. 1702)".

**1996**—Par. (1). Pub. L. 104–291, §203(1), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: "the definitions in section 10102 of this title apply."

Pars. (6) to (8). Pub. L. 104–291, §203(2), (3), added par. (6) and redesignated former pars. (6) and (7) as (7) and (8), respectively.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) the actual gross cargo weight;

(B) a reasonable description of the contents of the container or trailer;

(C) the identity of the certifying party;

(D) the container or trailer number; and

(E) the date of certification or transfer of data to another document, as provided for in paragraph (3).

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(c)

(d)

(1) a person inaccurately transfers information on a certification required by subsection (b)(1), or fails to forward a certification to the subsequent carrier;

(2) as a result of the inaccurate transfer of such information or a failure to forward a certification, the subsequent carrier incurs a bond, fine, penalty, or cost (including storage), or interest; and

(3) that subsequent carrier exercises its rights to a lien under section 5905,

then that person is liable to the owner or beneficial owner, or to any other person paying the amount of the lien to the subsequent carrier, for the amount of the lien and all costs related to the imposition of the lien, including court costs and legal fees incurred in connection with it.

(e)

(A) performs the highway portion of the intermodal movement; or

(B) assumes the responsibility for any weight-related fine or penalty incurred by any other motor carrier that performs a part of the highway transportation.

(2) Subsections (a) and (b) of this section and section 5903(c) of this title do not apply to a carrier when the carrier is transferring a loaded container or trailer to another carrier during intermodal transportation, unless the carrier is also the person tendering the loaded container or trailer to the first carrier.

(3) A carrier, agent of a carrier, broker, customs broker, freight forwarder, warehouser, or terminal operator is deemed not to be a person tendering a loaded container or trailer to a first carrier under this section, unless the carrier, agent, broker, customs broker, freight forwarder, warehouser, or terminal operator assumes legal responsibility for loading property into the container or trailer.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 860; Pub. L. 104–291, title II, §204, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3453.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5902(a) | 49:508(a)(1). | |

5902(b) | 49:508(a)(2). | |

5902(c) | 49:508(b). | |

5902(d)(1) | 49:508(e). | |

5902(d)(2) | 49:508(a)(4). |


In subsection (c), the words "shall forward" are substituted for "It shall be a violation of this section for . . . to fail to forward" for clarity. The words "may not be construed as" are substituted for "shall not constitute, or in any way be construed as" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "is deemed not to be" are substituted for "shall not be considered to be" for consistency in the revised title.

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–291, §204(a)(4), (5), substituted "electronically or by telephone. This subsection applies to any person within the United States who tenders a container or trailer subject to this chapter for intermodal transportation if the first carrier is a motor carrier." for "electronically."

Pub. L. 104–291, §204(a)(3), inserted "before the tendering of the container or trailer" after "contents of the container or trailer".

Pub. L. 104–291, §204(a)(2), substituted "29,000 pounds is tendered for intermodal transportation is a motor carrier, the person tendering the container or trailer shall give the motor carrier a" for "10,000 pounds (including packing material and pallets), the person shall give the carrier a written".

Pub. L. 104–291, §204(a)(1), substituted "If the first carrier to which any" for "Before a person tenders to a first carrier for intermodal transportation a".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–291, §204(b), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Not later than when a person tenders to a first carrier for intermodal transportation a container or trailer to which subsection (a) of this section applies or a loaded container or trailer having an actual gross cargo weight of more than 10,000 pounds (including packing material and pallets), the person shall certify to the carrier in writing the actual gross cargo weight and a reasonable description of the contents of the container or trailer."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–291, §204(c)(2), inserted at end "If a person inaccurately transfers the information on the certification, or fails to forward the certification to a subsequent carrier, then that person is liable to any person who incurs any bond, fine, penalty, cost (including storage), or interest for any such fine, penalty, cost (including storage), or interest incurred as a result of the inaccurate transfer of information or failure to forward the certification. A subsequent carrier who incurs a bond, fine, penalty, or cost (including storage), or interest as a result of the inaccurate transfer of the information, or the failure to forward the certification, shall have a lien against the contents of the container or trailer under section 5905 in the amount of the bond, fine, penalty, or cost (including storage), or interest and all court costs and legal fees incurred by the carrier as a result of such inaccurate transfer or failure."

Pub. L. 104–291, §204(c)(1), substituted "transportation before or when the loaded intermodal container or trailer is tendered to the subsequent carrier. If no certification is received by the subsequent carrier before or when the container or trailer is tendered to it, the subsequent carrier may presume that no certification is required." for "transportation."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–291, §204(d), added subsec. (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–291, §204(d), (e), redesignated subsec. (d) as (e), added par. (1), redesignated former pars. (1) and (2) as (2) and (3), respectively, and adjusted margin of par. (2).

(a) 1 whom section 5902(b) applies, tendering a loaded container or trailer may not provide erroneous information in a certification required by section 5902(b) of this title.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(c)

(2) A person, knowing that the weight of a loaded container or trailer or the weight of a tractor-trailer combination carrying the container or trailer is more than the weight allowed by applicable State law, may not coerce or attempt to coerce a carrier to transport the container or trailer or to operate the tractor-trailer combination in violation of that State law.

(d)

(1)

(A) the motor carrier shall give notice to the operator of a vehicle which is leased by the vehicle operator to a motor carrier that transports an intermodal container or trailer of the gross cargo weight of the container or trailer as certified to the motor carrier under section 5902(b);

(B) the notice shall be provided to the operator prior to the operator being tendered the container or trailer;

(C) the notice required by this subsection shall be in writing, but may be transmitted electronically; and

(D) the motor carrier shall bear the burden of proof to establish that it tendered the required notice to the operator.

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 860; Pub. L. 104–291, title II, §205, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3456.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5903(a) | 49:508(a)(3) (related to violations). | |

5903(b) | 49:508(d). | |

5903(c) | 49:508(c). |


In this section, the words "may not" are substituted for "it shall be a violation" and "It shall be unlawful" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a), the words "After the date on which the Secretary of Transportation issues final regulations to enforce this section" are omitted because of section 5907(b) of the revised title. The words "to fail to comply with paragraph (1) or (2)" are omitted as unnecessary because the failure to comply with an affirmative duty is a violation without the need to say so specifically. The word "false" is omitted as included in "erroneous". The word "written" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "(as such term is defined in section 10102 of this title)" are omitted as unnecessary because of section 5901(1) of the revised title. The word "transport" is substituted for "provide transportation of" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–291, §205(1), inserted ", To whom section 5902(b) applies," after "person".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–291, §205(2), added subsec. (b) and struck out former subsec. (b) which read as follows:

"(b)

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–291, §205(3), substituted "29,000 pounds" for "10,000 pounds (including packing materials and pallets)".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–291, §205(4), added subsec. (d).

1 So in original. Probably should not be capitalized.

(a)

(1) to impose a fine or penalty, for a violation of a State highway weight law or regulation by a tractor-trailer combination carrying a loaded container or trailer for which a certification is required by section 5902(b) of this title, against the person tendering the loaded container or trailer to the first carrier if the violation results from the person's having provided erroneous information in the certification in violation of section 5903(a) of this title; and

(2) to impound the container or trailer until the fine or penalty has been paid by the owner or beneficial owner of the contents of the container or trailer or the person tendering the loaded container or trailer to the first carrier.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 861.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5904(a) | 49:508(f). | |

5904(b) | 49:508(h). |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "false" and "written" are omitted as surplus and for consistency with section 5903(a) of the revised title.

In subsection (b), the words "does not require" are substituted for "shall not be construed as creating any obligation or responsibility for" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "State highway weight law or regulation" are substituted for "State statutes or regulations prescribing weight limitations for highway transportation" for consistency with subsection (a) of this section and to eliminate unnecessary words.

(a)

(1) erroneous information provided by the certifying party in the certification to the first carrier in violation of section 5903(a) of this title;

(2) the failure of the party required to provide the certification to the first carrier to provide it;

(3) the failure of a person required under section 5902(c) to forward the certification to forward it; or

(4) an error occurring in the transfer of information on the certification to another document under section 5902(b)(3) or (c),

then the person posting the bond, or paying the fine, penalty, costs (including storage), or interest has a lien against the contents equal to the amount of the bond, fine, penalty, cost (including storage), or interest incurred, until the person receives a payment of that amount from the owner or beneficial owner of the contents, or from the person responsible for making or forwarding the certification, or transferring the information from the certification to another document.

(b)

(2) In this section, an owner or beneficial owner of the contents of a container or trailer or a person tendering a container or trailer to the first carrier is deemed not to be a person involved in the intermodal transportation of the container or trailer.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 861; Pub. L. 104–291, title II, §206, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3457.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5905(a) | 49:508(g)(1). | |

5905(b) | 49:508(g)(2)(A), (B). |


In this section, the word "expenses" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a), the words "false" and "written" are omitted as surplus and for consistency with section 5903(a) of the revised title.

In subsection (b)(1), the word "establish" is substituted for "determine" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "is deemed not to be" are substituted for "shall not be treated as" for consistency in the revised title.

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–291, §206(1), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a) which read as follows:

"(a)

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104–291, §206(3), substituted "cost (including storage), or interest. The lien shall remain in effect until the lien holder has received payment for all costs and expenses described in subsection (a) of this section." for "cost, or interest."

Pub. L. 104–291, §206(2), inserted ", or the owner or beneficial owner of the contents," after "first carrier".

Section 5905 of this title does not apply to a container or trailer the contents of which are perishable agricultural commodities (as defined in the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act, 1930 (7 U.S.C. 499a et seq.)).

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 861; Pub. L. 104–291, title II, §207, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3457.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5906 | 49:508(g)(2)(C). |


The Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act, 1930, referred to in text, is act June 10, 1930, ch. 436, 46 Stat. 531, which is classified generally to chapter 20A (§499a et seq.) of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 499a(a) of Title 7 and Tables.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–291 substituted "Section 5905 of this title does" for "Sections 5904(a)(2) and 5905 of this title do".

This chapter shall take effect 180 days after the date of enactment of the Intermodal Safe Container Transportation Amendments Act of 1996.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(d), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 862; Pub. L. 104–291, title II, §208(a), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3457.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

5907(a) | 49:508 (note). | Oct. 28, 1992, Pub. L. 102–548, §2(d), 106 Stat. 3649. |

5907(b) | 49:508(a)(3) (related to effective date). |


In subsection (a), the words "shall initiate a proceeding to issue regulations . . . within 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act" are omitted as executed.

Subsection (b) is substituted for the source provision and made applicable to the entire chapter for clarity.

The date of enactment of the Intermodal Safe Container Transportation Amendments Act of 1996, referred to in text, is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 104–291, which was approved Oct. 11, 1996.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–291 substituted "Effective date" for "Regulations and effective date" in section catchline and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(a)

"(b)

Nothing in this chapter affects—

(1) chapter 51 (relating to transportation of hazardous material) or the regulations promulgated under that chapter; or

(2) any State highway weight or size law or regulation applicable to tractor-trailer combinations.

(Added Pub. L. 104–291, title II, §209(a), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3458.)


**2016**—Pub. L. 114–183, §2(c)(2), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 516, substituted "Funding" for "Authorization of appropriations" in item 6107.

**2006**—Pub. L. 109–468, §3(b), Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3490, added item 6109.

**2002**—Pub. L. 107–355, §2(c)(2), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2986, substituted "Implementation of best practices guidelines" for "Review of one-call system best practices" in item 6105.

The purposes of this chapter are—

(1) to enhance public safety;

(2) to protect the environment;

(3) to minimize risks to excavators; and

(4) to prevent disruption of vital public services,

by reducing the incidence of damage to underground facilities during excavation through the voluntary adoption and efficient implementation by all States of State one-call notification programs that meet the minimum standards set forth under section 6103.

(Added Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7302(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 478.)

For transfer of duties, powers, and authority of Research and Special Programs Administration under this chapter to the Administrator of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, see section 2(b) of Pub. L. 108–426, set out as a note under section 108 of this title.

Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7301, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 477, provided that: "Congress finds that—

"(1) unintentional damage to underground facilities during excavation is a significant cause of disruptions in telecommunications, water supply, electric power, and other vital public services, such as hospital and air traffic control operations, and is a leading cause of natural gas and hazardous liquid pipeline accidents;

"(2) excavation that is performed without prior notification to an underground facility operator or with inaccurate or untimely marking of such a facility prior to excavation can cause damage that results in fatalities, serious injuries, harm to the environment and disruption of vital services to the public; and

"(3) protection of the public and the environment from the consequences of underground facility damage caused by excavations will be enhanced by a coordinated national effort to improve one-call notification programs in each State and the effectiveness and efficiency of one-call notification systems that operate under such programs."

In this chapter, the following definitions apply:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(Added Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7302(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 478.)

(a)

(1)

(A) appropriate participation by all underground facility operators, including all government operators;

(B) appropriate participation by all excavators, including all government and contract excavators; and

(C) flexible and effective enforcement under State law with respect to participation in, and use of, one-call notification systems.

(2)

(b)

(1) damage to types of underground facilities; and

(2) activities of types of excavators.

(c)

(1) consideration of the ranking of risks under subsection (b) in the enforcement of its provisions;

(2) a reasonable relationship between the benefits of one-call notification and the cost of implementing and complying with the requirements of the State one-call notification program; and

(3) voluntary participation where the State determines that a type of underground facility or an activity of a type of excavator poses a de minimis risk to public safety or the environment.

(d)

(1) administrative or civil penalties commensurate with the seriousness of a violation by an excavator or facility owner of a State one-call notification program;

(2) increased penalties for parties that repeatedly damage underground facilities because they fail to use one-call notification systems or for parties that repeatedly fail to provide timely and accurate marking after the required call has been made to a one-call notification system;

(3) reduced or waived penalties for a violation of a requirement of a State one-call notification program that results in, or could result in, damage that is promptly reported by the violator;

(4) equitable relief; and

(5) citation of violations.

(Added Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7302(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 479; amended Pub. L. 107–355, §2(a), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2985; Pub. L. 112–90, §3(a), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1906.)

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–90, §3(a), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "In order to qualify for a grant under section 6106, a State one-call notification program shall, at a minimum, provide for—

"(1) appropriate participation by all underground facility operators, including all government operators;

"(2) appropriate participation by all excavators, including all government and contract excavators; and

"(3) flexible and effective enforcement under State law with respect to participation in, and use of, one-call notification systems."

**2002**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107–355, §2(a)(1)(A), inserted ", including all government operators" before semicolon at end.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 107–355, §2(a)(1)(B), inserted ", including all government and contract excavators" before semicolon.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–355, §2(a)(2), substituted "provide for and document" for "provide for" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 112–90, §3(c), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1906, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 60134 of this title] shall take effect 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Jan. 3, 2012]."

(a)

(b)

(1) Upon application by a State, the Secretary shall review that State's one-call notification program, including the provisions for the implementation of the program and the record of compliance and enforcement under the program.

(2) Based on the review under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall determine whether the State's one-call notification program meets the minimum standards for such a program set forth in section 6103 in order to qualify for a grant under section 6106.

(3) In order to expedite compliance under this section, the Secretary may consult with the State as to whether an existing State one-call notification program, a specific modification thereof, or a proposed State program would result in a positive determination under paragraph (2).

(4) The Secretary shall prescribe the form and manner of filing an application under this section that shall provide sufficient information about a State's one-call notification program for the Secretary to evaluate its overall effectiveness. Such information may include the nature and reasons for exceptions from required participation, the types of enforcement available, and such other information as the Secretary deems necessary.

(5) The application of a State under paragraph (1) and the record of actions of the Secretary under this section shall be available to the public.

(c)

(d)

(1) a description of the extent to which each State has adopted and implemented the minimum Federal standards under section 6103 or maintains an alternative program under subsection (c);

(2) an analysis by the Secretary of the overall effectiveness of each State's one-call notification program and the one-call notification systems operating under such program in achieving the purposes of this chapter;

(3) the impact of each State's decisions on the extent of required participation in one-call notification systems on prevention of damage to underground facilities; and

(4) areas where improvements are needed in one-call notification systems in operation in each State.

The report shall also include any recommendations the Secretary determines appropriate. If the Secretary determines that the purposes of this chapter have been substantially achieved, no further report under this section shall be required.

(Added Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7302(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 479; amended Pub. L. 107–355, §2(b), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2985.)

The date of the enactment of this chapter, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 105–178, which was approved June 9, 1998.

**2002**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–355 substituted "The Secretary shall" for "Within 3 years after the date of the enactment of this chapter, the Secretary shall begin to" in introductory provisions.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7302(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 480; amended Pub. L. 107–355, §2(c)(1), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2985.)

**2002**—Pub. L. 107–355 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to study of existing one-call systems, purpose and considerations of study, report by Secretary within one year of June 9, 1998, and discretion of Secretary as to whether to carry out study.

(a)

(1) the overall quality and effectiveness of one-call notification systems in the State;

(2) communications systems linking one-call notification systems;

(3) location capabilities, including training personnel and developing and using location technology;

(4) record retention and recording capabilities for one-call notification systems;

(5) public information and education;

(6) participation in one-call notification systems; or

(7) compliance and enforcement under the State one-call notification program.

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7302(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 482.)

The date of enactment of this chapter, referred to in subsec. (b), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 105–178, which was approved June 9, 1998.

Of the amounts made available under section 60125(a)(1), the Secretary shall expend $1,058,000 for each of fiscal years 2021 through 2023 to carry out section 6106.

(Added Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7302(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 482; amended Pub. L. 107–355, §2(d), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2986; Pub. L. 109–468, §18(d), Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3498; Pub. L. 112–90, §32(c), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1922; Pub. L. 114–183, §2(c)(1), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 516; Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §101(c), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2213.)

**2020**—Pub. L. 116–260 substituted "$1,058,000 for each of fiscal years 2021 through 2023" for "$1,058,000 for each of fiscal years 2016 through 2019".

**2016**—Pub. L. 114–183 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(a)

"(b)

**2012**—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 112–90, §32(c)(1), (2), substituted "2012 through 2015." for "2007 through 2010."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–90, §32(c)(3), struck out subsec. (c). Text read as follows: "Any sums appropriated under this section shall be derived from general revenues and may not be derived from amounts collected under section 60301 of this title."

**2006**—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 109–468 substituted "fiscal years 2007 through 2010" for "fiscal years 2003 through 2006".

**2002**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–355, §2(d)(1), substituted "$1,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2003 through 2006" for "$1,000,000 for fiscal year 2000 and $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2001" in first sentence.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–355, §2(d)(2), substituted "for fiscal years 2003 through 2006" for "for fiscal years 1999, 2000, and 2001".

Nothing in this chapter preempts State law or shall impose a new requirement on any State or mandate revisions to a one-call system.

(Added Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7302(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 482.)

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 109–468, §3(a), Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3489.)


**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, §6018(c), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1577, added item 6314.

In this chapter, the following definitions apply:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52011(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 887.)

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52011(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 895, provided that: "If the provisions of section 111 of title 49, United States Code, are transferred to chapter 63 of that title, the following rules of construction apply:

"(1) For purposes of determining whether 1 provision of law supersedes another based on enactment later in time, a chapter 63 provision is deemed to have been enacted on the date of enactment of the corresponding section 111 provision [section 111 of this title was enacted Dec. 18, 1991].

"(2) A reference to a section 111 provision, including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law, is deemed to refer to the corresponding chapter 63 provision.

"(3) A regulation, order, or other administrative action in effect under a section 111 provision continues in effect under the corresponding chapter 63 provision.

"(4) An action taken or an offense committed under a section 111 provision is deemed to have been taken or committed under the corresponding chapter 63 provision."

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A)

(i) serve as the senior advisor to the Secretary on data and statistics; and

(ii) be responsible for carrying out the duties described in subparagraph (B).

(B)

(i) ensure that the statistics compiled under clause (vi) are designed to support transportation decisionmaking by—

(I) the Federal Government;

(II) State and local governments;

(III) metropolitan planning organizations;

(IV) transportation-related associations;

(V) the private sector, including the freight community; and

(VI) the public;

(ii) establish on behalf of the Secretary a program—

(I) to effectively integrate safety data across modes; and

(II) to address gaps in existing safety data programs of the Department;

(iii) work with the operating administrations of the Department—

(I) to establish and implement the data programs of the Bureau; and

(II) to improve the coordination of information collection efforts with other Federal agencies;

(iv) continually improve surveys and data collection methods of the Department to improve the accuracy and utility of transportation statistics;

(v) encourage the standardization of data, data collection methods, and data management and storage technologies for data collected by—

(I) the Bureau;

(II) the operating administrations of the Department;

(III) State and local governments;

(IV) metropolitan planning organizations; and

(V) private sector entities;

(vi) collect, compile, analyze, and publish a comprehensive set of transportation statistics on the performance and impacts of the national transportation system, including statistics on—

(I) transportation safety across all modes and intermodally;

(II) the state of good repair of United States transportation infrastructure;

(III) the extent, connectivity, and condition of the transportation system, building on the national transportation atlas database developed under section 6309;

(IV) economic efficiency across the entire transportation sector;

(V) employment in the transportation sector;

(VI) the effects of the transportation system, including advanced technologies and automation, on global and domestic economic competitiveness;

(VII) demographic, economic, and other variables influencing travel behavior, including choice of transportation mode and goods movement;

(VIII) transportation-related variables that influence the domestic economy and global competitiveness;

(IX) economic costs and impacts for passenger travel and freight movement;

(X) intermodal and multimodal passenger movement;

(XI) intermodal and multimodal freight movement; and

(XII) consequences of transportation for the human and natural environment;

(vii) build and disseminate the transportation layer of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure developed under Executive Order 12906 (59 Fed. Reg. 17671) (or a successor Executive Order), including by coordinating the development of transportation geospatial data standards, compiling intermodal geospatial data, and collecting geospatial data that is not being collected by other entities;

(viii) issue guidelines for the collection of information by the Department that the Director determines necessary to develop transportation statistics and carry out modeling, economic assessment, and program assessment activities to ensure that such information is accurate, reliable, relevant, uniform, and in a form that permits systematic analysis by the Department;

(ix) review and report to the Secretary on the sources and reliability of—

(I) the statistics proposed by the heads of the operating administrations of the Department to measure outputs and outcomes as required by the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (Public Law 103–62; 107 Stat. 285); and

(II) at the request of the Secretary, any other data collected or statistical information published by the heads of the operating administrations of the Department; and

(x) ensure that the statistics published under this section are readily accessible to the public, consistent with applicable security constraints and confidentiality interests.

(c)

(d)

(1)

(A) to obtain the approval of any other officer or employee of the Department with respect to the collection or analysis of any information; or

(B) prior to publication, to obtain the approval of any other officer or employee of the United States Government with respect to the substance of any statistical technical reports or press releases lawfully prepared by the Director.

(2)

(A) all hiring, grants, cooperative agreements, and contracts awarded by the Bureau to carry out this section; and

(B) the disposition and allocation of amounts paid to the Bureau for cost-reimbursable projects.

(3)

(4)

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52011(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 887; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, §1446(b), title VI, §§6011(d)(2), 6017, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1438, 1570, 1575; Pub. L. 115–435, title III, §302(c)(3)(A), Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5553; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25004(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 839.)

Executive Order 12906, referred to in subsec. (b)(3)(B)(vii), is Ex. Ord. No. 12906, Apr. 11, 1994, 59 F.R. 17671, which is set out as a note under section 1457 of Title 43, Public Lands.

The Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, referred to in subsec. (b)(3)(B)(ix)(I), is Pub. L. 103–62, Aug. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 285, which enacted section 306 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, sections 1115 to 1119, 9703, and 9704 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and sections 2801 to 2805 of Title 39, Postal Service, amended section 1105 of Title 31, and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 1101 and 1115 of Title 31. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1993 Amendment note set out under section 1101 of Title 31 and Tables.

**2021**—Subsec. (b)(3)(B)(vi)(V) to (XII). Pub. L. 117–58 added subcls. (V) and (VI), redesignated former subcls. (VI) to (XI) as (VII) to (XII), respectively, and struck out former subcl. (V) which read as follows: "the effects of the transportation system on global and domestic economic competitiveness;".

**2019**—Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 115–435 substituted "section 3572 of title 44." for "the Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act of 2002 (44 U.S.C. 3501 note; Public Law 107–347)."

**2015**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–94, §6011(d)(2), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a) which related to establishment of the Bureau of Transportation Statistics.

Subsec. (b)(3)(B)(vi)(III). Pub. L. 114–94, §1446(b), substituted "6309" for "6310".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 114–94, §6017, added subsec. (d).

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–435 effective 180 days after Jan. 14, 2019, see section 403 of Pub. L. 115–435, set out as a note under section 306 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

For transitional and savings provisions related to the amendment of this section and other provisions of law by title III of Pub. L. 115–435, see section 302(d) of Pub. L. 115–435, set out as a note under section 3561 of Title 44, Public Printing and Documents.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25003, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 838, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) States;

"(2) political subdivisions of States;

"(3) cities;

"(4) metropolitan planning organizations;

"(5) regional transportation planning organizations; and

"(6) federally recognized Indian Tribes.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) a description of the data analysis tools identified that would benefit infrastructure decision-making by local governments and address the goals described in subsection (c);

"(B) a review of the datasets that local governments need to effectively use the data analysis tools described in subparagraph (A);

"(C) an identification of existing or proposed data analysis tools that use publicly available data;

"(D) the estimated cost of obtaining each dataset described in subparagraph (B);

"(E) the estimated cost to develop the data analysis tools described in subparagraph (A);

"(F) a prioritization for the development of data analysis tools described in subparagraph (A); and

"(G) a determination as to whether it would be appropriate for the Federal Government to develop the data analysis tools described in subparagraph (A).

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) Improving maintenance of existing assets.

"(B) Rebuilding infrastructure to a state of good repair.

"(C) Creating economic development through infrastructure development.

"(D) Establishing freight plans and infrastructure that connects the community to supply chains.

"(E) Increasing options for communities that lack access to affordable transportation to improve access to jobs, affordable housing, schools, medical services, foods and other essential community services.

"(F) Reducing congestion.

"(G) Improving community resilience to extreme weather events.

"(H) Any other subject, as the Director determines to be necessary.

"(d)

"(e)

Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §103(b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 67, provided that: "There is authorized to be appropriated from the Airport and Airway Trust Fund to the Secretary [of Transportation] $4,000,000 for fiscal years beginning after September 30, 2000, to fund the activities of the Office of Airline Information in the Bureau of Transportation Statistics of the Department of Transportation."

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1) information on the volumes and patterns of movement of goods, including local, interregional, and international movement, by all modes of transportation, intermodal combinations, and relevant classification;

(2) information on the volumes and patterns of movement of people, including local, interregional, and international movements, by all modes of transportation (including bicycle and pedestrian modes), intermodal combinations, and relevant classification;

(3) information on the location and connectivity of transportation facilities and services; and

(4) a national accounting of expenditures and capital stocks on each mode of transportation and intermodal combination.

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52011(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 890.)

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1) be headed by an individual who is highly qualified in library and information science;

(2) acquire, preserve, and manage transportation information and information products and services for use by the Department, other Federal agencies, and the general public;

(3) provide reference and research assistance;

(4) serve as a central depository for research results and technical publications of the Department;

(5) provide a central clearinghouse for transportation data and information of the Federal Government;

(6) serve as coordinator and policy lead for transportation information access;

(7) provide transportation information and information products and services to—

(A) the Department;

(B) other Federal agencies;

(C) public and private organizations; and

(D) individuals, within the United States and internationally;

(8) coordinate efforts among, and cooperate with, transportation libraries, information providers, and technical assistance centers, in conjunction with private industry and other transportation library and information centers, with the goal of developing a comprehensive transportation information and knowledge network that supports the activities described in section 6302(b)(3)(B)(vi); and

(9) engage in such other activities as the Director determines to be necessary and as the resources of the Library permit.

(b)

(c)

(1)

(A) State or local government;

(B) organization;

(C) business; or

(D) individual.

(2)

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52011(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 890; amended Pub. L. 113–76, div. L, title I, Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 574.)

"Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology of the Department of Transportation's" substituted for "Research and Innovative Technology Administration's" in subsec. (c)(3) on authority of title I of div. L of Pub. L. 113–76, set out in part as a Transfer of Duties and Powers note under former section 112 of this title.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(b)

(1) the quality, reliability, consistency, objectivity, and relevance of transportation statistics and analyses collected, supported, or disseminated by the Bureau and the Department; and

(2) methods to encourage cooperation and interoperability of transportation data collected by the Bureau, the operating administrations of the Department, States, local governments, metropolitan planning organizations, and private sector entities.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) are not officers or employees of the United States;

(B) possess expertise in—

(i) transportation data collection, analysis, or application;

(ii) economics; or

(iii) transportation safety; and

(C) represent a cross section of transportation stakeholders, to the greatest extent possible.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52011(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 891; amended Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(304), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4339.)

The date of enactment of the Transportation Research and Innovative Technology Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (d)(3), is the date of enactment of div. E of Pub. L. 112–141, which was approved July 6, 2012.

**2022**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted "Chapter 10 of Title 5" for "Federal Advisory Committee Act" in heading and "Chapter 10 of title 5 shall apply to the advisory council established under this section, except that section 1013 of title 5" for "The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) shall apply to the advisory council established under this section, except that section 14 of that Act" in text.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Advisory Council on Transportation Statistics terminated Oct. 5, 2018, see section 418(g) of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a note preceding section 42301 of this title.

Pub. L. 102–240, title VI, §6007, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2174, required the Director to establish an Advisory Council on Transportation Statistics composed of not more than 6 members to provide advice on the quality of transportation statistics and analysis.

To ensure that all transportation statistical collection, analysis, and dissemination is carried out in a coordinated manner, the Director may—

(1) use the services, equipment, records, personnel, information, and facilities of other Federal agencies, or State, local, and private agencies and instrumentalities, subject to the conditions that the applicable agency or instrumentality consents to that use and with or without reimbursement for such use;

(2) enter into agreements with the agencies and instrumentalities described in paragraph (1) for purposes of data collection and analysis;

(3) confer and cooperate with foreign governments, international organizations, and State, municipal, and other local agencies;

(4) request such information, data, and reports from any Federal agency as the Director determines necessary to carry out this chapter;

(5) encourage replication, coordination, and sharing of information among transportation agencies regarding information systems, information policy, and data; and

(6) confer and cooperate with Federal statistical agencies as the Director determines necessary to carry out this chapter, including by entering into cooperative data sharing agreements in conformity with all laws and regulations applicable to the disclosure and use of data.

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52011(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 892.)

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A) make any disclosure in which the data provided by an individual or organization under section 6302(b)(3)(B) or section 6314(b) can be identified;

(B) use the information provided under section 6302(b)(3)(B) or section 6314(b) for a nonstatistical purpose; or

(C) permit anyone other than an individual authorized by the Director to examine any individual report provided under section 6302(b)(3)(B) or section 6314(b).

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) shall be immune from legal process; and

(ii) shall not, without the consent of the individual concerned, be admitted as evidence or used for any purpose in any action, suit, or other judicial or administrative proceedings.

(C)

(3)

(c)

(1) information that is expressly prohibited by law from being disclosed to another Federal agency; or

(2) information that the agency possessing the information determines could not be disclosed without significantly impairing the discharge of authorities and responsibilities which have been delegated to, or vested by law, in such agency.

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52011(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 892; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, §6018(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1577.)

**2015**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–94 inserted "or section 6314(b)" after "section 6302(b)(3)(B)" wherever appearing.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Notwithstanding section 3302 of title 31, amounts received by the Bureau from the sale of data products for necessary expenses incurred may be credited to the Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account) for the purpose of reimbursing the Bureau for those expenses.

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52011(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 893.)

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1) transportation networks;

(2) flows of people, goods, vehicles, and craft over the transportation networks; and

(3) social, economic, and environmental conditions that affect or are affected by the transportation networks.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52011(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 894.)

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Nothing in this chapter—

(1) authorizes the Bureau to require any other Federal agency to collect data; or

(2) alters or diminishes the authority of any other officer of the Department to collect and disseminate data independently.

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52011(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 894.)

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

The Secretary may make grants to, or enter into cooperative agreements or contracts with, public and nonprofit private entities (including State transportation departments, metropolitan planning organizations, and institutions of higher education) for—

(1) investigation of the subjects described in section 6302(b)(3)(B)(vi);

(2) research and development of new methods of data collection, standardization, management, integration, dissemination, interpretation, and analysis;

(3) demonstration programs by States, local governments, and metropolitan planning organizations to coordinate data collection, reporting, management, storage, and archiving to simplify data comparisons across jurisdictions;

(4) development of electronic clearinghouses of transportation data and related information, as part of the Library; and

(5) development and improvement of methods for sharing geographic data, in support of the database under section 6310 1 and the National Spatial Data Infrastructure developed under Executive Order 12906 (59 Fed. Reg. 17671) (or a successor Executive Order).

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52011(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 894.)

Executive Order 12906, referred to in par. (5), is Ex. Ord. No. 12906, Apr. 11, 1994, 59 F.R. 17671, which is set out as a note under section 1457 of Title 43, Public Lands.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

1 So in original. Probably should be "section 6309".

The Director shall submit to the President and Congress a transportation statistics annual report, which shall include—

(1) information on the progress of the Director in carrying out the duties described in section 6302(b)(3)(B);

(2) documentation of the methods used to obtain and ensure the quality of the statistics presented in the report; and

(3) any recommendations of the Director for improving transportation statistical information.

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52011(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 894.)

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1)

(A) to answer completely and correctly to the best knowledge of that individual all questions relating to the corporation, company, business, institution, establishment, or other organization; or

(B) to make available records or statistics in the official custody of the individual.

(2)

(A) receives Federal funds relating to the freight program; and

(B) has consented to be subject to a fine under this subsection on—

(i) refusal to supply any data requested; or

(ii) failure to respond to a written request.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, title II, §52011(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 895.)

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1) the Nation's top 25 ports by tonnage;

(2) the Nation's top 25 ports by 20-foot equivalent unit; and

(3) the Nation's top 25 ports by dry bulk.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) receives Federal assistance; or

(B) is subject to Federal regulation to submit necessary information to the Bureau that includes statistics on capacity and throughput as applicable to the specific configuration of the port.

(c)

(1)

(A) port performance measures, including specifications and data measurements to be used in the program established under subsection (a); and

(B) a process for the Department to collect timely and consistent data, including identifying safeguards to protect proprietary information described in subsection (b)(2).

(2)

(A) operating administrations of the Department;

(B) the Coast Guard;

(C) the Federal Maritime Commission;

(D) U.S. Customs and Border Protection;

(E) the Marine Transportation System National Advisory Council;

(F) the Army Corps of Engineers;

(G) the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation;

(H) the Bureau of Labor Statistics;

(I) the Maritime Advisory Committee for Occupational Safety and Health;

(J) the Advisory Committee on Supply Chain Competitiveness;

(K) 1 representative from the rail industry;

(L) 1 representative from the trucking industry;

(M) 1 representative from the maritime shipping industry;

(N) 1 representative from a labor organization for each industry described in subparagraphs (K) through (M);

(O) 1 representative from the International Longshoremen's Association;

(P) 1 representative from the International Longshore and Warehouse Union;

(Q) 1 representative from a port authority;

(R) 1 representative from a terminal operator;

(S) representatives of the National Freight Advisory Committee of the Department; and

(T) representatives of the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

(3)

(d)

(1) the statistics compiled under this section—

(A) are readily accessible to the public; and

(B) are consistent with applicable security constraints and confidentiality interests; and

(2) the data acquired, regardless of source, shall be protected in accordance with section 3572 of title 44.

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, §6018(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1576; amended Pub. L. 115–435, title III, §302(c)(3)(B), Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5553; Pub. L. 116–260, div. AA, title V, §512(c)(7)(A)(ii), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2757.)

The date of the enactment of the Transportation for Tomorrow Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), (3), is the date of enactment of title VI of div. A of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

**2020**—Subsec. (c)(2)(G). Pub. L. 116–260 substituted "Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation" for "Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation".

**2019**—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 115–435 substituted "section 3572 of title 44." for "the Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act of 2002 (44 U.S.C. 3501 note; Public Law 107–347)."

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–435 effective 180 days after Jan. 14, 2019, see section 403 of Pub. L. 115–435, set out as a note under section 306 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

For transitional and savings provisions related to the amendment of this section and other provisions of law by title III of Pub. L. 115–435, see section 302(d) of Pub. L. 115–435, set out as a note under section 3561 of Title 44, Public Printing and Documents.


**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25016(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 873, added item 6504.

(a)

(1)

(A) a comprehensive annual modal research plan for the following fiscal year; and

(B) a detailed outlook for the fiscal year thereafter.

(2)

(A) a general description of the strategic goals of the Department that are addressed by the research programs being carried out by the Assistant Secretary or modal administration, as applicable;

(B) a description of each proposed research program, as described in the budget request submitted by the Secretary of Transportation to the President under section 1108 of title 31 for the following fiscal year, including—

(i) the major objectives of the program; and

(ii) the requested amount of funding for each program and area;

(C) a list of activities the Assistant Secretary or modal administration plans to carry out under the research programs described in subparagraph (B);

(D) an assessment of the potential impact of the research programs described in subparagraph (B), including—

(i) potential outputs, outcomes, and impacts on technologies and practices used by entities subject to the jurisdiction of the modal administration;

(ii) potential effects on applicable regulations of the modal administration, including the modification or modernization of those regulations;

(iii) potential economic or societal impacts; and

(iv) progress made toward achieving strategic goals of—

(I) the applicable modal administration; or

(II) the Department of Transportation;

(E) a description of potential partnerships to be established to conduct the research program, including partnerships with—

(i) institutions of higher education; and

(ii) private sector entities; and

(F) such other requirements as the Assistant Secretary considers to be necessary.

(3)

(b)

(1)

(A) review the scope of the research; and

(B)(i) approve the plan and outlook; or

(ii) request that the plan and outlook be—

(I) revised in accordance with such suggestions as the Assistant Secretary shall include to ensure conformity with the criteria described in paragraph (2); and

(II) resubmitted to the Assistant Secretary for approval.

(2)

(A) take into consideration whether—

(i) the plan contains research objectives that are consistent with the strategic research and policy objectives of the Department of Transportation included in the strategic plan required under section 6503; and

(ii) the research programs described in the plan have the potential to benefit the safety, mobility, and efficiency of the United States transportation system;

(B) identify and evaluate any potential opportunities for collaboration between or among modal administrations with respect to particular research programs described in the plan;

(C) identify and evaluate whether other modal administrations may be better suited to carry out the research programs described in the plan;

(D) assess whether any projects described in the plan are—

(i) duplicative across modal administrations; or

(ii) unnecessary; and

(E) take into consideration such other criteria as the Assistant Secretary determines to be necessary.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(c)

(1) the research is required by an Act of Congress;

(2) the research was part of a contract that was funded before the date of enactment of this chapter;

(3) the research updates previously commissioned research; or

(4) the Assistant Secretary certifies to Congress that such research is necessary, and provides justification for such certification.

(d)

(1)

(A) each modal research plan has been reviewed; and

(B) there is no duplication of study for research directed, commissioned, or conducted by the Department of Transportation.

(2)

(A) notify Congress of the duplicative research; and

(B) submit to Congress a corrective action plan to eliminate the duplicative research.

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, §6019(b)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1578; amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25015(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 870.)

The date of enactment of this chapter, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

**2021**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §25015(a)(1)(A), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Not later than May 1 of each year, the head of each modal administration and joint program office of the Department of Transportation shall submit to the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology of the Department of Transportation (referred to in this chapter as the 'Assistant Secretary') a comprehensive annual modal research plan for the upcoming fiscal year and a detailed outlook for the following fiscal year."

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 117–58, §25015(a)(1)(D), added par. (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3).

Pub. L. 117–58, §25015(a)(1)(B), inserted "prepared or" before "submitted".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, §25015(a)(1)(C), redesignated par. (2) as (3).

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §25015(a)(2)(A)(i), inserted "by the head of a modal administration or joint program office" after "submitted" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 117–58, §25015(a)(2)(A)(ii), added cl. (ii) and struck out former cl. (ii) which read as follows: "request that the plan and outlook be revised and resubmitted for approval."

Subsec. (b)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 117–58, §25015(a)(2)(B), (C), added par. (2) and redesignated former pars. (2) and (3) as (3) and (4), respectively.

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 117–58, §25015(a)(2)(D), added par. (5).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–58, §25015(a)(3), which directed amendment without providing closing quotation marks designating the provisions to be inserted, was executed by substituting "subsection (b)(4)" for "subsection (b)(3)" in introductory provisions, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, §6019(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1577, provided that: "Congress finds that—

"(1) Federal transportation research planning—

"(A) should be coordinated by the Office of the Secretary [of Transportation]; and

"(B) should be, to the extent practicable, multimodal and not occur solely within the sub-agencies of the Department [of Transportation];

"(2) managing a multimodal research portfolio within the Office of the Secretary will—

"(A) help identify opportunities in which research could be applied across modes; and

"(B) prevent duplication of efforts and waste of limited Federal resources;

"(3) the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology at the Department of Transportation will—

"(A) give stakeholders a formal opportunity to address concerns;

"(B) ensure unbiased research; and

"(C) improve the overall research products of the Department; and

"(4) increasing transparency of transportation research and development efforts will—

"(A) build stakeholder confidence in the final product; and

"(B) lead to the improved implementation of research findings."

(a)

(1)

(A) proposed funding for any new projects; and

(B) proposed additional funding for any existing projects.

(2)

(3)

(A) be delimited by research project; and

(B) include a description of, with respect to each research project—

(i) research objectives;

(ii) the progress made with respect to the project, including whether the project is ongoing or complete;

(iii) any outcomes of the project, including potential implications for policy, regulations, or guidance issued by a modal administration or the Department of Transportation;

(iv) any findings of the project;

(v) the amount of funds allocated for the project; and

(vi) such other information as the Assistant Secretary determines to be necessary to address Departmental priorities and statutory mandates;

(C) identify research projects with multimodal applications;

(D) specify how relevant modal administrations have assisted, will contribute to, or plan to use the findings from the research projects identified under paragraph (1);

(E) identify areas in which more than 1 modal administration is conducting research on a similar subject or a subject that has a bearing on more than 1 mode;

(F) indicate how the findings of research are being disseminated to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and safety of transportation systems; and

(G) describe the public and stakeholder input to the research plans submitted under section 6501(a)(1).

(b)

(1) the amount spent in the last full fiscal year on transportation research and development with specific descriptions of projects funded at $5,000,000 or more; and

(2) the amount proposed in the current budget for transportation research and development with specific descriptions of projects funded at $5,000,000 or more.

(c)

(1) a summary of the Federal transportation research and development activities for the previous fiscal year in each topic area;

(2) the amount spent in each topic area;

(3) a description of the extent to which the research and development is meeting the expectations described in section 6503(c)(1); and

(4) any amendments to the strategic plan developed under section 6503.

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, §6019(b)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1579; amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25015(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 871.)

**2021**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–58 inserted subsec. (a) heading and added pars. (1) and (2) and heading, introductory provisions, and subpars. (A) and (B) of par. (3), and struck out former subsec. (a) heading, former par. (1), which related to publication of research abstract database in general, and former par. (2) heading and subpars. (A) and (B), which related to contents of database. Subpars. (C) to (G) of former par. (2) effectively redesignated subpars. (C) to (G) of par. (3).

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(b)

(1) section 306 of title 5;

(2) sections 1115 and 1116 of title 31; and

(3) any other research and development plan within the Department of Transportation.

(c)

(1) describe how the plan furthers the primary purposes of the transportation research and development program, which shall include—

(A) improving mobility of people and goods;

(B) reducing congestion;

(C) promoting safety;

(D) improving the durability and extending the life of transportation infrastructure;

(E) preserving the environment;

(F) preserving the existing transportation system; and

(G) reducing transportation cybersecurity risks;

(2) for each of the purposes referred to in paragraph (1), list the primary proposed research and development activities that the Department of Transportation intends to pursue to accomplish that purpose, which may include—

(A) fundamental research pertaining to the applied physical and natural sciences;

(B) applied science and research;

(C) technology development research; and

(D) social science research; and

(3) for each research and development activity—

(A) identify the anticipated annual funding levels for the period covered by the strategic plan; and

(B) describe the research findings the Department expects to discover at the end of the period covered by the strategic plan.

(d)

(1) reflects input from a wide range of external stakeholders;

(2) includes and integrates the research and development programs of all of the modal administrations of the Department of Transportation, including aviation, transit, rail, and maritime and joint programs;

(3) takes into account research and development by other Federal, State, local, private sector, and nonprofit institutions;

(4) not later than December 31, 2021, and not less frequently than once every 5 years thereafter, is published on a public website; and

(5) takes into account how research and development by other Federal, State, private sector, and nonprofit institutions—

(A) contributes to the achievement of the purposes identified under subsection (c)(1); and

(B) avoids unnecessary duplication of those efforts.

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, §6019(b)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1580; amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25014, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 869.)

**2021**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–58, §25014(1), substituted "Not later than 180 days after the date of publication of the Department of Transportation Strategic Plan and not less frequently than once every 5 years thereafter, the Secretary" for "The Secretary".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–58, §25014(2), substituted "Each strategic" for "The strategic" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–58, §25014(3)(A), substituted "Each strategic" for "The strategic" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(1)(G). Pub. L. 117–58, §25014(3)(B), added subpar. (G).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–58, §25014(4)(A), substituted "each strategic" for "the strategic" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 117–58, §25014(4)(B), substituted "2021, and not less frequently than once every 5 years thereafter" for "2016".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 117–58, §25014(5), struck out subsec. (e). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Not later than 2 ½ years after the date of enactment of this chapter, the Secretary may publish on a public website an interim report that—

"(1) provides an assessment of the 5-year research and development strategic plan of the Department of Transportation described in this section; and

"(2) includes a description of the extent to which the research and development is or is not successfully meeting the purposes described under subsection (c)(1)."

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(1) conduct a review of research conducted by the Department of Transportation; and

(2) to the maximum extent practicable and appropriate, identify modifications to laws, regulations, guidance, and other policy documents to incorporate any innovations resulting from the research described in paragraph (1) that have the potential to improve the safety or efficiency of the United States transportation system.

(b)

(1) identify any innovative practices, materials, or technologies that have demonstrable benefits to the transportation system;

(2) determine whether the practices, materials, or technologies described in paragraph (1) require any statutory or regulatory modifications for adoption; and

(3)(A) if modifications are determined to be required under paragraph (2), develop—

(i) a proposal for those modifications; and

(ii) a description of the manner in which any such regulatory modifications would be—

(I) incorporated into the Unified Regulatory Agenda; or

(II) adopted into existing regulations as soon as practicable; or

(B) if modifications are determined not to be required under paragraph (2), develop a description of the means by which the practices, materials, or technologies described in paragraph (1) will otherwise be incorporated into Department of Transportation or modal administration policy or guidance, including as part of the Technology Transfer Program of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology.

(c)

(1) each new practice, material, or technology identified under subsection (b)(1); and

(2) any statutory or regulatory modification for the adoption of such a practice, material, or technology that—

(A) is determined to be required under subsection (b)(2); or

(B) was otherwise made during that period.

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title V, §25016(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 872.)


**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21203(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 677, added item 6703.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A) a State or a group of States;

(B) a metropolitan planning organization;

(C) a unit of local government;

(D) a political subdivision of a State;

(E) a special purpose district or public authority with a transportation function, including a port authority;

(F) a Tribal government or a consortium of Tribal governments;

(G) a partnership between Amtrak and 1 or more entities described in subparagraphs (A) through (F); and

(H) a group of entities described in any of subparagraphs (A) through (G).

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A) any of the several States;

(B) the District of Columbia;

(C) the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico;

(D) the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands;

(E) the United States Virgin Islands;

(F) Guam;

(G) American Samoa; and

(H) any other territory or possession of the United States.

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(d)

(1) that is—

(A) a highway or bridge project carried out on—

(i) the National Multimodal Freight Network established under section 70103;

(ii) the National Highway Freight Network established under section 167 of title 23; or

(iii) the National Highway System (as defined in section 101(a) of title 23);

(B) a freight intermodal (including public ports) or freight rail project that provides a public benefit;

(C) a railway-highway grade separation or elimination project;

(D) an intercity passenger rail project;

(E) a public transportation project that is—

(i) eligible for assistance under chapter 53; and

(ii) part of a project described in any of subparagraphs (A) through (D); or

(F) a grouping, combination, or program of interrelated, connected, or dependent projects of any of the projects described in subparagraphs (A) through (E); and

(2) the eligible project costs of which are—

(A) reasonably anticipated to equal or exceed $500,000,000; or

(B) for any project funded by the set-aside under subsection (m)(2)—

(i) more than $100,000,000; but

(ii) less than $500,000,000.

(e)

(1) geographical diversity; and

(2) a balance between rural and urban communities.

(f)

(1)

(A) the project is likely to generate national or regional economic, mobility, or safety benefits;

(B) the project is in need of significant Federal funding;

(C) the project will be cost-effective;

(D) with respect to related non-Federal financial commitments, 1 or more stable and dependable sources of funding and financing are available—

(i) to construct, operate, and maintain the project; and

(ii) to cover cost increases; and

(E) the applicant has, or will have, sufficient legal, financial, and technical capacity to carry out the project.

(2)

(A) the extent to which a project supports achieving a state of good repair for each existing asset to be improved by the project;

(B) the level of benefits a project is expected to generate, including—

(i) the costs avoided by the prevention of closure or reduced use of the asset to be improved by the project;

(ii) reductions in maintenance costs over the life of the applicable asset;

(iii) safety benefits, including the reduction of serious injuries and fatalities and related costs;

(iv) improved person or freight throughput, including improved mobility and reliability; and

(v) environmental benefits and health impacts, such as—

(I) reductions in greenhouse gas emissions;

(II) air quality benefits;

(III) preventing stormwater runoff that would be a detriment to aquatic species; and

(IV) improved infrastructure resilience;

(C) the benefits of the project, as compared to the costs of the project;

(D) the number of persons or volume of freight, as applicable, supported by the project; and

(E) national and regional economic benefits of the project, including with respect to short- and long-term job access, growth, or creation.

(3)

(A) contributions to geographical diversity among grant recipients, including a balance between the needs of rural and urban communities;

(B) whether multiple States would benefit from a project;

(C) whether, and the degree to which, a project uses—

(i) construction materials or approaches that have—

(I) demonstrated reductions in greenhouse gas emissions; or

(II) reduced the need for maintenance of other projects; or

(ii) technologies that will allow for future connectivity and automation;

(D) whether a project would benefit—

(i) a historically disadvantaged community or population; or

(ii) an area of persistent poverty;

(E) whether a project benefits users of multiple modes of transportation, including—

(i) pedestrians;

(ii) bicyclists; and

(iii) users of nonvehicular rail and public transportation, including intercity and commuter rail; and

(F) whether a project improves connectivity between modes of transportation moving persons or goods nationally or regionally.

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(I) are exemplary projects of national or regional significance; and

(II) would provide significant public benefit, as determined based on the applicable criteria described in this subsection, if funded under the program.

(ii)

(I) are of national or regional significance; and

(II) would provide public benefit, as determined based on the applicable criteria described in this subsection, if funded under the program.

(iii)

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(5)

(A) the method by which the Secretary will determine whether a project satisfies the applicable requirements described in paragraph (1);

(B) any additional ratings the Secretary may assign to determine the means by which a project addresses the selection criteria and additional considerations described in paragraphs (2) and (3); and

(C) the means by which the project requirements and ratings referred to in subparagraphs (A) and (B) will be used to assign an overall rating for the project under paragraph (4).

(6)

(g)

(1)

(A)

(i) the impacts of the project; and

(ii) the accuracy of any forecast prepared during the development phase of the project and included in the grant application.

(B)

(i) an approach to measuring—

(I) the criteria described in subsection (f)(2); and

(II) if applicable, the additional requirements described in subsection (f)(3);

(ii) an approach for analyzing the consistency of predicted project characteristics with actual outcomes; and

(iii) any other elements that the Secretary determines to be necessary.

(2)

(A) standardized forecasting and measurement approaches;

(B) data storage system requirements; and

(C) any other requirements the Secretary determines to be necessary to carry out this section.

(3)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i) beginning on the date that is 5 years after the date of completion of the project; and

(ii) ending on the date on which the updated report is submitted.

(h)

(1)

(A) development-phase activities and costs, including planning, feasibility analysis, revenue forecasting, alternatives analysis, data collection and analysis, environmental review and activities to support environmental review, preliminary engineering and design work, and other preconstruction activities, including the preparation of a data collection and post-construction analysis plan under subsection (g); and

(B) construction, reconstruction, rehabilitation, acquisition of real property (including land relating to the project and improvements to that land), environmental mitigation (including projects to replace or rehabilitate culverts or reduce stormwater runoff for the purpose of improving habitat for aquatic species), construction contingencies, acquisition of equipment, protection, and operational improvements directly relating to the project.

(2)

(i)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(3)

(j)

(1)

(2)

(A) establish the terms of Federal participation in the applicable project;

(B) establish the maximum amount of Federal financial assistance for the project;

(C) establish a schedule of anticipated Federal obligations for the project that provides for obligation of the full grant amount;

(D) describe the period of time for completing the project, regardless of whether that period extends beyond the period of an authorization; and

(E) facilitate timely and efficient management of the applicable project by the eligible entity carrying out the project, in accordance with applicable law.

(3)

(A)

(i) shall provide for the obligation of an amount of available budget authority specified in law;

(ii) may include a commitment, contingent on amounts to be specified in law in advance for commitments under this paragraph, to obligate an additional amount from future available budget authority specified in law; and

(iii) shall provide that any funds disbursed under the program for the project before the completion of any review required under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) may only cover costs associated with development-phase activities described in subsection (h)(1)(A).

(B)

(4)

(k)

(1)

(A) a list of all project applications reviewed by the Secretary as part of the selection process;

(B) the rating assigned to each project under subsection (f)(4);

(C) an evaluation and justification with respect to each project for which the Secretary will—

(i) provide a grant under the program; and

(ii) enter into a multiyear grant agreement under the program;

(D) a description of the means by which the Secretary anticipates allocating among selected projects the amounts made available to the Secretary to carry out the program; and

(E) anticipated funding levels required for the 3 fiscal years beginning after the date of submission of the notice for projects selected for grants under the program, based on information available to the Secretary as of that date.

(2)

(l)

(1)

(A) a list of all project applications reviewed by the Secretary as part of the selection process under the program;

(B) the rating assigned to each project under subsection (f)(4); and

(C) a description of each project for which a grant has been provided under the program.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) the adequacy and fairness of the process by which the projects were selected; and

(ii) the justification and criteria used for the selection of the projects.

(m)

(1)

(2)

(A) more than $100,000,000; but

(B) less than $500,000,000.

(3)

(A) administering and overseeing the program; and

(B) hiring personnel for the program, including personnel dedicated to processing permitting and environmental review issues.

(4)

(n)

(1)

(A) subchapter IV of chapter 31 of title 40;

(B) title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000d et seq.); and

(C) the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.).

(2)

(A) the requirements of title 23 to a highway, road, or bridge project;

(B) the requirements of chapter 53 to a transit project; and

(C) the requirements of section 22905 to a rail project.

(3)

(A)

(i) determine the predominant modal component of the project; and

(ii) apply the applicable requirements described in paragraph (2) of the predominant modal component to the project.

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21201, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 663.)

The date of enactment of this chapter, referred to in subsec. (f)(5), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsecs. (j)(3)(A)(iii), (4), and (n)(1)(C), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964, referred to in subsec. (n)(1)(B), is Pub. L. 88–352, July 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 241. Title VI of the Act is classified generally to subchapter V (§2000d et seq.) of chapter 21 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2000a of Title 42 and Tables.

(a)

(1)

(A) any county (or equivalent jurisdiction) in which, during the 30-year period ending on the date of enactment of this chapter, 20 percent or more of the population continually lived in poverty, as measured by—

(i) the 1990 decennial census;

(ii) the 2000 decennial census; and

(iii) the most recent annual small area income and poverty estimate of the Bureau of the Census;

(B) any census tract with a poverty rate of not less than 20 percent, as measured by the 5-year data series available from the American Community Survey of the Bureau of the Census for the period of 2014 through 2018; and

(C) any territory or possession of the United States.

(2)

(A) a State;

(B) the District of Columbia;

(C) any territory or possession of the United States;

(D) a unit of local government;

(E) a public agency or publicly chartered authority established by 1 or more States;

(F) a special purpose district or public authority with a transportation function, including a port authority;

(G) a federally recognized Indian Tribe or a consortium of such Indian Tribes;

(H) a transit agency; and

(I) a multi-State or multijurisdictional group of entities described in any of subparagraphs (A) through (H).

(3)

(A) a highway or bridge project eligible for assistance under title 23;

(B) a public transportation project eligible for assistance under chapter 53;

(C) a passenger rail or freight rail transportation project eligible for assistance under this title;

(D) a port infrastructure investment, including—

(i) inland port infrastructure; and

(ii) a land port-of-entry;

(E) the surface transportation components of an airport project eligible for assistance under part B of subtitle VII;

(F) a project for investment in a surface transportation facility located on Tribal land, the title or maintenance responsibility of which is vested in the Federal Government;

(G) a project to replace or rehabilitate a culvert or prevent stormwater runoff for the purpose of improving habitat for aquatic species that will advance the goal of the program described in subsection (b)(2); and

(H) any other surface transportation infrastructure project that the Secretary considers to be necessary to advance the goal of the program.

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) not less than $5,000,000 for an urbanized area;

(B) not less than $1,000,000 for a rural area; and

(C) not more than $25,000,000.

(3)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) in such form and containing such information as the Secretary considers to be appropriate; and

(B) by such date as the Secretary may establish, subject to the condition that the date shall be not later than 90 days after the date on which the Secretary issues the solicitation under paragraph (1).

(3)

(A) improves safety;

(B) improves environmental sustainability;

(C) improves the quality of life of rural areas or urbanized areas;

(D) increases economic competitiveness and opportunity, including increasing tourism opportunities;

(E) contributes to a state of good repair; and

(F) improves mobility and community connectivity.

(4)

(A) the project sponsors collaborated with other public and private entities;

(B) the project adopts innovative technologies or techniques, including—

(i) innovative technology;

(ii) innovative project delivery techniques; and

(iii) innovative project financing;

(C) the project has demonstrated readiness; and

(D) the project is cost effective.

(5)

(A)

(B)

(6)

(7)

(A)

(B)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) The tribal transportation program under section 202 of title 23.

(B) The Federal lands transportation program under section 203 of title 23.

(C) The TIFIA program (as defined in section 601(a) of title 23).

(D) The Railroad Rehabilitation and Improvement Financing Program under chapter 224.

(f)

(1)

(A) not more than 50 percent shall be allocated for eligible projects located in rural areas; and

(B) not more than 50 percent shall be allocated for eligible projects located in urbanized areas.

(2)

(3)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(h)

(i)

(1)

(A) chapter 224; or

(B) chapter 6 of title 23.

(2)

(j)

(k)

(1)

(2)

(A) review the administration of the program, including—

(i) the solicitation process; and

(ii) the selection process, including—

(I) the adequacy and fairness of the process; and

(II) the selection criteria; and

(B) submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a report describing the findings of the review under subparagraph (A), including recommendations for improving the administration of the program, if any.

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21202(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 671; amended Pub. L. 117–146, §21(a), June 16, 2022, 136 Stat. 1284.)

The date of enactment of this chapter, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(A), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

**2022**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 117–146 designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added par. (2).

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(b)

(1) would meaningfully improve or restore fish passage for anadromous fish; and

(2) with respect to weirs, may include—

(A) infrastructure to facilitate fish passage around or over the weir; and

(B) weir improvements.

(c)

(1) a State;

(2) a unit of local government; or

(3) an Indian Tribe.

(d)

(e)

(1) projects that would improve fish passage for—

(A) anadromous fish stocks listed as an endangered species or a threatened species under section 4 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1533);

(B) anadromous fish stocks identified by the Undersecretary or the Director that could reasonably become listed as an endangered species or a threatened species under that section;

(C) anadromous fish stocks identified by the Undersecretary or the Director as prey for endangered species, threatened species, or protected species, including Southern resident orcas (Orcinus orcas); or

(D) anadromous fish stocks identified by the Undersecretary or the Director as climate resilient stocks; and

(2) projects that would open up more than 200 meters of upstream habitat before the end of the natural habitat.

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21203(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 676.)




A prior subtitle IV, consisting of chapters 101 to 119, related to interstate commerce, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–102, §2(5), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2204, struck out "AND TARIFFS" after "RATES" in item for chapter 155.


In regulating the railroad industry, it is the policy of the United States Government—

(1) to allow, to the maximum extent possible, competition and the demand for services to establish reasonable rates for transportation by rail;

(2) to minimize the need for Federal regulatory control over the rail transportation system and to require fair and expeditious regulatory decisions when regulation is required;

(3) to promote a safe and efficient rail transportation system by allowing rail carriers to earn adequate revenues, as determined by the Board;

(4) to ensure the development and continuation of a sound rail transportation system with effective competition among rail carriers and with other modes, to meet the needs of the public and the national defense;

(5) to foster sound economic conditions in transportation and to ensure effective competition and coordination between rail carriers and other modes;

(6) to maintain reasonable rates where there is an absence of effective competition and where rail rates provide revenues which exceed the amount necessary to maintain the rail system and to attract capital;

(7) to reduce regulatory barriers to entry into and exit from the industry;

(8) to operate transportation facilities and equipment without detriment to the public health and safety;

(9) to encourage honest and efficient management of railroads;

(10) to require rail carriers, to the maximum extent practicable, to rely on individual rate increases, and to limit the use of increases of general applicability;

(11) to encourage fair wages and safe and suitable working conditions in the railroad industry;

(12) to prohibit predatory pricing and practices, to avoid undue concentrations of market power, and to prohibit unlawful discrimination;

(13) to ensure the availability of accurate cost information in regulatory proceedings, while minimizing the burden on rail carriers of developing and maintaining the capability of providing such information;

(14) to encourage and promote energy conservation; and

(15) to provide for the expeditious handling and resolution of all proceedings required or permitted to be brought under this part.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 805.)

Prior sections 10101 and 10101a were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 10101, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1337; Pub. L. 96–296, §4, July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 793; Pub. L. 96–448, title I, §101(b), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1898; Pub. L. 97–261, §5, Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1103; Pub. L. 103–311, title II, §204, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1683, related to transportation policy. See sections 13101 and 15101 of this title.

Section 10101a, added Pub. L. 96–448, title I, §101(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1897, related to rail transportation policy.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title VI, §601, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4900, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 10908 to 10910 of this title and amending section 10501 of this title] may be cited as the 'Clean Railroads Act of 2008'."

Pub. L. 110–291, §1, July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2915, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 13102, 13902, and 13905 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 13902 of this title] may be cited as the 'Over-the-Road Bus Transportation Accessibility Act of 2007'."

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4201, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1751, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle B (§§4201–4216) of title IV of Pub. L. 109–59, enacting sections 14710, 14711, and 14915 of this title, amending sections 13102, 13707, 13902, 14104, 14501, 14706, 14708, and 14901 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 13102, 14701, 14706, and 14710 of this title] may be cited as the 'Household Goods Mover Oversight Enforcement and Reform Act of 2005'[.]"

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4301, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1761, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle C (§§4301–4308) of title IV of Pub. L. 109–59, enacting sections 14504a and 14506 of this title, amending sections 13902, 13905, 13906, 13908, 31102, and 31103 of this title, repealing section 14504 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 13902 and 14504 of this title] may be cited as the 'Unified Carrier Registration Act of 2005'."

Pub. L. 107–298, §1, Nov. 26, 2002, 116 Stat. 2342, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 13102, 13506, 14501, and 31138 of this title] may be cited as the 'Real Interstate Driver Equity Act of 2002'."

Pub. L. 99–521, §1, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2993, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Surface Freight Forwarder Deregulation Act of 1986'."

Pub. L. 97–261, §1, Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1102, provided: "That this Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Bus Regulatory Reform Act of 1982'."

Pub. L. 96–454, §1, Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2011, provided: "That this Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Household Goods Transportation Act of 1980'."

Pub. L. 96–448, §1, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1895, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Staggers Rail Act of 1980'."

Pub. L. 96–296, §1, July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 793, provided: "That this Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Motor Carrier Act of 1980'."

In this part—

(1) "Board" means the Surface Transportation Board;

(2) "car service" includes (A) the use, control, supply, movement, distribution, exchange, interchange, and return of locomotives, cars, other vehicles, and special types of equipment used in the transportation of property by a rail carrier, and (B) the supply of trains by a rail carrier;

(3) "control", when referring to a relationship between persons, includes actual control, legal control, and the power to exercise control, through or by (A) common directors, officers, stockholders, a voting trust, or a holding or investment company, or (B) any other means;

(4) "person", in addition to its meaning under section 1 of title 1, includes a trustee, receiver, assignee, or personal representative of a person;

(5) "rail carrier" means a person providing common carrier railroad transportation for compensation, but does not include street, suburban, or interurban electric railways not operated as part of the general system of rail transportation;

(6) "railroad" includes—

(A) a bridge, car float, lighter, ferry, and intermodal equipment used by or in connection with a railroad;

(B) the road used by a rail carrier and owned by it or operated under an agreement; and

(C) a switch, spur, track, terminal, terminal facility, and a freight depot, yard, and ground, used or necessary for transportation;

(7) "rate" means a rate or charge for transportation;

(8) "State" means a State of the United States and the District of Columbia;

(9) "transportation" includes—

(A) a locomotive, car, vehicle, vessel, warehouse, wharf, pier, dock, yard, property, facility, instrumentality, or equipment of any kind related to the movement of passengers or property, or both, by rail, regardless of ownership or an agreement concerning use; and

(B) services related to that movement, including receipt, delivery, elevation, transfer in transit, refrigeration, icing, ventilation, storage, handling, and interchange of passengers and property; and

(10) "United States" means the States of the United States and the District of Columbia.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 806.)

Prior sections 10102 and 10103 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 10102, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1338; Pub. L. 96–296, §10(a)(1), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 799; Pub. L. 96–454, §3(a), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2011; Pub. L. 97–261, §6(d)(1), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1107; Pub. L. 99–521, §4, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2993; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(13), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1377; Pub. L. 103–311, title II, §§205(b), 206(f), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1683, 1686, defined terms used in this subtitle. See sections 10102, 13102, and 15102 of this title.

Section 10103, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1340; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §214(c)(2), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1915, provided that the remedies under this subtitle were cumulative. See sections 10501, 13103, and 15103 of this title.

A prior chapter 103, consisting of sections 10301 to 10311, 10321, 10322, 10324, 10326 to 10330, 10341 to 10344, 10361 to 10364, and 10381 to 10388, was omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See chapter 7 of this title.

Section 10301, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1341; Pub. L. 97–253, title V, §502(b), (e), (h)(1), Sept. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 806, related to organization, membership, administration, seal, and expenses of Interstate Commerce Commission.

Section 10302, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1342, related to divisions of Commission.

Section 10303, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1342, related to Secretary and public records of Commission.

Section 10304, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1342, related to employee boards of Commission.

Section 10305, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1342, related to delegation of authority by Commission.

Section 10306, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1343, related to conduct of Commission proceedings.

Section 10307, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1343, related to offices and sessions of Commission.

Section 10308, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1343, related to admission to practice before Commission.

Section 10309, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1344; Pub. L. 103–437, §18, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4596, related to access to Commission records by congressional committees.

Section 10310, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1344, related to reports of official Commission actions.

Section 10311, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1345, required Commission to submit annual report to Congress.

Section 10321, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1345; Pub. L. 97–261, §24, Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1124; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(12), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1368, related to powers of Commission.

Section 10322, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1346; Pub. L. 96–296, §25(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 816; Pub. L. 96–454, §5(b), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2014; Pub. L. 97–261, §§6(e), 16(c), 17(b), 28(a), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1107, 1117, 1119, 1128; Pub. L. 98–554, title II, §226(c)(1), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2851; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(14), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1377, related to Commission action and appellate procedure in non-rail proceedings.

A prior section 10323, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1346, related to rehearing, reargument, and reconsideration in nonrail proceedings, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 96–296, §25(b), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 818.

Section 10324, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1347; Pub. L. 96–258, §1(1), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 425; Pub. L. 96–296, §25(c), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 818, related to taking effect, duration, and modification of Commission actions.

A prior section 10325, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1347, provided for judicial review in nonrail proceedings, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 96–296, §25(d), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 818.

Section 10326, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1348, related to limitations in rulemaking proceedings related to rail carriers.

Section 10327, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1348; Pub. L. 96–258, §1(2), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 425; Pub. L. 96–296, §25(e), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 818; Pub. L. 97–375, title I, §113, Dec. 21, 1982, 96 Stat. 1821; Pub. L. 104–66, title II, §2101, Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 730, related to Commission action and appellate procedure in rail carrier proceedings.

Section 10328, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1350; Pub. L. 97–261, §28(b), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1128; Pub. L. 99–521, §5(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2994, related to intervention in Commission proceedings.

Section 10329, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1351; Pub. L. 99–521, §5(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2994, related to service of notice in Commission proceedings.

Section 10330, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1352, related to service of process in court proceedings.

Section 10341, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1352, authorized Commission to refer matters to joint boards.

Section 10342, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1353, related to establishment and membership of joint boards.

Section 10343, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1353, related to powers of joint boards.

Section 10344, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1354; Pub. L. 96–296, §36, July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 826, related to administration and proceedings of joint boards.

Section 10361, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1355, related to Rail Services Planning Office.

Section 10362, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1355; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(5)–(7), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 99–509, title IV, §4033(c)(7), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1909; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(13), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1368, related to duties of Rail Services Planning Office.

Section 10363, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1356; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(14), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to appointment and duties of Director of Rail Services Planning Office.

Section 10364, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1356; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(15), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1377, related to powers of and assistance to Director.

Section 10381, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1357, related to Office of Rail Public Counsel.

Section 10382, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1357; Pub. L. 96–258, §1(3), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 425, related to duties and standing of Office of Rail Public Counsel.

Section 10383, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1357; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(14), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to duties and appointment of Director of Office of Rail Public Counsel.

Section 10384, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1358, related to staff of Office of Rail Public Counsel.

Section 10385, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1358; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(15), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1377, related to powers of Office of Rail Public Counsel.

Section 10386, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1358, related to reports concerning activities of Office of Rail Public Counsel.

Section 10387, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1358, related to budget requests and estimates of Office of Rail Public Counsel.

Section 10388, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1358; Pub. L. 96–73, title III, §301, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 557, authorized appropriations for Office of Rail Public Counsel for fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1980.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.


(a)(1) Subject to this chapter, the Board has jurisdiction over transportation by rail carrier that is—

(A) only by railroad; or

(B) by railroad and water, when the transportation is under common control, management, or arrangement for a continuous carriage or shipment.

(2) Jurisdiction under paragraph (1) applies only to transportation in the United States between a place in—

(A) a State and a place in the same or another State as part of the interstate rail network;

(B) a State and a place in a territory or possession of the United States;

(C) a territory or possession of the United States and a place in another such territory or possession;

(D) a territory or possession of the United States and another place in the same territory or possession;

(E) the United States and another place in the United States through a foreign country; or

(F) the United States and a place in a foreign country.

(b) The jurisdiction of the Board over—

(1) transportation by rail carriers, and the remedies provided in this part with respect to rates, classifications, rules (including car service, interchange, and other operating rules), practices, routes, services, and facilities of such carriers; and

(2) the construction, acquisition, operation, abandonment, or discontinuance of spur, industrial, team, switching, or side tracks, or facilities, even if the tracks are located, or intended to be located, entirely in one State,

is exclusive. Except as otherwise provided in this part, the remedies provided under this part with respect to regulation of rail transportation are exclusive and preempt the remedies provided under Federal or State law.

(c)(1) In this subsection—

(A) the term "local governmental authority"—

(i) has the same meaning given that term by section 5302 of this title; and

(ii) includes a person or entity that contracts with the local governmental authority to provide transportation services; and

(B) the term "public transportation" means transportation services described in section 5302 of this title that are provided by rail.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph (3), the Board does not have jurisdiction under this part over—

(A) public transportation provided by a local government authority; or

(B) a solid waste rail transfer facility as defined in section 10908 of this title, except as provided under sections 10908 and 10909 of this title.

(3)(A) Notwithstanding paragraph (2) of this subsection, a local governmental authority, described in paragraph (2), is subject to applicable laws of the United States related to—

(i) safety;

(ii) the representation of employees for collective bargaining; and

(iii) employment, retirement, annuity, and unemployment systems or other provisions related to dealings between employees and employers.

(B) The Board has jurisdiction under sections 11102 and 11103 of this title over transportation provided by a local governmental authority only if the Board finds that such governmental authority meets all of the standards and requirements for being a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission that were in effect immediately before January 1, 1996. The enactment of the ICC Termination Act of 1995 shall neither expand nor contract coverage of employees and employers by the Railway Labor Act, the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, the Railroad Retirement Tax Act, and the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 807; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(21), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title VI, §602, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4900; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title III, §3030(g), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1497.)

The ICC Termination Act of 1995, referred to in subsec. (c)(3)(B), is Pub. L. 104–88, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 803. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1995 Amendment note set out under section 101 of this title and Tables.

The Railway Labor Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(3)(B), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, which is classified principally to chapter 8 (§151 et seq.) of Title 45, Railroads. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of Title 45 and Tables.

The Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (c)(3)(B), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as amended generally by Pub. L. 93–445, title I, §101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, which is classified generally to subchapter IV (§231 et seq.) of chapter 9 of Title 45. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Codification note set out preceding section 231 of Title 45, section 231t of Title 45, and Tables.

The Railroad Retirement Tax Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(3)(B), is act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, §§3201, 3202, 3211, 3212, 3221, and 3231 to 3233, 68A Stat. 431, which is classified generally to chapter 22 (§3201 et seq.) of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 3233 of Title 26 and Tables.

The Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(3)(B), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which is classified principally to chapter 11 (§351 et seq.) of Title 45, Railroads. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of Title 45 and Tables.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in sections 10501 and 10504 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 10501, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1359; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §214(c)(3)–(5), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1915; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(15), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 10501 and 15301 of this title.

**2015**—Subsec. (c)(1)(A)(i). Pub. L. 114–94, §3030(g)(1)(A), substituted "section 5302" for "section 5302(a)".

Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 114–94, §3030(g)(1)(B), substituted "public transportation" for "mass transportation" and "section 5302" for "section 5302(a)".

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, §3030(g)(2), substituted "public transportation" for " mass transportation".

**2008**—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 110–432 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Except as provided in paragraph (3), the Board does not have jurisdiction under this part over mass transportation provided by a local governmental authority."

**1996**—Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of the ICC Termination Act of 1995".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Interstate Commerce Commission abolished by section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) In a matter related to a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, the Board, to the maximum extent consistent with this part, shall exempt a person, class of persons, or a transaction or service whenever the Board finds that the application in whole or in part of a provision of this part—

(1) is not necessary to carry out the transportation policy of section 10101 of this title; and

(2) either—

(A) the transaction or service is of limited scope; or

(B) the application in whole or in part of the provision is not needed to protect shippers from the abuse of market power.

(b) The Board may, where appropriate, begin a proceeding under this section on its own initiative or on application by the Secretary of Transportation or an interested party. The Board shall, within 90 days after receipt of any such application, determine whether to begin an appropriate proceeding. If the Board decides not to begin a class exemption proceeding, the reasons for the decision shall be published in the Federal Register. Any proceeding begun as a result of an application under this subsection shall be completed within 9 months after it is begun.

(c) The Board may specify the period of time during which an exemption granted under this section is effective.

(d) The Board may revoke an exemption, to the extent it specifies, when it finds that application in whole or in part of a provision of this part to the person, class, or transportation is necessary to carry out the transportation policy of section 10101 of this title. The Board shall, within 90 days after receipt of a request for revocation under this subsection, determine whether to begin an appropriate proceeding. If the Board decides not to begin a proceeding to revoke a class exemption, the reasons for the decision shall be published in the Federal Register. Any proceeding begun as a result of a request under this subsection shall be completed within 9 months after it is begun.

(e) No exemption order issued pursuant to this section shall operate to relieve any rail carrier from an obligation to provide contractual terms for liability and claims which are consistent with the provisions of section 11706 of this title. Nothing in this subsection or section 11706 of this title shall prevent rail carriers from offering alternative terms nor give the Board the authority to require any specific level of rates or services based upon the provisions of section 11706 of this title.

(f) The Board may exercise its authority under this section to exempt transportation that is provided by a rail carrier as part of a continuous intermodal movement.

(g) The Board may not exercise its authority under this section to relieve a rail carrier of its obligation to protect the interests of employees as required by this part.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 808.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10505 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Prior sections 10502 to 10505, 10521 to 10531, 10541 to 10544, and 10561, were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 10502, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1360, related to Interstate Commerce Commission jurisdiction over express carrier transportation.

Section 10503, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1360, related to railroad and water transportation connections and rates. See section 10703 of this title.

Section 10504, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1360; Pub. L. 97–449, §4(b)(4), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2441; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(16), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to jurisdiction of Commission over mass transportation provided by local governments. See section 10501 of this title.

Section 10505, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1361; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §213, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1912; Pub. L. 103–311, title II, §205(a), (c)(1), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1683, 1684, related to authority of Commission to exempt rail carrier and motor carrier transportation. See sections 10502 and 13541 of this title.

Section 10521, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1361; Pub. L. 96–296, §31(b), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 824; Pub. L. 97–261, §6(f), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1107; Pub. L. 99–521, §6(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2994; Pub. L. 103–305, title VI, §601(b)(2)(C), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1606; Pub. L. 103–311, title II, §211(b)(1), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1689, related to jurisdiction of Commission over motor carrier transportation. See section 13501 of this title.

Section 10522, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1362, related to exempt transportation between Alaska and other States. See section 13502 of this title.

Section 10523, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1362; Pub. L. 99–521, §6(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2994, related to exempt motor vehicle transportation in terminal areas. See section 13503 of this title.

Section 10524, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1363; Pub. L. 96–296, §9, July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 798, related to Commission jurisdiction over transportation furthering a primary business. See section 13505 of this title.

Section 10525, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1363; Pub. L. 96–258, §1(4), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 425; Pub. L. 97–261, §30, Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1128, related to exempt motor carrier transportation entirely in one State. See section 13504 of this title.

Section 10526, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1364; Pub. L. 96–258, §1(5), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 425; Pub. L. 96–296, §§7, 21(a), 24(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 797, 812, 814; Pub. L. 96–454, §11(a), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2023; Pub. L. 97–261, §14(d), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1114; Pub. L. 97–377, §152, Dec. 21, 1982, 96 Stat. 1918; Pub. L. 97–449, §5(g)(1), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2442; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(8), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 98–554, title II, §227(c), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2852; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(17), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to miscellaneous motor carrier transportation exemptions. See section 13506 of this title.

Section 10527, added Pub. L. 96–296, §16(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 810; amended Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(16), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1377, related to written contracts pertaining to certain interstate movements by motor vehicle.

Section 10528, added Pub. L. 96–296, §21(b)(1), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 812; amended Pub. L. 96–454, §11(b), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2023; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(17), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1377, related to mixed loads of regulated and unregulated property. See section 13507 of this title.

Section 10529, added Pub. L. 96–296, §24(b)(1), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 814; amended Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(18), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1377, related to authority of Commission over cooperative associations. See section 13508 of this title.

Section 10530, added Pub. L. 98–554, title II, §226(a)(1), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2848; amended Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 100–690, title IX, §9111(a)–(f), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4531–4533; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(18), (o), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, 1371, related to certificates of registration for certain foreign carriers. See section 13902 of this title.

Section 10531, added Pub. L. 103–272, §3(1), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1360, related to mass transportation exemption from Commission jurisdiction.

Section 10541, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1365, related to jurisdiction of Commission over transportation by water carriers. See section 13521 of this title.

Section 10542, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1366; Pub. L. 98–89, §3(b), Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 599; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(9), (10), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(19), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1377, related to exemption of transportation by water carriers of commodities in bulk from Commission jurisdiction.

Section 10543, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1367, related to exemption of certain incidental water transportation from jurisdiction of Commission.

Section 10544, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1368; Pub. L. 96–258, §1(6), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 425; Pub. L. 97–449, §5(g)(2), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2443; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(11), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(19), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1377, related to exemption of certain miscellaneous water carrier transportation from Commission jurisdiction.

Section 10561, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1369; Pub. L. 99–521, §6(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2994; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(20), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1377, related to jurisdiction of Commission over services of household goods freight forwarders. See section 13531 of this title.

A prior section 10562, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1369; Pub. L. 97–449, §5(g)(3), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2443, related to exempt freight forwarder service, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 99–521, §§6(d)(1), 15, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2994, 2999, effective 60 days after Oct. 22, 1986.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.




(a) A through route established by a rail carrier must be reasonable. Divisions of joint rates by rail carriers must be made without unreasonable discrimination against a participating carrier and must be reasonable.

(b) A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may not discriminate in its rates against a connecting line of another rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part or unreasonably discriminate against that line in the distribution of traffic that is not routed specifically by the shipper.

(c) Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section and unless a rate is prohibited by a provision of this part, a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may establish any rate for transportation or other service provided by the rail carrier.

(d)(1) If the Board determines, under section 10707 of this title, that a rail carrier has market dominance over the transportation to which a particular rate applies, the rate established by such carrier for such transportation must be reasonable.

(2) In determining whether a rate established by a rail carrier is reasonable for purposes of this section, the Board shall give due consideration to—

(A) the amount of traffic which is transported at revenues which do not contribute to going concern value and the efforts made to minimize such traffic;

(B) the amount of traffic which contributes only marginally to fixed costs and the extent to which, if any, rates on such traffic can be changed to maximize the revenues from such traffic; and

(C) the carrier's mix of rail traffic to determine whether one commodity is paying an unreasonable share of the carrier's overall revenues,

recognizing the policy of this part that rail carriers shall earn adequate revenues, as established by the Board under section 10704(a)(2) of this title.

(3) The Board shall maintain 1 or more simplified and expedited methods for determining the reasonableness of challenged rates in those cases in which a full stand-alone cost presentation is too costly, given the value of the case.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 809; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(22), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390; Pub. L. 114–110, §11(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2233.)

Prior sections 10701 and 10701a were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 10701, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1371; Pub. L. 96–296, §13(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 803; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §201(b)(1), (2), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1899, 1900; Pub. L. 97–261, §9(a), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1109; Pub. L. 103–180, §2(a), (b), (g), Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2044, 2047, 2049, related to standards for rates, classifications, through routes, rules, and practices. See sections 10701, 13701, 13709, and 15501 of this title.

Section 10701a, added Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §201(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1898; amended Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(19), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to standards for rates for rail carriers. See section 10701 of this title.

**2015**—Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 114–110 amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Board shall, within one year after January 1, 1996, complete the pending Interstate Commerce Commission non-coal rate guidelines proceeding to establish a simplified and expedited method for determining the reasonableness of challenged rail rates in those cases in which a full stand-alone cost presentation is too costly, given the value of the case."

**1996**—Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of this paragraph".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Interstate Commerce Commission abolished by section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

A rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall establish reasonable—

(1) rates, to the extent required by section 10707, divisions of joint rates, and classifications for transportation and service it may provide under this part; and

(2) rules and practices on matters related to that transportation or service.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 810.)

A prior section 10702, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1372; Pub. L. 103–180, §6(a), Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2050; Pub. L. 103–311, title II, §206(a), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1684, related to authority for carriers to establish rates, classifications, rules, and practices, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 10702 and 15502 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Rail carriers providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall establish through routes (including physical connections) with each other and with water carriers providing transportation subject to chapter 137, shall establish rates and classifications applicable to those routes, and shall establish rules for their operation and provide—

(1) reasonable facilities for operating the through route; and

(2) reasonable compensation to persons entitled to compensation for services related to the through route.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 810.)

A prior section 10703, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1372; Pub. L. 96–296, §22(a), (h), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 812, 814; Pub. L. 97–449, §5(g)(5), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2443; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(11), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 99–521, §7(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2994; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(21), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1377, related to authority for carriers to establish through routes, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 10703 and 13705 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)(1) When the Board, after a full hearing, decides that a rate charged or collected by a rail carrier for transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, or that a classification, rule, or practice of that carrier, does or will violate this part, the Board may prescribe the maximum rate, classification, rule, or practice to be followed. The Board may order the carrier to stop the violation. When a rate, classification, rule, or practice is prescribed under this subsection, the affected carrier may not publish, charge, or collect a different rate and shall adopt the classification and observe the rule or practice prescribed by the Board.

(2) The Board shall maintain and revise as necessary standards and procedures for establishing revenue levels for rail carriers providing transportation subject to its jurisdiction under this part that are adequate, under honest, economical, and efficient management, for the infrastructure and investment needed to meet the present and future demand for rail services and to cover total operating expenses, including depreciation and obsolescence, plus a reasonable and economic profit or return (or both) on capital employed in the business. The Board shall make an adequate and continuing effort to assist those carriers in attaining revenue levels prescribed under this paragraph. Revenue levels established under this paragraph should—

(A) provide a flow of net income plus depreciation adequate to support prudent capital outlays, assure the repayment of a reasonable level of debt, permit the raising of needed equity capital, and cover the effects of inflation; and

(B) attract and retain capital in amounts adequate to provide a sound transportation system in the United States.

(3) On the basis of the standards and procedures described in paragraph (2), the Board shall annually determine which rail carriers are earning adequate revenues.

(b) The Board may begin a proceeding under this section only on complaint. A complaint under subsection (a) of this section must be made under section 11701 of this title, but the proceeding may also be in extension of a complaint pending before the Board.

(c) In a proceeding to challenge the reasonableness of a rate, the Board shall make its determination as to the reasonableness of the challenged rate—

(1) within 9 months after the close of the administrative record if the determination is based upon a stand-alone cost presentation; or

(2) within 6 months after the close of the administrative record if the determination is based upon the methodology adopted by the Board pursuant to section 10701(d)(3).

(d)(1) The Board shall maintain procedures to ensure the expeditious handling of challenges to the reasonableness of railroad rates. The procedures shall include appropriate measures for avoiding delay in the discovery and evidentiary phases of such proceedings and exemption or revocation proceedings, including appropriate sanctions for such delay, and for ensuring prompt disposition of motions and interlocutory administrative appeals.

(2)(A) Except as provided under subparagraph (B), in a stand-alone cost rate challenge, the Board shall comply with the following timeline:

(i) Discovery shall be completed not later than 150 days after the date on which the challenge is initiated.

(ii) The development of the evidentiary record shall be completed not later than 155 days after the date on which discovery is completed under clause (i).

(iii) The closing brief shall be submitted not later than 60 days after the date on which the development of the evidentiary record is completed under clause (ii).

(iv) A final Board decision shall be issued not later than 180 days after the date on which the evidentiary record is completed under clause (ii).

(B) The Board may extend a timeline under subparagraph (A) after a request from any party or in the interest of due process.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 810; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(23), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390; Pub. L. 114–110, §§11(b), 16, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2233, 2238.)

A prior section 10704, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1373; Pub. L. 96–296, §13(b), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 803; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §205(b), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1906; Pub. L. 97–261, §9(b), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1109; Pub. L. 99–521, §7(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2994, related to authority and criteria for rates, classifications, rules, and practices prescribed by Interstate Commerce Commission, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 10704, 13701, and 15503 of this title.

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 114–110, §16, inserted "for the infrastructure and investment needed to meet the present and future demand for rail services and" after "management," in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 114–110, §11(b), designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted "The Board shall maintain procedures to ensure the expeditious handling of challenges to the reasonableness of railroad rates." for "Within 9 months after January 1, 1996, the Board shall establish procedures to ensure expeditious handling of challenges to the reasonableness of railroad rates.", and added par. (2).

**1996**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of the ICC Termination Act of 1995".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)(1) The Board may, and shall when it considers it desirable in the public interest, prescribe through routes, joint classifications, joint rates, the division of joint rates, and the conditions under which those routes must be operated, for a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part.

(2) The Board may require a rail carrier to include in a through route substantially less than the entire length of its railroad and any intermediate railroad operated with it under common management or control if that intermediate railroad lies between the terminals of the through route only when—

(A) required under section 10741, 10742, or 11102 of this title;

(B) inclusion of those lines would make the through route unreasonably long when compared with a practicable alternative through route that could be established; or

(C) the Board decides that the proposed through route is needed to provide adequate, and more efficient or economic, transportation.

The Board shall give reasonable preference, subject to this subsection, to the rail carrier originating the traffic when prescribing through routes.

(b) The Board shall prescribe the division of joint rates to be received by a rail carrier providing transportation subject to its jurisdiction under this part when it decides that a division of joint rates established by the participating carriers under section 10703 of this title, or under a decision of the Board under subsection (a) of this section, does or will violate section 10701 of this title.

(c) If a division of a joint rate prescribed under a decision of the Board is later found to violate section 10701 of this title, the Board may decide what division would have been reasonable and order adjustment to be made retroactive to the date the complaint was filed, the date the order for an investigation was made, or a later date that the Board decides is justified. The Board may make a decision under this subsection effective as part of its original decision.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 811.)

Prior sections 10705 and 10705a were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 10705, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1375; Pub. L. 96–296, §22(b)–(g), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 813; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §218, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1925; Pub. L. 97–449, §5(g)(4), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2443, related to authority for through routes, joint classifications, rates, and divisions prescribed by Interstate Commerce Commission. See sections 10705 and 13701 of this title.

Section 10705a, added Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §217(a)(1), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1916; amended Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(20), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to joint rate surcharges and cancellations.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)(1) In this subsection—

(A) the term "affiliate" means a person controlling, controlled by, or under common control or ownership with another person and "ownership" refers to equity holdings in a business entity of at least 5 percent;

(B) the term "single-line rate" refers to a rate or allowance proposed by a single rail carrier that is applicable only over its line and for which the transportation (exclusive of terminal services by switching, drayage or other terminal carriers or agencies) can be provided by that carrier; and

(C) the term "practicably participates in the movement" shall have such meaning as the Board shall by regulation prescribe.

(2)(A) A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part that is a party to an agreement of at least 2 rail carriers that relates to rates (including charges between rail carriers and compensation paid or received for the use of facilities and equipment), classifications, divisions, or rules related to them, or procedures for joint consideration, initiation, publication, or establishment of them, shall apply to the Board for approval of that agreement under this subsection. The Board shall approve the agreement only when it finds that the making and carrying out of the agreement will further the transportation policy of section 10101 of this title and may require compliance with conditions necessary to make the agreement further that policy as a condition of its approval. If the Board approves the agreement, it may be made and carried out under its terms and under the conditions required by the Board, and the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1, et seq.), the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12, et seq.), the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41, et seq.), sections 73 and 74 of the Wilson Tariff Act (15 U.S.C. 8 and 9), and the Act of June 19, 1936 (15 U.S.C. 13, 13a, 13b, 21a) do not apply to parties and other persons with respect to making or carrying out the agreement. However, the Board may not approve or continue approval of an agreement when the conditions required by it are not met or if it does not receive a verified statement under subparagraph (B) of this paragraph.

(B) The Board may approve an agreement under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph only when the rail carriers applying for approval file a verified statement with the Board. Each statement must specify for each rail carrier that is a party to the agreement—

(i) the name of the carrier;

(ii) the mailing address and telephone number of its headquarter's office; and

(iii) the names of each of its affiliates and the names, addresses, and affiliates of each of its officers and directors and of each person, together with an affiliate, owning or controlling any debt, equity, or security interest in it having a value of at least $1,000,000.

(3)(A) An organization established or continued under an agreement approved under this subsection shall make a final disposition of a rule or rate docketed with it by the 120th day after the proposal is docketed. Such an organization may not—

(i) permit a rail carrier to discuss, to participate in agreements related to, or to vote on single-line rates proposed by another rail carrier, except that for purposes of general rate increases and broad changes in rates, classifications, rules, and practices only, if the Board finds at any time that the implementation of this clause is not feasible, it may delay or suspend such implementation in whole or in part;

(ii) permit a rail carrier to discuss, to participate in agreements related to, or to vote on rates related to a particular interline movement unless that rail carrier practicably participates in the movement; or

(iii) if there are interline movements over two or more routes between the same end points, permit a carrier to discuss, to participate in agreements related to, or to vote on rates except with a carrier which forms part of a particular single route. If the Board finds at any time that the implementation of this clause is not feasible, it may delay or suspend such implementation in whole or in part.

(B)(i) In any proceeding in which a party alleges that a rail carrier voted or agreed on a rate or allowance in violation of this subsection, that party has the burden of showing that the vote or agreement occurred. A showing of parallel behavior does not satisfy that burden by itself.

(ii) In any proceeding in which it is alleged that a carrier was a party to an agreement, conspiracy, or combination in violation of a Federal law cited in subsection (a)(2)(A) of this section or of any similar State law, proof of an agreement, conspiracy, or combination may not be inferred from evidence that two or more rail carriers acted together with respect to an interline rate or related matter and that a party to such action took similar action with respect to a rate or related matter on another route or traffic. In any proceeding in which such a violation is alleged, evidence of a discussion or agreement between or among such rail carrier and one or more other rail carriers, or of any rate or other action resulting from such discussion or agreement, shall not be admissible if the discussion or agreement—

(I) was in accordance with an agreement approved under paragraph (2) of this subsection; or

(II) concerned an interline movement of the rail carrier, and the discussion or agreement would not, considered by itself, violate the laws referred to in the first sentence of this clause.

In any proceeding before a jury, the court shall determine whether the requirements of subclause (I) or (II) are satisfied before allowing the introduction of any such evidence.

(C) An organization described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph shall provide that transcripts or sound recordings be made of all meetings, that records of votes be made, and that such transcripts or recordings and voting records be submitted to the Board and made available to other Federal agencies in connection with their statutory responsibilities over rate bureaus, except that such material shall be kept confidential and shall not be subject to disclosure under section 552 of title 5, United States Code.

(4) Notwithstanding any other provision of this subsection, one or more rail carriers may enter into an agreement, without obtaining prior Board approval, that provides solely for compilation, publication, and other distribution of rates in effect or to become effective. The Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1 et seq.), the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12 et seq.), the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.), sections 73 and 74 of the Wilson Tariff Act (15 U.S.C. 8 and 9), and the Act of June 19, 1936 (15 U.S.C. 13, 13a, 13b, 21a) shall not apply to parties and other persons with respect to making or carrying out such agreement. However, the Board may, upon application or on its own initiative, investigate whether the parties to such an agreement have exceeded its scope, and upon a finding that they have, the Board may issue such orders as are necessary, including an order dissolving the agreement, to ensure that actions taken pursuant to the agreement are limited as provided in this paragraph.

(5)(A) Whenever two or more shippers enter into an agreement to discuss among themselves that relates to the amount of compensation such shippers propose to be paid by rail carriers providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, for use by such rail carriers of rolling stock owned or leased by such shippers, the shippers shall apply to the Board for approval of that agreement under this paragraph. The Board shall approve the agreement only when it finds that the making and carrying out of the agreement will further the transportation policy set forth in section 10101 of this title and may require compliance with conditions necessary to make the agreement further that policy as a condition of approval. If the Board approves the agreement, it may be made and carried out under its terms and under the terms required by the Board, and the antitrust laws set forth in paragraph (2) of this subsection do not apply to parties and other persons with respect to making or carrying out the agreement. The Board shall approve or disapprove an agreement under this paragraph within one year after the date application for approval of such agreement is made.

(B) If the Board approves an agreement described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph and the shippers entering into such agreement and the rail carriers proposing to use rolling stock owned or leased by such shippers, under payment by such carriers or under a published allowance, are unable to agree upon the amount of compensation to be paid for the use of such rolling stock, any party directly involved in the negotiations may require that the matter be settled by submitting the issues in dispute to the Board. The Board shall render a binding decision, based upon a standard of reasonableness and after taking into consideration any past precedents on the subject matter of the negotiations, no later than 90 days after the date of the submission of the dispute to the Board.

(C) Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to change the law in effect prior to October 1, 1980, with respect to the obligation of rail carriers to utilize rolling stock owned or leased by shippers.

(b) The Board may require an organization established or continued under an agreement approved under this section to maintain records and submit reports. The Board may inspect a record maintained under this section.

(c) The Board may review an agreement approved under subsection (a) of this section and shall change the conditions of approval or terminate it when necessary to comply with the public interest and subsection (a). The Board shall postpone the effective date of a change of an agreement under this subsection for whatever period it determines to be reasonably necessary to avoid unreasonable hardship.

(d) The Board may begin a proceeding under this section on its own initiative or on application. Action of the Board under this section—

(1) approving an agreement;

(2) denying, ending, or changing approval;

(3) prescribing the conditions on which approval is granted; or

(4) changing those conditions,

has effect only as related to application of the antitrust laws referred to in subsection (a) of this section.

(e)(1) The Federal Trade Commission, in consultation with the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice, shall prepare periodically an assessment of, and shall report to the Board on—

(A) possible anticompetitive features of—

(i) agreements approved or submitted for approval under subsection (a) of this section; and

(ii) an organization operating under those agreements; and

(B) possible ways to alleviate or end an anticompetitive feature, effect, or aspect in a manner that will further the goals of this part and of the transportation policy of section 10101 of this title.

(2) Reports received by the Board under this subsection shall be published and made available to the public under section 552(a) of title 5.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 812; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(24), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390.)

The Sherman Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), (4), is act July 2, 1890, ch. 647, 26 Stat. 209, which is classified to sections 1 to 7 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1 of Title 15 and Tables.

The Clayton Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), (4), is act Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, 38 Stat. 730, which is classified generally to sections 12, 13, 14 to 19, 21, and 22 to 27 of Title 15 and sections 52 and 53 of Title 29, Labor. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 12 of Title 15 and Tables.

The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), (4), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, which is classified generally to subchapter I (§41 et seq.) of chapter 2 of Title 15. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of Title 15 and Tables.

Sections 73 and 74 of the Wilson Tariff Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), (4), are sections 73 and 74 of act Aug. 27, 1894, ch. 349, 28 Stat. 570, which enacted sections 8 and 9, respectively, of Title 15.

Act of June 19, 1936, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), (4), is act June 19, 1936, ch. 592, 49 Stat. 1526, popularly known as the Robinson-Patman Anti-discrimination Act and also as the Robinson-Patman Price Discrimination Act, which enacted sections 13a, 13b, and 21a of Title 15 and amended section 13 of Title 15. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 13 of Title 15 and Tables.

A prior section 10706, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1377; Pub. L. 96–258, §1(7), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 426; Pub. L. 96–296, §14(a), (c), (d), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 803, 808; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §219(a)–(e), 224(b), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1926–1929; Pub. L. 97–261, §10(a)–(d), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1109, 1110; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(12), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 99–521, §7(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to exemption from antitrust laws of rate agreements, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 10706 and 13703 of this title.

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(5)(C). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "October 1, 1980," for "the effective date of the Staggers Rail Act of 1980".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) In this section, "market dominance" means an absence of effective competition from other rail carriers or modes of transportation for the transportation to which a rate applies.

(b) When a rate for transportation by a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part is challenged as being unreasonably high, the Board shall determine whether the rail carrier proposing the rate has market dominance over the transportation to which the rate applies. The Board may make that determination on its own initiative or on complaint. A finding by the Board that the rail carrier does not have market dominance is determinative in a proceeding under this part related to that rate or transportation unless changed or set aside by the Board or set aside by a court of competent jurisdiction.

(c) When the Board finds in any proceeding that a rail carrier proposing or defending a rate for transportation has market dominance over the transportation to which the rate applies, it may then determine that rate to be unreasonable if it exceeds a reasonable maximum for that transportation. However, a finding of market dominance does not establish a presumption that the proposed rate exceeds a reasonable maximum.

(d)(1)(A) In making a determination under this section, the Board shall find that the rail carrier establishing the challenged rate does not have market dominance over the transportation to which the rate applies if such rail carrier proves that the rate charged results in a revenue-variable cost percentage for such transportation that is less than 180 percent.

(B) For purposes of this section, variable costs for a rail carrier shall be determined only by using such carrier's unadjusted costs, calculated using the Uniform Rail Costing System cost finding methodology (or an alternative methodology adopted by the Board in lieu thereof) and indexed quarterly to account for current wage and price levels in the region in which the carrier operates, with adjustments specified by the Board. A rail carrier may meet its burden of proof under this subsection by establishing its variable costs in accordance with this paragraph, but a shipper may rebut that showing by evidence of such type, and in accordance with such burden of proof, as the Board shall prescribe.

(2) A finding by the Board that a rate charged by a rail carrier results in a revenue-variable cost percentage for the transportation to which the rate applies that is equal to or greater than 180 percent does not establish a presumption that—

(A) such rail carrier has or does not have market dominance over such transportation; or

(B) the proposed rate exceeds or does not exceed a reasonable maximum.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 815.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10709 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Prior sections 10707 and 10707a were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 10707, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1380; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §207, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1907; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(21), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to investigation and suspension of new rail carrier rates, classifications, rules, and practices.

Section 10707a, added Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §203(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1901; amended Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(22), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to zone of rail carrier flexibility.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) The Board shall, as often as practicable, but in no event less often than quarterly, publish a rail cost adjustment factor which shall be a fraction, the numerator of which is the latest published Index of Railroad Costs (which index shall be compiled or verified by the Board, with appropriate adjustments to reflect the change in composition of railroad costs, including the quality and mix of material and labor) and the denominator of which is the same index for the fourth quarter of every fifth year, beginning with the fourth quarter of 1992.

(b) The rail cost adjustment factor published by the Board under subsection (a) of this section shall take into account changes in railroad productivity. The Board shall also publish a similar index that does not take into account changes in railroad productivity.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 816.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10712 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 10708, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1382; Pub. L. 96–296, §11, July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 801; Pub. L. 97–261, §§11, 12(a), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1112, 1113; Pub. L. 99–521, §7(d), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to investigation and suspension of new nonrail carrier rates, classifications, rules, and practices, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) One or more rail carriers providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may enter into a contract with one or more purchasers of rail services to provide specified services under specified rates and conditions.

(b) A party to a contract entered into under this section shall have no duty in connection with services provided under such contract other than those duties specified by the terms of the contract.

(c)(1) A contract that is authorized by this section, and transportation under such contract, shall not be subject to this part, and may not be subsequently challenged before the Board or in any court on the grounds that such contract violates a provision of this part.

(2) The exclusive remedy for any alleged breach of a contract entered into under this section shall be an action in an appropriate State court or United States district court, unless the parties otherwise agree. This section does not confer original jurisdiction on the district courts of the United States based on section 1331 or 1337 of title 28, United States Code.

(d)(1) A summary of each contract for the transportation of agricultural products (including grain, as defined in section 3 of the United States Grain Standards Act (7 U.S.C. 75) and products thereof) entered into under this section shall be filed with the Board, containing such nonconfidential information as the Board prescribes. The Board shall publish special rules for such contracts in order to ensure that the essential terms of the contract are available to the general public.

(2) Documents, papers, and records (and any copies thereof) relating to a contract described in subsection (a) shall not be subject to the mandatory disclosure requirements of section 552 of title 5.

(e) Any lawful contract between a rail carrier and one or more purchasers of rail service that was in effect on October 1, 1980, shall be considered a contract authorized by this section.

(f) A rail carrier that enters into a contract as authorized by this section remains subject to the common carrier obligation set forth in section 11101, with respect to rail transportation not provided under such a contract.

(g)(1) No later than 30 days after the date of filing of a summary of a contract under this section, the Board may, on complaint, begin a proceeding to review such contract on the grounds described in this subsection.

(2)(A) A complaint may be filed under this subsection—

(i) by a shipper on the grounds that such shipper individually will be harmed because the proposed contract unduly impairs the ability of the contracting rail carrier or carriers to meet their common carrier obligations to the complainant under section 11101 of this title; or

(ii) by a port only on the grounds that such port individually will be harmed because the proposed contract will result in unreasonable discrimination against such port.

(B) In addition to the grounds for a complaint described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, a complaint may be filed by a shipper of agricultural commodities on the grounds that such shipper individually will be harmed because—

(i) the rail carrier has unreasonably discriminated by refusing to enter into a contract with such shipper for rates and services for the transportation of the same type of commodity under similar conditions to the contract at issue, and that shipper was ready, willing, and able to enter into such a contract at a time essentially contemporaneous with the period during which the contract at issue was offered; or

(ii) the proposed contract constitutes a destructive competitive practice under this part.

In making a determination under clause (ii) of this subparagraph, the Board shall consider the difference between contract rates and published single car rates.

(C) For purposes of this paragraph, the term "unreasonable discrimination" has the same meaning as such term has under section 10741 of this title.

(3)(A) Within 30 days after the date a proceeding is commenced under paragraph (1) of this subsection, or within such shorter time period after such date as the Board may establish, the Board shall determine whether the contract that is the subject of such proceeding is in violation of this section.

(B) If the Board determines, on the basis of a complaint filed under paragraph (2)(B)(i) of this subsection, that the grounds for a complaint described in such paragraph have been established with respect to a rail carrier, the Board shall, subject to the provisions of this section, order such rail carrier to provide rates and service substantially similar to the contract at issue with such differentials in terms and conditions as are justified by the evidence.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 817; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(24), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390; Pub. L. 114–110, §11(d), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2234.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10713 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Prior sections 10709 to 10713 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 10709, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1382; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §202, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1900, related to determination of market dominance in rail carrier rate proceedings. See section 10707 of this title.

Section 10710, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1383, related to elimination of discrimination against recyclable materials.

Section 10711, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1383, related to effect of former sections 10701(a), (b), 10707, 10709, 10727, and 10728 of this title on rail rates and practices.

Section 10712, added Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §206(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1906, related to inflation-based rate increases.

Section 10713, added Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §208(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1908; amended Pub. L. 97–468, title V, §502, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2552; Pub. L. 99–509, title IV, §4051, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1910, related to contracts between rail carriers and purchasers of rail services. See section 10709 of this title.

**2015**—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 114–110 struck out subsec. (h) which related to certain contracts for the transportation of agricultural commodities.

**1996**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "October 1, 1980," for "the effective date of the Staggers Rail Act of 1980".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

A rail carrier providing transportation or service for the United States Government may transport property or individuals for the United States Government without charge or at a rate reduced from the applicable commercial rate. Section 6101(b) to (d) of title 41 does not apply when transportation for the United States Government can be obtained from a rail carrier lawfully operating in the area where the transportation would be provided.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 819; amended Pub. L. 111–350, §5(o)(4), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3853.)

A prior section 10721, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1383; Pub. L. 96–454, §10(b), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2022; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(22), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, related to Government traffic, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 10721, 13712, and 15504 of this title.

**2011**—Pub. L. 111–350 substituted "Section 6101(b) to (d) of title 41" for "Section 3709 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5)".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

In order to encourage more efficient use of freight cars, notwithstanding any other provision of this part, rail carriers shall be permitted to establish premium charges for special services or special levels of services not otherwise applicable to the movement. The Board shall facilitate development of such charges so as to increase the utilization of equipment.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 819.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10734 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Prior sections 10722 to 10726 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 10722, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1384; Pub. L. 97–261, §29(a), (b), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1128; Pub. L. 99–521, §7(e), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to special passenger rates.

Section 10723, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1385; Pub. L. 97–261, §29(c), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1128; Pub. L. 102–54, §13(s), June 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 282; Pub. L. 102–240, title IV, §4011, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2156, related to transportation for charitable purposes.

Section 10724, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1386, related to rates for emergency transportation.

Section 10725, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1387; Pub. L. 99–521, §7(f), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to special freight forwarder rates.

Section 10726, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1387; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §220, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1928, related to long and short haul transportation.

A prior section 10727, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1388, authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to maintain standards and procedures to permit seasonal, regional, or peak-period demand rates and required the Commission to submit an annual report to Congress on implementation of those rates and recommendations for additional legislation needed to make it easier to establish those rates, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §209, title VII, §710(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1910, 1966, effective Oct. 1, 1980.

A prior section 10728, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1388, related to separate rates for distinct rail services, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 10729, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1389, authorized rail carrier to establish rate, classification, rule, or practice requiring total capital investment of at least $1,000,000 to implement upon notice to Interstate Commerce Commission and opportunity for Commission proceeding and final decision within 180 days after notice and provided that Commission could not suspend or set aside any rate that became final for period of five years but could revise rate to level equal to variable costs of providing transportation when Commission found level then in effect reduced going concern of carrier, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §210(a), title VII, §710(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1910, 1966, effective Oct. 1, 1980.

Prior sections 10730 to 10735 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 10730, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1389; Pub. L. 96–296, §12, July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 802; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §211(a), (b), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1911; Pub. L. 99–521, §7(g), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to rates and liability based on value.

Section 10731, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1389; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §204, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1905; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(23), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to investigation of discriminatory rail rates for transportation of recyclable or recycled materials.

Section 10732, added Pub. L. 96–296, §8(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 798; amended Pub. L. 100–690, title IX, §9113, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4535, related to food and grocery transportation. See section 13713 of this title.

Section 10733, added Pub. L. 96–296, §32(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 824, related to rates for transportation of recyclable materials.

Section 10734, added Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §225(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1930, related to car utilization. See section 10722 of this title.

Another prior section 10734 was renumbered section 10735 of this title.

Section 10735, added Pub. L. 96–454, §4(a), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2012, §10734; renumbered §10735, Pub. L. 98–554, title II, §227(b)(1), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2852; amended Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(23), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, related to household goods rates, estimates, and guarantees of service. See section 13704 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)(1) A rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may not subject a person, place, port, or type of traffic to unreasonable discrimination.

(2) For purposes of this section, a rail carrier engages in unreasonable discrimination when it charges or receives from a person a different compensation for a service rendered, or to be rendered, in transportation the rail carrier may perform under this part than it charges or receives from another person for performing a like and contemporaneous service in the transportation of a like kind of traffic under substantially similar circumstances.

(b) This section shall not apply to—

(1) contracts described in section 10709 of this title;

(2) rail rates applicable to different routes; or

(3) discrimination against the traffic of another carrier providing transportation by any mode.

(c) Differences between rates, classifications, rules, and practices of rail carriers do not constitute a violation of this section if such differences result from different services provided by rail carriers.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 819.)

A prior section 10741, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1390; Pub. L. 96–296, §33(d), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 825; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §212, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1912; Pub. L. 99–521, §7(h), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to prohibitions against discrimination by common carriers, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 10741 and 15505 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall provide reasonable, proper, and equal facilities that are within its power to provide for the interchange of traffic between, and for the receiving, forwarding, and delivering of passengers and property to and from, its respective line and a connecting line of another rail carrier or of a water carrier providing transportation subject to chapter 137.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 819.)

A prior section 10742, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1391, related to facilities for interchange of traffic, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 10742 and 15506 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)(1) Liability for payment of rates for transportation for a shipment of property by a shipper or consignor to a consignee other than the shipper or consignor, is determined under this subsection when the transportation is provided by a rail carrier under this part. When the shipper or consignor instructs the rail carrier transporting the property to deliver it to a consignee that is an agent only, not having beneficial title to the property, the consignee is liable for rates billed at the time of delivery for which the consignee is otherwise liable, but not for additional rates that may be found to be due after delivery if the consignee gives written notice to the delivering carrier before delivery of the property—

(A) of the agency and absence of beneficial title; and

(B) of the name and address of the beneficial owner of the property if it is reconsigned or diverted to a place other than the place specified in the original bill of lading.

(2) When the consignee is liable only for rates billed at the time of delivery under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the shipper or consignor, or, if the property is reconsigned or diverted, the beneficial owner, is liable for those additional rates regardless of the bill of lading or contract under which the property was transported. The beneficial owner is liable for all rates when the property is reconsigned or diverted by an agent but is refused or abandoned at its ultimate destination if the agent gave the rail carrier in the reconsignment or diversion order a notice of agency and the name and address of the beneficial owner. A consignee giving the rail carrier, and a reconsignor or diverter giving a rail carrier, erroneous information about the identity of the beneficial owner of the property is liable for the additional rates.

(b) Liability for payment of rates for transportation for a shipment of property by a shipper or consignor, named in the bill of lading as consignee, is determined under this subsection when the transportation is provided by a rail carrier under this part. When the shipper or consignor gives written notice, before delivery of the property, to the line-haul rail carrier that is to make ultimate delivery—

(1) to deliver the property to another party identified by the shipper or consignor as the beneficial owner of the property; and

(2) that delivery is to be made to that party on payment of all applicable transportation rates;

that party is liable for the rates billed at the time of delivery and for additional rates that may be found to be due after delivery if that party does not pay the rates required to be paid under paragraph (2) of this subsection on delivery. However, if the party gives written notice to the delivering rail carrier before delivery that the party is not the beneficial owner of the property and gives the rail carrier the name and address of the beneficial owner, then the party is not liable for those additional rates. A shipper, consignor, or party to whom delivery is made that gives the delivering rail carrier erroneous information about the identity of the beneficial owner, is liable for the additional rates regardless of the bill of lading or contract under which the property was transported. This subsection does not apply to a prepaid shipment of property.

(c)(1) A rail carrier may bring an action to enforce liability under subsection (a) of this section. That rail carrier must bring the action during the period provided in section 11705(a) of this title or by the end of the 6th month after final judgment against it in an action against the consignee, or the beneficial owner named by the consignee or agent, under that section.

(2) A rail carrier may bring an action to enforce liability under subsection (b) of this section. That carrier must bring the action during the period provided in section 11705(a) of this title or by the end of the 6th month after final judgment against it in an action against the shipper, consignor, or other party under that section.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 819.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10744 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 10743, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1391; Pub. L. 99–521, §7(i), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to payment of rates, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See section 13707 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

A rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may not enter a combination or arrangement to prevent the carriage of freight from being continuous from the place of shipment to the place of destination whether by change of time schedule, carriage in different cars, or by other means. The carriage of freight by those rail carriers is considered to be a continuous carriage from the place of shipment to the place of destination when a break of bulk, stoppage, or interruption is not made in good faith for a necessary purpose, and with the intent of avoiding or unnecessarily interrupting the continuous carriage or of evading this part.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 821.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10745 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 10744, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1391, related to liability for payment of rates, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 10743 and 13706 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

A rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may establish a charge or allowance for transportation or service for property when the owner of the property, directly or indirectly, furnishes a service related to or an instrumentality used in the transportation or service. The Board may prescribe the maximum reasonable charge or allowance a rail carrier subject to its jurisdiction may pay for a service or instrumentality furnished under this section. The Board may begin a proceeding under this section on its own initiative or on application.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 821.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10747 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 10745, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1392, related to continuous carriage of freight, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See section 10744 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall compute demurrage charges, and establish rules related to those charges, in a way that fulfills the national needs related to—

(1) freight car use and distribution; and

(2) maintenance of an adequate supply of freight cars to be available for transportation of property.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 821.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10750 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 10746, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1393, related to transportation of commodities manufactured or produced by rail carrier, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)(1) When a person delivers property to a rail carrier for transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, the person may direct the rail carrier to transport the property over an established through route. When competing rail lines constitute a part of the route, the person shipping the property may designate the lines over which the property will be transported. The designation must be in writing. A rail carrier may be directed to transport property over a particular through route when—

(A) there are at least 2 through routes over which the property could be transported;

(B) a through rate has been established for transportation over each of those through routes; and

(C) the rail carrier is a party to those routes and rates.

(2) A rail carrier directed to route property transported under paragraph (1) of this subsection must issue a through bill of lading containing the routing instructions and transport the property according to the instructions. When the property is delivered to a connecting rail carrier, that rail carrier must also receive and transport it according to the routing instructions and deliver it to the next succeeding rail carrier or consignee according to the instructions.

(b) The Board may prescribe exceptions to the authority of a person to direct the movement of traffic under subsection (a) of this section.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 821.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10763 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Prior sections 10747 to 10751, 10761 to 10767, and 10781 to 10786 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 10747, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1393, related to transportation services or facilities furnished by shippers. See section 10745 of this title.

Section 10748, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1393, related to transportation of livestock by rail carrier.

Section 10749, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1393; Pub. L. 96–296, §10(c), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 800; Pub. L. 97–468, title VI, §615(b)(3), Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2578; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(13), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 99–521, §7(j)(1), (2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(24), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to exchange of services and limitation on use of common carriers by household goods freight forwarders.

Section 10750, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1394, related to demurrage charges. See section 10746 of this title.

Section 10751, added Pub. L. 96–296, §33(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 824; amended Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §215(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1915; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(25), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to business entertainment expenses. See section 14901 of this title.

Section 10761, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1394; Pub. L. 96–296, §33(c), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 825; Pub. L. 103–311, title II, §206(b), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1684, related to prohibition of transportation without tariff. See section 13702 of this title.

Section 10762, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1394; Pub. L. 96–296, §5(c), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 796; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §216, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1915; Pub. L. 97–261, §12(b), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1113; Pub. L. 99–521, §7(k), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995; Pub. L. 103–180, §5, Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2050; Pub. L. 103–311, title II, §206(c)–(e), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1684, 1685, related to general tariff requirements. See sections 13702 and 13710 of this title.

Section 10763, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1396, related to designation of certain routes by shippers or Interstate Commerce Commission. See section 10747 of this title.

Section 10764, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1397, related to arrangements between carriers and required copies of arrangements to be filed with Commission.

Section 10765, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1397, related to water transportation under arrangements with certain other carriers.

Section 10766, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1398; Pub. L. 96–296, §10(d), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 801; Pub. L. 99–521, §7(l), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2995, related to freight forwarder traffic agreements.

Section 10767, added Pub. L. 103–180, §7(a), Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2051, related to billing and collecting practices. See section 13708 of this title.

Section 10781, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1398, related to investigations and reports by Commission on value of carrier property.

Section 10782, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1399, related to requirements for establishing value.

Section 10783, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1400, related to cooperation and assistance of carriers.

Section 10784, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1400; Pub. L. 96–258, §1(8), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 426, related to revision of property valuations.

Section 10785, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1401, related to finality of valuations, notices, protests, and review.

Section 10786, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1401, related to applicability of sections 10781 to 10786 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.


**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title VI, §§603(b), 604(b), 605(b), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4903, 4905, added items 10908 to 10910.

(a) A person may—

(1) construct an extension to any of its railroad lines;

(2) construct an additional railroad line;

(3) provide transportation over, or by means of, an extended or additional railroad line; or

(4) in the case of a person other than a rail carrier, acquire a railroad line or acquire or operate an extended or additional railroad line,

only if the Board issues a certificate authorizing such activity under subsection (c).

(b) A proceeding to grant authority under subsection (a) of this section begins when an application is filed. On receiving the application, the Board shall give reasonable public notice, including notice to the Governor of any affected State, of the beginning of such proceeding.

(c) The Board shall issue a certificate authorizing activities for which such authority is requested in an application filed under subsection (b) unless the Board finds that such activities are inconsistent with the public convenience and necessity. Such certificate may approve the application as filed, or with modifications, and may require compliance with conditions (other than labor protection conditions) the Board finds necessary in the public interest.

(d)(1) When a certificate has been issued by the Board under this section authorizing the construction or extension of a railroad line, no other rail carrier may block any construction or extension authorized by such certificate by refusing to permit the carrier to cross its property if—

(A) the construction does not unreasonably interfere with the operation of the crossed line;

(B) the operation does not materially interfere with the operation of the crossed line; and

(C) the owner of the crossing line compensates the owner of the crossed line.

(2) If the parties are unable to agree on the terms of operation or the amount of payment for purposes of paragraph (1) of this subsection, either party may submit the matters in dispute to the Board for determination. The Board shall make a determination under this paragraph within 120 days after the dispute is submitted for determination.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 822.)

A prior section 10901, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1402; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §221, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1928, related to authorizing construction and operation of railroad lines, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) A Class II or Class III rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may acquire or operate an extended or additional rail line under this section only if the Board issues a certificate authorizing such activity under subsection (c).

(b) A proceeding to grant authority under subsection (a) of this section begins when an application is filed. On receiving the application, the Board shall give reasonable public notice of the beginning of such proceeding.

(c) The Board shall issue a certificate authorizing activities for which such authority is requested in an application filed under subsection (b) unless the Board finds that such activities are inconsistent with the public convenience and necessity. Such certificate may approve the application as filed, or with modifications, and may require compliance with conditions (other than labor protection conditions) the Board finds necessary in the public interest.

(d) The Board shall require any Class II rail carrier which receives a certificate under subsection (c) of this section to provide a fair and equitable arrangement for the protection of the interests of employees who may be affected thereby. The arrangement shall consist exclusively of one year of severance pay, which shall not exceed the amount of earnings from railroad employment of the employee during the 12-month period immediately preceding the date on which the application for such certificate is filed with the Board. The amount of such severance pay shall be reduced by the amount of earnings from railroad employment of the employee with the acquiring carrier during the 12-month period immediately following the effective date of the transaction to which the certificate applies. The parties may agree to terms other than as provided in this subsection. The Board shall not require such an arrangement from a Class III rail carrier which receives a certificate under subsection (c) of this section.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 823.)

A prior section 10902, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1403, related to authorizing action by rail carriers to provide adequate, efficient, and safe facilities.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)(1) A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part who intends to—

(A) abandon any part of its railroad lines; or

(B) discontinue the operation of all rail transportation over any part of its railroad lines,

must file an application relating thereto with the Board. An abandonment or discontinuance may be carried out only as authorized under this chapter.

(2) When a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part files an application, the application shall include—

(A) an accurate and understandable summary of the rail carrier's reasons for the proposed abandonment or discontinuance;

(B) a statement indicating that each interested person is entitled to make recommendations to the Board on the future of the rail line; and

(C)(i) a statement that the line is available for subsidy or sale in accordance with section 10904 of this title, (ii) a statement that the rail carrier will promptly provide to each interested party an estimate of the annual subsidy and minimum purchase price, calculated in accordance with section 10904 of this title, and (iii) the name and business address of the person who is authorized to discuss the subsidy or sale terms for the rail carrier.

(3) The rail carrier shall—

(A) send by certified mail notice of the application to the chief executive officer of each State that would be directly affected by the proposed abandonment or discontinuance;

(B) post a copy of the notice in each terminal and station on each portion of a railroad line proposed to be abandoned or over which all transportation is to be discontinued;

(C) publish a copy of the notice for 3 consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in each county in which each such portion is located;

(D) mail a copy of the notice, to the extent practicable, to all shippers that have made significant use (as designated by the Board) of the railroad line during the 12 months preceding the filing of the application; and

(E) attach to the application filed with the Board an affidavit certifying the manner in which subparagraphs (A) through (D) of this paragraph have been satisfied, and certifying that subparagraphs (A) through (D) have been satisfied within the most recent 30 days prior to the date the application is filed.

(b)(1) Except as provided in subsection (d), abandonment and discontinuance may occur as provided in section 10904.

(2) The Board shall require as a condition of any abandonment or discontinuance under this section provisions to protect the interests of employees. The provisions shall be at least as beneficial to those interests as the provisions established under sections 11326(a) and 24706(c) 1 of this title before May 31, 1998.

(c)(1) In this subsection, the term "potentially subject to abandonment" has the meaning given the term in regulations of the Board. The regulations may include standards that vary by region of the United States and by railroad or group of railroads.

(2) Each rail carrier shall maintain a complete diagram of the transportation system operated, directly or indirectly, by the rail carrier. The rail carrier shall submit to the Board and publish amendments to its diagram that are necessary to maintain the accuracy of the diagram. The diagram shall—

(A) include a detailed description of each of its railroad lines potentially subject to abandonment; and

(B) identify each railroad line for which the rail carrier plans to file an application to abandon or discontinue under subsection (a) of this section.

(d) A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may—

(1) abandon any part of its railroad lines; or

(2) discontinue the operation of all rail transportation over any part of its railroad lines;

only if the Board finds that the present or future public convenience and necessity require or permit the abandonment or discontinuance. In making the finding, the Board shall consider whether the abandonment or discontinuance will have a serious, adverse impact on rural and community development.

(e) Subject to this section and sections 10904 and 10905 of this title, if the Board—

(1) finds public convenience and necessity, it shall—

(A) approve the application as filed; or

(B) approve the application with modifications and require compliance with conditions that the Board finds are required by public convenience and necessity; or

(2) fails to find public convenience and necessity, it shall deny the application.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 823; amended Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32932(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 829.)

Section 24706(c) of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), was repealed by Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §142(a), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2576, effective 180 days after Dec. 2, 1997.

A prior section 10903, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1403; Pub. L. 96–448, title IV, §402(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1941; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(14), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(24), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, related to authorizing abandonment and discontinuance of railroad lines and rail transportation.

**2012**—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 112–141 substituted "24706(c) of this title before May 31, 1998" for "24706(c) of this title".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 97–102, title IV, §402, Dec. 23, 1981, 95 Stat. 1465, as amended by Pub. L. 102–143, title III, §343, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 948, provided that: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law or of this Act, none of the funds provided in this or any other Act shall hereafter be used by the Interstate Commerce Commission to approve railroad branchline abandonments in the State of North Dakota by the entity generally known as the Burlington Northern Railroad, or its agents or assignees, in excess of a total of 350 miles, except that exempt abandonments and discontinuances that are effectuated pursuant to section 1152.50 of title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations after the date of enactment of the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1992 [Oct. 28, 1991], shall not apply toward such 350-mile limit: *Provided*, That this section shall be in lieu of section 311 (amendment numbered 93) as set forth in the conference report and the joint explanatory statement of the committee of conference on the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1982 (H.R. 4209), filed in the House of Representatives on November 13, 1981 (H. Rept. No. 97–331)." [Section 311 of H.R. 4209 is section 311 of Pub. L. 97–102, title III, Dec. 23, 1981, 95 Stat. 1460, which is not classified to the Code.] Similar provisions were contained in Pub. L. 97–92, title IV, §115, Dec. 15, 1981, 95 Stat. 1196.

[Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, to Surface Transportation Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 1302 of this title, and section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title. References to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.]

1 See References in Text note below.

(a) In this section—

(1) the term "avoidable cost" means all expenses that would be incurred by a rail carrier in providing transportation that would not be incurred if the railroad line over which the transportation was provided were abandoned or if the transportation were discontinued. Expenses include cash inflows foregone and cash outflows incurred by the rail carrier as a result of not abandoning or discontinuing the transportation. Cash inflows foregone and cash outflows incurred include—

(A) working capital and required capital expenditure;

(B) expenditures to eliminate deferred maintenance;

(C) the current cost of freight cars, locomotives, and other equipment; and

(D) the foregone tax benefits from not retiring properties from rail service and other effects of applicable Federal and State income taxes; and

(2) the term "reasonable return" means—

(A) if a rail carrier is not in reorganization, the cost of capital to the rail carrier, as determined by the Board; and

(B) if a rail carrier is in reorganization, the mean cost of capital of rail carriers not in reorganization, as determined by the Board.

(b) Any rail carrier which has filed an application for abandonment or discontinuance shall provide promptly to a party considering an offer of financial assistance and shall provide concurrently to the Board—

(1) an estimate of the annual subsidy and minimum purchase price required to keep the line or a portion of the line in operation;

(2) its most recent reports on the physical condition of that part of the railroad line involved in the proposed abandonment or discontinuance;

(3) traffic, revenue, and other data necessary to determine the amount of annual financial assistance which would be required to continue rail transportation over that part of the railroad line; and

(4) any other information that the Board considers necessary to allow a potential offeror to calculate an adequate subsidy or purchase offer.

(c) Within 4 months after an application is filed under section 10903, any person may offer to subsidize or purchase the railroad line that is the subject of such application. Such offer shall be filed concurrently with the Board. If the offer to subsidize or purchase is less than the carrier's estimate stated pursuant to subsection (b)(1), the offer shall explain the basis of the disparity, and the manner in which the offer is calculated.

(d)(1) Unless the Board, within 15 days after the expiration of the 4-month period described in subsection (c), finds that one or more financially responsible persons (including a governmental authority) have offered financial assistance regarding that part of the railroad line to be abandoned or over which all rail transportation is to be discontinued, abandonment or discontinuance may be carried out in accordance with section 10903.

(2) If the Board finds that such an offer or offers of financial assistance has been made within such period, abandonment or discontinuance shall be postponed until—

(A) the carrier and a financially responsible person have reached agreement on a transaction for subsidy or sale of the line; or

(B) the conditions and amount of compensation are established under subsection (f).

(e) Except as provided in subsection (f)(3), if the rail carrier and a financially responsible person (including a governmental authority) fail to agree on the amount or terms of the subsidy or purchase, either party may, within 30 days after the offer is made, request that the Board establish the conditions and amount of compensation.

(f)(1) Whenever the Board is requested to establish the conditions and amount of compensation under this section—

(A) the Board shall render its decision within 30 days;

(B) for proposed sales, the Board shall determine the price and other terms of sale, except that in no case shall the Board set a price which is below the fair market value of the line (including, unless otherwise mutually agreed, all facilities on the line or portion necessary to provide effective transportation services); and

(C) for proposed subsidies, the Board shall establish the compensation as the difference between the revenues attributable to that part of the railroad line and the avoidable cost of providing rail freight transportation on the line, plus a reasonable return on the value of the line.

(2) The decision of the Board shall be binding on both parties, except that the person who has offered to subsidize or purchase the line may withdraw his offer within 10 days of the Board's decision. In such a case, the abandonment or discontinuance may be carried out immediately, unless other offers are being considered pursuant to paragraph (3) of this subsection.

(3) If a rail carrier receives more than one offer to subsidize or purchase, it shall select the offeror with whom it wishes to transact business, and complete the subsidy or sale agreement, or request that the Board establish the conditions and amount of compensation before the 40th day after the expiration of the 4-month period described in subsection (c). If no agreement on subsidy or sale is reached within such 40-day period and the Board has not been requested to establish the conditions and amount of compensation, any other offeror whose offer was made within the 4-month period described in subsection (c) may request that the Board establish the conditions and amount of compensation. If the Board has established the conditions and amount of compensation, and the original offer has been withdrawn, any other offeror whose offer was made within the 4-month period described in subsection (c) may accept the Board's decision within 20 days after such decision, and the Board shall require the carrier to enter into a subsidy or sale agreement with such offeror, if such subsidy or sale agreement incorporates the Board's decision.

(4)(A) No purchaser of a line or portion of line sold under this section may transfer or discontinue service on such line prior to the end of the second year after consummation of the sale, nor may such purchaser transfer such line, except to the rail carrier from whom it was purchased, prior to the end of the fifth year after consummation of the sale.

(B) No subsidy arrangement approved under this section shall remain in effect for more than one year, unless otherwise mutually agreed by the parties.

(g) Upon abandonment of a railroad line under this chapter, the obligation of the rail carrier abandoning the line to provide transportation on that line, as required by section 11101(a), is extinguished.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 825.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10905 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 10904, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1404; Pub. L. 96–448, title IV, §402(b), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1941; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(4), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5, related to filing and procedure for applications to abandon or discontinue railroad lines or rail transportation, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See section 10903 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

When the Board approves an application to abandon or discontinue under section 10903, the Board shall find whether the rail properties that are involved in the proposed abandonment or discontinuance are appropriate for use for public purposes, including highways, other forms of mass transportation, conservation, energy production or transmission, or recreation. If the Board finds that the rail properties proposed to be abandoned are appropriate for public purposes and not required for continued rail operations, the properties may be sold, leased, exchanged, or otherwise disposed of only under conditions provided in the order of the Board. The conditions may include a prohibition on any such disposal for a period of not more than 180 days after the effective date of the order, unless the properties have first been offered, on reasonable terms, for sale for public purposes.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 827.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10906 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 10905, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1405; Pub. L. 96–448, title IV, §402(c), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1942; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(26), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to offers of financial assistance to avoid abandonment and discontinuance, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See section 10904 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Notwithstanding section 10901 and subchapter II of chapter 113 of this title, and without the approval of the Board, a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may enter into arrangements for the joint ownership or joint use of spur, industrial, team, switching, or side tracks. The Board does not have authority under this chapter over construction, acquisition, operation, abandonment, or discontinuance of spur, industrial, team, switching, or side tracks.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 827.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10907 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 10906, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1406, related to offering abandoned rail properties for sale for public purposes, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See section 10905 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) In this section, the term "financially responsible person" means a person who—

(1) is capable of paying the constitutional minimum value of the railroad line proposed to be acquired; and

(2) is able to assure that adequate transportation will be provided over such line for a period of not less than 3 years.

Such term includes a governmental authority but does not include a Class I or Class II rail carrier.

(b)(1) When the Board finds that—

(A)(i) the public convenience and necessity require or permit the sale of a particular railroad line under this section; or

(ii) a railroad line is on a system diagram map as required under section 10903 of this title, but the rail carrier owning such line has not filed an application to abandon such line under section 10903 of this title before an application to purchase such line, or any required preliminary filing with respect to such application, is filed under this section; and

(B) an application to purchase such line has been filed by a financially responsible person,

the Board shall require the rail carrier owning the railroad line to sell such line to such financially responsible person at a price not less than the constitutional minimum value.

(2) For purposes of this subsection, the constitutional minimum value of a particular railroad line shall be presumed to be not less than the net liquidation value of such line or the going concern value of such line, whichever is greater.

(c)(1) For purposes of this section, the Board may determine that the public convenience and necessity require or permit the sale of a railroad line if the Board determines, after a hearing on the record, that—

(A) the rail carrier operating such line refuses within a reasonable time to make the necessary efforts to provide adequate service to shippers who transport traffic over such line;

(B) the transportation over such line is inadequate for the majority of shippers who transport traffic over such line;

(C) the sale of such line will not have a significantly adverse financial effect on the rail carrier operating such line;

(D) the sale of such line will not have an adverse effect on the overall operational performance of the rail carrier operating such line; and

(E) the sale of such line will be likely to result in improved railroad transportation for shippers that transport traffic over such line.

(2) In a proceeding under this subsection, the burden of proving that the public convenience and necessity require or permit the sale of a particular railroad line is on the person filing the application to acquire such line. If the Board finds under this subsection that the public convenience and necessity require or permit the sale of a particular railroad line, the Board shall concurrently notify the parties of such finding and publish such finding in the Federal Register.

(d) In the case of any railroad line subject to sale under subsection (a) of this section, the Board shall, upon the request of the acquiring carrier, require the selling carrier to provide to the acquiring carrier trackage rights to allow a reasonable interchange with the selling carrier or to move power equipment or empty rolling stock between noncontiguous feeder lines operated by the acquiring carrier. The Board shall require the acquiring carrier to provide the selling carrier reasonable compensation for any such trackage rights.

(e) The Board shall require, to the maximum extent practicable, the use of the employees who would normally have performed work in connection with a railroad line subject to a sale under this section.

(f) In the case of a railroad line which carried less than 3,000,000 gross ton miles of traffic per mile in the preceding calendar year, whenever a purchasing carrier under this section petitions the Board for joint rates applicable to traffic moving over through routes in which the purchasing carrier may practicably participate, the Board shall, within 30 days after the date such petition is filed and pursuant to section 10705(a) of this title, require the establishment of reasonable joint rates and divisions over such route.

(g)(1) Any person operating a railroad line acquired under this section may elect to be exempt from any of the provisions of this part, except that such a person may not be exempt from the provisions of chapter 107 of this title with respect to transportation under a joint rate.

(2) The provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection shall apply to any line of railroad which was abandoned during the 18-month period immediately prior to October 1, 1980, and was subsequently purchased by a financially responsible person.

(h) If a purchasing carrier under this section proposes to sell or abandon all or any portion of a purchased railroad line, such purchasing carrier shall offer the right of first refusal with respect to such line or portion thereof to the carrier which sold such line under this section. Such offer shall be made at a price equal to the sum of the price paid by such purchasing carrier to such selling carrier for such line or portion thereof and the fair market value (less deterioration) of any improvements made, as adjusted to reflect inflation.

(i) Any person operating a railroad line acquired under this section may determine preconditions, such as payment of a subsidy, which must be met by shippers in order to obtain service over such lines, but such operator must notify the shippers on the line of its intention to impose such preconditions.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 828.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10910 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Prior sections 10907 to 10910 and 10921 to 10936 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 10907, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1407, related to rail carriers entering into arrangements for joint use or ownership of spur, industrial, team, switching, or side tracks, and deprived Interstate Commerce Commission of authority over such tracks when located in one State or over certain electric railways. See sections 10102, 10501, and 10906 of this title.

Section 10908, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1407, related to discontinuing or changing interstate train or ferry transportation subject to State law.

Section 10909, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1408, related to discontinuing or changing train or ferry transportation in one State.

Section 10910, added Pub. L. 96–448, title IV, §401(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1939; amended Pub. L. 97–468, title V, §506(a), Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2553; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(27), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1369, related to railroad development. See section 10907 of this title.

Section 10921, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1409, related to requirement for certificate, permit, or license. See section 13901 of this title.

Section 10922, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1409; Pub. L. 96–296, §§5(a), 6, 34(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 794, 796, 825; Pub. L. 96–454, §10(a), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2021; Pub. L. 97–261, §§6(a)–(c), (g), 7, 8, Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1103, 1107, 1108; Pub. L. 98–554, title II, §§225(a), (b), 226(b), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2847, 2848, 2850; Pub. L. 100–17, title III, §§339, 340(a), Apr. 2, 1987, 101 Stat. 243, 245; Pub. L. 100–690, title IX, §9111(g), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4533; Pub. L. 102–240, title III, §3003(b), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2088; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(25), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378; Pub. L. 103–311, title II, §207, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1686; Pub. L. 103–429, §7(a)(4)(D), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4389, related to certificates of motor and water common carriers. See section 13902 of this title.

Section 10923, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1410; Pub. L. 96–258, §1(9), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 426; Pub. L. 96–296, §§10(a)(2), (3), 34(b), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 799, 800, 825; Pub. L. 97–261, §13(a), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1114; Pub. L. 99–521, §8(a)(1), (2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2996; Pub. L. 103–311, title II, §208, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1687, related to permits of motor and water contract carriers and household goods freight forwarders. See section 13903 of this title.

Section 10924, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1412; Pub. L. 96–296, §17(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 810; Pub. L. 97–261, §14(a)–(c), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1114; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(28), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1370, related to licenses of motor carrier brokers. See section 13904 of this title.

Section 10925, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1412; Pub. L. 96–296, §§10(e), 17(b), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 801, 811; Pub. L. 97–261, §§13(b), 22, Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1114, 1123; Pub. L. 97–449, §5(g)(6), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2443; Pub. L. 99–521, §8(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2996; Pub. L. 103–311, title II, §209, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1688, related to effective periods of certificates, permits, and licenses. See section 13905 of this title.

Section 10926, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1413; Pub. L. 99–521, §8(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2996, related to transfers of certificates and permits.

Section 10927, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1413; Pub. L. 96–296, §29, July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 820; Pub. L. 97–261, §18(h), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1121; Pub. L. 98–554, title II, §226(c)(2), (3), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2851; Pub. L. 99–521, §8(d), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2996; Pub. L. 100–690, title IX, §9111(h), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4534; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(26), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, related to security of motor carriers, brokers, and freight forwarders. See section 13906 of this title.

Section 10928, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1414; Pub. L. 96–296, §23, July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 814; Pub. L. 97–261, §15, Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1114, related to temporary authority for motor and water carriers.

Section 10929, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1415, related to temporary authority for previously exempt water transportation.

Section 10930, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1415; Pub. L. 96–296, §10(b), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 800; Pub. L. 99–521, §8(e), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2996, related to limitations on certificates and permits.

Section 10931, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1416, related to motor common carriers providing transportation entirely in one State.

Section 10932, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1417, related to motor carrier savings provisions.

Section 10933, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1418; Pub. L. 99–521, §8(f)(1), (2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2996, 2997, related to authorizing abandonment of household goods freight forwarder service.

Section 10934, added Pub. L. 96–454, §5(a)(1), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2013; amended Pub. L. 98–554, title II, §227(a)(2), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2852, related to household goods agents. See section 13907 of this title.

Section 10935, added Pub. L. 97–261, §16(a), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1115; amended Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(27), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, related to discontinuing bus transportation in one State.

Section 10936, added Pub. L. 103–311, title II, §211(a), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1689, related to limitation on State regulation of intrastate passengers by bus.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) 1 that is not owned or operated by or on behalf of a rail carrier, except as provided for in section 10909 of this chapter.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) if, within 180 days after such date of enactment, the solid waste rail transfer facility has submitted, in good faith, a complete application for all permits, except siting permits, required pursuant to subsection (a) to the appropriate permitting agency authorized to grant such permits; and

(ii) until the permitting agency has either approved or denied the solid waste rail transfer facility's application for each permit.

(B)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)

(i) household waste;

(ii) commercial and retail waste; and

(iii) institutional waste.

(G)

(i) construction and demolition debris;

(ii) municipal solid waste;

(iii) household waste;

(iv) commercial and retail waste;

(v) institutional waste;

(vi) sludge;

(vii) industrial waste; and

(viii) other solid waste, as determined appropriate by the Board.

(H)

(i) means the portion of a facility owned or operated by or on behalf of a rail carrier (as defined in section 10102 of this title) where solid waste, as a commodity to be transported for a charge, is collected, stored, separated, processed, treated, managed, disposed of, or transferred, when the activity takes place outside of original shipping containers; but

(ii) does not include—

(I) the portion of a facility to the extent that activities taking place at such portion are comprised solely of the railroad transportation of solid waste after the solid waste is loaded for shipment on or in a rail car, including railroad transportation for the purpose of interchanging railroad cars containing solid waste shipments; or

(II) a facility where solid waste is solely transferred or transloaded from a tank truck directly to a rail tank car.

(I)

(2)

(A) yard waste and refuse-derived fuel;

(B) used oil;

(C) wood pallets;

(D) clean wood;

(E) medical or infectious waste; or

(F) motor vehicles (including motor vehicle parts or vehicle fluff).

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title VI, §603(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4900.)

The date of enactment of the Clean Railroads Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (b), is the date of enactment of title VI of div. A of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

The Solid Waste Disposal Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(1)(D), is title II of Pub. L. 89–272, Oct. 20, 1965, 79 Stat. 997, as amended generally by Pub. L. 94–580, §2, Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2795. Subtitle C of the Act is classified generally to subchapter III (§6921 et seq.) of chapter 82 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6901 of Title 42 and Tables.

For prior section 10908, see note set out under section 10907 of this title.

1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma.

(a)

(1) the Board finds that a State, local, or municipal law, regulation, order, or other requirement affecting the siting of such facility unreasonably burdens the interstate transportation of solid waste by railroad, discriminates against the railroad transportation of solid waste and a solid waste rail transfer facility, or a rail carrier that owns or operates such a facility petitions the Board for such an exemption; or

(2) the Governor of a State in which a facility that is operating as of the date of enactment of the Clean Railroads Act of 2008 is located, or his or her designee, petitions the Board to initiate a permit proceeding for that particular facility.

(b)

(1) the information that each application should contain to explain how the solid waste rail transfer facility will not pose an unreasonable risk to public health, safety, or the environment;

(2) the opportunity for public notice and comment including notification of the municipality, the State, and any relevant Federal or State regional planning entity in the jurisdiction of which the solid waste rail transfer facility is proposed to be located;

(3) the timeline for Board review, including a requirement that the Board approve or deny an exemption within 90 days after the full record for the application is developed;

(4) the expedited review timelines for petitions for modifications, amendments, or revocations of granted exemptions;

(5) the process for a State to petition the Board to require a solid waste transfer facility or a rail carrier that owns or operates such a facility to apply for a siting permit; and

(6) the process for a solid waste transfer facility or a rail carrier that owns or operates such a facility to petition the Board for a land-use exemption.

(c)

(1) The Board may only issue a land-use exemption if it determines that the facility at the existing or proposed location does not pose an unreasonable risk to public health, safety, or the environment. In deciding whether a solid waste rail transfer facility that is or proposed to be constructed or operated by or on behalf of a rail carrier poses an unreasonable risk to public health, safety, or the environment, the Board shall weigh the particular facility's potential benefits to and the adverse impacts on public health, public safety, the environment, interstate commerce, and transportation of solid waste by rail.

(2) The Board may not grant a land-use exemption for a solid waste rail transfer facility proposed to be located on land within any unit of or land affiliated with the National Park System, the National Wildlife Refuge System, the National Wilderness Preservation System, the National Trails System, the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, a National Reserve, a National Monument, or lands referenced in Public Law 108–421 for which a State has implemented a conservation management plan, if operation of the facility would be inconsistent with restrictions placed on such land.

(d)

(1) the land-use, zoning, and siting regulations or solid waste planning requirements of the State or State subdivision in which the facility is or will be located that are applicable to solid waste transfer facilities, including those that are not owned or operated by or on behalf of a rail carrier;

(2) the land-use, zoning, and siting regulations or solid waste planning requirements applicable to the property where the solid waste rail transfer facility is proposed to be located;

(3) regional transportation planning requirements developed pursuant to Federal and State law;

(4) regional solid waste disposal plans developed pursuant to State or Federal law;

(5) any Federal and State environmental protection laws or regulations applicable to the site;

(6) any unreasonable burdens imposed on the interstate transportation of solid waste by railroad, or the potential for discrimination against the railroad transportation of solid waste, a solid waste rail transfer facility, or a rail carrier that owns or operates such a facility; and

(7) any other relevant factors, as determined by the Board.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title VI, §604(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4903; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1676.)

The date of enactment of the Clean Railroads Act of 2008, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2), (b), and (e), is the date of enactment of title VI of div. A of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

Public Law 108–421, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), is Pub. L. 108–421, Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2375, known as the Highlands Conservation Act, which is not classified to the Code.

For prior section 10909, see note set out under section 10907 of this title.

**2015**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–94, §11316(b)(1), substituted "Clean Railroads Act of 2008" for "Clean Railroad Act of 2008" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 114–94, §11316(b)(2), substituted "Upon the granting of a petition from the State" for "Upon the granting of petition from the State".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Nothing in section 10908 or 10909 is intended to affect the traditional police powers of the State to require a rail carrier to comply with State and local environmental, public health, and public safety standards that are not unreasonably burdensome to interstate commerce and do not discriminate against rail carriers.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title VI, §605(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4905.)

For prior section 10910, see note set out under section 10907 of this title.





(a) A rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall provide the transportation or service on reasonable request. A rail carrier shall not be found to have violated this section because it fulfills its reasonable commitments under contracts authorized under section 10709 of this title before responding to reasonable requests for service. Commitments which deprive a carrier of its ability to respond to reasonable requests for common carrier service are not reasonable.

(b) A rail carrier shall also provide to any person, on request, the carrier's rates and other service terms. The response by a rail carrier to a request for the carrier's rates and other service terms shall be—

(1) in writing and forwarded to the requesting person promptly after receipt of the request; or

(2) promptly made available in electronic form.

(c) A rail carrier may not increase any common carrier rates or change any common carrier service terms unless 20 days have expired after written or electronic notice is provided to any person who, within the previous 12 months—

(1) has requested such rates or terms under subsection (b); or

(2) has made arrangements with the carrier for a shipment that would be subject to such increased rates or changed terms.

(d) With respect to transportation of agricultural products, in addition to the requirements of subsections (a), (b), and (c), a rail carrier shall publish, make available, and retain for public inspection its common carrier rates, schedules of rates, and other service terms, and any proposed and actual changes to such rates and service terms. For purposes of this subsection, agricultural products shall include grain as defined in section 3 of the United States Grain Standards Act (7 U.S.C. 75) and all products thereof, and fertilizer.

(e) A rail carrier shall provide transportation or service in accordance with the rates and service terms, and any changes thereto, as published or otherwise made available under subsection (b), (c), or (d).

(f) The Board shall, by regulation, establish rules to implement this section. The regulations shall provide for immediate disclosure and dissemination of rates and service terms, including classifications, rules, and practices, and their effective dates. Final regulations shall be adopted by the Board not later than 180 days after January 1, 1996.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 830; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(25), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390.)

A prior section 11101, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1419; Pub. L. 96–258, §1(10), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 426; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §222, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1929; Pub. L. 99–521, §9(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2997; Pub. L. 103–180, §8, Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2052, related to duties of carriers to provide transportation and service, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 11101, 13710, 14101, and 15701 of this title.

**1996**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of the ICC Termination Act of 1995".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) The Board may require terminal facilities, including main-line tracks for a reasonable distance outside of a terminal, owned by a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, to be used by another rail carrier if the Board finds that use to be practicable and in the public interest without substantially impairing the ability of the rail carrier owning the facilities or entitled to use the facilities to handle its own business. The rail carriers are responsible for establishing the conditions and compensation for use of the facilities. However, if the rail carriers cannot agree, the Board may establish conditions and compensation for use of the facilities under the principle controlling compensation in condemnation proceedings. The compensation shall be paid or adequately secured before a rail carrier may begin to use the facilities of another rail carrier under this section.

(b) A rail carrier whose terminal facilities are required to be used by another rail carrier under this section is entitled to recover damages from the other rail carrier for injuries sustained as the result of compliance with the requirement or for compensation for the use, or both as appropriate, in a civil action, if it is not satisfied with the conditions for use of the facilities or if the amount of the compensation is not paid promptly.

(c)(1) The Board may require rail carriers to enter into reciprocal switching agreements, where it finds such agreements to be practicable and in the public interest, or where such agreements are necessary to provide competitive rail service. The rail carriers entering into such an agreement shall establish the conditions and compensation applicable to such agreement, but, if the rail carriers cannot agree upon such conditions and compensation within a reasonable period of time, the Board may establish such conditions and compensation.

(2) The Board may require reciprocal switching agreements entered into by rail carriers pursuant to this subsection to contain provisions for the protection of the interests of employees affected thereby.

(d) The Board shall complete any proceeding under subsection (a) or (b) within 180 days after the filing of the request for relief.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 831.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11103 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11102, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1419, related to classification of carriers, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) On application of the owner of a lateral branch line of railroad, or of a shipper tendering interstate traffic for transportation, a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall construct, maintain, and operate, on reasonable conditions, a switch connection to connect that branch line or private side track with its railroad and shall furnish cars to move that traffic to the best of its ability without discrimination in favor of or against the shipper when the connection—

(1) is reasonably practicable;

(2) can be made safely; and

(3) will furnish sufficient business to justify its construction and maintenance.

(b) If a rail carrier fails to install and operate a switch connection after application is made under subsection (a) of this section, the owner of the lateral branch line of railroad or the shipper may file a complaint with the Board under section 11701 of this title. The Board shall investigate the complaint and decide the safety, practicability, justification, and compensation to be paid for the connection. The Board may direct the rail carrier to comply with subsection (a) of this section only after a full hearing.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 831.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11104 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Prior sections 11103 to 11111 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 11103, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1419; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §223, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1929, related to use of terminal facilities. See section 11102 of this title.

Section 11104, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1420, related to switch connections and tracks. See section 11103 of this title.

Section 11105, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1420, related to protective services.

Section 11106, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1420, related to identification of motor vehicles.

Section 11107, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1420; Pub. L. 96–296, §15(d), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 809, related to leased motor vehicles. See section 14102 of this title.

Section 11108, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1421, related to water carriers subject to unreasonable discrimination in foreign transportation.

Section 11109, added Pub. L. 96–296, §15(a)(1), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 808, related to loading and unloading motor vehicles. See section 14103 of this title.

Section 11110, added Pub. L. 96–454, §6(a)(1), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2015, related to household goods carrier operations. See section 14104 of this title.

Section 11111, added Pub. L. 97–261, §25(d)(1), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1125, related to use of citizen band radios on buses.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)(1) A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall furnish safe and adequate car service and establish, observe, and enforce reasonable rules and practices on car service. The Board may require a rail carrier to provide facilities and equipment that are reasonably necessary to furnish safe and adequate car service if the Board decides that the rail carrier has materially failed to furnish that service. The Board may begin a proceeding under this paragraph when an interested person files an application with it. The Board may act only after a hearing on the record and an affirmative finding, based on the evidence presented, that—

(A) providing the facilities or equipment will not materially and adversely affect the ability of the rail carrier to provide safe and adequate transportation;

(B) the amount spent for the facilities or equipment, including a return equal to the rail carrier's current cost of capital, will be recovered; and

(C) providing the facilities or equipment will not impair the ability of the rail carrier to attract adequate capital.

(2) The Board may require a rail carrier to file its car service rules with the Board.

(b) The Board may designate and appoint agents and agencies to make and carry out its directions related to car service and matters under sections 11123 and 11124(a)(1) of this title.

(c) The Board shall consult, as it considers necessary, with the National Grain Car Council on matters within the charter of that body.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 832.)

A prior section 11121, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1421; Pub. L. 96–258, §1(11), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 426, related to criteria of rail carriers to furnish safe and adequate car service, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) The regulations of the Board on car service shall encourage the purchase, acquisition, and efficient use of freight cars. The regulations may include—

(1) the compensation to be paid for the use of a locomotive, freight car, or other vehicle;

(2) the other terms of any arrangement for the use by a rail carrier of a locomotive, freight car, or other vehicle not owned by the rail carrier using the locomotive, freight car, or other vehicle, whether or not owned by another carrier, shipper, or third person; and

(3) sanctions for nonobservance.

(b) The rate of compensation to be paid for each type of freight car shall be determined by the expense of owning and maintaining that type of freight car, including a fair return on its cost giving consideration to current costs of capital, repairs, materials, parts, and labor. In determining the rate of compensation, the Board shall consider the transportation use of each type of freight car, the national level of ownership of each type of freight car, and other factors that affect the adequacy of the national freight car supply.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 832.)

A prior section 11122, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1421; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §224(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1929, related to use of and compensation for freight cars, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) When the Board determines that shortage of equipment, congestion of traffic, unauthorized cessation of operations, failure of existing commuter rail passenger transportation operations caused by a cessation of service by the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, or other failure of traffic movement exists which creates an emergency situation of such magnitude as to have substantial adverse effects on shippers, or on rail service in a region of the United States, or that a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part cannot transport the traffic offered to it in a manner that properly serves the public, the Board may, to promote commerce and service to the public, for a period not to exceed 30 days—

(1) direct the handling, routing, and movement of the traffic of a rail carrier and its distribution over its own or other railroad lines;

(2) require joint or common use of railroad facilities;

(3) prescribe temporary through routes;

(4) give directions for—

(A) preference or priority in transportation;

(B) embargoes; or

(C) movement of traffic under permits; or

(5) in the case of a failure of existing freight or commuter rail passenger transportation operations caused by a cessation of service by the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, direct the continuation of the operations and dispatching, maintenance, and other necessary infrastructure functions related to the operations.

(b)(1) Except with respect to proceedings under paragraph (2) of this subsection, the Board may act under this section on its own initiative or on application without regard to subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5.

(2) Rail carriers may establish between themselves the terms of compensation for operations, and use of facilities and equipment, required under this section. When rail carriers do not agree on the terms of compensation under this section, the Board may establish the terms for them. The Board may act under subsection (a) before conducting a proceeding under this paragraph.

(3)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), when a rail carrier is directed under this section to operate the lines of another rail carrier due to that carrier's cessation of operations, compensation for the directed operations shall derive only from revenues generated by the directed operations.

(B) In the case of a failure of existing freight or commuter rail passenger transportation operations caused by a cessation of service by the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, the Board shall provide funding to fully reimburse the directed service provider for its costs associated with the activities directed under subsection (a), including the payment of increased insurance premiums. The Board shall order complete indemnification against any and all claims associated with the provision of service to which the directed rail carrier may be exposed.

(c)(1) The Board may extend any action taken under subsection (a) of this section beyond 30 days if the Board finds that a transportation emergency described in subsection (a) continues to exist. Action by the Board under subsection (a) of this section may not remain in effect for more than 240 days beyond the initial 30-day period.

(2) The Board may not take action under this section that would—

(A) cause a rail carrier to operate in violation of this part; or

(B) impair substantially the ability of a rail carrier to serve its own customers adequately, or to fulfill its common carrier obligations.

(3) A rail carrier directed by the Board to take action under this section is not responsible, as a result of that action, for debts of any other rail carrier.

(4) In the case of a failure of existing freight or commuter rail passenger transportation operations caused by cessation of service by the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, the Board may not direct a rail carrier to undertake activities under subsection (a) to continue such operations unless—

(A) the Board first affirmatively finds that the rail carrier is operationally capable of conducting the directed service in a safe and efficient manner; and

(B) the funding for such directed service required by subparagraph (B) of subsection (b)(3) is provided in advance in appropriations Acts.

(d) In carrying out this section, the Board shall require, to the maximum extent practicable, the use of employees who would normally have performed work in connection with the traffic subject to the action of the Board.

(e) For purposes of this section, the National Railroad Passenger Corporation and any entity providing commuter rail passenger transportation shall be considered rail carriers subject to the Board's jurisdiction.

(f) For purposes of this section, the term "commuter rail passenger transportation" has the meaning given that term in section 24102(4).1

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 833; amended Pub. L. 108–199, div. F, title I, §150(1), Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 302.)

Section 24102 of this title, referred to in subsec. (f), was subsequently amended, and section 24102(4) no longer defines "commuter rail passenger transportation". However, such term is defined elsewhere in that section.

A prior section 11123, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1422; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §226, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1930, related to situations requiring immediate action, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**2004**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–199, §150(1)(A)(i), inserted "failure of existing commuter rail passenger transportation operations caused by a cessation of service by the National Railroad Passenger Corporation," after "cessation of operations," in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 108–199, §150(1)(A)(ii)–(iv), added par. (5).

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 108–199, §150(1)(B), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), substituted "Except as provided in subparagraph (B), when" for "When", and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 108–199, §150(1)(C), added par. (4).

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 108–199, §150(1)(D), added subsecs. (e) and (f).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)(1) When the President, during time of war or threatened war, notifies the Board that it is essential to the defense and security of the United States to give preference or priority to the movement of certain traffic, the Board shall direct that preference or priority be given to that traffic.

(2) When the President, during time of war or threatened war, demands that preference and precedence be given to the transportation of troops and material of war over all other traffic, all rail carriers providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall adopt every means within their control to facilitate and expedite the military traffic.

(b) An embargo imposed by any such rail carrier does not apply to shipments consigned to agents of the United States Government for its use. The rail carrier shall deliver those shipments as promptly as possible.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 834.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11128 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Prior sections 11124 to 11128 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 11124, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1422, related to rerouting traffic on failure of rail carrier to serve the public.

Section 11125, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1423; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(15), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(28), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, related to directed rail transportation.

Section 11126, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1424; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(29), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, related to distribution of coal cars.

Section 11127, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1424; Pub. L. 99–521, §9(b)(1), (2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2997, related to service of household goods freight forwarders.

Section 11128, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1425, related to war emergencies and embargoes imposed by carriers. See section 11124 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

In this subchapter—

(1) the terms "rail carrier" and "lessor" include a receiver or trustee of a rail carrier and lessor, respectively;

(2) the term "lessor" means a person owning a railroad that is leased to and operated by a carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part; and

(3) the term "association" means an organization maintained by or in the interest of a group of rail carriers providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part that performs a service, or engages in activities, related to transportation under this part.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 834.)

A prior section 11141, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1425; Pub. L. 99–521, §9(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2997, defined terms for purposes of former sections 11141 to 11145 of this title, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 11141, 14121, and 15721 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

The Board may prescribe a uniform accounting system for classes of rail carriers providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part. To the maximum extent practicable, the Board shall conform such system to generally accepted accounting principles, and shall administer this subchapter in accordance with such principles.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 834.)

A prior section 11142, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1425; Pub. L. 96–448, title III, §301, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1934, related to uniform accounting system, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

The Board shall, for a class of rail carriers providing transportation subject to its jurisdiction under this part, prescribe, and change when necessary, those classes of property for which depreciation charges may be included under operating expenses and a rate of depreciation that may be charged to a class of property. The Board may classify those rail carriers for purposes of this section. A rail carrier for whom depreciation charges and rates of depreciation are in effect under this section for any class of property may not—

(1) charge to operating expenses a depreciation charge on a class of property other than that prescribed by the Board;

(2) charge another rate of depreciation; or

(3) include other depreciation charges in operating expenses.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 834.)

A prior section 11143, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1426, related to depreciation charges, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) The Board may prescribe the form of records required to be prepared or compiled under this subchapter—

(1) by rail carriers and lessors, including records related to movement of traffic and receipts and expenditures of money; and

(2) by persons furnishing cars to or for a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part to the extent related to those cars or that service.

(b) The Board, or an employee designated by the Board, may on demand and display of proper credentials—

(1) inspect and examine the lands, buildings, and equipment of a rail carrier or lessor; and

(2) inspect and copy any record of—

(A) a rail carrier, lessor, or association;

(B) a person controlling, controlled by, or under common control with a rail carrier if the Board considers inspection relevant to that person's relation to, or transaction with, that rail carrier; and

(C) a person furnishing cars to or for a rail carrier if the Board prescribed the form of that record.

(c) The Board may prescribe the time period during which operating, accounting, and financial records must be preserved by rail carriers, lessors, and persons furnishing cars.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 835.)

A prior section 11144, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1426; Pub. L. 96–296, §24(c), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 816, related to form, inspection, and preservation of records, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 11144, 14122, and 15722 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) The Board may require—

(1) rail carriers, lessors, and associations, or classes of them as the Board may prescribe, to file annual, periodic, and special reports with the Board containing answers to questions asked by it; and

(2) a person furnishing cars to a rail carrier to file reports with the Board containing answers to questions about those cars.

(b)(1) An annual report shall contain an account, in as much detail as the Board may require, of the affairs of the rail carrier, lessor, or association for the 12-month period ending on December 31 of each year.

(2) An annual report shall be filed with the Board by the end of the third month after the end of the year for which the report is made unless the Board extends the filing date or changes the period covered by the report. The annual report and, if the Board requires, any other report made under this section, shall be made under oath.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 835.)

A prior section 11145, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1427; Pub. L. 96–296, §5(b), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 796, related to reports by carriers, lessors, and associations, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 11145, 14123, and 15723 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

The Board shall periodically review its cost accounting rules and shall make such changes in those rules as are required to achieve the regulatory purposes of this part. The Board shall insure that the rules promulgated under this section are the most efficient and least burdensome means by which the required information may be developed for regulatory purposes. To the maximum extent practicable, the Board shall conform such rules to generally accepted accounting principles.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 835.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11163 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11161, added Pub. L. 96–448, title III, §302(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1934, related to Railroad Accounting Principles Board, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) Each rail carrier shall have and maintain a cost accounting system that is in compliance with the rules promulgated by the Board under section 11161 of this title. A rail carrier may, after notifying the Board, make modifications in such system unless, within 60 days after the date of notification, the Board finds such modifications to be inconsistent with the rules promulgated by the Board under section 11161 of this title.

(b) For purposes of determining whether the cost accounting system of a rail carrier is in compliance with the rules promulgated by the Board, the Board shall have the right to examine and make copies of any documents, papers, or records of such rail carrier relating to compliance with such rules. Such documents, papers, and records (and any copies thereof) shall not be subject to the mandatory disclosure requirements of section 552 of title 5.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 836.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11164 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11162, added Pub. L. 96–448, title III, §302(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1935; amended Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(30), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1370, related to cost accounting principles, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

As required by the rules of the Board governing discovery in Board proceedings, rail carriers shall make relevant cost data available to shippers, States, ports, communities, and other interested parties that are a party to a Board proceeding in which such data are required.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 836.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11165 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11163, added Pub. L. 96–448, title III, §302(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1936; amended Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(31), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1370, related to implementation of cost accounting principles, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See section 11161 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

To obtain expense and revenue information for regulatory purposes, the Board may promulgate reasonable rules for rail carriers providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, prescribing expense and revenue accounting and reporting requirements consistent with generally accepted accounting principles uniformly applied to such carriers. Such requirements shall be cost effective and compatible with and not duplicative of the managerial and responsibility accounting requirements of those carriers.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 836.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11166 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Prior sections 11164 to 11168 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 11164, added Pub. L. 96–448, title III, §302(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1936, related to certification of rail carrier cost accounting systems. See section 11162 of this title.

Section 11165, added Pub. L. 96–448, title III, §302(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1937, related to cost data availability. See section 11163 of this title.

Section 11166, added Pub. L. 96–448, title III, §302(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1937; amended Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(32), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1370, related to accounting and cost reporting. See section 11164 of this title.

Section 11167, added Pub. L. 96–448, title III, §302(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1938; amended Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(33), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1370, related to reports to Congress by Railroad Accounting Principles Board.

Section 11168, added Pub. L. 96–448, title III, §302(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1938, authorized appropriations for fiscal years 1981 to 1983.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.



(a) A mortgage (other than a mortgage under chapter 313 of title 46), lease, equipment trust agreement, conditional sales agreement, or other instrument evidencing the mortgage, lease, conditional sale, or bailment of or security interest in vessels, railroad cars, locomotives, or other rolling stock, or accessories used on such railroad cars, locomotives, or other rolling stock (including superstructures and racks), intended for a use related to interstate commerce shall be filed with the Board in order to perfect the security interest that is the subject of such instrument. An assignment of a right or interest under one of those instruments and an amendment to that instrument or assignment including a release, discharge, or satisfaction of any part of it shall also be filed with the Board. The instrument, assignment, or amendment must be in writing, executed by the parties to it, and acknowledged or verified under Board regulations. When filed under this section, that document is notice to, and enforceable against, all persons. A document filed under this section does not have to be filed, deposited, registered, or recorded under another law of the United States, a State (or its political subdivisions), or territory or possession of the United States, related to filing, deposit, registration, or recordation of those documents. This section does not change chapter 313 of title 46.

(b) The Board shall maintain a system for recording each document filed under subsection (a) of this section and mark each of them with a consecutive number and the date and hour of their recordation. The Board shall maintain and keep open for public inspection an index of documents filed under that subsection. That index shall include the name and address of the principal debtors, trustees, guarantors, and other parties to those documents and may include other facts that will assist in determining the rights of the parties to those transactions.

(c) The Board may to the greatest extent practicable perform its functions under this section through contracts with private sector entities.

(d) A mortgage, lease, equipment trust agreement, conditional sales agreement, or other instrument evidencing the mortgage, lease, conditional sale, or bailment of or security interest in vessels, railroad cars, locomotives, or other rolling stock, or accessories used on such railroad cars, locomotives, or other rolling stock (including superstructures and racks), or any assignment thereof, which—

(1) is duly constituted under the laws of a country other than the United States; and

(2) relates to property that bears the reporting marks and identification numbers of any person domiciled in or corporation organized under the laws of such country,

shall be recognized with the same effect as having been filed under this section.

(e) Interests with respect to which documents are filed or recognized under this section are deemed perfected in all jurisdictions, and shall be governed by applicable State or foreign law in all matters not specifically governed by this section.

(f) The Board shall collect, maintain, and keep open for public inspection a railway equipment register consistent with the manner and format maintained by the Interstate Commerce Commission as of January 1, 1996.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 837; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(25), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11303 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11301, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1428; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(16), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4379, related to authority of certain carriers to issue securities and assume obligations and liabilities, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11302, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1430; Pub. L. 96–296, §18(a), July 1, 1980, 96 Stat. 811, provided that section 11301 of this title applied to motor carriers and corporations subject to jurisdiction of Interstate Commerce Commission under former subchapter II of chapter 105 of this title, but did not apply to corporations under a certain capitalization, and that this section did not apply to Federal, State, or local governments, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 97–261, §§19(a), 31(a), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1121, 1129, effective on the 60th day after Sept. 20, 1982.

Prior sections 11303 and 11304 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 11303, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1430; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(30), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, related to filing and recording of mortgages, leases, equipment trusts, and other agreements with Interstate Commerce Commission. See section 11301 of this title.

Section 11304, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1431; Pub. L. 96–258, §1(12), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 426, related to security interests in certain motor vehicles. See section 14301 of this title.

**1996**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of the ICC Termination Act of 1995".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Interstate Commerce Commission abolished by section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) The authority of the Board under this subchapter is exclusive. A rail carrier or corporation participating in or resulting from a transaction approved by or exempted by the Board under this subchapter may carry out the transaction, own and operate property, and exercise control or franchises acquired through the transaction without the approval of a State authority. A rail carrier, corporation, or person participating in that approved or exempted transaction is exempt from the antitrust laws and from all other law, including State and municipal law, as necessary to let that rail carrier, corporation, or person carry out the transaction, hold, maintain, and operate property, and exercise control or franchises acquired through the transaction. However, if a purchase and sale, a lease, or a corporate consolidation or merger is involved in the transaction, the carrier or corporation may carry out the transaction only with the assent of a majority, or the number required under applicable State law, of the votes of the holders of the capital stock of that corporation entitled to vote. The vote must occur at a regular meeting, or special meeting called for that purpose, of those stockholders and the notice of the meeting must indicate its purpose.

(b) A power granted under this subchapter to a carrier or corporation is in addition to and changes its powers under its corporate charter and under State law. Action under this subchapter does not establish or provide for establishing a corporation under the laws of the United States.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 838.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11341 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11321, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1432, related to limitations on ownership of certain water carriers, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may not agree or combine with another of those rail carriers to pool or divide traffic or services or any part of their earnings without the approval of the Board under this section or section 11123 of this title. The Board may approve and authorize the agreement or combination if the rail carriers involved assent to the pooling or division and the Board finds that a pooling or division of traffic, services, or earnings—

(1) will be in the interest of better service to the public or of economy of operation; and

(2) will not unreasonably restrain competition.

(b) The Board may impose conditions governing the pooling or division and may approve and authorize payment of a reasonable consideration between the rail carriers.

(c) The Board may begin a proceeding under this section on its own initiative or on application.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 838.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11342 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11322, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1433, related to restrictions on officers and directors of carriers, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See section 11328 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) The following transactions involving rail carriers providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may be carried out only with the approval and authorization of the Board:

(1) Consolidation or merger of the properties or franchises of at least 2 rail carriers into one corporation for the ownership, management, and operation of the previously separately owned properties.

(2) A purchase, lease, or contract to operate property of another rail carrier by any number of rail carriers.

(3) Acquisition of control of a rail carrier by any number of rail carriers.

(4) Acquisition of control of at least 2 rail carriers by a person that is not a rail carrier.

(5) Acquisition of control of a rail carrier by a person that is not a rail carrier but that controls any number of rail carriers.

(6) Acquisition by a rail carrier of trackage rights over, or joint ownership in or joint use of, a railroad line (and terminals incidental to it) owned or operated by another rail carrier.

(b) A person may carry out a transaction referred to in subsection (a) of this section or participate in achieving the control or management, including the power to exercise control or management, in a common interest of more than one of those rail carriers, regardless of how that result is reached, only with the approval and authorization of the Board under this subchapter. In addition to other transactions, each of the following transactions are considered achievements of control or management:

(1) A transaction by a rail carrier that has the effect of putting that rail carrier and person affiliated with it, taken together, in control of another rail carrier.

(2) A transaction by a person affiliated with a rail carrier that has the effect of putting that rail carrier and persons affiliated with it, taken together, in control of another rail carrier.

(3) A transaction by at least 2 persons acting together (one of whom is a rail carrier or is affiliated with a rail carrier) that has the effect of putting those persons and rail carriers and persons affiliated with any of them, or with any of those affiliated rail carriers, taken together, in control of another rail carrier.

(c) A person is affiliated with a rail carrier under this subchapter if, because of the relationship between that person and a rail carrier, it is reasonable to believe that the affairs of another rail carrier, control of which may be acquired by that person, will be managed in the interest of the other rail carrier.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 838.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11343 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11323, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1433; Pub. L. 99–521, §10(a), (b)(1), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2997, related to limitation on ownership of other carriers by household goods freight forwarders, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) The Board may begin a proceeding to approve and authorize a transaction referred to in section 11323 of this title on application of the person seeking that authority. When an application is filed with the Board, the Board shall notify the chief executive officer of each State in which property of the rail carriers involved in the proposed transaction is located and shall notify those rail carriers. The Board shall hold a public hearing unless the Board determines that a public hearing is not necessary in the public interest.

(b) In a proceeding under this section which involves the merger or control of at least two Class I railroads, as defined by the Board, the Board shall consider at least—

(1) the effect of the proposed transaction on the adequacy of transportation to the public;

(2) the effect on the public interest of including, or failing to include, other rail carriers in the area involved in the proposed transaction;

(3) the total fixed charges that result from the proposed transaction;

(4) the interest of rail carrier employees affected by the proposed transaction; and

(5) whether the proposed transaction would have an adverse effect on competition among rail carriers in the affected region or in the national rail system.

(c) The Board shall approve and authorize a transaction under this section when it finds the transaction is consistent with the public interest. The Board may impose conditions governing the transaction, including the divestiture of parallel tracks or requiring the granting of trackage rights and access to other facilities. Any trackage rights and related conditions imposed to alleviate anticompetitive effects of the transaction shall provide for operating terms and compensation levels to ensure that such effects are alleviated. When the transaction contemplates a guaranty or assumption of payment of dividends or of fixed charges or will result in an increase of total fixed charges, the Board may approve and authorize the transaction only if it finds that the guaranty, assumption, or increase is consistent with the public interest. The Board may require inclusion of other rail carriers located in the area involved in the transaction if they apply for inclusion and the Board finds their inclusion to be consistent with the public interest.

(d) In a proceeding under this section which does not involve the merger or control of at least two Class I railroads, as defined by the Board, the Board shall approve such an application unless it finds that—

(1) as a result of the transaction, there is likely to be substantial lessening of competition, creation of a monopoly, or restraint of trade in freight surface transportation in any region of the United States; and

(2) the anticompetitive effects of the transaction outweigh the public interest in meeting significant transportation needs.

In making such findings, the Board shall, with respect to any application that is part of a plan or proposal developed under section 333(a)–(d) of this title, accord substantial weight to any recommendations of the Attorney General.

(e) No transaction described in section 11326(b) may have the effect of avoiding a collective bargaining agreement or shifting work from a rail carrier with a collective bargaining agreement to a rail carrier without a collective bargaining agreement.

(f)(1) To the extent provided in this subsection, a proceeding under this subchapter relating to a transaction involving at least one Class I rail carrier shall not be considered an adjudication required by statute to be determined on the record after opportunity for an agency hearing, for the purposes of subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5, United States Code.

(2) Ex parte communications, as defined in section 551(14) of title 5, United States Code, shall be permitted in proceedings described in paragraph (1) of this subsection, subject to the requirements of paragraph (3) of this subsection.

(3)(A) Any member or employee of the Board who makes or receives a written ex parte communication concerning the merits of a proceeding described in paragraph (1) shall promptly place the communication in the public docket of the proceeding.

(B) Any member or employee of the Board who makes or receives an oral ex parte communication concerning the merits of a proceeding described in paragraph (1) shall promptly place a written summary of the oral communication in the public docket of the proceeding.

(4) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to require the Board or any of its members or employees to engage in any ex parte communication with any person. Nothing in this subsection or any other law shall be construed to limit the authority of the members or employees of the Board, in their discretion, to note in the docket or otherwise publicly the occurrence and substance of an ex parte communication.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 839.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11344 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) The Board shall publish notice of the application under section 11324 in the Federal Register by the end of the 30th day after the application is filed with the Board. However, if the application is incomplete, the Board shall reject it by the end of that period. The order of rejection is a final action of the Board. The published notice shall indicate whether the application involves—

(1) the merger or control of at least two Class I railroads, as defined by the Board, to be decided within the time limits specified in subsection (b) of this section;

(2) transactions of regional or national transportation significance, to be decided within the time limits specified in subsection (c) of this section; or

(3) any other transaction covered by this section, to be decided within the time limits specified in subsection (d) of this section.

(b) If the application involves the merger or control of two or more Class I railroads, as defined by the Board, the following conditions apply:

(1) Written comments about an application may be filed with the Board within 45 days after notice of the application is published under subsection (a) of this section. Copies of such comments shall be served on the Attorney General and the Secretary of Transportation, who may decide to intervene as a party to the proceeding. That decision must be made by the 15th day after the date of receipt of the written comments, and if the decision is to intervene, preliminary comments about the application must be sent to the Board by the end of the 15th day after the date of receipt of the written comments.

(2) The Board shall require that applications inconsistent with an application, notice of which was published under subsection (a) of this section, and applications for inclusion in the transaction, be filed with it by the 90th day after publication of notice under that subsection.

(3) The Board must conclude evidentiary proceedings by the end of 1 year after the date of publication of notice under subsection (a) of this section. The Board must issue a final decision by the 90th day after the date on which it concludes the evidentiary proceedings.

(c) If the application involves a transaction other than the merger or control of at least two Class I railroads, as defined by the Board, which the Board has determined to be of regional or national transportation significance, the following conditions apply:

(1) Written comments about an application, including comments of the Attorney General and the Secretary of Transportation, may be filed with the Board within 30 days after notice of the application is published under subsection (a) of this section.

(2) The Board shall require that applications inconsistent with an application, notice of which was published under subsection (a) of this section, and applications for inclusion in the transaction, be filed with it by the 60th day after publication of notice under that subsection.

(3) The Board must conclude any evidentiary proceedings by the 180th day after the date of publication of notice under subsection (a) of this section. The Board must issue a final decision by the 90th day after the date on which it concludes the evidentiary proceedings.

(d) For all applications under this section other than those specified in subsections (b) and (c) of this section, the following conditions apply:

(1) Written comments about an application, including comments of the Attorney General and the Secretary of Transportation, may be filed with the Board within 30 days after notice of the application is published under subsection (a) of this section.

(2) The Board must conclude any evidentiary proceedings by the 105th day after the date of publication of notice under subsection (a) of this section. The Board must issue a final decision by the 45th day after the date on which it concludes the evidentiary proceedings.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 841.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11345 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, when approval is sought for a transaction under sections 11324 and 11325 of this title, the Board shall require the rail carrier to provide a fair arrangement at least as protective of the interests of employees who are affected by the transaction as the terms imposed under section 5(2)(f) of the Interstate Commerce Act before February 5, 1976, and the terms established under section 24706(c) 1 of this title. Notwithstanding this part, the arrangement may be made by the rail carrier and the authorized representative of its employees. The arrangement and the order approving the transaction must require that the employees of the affected rail carrier will not be in a worse position related to their employment as a result of the transaction during the 4 years following the effective date of the final action of the Board (or if an employee was employed for a lesser period of time by the rail carrier before the action became effective, for that lesser period).

(b) When approval is sought under sections 11324 and 11325 for a transaction involving one Class II and one or more Class III rail carriers, there shall be an arrangement as required under subsection (a) of this section, except that such arrangement shall be limited to one year of severance pay, which shall not exceed the amount of earnings from the railroad employment of that employee during the 12-month period immediately preceding the date on which the application for approval of such transaction is filed with the Board. The amount of such severance pay shall be reduced by the amount of earnings from railroad employment of that employee with the acquiring carrier during the 12-month period immediately following the effective date of the transaction. The parties may agree to terms other than as provided in this subsection.

(c) When approval is sought under sections 11324 and 11325 for a transaction involving only Class III rail carriers, this section shall not apply.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 842.)

Section 5(2)(f) of the Interstate Commerce Act, referred to in subsec. (a), was classified to section 5(2)(f) of former Title 49, Transportation, prior to repeal and reenactment as section 11347 of this title by Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1439. Section 11347 of this title was subsequently omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 24706(c) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was repealed by Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §142(a), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2576.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11347 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.

When cause exists, the Board may make appropriate orders supplemental to an order made in a proceeding under sections 11322 through 11326 of this title.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 843.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11351 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) A person may hold the position of officer or director of more than one rail carrier only when authorized by the Board. The Board may authorize a person to hold the position of officer or director of more than one of those carriers when public or private interests will not be adversely affected.

(b) This section shall not apply to an individual holding the position of officer or director only of Class III rail carriers.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 843.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11322 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Prior sections 11341 to 11351 and 11361 to 11367 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 11341, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1434; Pub. L. 97–261, §21(a), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1122, related to exclusive authority of Interstate Commerce Commission under former sections 11341 to 11351 of this title. See sections 11321, 14302, and 14303 of this title.

Section 11342, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1434; Pub. L. 96–296, §20, July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 811; Pub. L. 96–454, §5(c), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2014, related to limitation on pooling and division of transportation or earnings. See sections 11322 and 14302 of this title.

Section 11343, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1434; Pub. L. 96–296, §18(b), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 811; Pub. L. 97–261, §21(b), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1122, related to consolidation, merger, and acquisition of control. See sections 11323 and 14303 of this title.

Section 11344, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1436; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §228(a)–(c), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1931; Pub. L. 97–261, §21(f), (g), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1123; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(4), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5, related to general procedures and conditions of approval of consolidations, mergers, and acquisitions of control. See sections 11324 and 14303 of this title.

Section 11345, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1436; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §228(d), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1932, related to rail carrier procedures in consolidations, mergers, and acquisitions of control. See section 11325 of this title.

Section 11345a, added Pub. L. 96–296, §27(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 819; amended Pub. L. 97–261, §21(c), (d), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1123, related to motor carrier procedures in consolidations, mergers, and acquisitions of control. See section 14303 of this title.

Section 11346, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1437; Pub. L. 97–449, §5(g)(7), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2443, related to expedited rail carrier procedures in consolidations, mergers, and acquisitions of control.

Section 11347, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1439; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(16), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(31), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, related to employee protective arrangements in transactions involving rail carriers. See section 11326 of this title.

Section 11348, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1439; Pub. L. 96–454, §8(b)(1), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2021; Pub. L. 97–261, §19(b), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1121; Pub. L. 97–449, §5(g)(8), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2443; Pub. L. 98–554, title II, §227(a)(3), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2852; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(32), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(17), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4379, related to Interstate Commerce Commission authority over noncarriers that acquire control of carriers. See section 14303 of this title.

Section 11349, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1439, related to temporary operating approval for transactions involving motor and water carriers. See section 14303 of this title.

Section 11350, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1440, related to responsibility of Secretary of Transportation in certain transactions.

Section 11351, added Pub. L. 96–258, §1(13)(A), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 427, related to orders by Interstate Commerce Commission supplemental to orders made in proceedings under former sections 11342 to 11345 and 11347 of this title. See sections 11327 and 14303 of this title.

Section 11361, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1441; Pub. L. 97–449, §5(g)(9), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2443; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(17), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5, related to exclusive authority of Interstate Commerce Commission over financial structure of carriers.

Section 11362, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1441, related to criteria for approval and authority to make changes in carrier financial structure.

Section 11363, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1442, related to assent of holders of securities and certain other instruments to changes in carrier financial structure.

Section 11364, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1443, related to procedure for obtaining assents of security holders to changes in financial structure.

Section 11365, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1443, related to effect of change in financial structure of carrier on other persons.

Section 11366, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1443, related to reports by carriers making change in financial structure.

Section 11367, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1444; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(18), (19), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 5, related to application of certain other laws to proposed changes in financial structure of carriers.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.


(a) In this section—

(1) the term "assessment" means valuation for a property tax levied by a taxing district;

(2) the term "assessment jurisdiction" means a geographical area in a State used in determining the assessed value of property for ad valorem taxation;

(3) the term "rail transportation property" means property, as defined by the Board, owned or used by a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part; and

(4) the term "commercial and industrial property" means property, other than transportation property and land used primarily for agricultural purposes or timber growing, devoted to a commercial or industrial use and subject to a property tax levy.

(b) The following acts unreasonably burden and discriminate against interstate commerce, and a State, subdivision of a State, or authority acting for a State or subdivision of a State may not do any of them:

(1) Assess rail transportation property at a value that has a higher ratio to the true market value of the rail transportation property than the ratio that the assessed value of other commercial and industrial property in the same assessment jurisdiction has to the true market value of the other commercial and industrial property.

(2) Levy or collect a tax on an assessment that may not be made under paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(3) Levy or collect an ad valorem property tax on rail transportation property at a tax rate that exceeds the tax rate applicable to commercial and industrial property in the same assessment jurisdiction.

(4) Impose another tax that discriminates against a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part.

(c) Notwithstanding section 1341 of title 28 and without regard to the amount in controversy or citizenship of the parties, a district court of the United States has jurisdiction, concurrent with other jurisdiction of courts of the United States and the States, to prevent a violation of subsection (b) of this section. Relief may be granted under this subsection only if the ratio of assessed value to true market value of rail transportation property exceeds by at least 5 percent the ratio of assessed value to true market value of other commercial and industrial property in the same assessment jurisdiction. The burden of proof in determining assessed value and true market value is governed by State law. If the ratio of the assessed value of other commercial and industrial property in the assessment jurisdiction to the true market value of all other commercial and industrial property cannot be determined to the satisfaction of the district court through the random-sampling method known as a sales assessment ratio study (to be carried out under statistical principles applicable to such a study), the court shall find, as a violation of this section—

(1) an assessment of the rail transportation property at a value that has a higher ratio to the true market value of the rail transportation property than the assessed value of all other property subject to a property tax levy in the assessment jurisdiction has to the true market value of all other commercial and industrial property; and

(2) the collection of an ad valorem property tax on the rail transportation property at a tax rate that exceeds the tax ratio rate applicable to taxable property in the taxing district.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 843.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11503 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11501, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1444; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §214(a)–(c)(1), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1913, 1915; Pub. L. 97–261, §17(a), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1117; Pub. L. 99–521, §11(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2997; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(34), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1370; Pub. L. 103–305, title VI, §601(c), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1606; Pub. L. 103–311, title II, §211(b)(2), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1689, related to Interstate Commerce Commission authority over intrastate transportation, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See section 14501 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) No part of the compensation paid by a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part to an employee who performs regularly assigned duties as such an employee on a railroad in more than one State shall be subject to the income tax laws of any State or subdivision of that State, other than the State or subdivision thereof of the employee's residence.

(b) A rail carrier withholding pay from an employee under subsection (a) of this section shall file income tax information returns and other reports only with the State and subdivision of residence of the employee.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 844.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11504 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Prior sections 11502 to 11507 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 11502, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1445, related to conferences and joint hearings with State authorities.

Section 11503, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1445, related to tax discrimination against rail transportation property. See section 11501 of this title.

Section 11503a, added Pub. L. 96–296, §31(a)(1), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 823; amended Pub. L. 97–261, §20, Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1122, related to tax discrimination against motor carrier transportation property. See section 14502 of this title.

Section 11504, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1446; Pub. L. 97–261, §29(d), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1128; Pub. L. 101–322, §7, July 6, 1990, 104 Stat. 296; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(33), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, related to withholding State and local income tax by certain carriers. See sections 11502 and 14503 of this title.

Section 11505, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1448; Pub. L. 99–521, §11(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2998, related to State action to enjoin rail carriers from certain actions.

Section 11506, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1448; Pub. L. 102–240, title IV, §4005, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2146, related to registration of motor carriers by a State.

Section 11507, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1449; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §233, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2031, related to prison-made property governed by State law.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.


**2015**—Pub. L. 114–110, §13(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2237, added item 11708.

1 So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this part, the Board may begin an investigation under this part on the Board's own initiative or upon receiving a complaint pursuant to subsection (b). If the Board finds that a rail carrier is violating this part, the Board shall take appropriate action to compel compliance with this part. If the Board finds a violation of this part in a proceeding brought on its own initiative, any remedy from such proceeding may only be applied prospectively.

(b) A person, including a governmental authority, may file with the Board a complaint about a violation of this part by a rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part. The complaint must state the facts that are the subject of the violation. The Board may dismiss a complaint it determines does not state reasonable grounds for investigation and action. However, the Board may not dismiss a complaint made against a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part because of the absence of direct damage to the complainant.

(c) A formal investigative proceeding begun by the Board under subsection (a) of this section is dismissed automatically unless it is concluded by the Board with administrative finality by the end of the third year after the date on which it was begun.

(d) In any investigation commenced on the Board's own initiative, the Board shall—

(1) not later than 30 days after initiating the investigation, provide written notice to the parties under investigation, which shall state the basis for such investigation;

(2) only investigate issues that are of national or regional significance;

(3) permit the parties under investigation to file a written statement describing any or all facts and circumstances concerning a matter which may be the subject of such investigation;

(4) make available to the parties under investigation and Board members—

(A) any recommendations made as a result of the investigation; and

(B) a summary of the findings that support such recommendations;

(5) to the extent practicable, separate the investigative and decisionmaking functions of staff;

(6) dismiss any investigation that is not concluded by the Board with administrative finality within 1 year after the date on which it was commenced; and

(7) not later than 90 days after receiving the recommendations and summary of findings under paragraph (4)—

(A) dismiss the investigation if no further action is warranted; or

(B) initiate a proceeding to determine if a provision under this part has been violated.

(e)(1) Any parties to an investigation against whom a violation is found as a result of an investigation begun on the Board's own initiative may, not later than 60 days after the date of the order of the Board finding such a violation, institute an action in the United States court of appeals for the appropriate judicial circuit for de novo review of such order in accordance with chapter 7 of title 5.

(2) The court—

(A) shall have jurisdiction to enter a judgment affirming, modifying, or setting aside, in whole or in part, the order of the Board; and

(B) may remand the proceeding to the Board for such further action as the court may direct.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 845; amended Pub. L. 114–110, §12(a), (b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2234.)

A prior section 11701, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1449; Pub. L. 96–296, §26(a), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 818; Pub. L. 98–554, title II, §226(c)(4), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2851; Pub. L. 99–521, §12(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2998; Pub. L. 100–690, title IX, §9111(i), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4534; Pub. L. 103–272, §5(m)(34), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, related to general authority of Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce this subtitle, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 11701, 14701, and 15901 of this title.

**2015**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–110, §12(a), substituted "on the Board's own initiative or upon receiving a complaint pursuant to subsection (b)" for "only on complaint" and inserted at end "If the Board finds a violation of this part in a proceeding brought on its own initiative, any remedy from such proceeding may only be applied prospectively."

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 114–110, §12(b), added subsecs. (d) and (e).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 114–110, §12(c), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2235, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 2015], the Board shall issue rules, after notice and comment rulemaking, for investigations commenced on its own initiative that—

"(1) comply with the requirements of section 11701(d) of title 49, United States Code, as added by subsection (b);

"(2) satisfy due process requirements; and

"(3) take into account ex parte constraints."

The Board may bring a civil action—

(1) to enjoin a rail carrier from violating sections 10901 through 10906 of this title, or a regulation prescribed or order or certificate issued under any of those sections;

(2) to enforce subchapter II of chapter 113 of this title and to compel compliance with an order of the Board under that subchapter; and

(3) to enforce an order of the Board, except a civil action to enforce an order for the payment of money, when it is violated by a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 845.)

A prior section 11702, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1450; Pub. L. 96–296, §§15(c), 16(c), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 809, 810; Pub. L. 97–261, §25(e), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1125; Pub. L. 98–554, title II, §226(c)(5), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2851; Pub. L. 100–690, title IX, §9111(j), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4534, related to authority of Interstate Commerce Commission to bring a civil action to enforce various provisions of this subtitle, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 11702, 14702, and 15902 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) The Attorney General may, and on request of the Board shall, bring court proceedings to enforce this part, or a regulation or order of the Board or certificate issued under this part, and to prosecute a person violating this part or a regulation or order of the Board or certificate issued under this part.

(b) The United States Government may bring a civil action on behalf of a person to compel a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part to provide that transportation to that person in compliance with this part at the same rate charged, or on conditions as favorable as those given by the rail carrier, for like traffic under similar conditions to another person.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 845.)

A prior section 11703, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1450, related to authority of Attorney General and United States Government to bring civil actions to enforce this subtitle, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 11703, 14703, and 15903 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) A person injured because a rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part does not obey an order of the Board, except an order for the payment of money, may bring a civil action in a United States District Court to enforce that order under this subsection.

(b) A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part is liable for damages sustained by a person as a result of an act or omission of that carrier in violation of this part. A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part is liable to a person for amounts charged that exceed the applicable rate for the transportation.

(c)(1) A person may file a complaint with the Board under section 11701(b) of this title or bring a civil action under subsection (b) of this section to enforce liability against a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part.

(2) When the Board makes an award under subsection (b) of this section, the Board shall order the rail carrier to pay the amount awarded by a specific date. The Board may order a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part to pay damages only when the proceeding is on complaint. The person for whose benefit an order of the Board requiring the payment of money is made may bring a civil action to enforce that order under this paragraph if the rail carrier does not pay the amount awarded by the date payment was ordered to be made.

(d)(1) When a person begins a civil action under subsection (b) of this section to enforce an order of the Board requiring the payment of damages by a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, the text of the order of the Board must be included in the complaint. In addition to the district courts of the United States, a State court of general jurisdiction having jurisdiction of the parties has jurisdiction to enforce an order under this paragraph. The findings and order of the Board are competent evidence of the facts stated in them. Trial in a civil action brought in a district court of the United States under this paragraph is in the judicial district—

(A) in which the plaintiff resides;

(B) in which the principal operating office of the rail carrier is located; or

(C) through which the railroad line of that carrier runs.

In a civil action under this paragraph, the plaintiff is liable for only those costs that accrue on an appeal taken by the plaintiff.

(2) All parties in whose favor the award was made may be joined as plaintiffs in a civil action brought in a district court of the United States under this subsection and all the rail carriers that are parties to the order awarding damages may be joined as defendants. Trial in the action is in the judicial district in which any one of the plaintiffs could bring the action against any one of the defendants. Process may be served on a defendant at its principal operating office when that defendant is not in the district in which the action is brought. A judgment ordering recovery may be made in favor of any of those plaintiffs against the defendant found to be liable to that plaintiff.

(3) The district court shall award a reasonable attorney's fee as a part of the damages for which a rail carrier is found liable under this subsection. The district court shall tax and collect that fee as a part of the costs of the action.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 846.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11705 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11704, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1451, related to actions by private persons to enjoin abandonment of service, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) A rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part must begin a civil action to recover charges for transportation or service provided by the carrier within 3 years after the claim accrues.

(b) A person must begin a civil action to recover overcharges under section 11704(b) of this title within 3 years after the claim accrues, whether or not a complaint is filed under section 11704(c)(1).

(c) A person must file a complaint with the Board to recover damages under section 11704(b) of this title within 2 years after the claim accrues.

(d) The limitation period under subsection (b) of this section is extended for 6 months from the time written notice is given to the claimant by the rail carrier of disallowance of any part of the claim specified in the notice if a written claim is given to the rail carrier within that limitation period. The limitation periods under subsections (b) and (c) of this section are extended for 90 days from the time the rail carrier begins a civil action under subsection (a) of this section to recover charges related to the same transportation or service, or collects (without beginning a civil action under that subsection) the charge for that transportation or service if that action is begun or collection is made within the appropriate period.

(e) A person must begin a civil action to enforce an order of the Board against a rail carrier for the payment of money within one year after the date the order required the money to be paid.

(f) This section applies to transportation for the United States Government. The time limitations under this section are extended, as related to transportation for or on behalf of the United States Government, for 3 years from the date of—

(1) payment of the rate for the transportation or service involved;

(2) subsequent refund for overpayment of that rate; or

(3) deduction made under section 3726 of title 31, whichever is later.

(g) A claim related to a shipment of property accrues under this section on delivery or tender of delivery by the rail carrier.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 847.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11706 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11705, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1451; Pub. L. 99–521, §12(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2998, related to rights and remedies of persons injured by certain carriers, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 11704, 14704, and 15904 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) A rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall issue a receipt or bill of lading for property it receives for transportation under this part. That rail carrier and any other carrier that delivers the property and is providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part are liable to the person entitled to recover under the receipt or bill of lading. The liability imposed under this subsection is for the actual loss or injury to the property caused by—

(1) the receiving rail carrier;

(2) the delivering rail carrier; or

(3) another rail carrier over whose line or route the property is transported in the United States or from a place in the United States to a place in an adjacent foreign country when transported under a through bill of lading.

Failure to issue a receipt or bill of lading does not affect the liability of a rail carrier. A delivering rail carrier is deemed to be the rail carrier performing the line-haul transportation nearest the destination but does not include a rail carrier providing only a switching service at the destination.

(b) The rail carrier issuing the receipt or bill of lading under subsection (a) of this section or delivering the property for which the receipt or bill of lading was issued is entitled to recover from the rail carrier over whose line or route the loss or injury occurred the amount required to be paid to the owners of the property, as evidenced by a receipt, judgment, or transcript, and the amount of its expenses reasonably incurred in defending a civil action brought by that person.

(c)(1) A rail carrier may not limit or be exempt from liability imposed under subsection (a) of this section except as provided in this subsection. A limitation of liability or of the amount of recovery or representation or agreement in a receipt, bill of lading, contract, or rule in violation of this section is void.

(2) A rail carrier of passengers may limit its liability under its passenger rate for loss or injury of baggage carried on trains carrying passengers.

(3) A rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part may establish rates for transportation of property under which—

(A) the liability of the rail carrier for such property is limited to a value established by written declaration of the shipper or by a written agreement between the shipper and the carrier; or

(B) specified amounts are deducted, pursuant to a written agreement between the shipper and the carrier, from any claim against the carrier with respect to the transportation of such property.

(d)(1) A civil action under this section may be brought in a district court of the United States or in a State court.

(2)(A) A civil action under this section may only be brought—

(i) against the originating rail carrier, in the judicial district in which the point of origin is located;

(ii) against the delivering rail carrier, in the judicial district in which the principal place of business of the person bringing the action is located if the delivering carrier operates a railroad or a route through such judicial district, or in the judicial district in which the point of destination is located; and

(iii) against the carrier alleged to have caused the loss or damage, in the judicial district in which such loss or damage is alleged to have occurred.

(B) In this section, "judicial district" means (i) in the case of a United States district court, a judicial district of the United States, and (ii) in the case of a State court, the applicable geographic area over which such court exercises jurisdiction.

(e) A rail carrier may not provide by rule, contract, or otherwise, a period of less than 9 months for filing a claim against it under this section and a period of less than 2 years for bringing a civil action against it under this section. The period for bringing a civil action is computed from the date the carrier gives a person written notice that the carrier has disallowed any part of the claim specified in the notice. For the purposes of this subsection—

(1) an offer of compromise shall not constitute a disallowance of any part of the claim unless the carrier, in writing, informs the claimant that such part of the claim is disallowed and provides reasons for such disallowance; and

(2) communications received from a carrier's insurer shall not constitute a disallowance of any part of the claim unless the insurer, in writing, informs the claimant that such part of the claim is disallowed, provides reasons for such disallowance, and informs the claimant that the insurer is acting on behalf of the carrier.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 847.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11707 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11706, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1452; Pub. L. 97–258, §3(n), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1066; Pub. L. 99–521, §12(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2998; Pub. L. 103–180, §3, Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2049; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(18), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4379, related to limitation on actions by and against common carriers, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 11705, 14705, and 15905 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)(1) When a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part diverts or delivers property to another rail carrier in violation of routing instructions in the bill of lading, both of those rail carriers are jointly and severally liable to the rail carrier that was deprived of its right to participate in hauling that property for the total amount of the rate it would have received if it participated in hauling the property.

(2) A rail carrier is not liable under paragraph (1) of this subsection when it diverts or delivers property in compliance with an order or regulation of the Board.

(3) A rail carrier to whom property is transported is not liable under this subsection if it shows that it had no notice of the routing instructions before transporting the property. The burden of proving lack of notice is on that rail carrier.

(b) The court shall award a reasonable attorney's fee to the plaintiff in a judgment against the defendant rail carrier under subsection (a) of this section. The court shall tax and collect that fee as a part of the costs of the action.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 849.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11710 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Prior sections 11707 to 11712 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 11707, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1453; Pub. L. 96–258, §1(14), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 427; Pub. L. 96–296, §26(b), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 818; Pub. L. 96–448, title II, §211(c), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1911; Pub. L. 99–521, §12(d), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2998; Pub. L. 100–690, title IX, §9114, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4535, related to liability of common carriers under receipts and bills of lading. See sections 11706, 14706, and 15906 of this title.

Section 11708, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1454; Pub. L. 99–521, §12(e)(1), (2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2998, related to private enforcement of motor carrier and household goods freight forwarder licensing requirements. See section 14707 of this title.

Section 11709, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1454, related to liability for issuance of securities by certain carriers.

Section 11710, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1455, related to liability when property is delivered in violation of routing instructions. See section 11707 of this title.

Section 11711, added Pub. L. 96–454, §7(a)(1), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2016; amended Pub. L. 97–261, §6(d)(2), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1107, related to dispute settlement program for household goods carriers. See section 14708 of this title.

Section 11712, added Pub. L. 103–180, §4(a), Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2049, related to tariff reconciliation rules for motor common carriers of property. See section 14709 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) shall apply to disputes involving—

(A) rates, demurrage, accessorial charges, misrouting, or mishandling of rail cars; or

(B) a carrier's published rules and practices as applied to particular rail transportation;

(2) shall not apply to disputes—

(A) to obtain the grant, denial, stay, or revocation of any license, authorization, or exemption;

(B) to prescribe for the future any conduct, rules, or results of general, industry-wide applicability;

(C) to enforce a labor protective condition; or

(D) that are solely between 2 or more rail carriers; and

(3) shall not prevent parties from independently seeking or utilizing private arbitration services to resolve any disputes the parties may have.

(c)

(1)

(A) may make the voluntary and binding arbitration process established pursuant to subsection (a) available only to the relevant parties;

(B) may make the voluntary and binding arbitration process available only—

(i) after receiving the written consent to arbitrate from all relevant parties; and

(ii)(I) after the filing of a written complaint; or

(II) through other procedures adopted by the Board in a rulemaking proceeding;

(C) with respect to rate disputes, may make the voluntary and binding arbitration process available only to the relevant parties if the rail carrier has market dominance (as determined under section 10707); and

(D) may initiate the voluntary and binding arbitration process not later than 40 days after the date on which a written complaint is filed or through other procedures adopted by the Board in a rulemaking proceeding.

(2)

(3)

(d)

(1) shall be consistent with sound principles of rail regulation economics;

(2) shall be in writing;

(3) shall contain findings of fact and conclusions;

(4) shall be binding upon the parties; and

(5) shall not have any precedential effect in any other or subsequent arbitration dispute.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A) a party requests an extension; and

(B) the arbitrator or panel of arbitrators, as applicable, grants such extension request.

(3)

(4)

(f)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) The parties to a dispute may mutually select 1 arbitrator from the roster to serve as the lead arbitrator of the panel of arbitrators.

(ii) If the parties cannot mutually agree on a lead arbitrator, the parties shall select a lead arbitrator using the process described in subparagraph (A).

(iii) In addition to the lead arbitrator selected under this subparagraph, each party to a dispute shall select 1 additional arbitrator from the roster, regardless of whether the other party struck out the arbitrator's name under subparagraph (A).

(4)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(h)

(1) the decision is consistent with sound principles of rail regulation economics;

(2) a clear abuse of arbitral authority or discretion occurred;

(3) the decision directly contravenes statutory authority; or

(4) the award limitation under subsection (g) was violated.

(Added Pub. L. 114–110, §13(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2235.)

The date of the enactment of the Surface Transportation Board Reauthorization Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–110, which was approved Dec. 18, 2015.


(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, an officer or agent of that rail carrier, or a receiver, trustee, lessee, or agent of one of them, knowingly violating this part or an order of the Board under this part is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more than $5,000 for each violation. Liability under this subsection is incurred for each distinct violation. A separate violation occurs for each day the violation continues.

(b) A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, or a receiver or trustee of that rail carrier, violating a regulation or order of the Board under section 11124(a)(2) or (b) of this title is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of $500 for each violation and for $25 for each day the violation continues.

(c) A person knowingly authorizing, consenting to, or permitting a violation of sections 10901 through 10906 of this title or of a requirement or a regulation under any of those sections, is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more than $5,000.

(d) A rail carrier, receiver, or operating trustee violating an order or direction of the Board under section 11123 or 11124(a)(1) of this title is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of at least $100 but not more than $500 for each violation and for $50 for each day the violation continues.

(e)(1) A person required under subchapter III of chapter 111 of this title to make, prepare, preserve, or submit to the Board a record concerning transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part that does not make, prepare, preserve, or submit that record as required under that subchapter, is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of $500 for each violation.

(2) A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, and a lessor, receiver, or trustee of that rail carrier, violating section 11144(b)(1) of this title, is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of $100 for each violation.

(3) A rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, a lessor, receiver, or trustee of that rail carrier, a person furnishing cars, and an officer, agent, or employee of one of them, required to make a report to the Board or answer a question that does not make the report or does not specifically, completely, and truthfully answer the question, is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of $100 for each violation.

(4) A separate violation occurs for each day a violation under this subsection continues.

(f) Trial in a civil action under subsections (a) through (e) of this section is in the judicial district in which the rail carrier has its principal operating office or in a district through which the railroad of the rail carrier runs.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 849.)

A prior section 11901, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1455; Pub. L. 96–454, §8(a), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2019; Pub. L. 96–510, title III, §306(c), Dec. 11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2810; Pub. L. 97–261, §23, Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1124; Pub. L. 98–554, title II, §§226(c)(6), 227(a)(1), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2852; Pub. L. 103–180, §§6(b), 7(c), Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2051, 2052, related to general civil penalties, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See sections 11901, 14901, and 16101 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) A person that offers or gives anything of value to another person acting for or employed by a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part intending to influence an action of that other person related to supply, distribution, or movement of cars, vehicles, or vessels used in the transportation of property, or because of the action of that other person, shall be fined not more than $1,000, imprisoned for not more than 2 years, or both.

(b) A person acting for or employed by a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part that solicits, accepts, or receives anything of value—

(1) intending to be influenced by it in an action of that person related to supply, distribution, or movement of cars, vehicles, or vessels used in the transportation of property; or

(2) because of the action of that person,

shall be fined not more than $1,000, imprisoned for not more than 2 years, or both.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 850.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11907 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Prior sections 11902 and 11902a were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 11902, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1457, related to civil penalties for accepting rebates from common carriers. See section 14902 of this title.

Section 11902a, added Pub. L. 96–296, §15(b)(1), July 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 809, related to penalties for violations of rules relating to loading and unloading motor vehicles. See section 14905 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

A person required to make a report to the Board, or make, prepare, or preserve a record, under subchapter III of chapter 111 of this title about transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part that knowingly and willfully—

(1) makes a false entry in the report or record;

(2) destroys, mutilates, changes, or by another means falsifies the record;

(3) does not enter business related facts and transactions in the record;

(4) makes, prepares, or preserves the record in violation of a regulation or order of the Board; or

(5) files a false report or record with the Board,

shall be fined not more than $5,000, imprisoned for not more than 2 years, or both.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 851.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11909 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11903, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1457, related to rate, discrimination, and tariff violations, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See section 14903 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) A—

(1) rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, or an officer, agent, or employee of that rail carrier, or another person authorized to receive information from that rail carrier, that knowingly discloses to another person, except the shipper or consignee; or

(2) person who solicits or knowingly receives,

information described in subsection (b) without the consent of the shipper or consignee shall be fined not more than $1,000.

(b) The information referred to in subsection (a) is information about the nature, kind, quantity, destination, consignee, or routing of property tendered or delivered to that rail carrier for transportation provided under this part, or information about the contents of a contract authorized under section 10709 of this title, that may be used to the detriment of the shipper or consignee or may disclose improperly, to a competitor, the business transactions of the shipper or consignee.

(c) This part does not prevent a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part from giving information—

(1) in response to legal process issued under authority of a court of the United States or a State;

(2) to an officer, employee, or agent of the United States Government, a State, or a territory or possession of the United States; or

(3) to another rail carrier or its agent to adjust mutual traffic accounts in the ordinary course of business.

(d) An employee of the Board delegated to make an inspection or examination under section 11144 of this title who knowingly discloses information acquired during that inspection or examination, except as directed by the Board, a court, or a judge of that court, shall be fined not more than $500, imprisoned for not more than 6 months, or both.

(e) A person that knowingly discloses confidential data made available to such person under section 11163 of this title by a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part shall be fined not more than $50,000.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 851; amended Pub. L. 105–102, §2(6), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2204.)

This amends 49:11904(a)(2) to correct a grammatical error.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11910 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11904, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1457; Pub. L. 99–521, §13(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2998, related to additional rate and discrimination violations, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See section 14904 of this title.

**1997**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 105–102 struck out "a" before "person".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

A person not obeying a subpoena or requirement of the Board to appear and testify or produce records shall be fined at least $100 but not more than $5,000, imprisoned for not more than one year, or both.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 852.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11913 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11905, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1459; Pub. L. 97–261, §29(e), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1128, related to transportation of passengers without charge, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

When another criminal penalty is not provided under this chapter, a rail carrier providing transportation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part, and when that rail carrier is a corporation, a director or officer of the corporation, or a receiver, trustee, lessee, or person acting for or employed by the corporation that, alone or with another person, willfully violates this part or an order prescribed under this part, shall be fined not more than $5,000. The person may be imprisoned for not more than 2 years in addition to being fined under this section. A separate violation occurs each day a violation of this part continues.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 852; amended Pub. L. 105–102, §2(7), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2204.)

This amends 49:11906 to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11914 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11906, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1459, related to evasion of regulation of motor carriers and brokers, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See section 14906 of this title.

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–102 substituted "violation of this part" for "violation of this title".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

An act or omission that would be a violation of this part if committed by a director, officer, receiver, trustee, lessee, agent, or employee of a rail carrier providing transportation or service subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under this part that is a corporation is also a violation of this part by that corporation. The penalties of this chapter apply to that violation. When acting in the scope of their employment, the actions and omissions of individuals acting for or employed by that rail carrier are considered to be the actions and omissions of that rail carrier as well as that individual.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 852.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11915 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

A prior section 11907, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1459, related to interference with railroad car supply, prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a). See section 11902 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Notwithstanding section 3571 of title 18, United States Code, the criminal penalties provided for in this chapter are the exclusive criminal penalties for violations of this part.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 852.)

Prior sections 11908 to 11917 were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section 11908, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1459; Pub. L. 99–521, §13(b)(1), (2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2998, 2999, related to penalty for abandonment of service by household goods freight forwarders.

Section 11909, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1460; Pub. L. 96–258, §1(15), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 427; Pub. L. 97–424, title IV, §427(a), Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat. 2168; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(20), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 6; Pub. L. 99–521, §13(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2999; Pub. L. 103–180, §6(c), Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2051; Pub. L. 103–272, §4(j)(35), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1370, related to penalties for record keeping and reporting violations. See sections 11903, 14907, and 16102 of this title.

Section 11910, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1461; Pub. L. 96–448, title III, §303(b), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1938; Pub. L. 99–521, §13(d), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2999, related to penalties for unlawful disclosure of information. See sections 11904, 14908, and 16103 of this title.

Section 11911, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1462; Pub. L. 97–261, §19(c), Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1121, related to penalties for violations involving issuance of securities, disposition of funds, and restrictions on ownership.

Section 11912, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1462; Pub. L. 96–258, §1(13)(C), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 427, related to penalties for violations by persons, not carriers, involving consolidations, mergers, and acquisitions of control.

Section 11913, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1463, related to penalty for disobedience to subpenas. See sections 11905, 14909, and 16104 of this title.

Section 11913a, added Pub. L. 96–448, title III, §303(a)(1), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1938, related to penalty for accounting principles violations.

Section 11914, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1463; Pub. L. 96–258, §1(16), June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 427; Pub. L. 97–424, title IV, §427(b), Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat. 2168; Pub. L. 98–216, §2(20), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 6; Pub. L. 98–554, title II, §226(c)(7), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2852, related to general criminal penalty when specific penalty not provided. See sections 11906, 14910, and 16105 of this title.

Section 11915, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1464, related to punishment of corporation for violations committed by certain individuals. See sections 11907, 14911, and 16106 of this title.

Section 11916, Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1464, related to conclusiveness of rates in certain prosecutions. See section 14913 of this title.

Section 11917, added Pub. L. 96–454, §9(a), Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2021, related to weight-bumping in household goods transportation. See section 14912 of this title.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(26)(A), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390, made technical amendment to part heading.


**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(26)(B), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390, made technical amendment to heading.

(a)

(1) in overseeing those modes—

(A) to recognize and preserve the inherent advantage of each mode of transportation;

(B) to promote safe, adequate, economical, and efficient transportation;

(C) to encourage sound economic conditions in transportation, including sound economic conditions among carriers;

(D) to encourage the establishment and maintenance of reasonable rates for transportation, without unreasonable discrimination or unfair or destructive competitive practices;

(E) to cooperate with each State and the officials of each State on transportation matters; and

(F) to encourage fair wages and working conditions in the transportation industry;

(2) in overseeing transportation by motor carrier, to promote competitive and efficient transportation services in order to—

(A) encourage fair competition, and reasonable rates for transportation by motor carriers of property;

(B) promote efficiency in the motor carrier transportation system and to require fair and expeditious decisions when required;

(C) meet the needs of shippers, receivers, passengers, and consumers;

(D) allow a variety of quality and price options to meet changing market demands and the diverse requirements of the shipping and traveling public;

(E) allow the most productive use of equipment and energy resources;

(F) enable efficient and well-managed carriers to earn adequate profits, attract capital, and maintain fair wages and working conditions;

(G) provide and maintain service to small communities and small shippers and intrastate bus services;

(H) provide and maintain commuter bus operations;

(I) improve and maintain a sound, safe, and competitive privately owned motor carrier system;

(J) promote greater participation by minorities in the motor carrier system;

(K) promote intermodal transportation;

(3) in overseeing transportation by motor carrier of passengers—

(A) to cooperate with the States on transportation matters for the purpose of encouraging the States to exercise intrastate regulatory jurisdiction in accordance with the objectives of this part;

(B) to provide Federal procedures which ensure that intrastate regulation is exercised in accordance with this part; and

(C) to ensure that Federal reform initiatives enacted by section 31138 and the Bus Regulatory Reform Act of 1982 are not nullified by State regulatory actions; and

(4) in overseeing transportation by water carrier, to encourage and promote service and price competition in the noncontiguous domestic trade.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 853.)

The Bus Regulatory Reform Act of 1982, referred to in subsec. (a)(3)(C), is Pub. L. 97–261, Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1102. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1982 Amendment note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10101 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

In this part, the following definitions shall apply:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) for transportation provided before January 1, 1996, service provided pursuant to a permit issued under section 10923, as in effect on December 31, 1995; and

(B) for transportation provided after December 31, 1995, service provided under an agreement entered into under section 14101(b).

(5)

(A) common directors, officers, stockholders, a voting trust, or a holding or investment company, or

(B) any other means.

(6)

(A)(i) that is domiciled in a contiguous foreign country; or

(ii) that is owned or controlled by persons of a contiguous foreign country; and

(B) in the case of a person that is not a motor carrier of property, that provides interstate transportation of property by motor vehicle under an agreement or contract entered into with a motor carrier of property (other than a motor private carrier or a motor carrier of property described in subparagraph (A)).

(7)

(A)(i) that is domiciled in a contiguous foreign country; or

(ii) that is owned or controlled by persons of a contiguous foreign country; and

(B) in the case of a person that is not a motor private carrier, that provides interstate transportation of property by motor vehicle under an agreement or contract entered into with a person (other than a motor carrier of property or a motor private carrier described in subparagraph (A)).

(8)

(A) assembles and consolidates, or provides for assembling and consolidating, shipments and performs or provides for break-bulk and distribution operations of the shipments;

(B) assumes responsibility for the transportation from the place of receipt to the place of destination; and

(C) uses for any part of the transportation a carrier subject to jurisdiction under this subtitle.

The term does not include a person using transportation of an air carrier subject to part A of subtitle VII.

(9)

(10)

(A) arranged and paid for by the householder, except such term does not include property moving from a factory or store, other than property that the householder has purchased with the intent to use in his or her dwelling and is transported at the request of, and the transportation charges are paid to the carrier by, the householder; or

(B) arranged and paid for by another party.

(11)

(12)

(A)

(i) Binding and nonbinding estimates.

(ii) Inventorying.

(iii) Protective packing and unpacking of individual items at personal residences.

(iv) Loading and unloading at personal residences.

(B)

(C)

(13)

(A) is the shipper, consignor, or consignee of a household goods shipment;

(B) is identified as the shipper, consignor, or consignee on the face of the bill of lading;

(C) owns the goods being transported; and

(D) pays his or her own tariff transportation charges.

(14)

(15)

(A) the transportation is as provided in section 13501 of this title;

(B) the person is the owner, lessee, or bailee of the property being transported; and

(C) the property is being transported for sale, lease, rent, or bailment or to further a commercial enterprise.

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(A) is licensed as a taxicab by a State or a local jurisdiction; or

(B) is offered by a person that—

(i) provides local transportation for a fare determined (except with respect to transportation to or from airports) primarily on the basis of the distance traveled; and

(ii) does not primarily provide transportation to or from airports.

(23)

(A) a motor vehicle, vessel, warehouse, wharf, pier, dock, yard, property, facility, instrumentality, or equipment of any kind related to the movement of passengers or property, or both, regardless of ownership or an agreement concerning use; and

(B) services related to that movement, including arranging for, receipt, delivery, elevation, transfer in transit, refrigeration, icing, ventilation, storage, handling, packing, unpacking, and interchange of passengers and property.

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 854; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(27), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3390; Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §209(a), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1764; Pub. L. 107–298, §3(a), Nov. 26, 2002, 116 Stat. 2343; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §§4142(a), 4202(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1747, 1751; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §305(c), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1620; Pub. L. 110–291, §3, July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2915.)

This amends 49:13102(4)(A) by setting out the effective date of the ICC Termination Act of 1995 (Public Law 104–88, 109 Stat. 803) and the day before that date.

This amends 49:13102(4)(B) for clarity and consistency.

Section 10923, referred to in par. (4)(A), was omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, effective Jan. 1, 1996.

The date of enactment of the Household Goods Mover Oversight Enforcement and Reform Act of 2005, referred to in par. (12)(B), is the date of enactment of subtitle B of title IV of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10102 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**2008**—Pars. (6)(B), (7)(B), (14), (15). Pub. L. 110–244 substituted "motor vehicle" for "commercial motor vehicle (as defined in section 31132)".

Par. (27). Pub. L. 110–291 added par. (27).

**2005**—Pars. (6)(B), (7)(B). Pub. L. 109–59, §4142(a), substituted "commercial motor vehicle (as defined in section 31132)" for "motor vehicle".

Par. (12). Pub. L. 109–59, §4202(b), added par. (12). Former par. (12) redesignated (14).

Pub. L. 109–59, §4142(a), substituted "commercial motor vehicle (as defined in section 31132)" for "motor vehicle".

Par. (13). Pub. L. 109–59, §4202(b), added par. (13). Former par. (13) redesignated (15).

Pub. L. 109–59, §4142(a), substituted "commercial motor vehicle (as defined in section 31132)" for "motor vehicle" in introductory provisions.

Pars. (14) to (26). Pub. L. 109–59, §4202(b), redesignated pars. (12) to (24) as (14) to (26), respectively.

**2002**—Pars. (17) to (24). Pub. L. 107–298 added pars. (17) and (20) and redesignated former pars. (17), (18), (19), (20), (21), and (22) as pars. (18), (19), (21), (22), (23), and (24), respectively.

**1999**—Par. (10)(A). Pub. L. 106–159 substituted ", except such term does not include property moving from a factory or store, other than property that the householder has purchased with the intent to use in his or her dwelling and is transported at the request of, and the transportation charges are paid to the carrier by, the householder;" for ", including transportation of property from a factory or store when the property is purchased by the householder with intent to use in his or her dwelling,".

**1996**—Par. (4)(A). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(27)(A), substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of this section" and "December 31, 1995" for "the day before the effective date of this section".

Par. (4)(B). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(27)(B), substituted "after December 31, 1995" for "on or after such date".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4202(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1752, provided that: "The provisions of title 49, United States Code, and this subtitle [subtitle B (§§4201–4216) of title IV of Pub. L. 109–59, see Short Title of 2005 Amendment note set out under section 10101 of this title] (including any amendments made by this subtitle), that relate to the transportation of household goods apply only to a household goods motor carrier (as defined in section 13102 of title 49, United States Code)."

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4202(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1751, provided that: "In this subtitle [subtitle B (§§4201–4216) of title IV of Pub. L. 109–59, see Short Title of 2005 Amendment note set out under section 10101 of this title], the terms 'carrier', 'household goods', 'motor carrier', 'Secretary', and 'transportation' have the meaning given to such terms in section 13102 of title 49, United States Code."

Except as otherwise provided in this part, the remedies provided under this part are in addition to remedies existing under another law or common law.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 856.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10103 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.


(a)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(e)

(f)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 856.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10321 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title III, §23021, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 777, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the extent to which technology has changed the nature of freight brokerage;

"(2) the role of bona fide agents; and

"(3) other aspects of the freight transportation industry.

"(c)

"(1) examine the role of a dispatch service in the transportation industry;

"(2) examine the extent to which dispatch services could be considered brokers or bona fide agents; and

"(3) clarify the level of financial penalties for unauthorized brokerage activities under section 14916 of title 49, United States Code, applicable to a dispatch service."

Under regulations of the Secretary, reasonable notice of, and an opportunity to intervene and participate in, a proceeding under this part related to transportation subject to jurisdiction under subchapter I of chapter 135 shall be given to interested persons.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 858.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10328 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 858.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10329 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 858.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10330 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.





The Secretary and the Board have jurisdiction, as specified in this part, over transportation by motor carrier and the procurement of that transportation, to the extent that passengers, property, or both, are transported by motor carrier—

(1) between a place in—

(A) a State and a place in another State;

(B) a State and another place in the same State through another State;

(C) the United States and a place in a territory or possession of the United States to the extent the transportation is in the United States;

(D) the United States and another place in the United States through a foreign country to the extent the transportation is in the United States; or

(E) the United States and a place in a foreign country to the extent the transportation is in the United States; and

(2) in a reservation under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States or on a public highway.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 859.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10521 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

To the extent that transportation by a motor carrier between a place in Alaska and a place in another State under section 13501 is provided in a foreign country—

(1) neither the Secretary nor the Board has jurisdiction to impose a requirement over conduct of the motor carrier in the foreign country conflicting with a requirement of that country; but

(2) the motor carrier, as a condition of providing transportation in the United States, shall comply, with respect to all transportation provided between Alaska and the other State, with the requirements of this part related to rates and practices applicable to the transportation.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 859.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10522 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(A) is a transfer, collection, or delivery;

(B) is provided by—

(i) a rail carrier subject to jurisdiction under chapter 105;

(ii) a water carrier subject to jurisdiction under subchapter II of this chapter; or

(iii) a freight forwarder subject to jurisdiction under subchapter III of this chapter; and

(C) is incidental to transportation or service provided by the carrier or freight forwarder that is subject to jurisdiction under chapter 105 of this title or under subchapter II or III of this chapter.

(2)

(b)

(1)

(A) is a transfer, collection, or delivery; and

(B) is provided by a person as an agent or under other arrangement for—

(i) a rail carrier subject to jurisdiction under chapter 105 of this title;

(ii) a motor carrier subject to jurisdiction under this subchapter;

(iii) a water carrier subject to jurisdiction under subchapter II of this chapter; or

(iv) a freight forwarder subject to jurisdiction under subchapter III of this chapter.

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 860.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10523 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Neither the Secretary nor the Board has jurisdiction under this subchapter over transportation, except transportation of household goods, by a motor carrier operating solely within the State of Hawaii. The State of Hawaii may regulate transportation exempt from jurisdiction under this section and, to the extent provided by a motor carrier operating solely within the State of Hawaii, transportation exempt under section 13503 of this title.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 860.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10525 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1) the property is transported by a person engaged in a business other than transportation; and

(2) the transportation is within the scope of, and furthers a primary business (other than transportation) of the person.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 861.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10524 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1) a motor vehicle transporting only school children and teachers to or from school;

(2) a motor vehicle providing taxicab service;

(3) a motor vehicle owned or operated by or for a hotel and only transporting hotel patrons between the hotel and the local station of a carrier;

(4) a motor vehicle controlled and operated by a farmer and transporting—

(A) the farmer's agricultural or horticultural commodities and products; or

(B) supplies to the farm of the farmer;

(5) a motor vehicle controlled and operated by a cooperative association (as defined by section 15(a) of the Agricultural Marketing Act (12 U.S.C. 1141j(a))) or by a federation of cooperative associations if the federation has no greater power or purposes than a cooperative association, except that if the cooperative association or federation provides transportation for compensation between a place in a State and a place in another State, or between a place in a State and another place in the same State through another State—

(A) for a nonmember that is not a farmer, cooperative association, federation, or the United States Government, the transportation (except for transportation otherwise exempt under this subchapter)—

(i) shall be limited to transportation incidental to the primary transportation operation of the cooperative association or federation and necessary for its effective performance; and

(ii) may not exceed in each fiscal year 25 percent of the total transportation of the cooperative association or federation between those places, measured by tonnage; and

(B) the transportation for all nonmembers may not exceed in each fiscal year, measured by tonnage, the total transportation between those places for the cooperative association or federation and its members during that fiscal year;

(6) transportation by motor vehicle of—

(A) ordinary livestock;

(B) agricultural or horticultural commodities (other than manufactured products thereof);

(C) commodities listed as exempt in the Commodity List incorporated in ruling numbered 107, March 19, 1958, Bureau of Motor Carriers, Interstate Commerce Commission, other than frozen fruits, frozen berries, frozen vegetables, cocoa beans, coffee beans, tea, bananas, or hemp, or wool imported from a foreign country, wool tops and noils, or wool waste (carded, spun, woven, or knitted);

(D) cooked or uncooked fish, whether breaded or not, or frozen or fresh shellfish, or byproducts thereof not intended for human consumption, other than fish or shellfish that have been treated for preserving, such as canned, smoked, pickled, spiced, corned, or kippered products; and

(E) livestock and poultry feed and agricultural seeds and plants, if such products (excluding products otherwise exempt under this paragraph) are transported to a site of agricultural production or to a business enterprise engaged in the sale to agricultural producers of goods used in agricultural production;

(7) a motor vehicle used only to distribute newspapers;

(8)(A) transportation of passengers by motor vehicle incidental to transportation by aircraft;

(B) transportation of property (including baggage) by motor vehicle as part of a continuous movement which, prior or subsequent to such part of the continuous movement, has been or will be transported by an air carrier or (to the extent so agreed by the United States and approved by the Secretary) by a foreign air carrier; or

(C) transportation of property by motor vehicle in lieu of transportation by aircraft because of adverse weather conditions or mechanical failure of the aircraft or other causes due to circumstances beyond the control of the carrier or shipper;

(9) the operation of a motor vehicle in a national park or national monument;

(10) a motor vehicle carrying not more than 15 individuals in a single, daily roundtrip to commute to and from work;

(11) transportation of used pallets and used empty shipping containers (including intermodal cargo containers), and other used shipping devices (other than containers or devices used in the transportation of motor vehicles or parts of motor vehicles);

(12) transportation of natural, crushed, vesicular rock to be used for decorative purposes;

(13) transportation of wood chips;

(14) brokers for motor carriers of passengers, except as provided in section 13904(d); 1

(15) transportation of broken, crushed, or powdered glass; or

(16) the transportation of passengers by 9 to 15 passenger motor vehicles operated by youth or family camps that provide recreational or educational activities.

(b)

(1) transportation provided entirely in a municipality, in contiguous municipalities, or in a zone that is adjacent to, and commercially a part of, the municipality or municipalities, except—

(A) when the transportation is under common control, management, or arrangement for a continuous carriage or shipment to or from a place outside the municipality, municipalities, or zone; or

(B) that in transporting passengers over a route between a place in a State and a place in another State, or between a place in a State and another place in the same State through another State, the transportation is exempt from jurisdiction under this part only if the motor carrier operating the motor vehicle also is lawfully providing intrastate transportation of passengers over the entire route under the laws of each State through which the route runs;

(2) transportation by motor vehicle provided casually, occasionally, or reciprocally but not as a regular occupation or business, except when a broker or other person sells or offers for sale passenger transportation provided by a person authorized to transport passengers by motor vehicle under an application pending, or registration issued, under this part;

(3) the emergency towing of an accidentally wrecked or disabled motor vehicle; or

(4) transportation by a motor vehicle designed or used to transport not fewer than 9, and not more than 15, passengers (including the driver), whether operated alone or with a trailer attached for the transport of recreational equipment, if—

(A) the motor vehicle is operated by a person that provides recreational activities;

(B) the transportation is provided within a 150 air-mile radius of the location at which passengers initially boarded the motor vehicle at the outset of the trip; and

(C) in the case of a motor vehicle transporting passengers over a route between a place in a State and a place in another State, the person operating the motor vehicle is lawfully providing transportation of passengers over the entire route in accordance with applicable State law.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 861; amended Pub. L. 105–102, §2(8), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2204; Pub. L. 107–298, §3(b)(1), Nov. 26, 2002, 116 Stat. 2343; Pub. L. 114–113, div. L, title I, §136, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2851; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title III, §23012, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 771.)

This amends 49:13506(a)(5) to correct a grammatical error.

Section 13904(d), referred to in subsec. (a)(14), was redesignated section 13904(f) by Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32916(b)(2), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 821.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10526 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**2021**—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 117–58 added par. (4).

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 114–113 added par. (16).

**2002**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 107–298 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "a motor vehicle providing taxicab service and having a capacity of not more than 6 passengers and not operated on a regular route or between specified places;".

**1997**—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 105–102 substituted "1141j(a)))" for "1141j(a))".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Interstate Commerce Commission abolished by section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.

A motor carrier of property providing transportation exempt from jurisdiction under paragraph (6), (8), (11), (12), or (13) of section 13506(a) may transport property under such paragraph in the same vehicle and at the same time as property which the carrier is authorized to transport under a registration issued under section 13902(a). Such transportation shall not affect the unregulated status of such exempt property or the regulated status of the property which the carrier is authorized to transport under such registration.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 863.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10528 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1) inspect and examine the lands, buildings, and equipment of such association or federation; and

(2) inspect and copy any record of such association or federation.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(A) does not make the report;

(B) does not specifically, completely, and truthfully answer the question; or

(C) does not maintain the record in the form and manner prescribed under this section;

is liable to the United States for a civil penalty of not more than $500 for each violation and for not more than $250 for each additional day the violation continues.

(2)

(A) the cooperative association or federation of cooperative associations has its principal office;

(B) the violation occurred; or

(C) the offender is found.

Process in the action may be served in the judicial district of which the offender is an inhabitant or in which the offender may be found.

(e)

(f)

(1) willfully does not make that report;

(2) willfully does not specifically, completely, and truthfully answer that question in 30 days from the date that the question is required to be answered;

(3) willfully does not maintain that record in the form and manner prescribed;

(4) knowingly and willfully falsifies, destroys, mutilates, or changes that report or record;

(5) knowingly and willfully files a false report or record under this section;

(6) knowingly and willfully makes a false or incomplete entry in that record about a business-related fact or transaction; or

(7) knowingly and willfully maintains a record in violation of a regulation or order issued under this section;

shall be fined not more than $5,000.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 863.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10529 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1) by water carrier between a place in a State and a place in another State, even if part of the transportation is outside the United States;

(2) by water carrier and motor carrier from a place in a State to a place in another State; except that if part of the transportation is outside the United States, the Secretary only has jurisdiction over that part of the transportation provided—

(A) by motor carrier that is in the United States; and

(B) by water carrier that is from a place in the United States to another place in the United States; and

(3) by water carrier or by water carrier and motor carrier between a place in the United States and a place outside the United States, to the extent that—

(A) when the transportation is by motor carrier, the transportation is provided in the United States;

(B) when the transportation is by water carrier to a place outside the United States, the transportation is provided by water carrier from a place in the United States to another place in the United States before transshipment from a place in the United States to a place outside the United States; and

(C) when the transportation is by water carrier from a place outside the United States, the transportation is provided by water carrier from a place in the United States to another place in the United States after transshipment to a place in the United States from a place outside the United States.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 865.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10541 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1) a place in a State and a place in another State, even if part of the transportation is outside the United States;

(2) a place in a State and another place in the same State through a place outside the State; or

(3) a place in the United States and a place outside the United States.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 865.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10561 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1) is not necessary to carry out the transportation policy of section 13101;

(2) is not needed to protect shippers from the abuse of market power or that the transaction or service is of limited scope; and

(3) is in the public interest.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(f)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 866.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10505 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Interstate Commerce Commission abolished by section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.


(a)

(1)

(A) a movement of household goods,

(B) a rate for a movement by or with a water carrier in noncontiguous domestic trade, or

(C) rates, rules, and classifications made collectively by motor carriers under agreements approved pursuant to section 13703,

must be reasonable.

(2)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 867.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in sections 10701, 10704, and 10705 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1) in noncontiguous domestic trade, except with regard to bulk cargo, forest products, recycled metal scrap, waste paper, and paper waste; or

(2) for movement of household goods;

only if the rate for such transportation or service is contained in a tariff that is in effect under this section. The carrier may not charge or receive a different compensation for the transportation or service than the rate specified in the tariff, whether by returning a part of that rate to a person, giving a person a privilege, allowing the use of a facility that affects the value of that transportation or service, or another device. A rate contained in a tariff shall be stated in money of the United States.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) the carriers that are parties to it;

(B) the places between which property will be transported;

(C) terminal charges if a carrier provides transportation or service subject to jurisdiction under subchapter III of chapter 135;

(D) privileges given and facilities allowed; and

(E) any rules that change, affect, or determine any part of the published rate.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A) publish new tariffs that incorporate changes, or

(B) plainly indicate the proposed changes in the tariffs then in effect and make the tariffs as changed available for public inspection.

(6)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 868.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in sections 10761 and 10762 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(A) through routes and joint rates;

(B) rates for the transportation of household goods;

(C) classifications;

(D) mileage guides;

(E) rules;

(F) divisions;

(G) rate adjustments of general application based on industry average carrier costs (so long as there is no discussion of individual markets or particular single-line rates); or

(H) procedures for joint consideration, initiation, or establishment of matters described in subparagraphs (A) through (G).

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A)

(B)

(6)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(A) approving an agreement,

(B) denying, ending, or changing approval,

(C) prescribing the conditions on which approval is granted, or

(D) changing those conditions,

has effect only as related to application of the antitrust laws referred to in subsection (a).

(2)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(f)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(2)

(A) is a participant in a publication of mileages formulated under an agreement approved under this section; or

(B) uses a publication of mileage (other than a publication described in subparagraph (A)) that can be examined by any interested person upon reasonable request.

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 869; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(28), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3391; Pub. L. 105–102, §2(9), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2204; Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §227, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1772; Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §354, Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 421.)

This amends 49:13703(a)(2) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

The date of the enactment of this paragraph, referred to in subsecs. (c)(2) and (d)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–159, which was approved Dec. 9, 1999.

Former section 10706(b), referred to in subsec. (d)(1), probably means section 10706(b) of this title as in effect before that section was omitted and a new section 10706 enacted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, 812.

Section 227 of the Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), is section 227 of Pub. L. 106–159, which amended this section. See 1999 Amendment notes below.

The ICC Termination Act of 1995, referred to in subsec. (e)(2), is Pub. L. 104–88, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 803. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1995 Amendment note set out under section 101 of this title and Tables.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10706 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**2003**—Subsecs. (d) to (h). Pub. L. 108–7 redesignated subsecs. (e) to (h) as (d) to (g), respectively, and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (d). Text read as follows: "The Board shall not take any action that would permit the establishment of nationwide collective ratemaking authority."

**1999**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–159, §227(a), designated introductory provisions as par. (1) and inserted heading, redesignated former pars. (1) to (4) as subpars. (A) to (D), respectively, of par. (1) and realigned their margins, and added par. (2).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–159, §227(b), amended heading and text of subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Subject to subsection (c), approval of an agreement under subsection (a) shall expire 3 years after the date of approval unless renewed under this subsection. The approval may be renewed upon request of the parties to the agreement if such parties resubmit the agreement to the Board, the agreement is unchanged, and the Board approves such renewal. The Board shall approve the renewal unless it finds that the renewal is not in the public interest. Parties to the agreement may continue to undertake activities pursuant to the previously approved agreement while the renewal request is pending."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–159, §227(c), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted par. heading, and added par. (2).

**1997**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 105–102 substituted "paragraph (1)" for "subsection (a)".

**1996**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(28)(A), substituted "December 31, 1995," for "the day before the effective date of this section" and "January 1, 1996" for "such effective date".

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(28)(B), substituted "December 31, 1995" for "the day before the effective date of this section".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Interstate Commerce Commission abolished by section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 872.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10735 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 872.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in sections 10703 and 10705 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1) of the agency and absence of beneficial title; and

(2) of the name and address of the beneficial owner of the property if it is reconsigned or diverted to a place other than the place specified in the original bill of lading.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 872.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10744 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A)

(i) 100 percent of the charges contained in a binding estimate provided by the carrier;

(ii) not more than 110 percent of the charges contained in a nonbinding estimate provided by the carrier; or

(iii) in the case of a partial delivery of the shipment, the prorated percentage of the charges calculated in accordance with subparagraph (B).

(B)

(C)

(D)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 873; amended Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4203, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1752.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10743 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**2005**—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 109–59 added par. (3).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 873.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10767 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(A) the carrier or freight forwarder is no longer transporting property or is transporting property for the purpose of avoiding the application of this section; and

(B) with respect to the claim—

(i) the person was offered a transportation rate by the carrier or freight forwarder other than that legally on file at the time with the Board or with the Interstate Commerce Commission, as required, for the transportation service;

(ii) the person tendered freight to the carrier or freight forwarder in reasonable reliance upon the offered transportation rate;

(iii) the carrier or freight forwarder did not properly or timely file with the Board or with the Interstate Commerce Commission, as required, a tariff providing for such transportation rate or failed to enter into an agreement for contract carriage;

(iv) such transportation rate was billed and collected by the carrier or freight forwarder; and

(v) the carrier or freight forwarder demands additional payment of a higher rate filed in a tariff.

(2)

(3)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(A) the 60th day following the filing of an answer to a suit for the collection of such additional legally applicable freight rate or charges, or

(B) March 5, 1994.

(3)

(4)

(A) the 60th day following the filing of an answer to a suit for the collection of such additional legally applicable freight rate or charges, or

(B) March 5, 1994.

(h)

(1)

(A) if such person qualifies as a small-business concern under the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 631 et seq.),

(B) if such person is an organization which is described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and exempt from tax under section 501(a) of such Code, or

(C) if the cargo involved in the claim is recyclable materials.

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 874; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(29), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3391.)

This amends 49:13709(a)(1) and (3) for clarity and consistency.

This amends 49:13709(e) by setting out the effective date for 49:13709 and for clarity and consistency.

Subchapter II of chapter 105, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), was omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, effective Jan. 1, 1996.

Chapter 119, referred to in subsec. (a)(3), was omitted and a new chapter 119 enacted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, 849, effective Jan. 1, 1996.

The Small Business Act, referred to in subsec. (h)(1)(A), is Pub. L. 85–536, §2(1 et seq.), July 18, 1958, 72 Stat. 384, which is classified generally to chapter 14A (§631 et seq.) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 631 of Title 15 and Tables.

Section 501 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (h)(1)(B), is classified to section 501 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10701 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(1), (3). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(29)(A), substituted "December 31, 1995" for "the day before the effective date of this section".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(29)(B), substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of this section" and "December 31, 1995" for "the day before such effective date".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Interstate Commerce Commission abolished by section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(4)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 876; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(30), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3391.)

This sets out the effective date of 49:13710.

This amends 49:13710(b) by setting out the effective date for 49:13710 and for clarity and consistency.

Subchapter II of chapter 105, referred to in subsec. (b), was omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, effective Jan. 1, 1996.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in sections 10762 and 11101 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(30)(A), substituted "January 1, 1996," for "the effective date of this section".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(30)(B), substituted "December 31, 1995" for "the day before the effective date of this section" and "January 1, 1996," for "the effective date of this section".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Interstate Commerce Commission abolished by section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) whether the person was offered a transportation rate by the carrier or freight forwarder or party other than that legally on file with the Interstate Commerce Commission or the Board, as required, at the time of the movement for the transportation service;

(B) whether the person tendered freight to the carrier or freight forwarder in reasonable reliance upon the offered transportation rate;

(C) whether the carrier or freight forwarder did not properly or timely file with the Interstate Commerce Commission or the Board, as required, a tariff providing for such transportation rate or failed to enter into an agreement for contract carriage;

(D) whether the transportation rate was billed and collected by the carrier or freight forwarder; and

(E) whether the carrier or freight forwarder or party demands additional payment of a higher rate filed in a tariff.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 877; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(31), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3391.)

This amends 49:13711(a), (d), and (g) by setting out the effective date of 49:13711 and for clarity and consistency.

Subchapter II of chapter 105, referred to in subsec. (a), was omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, effective Jan. 1, 1996.

Chapter 107, as in effect on the date transportation was provided, referred to in subsec. (a), means chapter 107 of this title, as in effect on the date transportation was provided with respect to transportation provided before Jan. 1, 1996. Chapter 107 (§10701 et seq.) was omitted and a new chapter 107 enacted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, 809, effective Jan. 1, 1996.

Sections 10761(a) and 10762, referred to in subsec. (d), were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, effective Jan. 1, 1996.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 2(e) of Pub. L. 103–180, set out as a note under former section 10701 of this title.

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(31)(A), substituted "or, before January 1, 1996" for "or, before the effective date of this section", "December 31, 1995" for "the day before the effective date of this section", and "provided before January 1, 1996" for "provided before the effective date of this section".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(31)(B), substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of this section" and "December 31, 1995" for "the day before such effective date".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(31)(C), substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of this section".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Interstate Commerce Commission abolished by section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

A carrier providing transportation or service for the United States Government may transport property or individuals for the United States Government without charge or at a rate reduced from the applicable commercial rate. Section 6101(b) to (d) of title 41 does not apply when transportation for the United States Government can be obtained from a carrier lawfully operating in the area where the transportation would be provided.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 879; amended Pub. L. 111–350, §5(o)(5), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3853.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10721 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**2011**—Pub. L. 111–350 substituted "Section 6101(b) to (d) of title 41" for "Section 3709 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5)".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 879.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10732 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.



**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32914(b)(2), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 820, added item 13909.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4303(d)(2), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1763, inserted "motor private carriers," after "motor carriers," in item 13906.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 879; amended Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32914(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 819.)

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section read as follows: "A person may provide transportation or service subject to jurisdiction under subchapter I or III of chapter 135 or be a broker for transportation subject to jurisdiction under subchapter I of that chapter, only if the person is registered under this chapter to provide the transportation or service."

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(A) is willing and able to comply with—

(i) this part and the applicable regulations of the Secretary and the Board;

(ii) any safety regulations imposed by the Secretary;

(iii) the duties of employers and employees established by the Secretary under section 31135;

(iv) the safety fitness requirements established by the Secretary under section 31144;

(v) the accessibility requirements established by the Secretary under subpart H of part 37 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or successor regulations), for transportation provided by an over-the-road bus; and

(vi) the minimum financial responsibility requirements established by the Secretary under sections 13906, 31138, and 31139;

(B) has been issued a USDOT number under section 31134;

(C) has disclosed any relationship involving common ownership, common management, common control, or common familial relationship between that person and any other motor carrier, freight forwarder, or broker, or any other applicant for motor carrier, freight forwarder, or broker registration, if the relationship occurred in the 3-year period preceding the date of the filing of the application for registration; and

(D) after the Secretary establishes a written proficiency examination pursuant to section 32101(b) of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Enhancement Act of 2012, has passed the written proficiency examination.

(2)

(A) provides evidence of participation in an arbitration program and provides a copy of the notice of the arbitration program as required by section 14708(b)(2);

(B) identifies its tariff and provides a copy of the notice of the availability of that tariff for inspection as required by section 13702(c); and

(C) demonstrates, before being registered, through successful completion of a proficiency examination established by the Secretary, knowledge and intent to comply with applicable Federal laws relating to consumer protection, estimating, consumers' rights and responsibilities, and options for limitations of liability for loss and damage.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) the recipient meets the requirements of subsection (a)(1); and

(ii)(I) no motor carrier of passengers (other than a motor carrier of passengers which is a public recipient of governmental assistance) is providing, or is willing to provide, the transportation; or

(II) the transportation is to be provided entirely in the area in which the public recipient provides regularly scheduled mass transportation services.

(B)

(C)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(A)

(i) any State,

(ii) any municipality or other political subdivision of a State,

(iii) any public agency or instrumentality of one or more States and municipalities and political subdivisions of a State,

(iv) any Indian tribe, and

(v) any corporation, board, or other person owned or controlled by any entity described in clause (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv),

which before, on, or after January 1, 1996, received governmental assistance for the purchase or operation of any bus.

(B)

(c)

(1)

(A) seek elimination of such practices through consultations; or

(B) notwithstanding any other provision of law, suspend, modify, amend, condition, or restrict operations, including geographical restriction of operations, in the United States by motor carriers of property or passengers domiciled in such foreign country or owned or controlled by persons of such foreign country.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) operations of motor carriers of property or passengers domiciled in any contiguous foreign country or owned or controlled by persons of any contiguous foreign country permitted in the commercial zones along the United States-Mexico border as such zones were defined on December 31, 1995; or

(B) any existing restrictions on operations of motor carriers of property or passengers domiciled in any contiguous foreign country or owned or controlled by persons of any contiguous foreign country or any modifications thereof pursuant to section 6 of the Bus Regulatory Reform Act of 1982.

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(d)

(1)

(A) as a motor common carrier if such person would have been issued a certificate to provide transportation as a motor common carrier under this subtitle on December 31, 1995; and

(B) as a motor contract carrier if such person would have been issued a permit to provide transportation as a motor contract carrier under this subtitle on such day.

(2)

(3)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(f)

(1)

(A) may not register a motor carrier under this section as a motor common carrier or a motor contract carrier;

(B) shall register applicants under this section as motor carriers; and

(C) shall issue any motor carrier registered under this section after that date a motor carrier certificate of registration that specifies whether the holder of the certificate may provide transportation of persons, household goods, other property, or any combination thereof.

(2)

(A) subsection (d) of this section, as that section was in effect before the transition termination date; or

(B) any other provision of this title that was in effect before the transition termination date.

(3)

(g)

(h)

(1)

(2)

(i)

(1) may only provide transportation of property with—

(A) self-propelled motor vehicles owned or leased by the motor carrier; or

(B) interchanges under regulations issued by the Secretary if the originating carrier—

(i) physically transports the cargo at some point; and

(ii) retains liability for the cargo and for payment of interchanged carriers; and

(2) may not arrange transportation except as described in paragraph (1) unless the motor carrier has obtained a separate registration as a freight forwarder or broker for transportation under section 13903 or 13904, as applicable.

(j)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 880; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(32), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3391; Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §205, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1762; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §§4113(b), 4204, 4303(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1725, 1753, 1762; Pub. L. 110–291, §2, July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2915; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §§32101(a), 32107(a), 32111, 32915, 32921(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 777, 781, 783, 820, 827; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5508(a)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1554; Pub. L. 116–113, title III, §326(a), Jan. 29, 2020, 134 Stat. 60.)

This amends 49:13902(b)(8)(A) to correct a grammatical error and to set out the effective date of 49:13902(b).

This sets out the effective date of 49:13902(b)(8).

This amends 49:13902(c)(4)(A) and (d)(1) and (2) for clarity and consistency.

Section 32101(b) of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Enhancement Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(D), is section 32101(b) of Pub. L. 112–141, which is set out as a note below.

Section 6 of the Bus Regulatory Reform Act of 1982, referred to in subsec. (c)(4)(B), is section 6 of Pub. L. 97–261, Sept. 20, 1982, 96 Stat. 1103, which amended former sections 10102, 10322, 10521, 10922, and 11711 of this title, section 250 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and former section 5201 of Title 39, Postal Service.

Section 4481 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (c)(8), is classified to section 4481 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Section 10102, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), was omitted and a new section 10102 enacted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, 806, effective Jan. 1, 1996.

The date of enactment of the Unified Carrier Registration Act of 2005, referred to in subsec. (f)(3), is the date of enactment of subtitle C of title IV of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

Section 324(a) of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Implementation Act, referred to in subsec. (j), is classified to section 4574(a) of Title 19, Customs Duties.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10922 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**2020**—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 116–113 added subsec. (j).

**2015**—Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 114–94 inserted "except as" before "described".

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §32915(1)(A), inserted "using self-propelled vehicles the motor carrier owns, rents, or leases" after "motor carrier" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 112–141, §32101(a), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Except as provided in this section, the Secretary shall register a person to provide transportation subject to jurisdiction under subchapter I of chapter 135 of this title as a motor carrier if the Secretary finds that the person is willing and able to comply with—

"(A) this part and the applicable regulations of the Secretary and the Board;

"(B)(i) any safety regulations imposed by the Secretary;

"(ii) the duties of employers and employees established by the Secretary under section 31135; and

"(iii) the safety fitness requirements established by the Secretary under section 31144;

"(C) the accessibility requirements established by the Secretary under subpart H of part 37 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, or such successor regulations to those accessibility requirements as the Secretary may issue, for transportation provided by an over-the-road bus; and

"(D) the minimum financial responsibility requirements established by the Secretary pursuant to sections 13906 and 31138."

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 112–141, §32921(a)(1), substituted "section 13702(c); and" for "section 13702(c);".

Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 112–141, §32921(a)(2), amended subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (C) read as follows: "provides evidence that it has access to, has read, is familiar with, and will observe all applicable Federal laws relating to consumer protection, estimating, consumers' rights and responsibilities, and options for limitations of liability for loss and damage; and".

Subsec. (a)(2)(D). Pub. L. 112–141, §32921(a)(3), struck out subpar. (D) which read as follows: "discloses any relationship involving common stock, common ownership, common management, or common familial relationships between that person and any other motor carrier, freight forwarder, or broker of household goods within 3 years of the proposed date of registration."

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 112–141, §32915(1)(B), added par. (6).

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §32111, substituted "a motor carrier" for "a motor vehicle" and "order the motor carrier operations" for "order the vehicle".

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 112–141, §32107(a), added subsec. (h).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 112–141, §32915(2), added subsec. (i).

**2008**—Subsec. (a)(1)(C), (D). Pub. L. 110–291, §2(a), added subpar. (C) and redesignated former subpar. (C) as (D).

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 110–291, §2(b), inserted "(including the accessibility requirements established by the Secretary under subpart H of part 37 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, or such successor regulations to those accessibility requirements as the Secretary may issue, for transportation provided by an over-the-road bus)" after "Board".

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 109–59, §4113(b), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "any safety regulations imposed by the Secretary and the safety fitness requirements established by the Secretary under section 31144; and".

Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 109–59, §4204(1), (3), added pars. (2) and (3) and struck out former pars. (2) and (3) which read as follows:

"(2)

"(3)

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 109–59, §4204(3), added par. (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (5).

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 109–59, §4204(2), (4), redesignated par. (4) as (5) and inserted at end "In the case of a registration for the transportation of household goods as a household goods motor carrier, the Secretary may also hear a complaint on the ground that the registrant fails or will fail to comply with the requirements of paragraph (2) of this subsection."

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 109–59, §4303(c)(1), added par. (3).

Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 109–59, §4303(c)(2), added subsec. (f) and redesignated former subsec. (f) as (g).

**1999**—Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 106–159 added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsec. (e) as (f).

**1996**—Subsec. (b)(8)(A). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(32)(A), inserted "and" after "any Indian tribe," in cl. (iv), struck out "and" after "clause (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv)," in cl. (v), and substituted "January 1, 1996," for "the effective date of this subsection" in concluding provisions.

Subsec. (b)(8)(B). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(32)(B), substituted "January 1, 1996," for "the effective date of this paragraph".

Subsecs. (c)(4)(A), (d)(1)(A), (2). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(32)(C), substituted "December 31, 1995" for "the day before the effective date of this section".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by sections 32101(a), 32107(a), 32111, and 32915 of Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32921(c), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 828, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 31144 of this title] shall take effect 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways]."

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4308, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1774, provided that: "The Secretary [of Transportation] may issue such regulations as the Secretary determines are necessary to carry out this subtitle [subtitle C (§§4301–4308) of title IV of Pub. L. 109–59, see Short Title of 2005 Amendment note set out under section 10101 of this title] and the amendments made by this subtitle."

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32101(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 777, provided that: "Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act [see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall establish through a rulemaking a written proficiency examination for applicant motor carriers pursuant to section 13902(a)(1)(D) of title 49, United States Code. The written proficiency examination shall test a person's knowledge of applicable safety regulations, standards, and orders of the Federal government."

Pub. L. 110–291, §4, July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2915, provided that: "Not later than 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act [July 30, 2008], the Secretary shall take necessary actions to implement the changes required by the amendment made by section 2(a) [amending this section] relating to registration of motor carriers providing transportation by an over-the-road bus."

Pub. L. 110–291, §5, July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2916, provided that: "Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act [July 30, 2008], the Secretary of Transportation and the Attorney General shall enter into a memorandum of understanding to delineate the specific roles and responsibilities of the Department of Transportation and the Department of Justice, respectively, in enforcing the compliance of motor carriers of passengers providing transportation by an over-the-road bus (as defined in section 13102 of title 49, United States Code) with the accessibility requirements established by the Secretary under subpart H of part 37 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, or such successor regulations to those accessibility requirements as the Secretary may issue. Such memorandum shall recognize the Department of Transportation's statutory responsibilities as clarified by this Act [see Short Title of 2008 Amendment note set out under section 10101 of this title] (including the amendments made by this Act)."

Pub. L. 110–28, title VI, §6901, May 25, 2007, 121 Stat. 183, provided that:

"(a) Hereafter, funds limited or appropriated for the Department of Transportation may be obligated or expended to grant authority to a Mexico-domiciled motor carrier to operate beyond United States municipalities and commercial zones on the United States-Mexico border only to the extent that—

"(1) granting such authority is first tested as part of a pilot program;

"(2) such pilot program complies with the requirements of section 350 of Public Law 107–87 [set out below] and the requirements of section 31315(c) of title 49, United States Code, related to pilot programs; and

"(3) simultaneous and comparable authority to operate within Mexico is made available to motor carriers domiciled in the United States.

"(b) Prior to the initiation of the pilot program described in subsection (a) in any fiscal year—

"(1) the Inspector General of the Department of Transportation shall transmit to Congress and the Secretary of Transportation a report verifying compliance with each of the requirements of subsection (a) of section 350 of Public Law 107–87, including whether the Secretary of Transportation has established sufficient mechanisms to apply Federal motor carrier safety laws and regulations to motor carriers domiciled in Mexico that are granted authority to operate beyond the United States municipalities and commercial zones on the United States-Mexico border and to ensure compliance with such laws and regulations; and

"(2) the Secretary of Transportation shall—

"(A) take such action as may be necessary to address any issues raised in the report of the Inspector General under subsection (b)(1) and submit a report to Congress detailing such actions; and

"(B) publish in the Federal Register, and provide sufficient opportunity for public notice and comment—

"(i) comprehensive data and information on the pre-authorization safety audits conducted before and after the date of enactment of this Act [May 25, 2007] of motor carriers domiciled in Mexico that are granted authority to operate beyond the United States municipalities and commercial zones on the United States-Mexico border;

"(ii) specific measures to be required to protect the health and safety of the public, including enforcement measures and penalties for noncompliance;

"(iii) specific measures to be required to ensure compliance with section 391.11(b)(2) and section 365.501(b) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations;

"(iv) specific standards to be used to evaluate the pilot program and compare any change in the level of motor carrier safety as a result of the pilot program; and

"(v) a list of Federal motor carrier safety laws and regulations, including the commercial drivers license requirements, for which the Secretary of Transportation will accept compliance with a corresponding Mexican law or regulation as the equivalent to compliance with the United States law or regulation, including for each law or regulation an analysis as to how the corresponding United States and Mexican laws and regulations differ.

"(c) During and following the pilot program described in subsection (a), the Inspector General of the Department of Transportation shall monitor and review the conduct of the pilot program and submit to Congress and the Secretary of Transportation an interim report, 6 months after the commencement of the pilot program, and a final report, within 60 days after the conclusion of the pilot program. Such reports shall address whether—

"(1) the Secretary of Transportation has established sufficient mechanisms to determine whether the pilot program is having any adverse effects on motor carrier safety;

"(2) Federal and State monitoring and enforcement activities are sufficient to ensure that participants in the pilot program are in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations; and

"(3) the pilot program consists of a representative and adequate sample of Mexico-domiciled carriers likely to engage in cross-border operations beyond United States municipalities and commercial zones on the United States-Mexico border.

"(d) In the event that the Secretary of Transportation in any fiscal year seeks to grant operating authority for the purpose of initiating cross-border operations beyond United States municipalities and commercial zones on the United States-Mexico border either with Mexico-domiciled motor coaches or Mexico-domiciled commercial motor vehicles carrying placardable quantities of hazardous materials, such activities shall be initiated only after the conclusion of a separate pilot program limited to vehicles of the pertinent type. Each such separate pilot program shall follow the same requirements and processes stipulated under subsections (a) through (c) of this section and shall be planned, conducted and evaluated in concert with the Department of Homeland Security or its Inspector General, as appropriate, so as to address any and all security concerns associated with such cross-border operations."

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4302, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1761, provided that: "Except as provided in section 14504 of title 49, United States Code, and sections 14504a and 14506 of title 49, United States Code, as added by this subtitle, this subtitle [subtitle C (§§4301–4308) of title IV of Pub. L. 109–59, see Short Title of 2005 Amendment note set out under section 10101 of this title] is not intended to prohibit any State or any political subdivision of any State from enacting, imposing, or enforcing any law or regulation with respect to a motor carrier, motor private carrier, broker, freight forwarder, or leasing company that is not otherwise prohibited by law."

Pub. L. 107–87, title III, §350, Dec. 18, 2001, 115 Stat. 864, as amended by Pub. L. 114–113, div. L, title I, §130(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2850, provided that:

"(a) No funds limited or appropriated in this Act [see Tables for classification] may be obligated or expended for the review or processing of an application by a Mexican motor carrier for authority to operate beyond United States municipalities and commercial zones on the United States-Mexico border until the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration—

"(1)(A) requires a safety examination of such motor carrier to be performed before the carrier is granted conditional operating authority to operate beyond United States municipalities and commercial zones on the United States-Mexico border;

"(B) requires the safety examination to include—

"(i) verification of available performance data and safety management programs;

"(ii) verification of a drug and alcohol testing program consistent with part 40 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations;

"(iii) verification of that motor carrier's system of compliance with hours-of-service rules, including hours-of-service records;

"(iv) verification of proof of insurance;

"(v) a review of available data concerning that motor carrier's safety history, and other information necessary to determine the carrier's preparedness to comply with Federal Motor Carrier Safety rules and regulations and Hazardous Materials rules and regulations;

"(vi) an inspection of that Mexican motor carrier's commercial vehicles to be used under such operating authority, if any such commercial vehicles have not received a decal from the inspection required in subsection (a)(5);

"(vii) an evaluation of that motor carrier's safety inspection, maintenance, and repair facilities or management systems, including verification of records of periodic vehicle inspections;

"(viii) verification of drivers' qualifications, including a confirmation of the validity of the Licencia de Federal de Conductor of each driver of that motor carrier who will be operating under such authority; and

"(ix) an interview with officials of that motor carrier to review safety management controls and evaluate any written safety oversight policies and practices.

"(C) requires that—

"(i) Mexican motor carriers with three or fewer commercial vehicles need not undergo on-site safety examination; however 50 percent of all safety examinations of all Mexican motor carriers shall be conducted onsite; and

"(ii) such on-site inspections shall cover at least 50 percent of estimated truck traffic in any year.

"(2) requires a full safety compliance review of the carrier consistent with the safety fitness evaluation procedures set forth in part 385 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, and gives the motor carrier a satisfactory rating, before the carrier is granted permanent operating authority to operate beyond United States municipalities and commercial zones on the United States-Mexico border, and requires that any such safety compliance review take place within 18 months of that motor carrier being granted conditional operating authority, provided that—

"(A) Mexican motor carriers with three or fewer commercial vehicles need not undergo onsite compliance review; however 50 percent of all compliance reviews of all Mexican motor carriers shall be conducted on-site; and

"(B) any Mexican motor carrier with 4 or more commercial vehicles that did not undergo an on-site safety exam under (a)(1)(C), shall undergo an on-site safety compliance review under this section.

"(3) requires Federal and State inspectors to verify electronically the status and validity of the license of each driver of a Mexican motor carrier commercial vehicle crossing the border;

"(A) for every such vehicle carrying a placardable quantity of hazardous materials;

"(B) whenever the inspection required in subsection (a)(5) is performed; and

"(C) randomly for other Mexican motor carrier commercial vehicles, but in no case less than 50 percent of all other such commercial vehicles.

"(4) gives a distinctive Department of Transportation number to each Mexican motor carrier operating beyond the commercial zone to assist inspectors in enforcing motor carrier safety regulations including hours-of-service rules under part 395 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations;

"(5) requires, with the exception of Mexican motor carriers that have been granted permanent operating authority for three consecutive years—

"(A) inspections of all commercial vehicles of Mexican motor carriers authorized, or seeking authority to operate beyond United States municipalities and commercial zones on the United States-Mexico border that do not display a valid Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance inspection decal, by certified inspectors in accordance with the requirements for a Level I Inspection under the criteria of the North American Standard Inspection (as defined in section 350.105 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations), including examination of the driver, vehicle exterior and vehicle under-carriage;

"(B) a Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance decal to be affixed to each such commercial vehicle upon completion of the inspection required by clause (A) or a re-inspection if the vehicle has met the criteria for the Level I inspection; and

"(C) that any such decal, when affixed, expire at the end of a period of not more than 90 days, but nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to preclude the Administration from requiring reinspection of a vehicle bearing a valid inspection decal or from requiring that such a decal be removed when a certified Federal or State inspector determines that such a vehicle has a safety violation subsequent to the inspection for which the decal was granted.

"(6) requires State inspectors who detect violations of Federal motor carrier safety laws or regulations to enforce them or notify Federal authorities of such violations;

"(7)(A) equips all United States-Mexico commercial border crossings with scales suitable for enforcement action; equips 5 of the 10 such crossings that have the highest volume of commercial vehicle traffic with weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems; ensures that the remaining 5 such border crossings are equipped within 12 months; requires inspectors to verify the weight of each Mexican motor carrier commercial vehicle entering the United States at said WIM equipped high volume border crossings; and

"(B) initiates a study to determine which other crossings should also be equipped with weigh-in-motion systems;

"(8) the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration has implemented a policy to ensure that no Mexican motor carrier will be granted authority to operate beyond United States municipalities and commercial zones on the United States-Mexico border unless that carrier provides proof of valid insurance with an insurance company licensed in the United States;

"(9) requires commercial vehicles operated by a Mexican motor carrier to enter the United States only at commercial border crossings where and when a certified motor carrier safety inspector is on duty and where adequate capacity exists to conduct a sufficient number of meaningful vehicle safety inspections and to accommodate vehicles placed out-of-service as a result of said inspections.

"(10) publishes—

"(A) interim final regulations under section 210(b) of the Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999 [Pub. L. 106–159] (49 U.S.C. 31144 note) that establish minimum requirements for motor carriers, including foreign motor carriers, to ensure they are knowledgeable about Federal safety standards, that may include the administration of a proficiency examination;

"(B) interim final regulations under section 31148 of title 49, United States Code, that implement measures to improve training and provide for the certification of motor carrier safety auditors;

"(C) a policy under sections 218(a) and (b) of that Act (49 U.S.C. 31133 note) establishing standards for the determination of the appropriate number of Federal and State motor carrier inspectors for the United States-Mexico border;

"(D) a policy under section 219(d) of that Act (49 U.S.C. 14901 note) that prohibits foreign motor carriers from leasing vehicles to another carrier to transport products to the United States while the lessor is subject to a suspension, restriction, or limitation on its right to operate in the United States; and

"(E) a policy under section 219(a) of that Act (49 U.S.C. 14901 note) that prohibits foreign motor carriers from operating in the United States that is found to have operated illegally in the United States.

"(b) No vehicles owned or leased by a Mexican motor carrier and carrying hazardous materials in a placardable quantity may be permitted to operate beyond a United States municipality or commercial zone until the United States has completed an agreement with the Government of Mexico which ensures that drivers of such vehicles carrying such placardable quantities of hazardous materials meet substantially the same requirements as United States drivers carrying such materials.

"(c) No vehicles owned or leased by a Mexican motor carrier may be permitted to operate beyond United States municipalities and commercial zones under conditional or permanent operating authority granted by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration until—

"(1) the Department of Transportation Inspector General conducts a comprehensive review of border operations within 180 days of enactment [probably means date of enactment of this Act, which was approved Dec. 18, 2001] to verify that—

"(A) all new inspector positions funded under this Act [see Tables for classification] have been filled and the inspectors have been fully trained;

"(B) each inspector conducting on-site safety compliance reviews in Mexico consistent with the safety fitness evaluation procedures set forth in part 385 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, is fully trained as a safety specialist;

"(C) the requirement of subparagraph (a)(2) has not been met by transferring experienced inspectors from other parts of the United States to the United States-Mexico border, undermining the level of inspection coverage and safety elsewhere in the United States;

"(D) the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration has implemented a policy to ensure compliance with hours-of-service rules under part 395 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, by Mexican motor carriers seeking authority to operate beyond United States municipalities and commercial zones on the United States-Mexico border;

"(E) the information infrastructure of the Mexican government is sufficiently accurate, accessible, and integrated with that of United States enforcement authorities to allow United States authorities to verify the status and validity of licenses, vehicle registrations, operating authority and insurance of Mexican motor carriers while operating in the United States, and that adequate telecommunications links exist at all United States-Mexico border crossings used by Mexican motor carrier commercial vehicles, and in all mobile enforcement units operating adjacent to the border, to ensure that licenses, vehicle registrations, operating authority and insurance information can be easily and quickly verified at border crossings or by mobile enforcement units;

"(F) there is adequate capacity at each United States-Mexico border crossing used by Mexican motor carrier commercial vehicles to conduct a sufficient number of meaningful vehicle safety inspections and to accommodate vehicles placed out-of-service as a result of said inspections;

"(G) there is an accessible database containing sufficiently comprehensive data to allow safety monitoring of all Mexican motor carriers that apply for authority to operate commercial vehicles beyond United States municipalities and commercial zones on the United States-Mexico border and the drivers of those vehicles; and

"(H) measures are in place to enable United States law enforcement authorities to ensure the effective enforcement and monitoring of license revocation and licensing procedures of Mexican motor carriers.

"(2) The Secretary of Transportation certifies in writing in a manner addressing the Inspector General's findings in paragraphs (c)(1)(A) through (c)(1)(H) of this section that the opening of the border does not pose an unacceptable safety risk to the American public.

"[(d) Repealed. Pub. L. 114–113, div. L, title I, §130(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2850.]

"(e) For purposes of this section, the term 'Mexican motor carrier' shall be defined as a Mexico-domiciled motor carrier operating beyond United States municipalities and commercial zones on the United States-Mexico border.

"(f) In addition to amounts otherwise made available in this Act, to be derived from the Highway Trust Fund, there is hereby appropriated to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, $25,866,000 for the salary, expense, and capital costs associated with the requirements of this section."

Memorandum of President of the United States, May 6, 1993, 58 F.R. 27647, provided:

Memorandum for the Secretary of Transportation

Section 6 of the Bus Regulatory Reform Act of 1982 [Pub. L. 97–261, see former 49 U.S.C. 10922(m)(1), (2)] imposed a moratorium on the issuance of certificates or permits to motor carriers domiciled in, or owned or controlled by persons of, a contiguous foreign country. The Act [Pub. L. 97–261, see Tables for classification] authorized the President to remove the moratorium in whole or in part for any country or political subdivision thereof upon determining that such action is in the national interest. Sixty days' advance notice to the Congress is required whenever the removal or modification applies to a contiguous foreign country or political subdivision thereof that substantially prohibits the granting of motor carrier authority to persons from the United States.

I am pleased that an agreement between the United States and Mexico has been concluded to ensure fair and reciprocal treatment for charter and tour bus interests on both sides of the border. The agreement reached, however, does not allow for full access to cross-border and domestic markets. Therefore, the moratorium must reflect the conditions under which operating authority may be issued to Mexican charter and tour companies under the agreement.

Pursuant to section 6 of the Bus Regulatory Reform Act of 1982, 49 U.S.C. section 10922(l)(2)(A) [see former 49 U.S.C. 10922(m)(2)(A)], I hereby make a limited modification to the moratorium imposed by that section and all actions taken by my predecessors under that section on the issuance of certificates or permits to motor carriers domiciled in, or owned or controlled by persons of, a contiguous foreign country.

The moratorium is modified only to authorize the Interstate Commerce Commission to grant Mexican motor carriers authority to transport passengers in charter or special operations, in foreign commerce, in round trip or one-way service between Mexico and the United States pursuant to the following restrictions:

1. The Mexican motor carrier can conduct cross-border charter or special service in the United States only when the international tour or charter begins in Mexico;

2. Tickets or tour packages for such operations cannot be sold in the United States; and

3. The terms of the grants of authority given to Mexican motor carriers will be limited by the life of the agreement with Mexico covering reciprocal cross-border charter and special operations.

This action applies only to international charter and tour operations, does not allow for point-to-point service within the United States, and does not authorize companies to conduct cross-border regular route service. This action preserves the status quo with respect to Mexican trucking companies and Mexican companies engaged in regular route service, and will maintain the moratorium on those operations through September 25, 1994, unless earlier revoked or modified.

Accordingly, you are directed to notify the Congress today on my behalf that, effective 60 days hence, the moratorium will no longer be in effect for Mexican charter and tour bus companies subject to the above stated conditions. Because of this action, the Interstate Commerce Commission will then accept and process expeditiously all applications for operating authority from Mexican owned, controlled, or domiciled charter and tour bus firms. I should note that applications in Mexico by United States charter and tour bus firms will be similarly treated.

You are hereby authorized and directed to publish this determination in the Federal Register.

William J. Clinton.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Jan. 1, 1994, 59 F.R. 653, provided:

Memorandum for the Secretary of Transportation

Section 6 of the Bus Regulatory Reform Act of 1982 [Pub. L. 97–261, see former 49 U.S.C. 10922(m)(1), (2)] imposed a moratorium on the issuance of certificates or permits to motor carriers domiciled in, or owned or controlled by, persons of a contiguous foreign country. The Act [Pub. L. 97–261, see Tables for classification] authorized the President to remove the moratorium in whole or in part for any country or political subdivision thereof upon determining that such action is in the national interest. Sixty days' advance notice to the Congress is required whenever the removal or modification applies to a foreign contiguous country or political subdivision thereof that substantially prohibits the granting of motor carrier authority to persons from the United States.

As set forth in the Statement of Administrative Action regarding the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that I submitted to the Congress on November 3, 1993, the moratorium with respect to Mexico will be lifted in phases to coincide with the schedule of liberalization in the relevant provisions of the NAFTA. The NAFTA specifically states that the moratorium will not apply to the provision of cross-border charter or tour bus services as of the date of entry into force of the Agreement.

This is to give public notice that, pursuant to section 6 of the Bus Regulatory Reform Act of 1982, 49 U.S.C. section 10922(l)(2)(A) [see former 49 U.S.C. 10922(m)(2)(A)], on November 3, 1993, I gave the Congress notice of my intention to make a limited modification to the moratorium imposed by that section and all actions taken by my predecessors under that section on the issuance of certificates or permits to motor carriers domiciled in, or owned or controlled by, persons of Mexico. This modification will take effect on January 1, 1994, the 60th day after my notice to the Congress.

The moratorium is modified only to authorize the Interstate Commerce Commission to grant Mexican motor carriers authority to transport passengers in charter or tour bus operations, in foreign commerce, in round-trip or one-way service between Mexico and the United States.

This action applies only to international charter or tour bus operations, does not allow for point-to-point bus service within the United States, and does not authorize companies to conduct cross-border regular route bus service.

Effective January 1, 1994, the Interstate Commerce Commission will begin to accept and process expeditiously all applications for operating authority from Mexican owned, controlled, or domiciled charter and tour bus firms.

This determination shall be published in the Federal Register.

William J. Clinton.

[Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, to Surface Transportation Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 1302 of this title and section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title. References to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.]

Memorandum of President of the United States, Mar. 2, 1995, 60 F.R. 12393, provided:

Memorandum for the Secretary of Transportation [and] the United States Trade Representative

Pursuant to section 6 of the Bus Regulatory Reform Act of 1982, 49 U.S.C. 10922(l)(1) and (2) [Pub. L. 97–261, see former 49 U.S.C. 10922(m)(1), (2)], I hereby extend for an additional 2 years both the moratorium imposed by that section and all actions taken by my predecessors under that section on the issuance of certificates or permits to motor carriers domiciled in, or owned or controlled by persons of, a contiguous foreign country. This action preserves the *status quo* and will maintain the moratorium through September 19, 1996, unless earlier revoked or modified.

This memorandum shall be published in the Federal Register.

William J. Clinton.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 25, 1992, 57 F.R. 44647, extended moratorium through Sept. 19, 1994.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 17, 1990, 55 F.R. 38657, extended moratorium through Sept. 19, 1992.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 15, 1988, 53 F.R. 36430, extended moratorium through Sept. 19, 1990.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 23, 1986, 51 F.R. 34079, extended moratorium through Sept. 19, 1988.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Aug. 30, 1984, 49 F.R. 35001, extended moratorium through Sept. 19, 1986.

Memorandum of President of the United States, June 5, 2001, 66 F.R. 30799, provided:

Memorandum for the Secretary of Transportation

Section 6 of the Bus Regulatory Reform Act of 1982 [Pub. L. 97–261, see former 49 U.S.C. 10922(m)(1), (2)] imposed a moratorium on the issuance of certificates or permits to motor carriers domiciled in, or owned or controlled by, persons of a contiguous foreign country, and authorized the President to modify the moratorium. The Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act of 1995 (ICCTA) [ICC Termination Act of 1995, Pub. L. 104–88, see Tables for classification] maintained these restrictions, subject to modifications made prior to the enactment of the ICCTA [Dec. 29, 1995], and authorized the President to make further modifications to the moratorium. The relevant provisions of the ICCTA are codified at 49 U.S.C. 13902.

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) established a schedule for liberalizing certain restrictions on investment in truck and bus services. Pursuant to 49 U.S.C. 13902(c)(3), I have determined that the following modifications to the moratorium are consistent with obligations of the United States under NAFTA and with U.S. transportation policy, and that the moratorium shall be modified accordingly. First, enterprises domiciled in the United States that are owned or controlled by persons of Mexico will be allowed to obtain operating authority to provide truck services for the transportation of international cargo between points in the United States. Second, enterprises domiciled in the United States that are owned or controlled by persons of Mexico will be allowed to obtain operating authority to provide bus services between points in the United States. These modifications shall be effective today.

Pursuant to 49 U.S.C. 13902(c)(5), I have determined that expeditious action is required to implement these modifications to the moratorium. Effective today, the Department of Transportation will accept and expeditiously process applications, submitted by enterprises domiciled in the United States that are owned or controlled by persons of Mexico, to obtain operating authority to provide truck services for the transportation of international cargo between points in the United States or to provide bus services between points in the United States.

Motor carriers domiciled in the United States that are owned or controlled by persons of Mexico will be subject to the same Federal and State regulations and procedures that apply to all other U.S. carriers. These include safety regulations, such as drug and alcohol testing; insurance requirements; taxes and fees; and all other applicable laws and regulations, including those administered by the U.S. Customs Service, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, and the Department of Labor.

This memorandum shall be published in the Federal Register.

George W. Bush.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Nov. 27, 2002, 67 F.R. 71795, provided:

Memorandum for the Secretary of Transportation

Section 6 of the Bus Regulatory Reform Act of 1982, Public Law 97–261, 96 Stat. 1103 [see former 49 U.S.C. 10922(m)(1), (2)], imposed a moratorium on the issuance of certificates or permits to motor carriers domiciled in, or owned or controlled by persons of, a contiguous foreign country and authorized the President to modify the moratorium. The Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act of 1995 (ICCTA), Public Law 104–88, 109 Stat. 803 [ICC Termination Act of 1995, see Tables for classification], maintained these restrictions, subject to modifications made prior to the enactment of the ICCTA [Dec. 29, 1995], and empowered the President to make further modifications to the moratorium.

Pursuant to 49 U.S.C. 13902(c)(3), I modified the moratorium on June 5, 2001, to allow motor carriers domiciled in the United States that are owned or controlled by persons of Mexico to obtain operating authority to transport international cargo by truck between points in the United States and to provide bus services between points in the United States.

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) established a schedule for liberalizing certain restrictions on the provision of bus and truck services by Mexican-domiciled motor carriers in the United States. Pursuant to 49 U.S.C. 13902(c)(3), I hereby determine that the following modifications to the moratorium are consistent with obligations of the United States under NAFTA and with our national transportation policy and that the moratorium shall be modified accordingly.

First, qualified motor carriers domiciled in Mexico will be allowed to obtain operating authority to transport passengers in cross-border scheduled bus services. Second, qualified motor carriers domiciled in Mexico will be allowed to obtain operating authority to provide cross-border truck services. The moratorium on the issuance of certificates or permits to Mexican-domiciled motor carriers for the provision of truck or bus services between points in the United States will remain in place. These modifications shall be effective on the date of this memorandum.

Furthermore, pursuant to 49 U.S.C. 13902(c)(5), I hereby determine that expeditious action is required to implement this modification to the moratorium. Effective on the date of this memorandum, the Department of Transportation is authorized to act on applications, submitted by motor carriers domiciled in Mexico, to obtain operating authority to provide cross-border scheduled bus services and cross-border truck services. In reviewing such applications, the Department shall continue to work closely with the Department of Justice, the Office of Homeland Security, and other relevant Federal departments, agencies, and offices in order to help ensure the security of the border and to prevent potential threats to national security.

Motor carriers domiciled in Mexico operating in the United States will be subject to the same Federal and State laws, regulations, and procedures that apply to carriers domiciled in the United States. These include safety regulations, such as drug and alcohol testing requirements; insurance requirements; taxes and fees; and other applicable laws and regulations, including those administered by the United States Customs Service, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the Department of Labor, and Federal and State environmental agencies.

You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.

George W. Bush.

(a)

(1) has sufficient experience to qualify the person to act as a freight forwarder; and

(2) is fit, willing, and able to provide the service and to comply with this part and applicable regulations of the Secretary.

(b)

(c)

(1) has at least 3 years of relevant experience; or

(2) provides the Secretary with satisfactory evidence of the individual's knowledge of related rules, regulations, and industry practices.

(d)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 884; amended Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4142(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1747; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §305(d), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1620; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §§32107(b), 32916(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 782, 820; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5508(a)(2), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1554.)

**2015**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 114–94 struck out par. (1) designation and heading before "A freight forwarder".

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–141, §32916(a)(1), substituted "determines that the person—" for "finds that the person is fit", added par. (1), inserted par. (2) designation and "is fit" before ", willing", and, in par. (2), struck out "and the Board" after "Secretary".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–141, §32916(a)(3), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–141, §32916(a)(3), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (e).

Pub. L. 112–141, §32107(b), added subsec. (c).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–141, §32916(a)(4), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The freight forwarder may provide transportation as the carrier itself only if the freight forwarder also has registered to provide transportation as a carrier under this chapter."

Pub. L. 112–141, §32916(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (b) as (d).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–141, §32916(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (c) as (e).

**2008**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–244 amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(1)

"(2)

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and inserted heading, inserted "of household goods" after "freight forwarder", and added par. (2).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32104, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 780, provided that: "Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act [see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways], and every 4 years thereafter, the Secretary shall—

"(1) issue a report on the appropriateness of—

"(A) the current minimum financial responsibility requirements under sections 31138 and 31139 of title 49, United States Code; and

"(B) the current bond and insurance requirements under sections 13904(f), 13903, and 13906 of title 49, United States Code; and

"(2) submit the report issued under paragraph (1) to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives."

(a)

(1) has sufficient experience to qualify the person to act as a broker for transportation; and

(2) is fit, willing, and able to be a broker for transportation and to comply with this part and applicable regulations of the Secretary.

(b)

(c)

(1) has at least 3 years of relevant experience; or

(2) provides the Secretary with satisfactory evidence of the individual's knowledge of related rules, regulations, and industry practices.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 884; amended Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4142(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1747; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §305(e), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1620; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §§32107(c), 32916(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 782, 821.)

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–141, §32916(b)(1), substituted "determines that the person—" for "finds that the person is fit", added par. (1), and inserted par. (2) designation and "is fit" before ", willing".

Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 112–141, §32916(b)(3), added subsecs. (b) and (c). Former subsecs. (b) and (c) redesignated (d) and (e), respectively.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–141, §32916(b)(4), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 112–141, §32916(b)(2), redesignated subsec. (b) as (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (f).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–141, §32916(b)(5), amended subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Regulations of the Secretary applicable to brokers registered under this section shall provide for the protection of shippers by motor vehicle."

Pub. L. 112–141, §32916(b)(2), redesignated subsec. (c) as (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (g).

Pub. L. 112–141, §32107(c), added subsec. (e).

Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 112–141, §32916(b)(2), redesignated subsecs. (d) and (e) as (f) and (g), respectively.

**2008**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–244 amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(1)

"(2)

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §4142(c)(1), (3), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added par. (2).

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §4142(c)(2), which directed amendment of par. (1) by inserting "of household goods" after "broker", was executed by making the insertion in two places to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(c)

(1)

(A) shall be effective beginning on the date specified by the Secretary; and

(B) shall remain in effect for such period as the Secretary determines appropriate by regulation.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) shall expire not later than 5 years after the date of such renewal; and

(ii) may be further renewed as provided under this chapter.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) suspend, amend, or revoke any part of the registration of a motor carrier, foreign motor carrier, foreign motor private carrier, broker, or freight forwarder for willful failure to comply with—

(i) this part;

(ii) an applicable regulation or order of the Secretary or the Board, including the accessibility requirements established by the Secretary under subpart H of part 37 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or successor regulations), for transportation provided by an over-the-road bus; or

(iii) a condition of its registration;

(B) withhold, suspend, amend, or revoke any part of the registration of a motor carrier, foreign motor carrier, foreign motor private carrier, broker, or freight forwarder for failure—

(i) to pay a civil penalty imposed under chapter 5, 51, 149, or 311;

(ii) to arrange and abide by an acceptable payment plan for such civil penalty, not later than 90 days after the date specified by order of the Secretary for the payment of such penalty; or

(iii) for failure 1 to obey a subpoena issued by the Secretary;

(C) withhold, suspend, amend, or revoke any part of a registration of a motor carrier, foreign motor carrier, foreign motor private carrier, broker, or freight forwarder following a determination by the Secretary that the motor carrier, broker, or freight forwarder failed to disclose, in its application for registration, a material fact relevant to its willingness and ability to comply with—

(i) this part;

(ii) an applicable regulation or order of the Secretary or the Board; or

(iii) a condition of its registration; or

(D) withhold, suspend, amend, or revoke any part of a registration of a motor carrier, foreign motor carrier, foreign motor private carrier, broker, or freight forwarder if the Secretary finds that the motor carrier, broker, or freight forwarder does not disclose any relationship through common ownership, common management, common control, or common familial relationship to any other motor carrier, broker, or freight forwarder, or any other applicant for motor carrier, broker, or freight forwarder registration that the Secretary determines is or was unwilling or unable to comply with the relevant requirements listed in section 13902, 13903, or 13904.

(3)

(4)

(e)

(1) the Secretary has issued an order to the registrant under section 14701 requiring compliance with this part, a regulation of the Secretary, or a condition of the registration; and

(2) the registrant willfully does not comply with the order for a period of 30 days.

(f)

(1)

(A) may suspend the registration of a motor carrier, a freight forwarder, or a broker for failure to comply with requirements of the Secretary pursuant to section 13904(e) or 13906 or an order or regulation of the Secretary prescribed under those sections; and

(B) shall revoke the registration of a motor carrier that has been prohibited from operating in interstate commerce for failure to comply with the safety fitness requirements of section 31144.

(2)

(3)

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 884; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(33), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3392; Pub. L. 105–102, §2(10), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2204; Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §206(a), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1763; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §§4104, 4303(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1716, 1761; Pub. L. 110–291, §2(b), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2915; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §§32103(a), 32109, 32205, 32917, 32933(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 778, 782, 785, 821, 830; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5508(a)(3), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1554; Pub. L. 116–113, title III, §326(b), Jan. 29, 2020, 134 Stat. 60.)

This amends 49:13905(a) for clarity and consistency.

This amends 49:13905(e)(1) to correct a grammatical error.

The date of enactment of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Enhancement Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(A), is the date of enactment of title II of div. C of Pub. L. 112–141, which was approved July 6, 2012.

The date of the enactment of this paragraph, referred to in subsec. (d)(4), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–159, which was approved Dec. 9, 1999.

Section 324(a) of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Implementation Act, referred to in subsec. (g), is classified to section 4574(a) of Title 19, Customs Duties.

**2020**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 116–113 added subsec. (g).

**2015**—Subsec. (d)(2)(D). Pub. L. 114–94 substituted "the Secretary finds that" for "the Secretary finds that—", struck out cl. (i) designation before "the motor carrier,", and inserted period at end.

**2012**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–141, §32917, amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Except as otherwise provided in this part, each registration issued under section 13902, 13903, or 13904 shall be effective from the date specified by the Secretary and shall remain in effect for such period as the Secretary determines appropriate by regulation."

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §32103(a)(1)(B), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which authorized the Secretary to amend or revoke a registration upon application, or suspend, amend or revoke a registration upon complaint or the Secretary's own initiative after notice and opportunity for a proceeding.

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, §32205, inserted "foreign motor carrier, foreign motor private carrier," after "registration of a motor carrier," wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 112–141, §32103(a)(1)(B), added par. (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (4).

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 112–141, §32103(a)(1)(B), added par. (3).

Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 112–141, §32103(a)(1)(C), substituted "paragraph (2)(B)" for "paragraph (1)(B)".

Pub. L. 112–141, §32103(a)(1)(A), redesignated par. (2) as (4).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–141, §32103(a)(2), inserted "or if the Secretary determines that the registrant failed to disclose a material fact in an application for registration in accordance with subsection (d)(2)(C)," after "registrant,".

Subsec. (f)(1)(A). Pub. L. 112–141, §32933(a), substituted "section 13904(e)" for "section 13904(c)".

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, §32109, amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Without regard to subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5, the Secretary shall revoke the registration of a motor carrier of passengers if the Secretary finds that such carrier has been conducting unsafe operations which are an imminent hazard to public health or property."

**2008**—Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 110–291 inserted "(including the accessibility requirements established by the Secretary under subpart H of part 37 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, or such successor regulations to those accessibility requirements as the Secretary may issue, for transportation provided by an over-the-road bus)" after "Board".

**2005**—Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 109–59, §4303(a), added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsecs. (b) and (c) as (c) and (d), respectively. Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §4303(a)(1), redesignated subsec. (d) as (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (f).

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §4104(1), added par. (1) and struck out heading and text of former par. (1). Text read as follows: "Without regard to subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5, the Secretary may suspend the registration of a motor carrier, a freight forwarder, or a broker for failure to comply with safety requirements of the Secretary or the safety fitness requirements pursuant to section 13904(c), 13906, or 31144 of this title, or an order or regulation of the Secretary prescribed under those sections."

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §4104(2), substituted "shall revoke the registration" for "may suspend a registration".

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 109–59, §4104(3), added par. (3) and struck out heading and text of former par. (3). Text read as follows: "The Secretary may suspend under this subsection the registration only after giving notice of the suspension to the registrant. The suspension remains in effect until the registrant complies with those applicable sections or, in the case of a suspension under paragraph (2), until the Secretary revokes such suspension."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–59, §4303(a)(1), redesignated subsec. (e) as (f).

**1999**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–159 inserted par. (1) designation and heading, inserted "(A)" before "suspend", added cl. (B), realigned par. (1) margins, and added par. (2).

**1997**—Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 105–102 struck out comma after "31144".

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "December 31, 1995" for "the day before the effective date of this section".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Except as provided in sections 14504, 14504a, and 14506 of this title, subtitle C (§§4301–4308) of title IV of Pub. L. 109–59 is not intended to prohibit any State or any political subdivision of any State from enacting, imposing, or enforcing any law or regulation with respect to a motor carrier, motor private carrier, broker, freight forwarder, or leasing company that is not otherwise prohibited by law, see section 4302 of Pub. L. 109–59, set out as a note under section 13902 of this title.

1 So in original. The words "for failure" probably should not appear.

(a)

(1) 1 of this subsection), or both. A registration remains in effect only as long as the registrant continues to satisfy the security requirements of this paragraph.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(b)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(2)

(A)

(i) subject to the review by the surety provider, the broker consents to the payment;

(ii) in any case in which the broker does not respond to adequate notice to address the validity of the claim, the surety provider determines that the claim is valid; or

(iii) the claim is not resolved within a reasonable period of time following a reasonable attempt by the claimant to resolve the claim under clauses (i) and (ii), and the claim is reduced to a judgment against the broker.

(B)

(i) respond to the claim on or before the 30th day following the date on which the notice was received; and

(ii) in the case of a denial, set forth in writing for the claimant the grounds for the denial.

(C)

(3)

(4)

(A) the holder of the financial security shall provide electronic notification to the Secretary of the cancellation not later than 30 days before the effective date of the cancellation; and

(B) the Secretary shall immediately post such notification on the public Internet Website of the Department of Transportation.

(5)

(6)

(A) submit a notice to cancel the financial security to the Administrator in accordance with paragraph (4);

(B) publicly advertise for claims for 60 days beginning on the date of publication by the Secretary of the notice to cancel the financial security; and

(C) pay, not later than 30 days after the expiration of the 60-day period for submission of claims—

(i) all uncontested claims received during such period; or

(ii) a pro rata share of such claims if the total amount of such claims exceeds the financial security available.

(7)

(A)

(B)

(C) 2 broker financial security for 3 years.

(8)

(c)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(2)

(A)

(i) subject to the review by the surety provider, the freight forwarder consents to the payment;

(ii) in the case 3 the freight forwarder does not respond to adequate notice to address the validity of the claim, the surety provider determines the claim is valid; or

(iii) the claim—

(I) is not resolved within a reasonable period of time following a reasonable attempt by the claimant to resolve the claim under clauses (i) and (ii); and

(II) is reduced to a judgment against the freight forwarder.

(B)

(i) respond to the claim on or before the 30th day following receipt of the notice; and

(ii) in the case of a denial, set forth in writing for the claimant the grounds for the denial.

(C)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(4)

(5)

(A) the holder of the financial security shall provide electronic notification to the Secretary of the cancellation not later than 30 days before the effective date of the cancellation; and

(B) the Secretary shall immediately post such notification on the public Internet web site of the Department of Transportation.

(6)

(7)

(A) submit a notice to cancel the financial security to the Administrator in accordance with paragraph (5);

(B) publicly advertise for claims for 60 days beginning on the date of publication by the Secretary of the notice to cancel the financial security; and

(C) pay, not later than 30 days after the expiration of the 60-day period for submission of claims—

(i) all uncontested claims received during such period; or

(ii) a pro rata share of such claims if the total amount of such claims exceeds the financial security available.

(8)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(9)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 885; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(34), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3392; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4303(b), (d)(1), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1762, 1763; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32918(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 822; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5201, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1534.)

Paragraph (3) of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), was redesignated as paragraph (4) of subsec. (a) of this section by Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4303(b)(1), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1762.

The date of enactment of the Unified Carrier Registration Act of 2005, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is the date of enactment of subtitle C of title IV of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

**2015**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 114–94 inserted "or suspend" after "revoke".

**2012**—Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 112–141 added subsecs. (b) and (c) and struck out former subsecs. (b) and (c) which related to broker requirements and freight forwarder requirements, respectively.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, §4303(d)(1), inserted "motor private carriers," after "motor carriers," in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 109–59, §4303(b), added par. (2) and redesignated former pars. (2) and (3) as (3) and (4), respectively.

**1996**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "January 1, 1996," for "the effective date of this section".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32918(c), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 826, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date that is 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways]."

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32918(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 826, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall issue regulations to implement and enforce the requirements under subsections (b) and (c) of section 13906 of title 49, United States Code, as amended by subsection (a)."

Except as provided in sections 14504, 14504a, and 14506 of this title, subtitle C (§§4301–4308) of title IV of Pub. L. 109–59 is not intended to prohibit any State or any political subdivision of any State from enacting, imposing, or enforcing any law or regulation with respect to a motor carrier, motor private carrier, broker, freight forwarder, or leasing company that is not otherwise prohibited by law, see section 4302 of Pub. L. 109–59, set out as a note under section 13902 of this title.

Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §104(h), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 920, provided that: "The Secretary of Transportation shall continue to enforce the rules and regulations of the Interstate Commerce Commission, as in effect on July 1, 1995, governing the qualifications for approval of a motor carrier as a self-insurer, until such time as the Secretary finds it in the public interest to revise such rules. The revised rules must provide for—

"(1) continued ability of motor carriers to qualify as self-insurers; and

"(2) the continued qualification of all carriers then so qualified under the terms and conditions set by the Interstate Commerce Commission or Secretary at the time of qualification."

[Interstate Commerce Commission abolished by section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.]

1 See References in Text note below.

2 So in original. Probably should be "provide".

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(d)

(1)

(A) rates for the transportation of household goods under the authority of the principal carrier;

(B) accessorial, terminal, storage, or other charges for services incidental to the transportation of household goods transported under the authority of the principal carrier;

(C) allowances relating to transportation of household goods under the authority of the principal carrier; and

(D) ownership of a motor carrier providing transportation of household goods by an agent or membership on the board of directors of any such motor carrier by an agent.

(2)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 887; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(35), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3392.)

This amends 49:13907(e)(1) and (2) for clarity and consistency.

Section 10102(11) of this title, referred to in subsec. (e)(1), was omitted and a new section 10102 enacted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, 806, effective Jan. 1, 1996.

Subchapter II of chapter 105 of this title, referred to in subsec. (e)(2), was omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, effective Jan. 1, 1996.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10934 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**1996**—Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(35)(A), substituted "December 31, 1995" for "the day before the effective date of this section".

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(35)(B), substituted "December 31, 1995" for "the day before such effective date".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Interstate Commerce Commission abolished by section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1) the current Department of Transportation identification number system, the single State registration system under section 14504; 1

(2) the registration system contained in this chapter and the financial responsibility information system under section 13906; and

(3) the service of process agent systems under sections 503 and 13304.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) to any agency of the Federal Government or a State government or any political subdivision of any such government for the access to or retrieval of information and data from the Unified Carrier Registration System for its own use; or

(ii) to any representative of a motor carrier, motor private carrier, leasing company, broker, or freight forwarder (as each is defined in section 14504a) for the access to or retrieval of the individual information related to such entity from the Unified Carrier Registration System for the individual use of such entity.

(e)

(f)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 888; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(36), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3392; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4304, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1763; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §301(l), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1617; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32106, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 781.)

This amends 49:13908(d)(1) for clarity and consistency.

This sets out the effective date of 49:13908.

The date of enactment of the Unified Carrier Registration Act of 2005, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of subtitle C of title IV of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

Section 14504, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), was repealed by Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4305(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1764; Pub. L. 110–53, title XV, §1537(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 467, effective Jan. 1, 2008.

The effective date of this section, referred to in subsec. (c), probably means the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59, which amended this section generally and was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

**2012**—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 112–141 struck out "but shall not exceed $300" after "registration".

**2008**—Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 110–244 added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsec. (e) as (f).

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 amended heading and text of section generally. Prior to amendment, text consisted of subsecs. (a) to (e) relating to issuance of regulations to replace the current Department of Transportation identification number system, the single State registration system under section 14504, the registration system contained in this chapter, and the financial responsibility information system under section 13906 with a single, online, Federal system.

**1996**—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(36)(A), substituted "December 31, 1995" for "the day before the effective date of this section".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(36)(B), substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of this section".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 110–53, title XV, §1537(b), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 467, provided that: "Not later than October 1, 2007, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration shall issue final regulations to establish the Unified Carrier Registration System, as required by section 13908 of title 49, United States Code, and set fees for the unified carrier registration agreement for calendar year 2007 or subsequent calendar years to be charged to motor carriers, motor private carriers, and freight forwarders under such agreement, as required by 14504a of title 49, United States Code."

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Except as provided in sections 14504, 14504a, and 14506 of this title, subtitle C (§§4301–4308) of title IV of Pub. L. 109–59 is not intended to prohibit any State or any political subdivision of any State from enacting, imposing, or enforcing any law or regulation with respect to a motor carrier, motor private carrier, broker, freight forwarder, or leasing company that is not otherwise prohibited by law, see section 4302 of Pub. L. 109–59, set out as a note under section 13902 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.

The Secretary shall make information relating to registration and financial security required by this chapter publicly available on the Internet, including—

(1) the names and business addresses of the principals of each entity holding such registration;

(2) the status of such registration; and

(3) the electronic address of the entity's surety provider for the submission of claims.

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32914(b)(1), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 819.)

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.



(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 890.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11101 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1) make the arrangement in writing signed by the parties specifying its duration and the compensation to be paid by the motor carrier;

(2) carry a copy of the arrangement in each motor vehicle to which it applies during the period the arrangement is in effect;

(3) inspect the motor vehicles and obtain liability and cargo insurance on them; and

(4) have control of and be responsible for operating those motor vehicles in compliance with requirements prescribed by the Secretary on safety of operations and equipment, and with other applicable law as if the motor vehicles were owned by the motor carrier.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 890.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11107 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 891.)

The National Labor Relations Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is act July 5, 1935, ch. 372, 49 Stat. 449, which is classified generally to subchapter II (§151 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 29, Labor. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 167 of Title 29 and Tables.

Act of March 23, 1932, commonly known as the Norris-LaGuardia Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is act Mar. 23, 1932, ch. 90, 47 Stat. 70, which is classified generally to chapter 6 (§101 et seq.) of Title 29. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 101 of Title 29 and Tables.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11109 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5501(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1550, provided that: "Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 2015], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall establish by regulation a process to collect data on delays experienced by operators of commercial motor vehicles before the loading and unloading of such vehicles and at other points in the pick-up and delivery process."

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) the level of performance that can be achieved by a well-managed motor carrier transporting household goods;

(ii) the degree of harm to individual shippers which could result from a violation of the regulation;

(iii) the need to set the level of performance at a level sufficient to deter abuses which result in harm to consumers and violations of regulations;

(iv) service requirements of the carriers;

(v) the cost of compliance in relation to the consumer benefits to be achieved from such compliance; and

(vi) the need to set the level of performance at a level designed to encourage carriers to offer service responsive to shipper needs.

(3)

(b)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(2)

(3)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 891; amended Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4205, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1753.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11110 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**2005**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59 added pars. (1) and (2), redesignated former par. (2) as (3), and struck out heading and text of former par. (1). Text read as follows: "Every motor carrier providing transportation of household goods subject to jurisdiction under subchapter I of chapter 135, upon request of a prospective shipper, may provide the shipper with an estimate of charges for transportation of household goods and for the proposed services. The Secretary shall not prohibit any such carrier from charging a prospective shipper for providing a written, binding estimate for the transportation and proposed services."

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title III, §23013, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 772, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) engaged in the interstate transportation of household goods; and

"(B) subject to the requirements of part 375 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on the effective date of any amendments made pursuant to the notice of proposed rulemaking issued under subsection (b)).

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) Section 375.207(b) to require each covered carrier to include on the website of the covered carrier a link—

"(A) to the publication of the Administration entitled 'Ready to Move–Tips for a Successful Interstate Move' and numbered ESA–03–005 on the website of the Administration; or

"(B) to a copy of the publication referred to in subparagraph (A) on the website of the covered carrier.

"(2) Subsections (a) and (b)(1) of section 375.213 to require each covered carrier to provide to each individual shipper, together with any written estimate provided to the shipper, a copy of the publication described in appendix A of part 375 of that title, entitled 'Your Rights and Responsibilities When You Move' and numbered ESA–03–006 (or a successor publication), in the form of a written copy or a hyperlink on the website of the covered carrier to the location on the website of the Administration containing that publication.

"(3) Section 375.213 to repeal subsection (e) of that section.

"(4) Section 375.401(a) to require each covered carrier—

"(A) to conduct a visual survey of the household goods to be transported by the covered carrier—

"(i) in person; or

"(ii) virtually, using—

"(I) a remote camera; or

"(II) another appropriate technology;

"(B) to offer a visual survey described in subparagraph (A) for all household goods shipments, regardless of the distance between—

"(i) the location of the household goods; and

"(ii) the location of the agent of the covered carrier preparing the estimate; and

"(C) to provide to each shipper a copy of the publication of the Administration entitled 'Ready to Move–Tips for a Successful Interstate Move' and numbered ESA–03–005 on receipt from the shipper of a request to schedule, or a waiver of, a visual survey offered under subparagraph (B).

"(5) Sections 375.401(b)(1), 375.403(a)(6)(ii), and 375.405(b)(7)(ii), and subpart D of appendix A of part 375, to require that, in any case in which a shipper tenders any additional item or requests any additional service prior to loading a shipment, the affected covered carrier shall—

"(A) prepare a new estimate; and

"(B) maintain a record of the date, time, and manner in which the new estimate was accepted by the shipper.

"(6) Section 375.501(a), to establish that a covered carrier is not required to provide to a shipper an order for service if the covered carrier elects to provide the information described in paragraphs (1) through (15) of that section in a bill of lading that is presented to the shipper before the covered carrier receives the shipment.

"(7) Subpart H of part 375, to replace the replace the terms 'freight bill' and 'expense bill' with the term 'invoice'."

Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §209(c), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1764, provided that: "The Comptroller General shall conduct a study of the effectiveness of the Department of Transportation's enforcement of household goods consumer protection rules under title 49, United States Code. The study shall also include a review of other potential methods of enforcing such rules, including allowing States to enforce such rules."

In this subchapter, the following definitions apply:

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 892.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11141 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) inspect and examine the lands, buildings, and equipment of a carrier or broker; and

(2) inspect and copy any record of—

(A) a carrier, broker, or association; and

(B) a person controlling, controlled by, or under common control with a carrier if the Secretary or Board, as applicable, considers inspection relevant to that person's relation to, or transaction with, that carrier.

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 893; amended Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32501(d), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 803.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11144 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**2012**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–141 inserted ", in person or in writing" after "proper credentials".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(1) safety needs;

(2) the need to preserve confidential business information and trade secrets and prevent competitive harm;

(3) private sector, academic, and public use of information in the reports; and

(4) the public interest.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(3)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 893; amended Pub. L. 105–102, §2(11), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205.)

This amends 49:14123(c)(2)(B) to correct a grammatical error.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11145 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**1997**—Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 105–102 inserted "in" before "no event".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.


(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(b)

(1) a certificate of title is issued for a motor vehicle under a law of a jurisdiction that requires or permits indication, on a certificate or title, of a security interest in the motor vehicle if the security interest is indicated on the certificate;

(2) a certificate of title has not been issued and the law of the State where the principal place of business of that carrier is located requires or permits public filing or recording of, or in relation to, that security interest if there has been such a public filing or recording; and

(3) a certificate of title has not been issued and the security interest cannot be perfected under paragraph (2) of this subsection, if the security interest has been perfected under the law (including the conflict of laws rules) of the State where the principal place of business of that carrier is located.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 894.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11304 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) will be in the interest of better service to the public or of economy of operation; and

(2) will not unreasonably restrain competition.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 895; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(37), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3392.)

This sets out the effective date of 49:14302.

This amends 49:14302(h)(1) and (2) for clarity and consistency.

Section 10102(11) of this title, referred to in subsec. (h)(1), was omitted and a new section 10102 enacted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 20, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, 806, effective Jan. 1, 1996.

Subchapter II of chapter 105 of this title, referred to in subsec. (h)(2), was omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, effective Jan. 1, 1996.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in sections 11341 and 11342 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**1996**—Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(37)(A), substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of this section".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(37)(B), substituted "January 1, 1996," for "the effective date of this section".

Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(37)(C), substituted "December 31, 1995" for "the day before the effective date of this section".

Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(37)(D), substituted "December 31, 1995" for "the day before such effective date".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Interstate Commerce Commission abolished by section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1) Consolidation or merger of the properties or franchises of at least 2 carriers into one operation for the ownership, management, and operation of the previously separately owned properties.

(2) A purchase, lease, or contract to operate property of another carrier by any number of carriers.

(3) Acquisition of control of a carrier by any number of carriers.

(4) Acquisition of control of at least 2 carriers by a person that is not a carrier.

(5) Acquisition of control of a carrier by a person that is not a carrier but that controls any number of carriers.

(b)

(1) The effect of the proposed transaction on the adequacy of transportation to the public.

(2) The total fixed charges that result from the proposed transaction.

(3) The interest of carrier employees affected by the proposed transaction.

The Board may impose conditions governing the transaction.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 897.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in sections 11341, 11343, 11344, 11345a, 11348, 11349, and 11351 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.


**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §§4305(c), 4306(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1773, 1774, added items 14504a and 14506.

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4305(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1764, as amended by Pub. L. 110–53, title XV, §1537(c), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 467, struck out item 14504 "Registration of motor carriers by a State", effective Jan. 1, 2008.

(a)

(1)

(A) scheduling of interstate or intrastate transportation (including discontinuance or reduction in the level of service) provided by a motor carrier of passengers subject to jurisdiction under subchapter I of chapter 135 of this title on an interstate route;

(B) the implementation of any change in the rates for such transportation or for any charter transportation except to the extent that notice, not in excess of 30 days, of changes in schedules may be required; or

(C) the authority to provide intrastate or interstate charter bus transportation.

This paragraph shall not apply to intrastate commuter bus operations, or to intrastate bus transportation of any nature in the State of Hawaii.

(2)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) shall not restrict the safety regulatory authority of a State with respect to motor vehicles, the authority of a State to impose highway route controls or limitations based on the size or weight of the motor vehicle or the hazardous nature of the cargo, or the authority of a State to regulate motor carriers with regard to minimum amounts of financial responsibility relating to insurance requirements and self-insurance authorization;

(B) does not apply to the intrastate transportation of household goods; and

(C) does not apply to the authority of a State or a political subdivision of a State to enact or enforce a law, regulation, or other provision relating to the regulation of tow truck operations performed without the prior consent or authorization of the owner or operator of the motor vehicle.

(3)

(A)

(i) uniform cargo liability rules,

(ii) uniform bills of lading or receipts for property being transported,

(iii) uniform cargo credit rules,

(iv) antitrust immunity for joint line rates or routes, classifications, mileage guides, and pooling, or

(v) antitrust immunity for agent-van line operations (as set forth in section 13907),

if such law, regulation, or provision meets the requirements of subparagraph (B).

(B)

(i) the law, regulation, or provision covers the same subject matter as, and compliance with such law, regulation, or provision is no more burdensome than compliance with, a provision of this part or a regulation issued by the Secretary or the Board under this part; and

(ii) the law, regulation, or provision only applies to a carrier upon request of such carrier.

(C)

(4)

(5)

(d)

(1)

(A) meets all applicable registration requirements under chapter 139 for the interstate transportation of passengers;

(B) meets all applicable vehicle and intrastate passenger licensing requirements of the State or States in which the motor carrier is domiciled or registered to do business; and

(C) is providing such service pursuant to a contract for—

(i) transportation by the motor carrier from one State, including intermediate stops, to a destination in another State; or

(ii) transportation by the motor carrier from one State, including intermediate stops in another State, to a destination in the original State.

(2)

(3)

(A) as subjecting taxicab service to regulation under chapter 135 or section 31138;

(B) as prohibiting or restricting an airport, train, or bus terminal operator from contracting to provide preferential access or facilities to one or more providers of pre-arranged ground transportation service; and

(C) as restricting the right of any State or political subdivision of a State to require, in a nondiscriminatory manner, that any individual operating a vehicle providing prearranged ground transportation service originating in the State or political subdivision have submitted to pre-licensing drug testing or a criminal background investigation of the records of the State in which the operator is domiciled, by the State or political subdivision by which the operator is licensed to provide such service, or by the motor carrier providing such service, as a condition of providing such service.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 899; amended Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4016, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 412; Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title I, §106, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–586; Pub. L. 107–298, §2, Nov. 26, 2002, 116 Stat. 2342; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §§4105(a), 4206(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1717, 1754; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5514, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1557.)

The Surface Freight Forwarder Deregulation Act of 1986, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is Pub. L. 99–521, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2993. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1986 Amendment note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11501 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**2015**—Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 114–94 substituted "the regulation of tow truck operations" for "the price of for-hire motor vehicle transportation by a tow truck, if such transportation is".

**2005**—Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 109–59, §4206(a), inserted "intrastate" before "transportation".

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 109–59, §4105(a), added par. (5).

**2002**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–298 added subsec. (d).

**1998**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–178 reenacted heading without change and amended text of subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "No State or political subdivision thereof and no interstate agency or other political agency of 2 or more States shall enact or enforce any law, rule, regulation, standard, or other provision having the force and effect of law relating to scheduling of interstate or intrastate transportation (including discontinuance or reduction in the level of service) provided by motor carrier of passengers subject to jurisdiction under subchapter I of chapter 135 of this title on an interstate route or relating to the implementation of any change in the rates for such transportation or for any charter transportation except to the extent that notice, not in excess of 30 days, of changes in schedules may be required. This subsection shall not apply to intrastate commuter bus operations."

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 105–277 substituted "operations, or to intrastate bus transportation of any nature in the State of Hawaii" for "operations" in concluding provisions.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) an assessment of the motor carrier transportation property at a value that has a higher ratio to the true market value of the motor carrier transportation property than the assessment value of all other property subject to a property tax levy in the assessment jurisdiction has to the true market value of all such other property; and

(B) the collection of ad valorem property tax on the motor carrier transportation property at a tax rate that exceeds the tax ratio rate applicable to taxable property in the taxing district.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 900.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11503a of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) the State and subdivision of residence of the employee (as shown on the employment records of the carrier); and

(B) the State and subdivision in which the employee earned more than 50 percent of the pay received by the employee from the carrier during the preceding calendar year.

(3)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 901.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11504 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Section, added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 902; amended Pub. L. 110–53, title XV, §1537(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 467, related to registration of motor carriers by a State.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11506 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4305(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1764, as amended by Pub. L. 110–53, title XV, §1537(c), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 467, provided that this section and the item relating to this section in the analysis for this chapter are repealed effective Jan. 1, 2008.

Pub. L. 110–53, title XV, §1537(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 467, provided that section 14504 of this title, as in effect on Dec. 31, 2006, was to be in effect for the period beginning on Jan. 1, 2007, and ending on the earlier of Jan. 1, 2008, or the effective date of final regulations issued (none issued as of Jan. 1, 2008) pursuant to section 1537(b) of Pub. L. 110–53, set out as a note under section 13908 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(A)

(i) for calendar years 2008 and 2009, has the meaning given the term in section 31101; and

(ii) for years beginning after December 31, 2009, means a self-propelled vehicle described in section 31101.

(B)

(2)

(A)

(i) that is in compliance with the requirements of subsection (e); and

(ii) in which the motor carrier, motor private carrier, broker, freight forwarder, or leasing company to which the agreement applies maintains its principal place of business.

(B)

(i) the State in which the motor carrier, motor private carrier, broker, freight forwarder, or leasing company maintains its principal place of business is not in compliance with the requirements of subsection (e); or

(ii) the motor carrier, motor private carrier, broker, freight forwarder, or leasing company does not have a principal place of business in the United States.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A)

(i)

(I) under subchapter I of chapter 135; or

(II) through exemption actions by the former Interstate Commerce Commission under this title.

(ii)

(I) any carrier subject to section 13504; or

(II) any other carrier that the board of directors of the unified carrier registration plan determines to be appropriate pursuant to subsection (d)(4)(C).

(B)

(i) under subchapter I of chapter 135; or

(ii) through exemption actions by the former Interstate Commerce Commission under this title.

(6)

(7) SSRS.—The term "SSRS" means the single state registration system in effect on the date of enactment of this section.

(8)

(9)

(10)

(b) 1 shall be subject to the provisions of this section as if the freight forwarder is a motor carrier.

(c)

(1) to enact, impose, or enforce any requirement or standards with respect to, or levy any fee or charge on, any motor carrier or motor private carrier providing transportation or service subject to jurisdiction under subchapter I of chapter 135 (in this section referred to as an "interstate motor carrier" and an "interstate motor private carrier", respectively) in connection with—

(A) the registration with the State of the interstate operations of the motor carrier or motor private carrier;

(B) the filing with the State of information relating to the financial responsibility of a motor carrier or motor private carrier pursuant to sections 31138 or 31139;

(C) the filing with the State of the name of the local agent for service of process of the motor carrier or motor private carrier pursuant to section 503 or 13304; or

(D) the annual renewal of the intrastate authority, or the insurance filings, of the motor carrier or motor private carrier, or other intrastate filing requirement necessary to operate within the State if the motor carrier or motor private carrier is—

(i) registered under section 13902 or section 13905(b); and

(ii) in compliance with the laws and regulations of the State authorizing the carrier to operate in the State in accordance with section 14501(c)(2)(A); except with respect to—

(I) intrastate service provided by motor carriers of passengers that is not subject to the preemption provisions of section 14501(a);

(II) motor carriers of property, motor private carriers, brokers, or freight forwarders, or their services or operations, that are described in subparagraphs (B) and (C) of section 14501(c)(2); and

(III) the intrastate transportation of waste or recyclable materials by any carrier; or

(2) to require any interstate motor carrier or motor private carrier that also performs intrastate operations to pay any fee or tax which 2 a carrier engaged exclusively in intrastate operations is exempt.

(d)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(C)

(D)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(2)

(A) prescribe uniform forms and formats, for—

(i) the annual submission of the information required by a base-State of a motor carrier, motor private carrier, leasing company, broker, or freight forwarder;

(ii) the transmission of information by a participating State to the Unified Carrier Registration System;

(iii) the payment of excess fees by a State to the designated depository and the distribution of fees by the depository to those States so entitled; and

(iv) the providing of notice by a motor carrier, motor private carrier, broker, freight forwarder, or leasing company to the board of the intent of such entity to change its base-State, and the procedures for a State to object to such a change under subparagraph (C);

(B) provide for the administration of the unified carrier registration agreement, including procedures for amending the agreement and obtaining clarification of any provision of the Agreement;

(C) provide procedures for dispute resolution under the agreement that provide due process for all involved parties; and

(D) designate a depository.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(C) 2

(D)

(5)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(6)

(7)

(A)

(i) the administrative costs associated with the unified carrier registration plan and the agreement;

(ii) whether the revenues generated in the previous year and any surplus or shortage from that or prior years enable the participating States to achieve the revenue levels set by the board; and

(iii) the provisions governing fees under subsection (f)(1).

(B)

(i) within 90 days after receiving the board's recommendation under subparagraph (A); and

(ii) after notice and opportunity for public comment.

(8)

(A) the individual was acting within the scope of his or her responsibilities as a director; and

(B) the harm was not caused by willful or criminal misconduct, gross negligence, reckless misconduct, or a conscious, flagrant indifference to the right or safety of the party harmed by the individual.

(9)

(10)

(e)

(1)

(A) identifying the State agency that has or will have the legal authority, resources, and qualified personnel necessary to administer the agreement in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by the board of directors; and

(B) demonstrating that an amount at least equal to the revenue derived by the State from the unified carrier registration agreement shall be used for motor carrier safety programs, enforcement, or the administration of the UCR plan and UCR agreement.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(f)

(1)

(i) to a motor carrier, motor private carrier, or freight forwarder under the UCR agreement shall be based on the number of commercial motor vehicles owned or operated by the motor carrier, motor private carrier, or freight forwarder; and

(ii) to a broker or leasing company under the UCR agreement shall be equal to the smallest fee charged to a motor carrier, motor private carrier, and freight forwarder under this paragraph.

(B) The fees shall be determined by the Secretary based upon the recommendation of the board under subsection (d)(7).

(C) The board shall develop for purposes of charging fees no more than 6 and no less than 4 brackets of carriers (including motor private carriers) based on the size of fleet.

(D) The fee scale shall be progressive in the amount of the fee.

(E) The board may ask the Secretary to adjust the fees within a reasonable range on an annual basis if the revenues derived from the fees—

(i) are insufficient to provide the revenues to which the States are entitled under this section; or

(ii) exceed those revenues.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(g)

(1) A State that participated in the SSRS in the last registration year under the SSRS ending before the date of enactment of the Unified Carrier Registration Act of 2005 and complies with subsection (e) is entitled to receive under this section a portion of the revenues generated under the UCR agreement equivalent to the revenues it received under the SSRS in such last registration year, as long as the State continues to comply with subsection (e).

(2) A State that collected intrastate registration fees from interstate motor carriers, interstate motor private carriers, or interstate exempt carriers and complies with subsection (e) is entitled to receive under this section an additional portion of the revenues generated under the UCR agreement equivalent to the revenues it received from such carriers in the last calendar year ending before the date of enactment of the Unified Carrier Registration Act of 2005, as long as the State continues to comply with subsection (e).

(3) States that comply with subsection (e) but did not participate in SSRS during such last registration year shall be entitled under this section to an annual allotment not to exceed $500,000 from the revenues generated under the UCR agreement, as long as the State continues to comply with the provisions of subsection (e).

(4) The amount of revenues generated under the UCR agreement to which a State is entitled under this section shall be calculated by the board and approved by the Secretary.

(h)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) On a pro rata basis to each participating State that did not collect revenues under the UCR agreement equivalent to the amount such State is entitled under subsection (g), except that the sum of the gross revenues collected under the UCR agreement by a participating State and the amount distributed to it from the depository shall not exceed the amount to which the State is entitled under subsection (g).

(B) After all distributions under subparagraph (A) have been made, to pay the administrative costs of the UCR plan and the UCR agreement.

(4)

(i)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) prohibits a participating State from issuing citations and imposing reasonable fines and penalties pursuant to the applicable laws and regulations of the State on any motor carrier, motor private carrier, freight forwarder, broker, or leasing company for failure to—

(i) submit information documents as required under subsection (d)(2); or

(ii) pay the fees required under subsection (f); or

(B) authorizes a State to require a motor carrier, motor private carrier, or freight forwarder to display as evidence of compliance any form of identification in excess of those permitted under section 14506 on or in a commercial motor vehicle.

(j)

(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4305(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1764; amended Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §301(m)–(p), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1617; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title VII, §701(d), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4906; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32933(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 830; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(305), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4339.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (a)(7), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

Section 13903(b), referred to in subsec. (b), was redesignated section 13903(d) by Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32916(a)(2), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 820.

The date of enactment of the Unified Carrier Registration Act of 2005, referred to in subsecs. (e)(1) and (g)(1), (2), is the date of enactment of subtitle C of title IV of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

**2022**—Subsec. (d)(9). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted "chapter 10 of title 5" for "federal advisory committee act" in heading and "Chapter 10 of title 5" for "The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.)" in text.

**2012**—Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 112–141, §32933(b)(1), substituted "section" for "sections".

Subsec. (c)(1)(D)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 112–141, §32933(b)(2), substituted "; and" for period at end.

**2008**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–432, §701(d)(1)(A), inserted "(except as provided in paragraph (5))" after "14506" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 110–432, §701(d)(1)(B), added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the term 'commercial motor vehicle' has the meaning such term has under section 31101."

Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 110–244, §301(m), substituted "determining the size of a motor carrier or motor private carrier's fleet in calculating the fee to be paid by a motor carrier or motor private carrier pursuant to subsection (f)(1), the motor carrier or motor private carrier" for "a motor carrier required to make any filing or pay any fee to a State with respect to the motor carrier's authority or insurance related to operation within such State, the motor carrier".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 110–432, §701(d)(1)(C), added par. (5) and struck out former par. (5). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'motor carrier' includes all carriers that are otherwise exempt from this part under subchapter I of chapter 135 or exemption actions by the former Interstate Commerce Commission under this title."

Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 110–244, §301(p)(1), substituted "a" for "the a".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 110–244, §301(n), substituted "exclusively in intrastate operations" for "exclusively in interstate operations".

Subsec. (d)(4)(C). Pub. L. 110–432, §701(d)(2), inserted before period ", except that a decision to approve the exclusion of carriers from the definition of the term 'motor carrier' under subsection (a)(5) shall require an affirmative vote of ¾ of all such directors."

Subsec. (f)(1)(A)(i). Pub. L. 110–244, §301(p)(2), struck out "in connection with the filing of proof of financial responsibility" before "under the UCR agreement".

Subsec. (f)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 110–244, §301(o), (p)(3), substituted "under the UCR agreement" for "in connection with such a filing" and struck out "or" before "under this paragraph."

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.

A State or political subdivision thereof may not collect or levy a tax, fee, head charge, or other charge on—

(1) a passenger traveling in interstate commerce by motor carrier;

(2) the transportation of a passenger traveling in interstate commerce by motor carrier;

(3) the sale of passenger transportation in interstate commerce by motor carrier; or

(4) the gross receipts derived from such transportation.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 904.)

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) under the International Registration Plan under section 31704;

(2) under the International Fuel Tax Agreement under section 31705 or under an applicable State law if, on October 1, 2006, the State has a form of highway use taxation not subject to collection through the International Fuel Tax Agreement;

(3) under a State law regarding motor vehicle license plates or other displays that the Secretary determines are appropriate;

(4) in connection with Federal requirements for hazardous materials transportation under section 5103; or

(5) in connection with the Federal vehicle inspection standards under section 31136.

(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4306(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1773; amended Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §301(q), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1617.)

**2008**—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 110–244 inserted "or under an applicable State law if, on October 1, 2006, the State has a form of highway use taxation not subject to collection through the International Fuel Tax Agreement" before semicolon at end.


**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4206(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1757, added items 14710 and 14711.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 904.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11701 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4214, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1759, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) establish (A) a system for filing and logging consumer complaints relating to household goods motor carriers for the purpose of compiling or linking complaint information gathered by the Department of Transportation and the States with regard to such carriers, (B) a database of the complaints, and (C) a procedure for the public to have access, subject to section 552(a) of title 5, United States Code, to aggregated information and for carriers to challenge duplicate or fraudulent information in the database;

"(2) issue regulations requiring each motor carrier of household goods to submit on a quarterly basis a report summarizing—

"(A) the number of shipments that originate and are delivered for individual shippers during the reporting period by the carrier;

"(B) the number and general category of complaints lodged by consumers with the carrier;

"(C) the number of claims filed with the carrier for loss and damage in excess of $500;

"(D) the number of such claims resolved during the reporting period;

"(E) the number of such claims declined in the reporting period; and

"(F) the number of such claims that are pending at the close of the reporting period; and

"(3) develop a procedure to forward a complaint, including the motor carrier bill of lading number, if known, related to the complaint to a motor carrier named in such complaint and to an appropriate State authority (as defined in section 14710(d) of title 49, United States Code) in the State in which the complainant resides.

"(b)

[For definitions of "carrier", "household goods", "motor carrier", and "Secretary" as used in section 4214 of Pub. L. 109–59, set out above, see section 4202(a) of Pub. L. 109–59, set out as a note under section 13102 of this title.]

(a)

(1) to enforce section 14103 of this title; or

(2) to enforce this part, or a regulation or order of the Secretary or Board, as applicable, when violated by a carrier or broker providing transportation or service subject to jurisdiction under subchapter I or III of chapter 135 of this title or by a foreign motor carrier or foreign motor private carrier providing transportation registered under section 13902 of this title.

(b)

(1) trial is in the judicial district in which the carrier, foreign motor carrier, foreign motor private carrier, or broker operates;

(2) process may be served without regard to the territorial limits of the district or of the State in which the action is instituted; and

(3) a person participating with a carrier or broker in a violation may be joined in the civil action without regard to the residence of the person.

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 905.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11702 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

The Attorney General may, and on request of either the Secretary or the Board shall, bring court proceedings—

(1) to enforce this part or a regulation or order of the Secretary or Board or terms of registration under this part; and

(2) to prosecute a person violating this part or a regulation or order of the Secretary or Board or term of registration under this part.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 905.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11703 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 905; amended Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32922(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 828.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11705 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–141 substituted ", 14103, and 14915(c)" for "and 14103".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1) payment of the rate for the transportation or service involved;

(2) subsequent refund for overpayment of that rate; or

(3) deduction made under section 3726 of title 31.

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 907.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11706 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(2)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) in the case of a United States district court, a judicial district of the United States; and

(B) in the case of a State court, the applicable geographic area over which such court exercises jurisdiction.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A) an offer of compromise shall not constitute a disallowance of any part of the claim unless the carrier, in writing, informs the claimant that such part of the claim is disallowed and provides reasons for such disallowance; and

(B) communications received from a carrier's insurer shall not constitute a disallowance of any part of the claim unless the insurer, in writing, informs the claimant that such part of the claim is disallowed, provides reason for such disallowance, and informs the claimant that the insurer is acting on behalf of the carrier.

(f)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(A) the efficient delivery of transportation services;

(B) international and intermodal harmony;

(C) the public interest; and

(D) the interest of carriers and shippers.

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 907; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(38), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3392; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4207, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1757.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in sections 10730 and 11707 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**2005**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–59 designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added pars. (2) and (3).

**1996**—Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of this section".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4215, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1760, provided that, not later than 1 year after Aug. 10, 2005, the Surface Transportation Board would complete a review of Federal regulations regarding liability protection provided by motor carriers that provided transportation of household goods and revise such regulations, if necessary, to provide enhanced protection for loss or damage.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 910.)

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, referred to in subsec. (c), are set out in the Appendix to Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11708 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(c)

(d)

(1) the shipper submits a claim to the carrier within 120 days after the date the shipment is delivered or the date the delivery is scheduled, whichever is later;

(2) the shipper prevails in such court action; and

(3)(A) the shipper was not advised by the carrier during the claim settlement process that a dispute settlement program was available to resolve the dispute;

(B) a decision resolving the dispute was not rendered through arbitration under this section within the period provided under subsection (b)(8) of this section or an extension of such period under such subsection; or

(C) the court proceeding is to enforce a decision rendered through arbitration under this section and is instituted after the period for performance under such decision has elapsed.

(e)

(1) after resolution of such dispute through arbitration under this section; or

(2) after institution of an arbitration proceeding by the shipper to resolve such dispute under this section but before—

(A) the period provided under subsection (b)(8) for resolution of such dispute (including, if applicable, an extension of such period under such subsection) ends; and

(B) a decision resolving such dispute is rendered.

(f)

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 910; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(38), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3392; Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §209(b), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1764; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4208, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1757.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11711 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §4208(a), inserted "and to determine whether carrier charges, in addition to those collected at delivery, must be paid by shippers for transportation and services related to transportation of household goods" before period at end.

Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 109–59, §4208(b), substituted "$10,000" for "$5,000" in two places.

Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 109–59, §4208(c), substituted "compensation for damages, and an order requiring the payment of additional carrier charges" for "and compensation for damages".

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 109–59, §4208(d), added subpar. (A) and redesignated former subpars. (A) and (B) as (B) and (C), respectively.

**1999**—Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 106–159 substituted "$5000" for "$1000" in two places.

**1996**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of this section".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Subject to review and approval by the Board, motor carriers subject to jurisdiction under subchapter I of chapter 135 (other than motor carriers providing transportation of household goods) and shippers may resolve, by mutual consent, overcharge and under-charge claims resulting from incorrect tariff provisions or billing errors arising from the inadvertent failure to properly and timely file and maintain agreed upon rates, rules, or classifications in compliance with section 13702 or, with respect to transportation provided before January 1, 1996, sections 10761 and 10762, as in effect on December 31, 1995. Resolution of such claims among the parties shall not subject any party to the penalties for departing from a tariff.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 912; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(39), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3392.)

This amends 49:14709 by setting out the effective date of 49:14709 and for clarity and consistency.

Sections 10761 and 10762, referred to in text, were omitted in the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §102(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 804, effective Jan. 1, 1996.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11712 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of this section" and "December 31, 1995" for "the day before the effective date of this section".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4206(b)(1), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1754; amended Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title I, §173(a), (b), Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2426.)

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–115, §173(a), (e), temporarily substituted "a State authority other than the attorney general of the state may, as parens patriae," for "a State authority may" in first sentence and inserted second sentence which read as follows: "Any civil action for injunctive relief to enjoin such delivery or transportation or to compel a person to pay a fine or penalty assessed under chapter 149 shall be brought in an appropriate district court of the United States." See Termination Date of 2005 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–115, §173(b), (e), temporarily amended subsec. (b) to read as follows: "

Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title I, §173(e), Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2426, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 14711 of this title] shall cease to be in effect after September 30, 2006."

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4213, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1759, as amended by Pub. L. 111–147, title IV, §422(j), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 87; Pub. L. 111–322, title II, §2202(j), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3525; Pub. L. 112–5, title II, §202(j), Mar. 4, 2011, 125 Stat. 17; Pub. L. 112–30, title I, §122(i), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 349; Pub. L. 112–102, title II, §202(i), Mar. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 274; Pub. L. 112–140, title II, §202(i), June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 395; Pub. L. 112–141, div. G, title II, §112002(f), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 983, directed the Secretary of Transportation to establish a working group to enhance the Federal-State partnership with respect to interstate transportation of household goods to remain in effect until Sept. 30, 2012.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) shall review the initiation of a civil action under this section by a State if—

(i) the carrier or broker that is the subject of the action is not registered with the Department of Transportation;

(ii) the license of the carrier or broker for failure to file proof of required bodily injury or cargo liability insurance is pending, or the license has been revoked for any other reason by the Department;

(iii) the carrier is not rated or has received a conditional or unsatisfactory safety rating by the Department; or

(iv) the carrier or broker has been licensed with the Department for less than 5 years; and

(B) may review if the carrier or broker fails to meet criteria developed by the Secretary that are consistent with this section.

(3)

(4) 60

(c)

(1) be heard on all matters arising in such civil action; and

(2) file petitions for appeal of a decision in such civil actions.

(d)

(1) convey a right to initiate or maintain a class action lawsuit in the enforcement of a Federal law or regulation; or

(2) prevent the attorney general of a State from exercising the powers conferred on the attorney general by the laws of such State to conduct investigations or to administer oaths or affirmations or to compel the attendance of witnesses or the production of documentary and other evidence.

(e)

(1) the venue shall be a Federal judicial district in which—

(A) the carrier, foreign motor carrier, or broker operates;

(B) the carrier, foreign motor carrier, or broker was authorized to provide transportation at the time the complaint arose; or

(C) where the defendant in the civil action is found;

(2) process may be served without regard to the territorial limits of the district or of the State in which the civil action is instituted; and

(3) a person who participated with a carrier or broker in an alleged violation that is being litigated in the civil action may be joined in the civil action without regard to the residence of the person.

(f)

(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4206(b)(1), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1755; amended Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title I, §173(c), (d), Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2426.)

**2005**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 109–115, §173(c), (e), temporarily inserted at end "The State may initiate a civil action under subsection (a) if it is reviewable under subsection (b)(2)." See Termination Date of 2005 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 109–115, §173(d), (e), temporarily inserted "that is subject to review under subsection (b)(2)" before "if the Secretary". See Termination Date of 2005 Amendment note below.

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–115 to cease to be in effect after Sept. 30, 2006, see section 173(e) of Pub. L. 109–115, set out as a note under section 14710 of this title.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.


**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32919(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 827, added item 14916.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4210(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1759, added item 14915.

(a)

(1) does not make the report;

(2) does not specifically, completely, and truthfully answer the question;

(3) does not make, prepare, or preserve the record in the form and manner prescribed;

(4) does not comply with section 13901; or

(5) does not comply with section 13902(c);

is liable to the United States for a civil penalty of not less than $1,000 for each violation and for each additional day the violation continues; except that, in the case of a person or an officer, agent, or employee of such person, that does not comply with section 13901 or section 13902(c) of this title, the amount of the civil penalty shall not be less than $10,000 for each violation, or $25,000 for each violation relating to providing transportation of passengers.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(e)

(1) to falsify documents used in the transportation of household goods subject to jurisdiction under subchapter I or III of chapter 135 which evidence the weight of a shipment; or

(2) to charge for accessorial services which are not performed or for which the carrier is not entitled to be compensated in any case in which such services are not reasonably necessary in the safe and adequate movement of the shipment;

is liable to the United States for a civil penalty of not less than $2,000 for each violation and of not less than $5,000 for each subsequent violation. Any State may bring a civil action in the United States district courts to compel a person to pay a civil penalty assessed under this subsection.

(f)

(1) the carrier or broker has its principal office;

(2) the carrier or broker was authorized to provide transportation or service under this part when the violation occurred;

(3) the violation occurred; or

(4) the offender is found.

Process in the action may be served in the judicial district of which the offender is an inhabitant or in which the offender may be found.

(g)

(1)

(2)

(h)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 913; amended Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4209, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1758; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §§32108, 32923(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 782, 828; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5508(a)(4), (b)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1554.)

The Solid Waste Disposal Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is title II of Pub. L. 89–272, as amended generally by Pub. L. 94–580, §2, Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2795, which is classified generally to chapter 82 (§6901 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. Section 3001 of the Act is classified to section 6921 of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6901 of Title 42 and Tables.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in sections 10751 and 11901 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**2015**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–94, §5508(b)(1), amended Pub. L. 112–141, §32108(a)(4). See 2012 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 114–94, §5508(a)(4), struck out "Household Goods" after "Settlement of" in heading.

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–141, §32108(a)(4), as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, §5508(b)(1), substituted "$10,000 for each violation, or $25,000 for each violation relating to providing transportation of passengers" for "$2,000 for each violation and for each additional day the violation continues" in concluding provisions.

Pub. L. 112–141, §32108(a)(1)–(3), substituted "$1,000" for "$500" and "or section 13902(c) of this title," for "with respect to providing transportation of passengers," and struck out "who is not registered under this part to provide transportation of passengers," after "in the case of a person" in concluding provisions.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–141, §32108(b), substituted "not less than $20,000, but not to exceed $40,000" for "not to exceed $20,000".

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 112–141, §32923(a), added subsec. (h).

**2005**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–59 designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added pars. (2) and (3).

Amendment by section 5508(a)(4) of Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5508(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1554, provided that the amendment made by section 5508(b)(1) is effective as of July 6, 2012, and as if included in Pub. L. 112–141 as enacted.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §219, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1768, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

A person—

(1) delivering property to a carrier providing transportation or service subject to jurisdiction under chapter 135 for transportation under this part or for whom that carrier will transport the property as consignor or consignee for that person from a State or territory or possession of the United States to another State or possession, territory, or to a foreign country; and

(2) knowingly accepting or receiving by any means a rebate or offset against the rate for transportation for, or service of, that property contained in a tariff required under section 13702;

is liable to the United States for a civil penalty in an amount equal to 3 times the amount of money that person accepted or received as a rebate or offset and 3 times the value of other consideration accepted or received as a rebate or offset. In a civil action under this section, all money or other consideration received by the person during a period of 6 years before an action is brought under this section may be included in determining the amount of the penalty, and if that total amount is included, the penalty shall be 3 times that total amount.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 915.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11902 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 915; amended Pub. L. 105–102, §2(12), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205.)

This amends 49:14903(a) to correct a grammatical error.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11903 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**1997**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–102 inserted "a" before "civil penalty of not more than".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1) offers, grants, gives, solicits, accepts, or receives a rebate for concession, in violation of a provision of this part related to motor carrier transportation subject to jurisdiction under subchapter I of chapter 135; or

(2) by any means assists or permits another person to get transportation that is subject to jurisdiction under that subchapter at less than the rate in effect for that transportation under section 13702,

is liable to the United States for a civil penalty of $200 for the first violation and $250 for a subsequent violation.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 915.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11904 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 916.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11902a of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

A person, or an officer, employee, or agent of that person, that by any means tries to evade regulation provided under this part for carriers or brokers is liable to the United States for a civil penalty of at least $2,000 for the first violation and at least $5,000 for a subsequent violation, and may be subject to criminal penalties.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 916; amended Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32505(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 804.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11906 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 substituted "at least $2,000" for "$200" and "$5,000" for "$250" and inserted ", and may be subject to criminal penalties" after "a subsequent violation".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

A person required to make a report to the Secretary or the Board, as applicable, answer a question, or make, prepare, or preserve a record under this part about transportation subject to jurisdiction under subchapter I or III of chapter 135, or an officer, agent, or employee of that person, that—

(1) does not make that report;

(2) does not specifically, completely, and truthfully answer that question in 30 days from the date the Secretary or Board, as applicable, requires the question to be answered;

(3) does not make, prepare, or preserve that record in the form and manner prescribed;

(4) falsifies, destroys, mutilates, or changes that report or record;

(5) files a false report or record;

(6) makes a false or incomplete entry in that record about a business related fact or transaction; or

(7) makes, prepares, or preserves a record in violation of an applicable regulation or order of the Secretary or Board;

is liable to the United States for a civil penalty of not more than $5,000.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 916.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11909 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(1) in response to legal process issued under authority of a court of the United States or a State;

(2) to an officer, employee, or agent of the United States Government, a State, or a territory or possession of the United States; or

(3) to another carrier or its agent to adjust mutual traffic accounts in the ordinary course of business.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 917.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11910 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Whoever does not obey a subpoena or requirement of the Secretary or the Board to appear and testify or produce records shall be fined under title 18 or imprisoned not more than 1 year, or both.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 917.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11913 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

When another civil penalty is not provided under this chapter, a person that violates a provision of this part or a regulation or order prescribed under this part, or a condition of a registration under this part related to transportation that is subject to jurisdiction under subchapter I or III of chapter 135 or a condition of a registration of a foreign motor carrier or foreign motor private carrier under section 13902, is liable to the United States for a civil penalty of $500 for each violation. A separate violation occurs each day the violation continues.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 917.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11914 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

An act or omission that would be a violation of this part if committed by a director, officer, receiver, trustee, lessee, agent, or employee of a carrier providing transportation or service subject to jurisdiction under chapter 135 that is a corporation is also a violation of this part by that corporation. The penalties of this chapter apply to that violation. When acting in the scope of their employment, the actions and omissions of individuals acting for or employed by that carrier are considered to be the actions and omissions of that carrier as well as that individual.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 917.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11915 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 918.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11917 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

When a carrier publishes or files a particular rate under section 13702 or participates in such a rate, the published or filed rate is conclusive proof against that carrier, its officers, and agents that it is the legal rate for that transportation or service in a proceeding begun under section 14902 or 14903. A departure, or offer to depart, from that published or filed rate is a violation of those sections.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 918.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11916 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1) application has been made for refund or remission of the penalty within 1 year from the date of payment; and

(2) the Board finds that the penalty was unlawfully, improperly, or excessively imposed.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §103, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 918.)

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4210(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1758; amended Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §§32922(b), 32923(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 828.)

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §32922(b), inserted at end "The United States may assign all or a portion of the civil penalty to an aggrieved shipper. The Secretary of Transportation shall establish criteria upon which such assignments shall be made. The Secretary may order, after notice and an opportunity for a proceeding, that a person found holding a household goods shipment hostage return the goods to an aggrieved shipper."

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 112–141, §32923(b), added par. (4).

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1) is registered under, and in compliance with, section 13904; and

(2) has satisfied the financial security requirements under section 13906.

(b)

(1) a non-vessel-operating common carrier (as defined in section 40102 of title 46) or an ocean freight forwarder (as defined in section 40102 of title 46) when arranging for inland transportation as part of an international through movement involving ocean transportation between the United States and a foreign port;

(2) a customs broker licensed in accordance with section 111.2 of title 19, Code of Federal Regulations, only to the extent that the customs broker is engaging in a movement under a customs bond or in a transaction involving customs business, as defined by section 111.1 of title 19, Code of Federal Regulations; or

(3) an indirect air carrier holding a Standard Security Program approved by the Transportation Security Administration, only to the extent that the indirect air carrier is engaging in the activities as an air carrier as defined in section 40102(2) or in the activities defined in section 40102(3).

(c)

(1) to the United States Government for a civil penalty in an amount not to exceed $10,000 for each violation; and

(2) to the injured party for all valid claims incurred without regard to amount.

(d)

(1) to any corporate entity or partnership involved; and

(2) to the individual officers, directors, and principals of such entities.

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32919(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 827; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5508(a)(5), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1554.)

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94 substituted section symbol for "SEC." before section designation.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(40), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3392, made technical amendment to part heading.


**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(41), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3392, struck out duplicative chapter heading.

(a)

(1) to recognize and preserve the inherent advantage of each mode of transportation;

(2) to promote safe, adequate, economical, and efficient transportation;

(3) to encourage sound economic conditions in transportation, including sound economic conditions among carriers;

(4) to encourage the establishment and maintenance of reasonable rates for transportation without unreasonable discrimination or unfair or destructive competitive practices;

(5) to cooperate with each State and the officials of each State on transportation matters; and

(6) to encourage fair wages and working conditions in the transportation industry.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 921; amended Pub. L. 105–102, §2(13), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205.)

This amends 49:15101(a) to correct a grammatical error.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10101 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**1997**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–102 struck out "of" after "Government to oversee".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(b), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 932, directed the Comptroller General, within 3 years after Jan. 1, 1996, to transmit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a report regarding the impact of regulations on the competitiveness of pipelines and to recommend whether to continue, revise, or sunset such regulations.

In this part—

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A) property, facilities, instrumentalities, or equipment of any kind related to the movement of property, regardless of ownership or an agreement concerning use; and

(B) services related to that movement, including receipt, delivery, transfer in transit, storage, handling, and interchange of property.

(6)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 921.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10102 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Except as otherwise provided in this part, the remedies provided under this part are in addition to remedies existing under another law or common law.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 922.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10103 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.


**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(42), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3392, struck out duplicative chapter heading.

(a)

(1) a State and a place in another State;

(2) the District of Columbia and another place in the District of Columbia;

(3) a State and a place in a territory or possession of the United States;

(4) a territory or possession of the United States and a place in another such territory or possession;

(5) a territory or possession of the United States and another place in the same territory or possession;

(6) the United States and another place in the United States through a foreign country; or

(7) the United States and a place in a foreign country.

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 922.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10501 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1) is not necessary to carry out the transportation policy of section 15101; and

(2) either (A) the transaction or service is of limited scope, or (B) the application, in whole or in part, of the provision is not needed to protect shippers from the abuse of market power.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 923.)

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.


(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 923.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10701 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

A pipeline carrier providing transportation or service subject to this part shall establish—

(1) rates and classifications for transportation and service it may provide under this part; and

(2) rules and practices on matters related to that transportation or service.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 923.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10702 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) the effect of the prescribed rate, classification, rule, or practice on the movement of traffic by that carrier;

(2) the need for revenues that are sufficient, under honest, economical, and efficient management, to let the carrier provide that transportation or service; and

(3) the availability of other economic transportation alternatives.

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 924.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10704 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

A pipeline carrier providing transportation or service for the United States Government may transport property for the United States Government without charge or at a rate reduced from the applicable commercial rate. Section 6101(b) to (d) of title 41 does not apply when transportation for the United States Government can be obtained from a carrier lawfully operating in the area where the transportation would be provided.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 924; amended Pub. L. 111–350, §5(o)(6), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3853.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10721 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**2011**—Pub. L. 111–350 substituted "Section 6101(b) to (d) of title 41" for "Section 3709 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5)".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

A pipeline carrier providing transportation or service subject to this part may not subject a person, place, port, or type of traffic to unreasonable discrimination.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 924.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10741 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

A pipeline carrier providing transportation subject to this part shall provide reasonable, proper, and equal facilities that are within its power to provide for the interchange of traffic between, and for the receiving, forwarding, and delivering of property to and from, its respective line and a connecting line of a pipeline, rail, or water carrier under this subtitle.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 924.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 10742 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.



**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(43)(A), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3392, struck out duplicative chapter heading and made technical amendments to items for subchapters A and B.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(43)(B)(i), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393, made technical amendment to subchapter heading.

(a)

(b)

(1) in writing and forwarded to the requesting person promptly after receipt of the request; or

(2) promptly made available in electronic form.

(c)

(1) has requested such rates or terms under subsection (b); or

(2) has made arrangements with the carrier for a shipment that would be subject to such increased rates or changed terms.

(d)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 925; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(44), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11101 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**1996**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "January 1, 1996" for "the effective date of this section".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(43)(B)(ii), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393, made technical amendment to subchapter heading.

In this subchapter, the following definitions apply:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 925.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11141 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) inspect and examine the lands, buildings, and equipment of a pipeline carrier or lessor; and

(2) inspect and copy any record of—

(A) a pipeline carrier, lessor, or association; and

(B) a person controlling, controlled by, or under common control with a pipeline carrier if the Board considers inspection relevant to that person's relation to, or transaction with, that carrier.

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 926.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11144 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 926.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11145 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.


**1998**—Pub. L. 105–225, §7(d), Aug. 12, 1998, 112 Stat. 1512, made technical amendment to directory language of Pub. L. 104–287, §5(45)(A), effective Oct. 11, 1996. See 1996 Amendment note below.

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–102, §3(d)(1)(A), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, which directed technical correction of directory language of Pub. L. 104–287, §5(45)(A), by substituting "ENFORCEMENT:" for "ENFORCEMENT,", could not be executed because "ENFORCEMENT," does not appear in section 5(45)(A).

Pub. L. 105–102, §2(14), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205, substituted "pipeline" for "certain" in item 15904.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(45)(B), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393, struck out item 15907 "Liability when property is delivered in violation of routing instructions".

Pub. L. 104–287, §5(45)(A), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393, as amended by Pub. L. 105–225, struck out duplicative chapter heading.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 926.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11701 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

The Board may bring a civil action to enforce an order of the Board, except a civil action to enforce an order for the payment of money, when it is violated by a pipeline carrier providing transportation subject to this part.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 927.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11702 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 927.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11703 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 927; amended Pub. L. 105–102, §2(15), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205; Pub. L. 105–225, §7(b)(2), Aug. 12, 1998, 112 Stat. 1511.)

This amends 49:15904(c)(1) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11705 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**1998**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 105–225 inserted "section" before "15901(b)".

**1997**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 105–102 substituted "15901(b)" for "section 11501(b)".

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1) payment of the rate for the transportation or service involved,

(2) subsequent refund for overpayment of that rate, or

(3) deduction made under section 3726 of title 31,

whichever is later.

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 928.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11706 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1) an offer of compromise shall not constitute a disallowance of any part of the claim unless the carrier, in writing, informs the claimant that such part of the claim is disallowed and provides reasons for such disallowance; and

(2) communications received from a carrier's insurer shall not constitute a disallowance of any part of the claim unless the insurer, in writing, informs the claimant that such part of the claim is disallowed, provides reasons for such disallowance, and informs the claimant that the insurer is acting on behalf of the carrier.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 929.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11707 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.


**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(46), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393, struck out duplicative chapter heading.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 930; amended Pub. L. 105–102, §2(16), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205.)

This amends 49:16101 to redesignate subsection (d) as (c) because no subsection (c) was enacted.

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11901 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

**1997**—Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 105–102 redesignated subsec. (d) as (c).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

A person required to make a report to the Board, or make, prepare, or preserve a record, under chapter 157 about transportation subject to this part that knowingly and willfully—

(1) makes a false entry in the report or record,

(2) destroys, mutilates, changes, or by another means falsifies the record,

(3) does not enter business related facts and transactions in the record,

(4) makes, prepares, or preserves the record in violation of a regulation or order of the Board, or

(5) files a false report or record with the Board,

shall be fined under title 18 or imprisoned not more than 2 years, or both.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 930.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11909 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) in response to legal process issued under authority of a court of the United States or a State;

(2) to an officer, employee, or agent of the United States Government, a State, or a territory or possession of the United States; or

(3) to another carrier or its agent to adjust mutual traffic accounts in the ordinary course of business.

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 931.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11910 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

Whoever does not obey a subpena or requirement of the Board to appear and testify or produce records shall be fined under title 18 or imprisoned not more than 1 year, or both.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 931.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11913 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

When another criminal penalty is not provided under this chapter, a pipeline carrier providing transportation subject to this part, and when that carrier is a corporation, a director or officer of the corporation, or a receiver, trustee, lessee, or person acting for or employed by the corporation that, alone or with another person, willfully violates this part or an order prescribed under this part, shall be fined under title 18 or imprisoned not more than 2 years, or both. A separate violation occurs each day a violation of this part continues.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 931.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11914 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

An act or omission that would be a violation of this subtitle if committed by a director, officer, receiver, trustee, lessee, agent, or employee of a pipeline carrier providing transportation or service subject to this part that is a corporation is also a violation of this part by that corporation. The penalties of this chapter apply to that violation. When acting in the scope of their employment, the actions and omissions of individuals acting for or employed by that carrier are considered to be the actions and omissions of that carrier as well as that individual.

(Added Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §106(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 931.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 11915 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subtitle by Pub. L. 104–88, §102(a).

Section effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.









**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22308(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 733, added item for chapter 251.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(i), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 691, which directed amendment of the analysis for title 49, United States Code, by adding item for chapter 224 after item for chapter 223, was executed by adding such item to the analysis for this subtitle, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2019**—Pub. L. 115–420, §7(a)(4), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5445, added item for chapter 229 and struck out item for chapter 244 "Rail improvement grants".

2015–Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §§11301(c)(3), 11303(b)(2), 11503(c), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1648, 1654, 1692, struck out item for chapter 225 "Federal grants to States for highway-rail grade crossing safety", added item for chapter 242, and substituted "Rail improvement grants" for "Intercity Passenger Rail Service Corridor Capital Assistance" in item for chapter 244.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title II, §207(b), div. B, title III, §301(b), title IV, §401(b), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4875, 4946, 4956, added items for chapters 225, 244, and 285.

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title III, §303(b), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4951, which directed insertion of the item for chapter 227 after the item for chapter 223, was executed by making the insertion after the item for chapter 225 to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2007**—Pub. L. 110–140, title XI, §1112(b), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1759, substituted "Capital Grants for Class II and Class III Railroads" for "Light Density Rail Line Pilot Projects" in item for chapter 223.

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7202(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 471, added item for chapter 223.

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §106(a), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2573, struck out item for chapter 245 "Amtrak Commuter".

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(56)(B), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3394, added item for chapter 283.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–440, title I, §103(b)(1), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4618, added part D and item for chapter 261, struck out former part D "MISCELLANEOUS" and former item for chapter 261 "Law Enforcement . . . 26101", and added part E and item for chapter 281.

1 So in original. Probably should be "Railroad Rehabilitation and Improvement Financing".

2 So in original. Probably should be "State Rail Plans".

3 So in original. Probably should be "Project Delivery".

4 So in original. Probably should be "Passenger Rail Planning".





**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §§22403(b)(2), 22415(b), 22416(b), 22425(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 736, 747, 748, 756, added items 20167 and 20169 to 20171.

2015–Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §§11301(c)(1), 11411(b), 11413(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1648, 1687, 1689, added items 20121 and 20168 and struck out items 20154 "Capital grants for rail line relocation projects" and 20167 "Railroad safety infrastructure improvement grants". Items 20121 and 20168 were added to the analysis for this chapter to reflect the probable intent of Congress, notwithstanding directory language adding those items to the analyses for subchapters I and II of this chapter, respectively.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §§103(b), 104(b), 105(b), 107(b), 109(b), title II, §§203(b), 204(b), 205(b), 208(b), 210(b), title III, §303(b), title IV, §§401(b), 402(e), 406(b), 409(b), 413(b), 418(b), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4856, 4858–4860, 4867, 4869, 4871, 4873, 4876, 4877, 4879, 4883, 4884, 4886, 4887, 4889, 4892, added items 20116 and 20118 to 20120, substituted "Railroad trespassing, vandalism, and highway-rail grade crossing warning sign violation prevention strategy" for "Railroad trespassing and vandalism prevention strategy" in item 20151 and "Notification of grade crossing problems" for "Emergency notification of grade crossing problems" in item 20152, and added items 20156 to 20167.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, title IX, §§9002(a)(2), 9005(b)(2), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1921, 1925, added items 20154 and 20155.

**1995**—Pub. L. 104–66, title I, §1121(g)(2), Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 724, struck out item 20116 "Biennial report".

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §§206(b), 207(b), 210(b), 211(b), 212(b), 213(b), 214(b), 215(b), 219(b), title III, §§301(b), 302(b), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4621–4624, 4626, 4628, substituted "Biennial" for "Annual" in item 20116 and "cars" for "equipment" in item 20133 and added items 20145 to 20153.

1 Section catchline amended by Pub. L. 110–53 without corresponding amendment of chapter analysis.

2 So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.

The purpose of this chapter is to promote safety in every area of railroad operations and reduce railroad-related accidents and incidents.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 863.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20101 | 45:421. | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §101, 84 Stat. 971. |


The words "The Congress declares that" are omitted as surplus. The words "accidents and incidents" are substituted for "accidents" for consistency with the source provisions restated in section 20105(b)(1)(B) of the revised title. The words "and to reduce deaths and injuries to persons and to reduce damage to property caused by accidents involving any carrier of hazardous materials" are omitted as obsolete because they applied to 49 App.:1761 and 1762, that were repealed by section 113(g) of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (Public Law 93–633, 88 Stat. 2163).

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22001, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 694, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021'."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11001, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1622, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015'."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11501, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1690, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle E (§§11501–11504) of title XI of div. A of Pub. L. 114–94, enacting sections 24201 and 24202 of this title, amending section 303 of this title and section 138 of Title 23, Highways, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 4370m of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the 'Track, Railroad, and Infrastructure Network Act' or the 'TRAIN Act'."

Pub. L. 114–73, title I, §1302(a), Oct. 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 576, provided that: "This section [amending section 20157 of this title] may be cited as the 'Positive Train Control Enforcement and Implementation Act of 2015'."

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, §1(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4848, provided that: "This division [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008'."

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, §1(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4907, provided that: "This division [enacting chapters 227, 244, and 285 of this title and sections 24105, 24310, 24316, 24702, 24710, 24711, 24910, and 26106 of this title, amending sections 103, 24101, 24102, 24302, 24308, 24706, 24904, 24905, 26101, and 26104 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 24101, 24302, 24305, 24307, 24308, 24405, 24702, 24709, 24711, 24902, and 26106 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 24101 of this title] may be cited as the 'Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008'."

Pub. L. 105–134, §1(a), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2570, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 28103 of this title, amending sections 24101, 24102, 24104, 24301 to 24307, 24309, 24312, 24315, 24701, 24706, 24902, and 24904 of this title, section 8G of the Inspector General Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95–452, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and section 9101 of Title 31, Money and Finance, repealing sections 24310, 24314, 24501 to 24506, 24702 to 24705, 24707, 24708, and 24903 of this title, and section 1111 of Title 45, Railroads, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 24101, 24104, 24301, 24304, 24305, 24307, 24312, 24315, 24501, and 24706 of this title, section 8G of the Appendix to Title 5, and section 172 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code] may be cited as the 'Amtrak Reform and Accountability Act of 1997'."

Pub. L. 103–440, title I, §101, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4615, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 26101 to 26105 of this title, renumbering former sections 26101 and 26102 of this title as 28101 and 28102 of this title, respectively, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 26101 of this title and section 838 of Title 45, Railroads] may be cited as the 'Swift Rail Development Act of 1994'."

Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §201, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4619, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 20145 to 20151 and 21108 of this title, amending sections 103, 20103, 20111, 20116, 20117, 20133, 20142, and 21303 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 11504 of this title] may be cited as the 'Federal Railroad Safety Authorization Act of 1994'."

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22405, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 738, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) conduct a review of the website of the Office of Safety Analysis of the Federal Railroad Administration; and

"(2) provide recommendations to the Secretary [of Transportation] for improving the public's usability and accessibility of the website referred to in paragraph (1).

"(b)

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22421(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 750, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) identifies all of the reporting or paperwork requirements that were terminated pursuant to paragraph (2); and

"(B) identifies any statutory reporting or paperwork requirements that are duplicative or unnecessary and should be repealed."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11311, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1670, as amended by Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(j)(4)(C), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 693, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) the shared use of right-of-way by passenger and freight rail systems; and

"(2) the operational, institutional, and legal structures that would best support improvements to the systems referred to in paragraph (1).

"(b)

"(1) the access and use of railroad right-of-way by a rail carrier that does not own the right-of-way, such as passenger rail services that operate over privately-owned right-of-way, including an analysis of—

"(A) access agreements;

"(B) costs of access; and

"(C) the resolution of disputes relating to such access or costs;

"(2) the effectiveness of existing contractual, statutory, and regulatory mechanisms for establishing, measuring, and enforcing train performance standards, including—

"(A) the manner in which passenger train delays are recorded;

"(B) the assignment of responsibility for such delays; and

"(C) the use of incentives and penalties for performance;

"(3) the strengths and weaknesses of the existing mechanisms described in paragraph (2) and possible approaches to address the weaknesses;

"(4) mechanisms for measuring and maintaining public benefits resulting from publicly funded freight or passenger rail improvements, including improvements directed towards shared-use right-of-way by passenger and freight rail;

"(5) approaches to operations, capacity, and cost estimation modeling that—

"(A) allow for transparent decisionmaking; and

"(B) protect the proprietary interests of all parties;

"(6) liability requirements and arrangements, including—

"(A) whether to expand statutory liability limits to additional parties;

"(B) whether to revise the current statutory liability limits;

"(C) whether current insurance levels of passenger rail operators are adequate and whether to establish minimum insurance requirements for such passenger rail operators; and

"(D) whether to establish alternative insurance models, including other models administered by the Federal Government;

"(7) the effect on rail passenger services, operations, liability limits, and insurance levels of the assertion of sovereign immunity by a State; and

"(8) other issues identified by the Secretary.

"(c)

"(1) the results of the study; and

"(2) any recommendations for further action, including any legislative proposals consistent with such recommendations.

"(d)

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §102, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4852, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(j)(3), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1677, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) Reducing the number and rates of accidents, incidents, injuries, and fatalities involving railroads including train collisions, derailments, and human factors.

"(2) Improving the consistency and effectiveness of enforcement and compliance programs.

"(3) Improving the identification of high-risk highway-rail grade crossings and strengthening enforcement and other methods to increase grade crossing safety.

"(4) Improving research efforts to enhance and promote railroad safety and performance.

"(5) Preventing railroad trespasser accidents, incidents, injuries, and fatalities.

"(6) Improving the safety of railroad bridges, tunnels, and related infrastructure to prevent accidents, incidents, injuries, and fatalities caused by catastrophic and other failures of such infrastructure.

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

[For definitions of "railroad", "Department", "Secretary", and "crossing", as used in section 102 of Pub. L. 110–432, set out above, see section 2(a) of Pub. L. 110–432, set out as a note under section 20102 of this title.]

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §106, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4859, provided that: "Not later than December 31, 2008, and annually thereafter, the Secretary shall transmit a report to the House of Representatives Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on the specific actions taken to implement unmet statutory mandates regarding railroad safety and each open railroad safety recommendation made by the National Transportation Safety Board or the Department's Inspector General."

[For definitions of "Secretary", "railroad", and "Department", as used in section 106 of Pub. L. 110–432, set out above, see section 2(a) of Pub. L. 110–432, set out as a note under section 20102 of this title.]

In this part—

(1) "Class I railroad", "Class II railroad", and "Class III railroad" mean railroad carriers that have annual carrier operating revenues that meet the threshold amount for Class I carriers, Class II carriers, and Class III carriers, respectively, as determined by the Surface Transportation Board under section 1201.1–1 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations.

(2) "railroad"—

(A) means any form of nonhighway ground transportation that runs on rails or electromagnetic guideways, including—

(i) commuter or other short-haul railroad passenger service in a metropolitan or suburban area and commuter railroad service that was operated by the Consolidated Rail Corporation on January 1, 1979; and

(ii) high speed ground transportation systems that connect metropolitan areas, without regard to whether those systems use new technologies not associated with traditional railroads; but

(B) does not include rapid transit operations in an urban area that are not connected to the general railroad system of transportation.

(3) "railroad carrier" means a person providing railroad transportation, except that, upon petition by a group of commonly controlled railroad carriers that the Secretary determines is operating within the United States as a single, integrated rail system, the Secretary may by order treat the group of railroad carriers as a single railroad carrier for purposes of one or more provisions of part A, subtitle V of this title and implementing regulations and order, subject to any appropriate conditions that the Secretary may impose.

(4) "safety-related railroad employee" means—

(A) a railroad employee who is subject to chapter 211;

(B) another operating railroad employee who is not subject to chapter 211;

(C) an employee who maintains the right of way of a railroad;

(D) an employee of a railroad carrier who is a hazmat employee as defined in section 5102(3) of this title;

(E) an employee who inspects, repairs, or maintains locomotives, passenger cars, or freight cars; and

(F) any other employee of a railroad carrier who directly affects railroad safety, as determined by the Secretary.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 863; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, §2(b), title IV, §407, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4850, 4886.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20102(1) | 45:16. | Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, §1, 36 Stat. 298; restated June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §13(3)(E), 102 Stat. 632. |

45:22. | Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, §1, 36 Stat. 913; June 7, 1924, ch. 355, §1, 43 Stat. 659; restated June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §14(1), 102 Stat. 632. | |

45:38 (last sentence). | May 6, 1910, ch. 208, 36 Stat. 350, §1 (last sentence); added June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §15(1)(C), 102 Stat. 633. | |

45:61(a). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, §1(a), 34 Stat. 1415; Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91–169, §1, 83 Stat. 463; restated Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–574, §5, 92 Stat. 2461; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §16(1)(A), 102 Stat. 634. | |

45:61(b)(1). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, §1(b)(1), 34 Stat. 1415; restated Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91–169, §1, 83 Stat. 463; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §16(1)(B), 102 Stat. 634. | |

45:431(e). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §202(e), 84 Stat. 971; restated June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §7(a), 102 Stat. 628. | |

49:App.:26(a). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §25(a); added Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, §441, 41 Stat. 498; Aug. 26, 1937, ch. 818, 50 Stat. 835; Sept. 18, 1940, ch. 722, §14(b), 54 Stat. 919; restated June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §17(1), 102 Stat. 635. | |

20102(2) | (no source). |


Clause (1) is substituted for the source provisions to avoid repeating the definition of "railroad" in each chapter in this part.

Clause (2) is added to distinguish between railroad transportation and the entity providing railroad transportation.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432, §2(b), added pars. (1) and (4) and redesignated former pars. (1) and (2) as (2) and (3), respectively.

Par. (3). Pub. L. 110–432, §407, amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: " 'railroad carrier' means a person providing railroad transportation."

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, §2(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4849, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(j)(2), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1677, provided that: "In this division [see Short Title of 2008 Amendment note set out under section 20101 of this title]:

"(1)

"(A) a public highway, road, or street, or a private roadway, including associated sidewalks and pathways, crosses one or more railroad tracks either at grade or grade-separated; or

"(B) a pathway explicitly authorized by a public authority or a railroad carrier that is dedicated for the use of nonvehicular traffic, including pedestrians, bicyclists, and others, that is not associated with a public highway, road, or street, or a private roadway, crosses one or more railroad tracks either at grade or grade-separated.

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(6)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) provide timely public notice of any request for a waiver under this subsection or for a suspension under subpart E of part 211 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, or successor regulations;

(B) make available the application for such waiver or suspension and any nonconfidential underlying data to interested parties;

(C) provide the public with notice and a reasonable opportunity to comment on a proposed waiver or suspension under this subsection before making a final decision; and

(D) publish on a publicly accessible website the reasons for granting each such waiver or suspension.

(3)

(4)

(A)

(i) in the public interest; and

(ii) consistent with railroad safety.

(B)

(i) the relevant safety record under the waiver or suspension;

(ii) the likelihood that other entities would have similar safety outcomes;

(iii) the materials submitted in the applications, including any comments regarding such materials; and

(iv) related rulemaking activity.

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(D)

(5)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1)

(A) it is in the public interest to grant the waiver;

(B) the waiver is not inconsistent with railroad safety; and

(C) the waiver is necessary to address an actual or impending emergency situation or emergency event.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 863; Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §217, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4624; Pub. L. 107–296, title XVII, §1710(b), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2319; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title III, §308, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4881; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22411, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 742.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20103(a) | 45:431(a) (1st sentence cl. (1)). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §202(a) (1st sentence cl. (1)), (b), (c), 84 Stat. 971. |

20103(b) | 45:431(d) (21st–last words). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §202(d), 84 Stat. 971; restated July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §5(a), 90 Stat. 819. |

20103(c) | 45:431(d) (1st–20th words). | |

20103(d) | 45:431(c). | |

20103(e) | 45:431(b). |


In this part, the word "rule" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulation". The word "standard" is omitted as being included in "regulation".

In subsection (a), the words "(hereafter in this subchapter referred to as the 'Secretary')" in 45:431(a) (1st sentence cl. (1)) are omitted as surplus because the complete name of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section.

In subsection (b), the words "within 180 days after July 8, 1976" are omitted as expired. The word "prescribe" is substituted for "take such action as may be necessary to develop and publish" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d), the words "after hearing in accordance with subsection (b) of this section" are omitted as surplus because of the language restated in subsection (e) of this section.

**2021**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–58 amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary may waive compliance with any part of a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter if the waiver is in the public interest and consistent with railroad safety. The Secretary shall make public the reasons for granting the waiver."

**2008**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–432, §308(1), substituted "Nonemergency Waivers" for "Waivers" in heading.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 110–432, §308(2), added subsec. (e) and struck out former subsec. (e). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary shall conduct a hearing as provided by section 553 of title 5 when prescribing a regulation or issuing an order under this chapter, including a regulation or order establishing, amending, or waiving compliance with a railroad safety regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter. An opportunity for an oral presentation shall be provided."

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 110–432, §308(3), added subsec. (g).

**2002**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–296 inserted at end "When prescribing a security regulation or issuing a security order that affects the safety of railroad operations, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall consult with the Secretary."

**1994**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 103–440 added subsec. (f).

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Pub. L. 103–272, §4(t), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1372, provided that:

"(1) Not later than March 3, 1995, the Secretary of Transportation shall complete a regulatory proceeding to consider prescribing regulations to improve the safety and working conditions of locomotive cabs. The proceeding shall assess—

"(A) the adequacy of Locomotive Crashworthiness Requirements Standard S–580, or any successor standard, adopted by the Association of American Railroads in 1989 in improving the safety of locomotive cabs; and

"(B) the extent to which environmental, sanitary, and other working conditions in locomotive cabs affect productivity, health, and the safe operation of locomotives.

"(2)

"(A) the costs and benefits associated with equipping locomotives with—

"(i) braced collision posts;

"(ii) rollover protection devices;

"(iii) deflection plates;

"(iv) shatterproof windows;

"(v) readily accessible crash refuges;

"(vi) uniform sill heights;

"(vii) anticlimbers, or other equipment designed to prevent overrides resulting from head-on locomotive collisions;

"(viii) equipment to deter post-collision entry of flammable liquids into locomotive cabs;

"(ix) any other devices intended to provide crash protection for occupants of locomotive cabs; and

"(x) functioning and regularly maintained sanitary facilities; and

"(B) the effects on train crews of the presence of asbestos in locomotive components.

"(3)

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22426, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 756, provided that: "All railroads shall—

"(1) provide railroad contact information for public safety issues, including a telephone number, to the relevant Federal, State, and local oversight agencies; and

"(2) post the information described in paragraph (1) on a publicly accessible website."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VII, §7302, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1594, as amended by Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title VI, §26003, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 883, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) require a Class I railroad transporting hazardous materials—

"(A) to generate accurate, real-time, and electronic train consist information, including—

"(i) the identity, quantity, and location of hazardous materials on a train;

"(ii) the point of origin and destination of the train;

"(iii) any emergency response information or resources required by the Secretary; and

"(iv) an emergency response point of contact designated by the Class I railroad; and

"(B) to provide the electronic train consist information described in subparagraph (A) to authorized State and local first responders, emergency response officials, and law enforcement personnel that are involved in the response to, or investigation of, an accident, incident, or public health or safety emergency involving the rail transportation of hazardous materials;

"(2) require each Class I railroad to provide advanced notification and information on high-hazard flammable trains to each State emergency response commission, consistent with the notification content requirements in Emergency Order Docket No. DOT–OST–2014–0067, including—

"(A) a reasonable estimate of the number of implicated trains that are expected to travel, per week, through each county within the applicable State;

"(B) updates to such estimate prior to making any material changes to any volumes or frequencies of trains traveling through a county;

"(C) identification and a description of the Class 3 flammable liquid being transported on such trains;

"(D) applicable emergency response information, as required by regulation;

"(E) identification of the routes over which such liquid will be transported; and

"(F) a point of contact at the Class I railroad responsible for serving as the point of contact for State emergency response centers and local emergency responders related to the Class I railroad's transportation of such liquid.

"(3) require each applicable State emergency response commission to provide to a political subdivision of a State, or public agency responsible for emergency response or law enforcement, upon request of the political subdivision or public agency, the information the commission receives from a Class I railroad pursuant to paragraph (2), including, for any such political subdivision or public agency responsible for emergency response or law enforcement that makes an initial request for such information, any updates received by the State emergency response commission.

"(4) prohibit any Class I railroad, employee, or agent from withholding, or causing to be withheld, the train consist information from first responders, emergency response officials, and law enforcement personnel described in paragraph (2) in the event of an incident, accident, or public health or safety emergency involving the rail transportation of hazardous materials;

"(5) establish security and confidentiality protections, including protections from the public release of proprietary information or security-sensitive information, to prevent the release to unauthorized persons any electronic train consist information or advanced notification or information provided by Class I railroads under this section; and

"(6) allow each Class I railroad to enter into a memorandum of understanding with any Class II railroad or Class III railroad that operates trains over the Class I railroad's line to incorporate the Class II railroad or Class III railroad's train consist information within the existing framework described in paragraph (1).

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(c)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11407, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1684, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title IV, §405, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4885, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

[For definitions of "Secretary" and "railroad", as used in section 405 of Pub. L. 110–432, set out above, see section 2(a) of Pub. L. 110–432, set out as a note under section 20102 of this title.]

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title IV, §414, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4889, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(j)(7), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1678, provided that: "Not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 16, 2008], each railroad carrier shall, with respect to each of its tunnels which—

"(1) are longer than 1000 feet and located under a city with a population of 400,000 or greater; or

"(2) carry 5 or more scheduled passenger trains per day, or 500 or more carloads of poison- or toxic-by-inhalation hazardous materials (as defined in sections 171.8, 173.115, and 173.132 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations) per year,

maintain, for at least two years, historical documentation of structural inspection and maintenance activities for such tunnels, including information on the methods of ingress and egress into and out of the tunnel, the types of cargos typically transported through the tunnel, and schematics or blueprints for the tunnel, when available. Upon request, a railroad carrier shall provide periodic briefings on such information to the governments of the local jurisdiction in which the tunnel is located, including updates whenever a repair or rehabilitation project substantially alters the methods of ingress and egress. Such governments shall use appropriate means to protect and restrict the distribution of any security sensitive information (as defined in section 1520.5 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations) provided by the railroad carrier under this section, consistent with national security interests."

[For definition of "railroad carrier", as used in section 414 of Pub. L. 110–432, set out above, see section 2(a) of Pub. L. 110–432, set out as a note under section 20102 of this title.]

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title IV, §417, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4890, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11405, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1682, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) to develop and maintain an accurate inventory of its railroad bridges, which shall identify the location of each bridge, its configuration, type of construction, number of spans, span lengths, and all other information necessary to provide for the safe management of the bridges;

"(2) to ensure that a professional engineer competent in the field of railroad bridge engineering, or a qualified person under the supervision of the track owner, determines bridge capacity;

"(3) to maintain, and update as appropriate, a record of the safe capacity of each bridge which carries its track and, if available, maintain the original design documents of each bridge and a documentation of all repairs, modifications, and inspections of the bridge;

"(4) to develop, maintain, and enforce a written procedure that will ensure that its bridges are not loaded beyond their capacities;

"(5) to conduct regular comprehensive inspections of each bridge, at least once every year, and maintain records of those inspections that include the date on which the inspection was performed, the precise identification of the bridge inspected, the items inspected, an accurate description of the condition of those items, and a narrative of any inspection item that is found by the inspector to be a potential problem;

"(6) to ensure that the level of detail and the inspection procedures are appropriate to the configuration of the bridge, conditions found during previous inspections, and the nature of the railroad traffic moved over the bridge, including car weights, train frequency and length, levels of passenger and hazardous materials traffic, and vulnerability of the bridge to damage;

"(7) to ensure that an engineer who is competent in the field of railroad bridge engineering—

"(A) is responsible for the development of all inspection procedures;

"(B) reviews all inspection reports; and

"(C) determines whether bridges are being inspected according to the applicable procedures and frequency, and reviews any items noted by an inspector as exceptions; and

"(8) to designate qualified bridge inspectors or maintenance personnel to authorize the operation of trains on bridges following repairs, damage, or indications of potential structural problems.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(D)

[For definitions of "Secretary", "railroad", and "railroad carrier", as used in section 417 of Pub. L. 110–432, set out above, see section 2(a) of Pub. L. 110–432, set out as a note under section 20102 of this title.]

(a)

(2) The order shall describe the condition or practice, or a combination of conditions and practices, that causes the emergency situation and prescribe standards and procedures for obtaining relief from the order. This paragraph does not affect the Secretary's discretion under this section to maintain the order in effect for as long as the emergency situation exists.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 864; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title III, §304, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4879.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20104(a) | 45:432(a), (d). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §203, 84 Stat. 972; restated Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §3, 94 Stat. 1811. |

20104(b) | 45:432(b), (c). | |

20104(c) | 45:432(e). |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "or both" are omitted as surplus. The words "immediately may order restrictions and prohibitions . . . that may be necessary to abate the situation" are substituted for "may immediately issue an order . . . imposing such restrictions or prohibitions as may be necessary to bring about the abatement of such emergency situation" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "or a combination of conditions and practices" are added for consistency with paragraph (1). The words "(as determined by the Secretary)" are omitted as surplus. The last sentence is substituted for 45:432(d) (last sentence) for clarity.

In subsection (b), the words "the Secretary" are added for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "issue an order" are substituted for "seek relief" for consistency in this section. The words "The action must be brought in the judicial district" are substituted for "for the judicial district" for consistency in the revised title.

**2008**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 110–432 substituted "death, personal injury, or significant harm to the environment" for "death or personal injury".

(a) 1 that apply to railroad equipment, facilities, rolling stock, and operations in a State. The State may participate in those activities when the safety practices for railroad equipment, facilities, rolling stock, and operations in the State are regulated by a State authority and the authority submits to the Secretary concerned an annual certification as provided in subsection (b) of this section.

(b)

(A) a certification that the authority—

(i) has regulatory jurisdiction over the safety practices for railroad equipment, facilities, rolling stock, and operations in the State;

(ii) was given a copy of each safety regulation prescribed and order issued by the Secretary concerned, that applies to the equipment, facilities, rolling stock, or operations, as of the date of certification; and

(iii) is conducting the investigative and surveillance activities prescribed by the Secretary concerned under subsection (a) of this section; and

(B) a report, in the form the Secretary concerned prescribes by regulation, that includes—

(i) the name and address of each railroad carrier subject to the safety jurisdiction of the authority;

(ii) each accident or incident reported during the prior 12 months by a railroad carrier involving a fatality, personal injury requiring hospitalization, or property damage of more than $750 (or a higher amount prescribed by the Secretary concerned), and a summary of the authority's investigation of the cause and circumstances surrounding the accident or incident;

(iii) the record maintenance, reporting, and inspection practices conducted by the authority to aid the Secretary concerned in enforcing railroad safety regulations prescribed and orders issued by the Secretary concerned, including the number of inspections made of railroad equipment, facilities, rolling stock, and operations by the authority during the prior 12 months; and

(iv) other information the Secretary concerned requires.

(2) An annual certification applies to a safety regulation prescribed or order issued after the date of the certification only if the State authority submits an appropriate certification to provide the necessary investigative and surveillance activities.

(3) If, after receipt of an annual certification, the Secretary concerned decides the State authority is not complying satisfactorily with the investigative and surveillance activities prescribed under subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary concerned may reject any part of the certification or take other appropriate action to achieve adequate enforcement. The Secretary concerned must give the authority notice and an opportunity for a hearing before taking action under this paragraph. When the Secretary concerned gives notice, the burden of proof is on the authority to show that it is complying satisfactorily with the investigative and surveillance activities prescribed by the Secretary concerned.

(c)

(2) The Secretary concerned may terminate any part of an agreement made under this subsection on finding that the authority has not provided every part of the investigative and surveillance activities to which the agreement relates. The Secretary concerned must give the authority notice and an opportunity for a hearing before making such a finding. The finding and termination shall be published in the Federal Register and may not become effective for at least 15 days after the date of publication.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1) the term "safety" includes security; and

(2) the term "Secretary concerned" means—

(A) the Secretary of Transportation, with respect to railroad safety matters concerning such Secretary under laws administered by that Secretary; and

(B) the Secretary of Homeland Security, with respect to railroad safety matters concerning such Secretary under laws administered by that Secretary.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 864; Pub. L. 107–296, title XVII, §1710(a), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2319.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20105(a) | 45:435(a) (1st sentence related to authority for State participation). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §206(a) (1st sentence), (b), (f), 84 Stat. 972, 973, 974; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §28(a)(1)–(3), (b), (c), 104 Stat. 3276, 3277. |

20105(b) (1)(A) | 45:435(a) (1st sentence related to contents of certification). | |

20105(b) (1)(B) | 45:435(b) (1st sentence). | |

20105(b)(2) | 45:435(f). | |

20105(b)(3) | 45:435(b) (2d–last sentences). | |

20105(c) | 45:435(c). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §206(c), (e), 84 Stat. 973, 974. |

20105(d) | 45:435(g). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §206(g); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §4(a), 94 Stat. 1812. |

20105(e) | 45:435(d). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §206(d), 84 Stat. 974; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §4(b), 94 Stat. 1812. |

20105(f) | 45:435(e). |


In subsection (a), the first sentence is added for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1)(A)(iii), the words "as necessary for the enforcement by him of each rule, regulation, order, and standard referred to in paragraph (2) of this subsection, as interpreted by the Secretary" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1)(B)(i) and (ii), the words "railroad carrier" are substituted for "railroad" because of the definition of "railroad carrier" in section 20102 of the revised title.

In subsection (b)(1)(B)(iii), the words "a detail of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3), the text of 45:435(b) (2d sentence) and the words "as he deems", "reasonable", and "with respect to such safety rules, regulations, orders, and standards" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), the word "enforce" is substituted for "obtain compliance with" for clarity and consistency in this section.

In subsection (e), the words "out of funds appropriated pursuant to this subchapter or otherwise made available", "reasonably", and "satisfactory" are omitted as surplus. The words "will be at least as much as the average amount expended" are substituted for "will be maintained at a level which does not fall below the average level of such expenditures" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2002**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–296, §1710(a)(2), substituted "the Secretary concerned" for "the Secretary" in second sentence.

Pub. L. 107–296, §1710(a)(1), substituted "The Secretary concerned" for "The Secretary of Transportation" in first sentence.

Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 107–296, §1710(a)(2), substituted "Secretary concerned" for "Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–296, §1710(a)(2), (3), substituted "Secretary concerned" for "Secretary" and "duties under chapters 203–213 of this title (in the case of the Secretary of Transportation) and duties under section 114 of this title (in the case of the Secretary of Homeland Security)" for "Secretary's duties under chapters 203–213 of this title".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107–296, §1710(a)(2), substituted "Secretary concerned" for "Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 107–296, §1710(a)(2), (4), substituted "Secretary concerned" for "Secretary" and "chapter (in the case of the Secretary of Transportation) and duties under section 114 of this title (in the case of the Secretary of Homeland Security)" for "chapter".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 107–296, §1710(a)(5), added subsec. (g).

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

1 So in original. Probably should be "Secretary concerned".

(a)

(2) A State may adopt or continue in force a law, regulation, or order related to railroad safety or security until the Secretary of Transportation (with respect to railroad safety matters), or the Secretary of Homeland Security (with respect to railroad security matters), prescribes a regulation or issues an order covering the subject matter of the State requirement. A State may adopt or continue in force an additional or more stringent law, regulation, or order related to railroad safety or security when the law, regulation, or order—

(A) is necessary to eliminate or reduce an essentially local safety or security hazard;

(B) is not incompatible with a law, regulation, or order of the United States Government; and

(C) does not unreasonably burden interstate commerce.

(b)

(A) has failed to comply with the Federal standard of care established by a regulation or order issued by the Secretary of Transportation (with respect to railroad safety matters), or the Secretary of Homeland Security (with respect to railroad security matters), covering the subject matter as provided in subsection (a) of this section;

(B) has failed to comply with its own plan, rule, or standard that it created pursuant to a regulation or order issued by either of the Secretaries; or

(C) has failed to comply with a State law, regulation, or order that is not incompatible with subsection (a)(2).

(2) This subsection shall apply to all pending State law causes of action arising from events or activities occurring on or after January 18, 2002.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 866; Pub. L. 107–296, title XVII, §1710(c), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2319; Pub. L. 110–53, title XV, §1528, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 453.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20106 | 45:434. | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §205, 84 Stat. 972. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "The Congress declares that" are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (3), the word "unreasonably" is substituted for "undue" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

**2007**—Pub. L. 110–53 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, text of section read as follows: "Laws, regulations, and orders related to railroad safety and laws, regulations, and orders related to railroad security shall be nationally uniform to the extent practicable. A State may adopt or continue in force a law, regulation, or order related to railroad safety or security until the Secretary of Transportation (with respect to railroad safety matters), or the Secretary of Homeland Security (with respect to railroad security matters), prescribes a regulation or issues an order covering the subject matter of the State requirement. A State may adopt or continue in force an additional or more stringent law, regulation, or order related to railroad safety or security when the law, regulation, or order—

"(1) is necessary to eliminate or reduce an essentially local safety or security hazard;

"(2) is not incompatible with a law, regulation, or order of the United States Government; and

"(3) does not unreasonably burden interstate commerce."

**2002**—Pub. L. 107–296, §1710(c), in introductory provisions, in first sentence inserted "and laws, regulations, and orders related to railroad security" after "safety", in second sentence substituted "Transportation (with respect to railroad safety matters), or the Secretary of Homeland Security (with respect to railroad security matters)," for "Transportation", and in second and third sentences inserted "or security" after "order related to railroad safety".

Par. (1). Pub. L. 107–296, §1710(c)(2), inserted "or security" after "safety".

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

(a)

(1) conduct investigations, make reports, issue subpenas, require the production of documents, take depositions, and prescribe recordkeeping and reporting requirements; and

(2) delegate to a public entity or qualified person the inspection, examination, and testing of railroad equipment, facilities, rolling stock, operations, and persons.

(b)

(c)

(1)

(A) Intercepting a radio communication, with or without the consent of the sender or other receivers of the communication, but only where such communication is broadcast or transmitted over a radio frequency which is—

(i) authorized for use by one or more railroad carriers by the Federal Communications Commission; and

(ii) primarily used by such railroad carriers for communications in connection with railroad operations.

(B) Communicating the existence, contents, substance, purport, effect, or meaning of the communication, subject to the restrictions in paragraph (3).

(C) Receiving or assisting in receiving the communication (or any information therein contained).

(D) Disclosing the contents, substance, purport, effect, or meaning of the communication (or any part thereof of such communication) or using the communication (or any information contained therein), subject to the restrictions in paragraph (3), after having received the communication or acquired knowledge of the contents, substance, purport, effect, or meaning of the communication (or any part thereof).

(E) Recording the communication by any means, including writing and tape recording.

(2)

(3)

(i) in a prosecution of a felony under Federal or State criminal law; or

(ii) to impeach evidence offered by a party other than the Federal Government regarding the existence, electronic characteristics, content, substance, purport, effect, meaning, or timing of, or identity of parties to, a communication intercepted pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2) in proceedings pursuant to section 5122, 5123, 20702(b), 20111, 20112, 20113, or 20114 of this title.

(B) If information obtained through activities set forth in paragraphs (1) and (2) is admitted into evidence for impeachment purposes in accordance with subparagraph (A), the court, administrative law judge, or other officer before whom the proceeding is conducted may make such protective orders regarding the confidentiality or use of the information as may be appropriate in the circumstances to protect privacy and administer justice.

(C) No evidence shall be excluded in an administrative or judicial proceeding solely because the government would not have learned of the existence of or obtained such evidence but for the interception of information that is not admissible in such proceeding under subparagraph (A).

(D) Information obtained through activities set forth in paragraphs (1) and (2) shall not be subject to publication or disclosure, or search or review in connection therewith, under section 552 of title 5.

(E) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect the authority of the United States to intercept a communication, and collect, retain, analyze, use, and disseminate the information obtained thereby, under a provision of law other than this subsection.

(4)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 866; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title III, §306, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4880.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20107(a) | 45:437(a) (1st sentence words before 9th and after 14th commas). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §208(a) (1st sentence words before 9th and after 14th commas), 84 Stat. 974, 975. |

45:437(d)(1) (1st sentence). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §208(d)(1) (1st sentence); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §6(b), 94 Stat. 1813. | |

20107(b) | 45:437(b). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §208(b), 84 Stat. 975; restated Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–574, §9, 92 Stat. 2462; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §6(a), 94 Stat. 1813. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "To carry out this part, the Secretary of Transportation may" are substituted for "In carrying out his functions under this subchapter, the Secretary is authorized to perform . . . to carry out the provisions of this subchapter" and "In carrying out the functions formerly vested in the Interstate Commerce Commission and transferred to the Secretary by section 1655(e)(1), (e)(2), and (e)(6)(A) of title 49, Appendix, the Secretary is authorized to perform any act authorized in subsection (a) of this section . . . to carry out such transferred functions" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (2), the word "entity" is substituted for "bodies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b), the words "In carrying out this part" are substituted for "To carry out the Secretary's responsibilities under this subchapter and under the functions transferred by section 1655(e)(1), (e)(2), and (e)(6)(A) of title 49, Appendix" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "way" is substituted for "manner" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The word "examine" is omitted as being included in "inspect". The word "considered" is omitted as surplus.

**2008**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–432 added subsec. (c).

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title IV, §416, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4890, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(j)(8), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1678, provided that: "Mechanical and brake inspections of rail cars performed in Mexico shall not be treated as satisfying United States rail safety laws or regulations unless the Secretary certifies that—

"(1) such inspections are being performed under regulations and standards equivalent to those applicable in the United States;

"(2) the inspections are being performed by employees that have received training similar to the training received by similar railroad employees in the United States;

"(3) inspection records that are required to be available to the crewmembers on board the train, including air slips and blue cards, are maintained in both English and Spanish, and such records are available to the Federal Railroad Administration for review; and

"(4) the Federal Railroad Administration is permitted to perform onsite inspections for the purpose of ensuring compliance with the requirements of this section."

[For definition of "railroad", as used in section 416 of Pub. L. 110–432, set out above, see section 2(a) of Pub. L. 110–432, set out as a note under section 20102 of this title.]

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) give preference to applicants with strong past performance related to rail research, education, and workforce development activities;

(B) consider the extent to which the applicant would involve public and private sector passenger and freight railroad operators; and

(C) consider the regional and national impacts of the applicant's proposal.

(4)

(5)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 867; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §§22412, 22413, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 743, 744.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20108(a) | 45:431(a) (1st sentence cl. (2)). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §§202(a) (1st sentence cl. (2)), 208(a) (1st sentence words before 3d comma and between 9th–14th commas), 84 Stat. 971, 974. |

20108(b) | 45:437(a) (1st sentence words before 3d comma and between 9th–14th commas). | |

45:437(d)(1) (1st sentence). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §208(d)(1) (1st sentence); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §6(b), 94 Stat. 1813. | |

20108(c) | 45:444(a) (last sentence). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §214(a) (last sentence); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §2, 94 Stat. 1811; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1195, 95 Stat. 702; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §703, 96 Stat. 2580; restated June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §2, 102 Stat. 624; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §10501(b), 104 Stat. 1388–400; restated Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §12, 106 Stat. 980. |


In subsection (b), the words "To carry out this part, the Secretary may" are substituted for "In carrying out his functions under this subchapter, the Secretary is authorized to perform such acts including, but not limited to . . . as he deems necessary to carry out the provisions of this subchapter" and "In carrying out the functions formerly vested in the Interstate Commerce Commission and transferred to the Secretary by section 1655(e)(1), (e)(2), and (e)(6)(A) of title 49, Appendix, the Secretary is authorized to perform any act authorized in subsection (a) of this section that he considers necessary to carry out such transferred functions, including, but not limited to" to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2021**—Subsecs. (d) to (i). Pub. L. 117–58, §22412, added subsecs. (d) to (i).

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 117–58, §22413, added subsec. (j).

(a)

(1) to provide information, directly cause information to be provided, or otherwise directly assist in any investigation regarding any conduct which the employee reasonably believes constitutes a violation of any Federal law, rule, or regulation relating to railroad safety or security, or gross fraud, waste, or abuse of Federal grants or other public funds intended to be used for railroad safety or security, if the information or assistance is provided to or an investigation stemming from the provided information is conducted by—

(A) a Federal, State, or local regulatory or law enforcement agency (including an office of the Inspector General under chapter 4 of title 5; 1

(B) any Member of Congress, any committee of Congress, or the Government Accountability Office; or

(C) a person with supervisory authority over the employee or such other person who has the authority to investigate, discover, or terminate the misconduct;

(2) to refuse to violate or assist in the violation of any Federal law, rule, or regulation relating to railroad safety or security;

(3) to file a complaint, or directly cause to be brought a proceeding related to the enforcement of this part or, as applicable to railroad safety or security, chapter 51 or 57 of this title, or to testify in that proceeding;

(4) to notify, or attempt to notify, the railroad carrier or the Secretary of Transportation of a work-related personal injury or work-related illness of an employee;

(5) to cooperate with a safety or security investigation by the Secretary of Transportation, the Secretary of Homeland Security, or the National Transportation Safety Board;

(6) to furnish information to the Secretary of Transportation, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the National Transportation Safety Board, or any Federal, State, or local regulatory or law enforcement agency as to the facts relating to any accident or incident resulting in injury or death to an individual or damage to property occurring in connection with railroad transportation; or

(7) to accurately report hours on duty pursuant to chapter 211.

(b)

(A) reporting, in good faith, a hazardous safety or security condition;

(B) refusing to work when confronted by a hazardous safety or security condition related to the performance of the employee's duties, if the conditions described in paragraph (2) exist; or

(C) refusing to authorize the use of any safety-related equipment, track, or structures, if the employee is responsible for the inspection or repair of the equipment, track, or structures, when the employee believes that the equipment, track, or structures are in a hazardous safety or security condition, if the conditions described in paragraph (2) exist.

(2) A refusal is protected under paragraph (1)(B) and (C) if—

(A) the refusal is made in good faith and no reasonable alternative to the refusal is available to the employee;

(B) a reasonable individual in the circumstances then confronting the employee would conclude that—

(i) the hazardous condition presents an imminent danger of death or serious injury; and

(ii) the urgency of the situation does not allow sufficient time to eliminate the danger without such refusal; and

(C) the employee, where possible, has notified the railroad carrier of the existence of the hazardous condition and the intention not to perform further work, or not to authorize the use of the hazardous equipment, track, or structures, unless the condition is corrected immediately or the equipment, track, or structures are repaired properly or replaced.

(3) In this subsection, only paragraph (1)(A) shall apply to security personnel employed by a railroad carrier to protect individuals and property transported by railroad.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) 2 shall be governed by the legal burdens of proof set forth in section 42121(b).

(ii)

(iii) 3

(B)

(3)

(4) 4 may obtain review of the order in the United States court of appeals for the circuit in which the violation, with respect to which the order was issued, allegedly occurred or the circuit in which the complainant resided on the date of such violation. The petition for review must be filed not later than 60 days after the date of the issuance of the final order of the Secretary of Labor. The review shall conform to chapter 7 of title 5. The commencement of proceedings under this paragraph shall not, unless ordered by the court, operate as a stay of the order.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A) reinstatement with the same seniority status that the employee would have had, but for the discrimination;

(B) any backpay, with interest; and

(C) compensatory damages, including compensation for any special damages sustained as a result of the discrimination, including litigation costs, expert witness fees, and reasonable attorney fees.

(3)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, or with the written consent of the employee, the Secretary of Transportation or the Secretary of Homeland Security may not disclose the name of an employee of a railroad carrier who has provided information about an alleged violation of this part or, as applicable to railroad safety or security, chapter 51 or 57 of this title, or a regulation prescribed or order issued under any of those provisions.

(2) The Secretary of Transportation or the Secretary of Homeland Security shall disclose to the Attorney General the name of an employee described in paragraph (1) if the matter is referred to the Attorney General for enforcement. The Secretary making such disclosures shall provide reasonable advance notice to the affected employee if disclosure of that person's identity or identifying information is to occur.

(j)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 867; Pub. L. 110–53, title XV, §1521, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 444; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title IV, §419, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4892; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(b)(98), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4353.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20109(a) | 45:441(a). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §212(a)–(c)(1), (d); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §10, 94 Stat. 1815. |

45:441(e). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §212(e); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §10, 94 Stat. 1815; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §5(b), 106 Stat. 975. | |

20109(b) | 45:441(b). | |

20109(c) | 45:441(c)(1). | |

45:441(c)(2). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §212(c)(2); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §10, 94 Stat. 1815; restated June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §5(a), 102 Stat. 627. | |

20109(d) | 45:441(d). | |

20109(e) | 45:441(e). | |

45:441(f). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §212(f); added June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §5(b), 102 Stat. 627. |


In subsections (a) and (b), the words "railroad carrier" are substituted for "common carrier by railroad" because of the definition of "railroad carrier" in section 20102 of the revised title.

In subsection (a)(1), the words "under or" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1)(B), before subclause (i), the words "the hazardous condition is of such a nature that" are omitted as surplus. The word "individual" is substituted for "person" as being more appropriate. In subclause (ii), the words "resort to" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1)(C), the words "his apprehension of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "by a carrier . . . transported by railroad" are substituted for "by a railroad . . . transported by such railroad" for consistency in the revised title.

Subsection (d) is substituted for 45:441(d) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

Subsection (e)(2) is substituted for 45:441(f)(2) to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2022**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted "chapter 4 of title 5;" for "the Inspector General Act of 1978 (5 U.S.C. App.; Public Law 95–452);".

**2008**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–432, §419(a)(2), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–432, §419(a)(1), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e).

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 110–432, §419(b)(1)(A), substituted "(a), (b), or (c)" for "(a) or (b)".

Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(i). Pub. L. 110–432, §419(b)(1)(B), substituted "(d)(1)" for "(c)(1)".

Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 110–432, §419(b)(1)(C), substituted "(a), (b), or (c)" for "(a) or (b)".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 110–432, §419(a)(1), redesignated subsec. (d) as (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (f).

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 110–432, §419(b)(2)(A), substituted "(d)" for "(c)".

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 110–432, §419(b)(2)(B), (C), substituted "(d)" for "(c)" and "(d)(3)" for "(c)(3)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 110–432, §419(b)(2)(D), substituted "(d)" for "(c)".

Subsecs. (f) to (j). Pub. L. 110–432, §419(a)(1), redesignated subsecs. (e) to (i) as (f) to (j), respectively.

**2007**—Pub. L. 110–53 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section consisted of subsecs. (a) to (e) relating to prohibition against discharge or discrimination for filing of complaints or testifying, prohibition against discharge or discrimination for refusal to work because of hazardous conditions, dispute resolution, election of remedies, and nondisclosure of identity of employee who had provided information regarding a violation.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22424, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 752, provided that: "The Secretary [of Transportation] shall amend part 272 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, to the extent necessary to ensure that—

"(1) the coverage of a critical incident stress plan under section 272.7 of such part includes employees of commuter railroads and intercity passenger railroads (as such terms are defined in section 272.9 of such part), including employees who directly interact with passengers; and

"(2) an assault against an employee requiring medical attention is included in the definition of critical incident under section 272.9 of such part."

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title IV, §410, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4887, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) relieving an employee who was involved in a critical incident of his or her duties for the balance of the duty tour, following any actions necessary for the safety of persons and contemporaneous documentation of the incident;

"(2) upon the employee's request, relieving an employee who witnessed a critical incident of his or her duties following any actions necessary for the safety of persons and contemporaneous documentation of the incident; and

"(3) providing such leave from normal duties as may be necessary and reasonable to receive preventive services, treatment, or both, related to the incident.

"(c)

[For definitions of "railroad carrier" and "Secretary", as used in section 410 of Pub. L. 110–432, set out above, see section 2(a) of Pub. L. 110–432, set out as a note under section 20102 of this title.]

1 So in original. A closing parenthesis probably should precede the semicolon.

2 So in original. Probably should be preceded by "subsection".

3 So in original. Probably should be preceded by "section".

4 So in original. The comma probably should not appear.

This chapter does not—

(1) authorize the Secretary of Transportation to prescribe regulations and issue orders related to qualifications of employees, except qualifications specifically related to safety; or

(2) prohibit the bargaining representatives of railroad carriers and their employees from making collective bargaining agreements under the Railway Labor Act (45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.), including agreements related to qualifications of employees, that are not inconsistent with regulations prescribed and orders issued under this chapter.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 868.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20110 | 45:431(a) (2d, last sentences). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §202(a) (2d, last sentences), 84 Stat. 971. |


In clause (2), the words "railroad carriers" are substituted for "common carriers" for consistency in this part.

The Railway Labor Act, referred to in par. (2), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, which is classified principally to chapter 8 (§151 et seq.) of Title 45, Railroads. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of Title 45 and Tables.

(a)

(1) to impose and compromise a civil penalty for a violation of a railroad safety regulation prescribed or order issued by the Secretary;

(2) except as provided in section 20113 of this title, to request an injunction for a violation of a railroad safety regulation prescribed or order issued by the Secretary; and

(3) to recommend appropriate action be taken under section 20112(a) of this title.

(b)

(c)

(1) If an individual's violation of this part, chapter 51 of this title, or a regulation prescribed, or an order issued, by the Secretary under this part or chapter 51 of this title is shown to make that individual unfit for the performance of safety-sensitive functions, the Secretary, after providing notice and an opportunity for a hearing, may issue an order prohibiting the individual from performing safety-sensitive functions in the railroad industry for a specified period of time or until specified conditions are met.

(2) This subsection does not affect the Secretary's authority under section 20104 of this title to act on an emergency basis.

(d)

(A) actions taken to remedy the failure; or

(B) if appropriate remedial actions cannot be taken by that 30th day, an explanation of the reasons for the delay.

(2) The Secretary—

(A) not later than June 3, 1993, shall issue a notice of a regulatory proceeding for proposed regulations to carry out this subsection; and

(B) not later than September 3, 1994, shall prescribe final regulations to carry out this subsection.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 868; Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §205, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4620; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title III, §305, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4879.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20111(a) | 45:435(a) (last sentence). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §206(a) (last sentence), 84 Stat. 973; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §28(a)(4), 104 Stat. 3276. |

20111(b) | 45:437(a) (2d sentence). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §208(a) (2d sentence); added Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §206, 88 Stat. 2166; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §8, 102 Stat. 628. |

45:437(d)(1) (last sentence). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §208(d)(1) (last sentence); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §6(b), 94 Stat. 1814. | |

20111(c) | 45:438(f). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §209(f); added June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §3(a)(4), 102 Stat. 625. |

20111(d) | 45:437 (note). | Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §3, 106 Stat. 972. |


In this section, the word "impose" is substituted for "assess" for consistency.

In subsection (b), the word "further" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "this part, chapter 51 or 57 of this title" are substituted for "the Federal railroad safety laws, as such term is defined in section 441(e) of this title" because 45:441(e) is not restated as a definition.

**2008**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–432 amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "If an individual's violation of this chapter or any of the laws transferred to the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Transportation by subsection (e)(1), (2), and (6)(A) of section 6 of the Department of Transportation Act, as in effect on June 1, 1994, or a regulation prescribed or order issued by the Secretary under this chapter is shown to make that individual unfit for the performance of safety-sensitive functions, the Secretary, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, may issue an order prohibiting the individual from performing safety-sensitive functions in the railroad industry for a specified period of time or until specified conditions are met. This subsection does not affect the Secretary's authority under section 20104 of this title to act on an emergency basis."

**1994**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–440 inserted "this chapter or any of the laws transferred to the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Transportation by subsection (e)(1), (2), and (6)(A) of section 6 of the Department of Transportation Act, as in effect on June 1, 1994, or" after "individual's violation of".

(a)

(1) to enjoin a violation of, or to enforce, this part, except for section 20109 of this title, or a railroad safety regulation prescribed or order issued by the Secretary;

(2) to collect a civil penalty imposed or an amount agreed on in compromise under section 21301, 21302, or 21303 of this title; or

(3) to enforce a subpoena, request for admissions, request for production of documents or other tangible things, or request for testimony by deposition issued by the Secretary under this part.

(b)

(2) A civil action to enforce a subpena issued by the Secretary or a compliance order issued under section 20111(b) of this title may be brought in the judicial district in which the defendant resides, does business, or is found.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 869; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title III, §309, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4882.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20112(a) | 45:437(a) (last sentence related to authority to bring actions). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §208(a) (last sentence); added June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §8, 102 Stat. 628. |

45:437(d)(2). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §208(d)(2); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §6(b), 94 Stat. 1814. | |

45:438(c) (4th sentence related to authority to bring actions). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §209(c) (4th sentence), 84 Stat. 975; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §8(a), 94 Stat. 1814; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §3(a)(3)(A), (B), 102 Stat. 624. | |

45:439(a) (related to actions by Attorney General). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §210(a) (related to actions by Attorney General), 84 Stat. 975; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §9(a), 94 Stat. 1814; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §28(f), 104 Stat. 3277. | |

20112(b)(1) | 45:438(c) (4th sentence related to venue). | |

45:439(c) (related to actions by Attorney General). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §210(c) (related to actions by Attorney General); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §9(b), 94 Stat. 1815. | |

20112(b)(2) | 45:437(a) (last sentence related to venue). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "At the request of the Secretary of Transportation" are substituted for "at the request of the Secretary" in 45:439(a), and are made applicable to all of the source provisions restated in this subsection, for clarity and consistency. The words "at the request of the Secretary" in 45:439(a) are interpreted and restated to mean that the Secretary's request is to the Attorney General rather than to the district court. See H.R. Rept. No. 91–1194, 91st Cong., 2d Sess., p. 20 (1970). The words "the Attorney General may bring a civil action in a district court of the United States" are substituted for "such district court shall have jurisdiction, upon petition by the Attorney General" in 45:437(a) (last sentence), "The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction, upon petition by the Attorney General" in 45:437(d)(2), and "The United States district court shall . . . upon petition by the Attorney General on behalf of the United States . . . have jurisdiction" in 45:439(a) for clarity and consistency. It is not necessary to restate that the district court has jurisdiction because of 28:1331 and 1345. See also the statement of Senator Prouty in 115 Cong. Rec. 40205 (1969) explaining that similar language in section 110 of S. 1933, 91st Cong., 1st Sess. (the derivative source for 45:439) would grant the Attorney General the power to seek injunctions. Clauses (1)–(3) are substituted for the source provisions to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the words "subject to the provisions of rules 65(a) and (b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure" in 45:439(a) are omitted as surplus because the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.) apply in the district court unless otherwise provided. In clause (2), the words "or an amount agreed on in compromise" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1), the text of 45:439(c) (words before 1st comma) is omitted because it applies only to actions brought by a State authority. See discussion of the cross-reference in the note for section 20113(c) of the revised title. The last sentence is substituted for "in which the individual resides" in 45:438(c) because of the restatement.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "compliance order issued under section 20111(b) of this title" are substituted for "order, or directive" because the latter words are interpreted as referring to "orders directing compliance" in 45:437(a) (2d sentence), restated in section 20111(b).

**2008**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 110–432, §309(1), inserted "this part, except for section 20109 of this title, or" after "enforce,".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 110–432, §309(2), substituted "21301, 21302, or 21303" for "21301".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 110–432, §309(3), (4), substituted "subpoena, request for admissions, request for production of documents or other tangible things, or request for testimony by deposition" for "subpena" and "part." for "chapter."

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 869.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20113(a) | 45:436(b)(1) (related to authority to bring actions), (2). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §207(b), (c), 84 Stat. 974; Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–574, §8, 92 Stat. 2461; restated Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §5, 94 Stat. 1812. |

45:439(a) (related to actions by States). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §210(a) (related to actions by States), 84 Stat. 975; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §9(a), 94 Stat. 1814; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §28(f), 104 Stat. 3277. | |

20113(b) | 45:436(a)(1) (related to authority to bring actions), (2). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §207(a), 84 Stat. 974; Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–574, §8, 92 Stat. 2461; restated Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §5, 94 Stat. 1812; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §28(e), 104 Stat. 3277. |

20113(c) | 45:436(a)(1) (related to venue), (b)(1) (related to venue), (c). | |

45:439(c) (related to actions by States). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §210(c) (related to actions by States); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §9(b), 94 Stat. 1815. |


In subsection (a), the language about jurisdiction in 45:439(a) (related to actions by States) is omitted for the reasons explained in the revision note for section 20112(a) of the revised title.

In subsection (b), the word "impose" is substituted for "assess" for consistency. The words "the authority may bring a civil action in an appropriate district court of the United States" are substituted for "agency may apply to the United States district court" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "included in or made applicable to such rule, regulation, order, or standard" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the reference to "section 207(d)" in section 210(c) of the Federal Railroad Safety Act of 1970 (Public Law 91–458, 84 Stat. 971), as added by section 9(b) of the Federal Railroad Safety Authorization Act of 1980 (Public Law 96–423, 94 Stat. 1815), is assumed to have been intended as a reference to section 207(c). The Federal Railroad Safety Authorization Act of 1980 was derived from S. 2730, which in turn was derived from H.R. 7104. See 126 Cong. Rec. 26535 (1980). Section 207(d) in an earlier version of H.R. 7104 was redesignated as section 207(c) during the legislative process and no section 207(d) was enacted. See H.R. Rept. No. 96–1025, 96th Cong., 2d Sess., pp. 14, 15 (1980).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 870.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20114(a) | 45:439(b). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §§209(d), 210(b), 84 Stat. 975, 976. |

20114(b) | 45:438(d). | |

20114(c) | 45:431(f). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §202(f), 84 Stat. 972; restated Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §5(a)(1), 106 Stat. 975. |


In subsection (a), the words "the defendant may demand a jury trial" are substituted for "trial shall be by the court, or, upon demand of the accused, by a jury" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (b), the words "may be served in any judicial district" are substituted for "may run into any other district" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "a final action of the Secretary" are substituted for "Any final agency action taken by the Secretary" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "this part or, as applicable to railroad safety, chapter 51 or 57 of this title" are substituted for "this subchapter or under any of the other Federal railroad safety laws, as defined in section 441(e) of this title" because of the restatement. The words "is subject to judicial review as provided in chapter 7 of title 5" are omitted as unnecessary because 5:ch. 7 applies unless otherwise stated. The words "by and in the manner prescribed" are omitted as surplus.

(a)

(1) shall cover the costs of carrying out this chapter (except section 20108(a));

(2) shall be imposed fairly on the railroad carriers, in reasonable relationship to an appropriate combination of criteria such as revenue ton-miles, track miles, passenger miles, or other relevant factors; and

(3) may not be based on that part of industry revenues attributable to a railroad carrier or class of railroad carriers.

(b)

(c)

(2) Fees collected under this section shall be deposited in the general fund of the Treasury as offsetting receipts. The fees may be used, to the extent provided in advance in an appropriation law, only to carry out this chapter.

(3) Fees prescribed under this section shall be imposed in an amount sufficient to pay for the costs of activities under this chapter. However, the total fees received for a fiscal year may not be more than 105 percent of the total amount of the appropriations for the fiscal year for activities to be financed by the fees.

(d)

(A) the amount of fees collected during that fiscal year;

(B) the impact of the fees on the financial health of the railroad industry and its competitive position relative to each competing mode of transportation; and

(C) the total cost of Government safety activities for each other competing mode of transportation, including any part of that total cost defrayed by Government user fees.

(2) Not later than 90 days after submitting a report for a fiscal year, the Secretary shall submit to Congress recommendations for corrective legislation if the report includes a finding that—

(A) there has been an impact from the fees on the financial health of the railroad industry or its competitive position relative to each competing mode of transportation; or

(B) there is a significant difference in the burden of Government user fees on the railroad industry and other competing modes of transportation.

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 870.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20115(a) | 45:447(a)(1), (3). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §216; added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §10501(a), 104 Stat. 1388–399. |

20115(b) | 45:447(a)(2). | |

20115(c) | 45:447(b)–(d). | |

20115(d) | 45:447(e). | |

20115(e) | 45:447(f). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "after notice and comment" are omitted as unnecessary because of 5:553.

In subsection (c), the words "beginning on March 1, 1991" are omitted as obsolete.

No rule or order issued by the Secretary under this part shall be effective if it incorporates by reference a code, rule, standard, requirement, or practice issued by an association or other entity that is not an agency of the Federal Government, unless—

(1) the date on which the code, rule, standard, requirement, or practice was adopted is specifically cited in the rule or order; or

(2) the code, rule, standard, requirement, or practice has been subject to notice and comment under a rule or order issued under this part.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §107(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4859; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(c), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1676.)

A prior section 20116, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 871; amended Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §206(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4620, related to biennial safety reports prior to repeal by Pub. L. 104–66, title I, §1121(g)(1), Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 724.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94 substituted "unless—" for "unless", inserted par. (1) designation before "the date", substituted "order; or" for "order, or" in par. (1), inserted par. (2) designation before "the code, rule, standard, requirement, or practice has been subject to notice and comment under a rule or order issued under this part.", and realigned margins.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(A) $225,000,000 for fiscal year 2009;

(B) $245,000,000 for fiscal year 2010;

(C) $266,000,000 for fiscal year 2011;

(D) $289,000,000 for fiscal year 2012; and

(E) $293,000,000 for fiscal year 2013.

(2) With amounts appropriated pursuant to paragraph (1), the Secretary shall purchase Gage Restraint Measurement System vehicles and track geometry vehicles or other comparable technology as needed to assess track safety consistent with the results of the track inspection study required by section 403 of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008.

(3) There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary $18,000,000 for the period encompassing fiscal years 2009 through 2013 to design, develop, and construct the Facility for Underground Rail Station and Tunnel at the Transportation Technology Center in Pueblo, Colorado. The facility shall be used to test and evaluate the vulnerabilities of above-ground and underground rail tunnels to prevent accidents and incidents in such tunnels, to mitigate and remediate the consequences of any such accidents or incidents, and to provide a realistic scenario for training emergency responders.

(4) Such sums as may be necessary from the amount appropriated pursuant to paragraph (1) for each of the fiscal years 2009 through 2013 shall be made available to the Secretary for personnel in regional offices and in Washington, D.C., whose duties primarily involve rail security.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 872; Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §§202, 218, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4619, 4625; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, §3, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4850.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20117(a)(1) | 45:444(a) (1st sentence). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §214(a) (1st sentence); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §2, 94 Stat. 1811; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1195, 95 Stat. 702; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §703, 96 Stat. 2580; restated June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §2, 102 Stat. 624; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §10501(b), 104 Stat. 1388–400; restated Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §12, 106 Stat. 980. |

20117(a)(2) | 45:435(h). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §206(h); Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §28(d), 104 Stat. 3277. |

20117(b) | 45:445(c). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §215(c); added June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §20, 102 Stat. 638. |

20117(c) | 45:444(b). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §214(b); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §2, 94 Stat. 1811; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §703, 96 Stat. 2580; restated June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §2, 102 Stat. 624. |

20117(d) | 45:442. | Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–574, §3, 92 Stat. 2459. |


In subsection (a), references to fiscal years prior to 1993 are omitted as obsolete.

Section 403 of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is section 403 of Pub. L. 110–432, which is set out as a note under section 20142 of this title.

**2008**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–432 amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) authorized appropriations for fiscal years 1993 through 1998.

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(1)(C) to (F). Pub. L. 103–440, §202, added subpars. (C) to (F).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–440, §218, added subsec. (e).

(a)

(1) supplied to the Secretary pursuant to that safety risk reduction program or pilot program; or

(2) made available for inspection and copying by an officer, employee, or agent of the Secretary pursuant to that safety risk reduction program or pilot program.

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §109(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4866.)

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §109(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4867.)

(a) 1

(1) provides a summary of railroad safety and hazardous materials compliance inspections and audits that Federal or State inspectors conducted in the prior fiscal year organized by type of alleged violation, including track, motive power and equipment, signal, grade crossing, operating practices, accident and incident reporting, and hazardous materials;

(2) provides a summary of all enforcement actions taken by the Secretary or the Federal Railroad Administration during the prior fiscal year, including—

(A) the number of civil penalties assessed;

(B) the initial amount of civil penalties assessed;

(C) the number of civil penalty cases settled;

(D) the final amount of civil penalties assessed;

(E) the difference between the initial and final amounts of civil penalties assessed;

(F) the number of administrative hearings requested and completed related to hazardous materials transportation law violations or enforcement actions against individuals;

(G) the number of cases referred to the Attorney General for civil or criminal prosecution; and

(H) the number and subject matter of all compliance orders, emergency orders, or precursor agreements;

(3) analyzes the effect of the number of inspections conducted and enforcement actions taken on the number and rate of reported accidents and incidents and railroad safety;

(4) provide 2 the information required by paragraphs (2) and (3)—

(A) for each Class I railroad individually; and

(B) in the aggregate for—

(i) Class II railroads;

(ii) Class III railroads;

(iii) hazardous materials shippers; and

(iv) individuals;

(5) identifies the number of locomotive engineer certification denial or revocation cases appealed to and the average length of time it took to be decided by—

(A) the Locomotive Engineer Review Board;

(B) an administrative hearing officer or administrative law judge; or

(C) the Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration;

(6) provides an explanation regarding any changes in the Secretary's or the Federal Railroad Administration's enforcement programs or policies that may substantially affect the information reported; and

(7) includes any additional information that the Secretary determines is useful to improve the transparency of its enforcement program.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title III, §303(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4878; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(d), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1676.)

**2015**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–94, §11316(d)(1), substituted "Web site" for "website" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §11316(d)(2), substituted "accident and incident reporting" for "accident and incidence reporting".

Subsec. (a)(2)(G). Pub. L. 114–94, §11316(d)(3), inserted "and" at end.

Subsec. (a)(5)(B). Pub. L. 114–94, §11316(d)(4), substituted "administrative hearing officer or administrative law judge" for "Administrative Hearing Officer or Administrative Law Judge".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

1 So in original. No subsec. (b) has been enacted.

2 So in original. Probably should be "provides".

The Secretary of Transportation may receive and expend cash, or receive and utilize spare parts and similar items, from non-United States Government sources to repair damages to or replace United States Government-owned automated track inspection cars and equipment as a result of third-party liability for such damages, and any amounts collected under this section shall be credited directly to the Railroad Safety and Operations account of the Federal Railroad Administration and shall remain available until expended for the repair, operation, and maintenance of automated track inspection cars and equipment in connection with the automated track inspection program.

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11413(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1688.)

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

The Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe regulations and issue orders that may be necessary to require that when railroad carrier employees (except train or yard crews) assigned to inspect, test, repair, or service rolling equipment have to work on, under, or between that equipment, every manually operated switch, including each crossover switch, providing access to the track on which the equipment is located is lined against movement to that track and secured by an effective locking device that can be removed only by the class or craft of employees performing the inspection, testing, repair, or service.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 872.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20131 | 45:431(g) (1st sentence cl. (1)). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §202(g) (1st sentence cl. (1)); added July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §5(b), 90 Stat. 820. |


The words "within 180 days after July 8, 1976" are omitted as expired.

(a)

(1) the rear car of each passenger and commuter train has at least one highly visible marker that is lighted during darkness and when weather conditions restrict clear visibility; and

(2) the rear car of each freight train has highly visible markers during darkness and when weather conditions restrict clear visibility.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 873.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20132(a) | 45:431(g) (1st sentence cls. (2), (3)). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §202(g) (1st sentence cls. (2), (3), last sentence); added July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §5(b), 90 Stat. 820. |

20132(b) | 45:431(g) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "within 180 days after July 8, 1976" are omitted as expired.

(a)

(1) the crashworthiness of the cars;

(2) interior features (including luggage restraints, seat belts, and exposed surfaces) that may affect passenger safety;

(3) maintenance and inspection of the cars;

(4) emergency response procedures and equipment; and

(5) any operating rules and conditions that directly affect safety not otherwise governed by regulations.

The Secretary may make applicable some or all of the standards established under this subsection to cars existing at the time the regulations are prescribed, as well as to new cars, and the Secretary shall explain in the rulemaking document the basis for making such standards applicable to existing cars.

(b)

(2) The Secretary shall prescribe final regulations under subsection (a) within 5 years after November 2, 1994.

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 873; Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §215(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4623; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(47), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(306), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4339.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20133(a) | 45:431(h)(1)(A) (1st, last sentences), (B), (4). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §202(h); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §14, 94 Stat. 1817; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §702(a), 96 Stat. 2579. |

20133(b) | 45:431(h)(1)(A) (2d, 3d sentences), (2). | |

20133(c) | 45:431(h)(3). |


In subsection (a), the words "within one year after January 14, 1983" and "initial" are omitted as obsolete. The text of 45:431(h)(1)(B) is omitted as executed. The words "after a hearing in accordance with subsection (b) of this section" are omitted as surplus because of section 20103(e) of the revised title.

In subsections (b) and (c), the word "subsequent" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the word "Amtrak" is substituted for "National Railroad Passenger Corporation" for consistency in this subtitle. The word "regulatory" is substituted for "rulemaking" for consistency in the revised title.

**2022**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted "chapter 10 of title 5," for "the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.),".

**1996**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(47)(A), substituted "November 2, 1994" for "the date of enactment of the Federal Railroad Safety Authorization Act of 1994".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(47)(B), substituted "November 2, 1994" for "such date of enactment".

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–440 amended section generally, substituting present provisions for provisions requiring the Secretary to take administrative action to ensure that the construction, operation, and maintenance of passenger rail equipment maximize the safety of passengers, and providing for areas of consideration and concentration, as well as consultation with Amtrak.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22406, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 738, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 15, 2021], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall initiate a rulemaking to require that all rail carriers providing intercity passenger rail transportation or commuter rail passenger transportation (as such terms are defined in section 24102 of title 49, United States Code), develop and implement periodic inspection plans to ensure that passenger equipment offered for revenue service complies with the requirements under part 238 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, including ensuring that, in the event of a loss of power, there is adequate emergency lighting available to allow passengers, crew members, and first responders—

"(1) to see and orient themselves;

"(2) to identify obstacles;

"(3) to safely move throughout the rail car; and

"(4) to evacuate safely."

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22420, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 749, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) occupant restraint systems;

"(2) air bags;

"(3) emergency window retention systems; and

"(4) interior designs, including seats, baggage restraints, and table configurations and attachments.

"(c)

"(1) submit a report summarizing the findings of the study conducted pursuant to subsection (a) to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives; and

"(2) publish such report on the website of the Federal Railroad Administration.

"(d)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(A) reflective markers installed on the road surface or on a signal post at railroad grade crossings;

(B) stop signs or yield signs installed at grade crossings; and

(C) speed bumps or rumble strips installed on the road surfaces at the approaches to grade crossings.

(2) Not later than June 22, 1990, the Secretary shall submit a report on the results of the demonstration projects to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 873; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(48), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title II, §208(c), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4876.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20134(a) | 45:433(b). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §204(b), 84 Stat. 972. |

20134(b) | 45:431(q). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §§202(q), 215(a), (b); added June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §§20, 23, 102 Stat. 638, 639; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §2(4), 106 Stat. 972. |

20134(c) | 45:445(a), (b). |


In subsection (a), the words "In addition" are omitted as surplus. The word "maintain" is substituted for "undertake" for clarity because the effort has begun. The words "the objective of" are omitted as surplus. The words "To carry out this section, the Secretary may use" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b), the words "Not later than June 22, 1989" are substituted for "within one year after June 22, 1988" for clarity.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), and (2), the word "Secretary" is substituted for "Federal Railroad Administration" for clarity and consistency in the revised title. In this restatement, the Secretary of Transportation carries out all laws. However, this subsection is based on source provisions that provide that the Federal Railroad Administration carries out the subsection. A cross-reference to this subsection has been included in 49:103 to preserve duties and powers under this subsection to the Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "and incidents" are added for consistency in this part.

**2008**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–432 inserted at end "The Secretary may purchase items of nominal value and distribute them to the public without charge as part of an educational or awareness program to accomplish the purposes of this section and of any other sections of this title related to improving the safety of highway-rail crossings and to preventing trespass on railroad rights of way, and the Secretary shall prescribe guidelines for the administration of this authority."

**1996**—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Committee on Energy and Commerce".

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title II, §201, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4868, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 16, 2008], the Secretary shall provide guidance to railroads on strategies and methods to prevent pedestrian accidents, incidents, injuries, and fatalities at or near passenger stations, including—

"(1) providing audible warning of approaching trains to the pedestrians at railroad passenger stations;

"(2) using signs, signals, or other visual devices to warn pedestrians of approaching trains;

"(3) installing infrastructure at pedestrian crossings to improve the safety of pedestrians crossing railroad tracks;

"(4) installing fences to prohibit access to railroad tracks; and

"(5) other strategies or methods as determined by the Secretary."

[For definitions of "crossing", "Secretary", and "railroad", as used in section 201 of Pub. L. 110–432, set out above, see section 2(a) of Pub. L. 110–432, set out as a note under section 20102 of this title.]

(a)

(b)

(1) shall be carried out through review and approval of each railroad carrier's operator qualification standards;

(2) shall provide minimum training requirements;

(3) shall require comprehensive knowledge of applicable railroad carrier operating practices and rules;

(4) except as provided in subsection (c)(1) of this section, shall require consideration, to the extent the information is available, of the motor vehicle driving record of each individual seeking licensing or certification, including—

(A) any denial, cancellation, revocation, or suspension of a motor vehicle operator's license by a State for cause within the prior 5 years; and

(B) any conviction within the prior 5 years of an offense described in section 30304(a)(3)(A) or (B) of this title;

(5) may require, based on the individual's driving record, disqualification or the granting of a license or certification conditioned on requirements the Secretary prescribes; and

(6) shall require an individual seeking a license or certification—

(A) to request the chief driver licensing official of each State in which the individual has held a motor vehicle operator's license within the prior 5 years to provide information about the individual's driving record to the individual's employer, prospective employer, or the Secretary, as the Secretary requires; and

(B) to make the request provided for in section 30305(b)(4) of this title for information to be sent to the individual's employer, prospective employer, or the Secretary, as the Secretary requires.

(c)

(2) If an individual, after the conviction, cancellation, revocation, or suspension, successfully completes a rehabilitation program established by a railroad carrier or approved by the Secretary, the individual may not be denied a license or certification under subsection (b)(4) of this section because of—

(A) a conviction for operating a motor vehicle when under the influence of, or impaired by, alcohol or a controlled substance; or

(B) the cancellation, revocation, or suspension of the individual's motor vehicle operator's license for operating a motor vehicle when under the influence of, or impaired by, alcohol or a controlled substance.

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 874.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20135(a) | 45:431(i)(1). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §202(i); added June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §§4(a), 7(b), 102 Stat. 625, 628; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §2(1), 106 Stat. 972. |

20135(b) | 45:431(i)(2). | |

20135(c)(1) | 45:431(i)(4). | |

20135(c)(2) | 45:431(i)(6). | |

20135(d) | 45:431(i)(5). | |

20135(e) | 45:431(i)(3). |


In subsection (a), the words "within 12 months after June 22, 1988" are omitted as executed. The words "including any locomotive engineer" are omitted as surplus. The words "after one year after" are substituted for "after the expiration of 12 months following" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(5), the word "requirements" is substituted for "terms" for consistency in this section.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "In establishing the program under this subsection" are omitted as surplus.

The Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe regulations and issue orders to require that—

(1) an individual performing a test of an automatic train stop, train control, or cab signal apparatus required by the Secretary to be performed before entering territory where the apparatus will be used shall certify in writing that the test was performed properly; and

(2) the certification required under clause (1) of this section shall be maintained in the same way and place as the daily inspection report for the locomotive.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 875; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(19), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4379.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20136 | 45:431(j). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §202(j); added June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §9, 102 Stat. 628. |


The words "Within 90 days after June 22, 1988" are omitted as expired.

This amends 49:20136(2) to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 875).

**1994**—Par. (2). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "section" for "subsection".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(1) records train speed, hot box detection, throttle position, brake application, brake operations, and any other function the Secretary of Transportation considers necessary to record to assist in monitoring the safety of train operation, such as time and signal indication; and

(2) is designed to resist tampering.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 875.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20137 | 45:431(m). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §202(m); added June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §10, 102 Stat. 629. |


In subsection (b), the words "Not later than December 22, 1989" are substituted for "within 18 months after June 22, 1988" for clarity. The words "may extend the period to a date that is not later than 18 months after the regulations are prescribed and the orders are issued" are substituted for "may extend the deadline for compliance with such requirement, but in no event shall such deadline be extended past 18 months after such rules, regulations, orders, and standards are issued" to eliminate unnecessary words.

(a)

(b)

(2) An individual tampering with or disabling a safety or operational monitoring device in violation of a regulation prescribed or order issued under subsection (a) of this section, or knowingly operating or allowing to be operated a train on which such a device has been tampered with or disabled, is liable for penalties established by the Secretary. The penalties may include—

(A) a civil penalty under section 21301 of this title;

(B) suspension from work; and

(C) suspension or loss of a license or certification issued under section 20135 of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 876.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20138 | 45:431(o). |
Oct 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §202(o); added June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §21, 102 Stat. 638; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §2(3), 106 Stat. 972. |


In subsection (a), the words "within 90 days after June 22, 1988" are omitted as expired.

In subsection (b), the words "by another person" are omitted as surplus.

Not later than June 22, 1989, the Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe regulations and issue orders for the safety of maintenance-of-way employees on railroad bridges. The Secretary at least shall provide in those regulations standards for bridge safety equipment, including nets, walkways, handrails, and safety lines, and requirements for the use of vessels when work is performed on bridges located over bodies of water.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 876.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20139 | 45:431(n). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §202(n); added June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §19(a), 102 Stat. 637; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §2(2), 106 Stat. 972. |


The words "Not later than June 22, 1989" are substituted for "within one year after June 22, 1988" for clarity.

(a)

(b)

(A) a railroad carrier to conduct preemployment, reasonable suspicion, random, and post-accident testing of all railroad employees responsible for safety-sensitive functions (as decided by the Secretary) for the use of a controlled substance in violation of law or a United States Government regulation, and to conduct reasonable suspicion, random, and post-accident testing of such employees for the use of alcohol in violation of law or a United States Government regulation; the regulations shall permit such railroad carriers to conduct preemployment testing of such employees for the use of alcohol; and

(B) when the Secretary considers it appropriate, disqualification for an established period of time or dismissal of any employee found—

(i) to have used or been impaired by alcohol when on duty; or

(ii) to have used a controlled substance, whether or not on duty, except as allowed for medical purposes by law or a regulation or order under this chapter.

(2) When the Secretary of Transportation considers it appropriate in the interest of safety, the Secretary may prescribe regulations and issue orders requiring railroad carriers to conduct periodic recurring testing of railroad employees responsible for safety-sensitive functions (as decided by the Secretary) for the use of alcohol or a controlled substance in violation of law or a Government regulation.

(c)

(1) promote, to the maximum extent practicable, individual privacy in the collection of specimens;

(2) for laboratories and testing procedures for controlled substances, incorporate the Department of Health and Human Services scientific and technical guidelines dated April 11, 1988, and any amendments to those guidelines, including mandatory guidelines establishing—

(A) comprehensive standards for every aspect of laboratory controlled substances testing and laboratory procedures to be applied in carrying out this section, including standards requiring the use of the best available technology to ensure the complete reliability and accuracy of controlled substances tests and strict procedures governing the chain of custody of specimens collected for controlled substances testing;

(B) the minimum list of controlled substances for which individuals may be tested; and

(C) appropriate standards and procedures for periodic review of laboratories and criteria for certification and revocation of certification of laboratories to perform controlled substances testing in carrying out this section;

(3) require that a laboratory involved in controlled substances testing under this section have the capability and facility, at the laboratory, of performing screening and confirmation tests;

(4) provide that all tests indicating the use of alcohol or a controlled substance in violation of law or a Government regulation be confirmed by a scientifically recognized method of testing capable of providing quantitative information about alcohol or a controlled substance;

(5) provide that each specimen be subdivided, secured, and labeled in the presence of the tested individual and that a part of the specimen be retained in a secure manner to prevent the possibility of tampering, so that if the individual's confirmation test results are positive the individual has an opportunity to have the retained part tested by a 2d confirmation test done independently at another certified laboratory if the individual requests the 2d confirmation test not later than 3 days after being advised of the results of the first confirmation test;

(6) ensure appropriate safeguards for testing to detect and quantify alcohol in breath and body fluid samples, including urine and blood, through the development of regulations that may be necessary and in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services;

(7) provide for the confidentiality of test results and medical information (other than information about alcohol or a controlled substance) of employees, except that this clause does not prevent the use of test results for the orderly imposition of appropriate sanctions under this section; and

(8) ensure that employees are selected for tests by nondiscriminatory and impartial methods, so that no employee is harassed by being treated differently from other employees in similar circumstances.

(d)

(e)

(1) shall establish only requirements that are consistent with international obligations of the United States; and

(2) shall consider applicable laws and regulations of foreign countries.

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 876; Pub. L. 104–59, title III, §342(b), Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 609.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20140(a) | 45:431(r)(5). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §202(r); added Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §4, 105 Stat. 957. |

20140(b) | 45:431(r)(1) (1st–3d sentences). | |

20140(c) | 45:431(r)(2). | |

20140(d) | 45:431(r)(3). | |

20140(e) | 45:431(r)(4). | |

20140(f) | 45:431(r)(1) (last sentence). |


In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "controlled substances" are substituted for "drug" for consistency in this section. In clauses (B) and (C), the word "found" is substituted for "determined" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "of any employee" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(4), the words "by any employee" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(5), the word "tested" is substituted for "assayed" for consistency. The words "2d confirmation test" are substituted for "independent test" for clarity and consistency.

**1995**—Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104–59 amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: "a railroad carrier to conduct preemployment, reasonable suspicion, random, and post-accident testing of all railroad employees responsible for safety-sensitive functions (as decided by the Secretary) for the use of alcohol or a controlled substance in violation of law or a United States Government regulation; and".

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22427, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 756, provided that: "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 15, 2021], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall amend the regulations under part 219 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, to require all mechanical employees of railroads to be subject to all of the breath or body fluid testing set forth in subpart C, D, and E of such part, including random testing, reasonable suspicion testing, reasonable cause testing, pre-employment testing, return-to-duty testing, and follow-up testing."

Pub. L. 115–271, title VIII, §8102, Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 4104, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title IV, §412, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4889, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(j)(6), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1678, provided that: "Not later than 2 years following the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 16, 2008], the Secretary shall complete a rulemaking proceeding to revise the regulations prescribed under section 20140 of title 49, United States Code, to cover all employees of railroad carriers and contractors or subcontractors to railroad carriers who perform maintenance-of-way activities."

[For definition of "railroad carrier", as used in section 412 of Pub. L. 110–432, set out above, see section 2(a) of Pub. L. 110–432, set out as a note under section 20102 of this title.]'

(a)

(b) 2-

(A) establish standards for the devices based on performance;

(B) prohibit a railroad carrier, on or after the date that is one year after the regulations are prescribed, from acquiring any end-of-train device for use on trains that is not a 2-way device meeting the standards established under clause (A) of this paragraph;

(C) require that the trains be equipped with 2-way end-of-train devices meeting those standards not later than 4 years after the regulations are prescribed; and

(D) provide that any 2-way end-of-train device acquired for use on trains before the regulations are prescribed shall be deemed to meet the standards.

(2) The Secretary may consider petitions to amend the regulations prescribed under paragraph (1) of this subsection to allow the use of alternative technologies that meet the same basic performance requirements established by the regulations.

(3) In developing the regulations required by paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Secretary shall consider information presented under subsection (a) of this section.

(c)

(1) trains that have manned cabooses;

(2) passenger trains with emergency brakes;

(3) trains that operate only on track that is not part of the general railroad system;

(4) trains that do not exceed 30 miles an hour and do not operate on heavy grades, except for any categories of trains specifically designated by the Secretary; and

(5) trains that operate in a push mode.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 878.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20141(a) | 45:431(r)(1), (2). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §202(r); added Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §7, 106 Stat. 976. |

20141(b) | 45:431(r)(3). | |

20141(c) | 45:431(r)(4). |


Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VII, §7311, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1601, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) Data and modeling results on safety benefits relative to conventional brakes and to other braking technologies or systems, such as distributed power and 2-way end-of-train devices.

"(B) Data and modeling results on business benefits, including the effects of dynamic braking.

"(C) Data on costs, including up-front capital costs and on-going maintenance costs.

"(D) Analysis of potential operational benefits and challenges, including the effects of potential locomotive and car segregation, technical reliability issues, and network disruptions.

"(E) Analysis of potential implementation challenges, including installation time, positive train control integration complexities, component availability issues, and tank car shop capabilities.

"(F) Analysis of international experiences with the use of advanced braking technologies.

"(3)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) complete testing of ECP brake systems during emergency braking application, including more than 1 scenario involving the uncoupling of a train with 70 or more DOT–117 specification or DOT–117R specification tank cars; and

"(B) transmit, not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act, to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a report on the results of the testing.

"(2)

"(A) are not railroad carriers, entities funded by such carriers, or entities directly impacted by the final rule issued on May 8, 2015, entitled "Enhanced Tank Car Standards and Operational Controls for High-Hazard Flammable Trains" (80 Fed. Reg. 26643); and

"(B) have relevant experience in conducting railroad safety technology tests or similar crash tests.

"(3)

"(A) the number of cars derailed;

"(B) the number of cars punctured;

"(C) the measures of in-train forces; and

"(D) the stopping distance.

"(4)

"(A) using sums made available to carry out sections 20108 and 5118 of title 49, United States Code; and

"(B) to the extent funding under subparagraph (A) is insufficient or unavailable to fund the testing required under this section, using such sums as are necessary from the amounts appropriated to the Secretary, the Federal Railroad Administration, or the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, or a combination thereof.

"(5)

"(A)

"(B)

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) not later than 90 days after the report date, fully incorporate the results of the evaluation under subsection (a) and the testing under subsection (b) and update the regulatory impact analysis of the final rule described in subsection (b)(2)(A) of the costs, benefits, and effects of the applicable ECP brake system requirements;

"(B) as soon as practicable after completion of the updated analysis under subparagraph (A), solicit public comment in the Federal Register on the analysis for a period of not more than 30 days; and

"(C) not later than 60 days after the end of the public comment period under subparagraph (B), post the final updated regulatory impact analysis on the Department of Transportation's Internet Web site.

"(2)

"(A) determine, based on whether the final regulatory impact analysis described in paragraph (1)(C) demonstrates that the benefits, including safety benefits, of the applicable ECP brake system requirements exceed the costs of such requirements, whether the applicable ECP brake system requirements are justified;

"(B) if the applicable ECP brake system requirements are justified, publish in the Federal Register the determination and reasons for such determination; and

"(C) if the Secretary does not publish the determination under subparagraph (B), repeal the applicable ECP brake system requirements.

"(3)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(A)

"(B)

"(6)

"(7)

(a)

(1) procedures associated with maintaining and installing continuous welded rail and its attendant structure, including cold weather installation procedures;

(2) the need for revisions to regulations on track excepted from track safety standards; and

(3) employee safety.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1) inspection procedures to identify internal rail defects, before they reach imminent failure size, in rail that has significant shelling; and

(2) any specific actions that should be taken when a rail surface condition, such as shelling, prevents the identification of internal defects.

(e)

(1)

(A) require each track owner using continuous welded rail track to include procedures (in its procedures filed with the Administration pursuant to section 213.119 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations) to improve the identification of cracks in rail joint bars;

(B) instruct Administration track inspectors to obtain copies of the most recent continuous welded rail programs of each railroad within the inspectors' areas of responsibility and require that inspectors use those programs when conducting track inspections; and

(C) establish a program to review continuous welded rail joint bar inspection data from railroads and Administration track inspectors periodically.

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 879; Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §208, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4621; Pub. L. 109–59, title IX, §9005(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1924.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20142(a) | 45:431(s)(1) (1st sentence), (2). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §202(s); added Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §8, 106 Stat. 976. |

20142(b) | 45:431(s)(1) (last sentence). | |

20142(c) | 45:431(s)(3). |


In subsection (c), the word "information" is substituted for "data" for consistency in the revised title.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (e)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

**2005**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59 added subsec. (e).

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–440, §208(2), inserted ", including cold weather installation procedures" after "attendant structure".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–440, §208(1), substituted "September 1, 1995" for "September 3, 1994".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–440, §208(3), added subsec. (d).

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11409, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1684, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) At least once every 2 weeks—

"(A) traverse each main line by vehicle; or

"(B) inspect each main line on foot.

"(2) At least once each month, traverse and inspect each siding by vehicle or by foot.

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title IV, §403, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4884, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) the required intervals of track inspections for each class of track should be amended;

"(2) track remedial action requirements should be amended;

"(3) different track inspection and repair priorities or methods should be required; and

"(4) the speed at which railroad track inspection vehicles operate and the scope of the territory they generally cover allow for proper inspection of the track and whether such speed and appropriate scope should be regulated by the Secretary.

"(b)

"(1) the most current rail flaw, rail defect growth, rail fatigue, and other relevant track- or rail-related research and studies;

"(2) the availability and feasibility of developing and implementing new or novel rail inspection technology for routine track inspections;

"(3) information from National Transportation Safety Board or Federal Railroad Administration accident investigations where track defects were the cause or a contributing cause; and

"(4) other relevant information, as determined by the Secretary.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1) limits for rail seat abrasion;

"(2) concrete cross tie pad wear limits;

"(3) missing or broken rail fasteners;

"(4) loss of appropriate toeload pressure;

"(5) improper fastener configurations; and

"(6) excessive lateral rail movement."

[For definitions of "Secretary" and "railroad", as used in section 403 of Pub. L. 110–432, set out above, see section 2(a) of Pub. L. 110–432, set out as a note under section 20102 of this title.]

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1) revisions to the existing locomotive headlight standards, including standards for placement and intensity;

(2) requiring the use of reflective material to enhance locomotive visibility;

(3) requiring the use of additional alerting lights, including ditch, crossing, strobe, and oscillating lights;

(4) requiring the use of auxiliary lights to enhance locomotive visibility when viewed from the side;

(5) the effect of an enhanced visibility measure on the vision, health, and safety of train crew members; and

(6) separate standards for self-propelled, push-pull, and multi-unit passenger operations without a dedicated head end locomotive.

(e)

(2) In prescribing regulations under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Secretary may exclude a category of trains or rail operations from a specific visibility requirement if the Secretary decides the exclusion is in the public interest and is consistent with rail safety, including grade-crossing safety.

(3) A locomotive equipped with temporary visibility measures prescribed under subsection (b) of this section when final regulations are prescribed under paragraph (1) of this subsection is deemed to be complying with the final regulations for 4 years after the final regulations are prescribed.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 880.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20143(a) | 45:431(u)(6). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §202(u); added Oct. 27, 1992, Pub. L. 102–533, §14, 106 Stat. 3522. |

20143(b) | 45:431(u)(2) (1st, 2d sentences). | |

20143(c) | 45:431(u)(1). | |

20143(d) | 45:431(u)(3). | |

20143(e)(1) | 45:431(u)(5). | |

20143(e)(2) | 45:431(u)(4). | |

20143(e)(3) | 45:431(u)(2) (last sentence). |


In this section, the word "visibility" is substituted for "conspicuity" for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (a), the words "by means of lighting, reflective materials, or other means" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "those lights" are substituted for "such measures" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the word "Secretary's" is substituted for "Department of Transportation's" because of 49:102(b). The word "using" is substituted for "having . . . in service" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e)(2) and (3) of this section, the reference is to paragraph (1) of this subsection, rather than to subsection (d) of this section, because the regulations are prescribed under paragraph (1).

In subsection (e)(2), the words "a category" are substituted for "and category" to correct an apparent mistake in the source provision. See S. Rept. 102–990, 102d Cong., 2d Sess., p. 18 (1992).

In subsection (e)(3), the word "full" is omitted as surplus.

The Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe regulations applying blue signal protection to on-track vehicles where rest is provided.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 881.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20144 | (uncodified). | June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §19(c), 102 Stat. 638. |


The words "prescribe regulations" are substituted for "within one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, amend part 218 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations" because the regulations to carry out this section have been prescribed.

Not later than 18 months after November 2, 1994, the Secretary of Transportation shall transmit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a report concerning any action that has been taken by the Secretary on railroad bridge displacement detection systems.

(Added Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §207(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4621; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(48), (49), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393.)

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "November 2, 1994" for "the date of enactment of the Federal Railroad Safety Authorization Act of 1994" and "Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Committee on Energy and Commerce".

The Secretary of Transportation, in conjunction with a university or college having expertise in transportation safety, shall establish, within one year after November 2, 1994, an Institute for Railroad Safety. The Institute shall research, develop, fund, and test measures for reducing the number of fatalities and injuries relevant to railroad operations. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary $1,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1996 through 2000 to fund activities carried out under this section by the Institute, which shall report at least once each year on its use of such funds in carrying out such activities and the results thereof to the Secretary of Transportation and the Congress.

(Added Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §210(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4621; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(49), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393.)

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "November 2, 1994" for "the date of enactment of the Federal Railroad Safety Authorization Act of 1994".

The Secretary of Transportation shall encourage railroad carriers to warn the public about potential liability for violation of regulations related to vandalism of railroad signs, devices, and equipment and to trespassing on railroad property.

(Added Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §211(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4622.)

(a)

(b)

(1) visibility of railroad cars from the perspective of nonrailroad traffic;

(2) whether certain railroad car paint colors should be prohibited or required;

(3) the use of reflective materials;

(4) the visibility of lettering on railroad cars;

(5) the effect of any enhanced visibility measures on the health and safety of train crew members; and

(6) the cost/benefit ratio of any new regulations.

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §212(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4622.)

The Secretary of Transportation shall consult with the Secretary of Labor on a regular basis to ensure that all applicable laws affecting safe working conditions for railroad employees are appropriately enforced to ensure a safe and productive working environment for the railroad industry.

(Added Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §213(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4623.)

The Secretary of Transportation shall submit a report to the Congress on the development, deployment, and demonstration of positive train control systems by December 31, 1995.

(Added Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §214(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4623.)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(A) civil or criminal penalties, or both, for vandalism of railroad equipment or property which could affect the safety of the public or of railroad employees; and

(B) civil or criminal penalties, or both, for trespassing on a railroad owned or leased right-of-way.

(2) Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, the Secretary, after consultation with State and local governments and railroad carriers, shall develop and make available to State and local governments model State legislation providing for civil or criminal penalties, or both, for violations of highway-rail grade crossing signs, signals, markings, or other warning devices.

(d)

(1) to drive around a grade crossing gate in a position intended to block passage over railroad tracks;

(2) to drive through a flashing grade crossing signal;

(3) to drive through a grade crossing with passive warning signs without ensuring that the grade crossing could be safely crossed before any train arrived; and

(4) in the vicinity of a grade crossing, who creates a hazard of an accident involving injury or property damage at the grade crossing.

(Added Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §219(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4625; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(49), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title II, §208(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4875.)

The date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (c)(2), is the date of enactment of div. A of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432, §208(a)(1), substituted "Railroad trespassing, vandalism, and highway-rail grade crossing warning sign violation prevention strategy" for "Railroad trespassing and vandalism prevention strategy" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–432, §208(a)(2), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "In consultation with affected parties, the Secretary of Transportation shall evaluate and review current local, State, and Federal laws regarding trespassing on railroad property and vandalism affecting railroad safety, and develop model prevention strategies and enforcement laws to be used for the consideration of State and local legislatures and governmental entities. The first such evaluation and review shall be completed within 1 year after November 2, 1994. The Secretary shall revise such model prevention strategies and enforcement codes periodically."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–432, §208(a)(3), inserted "for Trespassing and Vandalism Prevention" after "Outreach Program" in heading.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–432, §208(a)(4), designated existing provisions as par. (1), redesignated former pars. (1) and (2) as subpars. (A) and (B), respectively, of par. (1), and added par. (2).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–432, §208(a)(5), added subsec. (d).

**1996**—Subsecs. (a), (c). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "November 2, 1994" for "the date of enactment of the Federal Railroad Safety Authorization Act of 1994".

(a)

(1) establish and maintain a toll-free telephone service for rights-of-way over which it dispatches trains, to directly receive calls reporting—

(A) malfunctions of signals, crossing gates, and other devices to promote safety at the grade crossing of railroad tracks on those rights-of-way and public or private roads;

(B) disabled vehicles blocking railroad tracks at such grade crossings;

(C) obstructions to the view of a pedestrian or a vehicle operator for a reasonable distance in either direction of a train's approach; or

(D) other safety information involving such grade crossings;

(2) upon receiving a report pursuant to paragraph (1)(A) or (B), immediately contact trains operating near the grade crossing to warn them of the malfunction or disabled vehicle;

(3) upon receiving a report pursuant to paragraph (1)(A) or (B), and after contacting trains pursuant to paragraph (2), contact, as necessary, appropriate public safety officials having jurisdiction over the grade crossing to provide them with the information necessary for them to direct traffic, assist in the removal of the disabled vehicle, or carry out other activities as appropriate;

(4) upon receiving a report pursuant to paragraph (1)(C) or (D), timely investigate the report, remove the obstruction if possible, or correct the unsafe circumstance; and

(5) ensure the placement at each grade crossing on rights-of-way that it owns of appropriately located signs, on which shall appear, at a minimum—

(A) a toll-free telephone number to be used for placing calls described in paragraph (1) to the railroad carrier dispatching trains on that right-of-way;

(B) an explanation of the purpose of that toll-free telephone number; and

(C) the grade crossing number assigned for that crossing by the National Highway-Rail Crossing Inventory established by the Department of Transportation.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 103–440, title III, §301(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4626; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(50), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title II, §205(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4872.)

The date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of div. A of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, section related to a pilot program to demonstrate a system to provide emergency notification of grade crossing problems.

**1996**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "November 2, 1994" for "the date of enactment of this section" and "November 2, 1994, an evaluation" for "that date an evaluation".

(a)

(1) the term "highway-rail grade crossing" includes any street or highway crossing over a line of railroad at grade;

(2) the term "locomotive horn" refers to a train-borne audible warning device meeting standards specified by the Secretary of Transportation; and

(3) the term "supplementary safety measure" refers to a safety system or procedure, provided by the appropriate traffic control authority or law enforcement authority responsible for safety at the highway-rail grade crossing, that is determined by the Secretary to be an effective substitute for the locomotive horn in the prevention of highway-rail casualties. A traffic control arrangement that prevents careless movement over the crossing (e.g., as where adequate median barriers prevent movement around crossing gates extending over the full width of the lanes in the particular direction of travel), and that conforms to standards prescribed by the Secretary under this subsection, shall be deemed to constitute a supplementary safety measure. The following do not, individually or in combination, constitute supplementary safety measures within the meaning of this subsection: standard traffic control devices or arrangements such as reflectorized crossbucks, stop signs, flashing lights, flashing lights with gates that do not completely block travel over the line of railroad, or traffic signals.

(b)

(c)

(A) that the Secretary determines not to present a significant risk with respect to loss of life or serious personal injury;

(B) for which use of the locomotive horn as a warning measure is impractical; or

(C) for which, in the judgment of the Secretary, supplementary safety measures fully compensate for the absence of the warning provided by the locomotive horn.

(2) In order to provide for safety and the quiet of communities affected by train operations, the Secretary may specify in such regulations that any supplementary safety measures must be applied to all highway-rail grade crossings within a specified distance along the railroad in order to be excepted from the requirement of this section.

(d)

(e)

(2) The Secretary may include in regulations issued under this subsection special procedures for approval of new supplementary safety measures meeting the requirements of subsection (c)(1) of this section following successful demonstration of those measures.

(f)

(1) Private highway-rail grade crossings.

(2) Pedestrian crossings.

(3) Crossings utilized primarily by nonmotorized vehicles and other special vehicles.

Regulations issued under this subsection shall not apply to any location where persons are not authorized to cross the railroad.

(g)

(h)

(i)

(1) shall take into account the interest of communities that—

(A) have in effect restrictions on the sounding of a locomotive horn at highway-rail grade crossings; or

(B) have not been subject to the routine (as defined by the Secretary) sounding of a locomotive horn at highway-rail grade crossings;

(2) shall work in partnership with affected communities to provide technical assistance and shall provide a reasonable amount of time for local communities to install supplementary safety measures, taking into account local safety initiatives (such as public awareness initiatives and highway-rail grade crossing traffic law enforcement programs) subject to such terms and conditions as the Secretary deems necessary, to protect public safety; and

(3) may waive (in whole or in part) any requirement of this section (other than a requirement of this subsection or subsection (j)) that the Secretary determines is not likely to contribute significantly to public safety.

(j)

(Added Pub. L. 103–440, title III, §302(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4626; amended Pub. L. 104–264, title XII, §1218(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3285; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(51), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393.)

**1996**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "November 2, 1994" for "the date of enactment of this section" in two places.

Subsecs. (i), (j). Pub. L. 104–264 added subsecs. (i) and (j).

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Section, Pub. L. 109–59, title IX, §9002(a)(1), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1919, related to capital grants for rail line relocation projects.

Repeal by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 109–59, title IX, §9002(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1921, required Secretary of Transportation to issue temporary regulations to implement grant program under this section by April 1, 2006, and to issue final regulations by October 1, 2006.

(a)

(1) validate a predictive model to quantify the relevant dynamic forces acting on railroad tank cars under accident conditions within 1 year after the date of enactment of this section; and

(2) initiate a rulemaking to develop and implement appropriate design standards for pressurized tank cars within 18 months after the date of enactment of this section.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title IX, §9005(b)(1), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1924.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in text, is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VII, §7304, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1596, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) For transport of unrefined petroleum products in Class 3 flammable service, including crude oil—

"(A) January 1, 2018, for non-jacketed DOT–111 tank cars;

"(B) March 1, 2018, for jacketed DOT–111 tank cars;

"(C) April 1, 2020, for non-jacketed CPC–1232 tank cars; and

"(D) May 1, 2025, for jacketed CPC–1232 tank cars.

"(2) For transport of ethanol—

"(A) May 1, 2023, for non-jacketed and jacketed DOT–111 tank cars;

"(B) July 1, 2023, for non-jacketed CPC–1232 tank cars; and

"(C) May 1, 2025, for jacketed CPC–1232 tank cars.

"(3) For transport of Class 3 flammable liquids in Packing Group I, other than Class 3 flammable liquids specified in paragraphs (1) and (2), May 1, 2025.

"(4) For transport of Class 3 flammable liquids in Packing Groups II and III, other than Class 3 flammable liquids specified in paragraphs (1) and (2), May 1, 2029.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) shall remove or revise the date-specific deadlines in any applicable regulations or orders to the extent necessary to conform with the requirements of this section; and

"(B) may not enforce any such date-specific deadlines or requirements that are inconsistent with the requirements of this section.

"(2)

"(e)

"(f)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VII, §7305, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1597, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VII, §7308, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1599, as amended by Pub. L. 115–435, title III, §302(c)(5), Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5553, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the total number of tank cars modified to meet the DOT–117R specification, or equivalent, specifying—

"(A) the type or specification of each tank car before it was modified, including non-jacketed DOT–111, jacketed DOT–111, non-jacketed DOT–111 meeting the CPC–1232 standard, or jacketed DOT–111 meeting the CPC–1232 standard; and

"(B) the identification number of each Class 3 flammable liquid carried by each tank car in the past year;

"(2) the total number of tank cars built to meet the DOT–117 specification, or equivalent; and

"(3) the total number of tank cars used or likely to be used to transport Class 3 flammable liquids that have not been modified, specifying—

"(A) the type or specification of each tank car not modified, including the non-jacketed DOT–111, jacketed DOT–111, non-jacketed DOT–111 meeting the CPC–1232 standard, or jacketed DOT–111 meeting the CPC–1232 standard; and

"(B) the identification number of each Class 3 flammable liquid carried by each tank car in the past year.

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) designate the Director of the Bureau of Transportation Statistics to collect data under subsection (b) and the survey data under subsection (c); and

"(B) direct the Director to ensure the confidentially of company-specific information to the maximum extent permitted by law.

"(f)

"(1) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and

"(2) the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives.

"(g)

(a)

(1)

(A) to develop a railroad safety risk reduction program under subsection (d) that systematically evaluates railroad safety risks on its system and manages those risks in order to reduce the numbers and rates of railroad accidents, incidents, injuries, and fatalities;

(B) to submit its program, including any required plans, to the Secretary for review and approval; and

(C) to implement the program and plans approved by the Secretary.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(A) the mitigation of aspects that increase risks to railroad safety; and

(B) the enhancement of aspects that decrease risks to railroad safety.

(2)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) each railroad carrier's technology implementation plan required under paragraph (1) that includes a schedule for implementation of a positive train control system complies with that schedule; and

(B) each railroad carrier required to submit such a plan implements a positive train control system pursuant to such plan by December 31, 2018.

(f)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) Employee education and training on the physiological and human factors that affect fatigue, as well as strategies to reduce or mitigate the effects of fatigue, based on the most current scientific and medical research and literature.

(B) Opportunities for identification, diagnosis, and treatment of any medical condition that may affect alertness or fatigue, including sleep disorders.

(C) Effects on employee fatigue of an employee's short-term or sustained response to emergency situations, such as derailments and natural disasters, or engagement in other intensive working conditions.

(D) Scheduling practices for employees, including innovative scheduling practices, on-duty call practices, work and rest cycles, increased consecutive days off for employees, changes in shift patterns, appropriate scheduling practices for varying types of work, and other aspects of employee scheduling that would reduce employee fatigue and cumulative sleep loss.

(E) Methods to minimize accidents and incidents that occur as a result of working at times when scientific and medical research have shown increased fatigue disrupts employees' circadian rhythm.

(F) Alertness strategies, such as policies on napping, to address acute drowsiness and fatigue while an employee is on duty.

(G) Opportunities to obtain restful sleep at lodging facilities, including employee sleeping quarters provided by the railroad carrier.

(H) The increase of the number of consecutive hours of off-duty rest, during which an employee receives no communication from the employing railroad carrier or its managers, supervisors, officers, or agents.

(I) Avoidance of abrupt changes in rest cycles for employees.

(J) Additional elements that the Secretary considers appropriate.

(g)

(1)

(2)

(h)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §103(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4853; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(e), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1676.)

The date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is the date of enactment of div. A of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

**2015**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–94, §11316(e)(1), inserted comma after "In developing its railroad safety risk reduction program".

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §11316(e)(2), inserted comma after "good faith" and substituted "nonprofit" for "non-profit".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(1)

(A) its main line over which intercity rail passenger transportation or commuter rail passenger transportation, as defined in section 24102, is regularly provided;

(B) its main line over which poison- or toxic-by-inhalation hazardous materials, as defined in sections 171.8, 173.115, and 173.132 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, are transported; and

(C) such other tracks as the Secretary may prescribe by regulation or order.

(2)

(A)

(i) describe—

(I) how the positive train control system will provide for interoperability of the system with the movements of trains of other railroad carriers over its lines; and

(II) how, to the extent practical, the positive train control system will be implemented in a manner that addresses areas of greater risk before areas of lesser risk;

(ii) comply with the positive train control system implementation plan content requirements under section 236.1011 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; and

(iii) provide—

(I) the calendar year or years in which spectrum will be acquired and will be available for use in each area as needed for positive train control system implementation, if such spectrum is not already acquired and available for use;

(II) the total amount of positive train control system hardware that will be installed for implementation, with totals separated by each major hardware category;

(III) the total amount of positive train control system hardware that will be installed by the end of each calendar year until the positive train control system is implemented, with totals separated by each hardware category;

(IV) the total number of employees required to receive training under the applicable positive train control system regulations;

(V) the total number of employees that will receive the training, as required under the applicable positive train control system regulations, by the end of each calendar year until the positive train control system is implemented;

(VI) a summary of any remaining technical, programmatic, operational, or other challenges to the implementation of a positive train control system, including challenges with—

(aa) availability of public funding;

(bb) interoperability;

(cc) spectrum;

(dd) software;

(ee) permitting; and

(ff) testing, demonstration, and certification; and

(VII) a schedule and sequence for implementing a positive train control system by the deadline established under paragraph (1).

(B)

(C)

(D)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) installed all positive train control system hardware consistent with the plan contents provided pursuant to paragraph (2)(A)(iii)(II) on or before the implementation deadline under paragraph (1);

(ii) acquired all spectrum necessary for implementation of a positive train control system, consistent with the plan contents provided pursuant to paragraph (2)(A)(iii)(I) on or before the implementation deadline under paragraph (1);

(iii) completed employee training required under the applicable positive train control system regulations;

(iv) included in its revised plan an alternative schedule and sequence for implementing a positive train control system as soon as practicable, pursuant to paragraph (2)(B);

(v) certified to the Secretary in writing that it will be in full compliance with the requirements of this section on or before the date provided in an alternative schedule and sequence, subject to approval by the Secretary;

(vi) in the case of a Class I railroad carrier and Amtrak, implemented a positive train control system or initiated revenue service demonstration on the majority of territories, such as subdivisions or districts, or route miles that are owned or controlled by such carrier and required to have operations governed by a positive train control system; and

(vii) in the case of any other railroad carrier or other entity not subject to clause (vi)—

(I) initiated revenue service demonstration on at least 1 territory that is required to have operations governed by a positive train control system; or

(II) met any other criteria established by the Secretary.

(C)

(i)

(I) approve an alternative schedule and sequence submitted pursuant to paragraph (2)(B) if the railroad carrier or other entity meets the criteria in subparagraph (B); and

(II) notify in writing the railroad carrier or other entity of the decision.

(ii)

(D)

(i)

(ii)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(A) the information on spectrum acquisition provided pursuant to subsection (a)(2)(A)(iii)(I);

(B) the totals provided pursuant to subclauses (III) and (V) of subsection (a)(2)(A)(iii), by territory, if applicable;

(C) the extent to which the railroad carrier or other entity is complying with the implementation schedule under subsection (a)(2)(A)(iii)(VII) or subsection (a)(2)(B);

(D) any update to the information provided under subsection (a)(2)(A)(iii)(VI);

(E) for each entity providing regularly scheduled intercity or commuter rail passenger transportation, a description of the resources identified and allocated to implement a positive train control system;

(F) for each railroad carrier or other entity subject to subsection (a), the total number of route miles on which a positive train control system has been initiated for revenue service demonstration or implemented, as compared to the total number of route miles required to have a positive train control system under subsection (a); and

(G) any other information requested by the Secretary.

(2)

(3)

(A) proprietary information; and

(B) security-sensitive information, including information described in section 1520.5(a) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations.

(d)

(e)

(1) a violation of this section;

(2) the failure to submit or comply with the revised plan required under subsection (a), including the failure to comply with the totals provided pursuant to subclauses (III) and (V) of subsection (a)(2)(A)(iii) and the spectrum acquisition dates provided pursuant to subsection (a)(2)(A)(iii)(I);

(3) failure to comply with any amendments to such revised plan pursuant to subsection (a)(2)(C); and

(4) the failure to comply with an alternative schedule and sequence submitted under subsection (a)(2)(B) and approved by the Secretary under subsection (a)(3)(C).

(f)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(A) shall remove or revise the date-specific deadlines in the regulations or orders implementing this section to the extent necessary to conform with the amendments made by such Act; and

(B) may not enforce any such date-specific deadlines or requirements that are inconsistent with the amendments made by such Act.

(3)

(4)

(A)

(i) approving or disapproving a revised plan submitted under subsection (a)(1);

(ii) considering a revised plan under subsection (a)(1) as a request for amendment under section 236.1021 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; or

(iii) requiring the submission, as part of the revised plan under subsection (a)(1), of—

(I) only a schedule and sequence under subsection (a)(2)(A)(iii)(VII); or

(II) both a schedule and sequence under subsection (a)(2)(A)(iii)(VII) and an alternative schedule and sequence under subsection (a)(2)(B).

(B)

(C)

(h)

(1)

(2)

(i)

(1)

(A) appropriate operating rules in place immediately prior to the use or implementation of such carrier's positive train control system, except that such rules may be changed by such carrier to improve safe operations; and

(B) all applicable safety regulations, except as specified in subsection (j).

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) the Secretary may, through regulations under subsection (g), designate additional tracks as main line as appropriate for this section; and

(B) for intercity rail passenger transportation or commuter rail passenger transportation routes or segments over which limited or no freight railroad operations occur, the Secretary shall define the term "main line" by regulation.

(5)

(j)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(k) 1 the Secretary shall amend section 236.1006(b)(4)(iii)(B) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (relating to equipping locomotives for applicable Class II and Class III railroads operating in positive train control territory) to extend each deadline under such section by 3 years.

(l) 2 notifies the Secretary it is prepared to initiate revenue service demonstration, it shall also notify any applicable tenant railroad carrier or other entity subject to subsection (a)(1).

(m)

(1)

(2)

(A) the number of positive train control system initialization failures, disaggregated by the number of initialization failures for which the source or cause was the onboard subsystem, the wayside subsystem, the communications subsystem, the back office subsystem, or a non-positive train control component;

(B) the number of positive train control system cut outs, disaggregated by each component listed in subparagraph (A) that was the source or cause of such cut outs;

(C) the number of positive train control system malfunctions, disaggregated by each component listed in subparagraph (A) that was the source or cause of such malfunctions;

(D) the number of enforcements by the positive train control system;

(E) the number of enforcements by the positive train control system in which it is reasonable to assume an accident or incident was prevented;

(F) the number of scheduled attempts at initialization of the positive train control system;

(G) the number of train miles governed by the positive train control system; and

(H) a summary of any actions the host railroad and its tenant railroads are taking to reduce the frequency and rate of initialization failures, cut outs, and malfunctions, such as any actions to correct or eliminate systemic issues and specific problems.

(3)

(A)

(i) April 30, for the period from January 1 through March 31;

(ii) July 31, for the period from April 1 through June 30;

(iii) October 31, for the period from July 1 through September 30; and

(iv) January 31, for the period from October 1 through December 31 of the prior calendar year.

(B)

(i) determines that quarterly reporting is in the public interest; and

(ii) publishes a justification for such determination in the Federal Register.

(4)

(5)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §104(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4856; amended Pub. L. 114–73, title I, §1302(b), (c), Oct. 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 576, 582; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11315(d), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1675; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22414, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 744.)

The date of enactment of the Positive Train Control Enforcement and Implementation Act of 2015, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1), (g)(2), and (j)(1), is the date of enactment of section 1302 of Pub. L. 114–73, which was approved Oct. 29, 2015.

The Positive Train Control Enforcement and Implementation Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (g)(2), (3), is Pub. L. 114–73, title I, §1302, Oct. 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 576, which amended this section and enacted provisions set out as a note under section 20101 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2015 Amendment note set out under section 20101 of this title and Tables.

The date of the enactment of this Act, referred to in subsec. (k), probably means the date of enactment of section 1302 of Pub. L. 114–73, known as the Positive Train Control Enforcement and Implementation Act of 2015, which enacted subsec. (k) and was approved Oct. 29, 2015.

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, referred to in subsec. (m)(3)(B), is the date of enactment of title II of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

**2021**—Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 117–58 added subsec. (m).

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–73, §1302(b)(1)(A)–(D), in introductory provisions, substituted "90 days after the date of enactment of the Positive Train Control Enforcement and Implementation Act of 2015" for "18 months after the date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008", "a revised plan for implementing" for "a plan for implementing", and "December 31, 2018" for "December 31, 2015" and struck out "develop and" before "submit to the Secretary of Transportation".

Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 114–73, §1302(b)(1)(E), substituted "defined in sections" for "defined in parts".

Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 114–73, §1302(b)(2), added pars. (2) and (3) and struck out former par. (2). Prior to amendment, text of par. (2) read as follows: "The plan shall describe how it will provide for interoperability of the system with movements of trains of other railroad carriers over its lines and shall, to the extent practical, implement the system in a manner that addresses areas of greater risk before areas of lesser risk. The railroad carrier shall implement a positive train control system in accordance with the plan."

Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 114–73, §1302(b)(3), added subsecs. (c) to (e) and struck out former subsecs. (c) to (e) which related, respectively, to review and approval of plans, progress report on implementation of positive train control systems, and enforcement of section.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 114–73, §1302(c), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added pars. (2) and (3).

Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 114–94, §11315(d)(2), substituted "to conform with this section" for "by paragraph (2) and subsection (k)".

Subsec. (g)(4). Pub. L. 114–94, §11315(d)(1), added par. (4).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 114–73, §1302(b)(4), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added par. (2).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 114–73, §1302(b)(5), added pars. (1) and (2) and redesignated former pars. (1) to (3) as (3) to (5), respectively.

Subsecs. (j) to (l). Pub. L. 114–73, §1302(b)(6), added subsecs. (j) to (l).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

1 See References in Text note below.

2 So in original. Probably should be preceded by "subsection".

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) focus on making technologies interoperable between railroad systems, such as train control technologies;

(B) accelerate train control technology deployment on high-risk corridors, such as those that have high volumes of hazardous materials shipments or over which commuter or passenger trains operate; or

(C) benefit both passenger and freight safety and efficiency.

(3)

(4)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §105(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4858.)

Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, the Secretary of Transportation, after consultation with the Federal Railroad Administration, the Federal Highway Administration, and States, shall develop and make available to States model legislation providing for improving safety by addressing sight obstructions, including vegetation growth, topographic features, structures, and standing railroad equipment, at highway-rail grade crossings that are equipped solely with passive warnings, as recommended by the Inspector General of the Department of Transportation in Report No. MH–2007–044.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title II, §203(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4869; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(f), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1676.)

The date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in text, is the date of enactment of div. A of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94 substituted "the Secretary of Transportation" for "the Secretary".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(1) report to the Secretary of Transportation current information, including information about warning devices and signage, as specified by the Secretary, concerning each previously unreported crossing through which it operates with respect to the trackage over which it operates; or

(2) ensure that the information has been reported to the Secretary by another railroad carrier that operates through the crossing.

(b)

(1) On a periodic basis beginning not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 and on or before September 30 of every year thereafter, or as otherwise specified by the Secretary, each railroad carrier shall—

(A) report to the Secretary current information, including information about warning devices and signage, as specified by the Secretary, concerning each crossing through which it operates with respect to the trackage over which it operates; or

(B) ensure that the information has been reported to the Secretary by another railroad carrier that operates through the crossing.

(2) A railroad carrier that sells a crossing or any part of a crossing on or after the date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 shall, not later than the date that is 18 months after the date of enactment of that Act or 3 months after the sale, whichever occurs later, or as otherwise specified by the Secretary, report to the Secretary current information, as specified by the Secretary, concerning the change in ownership of the crossing or part of the crossing.

(c)

(d)

(1)

(A) a public highway, road, or street, or a private roadway, including associated sidewalks and pathways, crosses one or more railroad tracks either at grade or grade-separated; or

(B) a pathway explicitly authorized by a public authority or a railroad carrier that is dedicated for the use of nonvehicular traffic, including pedestrians, bicyclists, and others, that is not associated with a public highway, road, or street, or a private roadway, crosses one or more railroad tracks either at grade or grade-separated.

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title II, §204(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4869; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(g), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1676.)

The date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsecs. (a) to (c), is the date of enactment of div. A of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §11316(g)(1), substituted "concerning each previously unreported crossing through which it operates with respect to the trackage over which it operates" for "concerning each previously unreported crossing through which it operates or with respect to the trackage over which it operates".

Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, §11316(g)(2), substituted "concerning each crossing through which it operates with respect to the trackage over which it operates" for "concerning each crossing through which it operates or with respect to the trackage over which it operates".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(1) Collisions between highway users and trains at highway-rail grade crossings continue to cause an unacceptable loss of life, serious personal injury, and property damage.

(2) While elimination of at-grade crossings through consolidation of crossings and grade separations offers the greatest long-term promise for optimizing the safety and efficiency of the two modes of transportation, over 140,000 public grade crossings remain on the general rail system—approximately one for each route mile on the general rail system.

(3) Conventional highway traffic control devices such as flashing lights and gates are often effective in warning motorists of a train's approach to an equipped crossing.

(4) Since enactment of the Highway Safety Act of 1973, over $4,200,000,000 of Federal funding has been invested in safety improvements at highway-rail grade crossings, yet a majority of public highway-rail grade crossings are not yet equipped with active warning systems.

(5) The emergence of new technologies presents opportunities for more effective and affordable warnings and safer passage of highway users and trains at remaining highway-rail grade crossings.

(6) Implementation of new crossing safety technology will require extensive cooperation between highway authorities and railroad carriers.

(7) Federal Railroad Administration regulations establishing performance standards for processor-based signal and train control systems provide a suitable framework for qualification of new or novel technology at highway-rail grade crossings, and the Federal Highway Administration's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices provides an appropriate means of determining highway user interface with such new technology.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title II, §210(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4876.)

The Highway Safety Act of 1973, referred to in subsec. (a)(4), is title II of Pub. L. 93–87, Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 282. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1973 Amendment note set out under section 401 of Title 23, Highways, and Tables.

(a)

(1) minimum training standards for each class and craft of safety-related railroad employee (as defined in section 20102) and equivalent railroad carrier contractor and subcontractor employees, which shall require railroad carriers, contractors, and subcontractors to qualify or otherwise document the proficiency of such employees in each such class and craft regarding their knowledge of, and ability to comply with, Federal railroad safety laws and regulations and railroad carrier rules and procedures promulgated to implement those Federal railroad safety laws and regulations;

(2) a requirement that railroad carriers, contractors, and subcontractors develop and submit training and qualification plans to the Secretary for approval, including training programs and information deemed necessary by the Secretary to ensure that all safety-related railroad employees receive appropriate training in a timely manner; and

(3) a minimum training curriculum, and ongoing training criteria, testing, and skills evaluation measures to ensure that safety-related railroad employees, and contractor and subcontractor employees, charged with the inspection of track or railroad equipment are qualified to assess railroad carrier compliance with Federal standards to identify defective conditions and initiate immediate remedial action to correct critical safety defects that are known to contribute to derailments, accidents, incidents, or injuries, and, in implementing the requirements of this paragraph, take into consideration existing training programs of railroad carriers.

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title IV, §401(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4883; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(h), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1677.)

The date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (c), is the date of enactment of div. A of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 114–94 substituted "railroad carrier compliance with Federal standards" for "railroad compliance with Federal standards".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22410, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 740, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) be conducted in accordance with subsection (b);

"(2) consider whether such programs are in compliance with such parts 240 and 242;

"(3) assess the type and content of training that such programs provide locomotive engineers and conductors, relevant to their respective roles, including training related to installed technology;

"(4) determine whether such programs provide locomotive engineers and conductors the knowledge, skill, and ability to safely operate a locomotive or train, consistent with such parts 240 and 242;

"(5) determine whether such programs reflect the current operating practices of the railroad carrier;

"(6) assess the current practice by which railroads utilize simulator training, or any other technologies used to train and qualify locomotive engineers and conductors by examining how such technologies are used;

"(7) consider international experience and practice using similar technology, as appropriate, particularly before qualifying locomotive engineers on new or unfamiliar equipment, new train control, diagnostics, or other on-board technology;

"(8) assess the current practice for familiarizing locomotive engineers and conductors with new territory and using recurrency training to expose such personnel to normal and abnormal conditions; and

"(9) ensure that locomotive engineers and conductor training programs are considered separately, as appropriate, based on the unique requirements and regulations.

"(b)

"(1) schedule the audits required under subsection (a) to ensure that—

"(A) each Class I railroad, including the National Railroad Passenger Corporation and other intercity passenger rail providers, is audited not less frequently than once every 5 years; and

"(B) a select number, as determined appropriate by the Secretary, of Class II and Class III railroads, along with other railroads providing passenger rail service that are not included in subparagraph (A), are audited annually; and

"(2) conduct the audits described in paragraph (1)(B) in accordance with the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 [title II of Pub. L. 104–121] (5 U.S.C. 601 note) and appendix C of part 209 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) providing any relevant documents requested; and

"(B) making available any employees for interview without undue delay or obstruction.

"(3)

"(e)

"(1) to provide locomotive engineers or conductors the knowledge and skills to safely operate trains under conditions that reflect industry practices;

"(2) to adequately address locomotive engineer or conductor route situational awareness, including ensuring locomotive engineers and conductors to demonstrate knowledge on the physical characteristics of a territory under various conditions and using various resources;

"(3) to provide relevant and adequate hands-on training before a locomotive engineer or conductor is certified;

"(4) to adequately prepare locomotive engineers or conductors to understand relevant locomotive operating characteristics, to include instructions on functions they are required to operate on any installed technology; and

"(5) to address any other safety issue that the Secretary determines to be appropriate for better preparing locomotive engineers or conductors.

"(f)

"(1) summarizes the findings of the prior year's audits;

"(2) summarizes any updates made pursuant to subsection (c); and

"(3) excludes and confidential business information or sensitive security information."

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title IV, §402(b)–(d), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4884, provided that, not later than 6 months after promulgating regulations under this section, the Secretary was to issue a report to Congress about whether the certification of certain crafts or classes of railroad carrier or railroad carrier contractor or subcontractor employees was necessary to reduce the number and rate of accidents and incidents or to improve railroad safety and that the Secretary could prescribe regulations requiring the certification of certain crafts or classes of employees that the Secretary determined necessary to reduce accidents and incidents or to improve railroad safety.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title IV, §402(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4884.)

The date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of div. A of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

(a)

(1) switch position monitoring devices or indicators;

(2) radio, remote control, or other power-assisted switches;

(3) hot box, high water, or earthquake detectors;

(4) remote control locomotive zone limiting devices;

(5) slide fences;

(6) grade crossing video monitors;

(7) track integrity warning systems; or

(8) other similar rail safety technologies, as determined by the Secretary.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title IV, §406(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4886; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(i), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1677.)

The date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of div. A of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

**2015**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–94 substituted "after the date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008" for "after enactment of the Railroad Safety Enhancement Act of 2008" in introductory provisions.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title IV, §409(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4887.)

Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, the Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe regulations that require railroad carriers—

(1) to provide emergency escape breathing apparatus suitable to provide head and neck coverage with respiratory protection for all crewmembers in locomotive cabs on freight trains carrying hazardous materials that would pose an inhalation hazard in the event of release;

(2) to provide convenient storage in each freight train locomotive to enable crewmembers to access such apparatus quickly;

(3) to maintain such equipment in proper working condition; and

(4) to provide their crewmembers with appropriate training for using the breathing apparatus.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title IV, §413(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4889.)

The date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in text, is the date of enactment of div. A. of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

(a)

(1) an analysis and evaluation of each State railway-highway crossings program under section 130 of title 23, including—

(A) compliance with section 11401 of the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act and section 130(g) of title 23; and

(B) the specific strategies identified by each State to improve safety at highway-rail grade crossings, including crossings with multiple accidents or incidents;

(2) the progress of each State in implementing its State highway-rail grade crossings action plan;

(3) the number of highway-rail grade crossing projects undertaken pursuant to section 130 of title 23, including the distribution of such projects by cost range, road system, nature of treatment, and subsequent accident experience at improved locations;

(4) which States are not in compliance with their schedule of projects under section 130(d) of title 23; and

(5) any recommendations for future implementation of the railway-highway crossings program under section 130 of title 23.

(b)

(1) update the report based on the State annual reports submitted pursuant to section 130(g) of title 23 and any other information obtained by or available to the Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration; and

(2) submit the updated report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives.

(c)

(1)

(A) a public highway, road, or street, or a private roadway, including associated sidewalks and pathways, crosses 1 or more railroad tracks, either at grade or grade-separated; or

(B) a pathway explicitly authorized by a public authority or a railroad carrier that—

(i) is dedicated for the use of nonvehicular traffic, including pedestrians, bicyclists, and others;

(ii) is not associated with a public highway, road, or street, or a private roadway; and

(iii) crosses 1 or more railroad tracks, either at grade or grade-separated.

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22403(b)(1), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 735.)

Section 11401 of the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is section 11401 of title XI of div. A of Pub. L. 114–94, which is set out as a note under section 22907 of this title.

A prior section 20167, Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title IV, §418(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4891, related to railroad safety infrastructure improvement grants, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11301(c)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1648, effective Oct. 1, 2015.

(a)

(b)

(1) have a minimum 12-hour continuous recording capability;

(2) have crash and fire protections for any in-cab image recordings that are stored only within a controlling locomotive cab or cab car operating compartment; and

(3) have recordings accessible for review during an accident or incident investigation.

(c)

(d)

(1) Verifying that train crew actions are in accordance with applicable safety laws and the railroad carrier's operating rules and procedures, including a system-wide program for such verification.

(2) Assisting in an investigation into the causation of a reportable accident or incident.

(3) Documenting a criminal act or monitoring unauthorized occupancy of the controlling locomotive cab or car operating compartment.

(4) Other purposes that the Secretary considers appropriate.

(e)

(1)

(A) require in-cab audio recording devices for the purposes described in subsection (d); and

(B) define in appropriate technical detail the essential features of the devices required under subparagraph (A).

(2)

(f)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11411(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1686; amended Pub. L. 117–328, div. KK, §102(c), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 6096.)

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of title XI of div. A of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

**2022**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–328 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and inserted heading, substituted "Except as provided in paragraph (2), a railroad carrier" for "A railroad carrier", and added par. (2).

Pub. L. 117–328, div. KK, §103(c), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 6096, provided that: "The amendments made by section 102(c) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 29, 2022]."

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(b)

(1) identifies each main track location where there is a reduction of more than 20 miles per hour from the approach speed to a curve, bridge, or tunnel and the maximum authorized operating speed for passenger trains at that curve, bridge, or tunnel;

(2) describes appropriate actions to enable warning and enforcement of the maximum authorized speed for passenger trains at each location identified under paragraph (1), including—

(A) modification to automatic train control systems, if applicable, or other signal systems;

(B) increased crew size;

(C) installation of signage alerting train crews of the maximum authorized speed for passenger trains in each location identified under paragraph (1);

(D) installation of alerters;

(E) increased crew communication; and

(F) other practices;

(3) contains milestones and target dates for implementing each appropriate action described under paragraph (2); and

(4) ensures compliance with the maximum authorized speed at each location identified under paragraph (1).

(c)

(d)

(1) not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, and annually thereafter, review such plan to ensure the effectiveness of actions taken to enable warning and enforcement of the maximum authorized speed for passenger trains at each location identified pursuant to subsection (b)(1); and

(2) not later than 90 days before implementing any significant operational or territorial operating change, including initiating a new service or route, submit to the Secretary a revised action plan, after consultation with any applicable host railroad, that addresses such operational or territorial operating change.

(e)

(1) survey its routes pursuant to subsection (a) not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021; and

(2) develop an action plan pursuant to subsection (b) not later than 120 days after the date on which such survey is complete.

(f)

(g)

(h)

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22415(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 746.)

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, referred to in subsecs. (d)(1) and (e)(1), is the date of enactment of title II of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

The date of enactment of the FAST Act, referred in subsec. (e), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1) requiring that any identified safety deficiencies be addressed and corrected before the initiation of revenue service; and

(2) establishing appropriate deadlines to enable the Secretary to review and approve the pre-revenue service safety validation plan to ensure that service is not unduly delayed.

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22416(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 747.)

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) is identified by the Department of Commerce as a nonmarket economy country (as defined in section 771(18) of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1677(18))) as of the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021;

(B) was identified by the United States Trade Representative in the most recent report required by section 182 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2242) as a foreign country included on the priority watch list (as defined in subsection (g)(3) of such section); and

(C) is subject to monitoring by the Trade Representative under section 306 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2416).

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(A) a box car;

(B) a refrigerator car;

(C) a ventilator car;

(D) an intermodal well car;

(E) a gondola car;

(F) a hopper car;

(G) an auto rack car;

(H) a flat car;

(I) a special car;

(J) a caboose car;

(K) a tank car; and

(L) a yard car.

(9)

(A) onboard telematics;

(B) remote monitoring software;

(C) firmware;

(D) analytics;

(E) global positioning system satellite and cellular location tracking systems;

(F) event status sensors;

(G) predictive component condition and performance monitoring sensors; and

(H) similar sensitive technologies embedded into freight railcar components and sub-assemblies.

(10)

(A) an entity that is owned by, or under the control of, a national, provincial, or local government of a country of concern, or an agency of such government; or

(B) an individual acting under the direction or influence of a government or agency described in subparagraph (A).

(11)

(12)

(b)

(1)

(A) the railroad freight car is manufactured, assembled, and substantially transformed, as applicable, by a qualified manufacturer in a qualified facility;

(B) none of the sensitive technology located on the railroad freight car, including components necessary to the functionality of the sensitive technology, originates from a country of concern or is sourced from a state-owned enterprise; and

(C) none of the content of the railroad freight car, excluding sensitive technology, originates from a country of concern or is sourced from a state-owned enterprise that has been determined by a recognized court or administrative agency of competent jurisdiction and legal authority to have violated or infringed valid United States intellectual property rights of another including such a finding by a Federal district court under title 35 or the U.S. International Trade Commission under section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1337).

(2)

(A)

(i)

(ii)

(B)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B) 1 Umler system.

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i) such manufacturer is in compliance with this section; and

(ii) all civil penalties assessed to such manufacturer pursuant to subparagraph (A) have been paid in full.

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22425(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 753.)

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, referred to in subsecs. (a)(4)(A) and (c)(1), is the date of enactment of title II of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

1 So in original. Probably should be "Association of American Railroads' ".


(a)

(b)

(1) a train of 4-wheel coal cars.

(2) a train of 8-wheel standard logging cars if the height of each car from the top of the rail to the center of the coupling is not more than 25 inches.

(3) a locomotive used in hauling a train referred to in clause (2) of this subsection when the locomotive and cars of the train are used only to transport logs.

(4) a car, locomotive, or train used on a street railway.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 881; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(52), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20301(a) | 45:8 ("trains, locomotives, tenders, cars, and similar vehicles"). | |

45:9 (3d sentence). | ||

20301(b) | 45:6 (1st sentence proviso). | Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, §6 (1st sentence proviso), 27 Stat. 532; restated Apr. 1, 1896, ch. 87, 29 Stat. 85. |

45:8 (words after 16th comma). | Mar. 2, 1903, ch. 976, §1 (words after 23d comma), 32 Stat. 943. |


Subsection (a) is added to avoid repeating the substance of the definition throughout this chapter.

In subsection (b), the words before clause (1) are substituted for "*Provided*, That nothing in sections 1 to 7 of this title shall apply to" in 45:6 because 45:9, 11, and 16 provide that 45:9 and 11–16 apply to the same vehicles and trains as 45:1–7 apply to. In clause (1), the word "coal" is added for clarity because of the decision of the Supreme Court in *Baltimore & Ohio Railway Co*. v. *Jackson*, 353 U.S. 325, 333 (1957) and the legislative history of 45:6 (proviso). See 24 Cong. Rec. 1477 (1893). The text of 45:8 (words after last comma) is omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of "railroad" in section 20102 of the revised title.

This amends 49:20301(b) to clarify the restatement of 45:8 by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 881).

**1996**—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 104–287 added par. (4).

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

(a)

(1) a vehicle only if it is equipped with—

(A) couplers coupling automatically by impact, and capable of being uncoupled, without the necessity of individuals going between the ends of the vehicles;

(B) secure sill steps and efficient hand brakes; and

(C) secure ladders and running boards when required by the Secretary of Transportation, and, if ladders are required, secure handholds or grab irons on its roof at the top of each ladder;

(2) except as otherwise ordered by the Secretary, a vehicle only if it is equipped with secure grab irons or handholds on its ends and sides for greater security to individuals in coupling and uncoupling vehicles;

(3) a vehicle only if it complies with the standard height of drawbars required by regulations prescribed by the Secretary;

(4) a locomotive only if it is equipped with a power-driving wheel brake and appliances for operating the train-brake system; and

(5) a train only if—

(A) enough of the vehicles in the train are equipped with power or train brakes so that the engineer on the locomotive hauling the train can control the train's speed without the necessity of brake operators using the common hand brakes for that purpose; and

(B) at least 50 percent of the vehicles in the train are equipped with power or train brakes and the engineer is using the power or train brakes on those vehicles and on all other vehicles equipped with them that are associated with those vehicles in the train.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1) change the number, dimensions, locations, and manner of application prescribed by the Secretary for safety appliances required by subsection (a)(1)(B) and (C) and (2) of this section only for good cause and after providing an opportunity for a full hearing;

(2) amend regulations for installing, inspecting, maintaining, and repairing power and train brakes only for the purpose of achieving safety; and

(3) increase, after an opportunity for a full hearing, the minimum percentage of vehicles in a train that are required by subsection (a)(5)(B) of this section to be equipped and used with power or train brakes.

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 881.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20302(a) (1)(A) | 45:2. | Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, §§1–4, 27 Stat. 531; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §13(1)(A)– (D), 102 Stat. 630. |

45:8 (words before 16th comma). | Mar. 2, 1903, ch. 976, §1 (words before 23d comma), 32 Stat. 943; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §13(2)(A), 102 Stat. 631. | |

20302(a) (1)(B) | 45:11 (words before proviso related to sill steps and hand brakes). | Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, §2, 36 Stat. 298; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §13(3)(A), 102 Stat. 631. |

20302(a) (1)(C) | 45:8 (words before 16th comma). | |

45:11 (words before proviso related to ladders, running boards, grab irons, and handholds). | ||

20302(a)(2) | 45:4. | |

45:8 (words before 16th comma). | ||

49 App.:1655(e)(1)(C). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(e)(1)(A)–(C), 80 Stat. 939. | |

20302(a)(3) | 45:8 (words before 16th comma). | |

45:12 (last sentence). | Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, §3 (1st sentence words before semicolon, proviso, last sentence), 36 Stat. 298; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §13(3)(B), 102 Stat. 631. | |

49 App.:1655(e)(1)(A). | ||

20302(a)(4) | 45:1 (related to locomotives). | |

45:8 (words before 16th comma). | ||

20302(a) (5)(A) | 45:1 (related to trains). | |

20302(a) (5)(B) | 45:9 (1st sentence words before last semicolon). | Mar. 2, 1903, ch. 976, §2 (1st sentence), 32 Stat. 943; Apr. 11, 1958, Pub. L. 85–375, §1(b)(1), (2), 72 Stat. 86. |

45:9 (3d sentence). | Mar. 2, 1903, ch. 976, 32 Stat. 943, §2 (2d–5th sentences); added Apr. 11, 1958, Pub. L. 85–375, §1(b)(3), 72 Stat. 86; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §13(2)(B), 102 Stat. 631. | |

20302(b) | 45:3. | |

45:8 (words before 16th comma). | ||

20302(c) | 45:11 (proviso). | |

20302(d)(1) | 45:12 (1st sentence words before semicolon). | |

49 App.:1655(e)(1)(C). | ||

20302(d)(2) | 45:9 (2d sentence). | |

49 App.:1655(e)(1)(B). | ||

20302(d)(3) | 45:9 (1st sentence words after last semicolon). | |

49 App.:1655(e)(1)(B). | ||

20302(e) | 45:9 (4th sentence). | |

49 App.:1655(e)(1)(B). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section and section 20303 of this title" are added to alert the reader to the exceptions restated in subsection (c) and section 20303. The words "use or allow to be used" are substituted for "haul or permit to be hauled or used" in 45:2 and 11, "use" in 45:4 and 12, "use" and "run" in 45:1, "operated" and "used, hauled, or permitted to be used or hauled" in 45:9, "using . . . running . . . hauling or permitting to be hauled or used" in 45:6, and "used" in 45:8 for consistency in this section and to eliminate unnecessary words. See *United States* v. *St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Co. of Texas*, 184 F. 28, 32 (5th Cir., 1910); *United States* v. *Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co*., 149 F. 486, 488 (D.S.D. Iowa, 1906). The words "That from and after the first day of January, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight", "That on and after the first day of January, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight", and "That from and after the first day of July, eighteen hundred and ninety-five" in sections 1, 2, and 4, respectively, of the Act of March 2, 1893 (ch. 196, 27 Stat. 531), are omitted as obsolete. The words "a railroad carrier . . . on any of its railroad lines" are substituted for "any railroad . . . on its line" in 45:1, "any such railroad . . . on its line" in 45:2, "any railroad company" in 45:4, "railroads in the Territories and the District of Columbia . . . used on any railroad, and in the Territories and the District of Columbia" in 45:8, "Whenever, as provided in sections 1 to 7 of this title" and "any railroad" in 45:9, and "any railroad subject to the provisions of sections 11 to 16 of this title . . . on its line" in 45:11 for clarity, for consistency in the revised title, to eliminate unnecessary words, and because of the definition of "railroad carrier" in section 20102 of the revised title. See *Southern Ry. Co*. v. *United States*, 222 U.S. 20, 26 (1911). In clauses (1)–(3), the word "vehicle" is substituted for "any car" in 45:2, "car" in 45:4, "all trains, locomotives, tenders, cars, and similar vehicles used on . . . all other locomotives, tenders, cars, and similar vehicles used in connection therewith" in 45:8, and "any car subject to the provisions of said sections . . . to wit: All cars" in 45:11, and "any car or vehicle" in 45:12 for clarity, for consistency in the revised title, to eliminate unnecessary words, and because of the definition of "vehicle" in section 20301 of the revised title. In clause (1)(A), a comma is placed after the word "uncoupled" for clarity. See *Johnson* v. *Southern Pacific Co*., 196 U.S. 1, 18 (1904). In clause (1)(C), the words "by the Secretary of Transportation" are added for clarity because of 45:12. In clause (3), the words "required by regulations prescribed by the Secretary" are substituted for "the standard now fixed or the standard so prescribed . . . the standard so prescribed by the Secretary" in 45:12 for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "Said Secretary is given authority, after hearing, to modify or change, and to prescribe the standard height of drawbars and to fix the time within which such modification or change shall become effective and obligatory" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). The words "and prior to the time so fixed . . . and after the time so fixed" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the word "locomotive" is substituted for "any locomotive engine" in 45:1 and "all trains, locomotives, tenders, cars, and similar vehicles used on . . . all other locomotives, tenders, cars, and similar vehicles used in connection therewith" in 45:8 for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (5)(B), the words "the engineer is using the power or train brakes on those vehicles and on all other vehicles equipped with them that are associated with those vehicles in the train" are substituted for "their brakes used and operated by the engineer of the locomotive drawing such train; and all power-braked cars in such train which are associated together with said 50 per centum shall have their brakes so used and operated" and "all . . . locomotives, tenders, cars, and similar vehicles" for clarity and consistency in this section. The text of section 2 (2d sentence) of the Act of March 2, 1903 (ch. 976, 32 Stat. 943), as added by section (1)(b) of the Power or Train Brakes Safety Appliance Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–375, 72 Stat. 86), is omitted as executed.

In subsection (b), the words "A railroad carrier complying with subsection (a)(5)(A) of this section" are substituted for "any railroad shall have equipped a sufficient number of its cars so as to comply with the provisions of section 1 of this title" in 45:3 and "The provisions and requirements of sections 1 to 7 of this title shall be held to apply to railroads in the Territories and the District of Columbia" in 45:8 for clarity, for consistency in this section, and because of the definition of "railroad carrier" in section 20102 of the revised title. The words "a vehicle that is not equipped with power or train brakes that will work and readily interchange with the power or train brakes in use on the vehicles of the complying railroad carrier" are substituted for "any cars not equipped sufficiently, in accordance with said section, with such power or train brakes as will work and readily interchange with the brakes in use on its own cars, as required by sections 1 to 7 of this title" in 45:3 for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c), the words "Notwithstanding subsection (a)(1)(B) of this section" are added for clarity.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "change . . . only for . . . and after" are substituted for "shall remain as the standards of equipment to be used on all cars subject to the provisions of sections 11 to 16 of this title, unless changed by an order of said Secretary of Transportation to be made after . . . and for" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of section 3 (proviso) of the Act of April 14, 1910 (ch. 160, 36 Stat. 298), is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (d)(2), the text of 45:9 (2d sentence words before proviso) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (d)(3), the words "to more fully carry into effect the objects of said sections" and "from time to time" are omitted as surplus. The words "an opportunity for" are added for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "equipped and used" are substituted for "operated" for consistency in this section.

In subsection (e), the words "and may avail himself of the advice and assistance of any department, commission, or board of the United States Government, and of State governments" are omitted as unnecessary because of 49:301(6) and (7) and 322(c). The words "but no official or employee of the United States shall receive any additional compensation for such service except as now permitted by law" are omitted as surplus because of 5:5533.

(a)

(1) on the railroad line on which the defect or insecurity was discovered; or

(2) at the option of a connecting railroad carrier, on the railroad line of the connecting carrier, if not farther than the place of repair described in clause (1) of this subsection.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 882.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20303(a) | 45:13 (2d sentence proviso words before 1st semicolon). | Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, §4 (2d sentence proviso), 36 Stat. 299; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §704, 96 Stat. 2580. |

20303(b) | 45:13 (2d sentence proviso words after last semicolon). | |

20303(c) | 45:13 (2d sentence proviso words between semicolons). |


In subsections (a) and (b), the word "moved" is substituted for "hauled" and "hauling" for consistency in this section.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "A vehicle that is equipped in compliance with this chapter" are substituted for "where any car shall have been properly equipped, as provided in sections 1 to 16 of this title" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "while such car was being used by such carrier upon its line of railroad" are omitted as surplus since this chapter only applies in the case of vehicles used by railroad carriers on their railroad lines. The word "nevertheless" is added for clarity. The words "when necessary to make repairs" are substituted for "if any such movement is necessary to make such repairs and such repairs cannot be made except at any such repair point" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "without a penalty being imposed under section 21302 of this title" are substituted for "without liability for the penalties imposed by this section or section 6 of this title" because of the restatement.

In subsection (b), the words "A vehicle . . . may be moved under this section . . . only when" are substituted for "and nothing in this proviso shall be construed to permit the hauling of defective cars . . . unless" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c), the word "hauling" is omitted for consistency in this section. The word "proceeding" is substituted for "remedial action" for consistency in the revised title and to ensure that administrative, as well as court proceedings, are included. The words "to recover damages" are added for clarity. The words "arising from" are substituted for "caused . . . by reason of or in connection with" to eliminate unnecessary words.

An employee of a railroad carrier injured by a vehicle or train used in violation of section 20302(a)(1)(A), (2), (4), or (5)(A) of this title does not assume the risk of injury resulting from the violation, even if the employee continues to be employed by the carrier after learning of the violation.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 883.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20304 | 45:7. | Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, §8, 27 Stat. 532; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §13(1)(H), 102 Stat. 631. |

45:8 (words before 16th comma). | Mar. 2, 1903, ch. 976, §1 (words before 23d comma), 32 Stat. 943; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §13(2)(A), 102 Stat. 631. |


The words "after learning of the violation" are substituted for "after the unlawful use of such locomotive, car, or train had been brought to his knowledge" in 45:7 for clarity.

The Secretary of Transportation shall inspect the construction, adaptability, design, and condition of mail cars used on railroads in the United States. The Secretary shall make a report on the inspection and submit a copy of the report to the United States Postal Service.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 883.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20305 | 45:37. | May 27, 1908, ch. 200, §1 (6th par. last sentence under heading "Interstate Commerce Commission"), 35 Stat. 325. |

Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 299, §1 (6th par. last sentence under heading "Interstate Commerce Commission"), 35 Stat. 965. | ||

49 App.:1655(e)(1)(I), (J). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(e)(1)(I), (J), 80 Stat. 939. |


The words "United States Postal Service" are substituted for "Postmaster General" because of sections 4(a) and 5(e) of the Postal Reorganization Act (Public Law 91–375, 84 Stat. 773, 775).

(a)

(b)

(1) findings based on evidence developed at a hearing; or

(2) an agreement between national railroad labor representatives and the developer of the new equipment or technology.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 883.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20306 | 45:1013. | May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §117, 94 Stat. 406. |


In subsection (a), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law" and "the mandatory requirements of" are omitted as surplus. The words "existing law" are substituted for "the existing statutes" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (b), the words before clause (1) are added because of the restatement. Clause (1) is substituted for "after a hearing and consistent with findings based upon evidence developed therein" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (2), the words "an agreement" are substituted for "expressions of agreement" to eliminate unnecessary words.


In this chapter, "signal system" means a block signal system, an interlocking, automatic train stop, train control, or cab-signal device, or a similar appliance, method, device, or system intended to promote safety in railroad operations.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 883.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20501 | (no source). |


This section is added to eliminate the unnecessary repetition of the words used in the definition. The definition is derived from 49 App.:26(b)–(f).

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11408, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1684, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

(a)

(2) A railroad carrier ordered under paragraph (1) of this subsection to install a signal system on one part of its railroad line may not be held negligent for not installing the system on any part of its line that was not included in the order. If an accident or incident occurs on a part of the line on which the signal system was not required to be installed and was not installed, the use of the system on another part of the line may not be considered in a civil action brought because of the accident or incident.

(b)

(1) may be operated safely without unnecessary risk of personal injury; and

(2) has been inspected and can meet any test prescribed under this chapter.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 883.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20502(a) | 49 App.:26(b). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §25(b); added Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, §441, 41 Stat. 498; restated Aug. 26, 1937, ch. 818, 50 Stat. 835; Sept. 18, 1940, ch. 722, §14(b), 54 Stat. 919; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §17(2), (8), 102 Stat. 635, 636. |

49 App.:1655(e)(6)(A). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(e)(6)(A), 80 Stat. 939. | |

20502(b) | 49 App.:26(e). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §25(e); added Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, §441, 41 Stat. 498; restated Aug. 26, 1937, ch. 818, 50 Stat. 836; Sept. 18, 1940, ch. 722, §14(b), 54 Stat. 919; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §17(5), 102 Stat. 636. |


In this section, the words "signal system" are substituted for "block signal system, interlocking, automatic train stop, train control, and/or cab-signal devices, and/or other similar appliances, methods, and systems intended to promote the safety of railroad operation" and "such systems, devices, appliances, or methods" in 49 App.:26(b) and "any system, device, or appliance covered by this section" and "such apparatus" in 49 App.:26(e) because of the definition of "signal system" in section 20501 of the revised title.

In subsection (a)(1), the words "decides after an investigation that it is necessary in the public interest" are substituted for "after investigation, if found necessary in the public interest" for clarity. The word "specifications" is omitted as included in "requirements". The words "The order must allow the carrier a reasonable time to complete the installation" are substituted for "such order to be issued and published a reasonable time (as determined by the Secretary) in advance of the date for its fulfillment" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "a signal system required under this paragraph" are substituted for "That block signal systems, interlocking, automatic train stop, train control, and cab-signal devices in use on August 26, 1937, or such systems or devices hereinafter installed" to eliminate unnecessary or obsolete words and because of the definition of "signal system" in section 20501 of the revised title.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "railroad line" are substituted for "railroad" for consistency in the revised title. The word "civil" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "or incident" are added for consistency in this part.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "may allow . . . only when" are substituted for "It shall be unlawful . . . unless . . . unless" for clarity. In clause (1), the words "in proper condition and" and "in the service to which it is put" are omitted as being covered by the words of the clause. The words "risk of personal injury" are substituted for "peril to life and limb" for clarity. The words "from time to time" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "prescribed under this chapter" are substituted for "in accordance with the provisions of this section" and "prescribed in the rules and regulations provided for in this section" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.

The Secretary of Transportation may amend a regulation or change a requirement applicable to a railroad carrier for installing, maintaining, inspecting, or repairing a signal system under this chapter—

(1) when the carrier files with the Secretary a request for the amendment or change and the Secretary approves the request; or

(2) on the Secretary's own initiative for good cause shown.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 884.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20503 | 49 App.:26(c). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §25(c); added Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, §441, 41 Stat. 498; restated Aug. 26, 1937, ch. 818, 50 Stat. 836; Sept. 18, 1940, ch. 722, §14(b), 54 Stat. 919; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §17(3), (8), 102 Stat. 635, 636. |

49 App.:1655(e)(6)(A). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(e)(6)(A), 80 Stat. 939. |


In this section, before clause (1), the text of 49 App.:26(c) (words before 2d proviso) is omitted as executed. The words "The Secretary of Transportation may amend . . . change" are substituted for "and approved by the Secretary of Transportation" and "the Secretary may . . . revise, amend, or modify" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "regulation or . . . a requirement applicable to a railroad carrier for installing, maintaining, inspecting, or repairing a signal system under this chapter" are substituted for "rules, standards, and instructions herein provided for" and "rules, standards, and instructions prescribed by him under this subsection" for clarity, for consistency in the revised title, and because of the restatement. Clause (1) is substituted for "such railroad may from time to time change . . . but such change shall not take effect and the new rules, standards, and instructions be enforced until they shall have been filed with" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "and as revised, amended, or modified they shall be obligatory upon the railroad after a copy thereof shall have been served as above provided" are omitted as being superseded by 5:ch. 5, subch. II.

(a)

(A) inspect and test a signal system used by a railroad carrier; and

(B) decide whether the system is in safe operating condition.

(2) In carrying out this subsection, the Secretary may employ only an individual who—

(A) has no interest in a patented article required to be used on or with a signal system; and

(B) has no financial interest in a railroad carrier or in a concern dealing in railroad supplies.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 884.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20504(a) | 49 App.:26(d). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §25(d); added Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, §441, 41 Stat. 498; restated Aug. 26, 1937, ch. 818, 50 Stat. 836; Sept. 18, 1940, ch. 722, §14(b), 54 Stat. 919; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §17(4), (8), 102 Stat. 635, 636. |

49 App.:1655(e)(6)(A). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(e)(1)(I), (6)(A), 80 Stat. 939. | |

20504(b) | 45:36. | May 27, 1908, ch. 200, §1 (1st complete par. on p. 325), 35 Stat. 325. |

49 App.:1655(e)(1)(I). |


In subsection (a)(1)(B), the words "safe operating condition" are substituted for "proper condition to operate and provide adequate safety" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(2), before clause (A), the text of 49:26(d) (2d sentence) is omitted because of 5:3101. The text of 49:26(d) (3d sentence) is omitted because of 5:ch. 33. The words "In carrying out this subsection, the Secretary may employ" are substituted for "shall be used for such purpose" for clarity. In clause (A), the words "either directly or indirectly" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the word "experimentally" is omitted as surplus. The words "signal system" are substituted for "any appliances or systems intended to promote the safety of railway operation" because of the definition of "signal system" in section 20501 of the revised title. The text of 45:36 (last sentence) is omitted because of 49:323.

In the way and to the extent required by the Secretary of Transportation, a railroad carrier shall report to the Secretary a failure of a signal system to function as intended. If the failure results in an accident or incident causing injury to an individual or property that is required to be reported under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the carrier owning or maintaining the signal system shall report to the Secretary immediately in writing the fact of the accident or incident.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 884.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20505 | 49 App.:26(f) (words before last semicolon). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §25(f) (words before last semicolon); added Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, §441, 41 Stat. 498; restated Aug. 26, 1937, ch. 818, 50 Stat. 836; Sept. 18, 1940, ch. 722, §14(b), 54 Stat. 919; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §17(6), (8), 102 Stat. 636. |

49 App.:1655(e)(6)(A). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(e)(6)(A), 80 Stat. 939. |


The words "signal system" are substituted for "such systems, devices, or appliances" because of the definition of "signal system" in section 20501 of the revised title. The word "indicate" is omitted as being included in "function". The words "or incident" are added for consistency in this part. The word "individual" is substituted for "person", and the word "immediately" is substituted for "forthwith", for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.


A railroad carrier may use or allow to be used a locomotive or tender on its railroad line only when the locomotive or tender and its parts and appurtenances—

(1) are in proper condition and safe to operate without unnecessary danger of personal injury;

(2) have been inspected as required under this chapter and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation under this chapter; and

(3) can withstand every test prescribed by the Secretary under this chapter.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 885.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20701 | 45:23. | Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, §2, 36 Stat. 913; Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 169, §1, 38 Stat. 1192; restated June 7, 1924, ch. 355, §2, 43 Stat. 659; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §14(2), 102 Stat. 632. |

45:30 (1st sentence related to 45:23). | Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 169, §2 (1st sentence related to §2 of Act of Feb. 17, 1911), 38 Stat. 1192; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, §2, 54 Stat. 148. | |

49 App.:1655(e)(1)(E), (F). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(e)(1)(E), (F), 80 Stat. 939. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "locomotive or tender . . . locomotive or tender and its parts and appurtenances" are substituted for "locomotive . . . locomotive, its boiler, tender, and all parts and appurtenances thereof" in 45:23 and "the provision of sections 22 to 29 . . . of this title as to the equipment of locomotives shall apply to and include the entire locomotive and tender and all their parts with the same force and effect as it applies to locomotive boilers and their appurtenances" in 45:30 for clarity and because of the restatement. In clause (1), the words "in the service to which the same are put" and "in the active service of such railroad" in 45:23 are omitted as surplus. The words "danger of personal injury" are substituted for "peril to life or limb" for clarity and consistency in this part. In clause (2), the words "from time to time" are omitted as surplus. The words "as required under this chapter and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation under this chapter" are substituted for "in accordance with the provisions of sections 22 to 29 and 31 to 34 of this title" for clarity and consistency. In clause (3), the words "prescribed by the Secretary under this chapter" are substituted for "prescribed in the rules and regulations hereinafter provided for" for clarity and because of the restatement.

(a)

(1) become familiar, so far as practicable, with the condition of every locomotive and tender and its parts and appurtenances;

(2) inspect every locomotive and tender and its parts and appurtenances as necessary to carry out this chapter, but not necessarily at stated times or at regular intervals; and

(3) ensure that every railroad carrier makes inspections of locomotives and tenders and their parts and appurtenances as required by regulations prescribed by the Secretary and repairs every defect that is disclosed by an inspection before a defective locomotive, tender, part, or appurtenance is used again.

(b)

(2) Immediately after the reinspection is completed, the Secretary shall give written notice to the railroad carrier stating whether the locomotive, tender, part, or appurtenance is in compliance. If the original finding of noncompliance is sustained, the carrier has 30 days after receipt of the notice to file an appeal with the Secretary. If the carrier files an appeal, the Secretary, after providing an opportunity for a proceeding, may revise or set aside the finding of noncompliance.

(3) A locomotive, tender, part, or appurtenance found not in compliance under this subsection may be used only after it is—

(A) repaired to comply with this chapter and regulations prescribed under this chapter; or

(B) found on reinspection or appeal to be in compliance.

(c)

(1) inspection made under regulations prescribed by the Secretary; and

(2) repair made of a defect disclosed by such an inspection.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 885.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20702(a) | 45:29 (1st–3d sentences). | Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, §6, 36 Stat. 915; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, §1(1)–(3) (related to §6 of Act of Feb. 17, 1911), 54 Stat. 148; Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, eff. July 27, 1965, 79 Stat. 1320; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §13, 94 Stat. 1816; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §14(5), 102 Stat. 633. |

45:30 (1st sentence related to 45:29, last sentence). | Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 169, §2 (1st sentence related to §§5, 6 of Act of Feb. 17, 1911, last sentence), 38 Stat. 1192; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, §2, 54 Stat. 148; Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, eff. July 27, 1965, 79 Stat. 1320. | |

49 App.:1655(e) (1)(E)–(G). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(e)(1)(E)–(G), 80 Stat. 939. | |

20702(b) | 45:29 (6th, last sentences). | |

45:30 (1st sentence related to 45:29) | ||

49 App.:1655(e) (1)(E)–(G). | ||

20702(c) | 45:29 (4th, 5th sentences). | |

20702(d) | 45:28. | Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, §5, 36 Stat. 914; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, §1(1)–(3) (related to §5 of Act of Feb. 17, 1911), 54 Stat. 148; Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, eff. July 27, 1965, 79 Stat. 1320; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §14(4), 102 Stat. 633. |

45:30 (1st sentence related to 45:28). | ||

49 App.:1655(e) (1)(E)–(G). |


In this section, the words "locomotive and tender and its parts and appurtenances" and "locomotive, tender, or locomotive or tender part or appurtenance" are substituted for "locomotive boiler" and "boiler or boilers or apparatus pertaining thereto" in 45:29 and "the provision of sections 22 to 29 . . . of this title as to the equipment of locomotives shall apply to and include the entire locomotive and tender and all their parts with the same force and effect as it applies to locomotive boilers and their appurtenances" in 45:30 for clarity and because of the restatement.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the word "shall" is substituted for "It shall be the duty of", "shall", and "His first duty shall be" in 45:29 and "shall . . . and shall have the same powers and duties with respect to all the parts and appurtenances of the locomotive and tender that they have with respect to the boiler of a locomotive and the appurtenances thereof" in 45:30 for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the words "ordinarily housed or repaired in his district, and if any locomotive is ordinarily housed or repaired in two or more districts, then the director of locomotive inspection or an assistant shall make such division between inspectors as will avoid the necessity for duplication of work" in 45:29 are omitted as obsolete because of Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1965 (eff. July 27, 1965, 79 Stat. 1320) and 49 App.:1655(e)(1)(E)–(G). In clause (2), the words "inspect . . . as necessary to carry out" are substituted for "make such personal inspection . . . from time to time as may be necessary to fully carry out the provisions of" in 45:29 and "inspect" in 45:30 to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "under his care" and "as may be consistent with his other duties" in 45:29 are omitted as obsolete because of Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1965 (eff. July 27, 1965, 79 Stat. 1320) and 49 App.:1655(e)(1)(E)–(G). The words "but not necessarily" are substituted for "but he shall not be required to make such inspections" in 45:29 to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (3), the words "inspections of locomotives and tenders and their parts and appurtenances as required by regulations prescribed by the Secretary" are substituted for "inspections in accordance with the rules and regulations established or approved by the Secretary of Transportation" in 45:29 and "the provision of sections 22 to 29 . . . of this title as to the equipment of locomotives shall apply to and include the entire locomotive and tender and all their parts with the same force and effect as it applies to locomotive boilers and their appurtenances" in 45:30 for clarity and because of the restatement. The words "a defective locomotive, tender, part, or appurtenance is used again" are substituted for "the boiler or boilers or appurtenances pertaining thereto are again put in service" in 45:29 for consistency in this subsection. The text of 45:30 (last sentence) is omitted as obsolete because of Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1965 (eff. July 27, 1965, 79 Stat. 1320), 49 App.:1655(e)(1)(E)–(G), and 5:ch. 33.

In subsection (b), the word "reinspection" is substituted for "reexamination" for consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "in the performance of his duty" in 45:29 are omitted as surplus. The words "owned or operated by a railroad carrier" are added for clarity and because of the words "owning or operating such locomotive" in 45:29 (last sentence). The words "does not comply with this chapter or a regulation prescribed under this chapter" are substituted for "not conforming to the requirements of the law or the rules and regulations established and approved as hereinbefore stated" in 45:29 to eliminate unnecessary words and because of the restatement. The words "describing any defect resulting in noncompliance" are substituted for "that the locomotive is not in serviceable condition . . . because of defects set out and described in said notice" for consistency in this section and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "written request for a reinspection" are substituted for "appeal . . . by telegraph or by letter to have said boiler reexamined" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "an officer or employee of the Department of Transportation" are substituted for "one of the assistant directors of locomotive inspection or any district inspector" because of Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1965 (eff. July 27, 1965, 79 Stat. 1320) and 49 App.:1655(e)(1)(E)–(G).

In subsection (b)(2), the words "Immediately after the reinspection is completed" are substituted for "upon such reexamination the boiler is found in serviceable condition . . . immediately" and "but if the reexamination of said boiler sustains the decision of the district inspector . . . at once" in 45:29 to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "give written notice . . . stating whether the locomotive, tender, part, or appurtenance is in compliance" are substituted for "in writing" and "that the appeal from the decision of the inspector is dismissed" for clarity and consistency in this subsection. The words "after providing an opportunity for a proceeding" are substituted for "after hearing" as being more appropriate and for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "may revise or set aside the finding of noncompliance" are substituted for "shall have power to revise, modify, or set aside such action . . . and declare that said locomotive is in serviceable condition and authorize the same to be operated" to eliminate unnecessary words.

Subsection (b)(3) is substituted for "and thereafter such boiler shall not be used until in serviceable condition" and "whereupon such boiler may be put into service without further delay" in 45:29 and the text of 45:29 (last proviso) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "make and keep" are substituted for "keep" for clarity.

Subsection (d) is substituted for the text of 45:28 (1st sentence last proviso) and 30 (1st sentence related to 45:28) for clarity and because of the restatement.

(a)

(1) immediately shall file with the Secretary of Transportation a written statement of the fact of the accident or incident; and

(2) when the locomotive is disabled to the extent it cannot be operated under its own power, shall preserve intact all parts affected by the accident or incident, if possible without interfering with traffic, until an investigation of the accident or incident is completed.

(b)

(1) investigate each accident and incident reported under subsection (a) of this section;

(2) inspect each part affected by the accident or incident; and

(3) make a complete and detailed report on the cause of the accident or incident.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 886.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20703(a) | 45:30 (1st sentence related to 45:32). | Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 169, §2 (1st sentence related to §8 of Act of Feb. 17, 1911), 38 Stat. 1192; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, §2, 54 Stat. 148; Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, eff. July 27, 1965, 79 Stat. 1320. |

45:32 (1st, 3d sentences). | Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, §8, 36 Stat. 916; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, §1(1)–(3) (related to §8 of Act of Feb. 17, 1911), 54 Stat. 148; Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, eff. July 27, 1965, 79 Stat. 1320; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §14(6), 102 Stat. 633. | |

49 App.:1655(e) (1)(E)–(G). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(e)(1)(E)–(G), 80 Stat. 939. | |

20703(b) | 45:32 (2d, last sentences). | |

20703(c) | 45:33. | |

49 App.:1655(e) (1)(E)–(G). |


In this section, the words "or incident" and "and incident" are added for consistency in this part.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "locomotive, tender, or locomotive or tender part or appurtenance . . . the locomotive or tender" are substituted for "locomotive boiler or its appurtenances . . . said locomotive" in 45:32 and the text of 45:30 (1st sentence related to 45:32) for clarity and because of the restatement. The word "personal" is substituted for "to one or more persons" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the word "immediately" is substituted for "forthwith" for consistency in this chapter. In clause (2), the words "operated under its own power" are substituted for "cannot be run by its own steam" for clarity. The words "hindrance or" are omitted as being included in "interfering". The word "investigation" is substituted for "inspection" for consistency in this section.

In subsection (c), the words "at any time call upon the director of locomotive inspection for a report of any accident embraced in section 32 of this title, and upon the receipt of said report" are omitted as obsolete because of Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1965 (eff. July 27, 1965, 79 Stat. 1320) and 49 App.:1655(e)(1)(E)–(G). The text of 45:33 (2d sentence) is omitted as surplus. The words "civil action" are substituted for "suit or action" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "resulting from" are substituted for "growing out of" for clarity. The words "or investigation" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.


(a)

(b)

(A) the Bureau of Labor Statistics; or

(B) another department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government if the information has been collected through objective, statistically sound survey methods or has been previously subject to a public notice and comment process in a proceeding of a Government department, agency, or instrumentality.

(2) If information is not available as provided in paragraph (1)(A) or (B) of this subsection, the Secretary may use any other source to obtain the information. However, use of the information shall be subject to public notice and an opportunity for written comment.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 886.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20901(a) | 45:38 (1st sentence). | May 6, 1910, ch. 208, §1 (1st sentence), 36 Stat. 350; restated Sept. 13, 1960, Pub. L. 86–762, §1, 74 Stat. 903; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §15(1)(A), (B), 102 Stat. 633. |

45:39 (related to time of filing report). | May 6, 1910, ch. 208, §2 (related to time of filing report), 36 Stat. 351; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §204(b), 88 Stat. 2166; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §15(2), 102 Stat. 634. | |

45:43a. | June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §24, 102 Stat. 639. | |

49 App.:1655(e)(1)(K). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(e)(1)(K), 80 Stat. 939. | |

20901(b) | 45:38 (note). | Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §15, 106 Stat. 981. |


In this section, the words "accident" and "incident" are used, and the words "collision" and "derailment" are omitted, for consistency in this part. The words "the general manager, superintendent, or other proper officer of" in 45:38 are omitted as surplus because any duty of a railroad carrier must necessarily be carried out through its proper officers and agents. The text of 45:38 (1st sentence proviso) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (b), the words "or incident" are added for consistency. The text of section 15(c) of the Rail Safety Enforcement and Review Act (Pub. L. 102–365, 106 Stat. 981) is omitted as executed.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22421(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 750, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 15, 2021], and annually thereafter for the following 4 years, the Secretary [of Transportation] shall update Special Study Block 49 on Form FRA F 6180.54 (Rail Equipment Accident/Incident Report) to collect, with respect to trains involved in accidents required to be reported to the Federal Railroad Administration—

"(1) the number of cars and length of the involved trains; and

"(2) the number of crew members who were aboard a controlling locomotive involved in an accident at the time of such accident."

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title II, §209, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4876, provided that: "The Federal Railroad Administration shall conduct an audit of each Class I railroad at least once every 2 years and conduct an audit of each non-Class I railroad at least once every 5 years to ensure that all grade crossing collisions and fatalities are reported to any Federal national accident database."

[For definitions of "railroad" and "crossing", as used in section 209 of Pub. L. 110–432, set out above, see section 2(a) of Pub. L. 110–432, set out as a note under section 20102 of this title.]

(a)

(1) an accident or incident resulting in serious injury to an individual or to railroad property, occurring on the railroad line of a railroad carrier; and

(2) an accident or incident reported under section 20505 of this title.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(A) gathering information about an accident or incident under investigation from railroad carriers, contractors or employees of railroad carriers or representatives of employees of railroad carriers, and others, as determined relevant by the Secretary; and

(B) consulting with railroad carriers, contractors or employees of railroad carriers or representatives of employees of railroad carriers, and others, as determined relevant by the Secretary, for technical expertise on the facts of the accident or incident under investigation.

(2)

(A) such entity requests confidentiality;

(B) such entity was not involved in the accident or incident; and

(C) maintaining such entity's confidentiality does not adversely affect an investigation of the Federal Railroad Administration.

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 887; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22417, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 748.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20902(a) | 45:40 (1st sentence, 2d sentence words between 1st and 2d commas). | May 6, 1910, ch. 208, §3, 36 Stat. 351; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §15(3), 102 Stat. 634. |

49 App.:26(f) (words after last semicolon). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §25(f) (words after last semicolon); added Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, §441, 41 Stat. 498; restated Aug. 26, 1937, ch. 818, 50 Stat. 836; Sept. 18, 1940, ch. 722, §14(b), 54 Stat. 919. | |

49 App.:1655(e)(1)(K). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(e)(1)(K), 80 Stat. 939. | |

20902(b) | 45:40 (2d sentence less words between 1st and 2d commas). | |

20902(c) | 45:40 (3d, last sentences). |


In this section, the words "accident" and "incident" are used, and the words "collision" and "derailment" are omitted, for consistency in this part.

Subsection (a)(2) is substituted for the text of 49 App.:26(f) (words after last semicolon) for clarity.

In subsection (b), the words "In carrying out an investigation" are substituted for "shall have authority to investigate such collisions, derailments, or other accidents aforesaid, and all the attending facts, conditions, and circumstances, and for that purpose" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "books, papers, orders, memoranda" are omitted as being included in "papers". The words "in coordination with" are substituted for "in connection with" for clarity. The words "The railroad carrier on whose railroad line the accident or incident occurred" are added for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "When in the public interest" are substituted for "when he deems it to the public interest" to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2021**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–58, §22417(1), substituted "subpoena" for "subpena".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–58, §22417(2), added subsec. (d).

No part of an accident or incident report filed by a railroad carrier under section 20901 of this title or made by the Secretary of Transportation under section 20902 of this title may be used in a civil action for damages resulting from a matter mentioned in the report.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 887.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

20903 | 45:41. | May 6, 1910, ch. 208, §4, 36 Stat. 351. |


The words "civil action" are substituted for "suit or action" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.


**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §108(d)(2), (e)(2)(A), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4864, 4865, substituted item 21102 for former item 21102 "Nonapplication and exemption" and added item 21109.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §203(b), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4620, added item 21108.

In this chapter—

(1) "designated terminal" means the home or away-from-home terminal for the assignment of a particular crew.

(2) "dispatching service employee" means an operator, train dispatcher, or other train employee who by the use of an electrical or mechanical device dispatches, reports, transmits, receives, or delivers orders related to or affecting train movements.

(3) "employee" means a dispatching service employee, a signal employee, or a train employee.

(4) "signal employee" means an individual who is engaged in installing, repairing, or maintaining signal systems.

(5) "train employee" means an individual engaged in or connected with the movement of a train, including a hostler.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 888; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §108(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4860.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

21101(1) | 45:61(b)(4) (1st sentence). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, 34 Stat. 1415, §1(b)(4) (1st sentence); added Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–574, §6, 92 Stat. 2461. |

21101(2)–(4) | (no source). | |

21101(5) | 45:61(b)(2). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, §1(b)(2), 34 Stat. 1415; restated Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91–169, §1, 83 Stat. 463; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §4(c), 90 Stat. 818. |


Clause (2) is added to avoid the necessity of repeating the substance of the definition every time a "dispatching service employee" is referred to in this chapter. The language in clause (2) is derived from 45:63.

Clause (3) is added to provide a definition of "employee" when the source provisions apply to all types of employees covered by this chapter.

Clause (4) is added to avoid the necessity of repeating the substance of the definition every time a "signal employee" is referred to in this chapter. The language in clause (4) is derived from 45:63a.

In clause (5), the words "train employee" are substituted for "employee" to distinguish the term from the terms "dispatching service employee" and "signal employee". The word "actually" is omitted as surplus.

**2008**—Par. (4). Pub. L. 110–432 struck out "employed by a railroad carrier" after "individual".

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §108(g), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4866, provided that: "The amendments made by subsections (a), (b), and (c) [amending this section and sections 21103 and 21104 of this title] shall take effect 9 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 16, 2008]."

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §108(f), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4866, provided that:

"(1)

"(A) to adjust record keeping and reporting requirements to support compliance with chapter 211 of title 49, United States Code, as amended by this Act;

"(B) to authorize electronic record keeping, and reporting of excess service, consistent with appropriate considerations for user interface; and

"(C) to require training of affected employees and supervisors, including training of employees in the entry of hours of service data.

"(2)

(a)

(1) a casualty.

(2) an unavoidable accident.

(3) an act of God.

(4) a delay resulting from a cause unknown and unforeseeable to a railroad carrier or its officer or agent in charge of the employee when the employee left a terminal.

(b)

(c)

(1) When providing commuter rail passenger transportation or intercity rail passenger transportation, the limitations on duty hours for train employees of railroad carriers, including public authorities operating passenger service, shall be solely governed by old section 21103 until the earlier of—

(A) the effective date of regulations prescribed by the Secretary under section 21109(b) of this chapter; or

(B) the date that is 3 years following the date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008.

(2) After the date on which old section 21103 ceases to apply, pursuant to paragraph (1), to the limitations on duty hours for train employees of railroad carriers with respect to the provision of commuter rail passenger transportation or intercity rail passenger transportation, the limitations on duty hours for train employees of such railroad carriers shall be governed by new section 21103, except as provided in paragraph (3).

(3) After the effective date of the regulations prescribed by the Secretary under section 21109(b) of this title, such carriers shall—

(A) comply with the limitations on duty hours for train employees with respect to the provision of commuter rail passenger transportation or intercity rail passenger transportation as prescribed by such regulations; and

(B) be exempt from complying with the provisions of old section 21103 and new section 21103 for such employees.

(4) In this subsection:

(A) The terms "commuter rail passenger transportation" and "intercity rail passenger transportation" have the meaning given those terms in section 24102 of this title.

(C) 1 The term "new section 21103" means section 21103 of this chapter as amended by the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008.

(D) The term "old section 21103" means section 21103 of this chapter as it was in effect on the day before the enactment of that Act.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 888; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §108(d)(1), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4863.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

21102(a) | 45:63a(d) (related to 45:64a). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, 34 Stat. 1415, §3A(d) (related to §5); added July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §4(d), 90 Stat. 819; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §16(4), 102 Stat. 635. |

45:64a(d). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, §5(d), 34 Stat. 1417; restated Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91–169, §1, 83 Stat. 464; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §16(6)(D), 102 Stat. 635. | |

21102(b) | 45:63a(d) (related to 45:64a). | |

45:64a(e). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, §5(e), 34 Stat. 1417; restated Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91–169, §1, 83 Stat. 464. |


In subsection (b), the words "with respect to one or more of its employees" are omitted as surplus because the authority to exempt a railroad carrier includes the authority to exempt only some of the employees of the carrier. The words "carrier to require or allow its employees to be on duty" are substituted for "any railroad described in this section to work its employees" for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

The Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (c)(1)(B), (4)(C), (D), is div. A of Pub. L. 110–432, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4848. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2008 Amendment note set out under section 20101 of this title and Tables.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432, §108(d)(1)(A), substituted "Nonapplication, exemption, and alternate hours of service regime" for "Nonapplication and exemption" in section catchline.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–432, §108(d)(1)(B), added subsec. (c).

1 So in original. No subpar. (B) has been enacted.

(a)

(1) remain on duty, go on duty, wait for deadhead transportation, be in deadhead transportation from a duty assignment to the place of final release, or be in any other mandatory service for the carrier in any calendar month where the employee has spent a total of 276 hours—

(A) on duty;

(B) waiting for deadhead transportation, or in deadhead transportation from a duty assignment to the place of final release; or

(C) in any other mandatory service for the carrier;

(2) remain or go on duty for a period in excess of 12 consecutive hours;

(3) remain or go on duty unless that employee has had at least 10 consecutive hours off duty during the prior 24 hours; or

(4) remain or go on duty after that employee has initiated an on-duty period each day for—

(A) 6 consecutive days, unless that employee has had at least 48 consecutive hours off duty at the employee's home terminal during which time the employee is unavailable for any service for any railroad carrier except that—

(i) an employee may work a seventh consecutive day if that employee completed his or her final period of on-duty time on his or her sixth consecutive day at a terminal other than his or her home terminal; and

(ii) any employee who works a seventh consecutive day pursuant to subparagraph (i) shall have at least 72 consecutive hours off duty at the employee's home terminal during which time the employee is unavailable for any service for any railroad carrier; or

(B) except as provided in subparagraph (A), 7 consecutive days, unless that employee has had at least 72 consecutive hours off duty at the employee's home terminal during which time the employee is unavailable for any service for any railroad carrier, if—

(i) for a period of 18 months following the date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, an existing collective bargaining agreement expressly provides for such a schedule or, following the expiration of 18 months after the date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, collective bargaining agreements entered into during such period expressly provide for such a schedule;

(ii) such a schedule is provided for by a pilot program authorized by a collective bargaining agreement; or

(iii) such a schedule is provided for by a pilot program under section 21108 of this chapter related to employees' work and rest cycles.

The Secretary may waive paragraph (4), consistent with the procedural requirements of section 20103, if a collective bargaining agreement provides a different arrangement and such an arrangement is in the public interest and consistent with railroad safety.

(b)

(1) Time on duty begins when the employee reports for duty and ends when the employee is finally released from duty.

(2) Time the employee is engaged in or connected with the movement of a train is time on duty.

(3) Time spent performing any other service for the railroad carrier during a 24-hour period in which the employee is engaged in or connected with the movement of a train is time on duty.

(4) Time spent in deadhead transportation to a duty assignment is time on duty, but time spent in deadhead transportation from a duty assignment to the place of final release is neither time on duty nor time off duty.

(5) An interim period available for rest at a place other than a designated terminal is time on duty.

(6) An interim period available for less than 4 hours rest at a designated terminal is time on duty.

(7) An interim period available for at least 4 hours rest at a place with suitable facilities for food and lodging is not time on duty when the employee is prevented from getting to the employee's designated terminal by any of the following:

(A) a casualty.

(B) a track obstruction.

(C) an act of God.

(D) a derailment or major equipment failure resulting from a cause that was unknown and unforeseeable to the railroad carrier or its officer or agent in charge of that employee when that employee left the designated terminal.

(c)

(1) A railroad carrier may not require or allow an employee—

(A) to exceed a total of 40 hours per calendar month spent—

(i) waiting for deadhead transportation; or

(ii) in deadhead transportation from a duty assignment to the place of final release,

following a period of 12 consecutive hours on duty that is neither time on duty nor time off duty, not including interim rest periods, during the period from the date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 to one year after such date of enactment; and

(B) to exceed a total of 30 hours per calendar month spent—

(i) waiting for deadhead transportation; or

(ii) in deadhead transportation from a duty assignment to the place of final release,

following a period of 12 consecutive hours on duty that is neither time on duty nor time off duty, not including interim rest periods, during the period beginning one year after the date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 except that the Secretary may further limit the monthly limitation pursuant to regulations prescribed under section 21109.

(2) The limitations in paragraph (1) shall apply unless the train carrying the employee is directly delayed by—

(A) a casualty;

(B) an accident;

(C) an act of God;

(D) a derailment;

(E) a major equipment failure that prevents the train from advancing; or

(F) a delay resulting from a cause unknown and unforeseeable to a railroad carrier or its officer or agent in charge of the employee when the employee left a terminal.

(3) Each railroad carrier shall report to the Secretary, in accordance with procedures established by the Secretary, each instance where an employee subject to this section spends time waiting for deadhead transportation or in deadhead transportation from a duty assignment to the place of final release in excess of the requirements of paragraph (1).

(4) If—

(A) the time spent waiting for deadhead transportation or in deadhead transportation from a duty assignment to the place of final release that is not time on duty, plus

(B) the time on duty,

exceeds 12 consecutive hours, the railroad carrier and its officers and agents shall provide the employee with additional time off duty equal to the number of hours by which such sum exceeds 12 hours.

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 888; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §108(b), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4860.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

21103(a) | 45:62(a)(1), (2). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, §2(a)(1), (2), 34 Stat. 1416; restated Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91–169, §1, 83 Stat. 463; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §4(a)(1), (2), 90 Stat. 818; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §16(2), 102 Stat. 634. |

21103(b) | 45:61(b)(3). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, §§1(b)(3), 2(b), 34 Stat. 1415, 1416; restated Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91–169, §1, 83 Stat. 463. |

45:61(b)(4) (last sentence). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, 34 Stat. 1415, §1(b)(4) (last sentence); added Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–574, §6, 92 Stat. 2461; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §16(1)(C), 102 Stat. 634. | |

45:62(b). | ||

21103(c) | 45:62(c). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, §2(c), 34 Stat. 1416; Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91–169, §1, 83 Stat. 464; restated July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §4(b), 90 Stat. 818. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section" are added to alert the reader to the exception restated in subsection (c). The words "train employee" are substituted for "employee" because of the definition of "train employee" in section 21101 of the revised title. In clause (2), the words "12 consecutive hours" are substituted for "continuously . . . fourteen hours" and "except that, effective upon the expiration of the two-year period beginning on the effective date of this paragraph, such fourteen-hour duty period shall be reduced to twelve hours" because the 2-year period has ended.

In subsection (b), the words before paragraph (1) are added as related to 45:61(b)(3) and (4) (last sentence) and substituted for "In determining, for the purposes of subsection (a), the number of hours an employee is on duty" in 45:62(b) for clarity. In paragraphs (2) and (3), the word "actually" is omitted as surplus. In paragraph (4), the words "neither time on duty nor time off duty" are substituted for "time off duty" for clarity and consistency with the source provisions restated in 21104(b)(3) and (4) of the revised title. In paragraph (7), before clause (A), the words "between designated terminals" are omitted as surplus. The text of 45:61(b)(3)(E) is omitted as surplus because of the restatement.

In subsection (c), the words "A train employee on" are added for consistency in this section. The word "actual" is omitted as surplus.

The date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsecs. (a)(4)(B)(i) and (c)(1), is the date of enactment of div. A of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

**2008**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–432, §108(b)(1), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, a railroad carrier and its officers and agents may not require or allow a train employee to remain or go on duty—

"(1) unless that employee has had at least 8 consecutive hours off duty during the prior 24 hours; or

"(2) after that employee has been on duty for 12 consecutive hours, until that employee has had at least 10 consecutive hours off duty."

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 110–432, §108(b)(2), added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsec. (c) as (d).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 110–432, §108(b)(3), added subsec. (e).

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–432 effective 9 months after Oct. 16, 2008, see section 108(g) of Pub. L. 110–432, set out as a note under section 21101 of this title.

(a)

(1) for a period in excess of 12 consecutive hours; or

(2) unless that employee has had at least 10 consecutive hours off duty during the prior 24 hours.

(b)

(1) Time on duty begins when the employee reports for duty and ends when the employee is finally released from duty.

(2) Time spent performing any other service for the railroad carrier during a 24-hour period in which the employee is engaged in installing, repairing, or maintaining signal systems is time on duty.

(3) Time spent returning from a trouble call, whether the employee goes directly to the employee's residence or by way of the employee's headquarters, is neither time on duty nor time off duty.

(4) If, at the end of scheduled duty hours, an employee has not completed the trip from the final outlying worksite of the duty period to the employee's headquarters or directly to the employee's residence, the time after the scheduled duty hours necessarily spent in completing the trip to the residence or headquarters is neither time on duty nor time off duty.

(5) If an employee is released from duty at an outlying worksite before the end of the employee's scheduled duty hours to comply with this section, the time necessary for the trip from the worksite to the employee's headquarters or directly to the employee's residence is neither time on duty nor time off duty.

(6) Time spent in transportation on an ontrack vehicle, including time referred to in paragraphs (3)–(5) of this subsection, is time on duty.

(7) A regularly scheduled meal period or another release period of at least 30 minutes but not more than one hour is time off duty and does not break the continuity of service of the employee under this section, but a release period of more than one hour is time off duty and does break the continuity of service.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 889; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §108(c), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4862.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

21104(a) | 45:63a(a) (1st sentence). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, 34 Stat. 1415, §3A(a) (1st sentence), (b); added July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §4(d), 90 Stat. 819; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §16(4), 102 Stat. 635. |

45:63a(a) (2d–last sentences). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, 34 Stat. 1415, §3A(a) (2d–last sentences); added Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–574, §4(a), 92 Stat. 2459. | |

21104(b) | 45:63a(b). | |

45:63a(c). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, 34 Stat. 1415; §3A(c); added July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §4(d), 90 Stat. 819; restated Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–574, §4(b), 92 Stat. 2460. | |

21104(c) | 45:63a(f). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, 34 Stat. 1415, §3A(f); added July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §4(d), 90 Stat. 819. |


In this section, the words "signal employee" are substituted for "an individual employed by the railroad who is engaged in installing, repairing or maintaining signal systems" and "an individual described in paragraph (1)" in 45:63a(a), "individual" in 45:63a(b) and (c), and "individual engaged in installing, repairing, or maintaining signal systems" in 45:63a(f) because of the definition of "signal employee" in section 21101 of the revised title.

Subsection (a)(1) is substituted for 45:63a(a) (last sentence) for clarity and because of the restatement.

In subsection (a)(2), before clause (A), the words "Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section" are added to alert the reader to the exception restated in subsection (c). The text of 45:63a(a) (2d sentence) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words before paragraph (1) are added as related to 45:63a(c) and substituted for "In determining for the purposes of subsection (a) of this section the number of hours an individual is on duty" for clarity. In paragraph (2), the word "actually" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the word "actual" is omitted as surplus.

**2008**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–432, §108(c)(1), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a) which limited the amount of time spent on duty by signal employees.

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 110–432, §108(c)(2), substituted "duty." for "duty, except that up to one hour of that time spent returning from the final trouble call of a period of continuous or broken service is time off duty."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–432, §108(c)(3), inserted at end "A signal employee may not be allowed to remain or go on duty under the emergency authority provided under this subsection to conduct routine repairs, routine maintenance, or routine inspection of signal systems."

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 110–432, §108(c)(4), added subsecs. (d) and (e).

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–432 effective 9 months after Oct. 16, 2008, see section 108(g) of Pub. L. 110–432, set out as a note under section 21101 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) a total of 9 hours during a 24-hour period in a tower, office, station, or place at which at least 2 shifts are employed; or

(2) a total of 12 hours during a 24-hour period in a tower, office, station, or place at which only one shift is employed.

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 890.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

21105(a) | 45:62(d). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, §2(d), 34 Stat. 1416; restated Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91–169, §1, 83 Stat. 464. |

45:63a(e). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, 34 Stat. 1415, §3A(e); added July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §4(d), 90 Stat. 819. | |

21105(b) | 45:63(a). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, §3, 34 Stat. 1416; May 4, 1916, ch. 109, §1, 39 Stat. 61; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85–135, §2, 71 Stat. 352; restated Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91–169, §1, 83 Stat. 464; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §16(3), 102 Stat. 635. |

21105(c) | 45:63(b). | |

21105(d) | 45:63(c). |


In this section, the words "dispatching service employee" are substituted for "operator, train dispatcher, or other employee who by the use of the telegraph, telephone, radio, or any other electrical or mechanical device dispatches, reports, transmits, receives, or delivers orders pertaining to or affecting train movements" in 45:63(a), "employee . . . on duty in a class of service . . . described in paragraph (1) or (2) of such subsection" in 45:63(b), and "employees named in such subsection" in 45:63(c) because of the definition of "dispatching service employee" in section 21101 of the revised title.

In subsection (a), the words "This section applies, rather than section 21103 or 21104 of this title" are substituted for "The provisions of this section shall not apply" because of the restatement. The words "train employee" are substituted for "employee" in 45:62(d), and the words "signal employee" are substituted for "individual" in 45:63a(e), for consistency in this chapter and because of the definitions of "signal employee" and "train employee" in section 21101 of the revised title. The words "during any period of time the employee is performing duties of a dispatching service employee" are substituted for "during such period of time as the provisions of section 63 of this title apply to his duty and off-duty periods" in 45:62(d) and 63a(e) for clarity.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "a total of" are substituted for "whether consecutive or in the aggregate" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c), the words "a tower, office, station, or other place" are substituted for "a place, described in paragraph (1) or (2) of such subsection" for clarity.

In subsection (d), the words "When an emergency exists" are substituted for "in case of emergency" for consistency in this chapter.

(a)

(1) may provide sleeping quarters (including crew quarters, camp or bunk cars, and trailers) for employees, and any individuals employed to maintain the right of way of a railroad carrier, only if the sleeping quarters are clean, safe, and sanitary, give those employees and individuals an opportunity for rest free from the interruptions caused by noise under the control of the carrier, and provide indoor toilet facilities, potable water, and other features to protect the health of employees; and

(2) may not begin, after July 7, 1976, construction or reconstruction of sleeping quarters referred to in clause (1) of this section in an area or in the immediate vicinity of an area, as determined under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation, in which railroad switching or humping operations are performed.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 891; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title IV, §420, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4893.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

21106 | 45:62(a)(3), (4). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, 34 Stat. 1415, §2(a)(3), (4); added July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §4(a)(3), 90 Stat. 818; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §16(2), 102 Stat. 634. |

45:62(e). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, 34 Stat. 1415, §2(e); added June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §19(b)(1), 102 Stat. 638. | |

45:63a(d) (related to 45:62(a)(3)). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, 34 Stat. 1415, §3A(d) (related to §2(a)(3)); added July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §4(d), 90 Stat. 819; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §16(4), 102 Stat. 635. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "and any individuals employed to maintain the right of way of a railroad carrier" are substituted for 45:62(e) because of the restatement.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, in par. (1), substituted "sanitary, give those employees and individuals an opportunity for rest free from the interruptions caused by noise under the control of the carrier, and provide indoor toilet facilities, potable water, and other features to protect the health of employees;" for "sanitary and give those employees and individuals an opportunity for rest free from the interruptions caused by noise under the control of the carrier;", and added subsecs. (b) to (d).

The number of hours established by this chapter that an employee may be required or allowed to be on duty is the maximum number of hours consistent with safety. Shorter hours of service and time on duty of an employee are proper subjects for collective bargaining between a railroad carrier and its employees.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 891.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

21107 | 45:63a(d) (related to 45:64). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, 34 Stat. 1415, §3A(d) (related to §4); added July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §4(d), 90 Stat. 819; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §16(4), 102 Stat. 635. |

45:64. | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, §4, 34 Stat. 1417; restated Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91–169, §1, 83 Stat. 464; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §16(5), 102 Stat. 635. |


(a)

(1) a waiver of compliance with this chapter as in effect on the date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008; or

(2) a waiver of compliance with this chapter as it will be effective 9 months after the enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008,

to enable the establishment of one or more pilot projects to demonstrate the possible benefits of implementing alternatives to the strict application of the requirements of this chapter, including requirements concerning maximum on-duty and minimum off-duty periods.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1) explains and analyzes the effectiveness of any pilot project established pursuant to a waiver granted under subsection (a);

(2) describes the status of all other waivers granted under subsection (a) and their related pilot projects, if any; and

(3) recommends any appropriate legislative changes to this chapter.

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §203(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4619; amended Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §110, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4867.)

The date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of div. A of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432 amended section generally, revising and restating provisions of former subsec. (a) relating to waivers as subsecs. (a) to (c), provisions of former subsec. (b) relating to requirement of a report to Congress as subsec. (d), and provisions of former subsec. (c) defining "directly affected covered service employees" as subsec. (e).

(a)

(1) to reduce the maximum hours an employee may be required or allowed to go or remain on duty to a level less than the level established under this chapter;

(2) to increase the minimum hours an employee may be required or allowed to rest to a level greater than the level established under this chapter;

(3) to limit or eliminate the amount of time an employee spends waiting for deadhead transportation or in deadhead transportation from a duty assignment to the place of final release that is considered neither on duty nor off duty under this chapter;

(4) for signal employees—

(A) to limit or eliminate the amount of time that is considered to be neither on duty nor off duty under this chapter that an employee spends returning from an outlying worksite after scheduled duty hours or returning from a trouble call to the employee's headquarters or directly to the employee's residence; and

(B) to increase the amount of time that constitutes a release period, that does not break the continuity of service and is considered time off duty; and

(5) to require other changes to railroad operating and scheduling practices, including unscheduled duty calls, that could affect employee fatigue and railroad safety.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1) If the Secretary determines that regulations are necessary under subsection (a), the Secretary shall first request that the Railroad Safety Advisory Committee develop proposed regulations and, if the Committee accepts the task, provide the Committee with a reasonable time period in which to complete the task.

(2) If the Secretary requests that the Railroad Safety Advisory Committee accept the task of developing regulations under subsection (b) and the Committee accepts the task, the Committee shall reach consensus on the rulemaking within 18 months after accepting the task. If the Committee does not reach consensus within 18 months after the Secretary makes the request, the Secretary shall prescribe appropriate regulations within 18 months.

(3) If the Secretary does not request that the Railroad Safety Advisory Committee accept the task of developing regulations under subsection (b), the Secretary shall prescribe regulations within 3 years after the date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008.

(e)

(1)

(A) A pilot project at a railroad or railroad facility to evaluate the efficacy of communicating to employees notice of their assigned shift time 10 hours prior to the beginning of their assigned shift as a method for reducing employee fatigue.

(B) A pilot project at a railroad or railroad facility to evaluate the efficacy of requiring railroads who use employee scheduling practices that subject employees to periods of unscheduled duty calls to assign employees to defined or specific unscheduled call shifts that are followed by shifts not subject to call, as a method for reducing employee fatigue.

(2)

(f)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §108(e)(1), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4864.)

The date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsecs. (b), (d)(3), and (e)(1), is the date of enactment of div. A of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22408, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 739, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) the status of such pilot programs;

"(2) actions that the Federal Railroad Administration has taken to commence the pilot programs, including efforts to recruit participant railroads;

"(3) any challenges impacting the commencement of the pilot programs; and

"(4) any other details associated with the development of the pilot programs that affect progress toward meeting the mandate under such section 21109(e)(1)."



(a)

(2) The Secretary shall include in, or make applicable to, each regulation prescribed and order issued under chapter 201 of this title a civil penalty for a violation. The Secretary shall impose a civil penalty for a violation of section 20160 of this title. The amount of the penalty shall be at least $500 but not more than $25,000. However, when a grossly negligent violation or a pattern of repeated violations has caused an imminent hazard of death or injury to individuals, or has caused death or injury, the amount may be not more than $100,000.

(3) The Secretary may find that a person has violated this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order, special permit, or approval issued under this chapter only after notice and an opportunity for a hearing. The Secretary shall impose a penalty under this section by giving the person written notice of the amount of the penalty. The Secretary may compromise the amount of a civil penalty by settlement agreement without issuance of an order. In determining the amount of a compromise, the Secretary shall consider—

(A) the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation;

(B) with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of violations, the ability to pay, and any effect on the ability to continue to do business; and

(C) other matters that justice requires.

(4) The Attorney General may bring a civil action in an appropriate district court of the United States to collect a civil penalty imposed or compromise under this section and any accrued interest on the civil penalty. In the civil action, the amount and appropriateness of the civil penalty shall not be subject to review.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 891; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(53), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title II, §204(d), title III, §302(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4871, 4878; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22418, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 749.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

21301(a)(1) | 45:438(a). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §209(a), 84 Stat. 975; restated Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §706, 96 Stat. 2581; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §3(a)(1), 102 Stat. 624; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §9(a)(1), 106 Stat. 977. |

45:438(c) (1st, 3d sentences). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §209(c) (1st, 3d, 5th–8th sentences), 84 Stat. 975; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §3(a)(3)(A), (C), 102 Stat. 624; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §4(c)(1), 106 Stat. 974. | |

21301(a)(2) | 45:438(b) (related to rules, regulations, orders, or standards issued under this subchapter). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §209(b) (related to rules, regulations, orders, or standards issued under this title), 84 Stat. 975; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §204(a), 88 Stat. 2165; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §3(a)(2), 102 Stat. 624; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §4(a)(1), 106 Stat. 973. |

21301(a)(3) | 45:438(c) (5th, 6th sentences). | |

21301(b) | 45:438(c) (7th sentence). | |

21301(c) | 45:438(c) (8th sentence). |


In subsection (a), the words "impose" and "imposed" are substituted for "assessed", for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(1), the first 2 sentences are substituted for 45:438(a) and (c) (1st sentence) for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "(including but not limited to a railroad; any manager, supervisor, official, or other employee or agent of a railroad; any owner, manufacturer, lessor, or lessee of railroad equipment, track, or facilities; any independent contractor providing goods or services to a railroad; and any employee of such owner, manufacturer, lessor, lessee, or independent contractor)" are omitted as surplus because of the definition of "person" in 1:1 and because the provision being violated indicates to whom it applies. The word "shall" in 45:438(c) (1st sentence) is retained from the source provisions. For a discussion of whether the authority of the Secretary of Transportation to impose a penalty is mandatory or permissive, see *Railway Labor Executives' Ass'n* v. *Dole*, 760 F.2d 1021, 1024, 1025 (9th Cir. 1985); H.R. Conf. Rept. No. 100–637, 100th Cong., 2d Sess., p. 20; 134 Cong. Rec. H3470, May 23, 1988 (daily ed.); 134 Cong. Rec. S7510, June 9, 1988 (daily ed.). See also 134 Cong. Rec. E1946, June 10, 1988 (daily ed.). For an extended discussion of FRA's prosecutorial discretion, see *Nationwide Rail Safety: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Transportation, Tourism, and Hazardous Materials of the House Energy and Commerce Committee*, 100th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 54–65 (1987). See also section 6 of this bill that provides that this bill restates, without substantive change, the provisions of law replaced by this bill, and that this bill may not be construed as making a substantive change in the law restated. Therefore, the word "shall" in this subsection has the same meaning it has under existing law. The words "A separate violation" are substituted for "a separate offense" for consistency.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "may compromise the amount . . . to not less than $500" are substituted for "may, however, be compromised . . . for any amount, but in no event for an amount less than the minimum provided in subsection (b) of this section" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the words "prior or subsequent" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (c), the words "deposited in" are substituted for "covered into" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

This amends 49:21301(a)(1) to clarify the restatement of 45:438(a) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 891).

**2021**—Subsec. (a)(3), (4). Pub. L. 117–58 added pars. (3) and (4) and struck out former par. (3). Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: "The Secretary may compromise the amount of a civil penalty imposed under this subsection to not less than $500 before referring the matter to the Attorney General for collection. In determining the amount of a compromise, the Secretary shall consider—

"(A) the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation;

"(B) with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of violations, the ability to pay, and any effect on the ability to continue to do business; and

"(C) other matters that justice requires."

**2008**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 110–432, §204(d)(1), inserted "with section 20160 or" after "comply" and "section 20160 of this title or" after "violating".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 110–432, §302(a), substituted "$25,000." for "$10,000." and "$100,000." for "$20,000."

Pub. L. 110–432, §204(d)(2), inserted "The Secretary shall impose a civil penalty for a violation of section 20160 of this title." after first sentence.

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(53)(B), substituted "Secretary under chapter 201 is liable" for "Secretary of Transportation under chapter 201 of this title is liable".

Pub. L. 104–287, §5(53)(A), inserted "A person may not fail to comply with a regulation prescribed or order issued by the Secretary of Transportation under chapter 201 of this title." before "Subject to".

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

(a)

(2) The Secretary of Transportation imposes a civil penalty under this subsection. The amount of the penalty shall be at least $500 but not more than $25,000. However, when a grossly negligent violation or a pattern of repeated violations has caused an imminent hazard of death or injury to individuals, or has caused death or injury, the amount may be not more than $100,000.

(3) The Secretary may compromise the amount of the civil penalty under section 3711 of title 31. In determining the amount of a compromise, the Secretary shall consider—

(A) the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation;

(B) with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of violations, the ability to pay, and any effect on the ability to continue to do business; and

(C) other matters that justice requires.

(4) If the Secretary does not compromise the amount of the civil penalty, the Secretary shall refer the matter to the Attorney General for collection.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 892; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title III, §302(b), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4878.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

21302 | 45:6 (1st sentence words before 23d comma and between 24th comma and proviso, 2d sentence words before 2d comma, last sentence). | Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, §6 (1st sentence words before 23d comma and between 24th comma and proviso, 2d sentence words before 2d comma, last sentence), 27 Stat. 532; restated Apr. 1, 1896, ch. 87, 29 Stat. 85; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85–135, §1(1), 71 Stat. 352; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §3(a), 90 Stat. 818; Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–574, §7(a), 92 Stat. 2461; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §8(b), 94 Stat. 1814; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §13(1)(F), 102 Stat. 630; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §§4(a)(1), (c)(3), 9(a)(3), 106 Stat. 973, 974, 977. |

45:8 (words before 16th comma). | Mar. 2, 1903, ch. 976, §1 (words before 23d comma), 32 Stat. 943; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §13(2)(A), 102 Stat. 631. | |

45:9 (last sentence). | Mar. 2, 1903, ch. 976, 32 Stat. 943, §2 (last sentence); added Apr. 11, 1958, Pub. L. 85–375, §1(b)(3), 72 Stat. 86. | |

45:10 (words after 19th comma). | Mar. 2, 1903, ch. 976, §3 (last sentence words after semicolon), 32 Stat. 944. | |

45:12 (1st sentence words after semicolon). | Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, §3 (1st sentence words between semicolon and proviso), 36 Stat. 298. | |

45:13 (1st sentence words before last comma, 2d sentence words before proviso, last sentence). | Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, §4 (1st sentence words before last comma, 2d sentence words before proviso, last sentence), 36 Stat. 299; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85–135, §1(2), 71 Stat. 352; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §3(b), 90 Stat. 818; Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–574, §7(b), 92 Stat. 2461; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §13(3) (C)(i)–(iv), 102 Stat. 632; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §§4(a)(1), (c)(4), 9(a)(5), 106 Stat. 973, 974, 978. | |

45:14 (words after semicolon). | Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, §5 (words after semicolon), 36 Stat. 299. | |

45:30 (1st sentence related to 45:34). | Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 169, §2 (1st sentence related to §9 of Act of Feb. 17, 1911), 38 Stat. 1192; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, §2, 54 Stat. 148; Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, eff. July 27, 1965, 79 Stat. 1320. | |

45:34 (1st sentence words before last comma, 2d, last sentences). | Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, §9 (1st sentence words before last comma, 2d, last sentences), 36 Stat. 916; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, §1 (related to §9 of Act of Feb. 17, 1911), 54 Stat. 148; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85–135, §3, 71 Stat. 352; Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, eff. July 27, 1965, 79 Stat. 1320; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §3(c), 90 Stat. 818; Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–574, §7(c), 92 Stat. 2461; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §8(c), 94 Stat. 1814; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §14(7)(A), 102 Stat. 633; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L,. 102–365, §§4(a)(1), (c)(7), 9(a)(8), 106 Stat. 973, 975, 978. | |

45:43 (1st sentence words before last comma, 2d sentence, 3d sentence words before 5th comma, last sentence). | May 6, 1910, ch. 208, §7 (1st sentence words before last comma, 2d sentence, 3d sentence words before 5th comma, last sentence), 36 Stat. 351; Sept. 13, 1960, Pub. L. 86–762, §3, 74 Stat. 904; restated June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §15(4), 102 Stat. 634; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §§4(a)(1), (c)(5), 9(a)(6), 106 Stat. 973, 974, 978. | |

45:438(b) (related to 45:39). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §209(b) (related to §2 of Act of May 6, 1910), 84 Stat. 975; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §204(a), 88 Stat. 2165; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §3(a)(2), 102 Stat. 624; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §4(a)(1), 106 Stat. 973. | |

49 App.:26(h) (1st sentence words before last comma, 2d, 3d sentences, 4th sentence words before last comma, last sentence). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §25(h) (1st sentence words before last comma, 2d, 3d sentences, 4th sentence words before last comma, last sentence); added Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, §441, 41 Stat. 498; restated Aug. 26, 1937, ch. 818, 50 Stat. 837; Sept. 18, 1940, ch. 722, §14(b), 54 Stat. 919; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §3(d), 90 Stat 818; Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–574, §7(d), 92 Stat. 2461; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §8(d), 94 Stat. 1814; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §17(7), (8), 102 Stat. 636; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §§4(a)(1), (c)(6), 9(a)(7), 106 Stat. 973, 974, 978. | |

49 App.:1655(e)(1)(A), (C), (E)–(G), (K), (6)(A). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(e)(1)(A), (C), (E)–(G), (K), (6)(A), 80 Stat. 939. |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "(including but not limited to a railroad; any manager, supervisor, official, or other employee or agent of a railroad; any owner, manufacturer, lessor, or lessee of railroad equipment, track, or facilities; any independent contractor providing goods or services to a railroad; and any employee of such owner, manufacturer, lessor, lessee, or independent contractor)" are omitted as surplus because of the definition of "person" in 1:1 and because the provision being violated indicates to whom it applies. The words "violating a regulation prescribed or order issued under chapter 201 of this title related to accident and incident reporting or investigation" are substituted for "violating . . . any rule, regulation, order, or standard issued under . . . the Federal Railroad Safety Act of 1970 [45 U.S.C. 431 et seq.] pertaining to accident reporting or investigations" in 45:43, and the words "violating chapters 203–209 of this title or a regulation or requirement prescribed or order issued under chapters 203–209" are substituted for various language in the source provisions, for clarity, for consistency in this section, and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty" are substituted for "liable to a penalty" for clarity. The text of 45:438(b) (related to 45:39) is omitted as covered by 45:43.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "The Secretary of Transportation imposes a civil penalty under this subsection" are substituted for "to be assessed by the Secretary of Transportation" in 45:6, "Such penalty shall be assessed by the Secretary of Transportation" in 45:13, the text of 45:10 (words after 7th comma) and 14 (words after semicolon), and "in such amount . . . as the Secretary of Transportation deems reasonable" in 45:34 and 43 and 49 App.:26(h) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "per violation" are omitted as surplus.

In subsections (a)(3) and (b), the words "Attorney General" are substituted for "United States attorney", "such attorneys, subject to the direction of the Attorney General", "proper United States attorney" and "proper United States attorneys" because of 28:509.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "section 3711 of title 31" are substituted for "the Federal Claims Collection Act of 1966" and "sections 3711 and 3716 to 3718 of title 31" because the Federal Claims Collection Act of 1966 has been repealed and reenacted as part of title 31 and penalties are compromised under 31:3711. In clause (B), the words "prior or subsequent" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (a)(4), the words "the Secretary shall refer the matter to the Attorney General for collection" are substituted for "recovered in a suit or suits to be brought by" for clarity. The words "and it shall also be the duty of the Secretary of Transportation to lodge with . . . information of any such violations as may come to his knowledge" and "and it shall be the duty of the director of locomotive inspection to give information . . . of all violations coming to his knowledge" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (b), the words "The Attorney General shall bring a civil action in a district court of the United States to collect a civil penalty that is referred to the Attorney General for collection under subsection (a) of this section" are substituted for "and it shall be the duty of such United States attorney to bring such suits upon duly verified information being lodged with him of such violation having occurred" in 45:6, and for "It shall be the duty of such attorneys to bring such suits upon duly verified information being lodged with them showing such violations having occurred" in 49 App.:26, for clarity and consistency in this section and with other provisions of the revised title.

**2008**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 110–432 substituted "$25,000." for "$10,000." and "$100,000." for "$20,000."

(a)

(2) The Secretary of Transportation imposes a civil penalty under this subsection. The amount of the penalty shall be at least $500 but not more than $25,000. However, when a grossly negligent violation or a pattern of repeated violations has caused an imminent hazard of death or injury to individuals, or has caused death or injury, the amount may be not more than $100,000.

(3) The Secretary may compromise the amount of the civil penalty under section 3711 of title 31. In determining the amount of a compromise, the Secretary shall consider—

(A) the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation;

(B) with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of violations, the ability to pay, and any effect on the ability to continue to do business; and

(C) other matters that justice requires.

(4) If the Secretary does not compromise the amount of the civil penalty, the Secretary shall refer the matter to the Attorney General for collection.

(b)

(2) A civil action under this subsection must be brought not later than 2 years after the date of the violation unless administrative notification under section 3711 of title 31 is given within that 2-year period to the person committing the violation. However, even if notification is given, the action must be brought within the period specified in section 2462 of title 28.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 892; Pub. L. 103–440, title II, §204, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4620; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(54), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title I, §108(e)(2)(B), title III, §302(c), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4866, 4878.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

21303 | 45:63a(d) (related to 45:64a). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, 34 Stat. 1415, §3A(d) (related to §5); added July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §4(d), 90 Stat. 819; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §16(4), 102 Stat. 635. |

45:64a(a)(1) (1st sentence words before last comma, 2d–4th sentences, 5th sentence words before last comma, last sentence). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, §5(a)(1) (1st sentence words before last comma, 2d–4th sentences, 5th sentence words before last comma, last sentence), 34 Stat. 1417; Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91–169, §1, 83 Stat. 464; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §4(e), 90 Stat. 819; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §12, 94 Stat. 1816; restated June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §16(6)(A), 102 Stat. 635; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L,. 102–365, §§4(a)(2), (c)(2), 9(a)(2), 106 Stat. 973, 974, 977. | |

45:64a(a)(2). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, §5(a)(2), 34 Stat. 1417; Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91–169, §1, 83 Stat. 464; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, §4(e), 90 Stat. 819; restated Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §12, 94 Stat. 1816; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §16(6)(B), 102 Stat. 635. | |

45:64a(b). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, §5(b), 34 Stat. 1417; restated Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91–169, §1, 83 Stat. 464. | |

45:64a(c). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, §5(c), 34 Stat. 1417; restated Dec. 26, 1969, Pub. L. 91–169, §1, 83 Stat. 464; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §16(6)(C), 102 Stat. 635. |


In this section, the words "Attorney General" are substituted for "United States attorney" because of 28:509. The words "civil action" are substituted for "suit or suits", "action", and "prosecutions" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.).

In subsection (a)(1), the words "(including but not limited to a railroad; any manager, supervisor, official, or other employee or agent of a railroad; any owner, manufacturer, lessor, or lessee of railroad equipment, track, or facilities; any independent contractor providing goods or services to a railroad; and any employee of such owner, manufacturer, lessor, lessee, or independent contractor)" are omitted as surplus because of the definition of "person" in 1:1 and because the provision being violated indicates to whom it applies. The words "violating chapter 211 of this title" are substituted for "that requires or permits any employee to go, be, or remain on duty in violation of section 62, section 63, or section 63a of this title, or that violates any other provision of this chapter" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "to the United States Government for a civil penalty" are substituted for "for a penalty" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "The Secretary of Transportation imposes a civil penalty under this subsection" are substituted for "as the Secretary of Transportation deems reasonable" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "section 3711 of title 31" are substituted for "sections 3711 and 3716 to 3718 of title 31" because penalties are compromised under 31:3711. In clause (B), the words "prior or subsequent" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (a)(4), the words "the Secretary shall refer the matter to the Attorney General for collection" are substituted for "recovered in a suit or suits to be brought by" for clarity. The text of 45:64a(b) is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "The Attorney General shall bring a civil action in a district court of the United States to collect a civil penalty that is referred to the Attorney General for collection under subsection (a) of this section after satisfactory information is presented to the Attorney General" are substituted for "It shall be the duty of the United States attorney to bring such an action upon satisfactory information being lodged with him" for clarity and consistency in this section and with other provisions of the revised title.

In subsection (c), the words "any proceeding" are substituted for "all prosecutions" for consistency in the revised title.

This amends 49:21303(a)(1) to correct a grammatical error.

The date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is the date of enactment of div. A of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

**2008**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 110–432, §108(e)(2)(B), inserted "including section 21103 (as such section was in effect on the day before the date of enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008)," after "chapter 211 of this title,".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 110–432, §302(c), substituted "$25,000." for "$10,000." and "$100,000." for "$20,000."

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–287 inserted a comma after "chapter 211 of this title".

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–440 inserted "or violating any provision of a waiver applicable to that person that has been granted under section 21108 of this title," after "chapter 211 of this title".

A civil penalty under this subchapter may be imposed against an individual only for a willful violation. An individual is deemed not to have committed a willful violation if the individual was following the direct order of a railroad carrier official or supervisor under protest communicated to the official or supervisor. The individual is entitled to document the protest.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 893.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

21304 | 45:6 (1st sentence words between 23d and 24th commas, 2d sentence words after 2d comma, 3d sentence). | Mar. 2, 1893, ch. 196, §6 (1st sentence words between 23d and 24th commas, 2d sentence words after 2d comma, 3d sentence), 27 Stat. 532; restated June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §13(1)(F), 102 Stat. 630; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §9(a)(3), 106 Stat. 977. |

45:13 (1st sentence words after last comma, 3d, 4th sentences). | Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, §4 (1st sentence words after last comma, 3d, 4th sentences), 36 Stat. 299; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §13(3)(C)(iii), (v), 102 Stat. 632. | |

45:34 (1st sentence words after last comma, 3d, 4th sentences). | Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, §9 (1st sentence words after last comma, 3d, 4th sentences), 36 Stat. 916; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §14(7), 102 Stat. 633. | |

45:43 (1st sentence words after last comma, 3d sentence words after 5th comma, 4th sentence). | May 6, 1910, ch. 208, §7 (1st sentence words after last comma, 3d sentence words after 5th comma, 4th sentence), 36 Stat. 351; Sept. 13, 1960, Pub. L. 86–762, §3, 74 Stat. 904; restated June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §15(4), 102 Stat. 634. | |

45:64a(a)(1) (1st sentence words after last comma, 5th sentence words after last comma, 6th sentence). | Mar. 4, 1907, ch. 2939, §5(a)(1) (1st sentence words after last comma, 5th sentence words after last comma, 6th sentence), 34 Stat. 1417; restated June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §16(6)(A), 102 Stat. 635. | |

45:438(c) (2d, 9th, last sentences). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, §209(c) (2d, 8th, last sentences), 84 Stat. 975; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §3(a)(3)(A), (C), 102 Stat. 624; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §4(c)(1), 106 Stat. 974. | |

49 App.:26(h) (1st sentence words after last comma, 4th sentence words after last comma, 5th sentence). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §25(h) (1st sentence words after last comma, 4th sentence words after last comma, 5th sentence); added Feb. 28, 1920, ch. 91, §441, 41 Stat. 498; restated Aug. 26, 1937, ch. 818, 50 Stat. 837; Sept. 18, 1940, ch. 722, §14(b), 54 Stat. 919; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §17(7), 102 Stat. 636. |


The word "official" is added the 2d time it appears for consistency in this section.

(a)

(1) makes a false entry in a record or report required to be made or preserved under chapter 201 of this title;

(2) destroys, mutilates, changes, or by another means falsifies such a record or report;

(3) does not enter required specified facts and transactions in such a record or report;

(4) makes or preserves such a record or report in violation of a regulation prescribed or order issued under chapter 201 of this title; or

(5) files a false record or report with the Secretary of Transportation.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 893; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title III, §310, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4882.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

21311(a) | 45:438(e). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §209(e); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, §7, 94 Stat. 1814. |

21311(b) | 45:39 (related to fine). | May 6, 1910, ch. 208, §2 (related to fine), 36 Stat. 351; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §204(b), 88 Stat. 2166; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §15(2), 102 Stat. 634; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §4(a)(3), 106 Stat. 973. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "fined not more than $5,000" for consistency with title 18. In clause (1), the word "prepared" is omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the word "prepares" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor" are omitted for consistency with title 18. The words "upon conviction thereof by a court of competent jurisdiction" and "punished by a" are omitted as surplus.

**2008**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–432 amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "A railroad carrier not filing the report required by section 20901 of this title shall be fined not more than $500 for each violation and not more than $500 for each day during which the report is overdue."


**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11301(c)(4), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1648, struck out item 22108 "Authorization of appropriations".

(a)

(1) acquiring, in any way the State considers appropriate, an interest in a rail line or rail property to maintain existing, or to provide future, rail freight transportation, but only if the Surface Transportation Board has authorized, or exempted from the requirements of that authorization, the abandonment of, or the discontinuance of rail transportation on, the rail line related to the project;

(2) improving and rehabilitating rail property on a rail line to the extent necessary to allow adequate and efficient rail freight transportation on the line, but only if the rail carrier certifies that the rail line related to the project carried not more than 5,000,000 gross ton-miles of freight a mile in the prior year; and

(3) building rail or rail-related facilities (including new connections between at least 2 existing rail lines, intermodal freight terminals, sidings, bridges, and relocation of existing lines) to improve the quality and efficiency of the rail freight transportation, but only if the rail carrier certifies that the rail line related to the project carried not more than 5,000,000 gross ton-miles of freight a mile in the prior year.

(b)

(c)

(A) a rail carrier certifies that the rail line related to the project carried more than 20 carloads a mile during the most recent year during which transportation was provided by the carrier on the line; and

(B) the ratio of benefits to costs for the project, as calculated using the methodology established under subsection (b) of this section, is more than 1.0.

(2) If the rail carrier that provided the transportation on the rail line is no longer in existence, the applicant for the project shall provide the information required by the certification under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection in the way the Secretary prescribes.

(3) The Secretary may waive the requirement of paragraph (1)(A) or (2) of this subsection if the Secretary—

(A) decides that the rail line has contractual guarantees of at least 40 carloads a mile for each of the first 2 years of operation of the proposed project; and

(B) finds that there is a reasonable expectation that the contractual guarantees will be fulfilled.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 894; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(f)(1), (2), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 947.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

22101(a) | 49 App.:1654(b). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §5(b), (c), (n)–(p); added Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §803, 90 Stat. 130; Nov. 8, 1978, Pub. L. 95–607, §§102– 106(a), 107–109(a), 92 Stat. 3059, 3062; Oct. 12, 1979, Pub. L. 96–86, §115(b), 93 Stat. 662; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §§1191, 1192, 95 Stat. 699; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §501, 96 Stat. 2551; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4018, 100 Stat. 111; restated Dec. 11, 1989, Pub. L. 101–213, §2(a), (c), 103 Stat. 1843, 1844, 1848. |

49 App.:1654(p). | ||

22101(b) | 49 App.:1654(n). | |

22101(c) | 49 App.:1654(c). | |

22101(d) | 49 App.:1654(o). |


In this chapter, the word "transportation" is substituted for "service" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "when a rail carrier . . . maintains a rail line in the State" are substituted for "As used in this section, the term 'State' means any State in which a rail carrier providing transportation . . . maintains any line of railroad" because of the restatement. The words "the jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission" are omitted as unnecessary because of 49:ch. 105. In clause (1), the words "by purchase, lease" are omitted as being included in "in any way the State considers appropriate" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), the words "no later than July 1, 1990" are omitted as executed.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "Assistance for a project shall be provided under this chapter only if" are substituted for "No project shall be provided rail freight assistance under this section unless" because of the restatement.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "If the rail carrier that provided the transportation on the rail line" are substituted for "In a case where the railroad", and the words "information required by the certification under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection" are substituted for "such information", for clarity.

**1995**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–88 substituted "part A of subtitle IV" for "subchapter I of chapter 105" in introductory provisions and "Surface Transportation Board" for "Interstate Commerce Commission" in par. (1).

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

A State is eligible to receive financial assistance under this chapter only when the State complies with regulations the Secretary of Transportation prescribes under this chapter and the Secretary decides that—

(1) the State has an adequate plan for rail transportation in the State and a suitable process for updating, revising, and modifying the plan;

(2) the State plan is administered or coordinated by a designated State authority and provides for a fair distribution of resources;

(3) the State authority—

(A) is authorized to develop, promote, supervise, and support safe, adequate, and efficient rail transportation;

(B) employs or will employ sufficient qualified and trained personnel;

(C) maintains or will maintain adequate programs of investigation, research, promotion, and development with opportunity for public participation; and

(D) is designated and directed to take all practicable steps (by itself or with other State authorities) to improve rail transportation safety and reduce energy use and pollution related to transportation; and

(4) the State has ensured that it maintains or will maintain adequate procedures for financial control, accounting, and performance evaluation for the proper use of assistance provided by the United States Government.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 895.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

22102 | 49 App.:1654(a). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §5(a); added Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §803, 90 Stat. 130; Nov. 8, 1978, Pub. L. 95–607, §§102–106(a), 107–109(a), 92 Stat. 3059, 3062; Oct. 12, 1979, Pub. L. 96–86, §115(b), 93 Stat. 662; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §§1191, 1192, 95 Stat. 699; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §501, 96 Stat. 2551; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4018, 100 Stat. 111; restated Dec. 11, 1989, Pub. L. 101–213, §2(a), (c), 103 Stat. 1843, 1844. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "and the Secretary decides that" are substituted for "and the Secretary determines that such State meets or exceeds the requirements of paragraphs (1) through (4) of this subsection" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clauses (2) and (3), the word "authority" is substituted for "agency" for consistency in the revised title. In clause (2), the word "fair" is substituted for "equitable" for consistency in the revised title. In clause (3)(A), the words "is authorized" are substituted for "has authority and administrative jurisdiction" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (3)(B), the words "directly or indirectly" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the word "adopt" is omitted as being included in "maintain".

(a)

(b)

(1) the percentage of rail lines that rail carriers have identified to the Surface Transportation Board for abandonment or potential abandonment in the State.

(2) the likelihood of future abandonments in the State.

(3) the ratio of benefits to costs for a proposed project calculated using the methodology established under section 22101(b) of this title.

(4) the likelihood that the rail line will continue operating with assistance.

(5) the impact of rail bankruptcies, rail restructuring, and rail mergers on the State.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 896; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(f)(3), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 947.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

22103(a) | 49 App.:1654(f) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §5(f); added Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §803, 90 Stat. 130; Nov. 8, 1978, Pub. L. 95–607, §§102–106(a), 107–109(a), 92 Stat. 3059, 3062; Oct. 12, 1979, Pub. L. 96–86, §115(b), 93 Stat. 662; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §§1191, 1192, 95 Stat. 699; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §501, 96 Stat. 2551; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4018, 100 Stat. 111; restated Dec. 11, 1989, Pub. L. 101–213, §2(a), (c), 103 Stat. 1843, 1846. |

22103(b) | 49 App.:1654(f) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), the words "under this chapter" are added for clarity. The words "a law" are substituted for "legislation" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (b)(3), the words "established by the Secretary" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(5), the words "applying for assistance" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

**1995**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104–88 substituted "Surface Transportation Board" for "Interstate Commerce Commission".

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

(a) 1 of this title during that fiscal year to be used—

(1) to establish, update, revise, and modify the State plan required by section 22102 of this title; or

(2) to carry out projects described in section 22101(a)(1), (2), or (3) of this title, as designated by the State, if those projects meet the requirements of section 22101(c)(1)(B) of this title.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 896.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

22104(a) | 49 App.:1654(g) (1st sentence). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §5(g); added Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §803, 90 Stat. 130; Nov. 8, 1978, Pub. L. 95–607, §§102–106(a), 107–109(a), 92 Stat. 3059, 3062; Oct. 12, 1979, Pub. L. 96–86, §115(b), 93 Stat. 662; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §§1191, 1192, 95 Stat. 699; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §501, 96 Stat. 2551; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4018, 100 Stat. 111; restated Dec. 11, 1989, Pub. L. 101–213, §2(a), (c), 103 Stat. 1843, 1846. |

22104(b) | 49 App.:1654(g) (2d, 3d sentences). | |

22104(c) | 49 App.:1654(g) (4th, last sentences). |


In subsection (a)(1), the word "modify" is added for consistency with 49 App.:1654(a), restated in section 22102 of the revised title.

In subsection (b), the words "not later than the first day of the fiscal year for which the amounts are available" are substituted for "on or before the first day of the fiscal year" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the word "timely" is omitted as unnecessary. The words "the first 3 months after the end of the fiscal year for which the amounts were made available" are substituted for "the expiration of the period described in the previous sentence" for clarity.

Section 22108 of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was repealed by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11301(c)(4), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1648.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(A) forgiveness of taxes imposed on a rail carrier or its property.

(B) real and tangible personal property (provided by the State or a person for the State) necessary for the safe and efficient operation of rail freight transportation.

(C) track rights secured by the State for a rail carrier.

(D) the cash equivalent of State salaries for State employees working on the State project, except overhead and general administrative costs.

(2) A State may pay more than its required percentage share of the costs of a project under this chapter. When a State, or a person acting for a State, pays more than the State share of the costs of its projects during a fiscal year, the excess amount shall be applied to the State share for the costs of the State projects for later fiscal years.

(b)

(1) the project will benefit each State making the agreement; and

(2) the agreement is not a violation of State law.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 897.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

22105(a) | 49 App.:1654(e). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §5(e), (j); added Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §803, 90 Stat. 130; Nov. 8, 1978, Pub. L. 95–607, §§102–106(a), 107– 109(a), 92 Stat. 3059, 3062; Oct. 12, 1979, Pub. L. 96–86, §115(b), 93 Stat. 662; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §§1191, 1192, 95 Stat. 699; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §501, 96 Stat. 2551; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4018, 100 Stat. 111; restated Dec. 11, 1989, Pub. L. 101–213, §2(a), (c), 103 Stat. 1843, 1845, 1847. |

22105(b) | 49 App.:1654(j). |


In this section, the words "project" and "projects" are substituted for "program" for clarity and consistency in this section.

In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "financial assistance for a project under this chapter" are substituted for "rail freight assistance project" for clarity and consistency in this chapter. In clause (B), the words "for use in its rail freight assistance program" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. In clause (D), the words "State employees" are substituted for "State public employees" to eliminate an unnecessary word.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "States may agree" are substituted for "Two or more States . . . enter into an agreement" to eliminate unnecessary words.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 897; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(55), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title VII, §701(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4905; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(k), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1678.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

22106(a) | 49 App.:1654(d)(1), (2). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §5(d), (i); added Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §803, 90 Stat. 130; Nov. 8, 1978, Pub. L. 95–607, §§102–106(a), 107– 109(a), 92 Stat. 3059, 3062; Oct. 12, 1979, Pub. L. 96–86, §115(b), 93 Stat. 662; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §§1191, 1192, 95 Stat. 699; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §501, 96 Stat. 2551; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4018, 100 Stat. 111; restated Dec. 11, 1989, Pub. L. 101–213, §2(a), (c), 103 Stat. 1843, 1845, 1847. |

22106(b) | 49 App.:1654(d)(3) (1st, 2d sentences). | |

22106(c) | 49 App.:1654(d)(3) (3d, last sentences). | |

22106(d) | 49 App.:1654(d)(4). | |

22106(e) | 49 App.:1654(i). |


In subsection (a), the words "financial assistance for projects under this chapter" are substituted for "assistance provided under subsection (b) of this section" for clarity. The words "rail carrier providing rail transportation" are substituted for "operator of rail service" for consistency in the revised title. The word "conditions" is omitted as being included in "terms". The words "Secretary of the Treasury" are substituted for "Department of the Treasury" because of 31:301(b).

In subsection (b), the words "in the same manner and under the same conditions as if they were originally granted to the State by the Secretary" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (e)(2), the words "assistance under this chapter" are substituted for "Federal assistance" for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

This amends 49:22106(b) to clarify the restatement of 49 App.:1654(d)(3) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 897).

**2015**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–94 substituted "interest thereon" for "interest thereof".

**2008**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–432, §701(a)(1), struck out last sentence which read as follows: "The State shall decide on the financial terms of the grant or loan, except that the time for making grant advances shall comply with regulations of the Secretary of the Treasury."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–432, §701(a)(2), added subsec. (b) and struck out former subsec. (b). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The State shall place the United States Government's share of money that is repaid in an interest-bearing account. However, the Secretary of Transportation may allow a borrower to place that money, for the benefit of the State, in a bank designated by the Secretary of the Treasury under section 10 of the Act of June 11, 1942 (12 U.S.C. 265). The State shall use the money and accumulated interest to make other grants and loans under this chapter in the same manner and under the same conditions as if they were originally granted to the State by the Secretary of Transportation."

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 110–432, §701(a)(3), redesignated subsec. (d) as (c) and struck out former subsec. (c). Text of former subsec. (c) read as follows: "The State may pay the Secretary of Transportation the Government's share of unused money and accumulated interest at any time. However, the State must pay the unused money and accumulated interest to the Secretary when the State ends its participation under this chapter."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 110–432, §701(a)(3), struck out subsec. (e). Text read as follows: "Each State shall retain a contingent interest (redeemable preference shares) for the Government's share of amounts in a rail line receiving assistance under this chapter. The State may collect its share of the amounts used for the rail line if—

"(1) an application for abandonment of the rail line is filed under chapter 109 of this title; or

"(2) the rail line is sold or disposed of after it has received assistance under this chapter."

**1996**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–287 inserted "in the same manner and under the same conditions as if they were originally granted to the State by the Secretary of Transportation" after "under this chapter".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

(a)

(1) the amount of, and disposition by the recipient, of the assistance;

(2) the total costs of the project for which the assistance was given or used;

(3) the amount of that part of the costs of the project paid by other sources; and

(4) any other records that will make an effective audit easier.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 898; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(f)(4), (5), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 947; Pub. L. 104–316, title I, §127(c), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3840.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

22107(a) | 49 App.:1654(k)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931, §5(k)–(m); added Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §803, 90 Stat. 130; Nov. 8, 1978, Pub. L. 95–607, §§102–106(a), 107– 109(a), 92 Stat. 3059, 3062; Oct. 12, 1979, Pub. L. 96–86, §115(b), 93 Stat. 662; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §§1191, 1192, 95 Stat. 699; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §501, 96 Stat. 2551; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4018, 100 Stat. 111; restated Dec. 11, 1989, Pub. L. 101–213, §2(a), (c), 103 Stat. 1843, 1847. |

22107(b) | 49 App.:1654(k)(2), (3). | |

22107(c) | 49 App.:1654(l). |
|

22107(d) | 49 App.:1654(m). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "an arrangement" are substituted for "whether in the form of grants, subgrants, contracts, subcontracts, or other arrangements", and the word "project" is substituted for "project or undertaking", to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in this chapter.

Subsection (b) is substituted for 49 App.:1654(k)(2) and (3) because of 31:ch. 75.

In subsection (d), the words "Not later than" are substituted for "On or before" for clarity. The word "submit" is substituted for "prepare, update, and submit" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "based on level of usage" are omitted as surplus.

**1996**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–316 struck out "and the Comptroller General" after "Secretary".

**1995**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–88, §308(f)(4), substituted "Surface Transportation Board" for "Interstate Commerce Commission" and "The Board" for "The Commission".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–88, §308(f)(5), substituted "part A of subtitle IV" for "subchapter I of chapter 105".

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 898; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(20), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4379; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(48), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393, related to authorization of appropriations.

Repeal by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.


**2007**—Pub. L. 110–140, title XI, §1112(a), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1758, substituted "CAPITAL GRANTS FOR CLASS II AND CLASS III RAILROADS" for "LIGHT DENSITY RAIL LINE PILOT PROJECTS" in chapter heading and "Capital grants for class II and class III railroads" for "Light density rail line pilot projects" in item 22301.

(a)

(1)

(A)(i) rehabilitate, preserve, or improve railroad track (including roadbed, bridges, and related track structures) used primarily for freight transportation;

(ii) facilitate the continued or greater use of railroad transportation for freight shipments; and

(iii) reduce the use of less fuel efficient modes of transportation in the transportation of such shipments; or

(B) demonstrate innovative technologies and advanced research and development that increase fuel economy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and lower the costs of operation.

(2)

(A) directly to the class II or class III railroad; or

(B) with the concurrence of the class II or class III railroad, to a State or local government.

(3)

(4)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2) 1 subchapter IV of chapter 31 of title 40.

(f)

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 110–140, title XI, §1112(a), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1758; amended Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title VII, §701(b), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4906.)

The date of the enactment of this chapter, referred to in subsec. (d), probably means the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–140, which amended this chapter generally and was approved Dec. 19, 2007.

The Railway Labor Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(2), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, which is classified principally to chapter 8 (§151 et seq.) of Title 45, Railroads. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of Title 45 and Tables.

A prior section 22301, added Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7202(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 470, related to grants for light density rail line pilot projects, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 110–140.

**2008**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 110–432 substituted "or" for "and".

Section effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as a note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

1 So in original. The word "the" probably should not appear.


In this chapter:

(1)

(A) The term "cost" means the estimated long-term cost to the Government of a direct loan or loan guarantee or modification thereof, calculated on a net present value basis, excluding administrative costs and any incidental effects on governmental receipts or outlays.

(B) The cost of a direct loan shall be the net present value, at the time when the direct loan is disbursed, of the following estimated cash flows:

(i) Loan disbursements.

(ii) Repayments of principal.

(iii) Payments of interest and other payments by or to the Government over the life of the loan after adjusting for estimated defaults, prepayments, fees, penalties, and other recoveries.

Calculation of the cost of a direct loan shall include the effects of changes in loan terms resulting from the exercise by the borrower of an option included in the loan contract.

(C) The cost of a loan guarantee shall be the net present value, at the time when the guaranteed loan is disbursed, of the following estimated cash flows:

(i) Payments by the Government to cover defaults and delinquencies, interest subsidies, or other payments.

(ii) Payments to the Government, including origination and other fees, penalties, and recoveries.

Calculation of the cost of a loan guarantee shall include the effects of changes in loan terms resulting from the exercise by the guaranteed lender of an option included in the loan guarantee contract, or by the borrower of an option included in the guaranteed loan contract.

(D) The cost of a modification is the difference between the current estimate of the net present value of the remaining cash flows under the terms of a direct loan or loan guarantee contract, and the current estimate of the net present value of the remaining cash flows under the terms of the contract, as modified.

(E) In estimating net present values, the discount rate shall be the average interest rate on marketable Treasury securities of similar maturity to the cash flows of the direct loan or loan guarantee for which the estimate is being made.

(F) When funds are obligated for a direct loan or loan guarantee, the estimated cost shall be based on the current assumptions, adjusted to incorporate the terms of the loan contract, for the fiscal year in which the funds are obligated.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(A) any railroad or railroad carrier (as such terms are defined in section 20102); and

(B) any rail carrier (as defined in section 24102).

(13)

(14)

(15)

(A) the opening of a project to passenger or freight traffic; or

(B) a comparable event, as determined by the Secretary and specified in the terms of the direct loan or loan guarantee provided by the Secretary.

(Added and amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(a)(2), (3), (c), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 683.)

Section 250(c)(9) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, referred to in par. (2), is classified to section 900(c)(9) of Title 2, The Congress.

The text of section 821 of Title 45, Railroads, which was transferred to this section and amended by Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(a)(3), (c), was based on Pub. L. 94–210, title V, §501, as added Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7203(a)(1), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 471; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11602, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1693.

**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(c)(2)(A), substituted "In this chapter:" for "For purposes of this title" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(a)(3), transferred text of section 821 of Title 45, Railroads, to this section.

Par. (1). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(c)(1)(A), inserted par. heading, designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), and realigned margins of subpars. (B) to (F).

Pars. (2) to (10). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(c)(1)(B), inserted headings.

Par. (11). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(c)(1)(B), (2)(B), inserted heading and substituted "under this chapter" for "under this title".

Par. (12). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(c)(2)(C), amended par. (12) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'railroad' has the meaning given the term 'railroad carrier' in section 20102 of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(c)(1)(B), inserted heading.

Par. (13). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(c)(1)(B), inserted heading.

Par. (14). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(c)(2)(E), added par. (14). Former par. (14) redesignated (15).

Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(c)(1)(B), inserted heading.

Par. (15). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(c)(2)(D), redesignated par. (14) as (15).

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11607(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1699, as amended by Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(j)(3)(B)(i), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 692, provided that: " All provisions under section[s] 22402 through 22404 of title 49, United States Code [see former 45 U.S.C. 822, 823, 836], as they existed on the day before enactment of this Act shall apply to direct loans provided by the Secretary [of Transportation] prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 2015], and nothing in this title [see Tables for classification] may be construed to limit the payback of a credit risk premium, with interest accrued thereon, if a direct loan provided by the Secretary under such sections has been paid back in full, prior to the date of enactment of this Act."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11610, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1700, as amended by Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(j)(3)(B)(ii), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 692, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7203(b)(2), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 477, as amended by Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(j)(3)(C), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 692, provided that: "A transaction entered into under the authority of chapter 224 of title 49, United States Code, before the date of enactment of this Act [June 9, 1998] shall be administered until completion under its terms as if this Act [see Tables for classification] were not enacted."

(a)

(1) State and local governments;

(2) entities implementing interstate compacts consented to by Congress under section 410(a) of the Amtrak Reform and Accountability Act of 1997 (49 U.S.C. 24101 note);

(3) government sponsored authorities and corporations;

(4) railroads;

(5) entities participating in joint ventures that include at least 1 of the entities described in paragraph (1), (2), (3), (4), or (6);

(6) limited option freight shippers that own or operate a plant or other facility, solely for the purpose of constructing a rail connection between a plant or facility and a railroad; and

(7) private entities with controlling ownership in 1 or more freight railroads other than Class I carriers.

(b)

(1)

(A) to acquire, improve, or rehabilitate intermodal or rail equipment or facilities, including track, components of track, cuts and fills, stations, tunnels, bridges, yards, buildings, and shops, and to finance costs related to those activities, including pre-construction costs;

(B) to develop or establish new intermodal or railroad facilities;

(C) to develop landside port infrastructure for seaports serviced by rail;

(D) to refinance outstanding debt incurred for the purposes described in subparagraph (A) , (B), or (C);

(E) to reimburse planning, permitting, and design expenses relating to activities described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C); or

(F) to finance economic development, including commercial and residential development, and related infrastructure and activities, that—

(i) incorporates private investment of greater than 20 percent of total project costs;

(ii) is physically connected to, or is within ½ mile of, a fixed guideway transit station, an intercity bus station, a passenger rail station, or a multimodal station, provided that the location includes service by a railroad;

(iii) demonstrates the ability of the applicant to commence the contracting process for construction not later than 90 days after the date on which the direct loan or loan guarantee is obligated for the project under this chapter; and

(iv) demonstrates the ability to generate new revenue for the relevant passenger rail station or service by increasing ridership, increasing tenant lease payments, or carrying out other activities that generate revenue exceeding costs.

(2)

(c)

(1) enhance public safety, including projects for the installation of a positive train control system (as defined in section 20157(i));

(2) promote economic development;

(3) enhance the environment;

(4) enable United States companies to be more competitive in international markets;

(5) are endorsed by the plans prepared under section 135 of title 23 or chapter 227 of this title by the State or States in which they are located;

(6) improve railroad stations and passenger facilities and increase transit-oriented development;

(7) preserve or enhance rail or intermodal service to small communities or rural areas;

(8) enhance service and capacity in the national rail system; or

(9) would materially alleviate rail capacity problems which degrade the provision of service to shippers and would fulfill a need in the national transportation system.

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(f)

(1)

(2)

(A) the circumstances of the applicant, including the amount of collateral offered, if any;

(B) the proposed schedule of loan disbursements;

(C) historical data on the repayment history of similar borrowers;

(D) consultation with the Congressional Budget Office; and

(E) any other factors the Secretary considers relevant.

(3)

(A) The net present value of a future stream of State or local subsidy income or other dedicated revenues to secure the direct loan or loan guarantee.

(B) Adequate coverage requirements to ensure repayment, on a non-recourse basis, from cash flows generated by the project or any other dedicated revenue source, including—

(i) tolls;

(ii) user fees, including operating or tenant charges, facility rents, or other fees paid by transportation service providers or operators for access to, or the use of, infrastructure, including rail lines, bridges, tunnels, yards, or stations; or

(iii) payments owing to the obligor under a public-private partnership.

(C) An investment-grade rating on the direct loan or loan guarantee, as applicable, except that if the total amount of the direct loan or loan guarantee is greater than $150,000,000, the applicant shall have an investment-grade rating from at least 2 rating agencies on the direct loan or loan guarantee.

(D) Revenue from projected freight or passenger demand for the project based on regionally developed economic forecasts, including projections of any modal diversion resulting from the project.

(4)

(5)

(A) 60 days after the date of enactment of the Surface Transportation Investment Act of 2021 if the borrower has satisfied all obligations attached to such loan; or

(B) if the borrower has not yet satisfied all obligations attached to such loan, 60 days after the date on which all obligations attached to such loan have been satisfied.

(6)

(A)

(i) shall accept a net liquidation value of collateral; and

(ii) shall consider and may accept—

(I) the market value of collateral; or

(II) in the case of a blanket pledge or assignment of an entire operating asset or basket of assets as collateral, the market value of assets, or, the market value of the going concern, considering—

(aa) inclusion in the pledge of all the assets necessary for independent operational utility of the collateral, including tangible assets such as real property, track and structure, motive power, equipment and rolling stock, stations, systems and maintenance facilities and intangible assets such as long-term shipping agreements, easements, leases and access rights such as for trackage and haulage;

(bb) interchange commitments; and

(cc) the value of the asset as determined through the cost or market approaches, or the market value of the going concern, with the latter considering discounted cash flows for a period not to exceed the term of the direct loan or loan guarantee.

(B)

(i) adherence to the substance and principles of the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice, as developed by the Appraisal Standards Board of the Appraisal Foundation; and

(ii) the qualifications of the appraisers to value the type of collateral offered.

(7)

(g)

(1) repayment of the obligation is required to be made within a term that is not longer than the shorter of—

(A) 75 years after the date of substantial completion of the project;

(B) the estimated useful life of the rail equipment or facilities to be acquired, rehabilitated, improved, developed, or established, subject to an adequate determination of long-term risk; or

(C) for projects determined to have an estimated useful life that is longer than 35 years, the period that is equal to the sum of—

(i) 35 years; and

(ii) the product of—

(I) the difference between the estimated useful life and 35 years; multiplied by

(II) 75 percent.

(2) the direct loan or loan guarantee is justified by the present and probable future demand for rail services or intermodal facilities;

(3) the applicant has given reasonable assurances that the facilities or equipment to be acquired, rehabilitated, improved, developed, or established with the proceeds of the obligation will be economically and efficiently utilized;

(4) the obligation can reasonably be repaid, using an appropriate combination of credit risk premiums and collateral offered by the applicant to protect the Federal Government; and

(5) the purposes of the direct loan or loan guarantee are consistent with subsection (b).

(h)

(1) The Secretary shall, before granting assistance under this section, require the applicant to agree to such terms and conditions as are sufficient, in the judgment of the Secretary, to ensure that, as long as any principal or interest is due and payable on such obligation, the applicant, and any railroad or railroad partner for whose benefit the assistance is intended—

(A) will not use any funds or assets from railroad or intermodal operations for purposes not related to such operations, if such use would impair the ability of the applicant, railroad, or railroad partner to provide rail or intermodal services in an efficient and economic manner, or would adversely affect the ability of the applicant, railroad, or railroad partner to perform any obligation entered into by the applicant under this section;

(B) will, consistent with its capital resources, maintain its capital program, equipment, facilities, and operations on a continuing basis; and

(C) will not make any discretionary dividend payments that unreasonably conflict with the purposes stated in subsection (b).

(2) The Secretary shall not require an applicant for a direct loan or loan guarantee under this section to provide collateral. Any collateral provided or thereafter enhanced shall be valued as a going concern after giving effect to the present value of improvements contemplated by the completion and operation of the project, if applicable. The Secretary shall not require that an applicant for a direct loan or loan guarantee under this section have previously sought the financial assistance requested from another source.

(3) The Secretary shall require recipients of direct loans or loan guarantees under this section to comply with—

(A) the standards of section 24312, as in effect on September 1, 2002, with respect to the project in the same manner that Amtrak is required to comply with such standards for construction work financed under an agreement made under section 24308(a); and

(B) the protective arrangements established under section 22404, with respect to employees affected by actions taken in connection with the project to be financed by the loan or loan guarantee.

(4) The Secretary shall require each recipient of a direct loan or loan guarantee under this section for a project described in subsection (b)(1)(F) to provide a non-Federal match of not less than 25 percent of the total amount expended by the recipient for such project.

(i)

(1)

(2)

(A) provide the applicant with a description of all of the specific information or material that is needed to complete the application, including any information required by an independent financial analyst; and

(B) allow the applicant to resubmit the application with the information and material described under subparagraph (A) to complete the application.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i) seek a total loan or loan guarantee value not exceeding $150,000,000;

(ii) meet eligible project purposes described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) of subsection (b)(1); and

(iii) meet other criteria considered appropriate by the Secretary, in consultation with the Council on Credit and Finance of the Department of Transportation.

(C)

(i) provide written notice to the applicant, including a justification for the delay and updated estimate of the time needed for approval or disapproval; and

(ii) publish the notice on the dashboard described in paragraph (5).

(5)

(A) the applicant type;

(B) the location of the project;

(C) a brief description of the project, including its purpose;

(D) the requested direct loan or loan guarantee amount;

(E) the date on which the Secretary provided application status notice under paragraph (1);

(F) the date that the Secretary provided notice of approval or disapproval under paragraph (3); and

(G) whether the project utilized the streamlined application process under paragraph (4).

(6)

(A)

(i) the total value of the proposed loan or loan guarantee;

(ii) the name of the applicant or applicants submitting the application;

(iii) the proposed capital structure of the project to which the loan or loan guarantee would be applied, including the proposed Federal and non-Federal shares of the total project cost;

(iv) the type of activity to receive credit assistance, including whether the project is new construction, the rehabilitation of existing rail equipment or facilities, or the refinancing an existing loan or loan guarantee;

(v) if a deferred payment is proposed, the length of such deferment;

(vi) the credit rating or ratings provided for the applicant;

(vii) if other credit instruments are involved, the proposed subordination relationship and a description of such other credit instruments;

(viii) a schedule for the readiness of proposed investments for financing;

(ix) a description of any Federal permits required, including under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) and any waivers under section 5323(j) (commonly known as the "Buy America Act");

(x) other characteristics of the proposed activity to be financed, borrower, key agreements, or the nature of the credit that the Secretary considers to be fundamental to the creditworthiness review;

(xi) the status of the application in the pre-application review and selection process;

(xii) the cumulative amounts paid by the Secretary to outside advisors related to the application, including financial and legal advisors;

(xiii) a description of the key rating factors used by the Secretary to determine credit risk, including—

(I) the factors used to determine risk for the proposed application;

(II) an adjectival risk rating for each identified factor, ranked as either low, moderate, or high;

(xiv) a nonbinding estimate of the credit risk premium, which may be in the form of—

(I) a range, based on the assessment of risk factors described in clause (xiii); or

(II) a justification for why the estimate of the credit risk premium cannot be determined based on available information; and

(xv) a description of the key information the Secretary needs from the applicant to complete the credit review process and make a final determination of the credit risk premium.

(B)

(C)

(j)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) continue to accrue interest under paragraph (2) until the loan is fully repaid; and

(ii) be scheduled to be amortized over the remaining term of the loan.

(4)

(A)

(B)

(k)

(1)

(2)

(l)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) the direct loan is rated in the A category or higher;

(ii) the direct loan is secured and payable from pledged revenues not affected by project performance, such as a tax-based revenue pledge or a system-backed pledge of project revenues; and

(iii) the program share, under this chapter, of eligible project costs is 50 percent or less.

(B)

(m)

(1)

(2)

(A) establish the maximum amount and general terms and conditions of each applicable direct loan or loan guarantee;

(B) identify 1 or more dedicated non-Federal revenue sources that will secure the repayment of each applicable direct loan or loan guarantee;

(C) provide for the obligation of funds for the direct loans or loan guarantees contingent on and after all requirements have been met for the projects subject to the master credit agreement; and

(D) provide 1 or more dates, as determined by the Secretary, before which the master credit agreement results in each of the direct loans or loan guarantees or in the release of the master credit agreement.

(n)

(Added and amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(a)(2), (4), (d), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 683, 684.)

Section 410(a) of the Amtrak Reform and Accountability Act of 1997, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is section 410(a) of Pub. L. 105–134, which is set out as a note under section 24101 of this title.

Section 504(b)(1) of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (f)(1), is classified to section 661c(b)(1) of Title 2, The Congress.

The date of enactment of the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act, referred to in subsec. (f)(5), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

Sections 501 through 504 of the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976, referred to in subsec. (f)(5), are sections 501 to 504 of Pub. L. 94–210, which are classified to sections 22401 to 22404 of this title.

The date of enactment of the Surface Transportation Investment Act of 2021, referred to in subsecs. (f)(5)(A), (7), and (i)(4)(A), is the date of enactment of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsec. (i)(6)(A)(ix), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.

The text of section 822 of Title 45, Railroads, which was transferred to this section and amended by Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(a)(4), (d), was based on Pub. L. 94–210, title V, §502, as added Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7203(a)(1), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 473; amended Pub. L. 109–59, title IX, §9003(b)–(g), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1921–1923; Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title VII, §701(e), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4906; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §§11603–11605(a), 11606, 11607(a), 11608, 11609, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1694, 1695, 1697–1700; Pub. L. 116–94, div. H, title I, §192, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2972; Pub. L. 116–159, div. B, title I, §1104(b), Oct. 1, 2020, 134 Stat. 727.

**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(a)(4), transferred text of section 822 of Title 45, Railroads, to this section.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(1)(A), inserted "entities implementing" before "interstate compacts".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(1)(B), inserted "entities participating in" before "joint ventures" and struck out "and" at end.

Subsec. (a)(6), (7). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(1)(C), added pars. (6) and (7) and struck out former par. (6) which read as follows: "solely for the purpose of constructing a rail connection between a plant or facility and a railroad, limited option freight shippers that own or operate a plant or other facility."

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(2)(A), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) related to eligible purposes for direct loans and loan guarantees.

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(2)(B), struck out par. (3). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary may provide a direct loan or loan guarantee under this section for a project described in paragraph (1)(E) until September 30, 2021."

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(3)(A), struck out "of title 49, United States Code" after "section 20157(i)".

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(3)(B), substituted "this title" for "title 49, United States Code,".

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(4), amended subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary shall require interest to be paid on a direct loan made under this section at a rate not less than that necessary to recover the cost of making the loan."

Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(5)(A)(i), substituted "Upon receipt of a proposal from an applicant under this section," for "An applicant may propose and" and "collateral described in paragraph (6)" for "tangible asset" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (f)(3)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(5)(A)(ii), inserted ", including operating or tenant charges, facility rents, or other fees paid by transportation service providers or operators for access to, or the use of, infrastructure, including rail lines, bridges, tunnels, yards, or stations" after "user fees".

Subsec. (f)(3)(C). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(5)(A)(iii), substituted "$150,000,000" for "$75,000,000".

Subsec. (f)(3)(D). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(5)(A)(iv), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (f)(5) to (7). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(5)(B), added pars. (5) to (7).

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(6), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: "repayment of the obligation is required to be made within a term of not more than the lesser of—

"(A) 35 years after the date of substantial completion of the project; or

"(B) the estimated useful life of the rail equipment or facilities to be acquired, rehabilitated, improved, developed, or established;".

Subsec. (h)(3)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(7)(A)(i), substituted "Amtrak" for "the National Railroad Passenger Corporation" and struck out "of title 49, United States Code" after "section 24312" and "of that title" after "section 24308(a)".

Subsec. (h)(3)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(7)(A)(ii), substituted "section 22404" for "section 504 of this Act".

Subsec. (h)(4). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(7)(B), substituted "(b)(1)(F)" for "(b)(1)(E)".

Subsec. (i)(4). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(8)(A), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary shall implement procedures and measures to economize the time and cost involved in obtaining an approval or a disapproval of an application for a direct loan or loan guarantee under this title."

Subsec. (i)(5)(G). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(8)(B), added subpar. (G).

Subsec. (i)(6). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(8)(C), added par. (6).

Subsec. (l)(2)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(9), substituted "under this chapter" for "under this title".

Subsec. (m)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(10), substituted "under this chapter" for "under this title".

Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(d)(11), added subsec. (n).

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21302, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 693, provided that: "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 15, 2021], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall update the publicly available credit program guide in accordance with the provisions of chapter 224 of title 49, United States Code, as added by section 21301 [of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58]."

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21303, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 693, provided that: "Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 15, 2021], and every 6 months thereafter, the Secretary [of Transportation] shall submit a report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives that identifies—

"(1) the number of applications submitted to the Department [of Transportation] for a direct loan or loan guarantee under section 22402(b)(1)(E) of title 49, United States Code, as amended by section 21301 [of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58];

"(2) the number of such loans or loan guarantees that were provided to the applicants; and

"(3) for each such application, the reasons for providing or declining to provide the requested loan or loan guarantee."

Pub. L. 115–265, title II, §212(d), Oct. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 3749, as amended by Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(j)(3)(D), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 692, provided that:

"(1)

"(A) not later than 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 11, 2018], and in consultation with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, shall define the term 'cohorts of loans';

"(B) before the deadline described in paragraph (2), shall return to the original source, on a pro rata basis, the credit risk premiums paid for the loans in the cohort of loans, with interest accrued thereon, that were not used to mitigate losses; and

"(C) shall not treat the repayment of a loan after the date of enactment of Public Law 114–94 [Dec. 4, 2015] as precluding, limiting, or negatively affecting the satisfaction of the obligation of its cohort prior to the enactment of Public Law 114–94.

"(2)

"(A) if all obligations attached to a cohort of loans have been satisfied, not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act; and

"(B) if all obligations attached to a cohort of loans have not been satisfied, not later than 60 days after the date on which all obligations attached to the cohort of loans are satisfied."

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1) the modification is equitable and is in the overall best interests of the United States;

(2) consent has been obtained from the applicant and, in the case of a loan guarantee or loan guarantee commitment, the holder of the obligation; and

(3) the modification cost has been covered under section 22402(f).

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1) if a payment of principal or interest under the loan is in default for more than 30 days, the Secretary shall pay to the holder of the obligation, or the holder's agent, the amount of unpaid guaranteed interest;

(2) if the default has continued for more than 90 days, the Secretary shall pay to the holder of the obligation, or the holder's agent, 90 percent of the unpaid guaranteed principal;

(3) after final resolution of the default, through liquidation or otherwise, the Secretary shall pay to the holder of the obligation, or the holder's agent, any remaining amounts guaranteed but which were not recovered through the default's resolution;

(4) the Secretary shall not be required to make any payment under paragraphs (1) through (3) if the Secretary finds, before the expiration of the periods described in such paragraphs, that the default has been remedied; and

(5) the holder of the obligation shall not receive payment or be entitled to retain payment in a total amount which, together with all other recoveries (including any recovery based upon a security interest in equipment or facilities) exceeds the actual loss of such holder.

(h)

(1)

(2)

(i)

(1) the amount paid to the holder of a guarantee under subsection (g) of this section; and

(2) any other cost to the United States of remedying the default,

the Secretary shall pay such excess to the obligor.

(j)

(k)

(l)

(1)

(A) the cost of evaluating the application, amendments, modifications, and waivers, including for evaluating project viability, applicant creditworthiness, and the appraisal of the value of the equipment or facilities for which the direct loan or loan guarantee is sought, and for making necessary determinations and findings;

(B) the cost of award management and project management oversight;

(C) the cost of services from expert firms, including counsel, and independent financial advisors to assist in the underwriting, auditing, servicing, and exercise of rights with respect to direct loans and loan guarantees; and

(D) the cost of all other expenses incurred as a result of a breach of any term or condition or any event of default on a direct loan or loan guarantee.

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(4)

(A) be credited directly to the National Surface Transportation and Innovative Finance Bureau account; and

(B) remain available until expended to pay for the costs described in this subsection.

(m)

(Added and amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(a)(2), (5), (e), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 683, 689.)

The text of section 823 of Title 45, Railroads, which was transferred to this section and amended by Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(a)(5), (e), was based on Pub. L. 94–210, title V, §503, as added and amended Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7203(a)(1), (4), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 475, 477; Pub. L. 109–59, title IX, §9003(h), (i), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1923; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11605(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1695; Pub. L. 115–56, div. D, §164(b), as added Pub. L. 115–123, div. B, §20101(2), Feb. 9, 2018, 132 Stat. 121.

**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(a)(5), transferred text of section 823 of Title 45, Railroads, to this section.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(e)(1), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, substituted "section 22402" for "section 502", and added par. (2).

Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(e)(4)(A), substituted "section 22402" for "section 502".

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(e)(2), substituted "section 22402(f)" for "section 502(f)".

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(e)(4)(B), substituted "this chapter" for "this title".

Subsecs. (g), (h)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(e)(4)(A), substituted "section 22402" for "section 502".

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(e)(4)(A), substituted "section 22402" for "section 502" in two places in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(e)(4)(B), substituted "this chapter" for "this title".

Subsec. (l)(3)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(e)(4)(B), substituted "this chapter" for "this title".

Subsec. (l)(3)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(e)(4)(B), substituted "this chapter" for "this title".

Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(e)(3), substituted "servicing a direct loan" for "serving a direct loan".

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(e)(4), substituted "section 22402" for "section 502" and "this chapter" for "this title".

(a)

(b)

(1) for the preservation of compensation (including subsequent general wage increases, vacation allowances, and monthly compensation guarantees), rights, privileges, and benefits (including fringe benefits such as pensions, hospitalization, and vacations, under the same conditions and so long as such benefits continue to be accorded to other employees of the employing railroad in active service or on furlough, as the case may be) to such employees under existing collective-bargaining agreements or otherwise;

(2) to provide for final and binding arbitration of any dispute which cannot be settled by the parties, with respect to the interpretation, application, or enforcement of the provisions of the protective arrangements;

(3) to provide that an employee who is unable to secure employment by the exercise of his or her seniority rights, as a result of actions taken with financial assistance obtained under this chapter, shall be offered reassignment and, where necessary, retraining to fill a position comparable to the position held at the time of such adverse effect and for which he is, or by training and retraining can become, physically and mentally qualified, so long as such offer is not in contravention of collective bargaining agreements relating thereto; and

(4) to provide that the protection afforded pursuant to this section shall not be applicable to employees benefited solely as a result of the work which is financed by funds provided pursuant to this chapter.

(c)

(Added and amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(a)(2), (6), (f), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 683, 690.)

The text of section 836 of Title 45, Railroads, which was transferred to this section and amended by Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(a)(6), (f), was based on Pub. L. 94–210, title V, §504, formerly §516, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 82; renumbered §504, Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7203(a)(5), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 477.

**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(a)(6), transferred text of section 826 of Title 45, Railroads, to this section.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(f)(1), in first sentence, struck out "not otherwise protected under title V of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 (45 U.S.C. 771 et seq.)," after "any employees" and substituted "under this chapter" for "under this title"; in second sentence, substituted "not later than 120 days after February 5, 1976" for "within 120 days after the date of enactment of this title"; and in third sentence, substituted "not later than 150 days after February 5, 1976" for "within 150 days after the date of enactment of this title".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(f)(2)(A), substituted "applicable financial assistance under this chapter" for "applicable financial assistance under this title" and "from financial assistance under this chapter" for "from financial assistance under this title" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(f)(2)(B), substituted "under this chapter" for "under this title".

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(f)(2)(C), substituted "to this chapter" for "to this title".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(f)(3), substituted "to this chapter" for "to this title".

The Secretary shall—

(1) publish in the Federal Register and post on a website of the Department of Transportation the substantive criteria and standards used by the Secretary to determine whether to approve or disapprove applications submitted under section 22402; and

(2) ensure that adequate procedures and guidelines are in place to permit the filing of complete applications not later than 30 days after the publication referred to in paragraph (1).

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(g), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 690.)

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(h), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 690.)

1 So in original. The period probably should not appear.

Section 22501, Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title II, §207(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4873, related to financial assistance to States for certain projects.

Section 22502, Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title II, §207(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4874, related to distribution of grants.

Section 22503, Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title II, §207(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4874, related to standards for awarding grants.

Section 22504, Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title II, §207(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4874, related to use of grant funds.

Section 22505, Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title II, §207(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4874, related to authorization of appropriations.

Repeal by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.


In this subchapter: 1

(1)

(A)

(i) means a benefit accrued to a person or private entity, other than Amtrak, that directly improves the economic and competitive condition of that person or entity through improved assets, cost reductions, service improvements, or any other means as defined by the Secretary; and

(ii) shall be determined on a project-by-project basis, based upon an agreement between the parties.

(B)

(2)

(A)

(i) means a benefit accrued to the public, including Amtrak, in the form of enhanced mobility of people or goods, environmental protection or enhancement, congestion mitigation, enhanced trade and economic development, improved air quality or land use, more efficient energy use, enhanced public safety or security, reduction of public expenditures due to improved transportation efficiency or infrastructure preservation, and any other positive community effects as defined by the Secretary; and

(ii) shall be determined on a project-by-project basis, based upon an agreement between the parties.

(B)

(3)

(4)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title III, §303(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4947.)

1 So in original. Probably should be "chapter:".

(a)

(b)

(1) establish or designate a State rail transportation authority to prepare, maintain, coordinate, and administer the plan;

(2) establish or designate a State rail plan approval authority to approve the plan;

(3) submit the State's approved plan to the Secretary of Transportation for review; and

(4) revise and resubmit a State-approved plan no less frequently than once every 4 years for acceptance by the Secretary.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title III, §303(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4948; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11315(a)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1674.)

**2015**—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 114–94 substituted "4 years for acceptance by the Secretary" for "5 years for reapproval by the Secretary".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(1) To set forth State policy involving freight and passenger rail transportation, including commuter rail operations, in the State.

(2) To establish the period covered by the State rail plan.

(3) To present priorities and strategies to enhance rail service in the State that benefits the public.

(4) To serve as the basis for Federal and State rail investments within the State.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title III, §303(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4948.)

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title III, §303(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4949.)

(a)

(1) An inventory of the existing overall rail transportation system and rail services and facilities within the State and an analysis of the role of rail transportation within the State's surface transportation system.

(2) A review of all rail lines within the State, including proposed high-speed rail corridors and significant rail line segments not currently in service.

(3) A statement of the State's passenger rail service objectives, including minimum service levels, for rail transportation routes in the State.

(4) A general analysis of rail's transportation, economic, and environmental impacts in the State, including congestion mitigation, trade and economic development, air quality, land-use, energy-use, and community impacts.

(5) A long-range rail investment program for current and future freight and passenger infrastructure in the State that meets the requirements of subsection (b).

(6) A statement of public financing issues for rail projects and service in the State, including a list of current and prospective public capital and operating funding resources, public subsidies, State taxation, and other financial policies relating to rail infrastructure development.

(7) An identification of rail infrastructure issues within the State that reflects consultation with all relevant stakeholders.

(8) A review of major passenger and freight intermodal rail connections and facilities within the State, including seaports, and prioritized options to maximize service integration and efficiency between rail and other modes of transportation within the State.

(9) A review of publicly funded projects within the State to improve rail transportation safety and security, including all major projects funded under section 130 of title 23.

(10) A performance evaluation of passenger rail services operating in the State, including possible improvements in those services, and a description of strategies to achieve those improvements.

(11) A compilation of studies and reports on high-speed rail corridor development within the State not included in a previous plan under this subchapter,1 and a plan for funding any recommended development of such corridors in the State.

(b)

(1)

(A) A list of any rail capital projects expected to be undertaken or supported in whole or in part by the State.

(B) A detailed funding plan for those projects.

(2)

(A) a description of the anticipated public and private benefits of each such project; and

(B) a statement of the correlation between—

(i) public funding contributions for the projects; and

(ii) the public benefits.

(3)

(A) Contributions made by non-Federal and non-State sources through user fees, matching funds, or other private capital involvement.

(B) Rail capacity and congestion effects.

(C) Effects on highway, aviation, and maritime capacity, congestion, or safety.

(D) Regional balance.

(E) Environmental impact.

(F) Economic and employment impacts.

(G) Projected ridership and other service measures for passenger rail projects.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title III, §303(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4949; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11315(a)(2), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1674.)

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(12). Pub. L. 114–94 struck out par. (12) which read as follows: "A statement that the State is in compliance with the requirements of section 22102."

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

1 So in original. Probably should be "chapter,".

The Secretary shall prescribe procedures for States to submit State rail plans for review under this title, including standardized format and data requirements. State rail plans completed before the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008 that substantially meet the requirements of this chapter, as determined by the Secretary, shall be deemed by the Secretary to have met the requirements of this chapter.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title III, §303(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4950.)

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in text, is the date of enactment of div. B of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.



**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §§22305(b), 22306(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 723, 724, added items 22909 and 22910.

**2019**—Pub. L. 115–420, §7(a)(2), (3), (5), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5445, 5446, renumbered chapter 244 of this title as this chapter and amended analysis generally, substituting items 22901 to 22908 for former items 24401 to 24408, respectively.

1 So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.

In this chapter:

(1)

(2)

(A) acquiring, constructing, improving, or inspecting equipment, track and track structures, or a facility for use in or for the primary benefit of intercity passenger rail service, expenses incidental to the acquisition or construction (including designing, engineering, location surveying, mapping, environmental studies, and acquiring rights-of-way), payments for the capital portions of rail trackage rights agreements, highway-rail grade crossing improvements related to intercity passenger rail service, mitigating environmental impacts, communication and signalization improvements, relocation assistance, acquiring replacement housing sites, and acquiring, constructing, relocating, and rehabilitating replacement housing;

(B) rehabilitating, remanufacturing or overhauling rail rolling stock and facilities used primarily in intercity passenger rail service;

(C) costs associated with developing State rail plans; and

(D) the first-dollar liability costs for insurance related to the provision of intercity passenger rail service under section 22904.

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title III, §301(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4935, §24401; renumbered §22901 and amended Pub. L. 115–420, §7(a)(1), (b)(2)(A), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5445, 5446.)

**2019**—Pub. L. 115–420, §7(a)(1), renumbered section 24401 of this title as this section.

Par. (2)(D). Pub. L. 115–420, §7(b)(2)(A), substituted "22904" for "24404".

(a)

(1) The Secretary of Transportation may make grants under this section to an applicant to assist in financing the capital costs of facilities, infrastructure, and equipment necessary to provide or improve intercity passenger rail transportation.

(2) Consistent with the requirements of this chapter, the Secretary shall require that a grant under this section be subject to the terms, conditions, requirements, and provisions the Secretary decides are necessary or appropriate for the purposes of this section, including requirements for the disposition of net increases in value of real property resulting from the project assisted under this section and shall prescribe procedures and schedules for the awarding of grants under this title, including application and qualification procedures and a record of decision on applicant eligibility. The Secretary shall issue a final rule establishing such procedures not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008. For the period prior to the earlier of the issuance of such a rule or 2 years after the date of enactment of such Act, the Secretary shall issue interim guidance to applicants covering such procedures, and administer the grant program authorized under this section pursuant to such guidance.

(b)

(1) The Secretary may not approve a grant for a project under this section unless the Secretary finds that the project is part of a State rail plan developed under chapter 227 of this title, or under the plan required by section 211 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, and that the applicant or recipient has or will have the legal, financial, and technical capacity to carry out the project, satisfactory continuing control over the use of the equipment or facilities, and the capability and willingness to maintain the equipment or facilities.

(2) An applicant shall provide sufficient information upon which the Secretary can make the findings required by this subsection.

(3) If an applicant has not selected the proposed operator of its service competitively, the applicant shall provide written justification to the Secretary showing why the proposed operator is the best, taking into account price and other factors, and that use of the proposed operator will not unnecessarily increase the cost of the project.

(c)

(1) require—

(A) that the project be part of a State rail plan developed under chapter 227 of this title, or under the plan required by section 211 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008;

(B) that the applicant or recipient has or will have the legal, financial, and technical capacity to carry out the project, satisfactory continuing control over the use of the equipment or facilities, and the capability and willingness to maintain the equipment or facilities;

(C) that the applicant provides sufficient information upon which the Secretary can make the findings required by this subsection;

(D) that if an applicant has selected the proposed operator of its service competitively, that the applicant provide written justification to the Secretary showing why the proposed operator is the best, taking into account costs and other factors;

(E) that each proposed project meet all safety and security requirements that are applicable to the project under law; and

(F) that each project be compatible with, and operated in conformance with—

(i) plans developed pursuant to the requirements of section 135 of title 23, United States Code; and

(ii) the national rail plan (if it is available);

(2) select projects—

(A) that are anticipated to result in significant improvements to intercity rail passenger service, including, but not limited to, consideration of—

(i) the project's levels of estimated ridership, increased on-time performance, reduced trip time, additional service frequency to meet anticipated or existing demand, or other significant service enhancements as measured against minimum standards developed under section 207 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008;

(ii) the project's anticipated favorable impact on air or highway traffic congestion, capacity, or safety; and

(iii) identification of the project by the Surface Transportation Board as necessary to improve the on-time performance and reliability of intercity passenger rail under section 24308(f);

(B) for which there is a high degree of confidence that the proposed project is feasible and will result in the anticipated benefits, as indicated by—

(i) the project's precommencement compliance with environmental protection requirements;

(ii) the readiness of the project to be commenced;

(iii) the timing and amount of the project's future noncommitted investments;

(iv) the commitment of any affected host rail carrier to ensure the realization of the anticipated benefits; and

(v) other relevant factors as determined by the Secretary; and

(C) for which the level of the anticipated benefits compares favorably to the amount of Federal funding requested under this chapter; and

(3) give greater consideration to projects—

(A) that are anticipated to result in benefits to other modes of transportation and to the public at large, including, but not limited to, consideration of the project's—

(i) encouragement of intermodal connectivity through provision of direct connections between train stations, airports, bus terminals, subway stations, ferry ports, and other modes of transportation;

(ii) anticipated improvement of freight or commuter rail operations;

(iii) encouragement of the use of positive train control technologies;

(iv) environmental benefits, including projects that involve the purchase of environmentally sensitive, fuel-efficient, and cost-effective passenger rail equipment;

(v) anticipated positive economic and employment impacts;

(vi) encouragement of State and private contributions toward station development, energy and environmental efficiency, and economic benefits; and

(vii) falling under the description in section 5302(a)(1)(G) 1 of this title as defined to support intercity passenger rail service; and

(B) that incorporate equitable financial participation in the project's financing, including, but not limited to, consideration of—

(i) donated property interests or services;

(ii) financial contributions by freight and commuter rail carriers commensurate with the benefit expected to their operations; and

(iii) financial commitments from host railroads, non-Federal governmental entities, nongovernmental entities, and others.

(d) 1 of this title, shall be deemed by the Secretary to have met the requirements of subsection (c)(1)(A) of this section.

(e) 1 of this title. For such a grant, Amtrak may not use Federal funds authorized under section 101(a) or (c) of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008 to fulfill the non-Federal share requirements under subsection (g) of this section.

(f)

(1) The Secretary may issue a letter of intent to an applicant announcing an intention to obligate, for a major capital project under this section, an amount from future available budget authority specified in law that is not more than the amount stipulated as the financial participation of the Secretary in the project.

(2) At least 30 days before issuing a letter under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Secretary shall notify in writing the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, and the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations of the proposed letter or agreement. The Secretary shall include with the notification a copy of the proposed letter or agreement, the criteria used in subsection (c) for selecting the project for a grant award, and a description of how the project meets such criteria.

(3) An obligation or administrative commitment may be made only when amounts are appropriated. The letter of intent shall state that the contingent commitment is not an obligation of the Federal Government, and is subject to the availability of appropriations under Federal law and to Federal laws in force or enacted after the date of the contingent commitment.

(g)

(1)(A) Based on engineering studies, studies of economic feasibility, and information on the expected use of equipment or facilities, the Secretary shall estimate the net project cost.

(B) A grant for the project shall not exceed 80 percent of the project net capital cost.

(C) The Secretary shall give priority in allocating future obligations and contingent commitments to incur obligations to grant requests seeking a lower Federal share of the project net capital cost.

(2) Up to an additional 20 percent of the required non-Federal funds may be funded from amounts appropriated to or made available to a department or agency of the Federal Government that are eligible to be expended for transportation.

(3) The following amounts, not to exceed $15,000,000 per fiscal year, shall be available to each applicant as a credit toward an applicant's matching requirement for a grant awarded under this section—

(A) in each of fiscal years 2009, 2010, and 2011—

(i) 50 percent of the average of amounts expended in fiscal years 2002 through 2008 by an applicant for capital projects related to intercity passenger rail service; and

(ii) 50 percent of the average of amounts expended in fiscal years 2002 through 2008 by an applicant for operating costs of such service; and

(B) in each of fiscal years 2010, 2011 and 2012, 50 percent of the amount by which the amounts expended for capital projects and operating costs related to intercity passenger rail service by an applicant in the prior fiscal year exceed the average capital and operating expenditures made for such service in fiscal years 2006, 2007, and 2008.

The Secretary may require such information as necessary to verify such expenditures. Credits made available to an applicant in a fiscal year under this paragraph may only be applied towards grants awarded in that fiscal year.

(4) The Federal share of expenditures for capital improvements under this chapter may not exceed 100 percent.

(h) 2-

(i)

(1)

(2)

(A) ownership or operation of any land, facility, locomotive, rail car, vehicle, or other physical asset associated with the project;

(B) cost-sharing of any project expense;

(C) carrying out administration, construction management, project management, project operation, or any other management or operational duty associated with the project; and

(D) any other form of participation approved by the Secretary.

(3)

(j)

(1)

(A) The Secretary may not obligate any funding unless the applicant demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the Secretary, that the applicant has committed, and will be able to fulfill, the non-Federal share required for the grant within the applicant's proposed project completion timetable.

(B) The Secretary may not obligate any funding for work activities that occur after the completion of final design unless—

(i) the applicant submits a financial plan to the Secretary that generally identifies the sources of the non-Federal funding required for any subsequent segments or phases of the corridor service development program covering the project for which the grant is awarded;

(ii) the grant will result in a useable segment, a transportation facility, or equipment, that has operational independence; and

(iii) the intercity passenger rail benefits anticipated to result from the grant, such as increased speed, improved on-time performance, reduced trip time, increased frequencies, new service, safety improvements, improved accessibility, or other significant enhancements, are detailed by the grantee and approved by the Secretary.

(C)(i) The Secretary shall ensure that the project is maintained to the level of utility that is necessary to support the benefits approved under subparagraph (B)(iii) for a period of 20 years from the date on which the useable segment, transportation facility, or equipment described in subparagraph (B)(ii) is placed in service.

(ii) If the project property is not maintained as required under clause (i) for a 12-month period, the grant recipient shall refund a pro-rata share of the Federal contribution, based upon the percentage remaining of the 20-year period that commenced when the project property was placed in service.

(2)

(k) 1 of that Act. For grants awarded under this subsection, the Secretary may waive requirements of this section, including State rail plan requirements, as appropriate.

(l)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title III, §301(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4936, §24402; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §§11303(b)(1)(C), 11309, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1654, 1669; renumbered §22902 and amended Pub. L. 115–420, §7(a)(1), (b)(1)(A), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5445, 5446.)

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2) and (d), is the date of enactment of div. B of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

Section 211 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsecs. (b)(1) and (c)(1)(A), is section 211 of Pub. L. 110–432, which was set out as a note under section 24902 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11306(b)(3), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1660.

Section 207 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(A)(i), is section 207 of Pub. L. 110–432, which is set out in a note under section 24101 of this title.

Section 5302 of this title, referred to in subsec. (c)(3)(A)(vii), was amended generally by Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20004, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 623, and, as so amended, no longer contains a subsec. (a)(1)(G), which described a type of capital project. However, capital project is defined elsewhere in that section.

Section 22506 of this title, referred to in subsec. (d), probably should be a reference to section 22706 of this title, which requires the Secretary to prescribe procedures for submitting State rail plans for review. No section 22506 of this title has been enacted.

Section 22504(a)(5) of this title, referred to in subsec. (e), probably should be a reference to section 22705(a)(5) of this title, which requires each State rail plan to contain a long-range rail investment program that includes a list of any rail capital projects expected to be undertaken or supported in whole or in part by the State. Section 22504(a) of this title did not contain a par. (5), prior to repeal by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11301(c)(3), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1648.

Section 101 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsecs. (e) and (k), is section 101 of title I of div. B of Pub. L. 110–432, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4908, which is not classified to the Code.

Section 209(d) of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (k), is section 209(d) of Pub. L. 110–432, which was redesignated as section 209(c) of the Act by Pub. L. 114–94 and is set out in a note under section 24101 of this title.

**2019**—Pub. L. 115–420, §7(a)(1), renumbered section 24402 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 115–420, §7(b)(1)(A)(i)(I), inserted "of" after "other modes" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(3)(A)(vi). Pub. L. 115–420, §7(b)(1)(A)(i)(II), substituted "environmental" for "environmentally".

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 115–420, §7(b)(1)(A)(ii), substituted "State rail plan" for "state rail plan".

**2015**—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 114–94, §11309, added subsec. (j).

Pub. L. 114–94, §11303(b)(1)(C), struck out subsec. (j) which related to special transportation circumstances.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1) adequate recipient staff organization with well-defined reporting relationships, statements of functional responsibilities, job descriptions, and job qualifications;

(2) a budget covering the project management organization, appropriate consultants, property acquisition, utility relocation, systems demonstration staff, audits, and miscellaneous payments the recipient may be prepared to justify;

(3) a construction schedule for the project;

(4) a document control procedure and recordkeeping system;

(5) a change order procedure that includes a documented, systematic approach to handling the construction change orders;

(6) organizational structures, management skills, and staffing levels required throughout the construction phase;

(7) quality control and quality assurance functions, procedures, and responsibilities for construction, system installation, and integration of system components;

(8) material testing policies and procedures;

(9) internal plan implementation and reporting requirements;

(10) criteria and procedures to be used for testing the operational system or its major components;

(11) periodic updates of the plan, especially related to project budget and project schedule, financing, and ridership estimates; and

(12) the recipient's commitment to submit periodically a project budget and project schedule to the Secretary.

[(b) Repealed. Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(p), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1679]

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title III, §301(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4941, §24403; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(p), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1679; renumbered §22903, Pub. L. 115–420, §7(a)(1), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5445.)

**2019**—Pub. L. 115–420 renumbered section 24403 of this title as this section.

**2015**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–94 struck out subsec. (b) which related to secretarial oversight.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Notwithstanding the requirements of section 22902 of this chapter, the Secretary of Transportation may approve the use of a capital assistance grant under this chapter to fund self-insured retention of risk for the first tier of liability insurance coverage for rail passenger service associated with the grant, but the coverage may not exceed $20,000,000 per occurrence or $20,000,000 in aggregate per year.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title III, §301(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4942, §24404; renumbered §22904 and amended Pub. L. 115–420, §7(a)(1), (b)(2)(B), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5445, 5446.)

**2019**—Pub. L. 115–420 renumbered section 24404 of this title as this section and substituted "section 22902" for "section 24402".

(a)

(2) The Secretary of Transportation may waive paragraph (1) of this subsection if the Secretary finds that—

(A) applying paragraph (1) would be inconsistent with the public interest;

(B) the steel, iron, and goods produced in the United States are not produced in a sufficient and reasonably available amount or are not of a satisfactory quality;

(C) rolling stock or power train equipment cannot be bought and delivered in the United States within a reasonable time; or

(D) including domestic material will increase the cost of the overall project by more than 25 percent.

(3) For purposes of this subsection, in calculating the components' costs, labor costs involved in final assembly shall not be included in the calculation.

(4) If the Secretary determines that it is necessary to waive the application of paragraph (1) based on a finding under paragraph (2), the Secretary shall, before the date on which such finding takes effect—

(A) publish in the Federal Register a detailed written justification as to why the waiver is needed; and

(B) provide notice of such finding and an opportunity for public comment on such finding for a reasonable period of time not to exceed 15 days.

(5) Not later than December 31, 2012, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a report on any waivers granted under paragraph (2).

(6) The Secretary of Transportation may not make a waiver under paragraph (2) of this subsection for goods produced in a foreign country if the Secretary, in consultation with the United States Trade Representative, decides that the government of that foreign country—

(A) has an agreement with the United States Government under which the Secretary has waived the requirement of this subsection; and

(B) has violated the agreement by discriminating against goods to which this subsection applies that are produced in the United States and to which the agreement applies.

(7) A person is ineligible to receive a contract or subcontract made with amounts authorized under this chapter if a court or department, agency, or instrumentality of the Government decides the person intentionally—

(A) affixed a "Made in America" label, or a label with an inscription having the same meaning, to goods sold in or shipped to the United States that are used in a project to which this subsection applies but not produced in the United States; or

(B) represented that goods described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph were produced in the United States.

(8) The Secretary may not impose any limitation on assistance provided under this chapter that restricts a State from imposing more stringent requirements than this subsection on the use of articles, materials, and supplies mined, produced, or manufactured in foreign countries in projects carried out with that assistance or restricts a recipient of that assistance from complying with those State-imposed requirements.

(9) The Secretary may allow a manufacturer or supplier of steel, iron, or manufactured goods to correct after bid opening any certification of noncompliance or failure to properly complete the certification (but not including failure to sign the certification) under this subsection if such manufacturer or supplier attests under penalty of perjury that such manufacturer or supplier submitted an incorrect certification as a result of an inadvertent or clerical error. The burden of establishing inadvertent or clerical error is on the manufacturer or supplier.

(10) A party adversely affected by an agency action under this subsection shall have the right to seek review under section 702 of title 5.

(11) The requirements of this subsection shall only apply to projects for which the costs exceed $100,000.

(b)

(1) the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 (45 U.S.C. 231 et seq.);

(2) the Railway Labor Act (45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.); and

(3) the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act (45 U.S.C. 351 et seq.).

(c)

(1) a written agreement exist between the applicant and the railroad regarding such use and ownership, including—

(A) any compensation for such use;

(B) assurances regarding the adequacy of infrastructure capacity to accommodate both existing and future freight and passenger operations;

(C) an assurance by the railroad that collective bargaining agreements with the railroad's employees (including terms regulating the contracting of work) will remain in full force and effect according to their terms for work performed by the railroad on the railroad transportation corridor; and

(D) an assurance that an applicant complies with liability requirements consistent with section 28103 of this title; and

(2) the applicant agrees to comply with—

(A) the standards of section 24312 of this title, as such section was in effect on September 1, 2003, with respect to the project in the same manner that Amtrak is required to comply with those standards for construction work financed under an agreement made under section 24308(a) of this title; and

(B) the protective arrangements that are equivalent to the protective arrangements established under section 22404 with respect to employees affected by actions taken in connection with the project to be financed in whole or in part by grants under this chapter.

(d)

(1) 1 on a project funded in whole or in part by grants made under this chapter and replaces intercity rail passenger service that was provided by Amtrak, unless such service was provided solely by Amtrak to another entity or unless Amtrak ceased providing intercity passenger railroad transportation over the affected route more than 3 years before the commencement of new service, as of such date shall enter into an agreement with the authorized bargaining agent or agents for adversely affected employees of the predecessor provider that—

(A) gives each such qualified employee of the predecessor provider priority in hiring according to the employee's seniority on the predecessor provider for each position with the replacing entity that is in the employee's craft or class and is available within 3 years after the termination of the service being replaced;

(B) establishes a procedure for notifying such an employee of such positions;

(C) establishes a procedure for such an employee to apply for such positions; and

(D) establishes rates of pay, rules, and working conditions.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(4)

(e)

(1) commuter rail passenger transportation (as defined in section 24102) operations of a State or local governmental authority (as those terms are defined in section 5302) eligible to receive financial assistance under section 5307 of this title, or to its contractor performing services in connection with commuter rail passenger operations (as so defined);

(2) the Alaska Railroad or its contractors; or

(3) Amtrak's access rights to railroad rights of way and facilities under current law.

(f)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title III, §301(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4942, §24405; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11303(b)(1)(D), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1654; renumbered §22905 and amended Pub. L. 115–420, §7(a)(1), (b)(1)(B), (2)(C), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5445, 5446; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(j)(4)(D), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 693.)

The Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as amended generally by Pub. L. 93–445, title I, §101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, which is classified generally to subchapter IV (§231 et seq.) of chapter 9 of Title 45, Railroads. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Codification note set out preceding section 231 of Title 45, section 231t of Title 45, and Tables.

The Railway Labor Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, which is classified principally to chapter 8 (§151 et seq.) of Title 45, Railroads. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of Title 45 and Tables.

The Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which is classified principally to chapter 11 (§351 et seq.) of Title 45, Railroads. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of Title 45 and Tables.

The date of enactment of this Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), probably means the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–432, which enacted this section and was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

**2021**—Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 117–58 substituted "section 22404" for "section 504 of the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (45 U.S.C. 836)".

**2019**—Pub. L. 115–420, §7(a)(1), renumbered section 24405 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 115–420, §7(b)(1)(B), (2)(C), substituted "section 24102) operations of a State or local governmental authority (as those terms are defined in section 5302)" for "section 24102(4) of this title) operations of a State or local government authority (as those terms are defined in section 5302(11) and (6), respectively, of this title)".

**2015**—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §11303(b)(1)(D)(i), substituted "(45" for "(43".

Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 114–94, §11303(b)(1)(D)(ii), substituted "protective arrangements that are equivalent to the protective arrangements established" for "protective arrangements established".

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §11303(b)(1)(D)(iii), in introductory provisions, inserted "or unless Amtrak ceased providing intercity passenger railroad transportation over the affected route more than 3 years before the commencement of new service" after "unless such service was provided solely by Amtrak to another entity".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 114–94, §11303(b)(1)(D)(iv), substituted "under this chapter for commuter rail passenger transportation (as defined in section 24102(3))." for "under this chapter for commuter rail passenger transportation, as defined in section 24102(4) of this title."

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title III, §301(c), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4946, as amended by Pub. L. 115–420, §7(b)(3)(B)(i), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5447, provided that: "In implementing section 22905(a) of title 49, United States Code, the Federal Highway Administration shall, upon request by the Federal Railroad Administration, assist the Federal Railroad Administration in developing a process for posting on its website or distributing via email notices of waiver requests received pursuant to such subsection and soliciting public comments on the intent to issue a waiver. The Federal Railroad Administration's development of such a process does not relieve the Federal Railroad Administration of the requirements under paragraph (4) of such subsection."

1 See References in Text note below.

There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Transportation for capital grants under this chapter the following amounts:

(1) For fiscal year 2009, $100,000,000.

(2) For fiscal year 2010, $300,000,000.

(3) For fiscal year 2011, $400,000,000.

(4) For fiscal year 2012, $500,000,000.

(5) For fiscal year 2013, $600,000,000.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title III, §301(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4946, §24406; renumbered §22906, Pub. L. 115–420, §7(a)(1), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5445.)

**2019**—Pub. L. 115–420 renumbered section 24406 of this title as this section.

(a)

(b)

(1) A State (including the District of Columbia).

(2) A group of States.

(3) An Interstate Compact.

(4) A public agency or publicly chartered authority established by 1 or more States.

(5) A political subdivision of a State.

(6) Amtrak or another rail carrier that provides intercity rail passenger transportation (as rail carrier and intercity rail passenger transportation are defined in section 24102).

(7) A Class II railroad or Class III railroad (as those terms are defined in section 20102).

(8) An association representing 1 or more railroads described in paragraph (7).

(9) A federally recognized Indian Tribe.

(10) Any rail carrier or rail equipment manufacturer in partnership with at least 1 of the entities described in paragraphs (1) through (5).

(11) The Transportation Research Board and any entity with which it contracts in the development of rail-related research, including cooperative research programs.

(12) A University transportation center engaged in rail-related research.

(13) A non-profit labor organization representing a class or craft of employees of rail carriers or rail carrier contractors.

(c)

(1) Deployment of railroad safety technology, including positive train control and rail integrity inspection systems.

(2) A capital project as defined in section 22901(2), except that a project shall not be required to be in a State rail plan developed under chapter 227.

(3) A capital project identified by the Secretary as being necessary to address congestion or safety challenges affecting rail service.

(4) A capital project identified by the Secretary as being necessary to reduce congestion and facilitate ridership growth in intercity passenger rail transportation along heavily traveled rail corridors.

(5) A highway-rail grade crossing improvement project, including installation, repair, or improvement of grade separations, railroad crossing signals, gates, and related technologies, highway traffic signalization, highway lighting and crossing approach signage, roadway improvements such as medians or other barriers, railroad crossing panels and surfaces, and safety engineering improvements to reduce risk in quiet zones or potential quiet zones.

(6) A rail line relocation or improvement project.

(7) A capital project to improve short-line or regional railroad infrastructure.

(8) The preparation of regional rail and corridor service development plans and corresponding environmental analyses.

(9) Any project that the Secretary considers necessary to enhance multimodal connections or facilitate service integration between rail service and other modes, including between intercity rail passenger transportation and intercity bus service or commercial air service.

(10) The development and implementation of a safety program or institute designed to improve rail safety.

(11) The development and implementation of measures to prevent trespassing and reduce associated injuries and fatalities.

(12) Any research that the Secretary considers necessary to advance any particular aspect of rail-related capital, operations, or safety improvements.

(13) Workforce development and training activities, coordinated to the extent practicable with the existing local training programs supported by the Department of Transportation, the Department of Labor, and the Department of Education.

(14) Research, development, and testing to advance and facilitate innovative rail projects, including projects using electromagnetic guideways in an enclosure in a very low-pressure environment.

(15) The preparation of emergency plans for communities through which hazardous materials are transported by rail.

(16) Rehabilitating, remanufacturing, procuring, or overhauling locomotives, provided that such activities result in a significant reduction of emissions.

(d)

(e)

(1)

(A) give preference to a proposed project for which the proposed Federal share of total project costs does not exceed 50 percent; and

(B) after factoring in preference to projects under subparagraph (A), select projects that will maximize the net benefits of the funds appropriated for use under this section, considering the cost-benefit analysis of the proposed project, including anticipated private and public benefits relative to the costs of the proposed project and factoring in the other considerations described in paragraph (2).

(2)

(A) The degree to which the proposed project's business plan considers potential private sector participation in the financing, construction, or operation of the project.

(B) The recipient's past performance in developing and delivering similar projects, and previous financial contributions.

(C) Whether the recipient has or will have the legal, financial, and technical capacity to carry out the proposed project, satisfactory continuing control over the use of the equipment or facilities, and the capability and willingness to maintain the equipment or facilities.

(D) If applicable, the consistency of the proposed project with planning guidance and documents set forth by the Secretary or required by law or State rail plans developed under chapter 227.

(E) If applicable, any technical evaluation ratings the proposed project received under previous competitive grant programs administered by the Secretary.

(F) Such other factors as the Secretary considers relevant to the successful delivery of the project.

(3)

(f)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(h)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(1)

(A) in which there is no intercity passenger rail service, for the purpose of funding freight rail capital projects that are on a State rail plan developed under chapter 227, including highway construction over rail facilities as an alternative to construction or improvement of a highway-rail grade crossing, that provide public benefits (as defined in chapter 227), as determined by the Secretary; or

(B) in which the rail transportation system is not physically connected to rail systems in the continental United States or may not otherwise qualify for a grant under this section due to the unique characteristics of the geography of that State or other relevant considerations, for the purpose of funding transportation-related capital projects.

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11301(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1644, §24407; renumbered §22907 and amended Pub. L. 115–420, §7(a)(1), (b)(2)(D), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5445, 5446; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22303(a), (c)(1), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 718.)

**2021**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §22303(a)(1)(A), inserted "(including the District of Columbia)" after "State".

Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 117–58, §22303(a)(1)(B), inserted "rail carrier and intercity rail passenger transportation are" before "defined".

Subsec. (b)(8) to (13). Pub. L. 117–58, §22303(a)(1)(C), (D), added pars. (8) and (9) and redesignated formers pars. (8) to (11) as (10) to (13), respectively.

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, §22303(a)(2)(A), inserted "or safety" after "congestion".

Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 117–58, §22303(a)(2)(B), substituted "or" for "and".

Subsec. (c)(11) to (13). Pub. L. 117–58, §22303(a)(2)(C), (D), added par. (11) and redesignated former pars. (11) and (12) as (12) and (13), respectively.

Subsec. (c)(14) to (16). Pub. L. 117–58, §22303(a)(2)(E), added pars. (14) to (16).

Subsec. (h)(4). Pub. L. 117–58, §22303(a)(3), added par. (4).

Subsec. (l)(1)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §22303(c)(1), inserted ", including highway construction over rail facilities as an alternative to construction or improvement of a highway-rail grade crossing," after "under chapter 227".

**2019**—Pub. L. 115–420, §7(a)(1), renumbered section 24407 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 115–420, §7(b)(2)(D)(i), substituted "section 22901(2)" for "section 24401(2)".

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 115–420, §7(b)(2)(D)(ii), substituted "under sections 22902, 22903, and 22904, and the definition contained in section 22901(1)" for "of sections 24402, 24403, and 24404 and the definition contained in 24401(1)".

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22303(c)(2), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 718, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply to amounts remaining under section 22907(l) of title 49, United States Code, from appropriations for prior fiscal years."

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22303(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 718, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] may not be construed to affect any grant, including any application for a grant, made under section 22907 of title 49, United States Code, before the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 15, 2021]."

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22402, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 734, provided that: "Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 15, 2021], the Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration shall—

"(1) update the grade crossing accident prediction and severity model used by the Federal Railroad Administration to analyze accident risk at highway-rail grade crossings; and

"(2) provide training on the use of the updated grade crossing accident prediction and severity model."

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22404, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 736, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) collects information from the public, including first responders, regarding blocked highway-rail grade crossing events;

"(2) solicits the apparent cause of the blocked crossing and provides examples of common causes of blocked crossings, such as idling trains or instances when lights or gates are activated when no train is present;

"(3) provides each complainant with the contact information for reporting a blocked crossing to the relevant railroad; and

"(4) encourages each complainant to report the blocked crossing to the relevant railroad.

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(1) to identify frequent and long-duration blocked highway-rail grade crossings;

"(2) as a basis for conducting outreach to communities, emergency responders, and railroads;

"(3) to support collaboration in the prevention of incidents at highway-rail grade crossings; and

"(4) to assess the impacts of blocked crossings.

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

"(g)

"(h)

"(1) to infer or extrapolate the rate or instances of crossings beyond the data received through the portal; or

"(2) for any regulatory or enforcement purposes except those specifically described in this section.

"(i)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) based on the information received through the blocked crossing portal, frequent and long-duration blocked highway-rail grade crossings, including the locations, dates, durations, and impacts resulting from such occurrences;

"(B) the Federal Railroad Administration's process for verifying the accuracy of the complaints submitted to the blocked crossing portal, including whether the portal continues to be effective in collecting such information and identifying blocked crossings;

"(C) the Federal Railroad Administration's use of the data compiled by the blocked crossing portal to assess the underlying cause and overall impacts of blocked crossings;

"(D) the engagement of the Federal Railroad Administration with affected parties to identify and facilitate solutions to frequent and long-duration blocked highway-rail grade crossings identified by the blocked crossing portal; and

"(E) whether the blocked crossing portal continues to be an effective method to collect blocked crossing information and what changes could improve its effectiveness.

"(j)

"(k)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11313, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1673, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) support the development of an efficient and effective intercity passenger rail network;

"(2) identify the data needed to conduct cost-effective modeling and analysis for intercity passenger rail development programs;

"(3) determine limitations to the data used for inputs;

"(4) develop a strategy to address such limitations;

"(5) identify barriers to accessing existing data;

"(6) develop recommendations regarding whether the authorization of additional data collection for intercity passenger rail travel is warranted; and

"(7) determine which entities should be responsible for generating or collecting needed data.

"(b)

"(1) providing ongoing guidance and training on developing benefit and cost information for rail projects;

"(2) providing more direct and consistent requirements for assessing benefits and costs across transportation funding programs, including the appropriate use of discount rates;

"(3) requiring applicants to clearly communicate the methodology used to calculate the project benefits and costs, including non-proprietary information on—

"(A) assumptions underlying calculations;

"(B) strengths and limitations of data used; and

"(C) the level of uncertainty in estimates of project benefits and costs; and

"(4) ensuring that applicants receive clear and consistent guidance on values to apply for key assumptions used to estimate potential project benefits and costs.

"(c)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11401, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1679, as amended by Pub. L. 115–420, §7(b)(3)(C)(iv), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5448; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22403(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 734, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) methodologies, tools, and data sources for identifying and evaluating highway-rail grade crossing safety risks, including the public safety risks posed by blocked highway-rail grade crossings due to idling trains;

"(B) best practices to reduce the risk of highway-rail grade crossing accidents or incidents and to alleviate the blockage of highway-rail grade crossings due to idling trains, including strategies for—

"(i) education, including model stakeholder engagement plans or tools;

"(ii) engineering, including the benefits and costs of different designs and technologies used to mitigate highway-rail grade crossing safety risks; and

"(iii) enforcement, including the strengths and weaknesses associated with different enforcement methods;

"(C) for each State, a customized list and data set of the highway-rail grade crossing accidents or incidents in that State over the past 3 years, including the location, number of deaths, and number of injuries for each accident or incident, and a list of highway-rail grade crossings in that State that have experienced multiple accidents or incidents over the past 3 years; and

"(D) contact information of a Department of Transportation safety official available to assist the State in adapting the model plan to satisfy the requirements under subsection (b).

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) each State, except the 10 States identified under section 202 of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (49 U.S.C. 22501 note), to develop and implement a State highway-rail grade crossing action plan; and

"(B) each State identified under section 202 of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 [div. A of Pub. L. 110–432] (49 U.S.C. 22501 note) to—

"(i) update the State action plan under such section; and

"(ii) submit to the Administrator—

"(I) the updated State action plan; and

"(II) a report describing what the State did to implement its previous State action plan under such section and how the State will continue to reduce highway-rail grade crossing safety risks.

"(2)

"(A) identify highway-rail grade crossings that have experienced recent highway-rail grade crossing accidents or incidents or multiple highway-rail grade crossing accidents or incidents, or are at high-risk for accidents or incidents;

"(B) identify specific strategies for improving safety at highway-rail grade crossings, including highway-rail grade crossing closures or grade separations; and

"(C) designate a State official responsible for managing implementation of the State action plan under subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (1), as applicable.

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(6)

"(A) if the State action plan is approved, notify the State and publish the State action plan under paragraph (4); and

"(B) if the State action plan is incomplete or deficient, notify the State of the specific areas in which the plan is deficient and allow the State to complete the plan or correct the deficiencies and resubmit the plan under paragraph (1).

"(7)

"(8)

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) a public highway, road, or street, or a private roadway, including associated sidewalks and pathways, crosses 1 or more railroad tracks either at grade or grade-separated; or

"(B) a pathway explicitly authorized by a public authority or a railroad carrier that is dedicated for the use of non-vehicular traffic, including pedestrians, bicyclists, and others, that is not associated with a public highway, road, or street, or a private roadway, crosses 1 or more railroad tracks either at grade or grade-separated.

"(2)

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title II, §202, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4868, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

[For definitions of "Secretary", "State", and "crossing", as used in section 202 of Pub. L. 110–432, set out above, see section 2(a) of Pub. L. 110–432, set out as a note under section 20102 of this title.]

Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title II, §206, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4873, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(j)(4), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1677, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) $2,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2010 and 2011; and

"(2) $1,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2012 and 2013."

[For definitions of "railroad", "crossing", "Secretary", and "State", as used in section 206 of Pub. L. 110–432, set out above, see section 2(a) of Pub. L. 110–432, set out as a note under section 20102 of this title.]

(a)

(1)

(A) a State, including the District of Columbia;

(B) a group of States;

(C) an entity implementing an interstate compact;

(D) a public agency or publicly chartered authority established by 1 or more States;

(E) a political subdivision of a State;

(F) a federally recognized Indian Tribe;

(G) Amtrak or another rail carrier that provides intercity rail passenger transportation;

(H) any rail carrier in partnership with at least 1 of the entities described in subparagraphs (A) through (F); and

(I) any combination of the entities described in subparagraphs (A) through (F).

(2)

(b)

(c)

(1) a capital and mobilization plan that—

(A) describes any capital investments, service planning actions (such as environmental reviews), and mobilization actions (such as qualification of train crews) required for initiation of intercity rail passenger transportation; and

(B) includes the timeline for undertaking and completing each of the investments and actions referred to in subparagraph (A);

(2) an operating plan that describes the planned operation of the service, including—

(A) the identity and qualifications of the train operator;

(B) the identity and qualifications of any other service providers;

(C) service frequency;

(D) the planned routes and schedules;

(E) the station facilities that will be utilized;

(F) projected ridership, revenues, and costs;

(G) descriptions of how the projections under subparagraph (F) were developed;

(H) the equipment that will be utilized, how such equipment will be acquired or refurbished, and where such equipment will be maintained; and

(I) a plan for ensuring safe operations and compliance with applicable safety regulations;

(3) a funding plan that—

(A) describes the funding of initial capital costs and operating costs for the first 6 years of operation;

(B) includes a commitment by the applicant to provide the funds described in subparagraph (A) to the extent not covered by Federal grants and revenues; and

(C) describes the funding of operating costs and capital costs, to the extent necessary, after the first 6 years of operation; and

(4) a description of the status of negotiations and agreements with—

(A) each of the railroads or regional transportation authorities whose tracks or facilities would be utilized by the service;

(B) the anticipated railroad carrier, if such entity is not part of the applicant group; and

(C) any other service providers or entities expected to provide services or facilities that will be used by the service, including any required access to Amtrak systems, stations, and facilities if Amtrak is not part of the applicant group.

(d)

(1) for which planning, design, any environmental reviews, negotiation of agreements, acquisition of equipment, construction, and other actions necessary for initiation of service have been completed or nearly completed;

(2) that would restore service over routes formerly operated by Amtrak, including routes described in section 11304 of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015;

(3) that would provide daily or daytime service over routes where such service did not previously exist;

(4) that include funding (including funding from railroads), or other significant participation by State, local, and regional governmental and private entities;

(5) that include a funding plan that demonstrates the intercity rail passenger service will be financially sustainable beyond the 3-year grant period;

(6) that would provide service to regions and communities that are underserved or not served by other intercity public transportation;

(7) that would foster economic development, particularly in rural communities and for disadvantaged populations;

(8) that would provide other non-transportation benefits;

(9) that would enhance connectivity and geographic coverage of the existing national network of intercity rail passenger service; and

(10) for routes selected under the Corridor Identification and Development Program and operated by Amtrak.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) 90 percent of the projected net operating costs for the first year of service;

(B) 80 percent of the projected net operating costs for the second year of service;

(C) 70 percent of the projected net operating costs for the third year of service;

(D) 60 percent of the projected net operating costs for the fourth year of service;

(E) 50 percent of the projected net operating costs for the fifth year of service; and

(F) 30 percent of the projected net operating costs for the sixth year of service.

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(1)

(2)

(A) award grants under this section in installments, as the Secretary considers appropriate; and

(B) terminate any grant agreement upon—

(i) the cessation of service; or

(ii) the violation of any other term of the grant agreement.

(3)

(j)

(1) the implementation of this section;

(2) the status of the investments and operations funded by such grants;

(3) the performance of the routes funded by such grants;

(4) the plans of grant recipients for continued operation and funding of such routes; and

(5) any legislative recommendations.

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11303(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1651, §24408; renumbered §22908 and amended Pub. L. 115–420, §7(a)(1), (b)(2)(E), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5445, 5446; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22304, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 719.)

Section 209 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is section 209 of title II of div. B of Pub. L. 110–432, which is set out as a note under section 24101 of this title.

Section 11304 of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), is section 11304 of title IX of div. A of Pub. L. 114–94, 129 Stat. 1655, which is not classified to the Code.

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, referred to in subsec. (e)(1), is the date of enactment of title II of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (j), is the date of enactment of title XI of div. A of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

**2021**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–58, §22304(1), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) defined applicant.

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, §22304(2), substituted "6 years" for "3 years" in pars. (A) and (C).

Subsec. (d)(10). Pub. L. 117–58, §22304(3), added par. (10).

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §22304(4)(A), struck out "assistance" before "grants" and substituted "6 years (including for any such routes selected for funding before the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021)" for "3 years".

Subsec. (e)(3)(A) to (F). Pub. L. 117–58, §22304(4)(B), added subpars. (A) to (F) and struck out former subpars. (A) to (C) which read as follows:

"(A) 80 percent of the projected net operating costs for the first year of service;

"(B) 60 percent of the projected net operating costs for the second year of service; and

"(C) 40 percent of the projected net operating costs for the third year of service."

**2019**—Pub. L. 115–420, §7(a)(1), renumbered section 24408 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–420, §7(b)(2)(E)(i), substituted "22901(1)" for "24401(1)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (i)(3). Pub. L. 115–420, §7(b)(2)(E)(ii), substituted "22905" for "24405".

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(b)

(1) to eliminate highway-rail grade crossings that are frequently blocked by trains;

(2) to improve the health and safety of communities;

(3) to reduce the impacts that freight movement and railroad operations may have on underserved communities; and

(4) to improve the mobility of people and goods.

(c)

(1) A State, including the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and other United States territories and possessions.

(2) A political subdivision of a State.

(3) A federally recognized Indian Tribe.

(4) A unit of local government or a group of local governments.

(5) A public port authority.

(6) A metropolitan planning organization.

(7) A group of entities described in any of paragraphs (1) through (6).

(d)

(1) grade separation or closure, including through the use of a bridge, embankment, tunnel, or combination thereof;

(2) track relocation;

(3) the improvement or installation of protective devices, signals, signs, or other measures to improve safety, provided that such activities are related to a separation or relocation project described in paragraph (1) or (2);

(4) other means to improve the safety and mobility of people and goods at highway-rail grade crossings (including technological solutions);

(5) a group of related projects described in paragraphs (1) through (4) that would collectively improve the mobility of people and goods; or

(6) the planning, environmental review, and design of an eligible project described in paragraphs (1) through (5).

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(f)

(1)

(A) improve safety at highway-rail or pathway-rail grade crossings;

(B) grade separate, eliminate, or close highway-rail or pathway-rail grade crossings;

(C) improve the mobility of people and goods;

(D) reduce emissions, protect the environment, and provide community benefits, including noise reduction;

(E) improve access to emergency services;

(F) provide economic benefits; and

(G) improve access to communities separated by rail crossings.

(2)

(A) the degree to which the proposed project will use—

(i) innovative technologies;

(ii) innovative design and construction techniques; or

(iii) construction materials that reduce greenhouse gas emissions;

(B) the applicant's planned use of contracting incentives to employ local labor, to the extent permissible under Federal law;

(C) whether the proposed project will improve the mobility of—

(i) multiple modes of transportation, including ingress and egress from freight facilities; or

(ii) users of nonvehicular modes of transportation, such as pedestrians, bicyclists, and public transportation;

(D) whether the proposed project is identified in—

(i) the freight investment plan component of a State freight plan, as required under section 70202(b)(9);

(ii) a State rail plan prepared in accordance with chapter 227; or

(iii) a State highway-rail grade crossing action plan, as required under section 11401(b) of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015 (title XI of Public Law 114–94); and

(E) the level of financial support provided by impacted rail carriers.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(g) 1 the Federal share of the cost of a project carried out using a grant under the Program may not exceed 80 percent of the total cost of the project. Applicants may count costs incurred for preliminary engineering associated with highway-rail and pathway-rail grade crossing improvement projects as part of the total project costs.

(h)

(1) a summary of the project; and

(2) the amount of the proposed grant award.

(i)

(1) a list of all eligible applicants that submitted an application for funding under the Program during the current fiscal year;

(2) a list of the grant recipients and projects that received grant funding under the Program during such fiscal year; and

(3) a list of the proposed projects and applicants that were determined to be ineligible.

(j)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) shall be bound by the employee protective arrangements required under subparagraph (A); and

(ii) shall be responsible for the implementation of such arrangements and for the obligations under such arrangements, but may arrange for another entity to take initial responsibility for compliance with the conditions of such arrangement.

(k)

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22305(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 720.)

Section 11401(b) of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (f)(2)(D)(iii), is section 11401(b) of title XI of div. A of Pub. L. 114–94, which is set out as a note under section 22907 of this title.

Section 22104(b) of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, referred to in subsec. (f)(3)(B), is section 22104(b) of title II of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 696, which is not classified to the Code.

The Railway Labor Act, referred to in subsec. (j)(3)(A), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, which is classified principally to chapter 8 (§151 et seq.) of Title 45, Railroads. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of Title 45 and Tables.

The Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (j)(3)(A), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as amended generally by Pub. L. 93–445, title I, §101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, which is classified generally to subchapter IV (§231 et seq.) of chapter 9 of Title 45, Railroads. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Codification note set out preceding section 231 of Title 45, section 231t of Title 45, and Tables.

1 So in original. No par. (2) has been enacted.

(a)

(1) costs of administration;

(2) systems planning, including studying the impacts on freight rail operations and ridership;

(3) promotion of intercity passenger rail operation;

(4) preparation of applications for competitive Federal grant programs; and

(5) operations coordination.

(b)

(c)

(1) the amount of funding received (including funding from a rail carrier (as defined in section 24102)) or other participation by State, local, and regional governments and the private sector;

(2) the applicant's work to foster economic development through rail service, particularly in rural communities;

(3) whether the applicant seeks to restore service over routes formerly operated by Amtrak, including routes described in section 11304(a) of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015 (title XI of division A of Public Law 114–94);

(4) the applicant's dedication to providing intercity passenger rail service to regions and communities that are underserved or not served by other intercity public transportation;

(5) whether the applicant is enhancing connectivity and geographic coverage of the existing national network of intercity passenger rail service;

(6) whether the applicant has prepared regional rail or corridor service development plans and corresponding environmental analysis; and

(7) whether the applicant has engaged with appropriate government entities and transportation providers to identify projects necessary to enhance multimodal connections or facilitate service integration between rail service and other modes, including between intercity passenger rail service and intercity bus service or commercial air service.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1) the implementation of this section;

(2) the status of the planning efforts and coordination funded by grants awarded under this section;

(3) the plans of grant recipients for continued implementation of the interstate rail compacts;

(4) the status of, and data regarding, any new, restored, or enhanced rail services initiated under the interstate rail compacts; and

(5) any legislative recommendations.

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22306(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 723.)

Section 410 of the Amtrak Reform and Accountability Act of 1997, referred to in subsec. (a), is section 410 of title IV of Pub. L. 105–134, which is set out as a note under section 24101 of this title.

Section 11304(a) of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (c)(3), is section 11304(a) of title IX of div. A of Pub. L. 114–94, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1655, which is not classified to the Code.

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, referred to in subsec. (g), is the date of enactment of title II of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.


**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §§11202(c)(2), 11301(c)(2), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1630, 1648, struck out items 24104 "Authorization of appropriations" and 24105 "Congestion grants".

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §201(e)(2), title III, §302(b), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4911, 4947, substituted "Findings, mission, and goals" for "Findings, purpose, and goals" in item 24101 and added item 24105.

(a)

(2) Rail passenger transportation can help alleviate overcrowding of airways and airports and on highways.

(3) A traveler in the United States should have the greatest possible choice of transportation most convenient to the needs of the traveler.

(4) A greater degree of cooperation is necessary among Amtrak, other rail carriers, State, regional, and local governments, the private sector, labor organizations, and suppliers of services and equipment in order to meet the intercity passenger rail needs of the United States.

(5) Modern and efficient intercity passenger and commuter rail passenger transportation is important to the viability and well-being of major urban and rural areas and to the energy conservation and self-sufficiency goals of the United States.

(6) As a rail passenger transportation entity, Amtrak should be available to operate commuter rail passenger transportation through its subsidiary, Amtrak Commuter, under contract with commuter authorities that do not provide the transportation themselves as part of the governmental function of the State.

(7) The Northeast Corridor is a valuable resource of the United States used by intercity and commuter rail passenger transportation and freight transportation.

(8) Greater coordination between intercity and commuter rail passenger transportation is required.

(9) Long-distance routes are valuable resources of the United States that are used by rural and urban communities.

(b)

(c)

(1) use its best business judgment in acting to maximize the benefits of Federal investments, including—

(A) offering competitive fares;

(B) increasing revenue from the transportation of mail and express;

(C) offering food service that meets the needs of its customers;

(D) improving its contracts with rail carriers over whose tracks Amtrak operates;

(E) controlling or reducing management and operating costs; and

(F) providing economic benefits to the communities it serves;

(2) minimize Government subsidies by encouraging State, regional, and local governments and the private sector, separately or in combination, to share the cost of providing rail passenger transportation, including the cost of operating facilities;

(3) carry out strategies to achieve immediately maximum productivity and efficiency consistent with safe and efficient transportation;

(4) operate Amtrak trains, to the maximum extent feasible, to all station stops within 15 minutes of the time established in public timetables;

(5) develop transportation on rail corridors subsidized by States and private parties;

(6) implement schedules based on a systemwide average speed of at least 60 miles an hour that can be achieved with a degree of reliability and passenger comfort;

(7) encourage rail carriers to assist in improving intercity rail passenger transportation;

(8) improve generally the performance of Amtrak through comprehensive and systematic operational programs and employee incentives;

(9) provide additional or complementary intercity transportation service to ensure mobility in times of national disaster or other instances where other travel options are not adequately available;

(10) carry out policies that ensure equitable access to the Northeast Corridor by intercity and commuter rail passenger transportation;

(11) coordinate the uses of the Northeast Corridor, particularly intercity and commuter rail passenger transportation;

(12) maximize the use of its resources, including the most cost-effective use of employees, facilities, and real property; and

(13) support and maintain established long-distance routes to provide value to the Nation by serving customers throughout the United States and connecting urban and rural communities.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 899; Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §105(b), title II, §201, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2573, 2578; Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §§201(e)(1), 218(a)(1), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4910, 4930; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(l), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1678; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22201, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 696.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24101(a) | 45:501. | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §101, 84 Stat. 1328; Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §102, 93 Stat. 537; restated Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1171, 95 Stat. 687. |

24101(b) | 45:541 (2d sentence words after 1st comma). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §301 (2d sentence words after 1st comma), 84 Stat. 1330; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1188(a), 95 Stat. 699. |

24101(c) | 45:501a (less (14) (last sentence)). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §102; added Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §103(a), 93 Stat. 537; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1172, 95 Stat. 688. |

24101(d) | 45:501a(14) (last sentence). |


In this part, the word "Amtrak" is substituted for "National Railroad Passenger Corporation", and the words "Amtrak Commuter" are substituted for "Amtrak Commuter Services Corporation", to reflect the more current and commonly used names of the entities. The words "rail transportation" are substituted for "rail service" and "rail services", the word "transportation" is substituted for "service" where appropriate, and the word "authority" is substituted for "agency", as being more appropriate and for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "rail carrier" are substituted for "railroad" because of the definitions of "rail carrier" and "railroad" in 49:10102.

In subsection (a), the words "The Congress finds that the" and "The Congress further finds that" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "greatest possible choice of" are substituted for "to the maximum extent feasible . . . the freedom to choose the mode of" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "Amtrak shall" are substituted for "The Congress hereby establishes the following goals for Amtrak" to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 45:501a(3) and (4) is omitted as executed. The text of 45:501a(9) is omitted as obsolete because there no longer are any technical assistance panels. In clause (2), the words "stations and other" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the words "for such operation" are omitted as surplus. In clause (10), the word "various" is omitted as surplus. In clause (11), the words "real property" are substituted for "real estate" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

**2021**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §22201(a)(1), substituted "throughout" for "between crowded urban areas and in other areas of".

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 117–58, §22201(a)(2), substituted "in order to meet the intercity passenger rail needs of the United States" for "to Amtrak to achieve a performance level sufficient to justify expending public money".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 117–58, §22201(a)(3), inserted "intercity passenger and" before "commuter" and "and rural" after "major urban".

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 117–58, §22201(a)(4), added par. (9).

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §22201(b)(1), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: "use its best business judgment in acting to minimize United States Government subsidies, including—

"(A) increasing fares;

"(B) increasing revenue from the transportation of mail and express;

"(C) reducing losses on food service;

"(D) improving its contracts with operating rail carriers;

"(E) reducing management costs; and

"(F) increasing employee productivity;".

Subsec. (c)(13). Pub. L. 117–58, §22201(b)(2)–(4), added par. (13).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–58, §22201(c), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "To carry out subsection (c)(12) of this section, Amtrak is encouraged to make agreements with the private sector and undertake initiatives that are consistent with good business judgment and designed to maximize its revenues and minimize Government subsidies. Amtrak shall prepare a financial plan, consistent with section 204 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, including the budgetary goals for fiscal years 2009 through 2013. Amtrak and its Board of Directors shall adopt a long-term plan that minimizes the need for Federal operating subsidies."

**2015**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–94 substituted "set forth in subsection (c)" for "of subsection (d)".

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432, §201(e)(1)(A), substituted "mission" for "purpose" in section catchline.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–432, §201(e)(1)(B), added subsec. (b) and struck out former subsec. (b). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "By using innovative operating and marketing concepts, Amtrak shall provide intercity and commuter rail passenger transportation that completely develops the potential of modern rail transportation to meet the intercity and commuter passenger transportation needs of the United States."

Subsec. (c)(9) to (12). Pub. L. 110–432, §201(e)(1)(C), added par. (9) and redesignated former pars. (9) to (11) as (10) to (12), respectively.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–432, §218(a)(1)(B), substituted "Amtrak and its Board of Directors shall adopt a long-term plan that minimizes the need for Federal operating subsidies." for "Commencing no later than the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the Amtrak Reform and Accountability Act of 1997, Amtrak shall operate without Federal operating grant funds appropriated for its benefit."

Pub. L. 110–432, §218(a)(1)(A), which directed substitution of "plan, consistent with section 204 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, including the budgetary goals for fiscal years 2009 through 2013." for "plan to operate within the funding levels authorized by section 24104 of this chapter, including the budgetary goals for fiscal years 1998 through 2002." was executed by making the substitution for "plan to operate within the funding levels authorized by section 24104 of this chapter, including budgetary goals for fiscal years 1998 through 2002." to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 110–432, §201(e)(1)(D), substituted "subsection (c)(12)" for "subsection (c)(11)".

**1997**—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 105–134, §105(b), inserted ", separately or in combination," after "and the private sector".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–134, §201, inserted at end "Amtrak shall prepare a financial plan to operate within the funding levels authorized by section 24104 of this chapter, including budgetary goals for fiscal years 1998 through 2002. Commencing no later than the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the Amtrak Reform and Accountability Act of 1997, Amtrak shall operate without Federal operating grant funds appropriated for its benefit."

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §201(c), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4910, provided that: "Nothing in this division [see Short Title of 2008 Amendment note set out under section 20101 of this title] is intended to preclude Amtrak from restoring, improving, or developing non-high-speed intercity passenger rail service."

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §§203–209, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4912–4917, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §§11006(b)(2), 11202(c)(1), 11203(d), 11204(b)(2), 11206, 11214, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1624, 1630, 1634, 1637, 1644; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(j)(4)(E), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 693, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) may employ an independent financial consultant with experience in railroad accounting to assist Amtrak in improving Amtrak's financial accounting and reporting system and practices;

"(2) shall implement a modern financial accounting and reporting system not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 16, 2008]; and

"(3) shall, not later than 90 days after the end of each fiscal year through fiscal year 2013—

"(A) submit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a comprehensive report that allocates all of Amtrak's revenues and costs to each of its routes, each of its lines of business, and each major activity within each route and line of business activity, including—

"(i) train operations;

"(ii) equipment maintenance;

"(iii) food service;

"(iv) sleeping cars;

"(v) ticketing;

"(vi) reservations; and

"(vii) unallocated fixed overhead costs;

"(B) include the report described in subparagraph (A) in Amtrak's annual report; and

"(C) post such report on Amtrak's website.

"(b)

"(c)

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) shall take into consideration repayment costs, the term of any loan or loans, and market conditions; and

"(2) shall ensure that the restructuring results in significant savings to Amtrak and the United States Government.

"(d)

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(f)

"(1) modify the extent or nature of any indebtedness of Amtrak to the United States in existence;

"(2) change the private nature of Amtrak's or its successors' liabilities; or

"(3) imply any Federal guarantee or commitment to amortize Amtrak's outstanding indebtedness.

"(g)

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the current and expected performance and service quality of intercity rail passenger transportation operations, including cost recovery, on-time performance, ridership, on-board services, stations, facilities, equipment, and other services;

"(2) the connectivity of a route with other routes;

"(3) the transportation needs of communities and populations that are not well served by intercity rail passenger transportation service or by other forms of intercity transportation;

"(4) the methodologies of Amtrak and major intercity rail passenger transportation service providers in other countries for determining intercity passenger rail routes and services;

"(5) the financial and operational effects on the overall network, including the effects on direct and indirect costs;

"(6) the views of States, rail carriers that own infrastructure over which Amtrak operates, Interstate Compacts established by Congress and States, Amtrak employee representatives, stakeholder organizations, and other interested parties; and

"(7) the funding levels that will be available under authorization levels that have been enacted into law.

"(c)

"(d)

"(a)

"(1) ensures, within 5 years after the date of enactment of this Act, equal treatment in the provision of like services of all States and groups of States (including the District of Columbia); and

"(2) allocates to each route the costs incurred only for the benefit of that route and a proportionate share, based upon factors that reasonably reflect relative use, of costs incurred for the common benefit of more than 1 route.

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §222, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4932, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title III, §305, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4951, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11315(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1675, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) determine the number of different types of equipment required, taking into account variations in operational needs and corridor infrastructure;

"(2) establish a pool of equipment to be used on corridor routes funded by participating States; and

"(3) subject to agreements between Amtrak and States, utilize services provided by Amtrak to design, maintain and remanufacture equipment.

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

Pub. L. 108–447, div. H, title I, §150, Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3221, which provided that for the purpose of assisting State-supported intercity rail service, in order to demonstrate whether competition would provide higher quality rail passenger service at reasonable prices, the Secretary of Transportation, working with affected States, was to develop and implement a procedure for fair competitive bidding by Amtrak and non-Amtrak operators for State-supported routes, was from the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, and was not repeated in subsequent appropriation acts.

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation act:

Pub. L. 108–199, div. F, title I, §151, Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 303.

Pub. L. 105–134, §2, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2571, provided that: "The Congress finds that—

"(1) intercity rail passenger service is an essential component of a national intermodal passenger transportation system;

"(2) Amtrak is facing a financial crisis, with growing and substantial debt obligations severely limiting its ability to cover operating costs and jeopardizing its long-term viability;

"(3) immediate action is required to improve Amtrak's financial condition if Amtrak is to survive;

"(4) all of Amtrak's stakeholders, including labor, management, and the Federal Government, must participate in efforts to reduce Amtrak's costs and increase its revenues;

"(5) additional flexibility is needed to allow Amtrak to operate in a businesslike manner in order to manage costs and maximize revenues;

"(6) Amtrak should ensure that new management flexibility produces cost savings without compromising safety;

"(7) Amtrak's management should be held accountable to ensure that all investment by the Federal Government and State governments is used effectively to improve the quality of service and the long-term financial health of Amtrak;

"(8) Amtrak and its employees should proceed quickly with proposals to modify collective bargaining agreements to make more efficient use of manpower and to realize cost savings which are necessary to reduce Federal financial assistance;

"(9) Amtrak and intercity bus service providers should work cooperatively and develop coordinated intermodal relationships promoting seamless transportation services which enhance travel options and increase operating efficiencies;

"(10) Amtrak's Strategic Business Plan calls for the establishment of a dedicated source of capital funding for Amtrak in order to ensure that Amtrak will be able to fulfill the goals of maintaining—

"(A) a national passenger rail system; and

"(B) that system without Federal operating assistance; and

"(11) Federal financial assistance to cover operating losses incurred by Amtrak should be eliminated by the year 2002."

Pub. L. 105–134, title II, §§202–205, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2578–2582, as amended by Pub. L. 108–271, §8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814; Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §218(a)(2), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4930, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) cost allocation process and procedures;

"(2) expenses related to intercity rail passenger service, commuter service, and any other service Amtrak provides;

"(3) Strategic Business Plan, including Amtrak's projected expenses, capital needs, ridership, and revenue forecasts; and

"(4) assets and liabilities.

For purposes of paragraph (3), in the capital needs part of its Strategic Business Plan Amtrak shall distinguish between that portion of the capital required for the Northeast Corridor and that required outside the Northeast Corridor, and shall include rolling stock requirements, including capital leases, 'state of good repair' requirements, and infrastructure improvements.

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(e)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) The Secretary of Transportation.

"(B) Two individuals appointed by the President, of which—

"(i) one shall be a representative of a rail labor organization; and

"(ii) one shall be a representative of rail management.

"(C) Three individuals appointed by the Majority Leader of the United States Senate.

"(D) One individual appointed by the Minority Leader of the United States Senate.

"(E) Three individuals appointed by the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.

"(F) One individual appointed by the Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives.

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) may not be employees of the United States;

"(ii) may not be board members or employees of Amtrak;

"(iii) may not be representatives of rail labor organizations or rail management; and

"(iv) shall have technical qualifications, professional standing, and demonstrated expertise in the field of corporate management, finance, rail or other transportation operations, labor, economics, or the law, or other areas of expertise relevant to the Council.

"(3)

"(4)

"(A) the date on which all members of the Council have been appointed under paragraph (2)(A); or

"(B) 45 days after the date of enactment of this Act.

"(5)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(g)

"(1)

"(A) evaluate Amtrak's performance; and

"(B) make recommendations to Amtrak for achieving further cost containment and productivity improvements, and financial reforms.

"(2)

"(A) Amtrak's operation as a national passenger rail system which provides access to all regions of the country and ties together existing and emerging rail passenger corridors;

"(B) appropriate methods for adoption of uniform cost and accounting procedures throughout the Amtrak system, based on generally accepted accounting principles; and

"(C) management efficiencies and revenue enhancements, including savings achieved through labor and contracting negotiations.

"(3)

"(A) the savings realized as a result of the agreement; and

"(B) how the savings are allocated.

"(h)

"(1) Amtrak's progress on the resolution of productivity issues; or

"(2) the status of those productivity issues,

and makes recommendations for improvements and for any changes in law it believes to be necessary or appropriate.

"(i)

Pub. L. 105–134, title II, §209, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2584, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) for any purpose other than making payments to non-Amtrak States (pursuant to section 977(c) of that Act), or the financing of qualified expenses (as that term is defined in section 977(e)(1) of that Act); or

"(2) to offset other amounts used for any purpose other than the financing of such expenses.

"(b)

Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, §410, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2587, as amended by Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22306(c), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 724, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) retaining an existing service or commencing a new service;

"(2) assembling rights-of-way; and

"(3) performing capital improvements, including—

"(A) the construction and rehabilitation of maintenance facilities;

"(B) the purchase of locomotives; and

"(C) operational improvements, including communications, signals, and other systems.

"(b)

"(1) accept contributions from a unit of State or local government or a person;

"(2) use any Federal or State funds made available for intercity passenger rail service;

"(3) on such terms and conditions as the States consider advisable—

"(A) borrow money on a short-term basis and issue notes for the borrowing; and

"(B) issue bonds; and

"(4) obtain financing by other means permitted under Federal or State law.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1) make available on a publicly accessible website a list of interstate rail compacts established under subsection (a) before the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021 [Nov. 15, 2021] and interstate rail compacts established after such date; and

"(2) make information regarding interstate rail compacts available to the public, including how States may establish interstate rail compacts under subsection (a), and update such information, as necessary."

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, §3, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4908, provided that: "In this division [see Short Title of 2008 Amendment note set out under section 20101 of this title], the term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of Transportation."

In this part—

(1) "auto-ferry transportation" means intercity rail passenger transportation—

(A) of automobiles or recreational vehicles and their occupants; and

(B) when space is available, of used unoccupied vehicles.

(2) "commuter authority" means a State, local, or regional entity established to provide, or make a contract providing for, commuter rail passenger transportation.

(3) "commuter rail passenger transportation" means short-haul rail passenger transportation in metropolitan and suburban areas usually having reduced fare, multiple-ride, and commuter tickets and morning and evening peak period operations.

(4) "intercity rail passenger transportation" means rail passenger transportation, except commuter rail passenger transportation.

(5) "long-distance route" means a route described in subparagraph (C) of paragraph (7).

(6) "National Network" includes long-distance routes and State-supported routes.

(7) "national rail passenger transportation system" means—

(A) the segment of the continuous Northeast Corridor railroad line between Boston, Massachusetts, and Washington, District of Columbia;

(B) rail corridors that have been designated by the Secretary of Transportation as high-speed rail corridors (other than corridors described in subparagraph (A)), but only after regularly scheduled intercity service over a corridor has been established;

(C) long-distance routes of more than 750 miles between endpoints operated by Amtrak as of the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008; and

(D) short-distance corridors, or routes of not more than 750 miles between endpoints, operated by—

(i) Amtrak; or

(ii) another rail carrier that receives funds under chapter 229.

(8) "Northeast Corridor" means Connecticut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island.

(9) "rail carrier" means a person, including a unit of State or local government, providing rail transportation for compensation.

(10) "rate" means a rate, fare, or charge for rail transportation.

(11) "regional transportation authority" means an entity established to provide passenger transportation in a region.

(12) "state-of-good-repair" means a condition in which physical assets, both individually and as a system, are—

(A) performing at a level at least equal to that called for in their as-built or as-modified design specification during any period when the life cycle cost of maintaining the assets is lower than the cost of replacing them; and

(B) sustained through regular maintenance and replacement programs.

(13) "State-supported route" means a route described in subparagraph (B) or (D) of paragraph (7), or in section 24702, that is operated by Amtrak, excluding those trains operated by Amtrak on the routes described in paragraph (7)(A).

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 900; Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, §407, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2586; Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §201(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4909; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11006(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1624; Pub. L. 115–420, §7(b)(3)(A)(i)(I), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5446.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24102(1) | 45:502(1). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §103(1), 84 Stat. 1328; restated Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §§ 103(a), 104, 93 Stat. 537, 538. |

45:502(2). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §103(2); added Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1173(2), 95 Stat. 689. | |

45:502(3). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §103(3); added Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §2(2), 87 Stat. 548; restated Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §§ 103(a), 104, 93 Stat. 537, 538; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1173(1), 95 Stat. 689; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4012, 100 Stat. 109. | |

45:502(6), (7), (10), (12), (14), (18). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §103(4)–(7), (10), (12), (14)–(18), 84 Stat. 1328; restated Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §§ 103(a), 104, 93 Stat. 537, 538, 539; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1173(1), 95 Stat. 689; Oct. 27, 1992, Pub. L. 102–533, §8(1), 106 Stat. 3519. | |

24102(2) | 45:502(4). | |

24102(3) | 45:502(5). | |

24102(4) | 45:502(8). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §103(8), (9); added Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1173(3), 95 Stat. 689. |

24102(5) | 45:502(9). | |

24102(6) | 45:502(11). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §103(11), 84 Stat. 1328; Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §2(1), 87 Stat. 548; restated Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §§ 103(a), 104, 93 Stat. 537, 539; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1173(1), (4), 95 Stat. 689. |

24102(7) | 45:502(13). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §103(13); added Oct. 27, 1992, Pub. L. 102–533, §8(2), 106 Stat. 3519. |

45:851(c). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §701(c), 90 Stat. 120. | |

24102(8) | 45:502(14). | |

24102(9) | (no source). | |

24102(10) | 45:502(15). | |

24102(11) | 45:502(16). |


In clause (1), before subclause (A), the text of 45:502(1), (2), and (10) is omitted as surplus. The text of 45:502(6), (7), (12), (14), and (18) is omitted because the complete names of the Performance Evaluation Center, Interstate Commerce Commission, Railroad Safety System Program, Technical Assistance Panel, and Secretary of Transportation are used the first time the terms appear in a section. The words "characterized by transportation" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (3), the text of 45:502(5)(A) and the words "on and after October 1, 1979" are omitted as obsolete. Reference to 45:564(e) is omitted as obsolete because 45:564(e) was repealed by section 1183(d) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (Public Law 97–35, 95 Stat. 697).

In clauses (4) and (10), the words "authority, corporation, or other" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (4), the words "and includes the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the Connecticut Department of Transportation, the Maryland Department of Transportation the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, the New Jersey Transit Corporation, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, the Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corporation, any successor agencies, and any entity created by one or more such agencies for the purpose of operating" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (5), the words "whether within or across the geographical boundaries of a State" are omitted as surplus.

Clause (9) is added to eliminate repetition of the words "fares or charges" throughout this part.

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in par. (7)(C), is the date of enactment of div. B of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

**2019**—Par. (7)(D)(ii). Pub. L. 115–420 substituted "chapter 229" for "chapter 244".

**2015**—Pars. (5) to (13). Pub. L. 114–94 added pars. (5), (6), (12), and (13) and redesignated former pars. (5) to (9) as (7) to (11), respectively.

**2008**—Pars. (2) to (5). Pub. L. 110–432 added par. (5), redesignated former pars. (3) to (5) as (2) to (4), respectively, and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: " 'basic system' means the system of intercity rail passenger transportation designated by the Secretary of Transportation under section 4 of the Amtrak Improvement Act of 1978 and approved by Congress, and transportation required to be provided under section 24705(a) of this title and section 4(g) of the Act, including changes in the system or transportation that Amtrak makes using the route and service criteria."

**1997**—Pars. (2) to (6). Pub. L. 105–134, §407(1), (2), redesignated pars. (3) to (7) as (2) to (6), respectively, and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: " 'avoidable loss' means the avoidable costs of providing rail passenger transportation, less revenue attributable to the transportation, as determined by the Interstate Commerce Commission under section 553 of title 5."

Par. (7). Pub. L. 105–134, §407(2), (3), redesignated par. (8) as (7) and inserted ", including a unit of State or local government," after "means a person". Former par. (7) redesignated (6).

Pars. (8) to (10). Pub. L. 105–134, §407(2), redesignated pars. (8) to (10) as (7) to (9), respectively.

Par. (11). Pub. L. 105–134, §407(1), struck out par. (11) which read as follows: " 'route and service criteria' means the criteria and procedures for making route and service decisions established under section 404(c)(1)–(3)(A) of the Rail Passenger Service Act."

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(A) engages in or adheres to an action, practice, or policy inconsistent with this part or chapter 229;

(B) obstructs or interferes with an activity authorized under this part or chapter 229;

(C) refuses, fails, or neglects to discharge its duties and responsibilities under this part or chapter 229; or

(D) threatens—

(i) to engage in or adhere to an action, practice, or policy inconsistent with this part or chapter 229;

(ii) to obstruct or interfere with an activity authorized by this part or chapter 229; or

(iii) to refuse, fail, or neglect to discharge its duties and responsibilities under this part or chapter 229.

(2) An employee affected by any conduct or threat referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection, or an authorized employee representative, may bring the civil action if the conduct or threat involves a labor agreement.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 901; Pub. L. 115–420, §7(b)(3)(A)(i)(II), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5447.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24103(a) | 45:547(a) (1st sentence less words between 13th–15th commas). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §307(a) (1st sentence), (b), 84 Stat. 1333. |

24103(b) | 45:547(a) (last sentence). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §307(a) (last sentence); added Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1179, 95 Stat. 693. |

24103(c) | 45:547(a) (1st sentence words between 13th–15th commas), (b). |


In subsections (a) and (b), the words "may bring a civil action", "may bring the civil action", and "in a civil action brought by" are substituted for "upon petition of" and "on petition of" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.).

In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection" are added for clarity. The word "only" is added for clarity. See *National Railroad Passenger Corp. et al*. v. *National Association of Railroad Passengers*, 414 U.S. 453 (1974). In clauses (A) and (D)(i), the words "the policies and purposes of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the word "duly" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "in any court" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (c) is substituted for 45:547(a) (1st sentence words between 13th–15th commas) for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The text of 45:547(b) is omitted as surplus.

**2019**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–420 inserted "or chapter 229" after "this part" wherever appearing.

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 902; Pub. L. 105–134, title III, §301(a), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2585, authorized certain appropriations for the benefit of Amtrak.

Repeal by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, §411(b), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2589, provided that provisions authorizing certain appropriations shall cease to be effective if the Reform Board had not assumed the responsibilities of the Board of Directors of Amtrak before July 1, 1998.

Section, Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title III, §302(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4947, related to congestion grants.

Repeal by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.


**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §§11503(a), 11504(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1691, 1693, added chapter 242 and items 24201 and 24202.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(b)

(1) survey the use by the Federal Railroad Administration of categorical exclusions in transportation projects since 2005; and

(2) publish in the Federal Register for notice and public comment a review of the survey that includes a description of—

(A) the types of actions categorically excluded; and

(B) any actions the Secretary is considering for new categorical exclusions, including those that would conform to those of other modal administrations.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11503(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1691.)

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1) and (c), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015, referred to in subsecs. (b) and (c), is the date of enactment of title XI of div. A of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

Subtitle E of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (e), is subtitle E (§§11501–11504) of title XI of div. A of Pub. L. 114–94, known as the Track, Railroad, and Infrastructure Network Act and also as the TRAIN Act, which enacted this section and section 24202 of this title, amended section 303 of this title and section 138 of Title 23, Highways, and enacted provisions set out as a note under section 4370m of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this subtitle to the Code, see Short Title of 2015 Amendment note set out under section 20101 of this title and Tables.

The date of enactment of such subtitle, referred to in subsec. (e), is the date of enactment of subtitle E of title XI of div. A of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11504(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1692.)

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of title XI of div. A of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.



**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §§22206(c)(2), 22207(b), 22208(b)(2), 22209(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 703, 706–708, substituted "Grant process and reporting" for "Grant process" in item 24319, "Amtrak 5-year service line and asset line plans" for "Amtrak 5-year business line and asset plans" in item 24320, and "Food and beverage service" for "Food and beverage reform" in item 24321 and added item 24323.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §§11201(b), 11202(b), 11203(c), 11207(b), 11208(b), 11316(m), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1627, 1630, 1634, 1639, 1640, 1678, substituted "Plans to address the needs of families of passengers involved in rail passenger accidents" for "Plan to assist families of passengers involved in rail passenger accidents" in item 24316 and added items 24317 to 24322.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title V, §502(b), div. B, title II, §221(b), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4899, 4932, added items 24310 and 24316.

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, §§403, 404, 415(a)(2), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2585, 2586, 2590, substituted "Employee stock ownership plans" for "Capitalization" in item 24304 and struck out item 24310 "Assistance for upgrading facilities" and item 24314 "Demonstration of new technology".

1 So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.

(a)

(1) is a railroad carrier under section 20102(2) 1 and chapters 261 and 281 of this title;

(2) shall be operated and managed as a for-profit corporation; and

(3) is not a department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government, and shall not be subject to title 31.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(A) "additional tax" means a tax or fee—

(i) on the acquisition, improvement, ownership, or operation of personal property by Amtrak; and

(ii) on real property, except a tax or fee on the acquisition of real property or on the value of real property not attributable to improvements made, or the operation of those improvements, by Amtrak.

(B) "Amtrak" includes a rail carrier subsidiary of Amtrak and a lessor or lessee of Amtrak or one of its rail carrier subsidiaries.

(2) Amtrak is not required to pay an additional tax because of an expenditure to acquire or improve real property, equipment, a facility, or right-of-way material or structures used in providing rail passenger transportation, even if that use is indirect.

(l)

(2) The district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction over a civil action Amtrak brings to enforce this subsection and may grant equitable or declaratory relief requested by Amtrak.

(m)

(A) the retrofit program shall be completed not later than October 15, 2001; and

(B) a car that does not provide for the discharge of human waste only at a servicing facility shall be removed from service after that date.

(2) Section 361 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 264) and other laws of the United States, States, and local governments do not apply to waste disposal from rail carrier vehicles operated in intercity rail passenger transportation. The district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction over a civil action Amtrak brings to enforce this paragraph and may grant equitable or declaratory relief requested by Amtrak.

(n)

(o)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 904; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(g), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 947; Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §§106(b), 110(a), title II, §208, title IV, §§401, 402, 415(d)(1), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2573, 2574, 2584, 2585, 2590; Pub. L. 108–199, div. F, title I, §150(2), Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 303; Pub. L. 110–53, title XV, §1527, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 452.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24301(a) | 45:541 (1st sentence). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §301 (1st, 4th, last sentences), 84 Stat. 1330. |

45:541 (2d sentence words before 1st comma). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §301 (2d sentence words before 1st comma), 84 Stat. 1330; Oct. 5, 1978, Pub. L. 95–421, §11, 92 Stat. 928. | |

45:541 (3d sentence). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §301 (3d sentence), 84 Stat. 1330; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §18(a), 102 Stat. 636. | |

45:541 (last sentence). | ||

45:546(a) (words after "The Corporation" and before "and shall be subject to"). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §306(a), 84 Stat. 1332; June 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–316, §3(a), 86 Stat. 228; Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §112(a), 93 Stat. 541; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4015, 100 Stat. 110. | |

24301(b) | 45:546(m). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §306(m); added Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §112(c), 93 Stat. 541; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4013, 100 Stat. 109. |

24301(c)(1), (2)(A) | 45:546(a) (less words after "The Corporation" and before "and shall be subject to"). | |

24301(c) (2)(B) | 45:546a. | Oct. 5, 1978, Pub. L. 95–421, §7, 92 Stat. 927. |

24301(d) | 45:546(b). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §§305(a) (last sentence), 306(b)–(e), 84 Stat. 1332, 1333. |

24301(e) | 45:541 (4th sentence). | |

45:545(a) (last sentence). | ||

45:545(e)(8). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §305(e)(8); added Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §6, 87 Stat. 551. | |

45:546(g). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §306(g); added June 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–316, §3(b), 86 Stat. 228. | |

24301(f) | 45:546(d). | |

24301(g) | 45:546(c). | |

24301(h) | 45:546(l). |
Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §306(l); added Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §112(c), 93 Stat. 541. |

24301(i) | 45:797j (words ", the National Railroad Passenger Corporation,"). | Jan. 2, 1974, Pub. L. 93–236, 87 Stat. 985, §711 (words ", the National Railroad Passenger Corporation,"); added Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1143(a), 95 Stat. 667. |

24301(j) | 45:546(e). | |

24301(k) | 45:546(n). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §306(n); added Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1178, 95 Stat. 692; restated Oct. 27, 1992, Pub. L. 102–533, §6, 106 Stat. 3517. |

24301(l) |
45:546b. | Sept. 10, 1982, Pub. L. 97–257, §107 (par. under heading "Grants to the National Railroad Passenger Corporation"), 96 Stat. 852. |

24301(m) | 45:546(i). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §306(i); added Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §706(e), 90 Stat. 124; Oct. 19, 1976, Pub. L. 94–555, §105, 90 Stat. 2615; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §206(a), 94 Stat. 412; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–610, §601(a), 104 Stat. 3185. |

24301(n) | 45:546(f). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §306(f); added June 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–316, §3(b), 86 Stat. 228; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4004, 100 Stat. 107. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the text of 45:541 (1st sentence) is omitted as executed. The text of 45:541 (last sentence) is omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "rail carrier" are substituted for "common carrier by railroad" because of 49:10102. In clause (3), the words "department, agency, or instrumentality" are substituted for "agency, instrumentality, authority, or entity, or establishment" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The word "instrumentality" includes entities, authorities, establishments, and any other organizational unit of the United States Government that is not a department or agency.

In subsection (b), the words "In connection with the performance of such activities" and "to which the Corporation is a party" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1)(B), the words "whether by trackage rights or otherwise" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2)(B), the words "adversely affected" are substituted for "aggrieved" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (d), the word "same" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the text of 45:545(a) (last sentence) and (e)(8) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), the words "the place" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (h), the word "applicable" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (j), the words "existing", "including the antitrust laws of the United States", and "contracts . . . leases" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (k)(2), the words "of funds" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (l)(1), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law", "other", "including such taxes and fees levied after September 30, 1982", and "notwithstanding any provision of law" are omitted as surplus. The text of 45:546b (2d sentence) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (l)(2), the words "Notwithstanding the provision of section 1341 of title 28" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (m)(1), before clause (A), the word "New" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (m)(2), the word "vehicles" is substituted for "conveyances" for clarity.

In subsection (n), the words "uniformed services" are substituted for "Armed Forces or commissioned services" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

Section 20102(2), referred to in subsec. (a)(1), was redesignated section 20102(3) by Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, §2(b)(1), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4850.

The Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (c), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as amended generally by Pub. L. 93–445, title I, §101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, which is classified generally to subchapter IV (§231 et seq.) of chapter 9 of Title 45, Railroads. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Codification note set out preceding section 231 of Title 45, section 231t of Title 45, and Tables.

The Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, referred to in subsec. (c), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 680, 52 Stat. 1094, which is classified principally to chapter 11 (§351 et seq.) of Title 45, Railroads. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 367 of Title 45 and Tables.

The Railroad Retirement Tax Act, referred to in subsec. (c), is act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, §§3201, 3202, 3211, 3212, 3221, and 3231 to 3233, 68A Stat. 431, which is classified generally to chapter 22 (§3201 et seq.) of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 3233 of Title 26 and Tables.

The District of Columbia Business Corporation Act, referred to in subsec. (e), is act June 8, 1954, ch. 269, 68 Stat. 179, which is not classified to the Code.

The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (o), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–53, which was approved Aug. 3, 2007.

**2007**—Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 110–53 added subsec. (o).

**2004**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–199 inserted "11123," after "except for sections".

**1997**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 105–134, §401(1), substituted "railroad carrier under section 20102(2) and chapters 261 and 281" for "rail carrier under section 10102".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 105–134, §415(d)(1), inserted ", and shall not be subject to title 31" after "United States Government".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–134, §401(2), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(1) Part A of subtitle IV of this title applies to Amtrak, except for provisions related to the—

"(A) regulation of rates;

"(B) abandonment or extension of rail lines used only for passenger transportation and the abandonment or extension of operations over those lines;

"(C) regulation of routes and service;

"(D) discontinuance or change of rail passenger transportation operations; and

"(E) issuance of securities or the assumption of an obligation or liability related to the securities of others.

"(2) Notwithstanding this subsection—

"(A) section 10721 of this title applies to Amtrak; and

"(B) on application of an adversely affected motor carrier, the Surface Transportation Board under part A of subtitle IV of this title may hear a complaint about an unfair or predatory rate or marketing practice of Amtrak for a route or service operating at a loss."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–134, §110(a), inserted at end "Section 552 of title 5, United States Code, applies to Amtrak for any fiscal year in which Amtrak receives a Federal subsidy."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 105–134, §106(b), amended heading and text of subsec. (f) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The laws of the District of Columbia govern leases and contracts of Amtrak, regardless of where they are executed."

Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 105–134, §208, inserted heading and substituted in text "Amtrak, a rail carrier subsidiary of Amtrak, and any passenger or other customer of Amtrak or such subsidiary, are" for "Amtrak or a rail carrier subsidiary of Amtrak is", "tax, fee, head charge, or other charge, imposed or levied by a State, political subdivision, or local taxing authority on Amtrak, a rail carrier subsidiary of Amtrak, or on persons traveling in intercity rail passenger transportation or on mail or express transportation provided by Amtrak or such a subsidiary, or on the carriage of such persons, mail, or express, or on the sale of any such transportation, or on the gross receipts derived therefrom" for "tax or fee imposed by a State, a political subdivision of a State, or a local taxing authority and levied on it", and "In the case of a tax or fee that Amtrak was required to pay as of September 10, 1982, Amtrak is not exempt from such tax or fee if it was assessed before April 1, 1997." for "However, Amtrak is not exempt under this subsection from a tax or fee that it was required to pay as of September 10, 1982."

Subsec. (m)(1)(A). Pub. L. 105–134, §402, substituted "2001" for "1996".

**1995**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 104–88, §308(g)(1)(A), substituted "Part A of subtitle IV" for "Subtitle IV".

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 104–88, §308(g)(1)(B), substituted "section 10721 of this title applies" for "sections 10721–10724 of this title apply".

Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104–88, §308(g)(1)(C), substituted "Transportation Board under part A of subtitle IV" for "Interstate Commerce Commission under any provision of subtitle IV of this title applicable to a carrier subject to subchapter I of chapter 105".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–88, §308(g)(2), substituted "rail carrier subject to part A of subtitle IV" for "common carrier subject to subchapter I of chapter 105".

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 101–610, title VI, §601(d), (e), Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3186, provided that:

"(d) Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 16, 1990], the Secretary of Transportation, after appropriate notice and comment, and in consultation with the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Surgeon General, and State and local officials shall promulgate such regulations as may be necessary to mitigate the impact of the discharge of human waste from railroad passenger cars on areas that may be considered environmentally sensitive.

"(e) Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 16, 1990], the Secretary of Transportation shall promulgate regulations directing the National Railroad Passenger Corporation to, where appropriate, publish printed information, and make public address announcements, explaining its existing disposal technology and the retrofit and new equipment program, and encouraging passengers using existing equipment not to dispose of wastes in stations, railroad yards, or while the train is moving through environmentally sensitive areas."

Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §109, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2574, provided that: "Federal employees are authorized to travel on Amtrak for official business where total travel cost from office to office is competitive on a total trip or time basis."

Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §110(b), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2574, provided that: "Section 303B(m) of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 ([former] 41 U.S.C. 253b(m)) [now 41 U.S.C. 4702] applies to a proposal in the possession or control of Amtrak."

Pub. L. 104–205, title III, §347, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 2976, provided that: "Hereinafter, the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) shall be exempted from any State or local law relating to the payment or delivery of abandoned or unclaimed personal property to any government authority, including any provision for the enforcement thereof, with respect to passenger rail tickets for which no refund has been or may be claimed, and such law shall not apply to funds held by Amtrak as a result of the purchase of tickets after April 30, 1972 for which no refund has been claimed."

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1) The Amtrak Board of Directors (referred to in this section as the "Board") is composed of the following 10 directors, each of whom must be a citizen of the United States:

(A) The Secretary of Transportation.

(B) The Chief Executive Officer of Amtrak, who shall serve as a nonvoting member of the Board.

(C) 8 individuals appointed by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, with general business and financial experience, experience or qualifications in transportation, freight and passenger rail transportation, travel, hospitality, cruise line, or passenger air transportation businesses, or representatives of employees or users of passenger rail transportation or a State government, at least 1 of whom shall be an individual with a disability (as defined in section 3 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12102)) who has a demonstrated history of, or experience with, accessibility, mobility, and inclusive transportation in passenger rail or commuter rail.

(2) In selecting individuals described in paragraph (1) for nominations for appointments to the Board, the President shall consult with the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the minority leader of the House of Representatives, the majority leader of the Senate, and the minority leader of the Senate.

(3) An individual appointed under paragraph (1)(C) of this subsection shall be appointed for a term of 5 years. Such term may be extended until the individual's successor is appointed and qualified. Not more than 5 individuals appointed under paragraph (1)(C) may be members of the same political party.

(4) Of the individuals appointed pursuant to paragraph (1)(C)—

(A) 2 individuals shall reside in or near a location served by a regularly scheduled Amtrak service along the Northeast Corridor;

(B) 4 individuals shall reside in or near regions of the United States that are geographically distributed outside of the Northeast Corridor, of whom—

(i) 2 individuals shall reside in States served by a long-distance route operated by Amtrak;

(ii) 2 individuals shall reside in States served by a State-supported route operated by Amtrak; and

(iii) an individual who resides in a State that is served by a State-supported route and a long-distance route may be appointed to serve either position referred to in clauses (i) and (ii);

(C) 2 individuals shall reside either—

(i) in or near a location served by a regularly scheduled Amtrak service on the Northeast Corridor; or

(ii) in a State served by long-distance or a State-supported route; and

(D) each individual appointed to the Board pursuant to this paragraph may only fill 1 of the allocations set forth in subparagraphs (A) through (C).

(5) The Board shall elect a chairperson and vice chairperson, other than the Chief Executive Officer of Amtrak, from among its membership. The vice chairperson shall act as chairperson in the absence of the chairperson.

(6) The Board shall meet at least annually with—

(A) representatives of Amtrak employees;

(B) representatives of persons with disabilities; and

(C) the general public, in an open meeting with a virtual attendance option, to discuss financial performance and service results.

(7) The Secretary may be represented at Board meetings by the Secretary's designee.

(b)

(c)

(2) Not later than 60 days after the end of each fiscal year, the Board shall submit a report describing all travel and reimbursable business travel expenses paid to each director when performing Board duties to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate.

(3) The report submitted under paragraph (2) shall include a detailed justification for any travel or reimbursable business travel expense that deviates from Amtrak's travel and reimbursable business travel expense policies and guidelines.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 906; Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, §411(a), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2588; Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §202(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4911; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11205, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1637; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22202(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 697.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24302(a)(1) | 45:543(a)(1) (words before (A)), (A) (1st sentence), (B)–(E) (words before comma). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §303(a), 84 Stat. 1330; restated Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §3(a), 87 Stat. 548; Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §706(f), 90 Stat. 124; Oct. 19, 1976, Pub. L. 94–555, §103, 90 Stat. 2615; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §206(a), 94 Stat. 412; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1174(a), 95 Stat. 689; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §18(b), 102 Stat. 636. |

24302(a)(2) | 45:543(a)(2)(A) (1st sentence words before comma, last sentence). | |

24302(a)(3) | 45:543(a)(2)(B). | |

24302(a)(4) | 45:543(a)(1)(E) (words after comma). | |

24302(a)(5) | 45:543(a)(4). | |

24302(a)(6) | 45:543(a)(1)(A) (last sentence). | |

24302(b) | 45:543(a)(7). | |

45:543(c). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §303(b), (c), 84 Stat. 1331. | |

24302(c) | 45:543(a)(6). | |

24302(d) | 45:543(a)(5). | |

24302(e) | 45:543(a)(2)(A) (1st sentence words after comma), (3), (8). | |

24302(f) | 45:543(b). |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "is composed of the following 9 directors, each of whom must be a citizen" are substituted for "consisting of nine individuals who are citizens" for consistency in the revised title. The words "as follows" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the words "ex officio" are omitted as surplus. In clause (C)(ii), the words "chief executive officer of a State" are substituted for "Governor" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (D), the text of 45:543(a)(1)(D)(i) and the words "after January 1, 1983" are omitted as executed.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "by the President" and "registered as" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(3) and (4), the word "selected" is substituted for "appointed" for consistency.

In subsection (a)(6), the word "only" is added for clarity.

In subsection (b), the text of 45:543(a)(7) is omitted as obsolete because preferred stockholder representatives are always part of Amtrak's board of directors. The text of 45:543(c) (words after "all stockholders") is omitted as obsolete because Congress eliminated common stockholder representatives when it reconstituted the board.

In subsection (c), the words "direct or indirect" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the word "performing" is substituted for "engaged in the actual performance of" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "board" is added for clarity. The words "and powers" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The word "reasonable" is substituted for "which is reasonably required" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e), the words "the membership of" and "in the case of" are omitted as surplus. The words "occurring before the end of the term for which the predecessor of that individual was appointed is appointed for the remainder of the term" are substituted for "shall be appointed only for the unexpired term of the member he is appointed to succeed" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "under subsection (a)(1)(C)" the 2d time they appear are substituted for "paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection" in 45:543(a)(8) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

**2021**—Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, §22202(a)(1)(A), substituted "Chief Executive Officer" for "President".

Subsec. (a)(1)(C). Pub. L. 117–58, §22202(a)(1)(B), inserted ", at least 1 of whom shall be an individual with a disability (as defined in section 3 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12102)) who has a demonstrated history of, or experience with, accessibility, mobility, and inclusive transportation in passenger rail or commuter rail" before period at end.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 117–58, §22202(a)(2), struck out before period at end "and try to provide adequate and balanced representation of the major geographic regions of the United States served by Amtrak".

Subsec. (a)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 117–58, §22202(a)(4), added pars. (4) to (6) and struck out former par. (4) which read as follows: "The Board shall elect a chairman and a vice chairman, other than the President of Amtrak, from among its membership. The vice chairman shall serve as chairman in the absence of the chairman." Former par. (5) redesignated (7).

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 117–58, §22202(a)(3), redesignated par. (5) as (7).

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §11205(1)(A), substituted "10 directors" for "9 directors".

Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 114–94, §11205(1)(B), inserted ", who shall serve as a nonvoting member of the Board" after "Amtrak".

Subsec. (a)(1)(C). Pub. L. 114–94, §11205(1)(C), substituted "8" for "7".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 114–94, §11205(2), inserted "who are eligible to vote" after "serving".

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related, in subsec. (a), to establishment, duties, membership, and confirmation procedure of Reform Board, in subsec. (b), to selection of the Board of Directors, and in subsec. (c), to authority of Reform Board to recommend to Congress a plan to implement transfer of Amtrak's infrastructure assets and responsibilities to a new separately governed corporation.

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–134 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related, in subsec. (a), to composition and terms of Amtrak board of directors, in subsec. (b), to cumulative voting by stockholders, in subsec. (c), to conflicts of interest of directors, in subsec. (d), to pay and expenses of directors, in subsec. (e), to vacancies on board, and in subsec. (f), to bylaws of board.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §202(b), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4912, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 16, 2008]. The members of the Amtrak Board of Directors serving as of the date of enactment of this Act may continue to serve for the remainder of the term to which they were appointed."

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22202(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 698, provided that: "None of the amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] may be construed as affecting the term of any director serving on the Amtrak Board of Directors under section 24302(a)(1)(C) of title 49, United States Code, as of the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 15, 2021]."

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 907; Pub. L. 105–134, title II, §207, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2584.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24303(a) | 45:543(d) (1st, 4th, 5th sentences). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §303(d), 84 Stat. 1331; June 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–316, §1(a), 86 Stat. 227; May 26, 1975, Pub. L. 94–25, §2, 89 Stat. 90; July 18, 1982, Pub. L. 97–216, §101 (par. under heading "Grants to the National Railroad Passenger Corporation"), 96 Stat. 187; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §18(c), 102 Stat. 636. |

24303(b) | 45:543(d) (2d, 3d sentences). | |

24303(c) | 45:543(d) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), the words "of directors of Amtrak" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b), the words "rates of", "president and other", and "at a level" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "direct or indirect" are omitted as surplus. The word "another" is substituted for "any" for clarity.

**1997**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–134 inserted at end "The preceding sentence shall not apply for any fiscal year for which no Federal assistance is provided to Amtrak."

In issuing stock pursuant to applicable corporate law, Amtrak is encouraged to include employee stock ownership plans.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 908; Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, §415(a)(1), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2590.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24304(a) | 45:544(a) (1st sentence, last sentence words before (A), (A) (1st sentence), (B)(i) (1st sentence)). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §304(a), 84 Stat. 1331; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1175(1), (2), 95 Stat. 691. |

24304(b) | 45:544(a) (2d sentence). | |

45:544(b). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §304(b), 84 Stat. 1332; Oct. 28, 1974, Pub. L. 93–496, §2, 88 Stat. 1526. | |

24304(c) | 45:544(a) (last sentence words before (A), (A) (last sentence), (B)(i) (last sentence), (ii), (iii)). | |

24304(d)(1) | 45:544(c)(1), (2). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §304(c)(1), (2), 84 Stat. 1332; restated Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1175(3), 95 Stat. 691. |

24304(d)(2) | 45:544(c)(3). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §304(c)(3); added Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4003, 100 Stat. 107. |

24304(d)(3) | 45:544(c)(4). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §304(c)(4); added Oct. 27, 1992, Pub. L. 102–533, §5, 106 Stat. 3517. |

24304(e) | 45:544(e)(2). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §304(d), (e), 84 Stat. 1332; restated Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1175(4), 95 Stat. 691. |

24304(f) | 45:544(d). | |

24304(g) | 45:544(e)(1). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "issue and" are omitted because they are included in "have outstanding". The words "in such amounts as it shall determine" are omitted as surplus. The words "one issue of common stock and one issue of preferred stock" are substituted for "two issues of capital stock, a common and a preferred" for clarity. In clause (1), the word "designated" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1)(A), the words "may not hold" are substituted for "may be issued and held only by any person other than" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsections (b)(1)(B) and (c), the words "as defined in section 10102(6) of title 49" are omitted because of the definition of "rail carrier" in section 24102 of the revised title.

In subsection (b)(1)(B), the words "after the initial issue is completed" are omitted as executed. The words "single" and "directly or indirectly through subsidiaries or affiliated companies, nominees, or any person subject to its direction or control" are omitted as surplus. The words "may vote not more than one-third of the total number of shares of outstanding common stock of Amtrak" are substituted for "At no time . . . shall the aggregate of the shares of common stock of the Corporation voted by . . . exceed 331/3 per centum of such shares issued and outstanding" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "Additional common stock" are substituted for "a number of shares in excess of 331/3 per centum of the total number of common shares issued and outstanding, such excess number" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "issued and" are omitted because they are included in "outstanding".

Subsection (c)(1) is substituted for "Dividends shall be fixed at a rate not less than 6 per centum per annum, and shall be cumulative" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(2), the text of 45:544(a) (last sentence) (A) (last sentence) and the words "for any dividend period" and "at the rate fixed in the articles of incorporation" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "holders of preferred stock" are substituted for "preferred stockholders", and the words "holders of common stock" are substituted for "common stockholders", for consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (c)(4), the words "at such time and upon such terms as the articles of incorporation shall provide" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1), the text of 45:544(c)(1) and the words "Commencing on October 1, 1981" are omitted as executed. The words "and in consideration of receiving further Federal financial assistance", "of the United States Government", "additional", and "of funds" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(3), the words "required to be issued" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (e) is substituted for 45:544(e)(2) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (f), the words "in addition to the stock authorized by subsection (a) of this section", "securities, bonds, debentures, notes, and other", and "as it may determine" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (g) is substituted for 45:544(e)(1) to eliminate unnecessary words.

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–134 amended section catchline and text generally, substituting provisions relating to employee stock ownership plans for provisions relating to capitalization of Amtrak.

Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, §415(b), (c), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2590, provided that Amtrak was to redeem all common stock previously issued for the fair market value of such stock before Oct. 1, 2002, and that the preferred stock of Amtrak held by the Secretary of Transportation would confer no liquidation preference, effective 90 days after Dec. 2, 1997, and confer no voting rights, effective 60 days after Dec. 2, 1997.

(a)

(2) Amtrak shall operate and control directly, to the extent practicable, all aspects of the rail passenger transportation it provides.

(3)(A) Except as provided in subsection (d)(2), Amtrak may enter into a contract with a motor carrier of passengers for the intercity transportation of passengers by motor carrier over regular routes only—

(i) if the motor carrier is not a public recipient of governmental assistance, as such term is defined in section 13902(b)(8)(A) of this title, other than a recipient of funds under section 5311 of this title;

(ii) for passengers who have had prior movement by rail or will have subsequent movement by rail; and

(iii) if the buses, when used in the provision of such transportation, are used exclusively for the transportation of passengers described in clause (ii).

(B) Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to transportation funded predominantly by a State or local government, or to ticket selling agreements.

(b)

(1) a review panel at the principal office of Amtrak consisting of members the President of Amtrak designates;

(2) a systemwide inventory of spare equipment parts in each operational region;

(3) enough maintenance employees for cars and locomotives in each region;

(4) a systematic preventive maintenance program;

(5) periodic evaluations of maintenance costs, time lags, and parts shortages and corrective actions; and

(6) other elements or activities Amtrak considers appropriate.

(c)

(1) make and carry out appropriate agreements;

(2) transport mail and express and shall use all feasible methods to obtain the bulk mail business of the United States Postal Service;

(3) improve its reservation system and advertising;

(4) provide food and beverage services on its trains;

(5) conduct research, development, and demonstration programs related to the mission of Amtrak; and

(6) buy or lease rail rolling stock and develop and demonstrate improved rolling stock.

(d)

(2) Amtrak may establish through routes and joint fares with any domestic or international motor carrier, air carrier, or water carrier.

(3) Congress encourages Amtrak and motor common carriers of passengers to use the authority conferred in sections 11322 and 14302 of this title for the purpose of providing improved service to the public and economy of operation.

(e)

(f)

(2) Amtrak shall buy only—

(A) unmanufactured articles, material, and supplies mined or produced in the United States; or

(B) manufactured articles, material, and supplies manufactured in the United States substantially from articles, material, and supplies mined, produced, or manufactured in the United States.

(3) Paragraph (2) of this subsection applies only when the cost of those articles, material, or supplies bought is at least $1,000,000.

(4) On application of Amtrak, the Secretary of Transportation may exempt Amtrak from this subsection if the Secretary decides that—

(A) for particular articles, material, or supplies—

(i) the requirements of paragraph (2) of this subsection are inconsistent with the public interest;

(ii) the cost of imposing those requirements is unreasonable; or

(iii) the articles, material, or supplies, or the articles, material, or supplies from which they are manufactured, are not mined, produced, or manufactured in the United States in sufficient and reasonably available commercial quantities and are not of a satisfactory quality; or

(B) rolling stock or power train equipment cannot be bought and delivered in the United States within a reasonable time.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 909; Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §107, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2573; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11412(c)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1688; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22208(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 706.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24305(a)(1) | 45:545(a) (1st sentence 1st–32d words, words after last semicolon). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §305(a) (1st, 2d sentences), 84 Stat. 1332; June 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–316, §2(1), (2), 86 Stat. 228; Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §4, 87 Stat. 549; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1188(b), 95 Stat. 699. |

45:545(b) (4th sentence). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §305(b) (4th sentence); added June 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–316, §2(3), 86 Stat. 228; Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §5, 87 Stat. 550. | |

45:545(e)(5). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §305(e)(1)–(6); added Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §6, 87 Stat. 551. | |

24305(a)(2) | 45:545(a) (2d sentence). | |

24305(b) | 45:545(e)(2). | |

45:545(g). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §305(g); added Oct. 28, 1974, Pub. L. 93–496, §3, 88 Stat. 1527; restated Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §§106, 107, 93 Stat. 539, 540. | |

24305(c)(1) | 45:851(a)(2). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §701(a)(2), 90 Stat. 119. |

24305(c)(2) | 45:545(a) (1st sentence 33d word–1st semicolon). | |

45:545a. | Oct. 5, 1978, Pub. L. 95–421, §19, 92 Stat. 930. | |

24305(c)(3) | 45:545(e)(1). | |

24305(c)(4) | 45:545(n). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §305(n); added Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1177(a), 95 Stat. 692. |

24305(c)(5) | 45:545(a) (1st sentence words between 1st and last semicolons), (e)(3). | |

24305(c)(6) | 45:545(e)(4), (6). | |

24305(d) | 45:546(j). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §306(j); added Oct. 19, 1976, Pub. L. 94–555, §106, 90 Stat. 2615; Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §112(b), 93 Stat. 541. |

24305(e) | 45:545(j). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §305(j); added Oct. 19, 1976, Pub. L. 94–555, §104, 90 Stat. 2615; Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L 96–73, §§106, 108, 93 Stat. 539, 540. |

24305(f) | 45:545(k). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §305(k); added Oct. 5, 1978, Pub. L. 95–421, §10, 92 Stat. 928; Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §§106, 109, 93 Stat. 539, 540. |


In subsection (a)(1), the text of 45:545(e)(5) is omitted as obsolete. The words "acquire, operate, maintain, and make contracts for the operation and maintenance of" are substituted for "own, manage, operate, or contract for the operation of", "acquire by construction, purchase, or gift, or to contract for the use of", "acquire, lease, modify, or develop", and "or to enter into contracts for the provision of such service" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "physical" is omitted as surplus. The words "intercity and commuter trains" are omitted as being included in "equipment". The words "the transportation of mail and express" are substituted for "mail, express . . . service" for consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "service" and "repair" are omitted as surplus. The words "not later than January 1, 1980" are omitted as executed. In clause (1), the words "principal office of Amtrak" are substituted for "corporate headquarters" for clarity and consistency. In clauses (3) and (4), the words "establishment of" are omitted as executed.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "contracts and" and "necessary or . . . in the conduct of its functions" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "on such trains" in 45:545(a), and the words "including taking into account the needs of the United States Postal Service in establishing schedules" and "and service" in 45:545a, are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(4), the text of 45:545(n) (1st sentence) and the words "Beginning October 1, 1982" are omitted as executed.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "rail passenger carriers" are substituted for "common carriers of passengers by rail" for consistency in the revised title. The words "establishing those routes and fares" are substituted for "the making of such arrangements" for clarity.

In subsection (e), the words "and protection" and "licensing, residency, or related" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(1), the words "several" and "the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(2), the words "Except as provided in paragraph (2) or (3) of this subsection", "which have been", "all", and "as the case may be" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(3), the text of 45:545(k)(4)(B) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (f)(4)(A) and (B), the words "the purchase of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(4)(A)(i), the words "imposing" and "with respect to such articles, materials, and supplies" are omitted as surplus.

**2021**—Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 117–58 struck out "only if revenues from the services each year at least equal the cost of providing the services" after "on its trains".

**2015**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 114–94 substituted "may directly employ or contract with" for "may employ", "directly employed by or contracted by" for "employed by", and "directly employed or contracted without" for "employed without".

**1997**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 105–134, §107(a), added par. (3).

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 105–134, §107(b), added par. (3).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11209, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1640, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) onboard purchase and sale of local food and beverage products; and

"(2) partnerships with local entities to hold promotional events on trains or in stations.

"(b)

"(1) allow a State or States to nominate and select a local food and beverage products supplier or suppliers or local promotional event partner;

"(2) allow a State or States to charge a reasonable price or fee for local food and beverage products or promotional events and related activities to help defray the costs of program administration and State-supported routes; and

"(3) provide a mechanism to ensure that State products can effectively be handled and integrated into existing food and beverage services, including compliance with all applicable regulations and standards governing such services.

"(c)

"(1) for local food and beverage products, ensure the products are integrated into existing food and beverage services, including compliance with all applicable regulations and standards;

"(2) for promotional events, ensure the events are held in compliance with all applicable regulations and standards, including terms to address insurance requirements; and

"(3) require an annual report that documents revenues and costs and indicates whether the products or events resulted in a reduction in the financial contribution of a State or States to the applicable State-supported route.

"(d)

"(e)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11210, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1641, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) in the case of a passenger train that is comprised of more than 1 car, designate, where feasible, at least 1 car in which a ticketed passenger may transport a domesticated cat or dog in the same manner as carry-on baggage if—

"(A) the cat or dog is contained in a pet kennel;

"(B) the pet kennel complies with Amtrak size requirements for carriage of carry-on baggage;

"(C) the passenger is traveling on a train operating on a route described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (D) of section 24102(7) of title 49, United States Code; and

"(D) the passenger pays a fee described in paragraph (3);

"(2) allow a ticketed passenger to transport a domesticated cat or dog on a train in the same manner as cargo if—

"(A) the cat or dog is contained in a pet kennel;

"(B) the pet kennel complies with Amtrak size requirements for carriage of carry-on baggage;

"(C) the passenger is traveling on a train operating on a route described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (D) of section 24102(7) of title 49, United States Code;

"(D) the cargo area is temperature controlled in a manner protective of cat and dog safety and health; and

"(E) the passenger pays a fee described in paragraph (3); and

"(3) collect fees for each cat or dog transported by a ticketed passenger in an amount that, in the aggregate and at a minimum, covers the full costs of the pilot program.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11211, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1641, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11212, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1642, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) options to enhance economic development and accessibility of and around Amtrak stations and terminals, for the purposes of—

"(A) improving station condition, functionality, capacity, and customer amenities;

"(B) generating additional investment capital and development-related revenue streams;

"(C) increasing ridership and revenue; and

"(D) strengthening multimodal connections, including transit, intercity buses, roll-on and roll-off bicycles, and airports, as appropriate; and

"(2) options for additional Amtrak stops that would have a positive incremental financial impact to Amtrak, based on Amtrak feasibility studies that demonstrate a financial benefit to Amtrak by generating additional revenue that exceeds any incremental costs.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

Pub. L. 111–117, div. A, title I, §159, Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3061, as amended by Pub. L. 111–212, title III, §3009, July 29, 2010, 124 Stat. 2340, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) a comprehensive, system-wide, security evaluation; and

"(2) proposed guidance and procedures necessary to implement a new checked firearms program.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) permit Amtrak passengers holding a ticket for a specific Amtrak route to place an unloaded firearm or starter pistol in a checked bag on such route if—

"(i) the Amtrak station accepts checked baggage for such route;

"(ii) the passenger declares to Amtrak, either orally or in writing, at the time the reservation is made or not later than 24 hours before departure, that the firearm will be placed in his or her bag and will be unloaded;

"(iii) the firearm is in a hard-sided container;

"(iv) such container is locked; and

"(v) only the passenger has the key or combination for such container;

"(B) permit Amtrak passengers holding a ticket for a specific Amtrak route to place small arms ammunition for personal use in a checked bag on such route if the ammunition is securely packed—

"(i) in fiber, wood, or metal boxes; or

"(ii) in other packaging specifically designed to carry small amounts of ammunition; and

"(C) include any other measures needed to ensure the safety and security of Amtrak employees, passengers, and infrastructure, including—

"(i) requiring inspections of any container containing a firearm or ammunition; and

"(ii) the temporary suspension of firearm carriage service if credible intelligence information indicates a threat related to the national rail system or specific routes or trains.

"(c)

"(1) [sic] For purposes of this section, the term 'checked baggage' refers to baggage transported that is accessible only to select Amtrak employees."

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §218(b), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4930, provided that: "Amtrak may obtain from the Administrator of General Services, and the Administrator may provide to Amtrak, services under sections 502(a) and 602 of title 40, United States Code."

Pub. L. 106–554, §1(a)(4) [div. A, §1110], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–202, provided that: "Amtrak is authorized to obtain services from the Administrator of General Services, and the Administrator is authorized to provide services to Amtrak, under sections 201(b) and 211(b) of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 481(b) and 491(b)) [now 40 U.S.C. 502, 602, 603(a)(1)] for fiscal year 2001 and each fiscal year thereafter until the fiscal year that Amtrak operates without Federal operating grant funds appropriated for its benefit, as required by sections 24101(d) and [former] 24104(a) of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §108, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2574, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) to combine or package their respective services and facilities to the public as a means of increasing revenues; and

"(2) to coordinate schedules, routes, rates, reservations, and ticketing to provide for enhanced intermodal surface transportation.

"(b)

Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, §412, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2589, provided that: "Amtrak shall participate in educational efforts with elementary and secondary schools to inform students on the advantages of rail travel and the need for rail safety."

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 910; Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §102, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2572.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24306(a) | 45:545(b) (1st, 2d sentence words before 2d comma, last sentence). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §305(b) (1st–3d, last sentences); added June 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–316, §2(3), 86 Stat. 228; Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §5, 87 Stat. 549. |

24306(b)(1) | 45:545(b) (2d sentence words after 2d comma). | |

24306(b)(2) | 45:545(b) (3d sentence). | |

24306(b)(3) | 45:546(h). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §306(h); added Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §7, 87 Stat. 551. |


In subsection (a), the words "and to better accomplish the purposes of this chapter" and "modify its services to" are omitted as surplus. The words "a department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government" are substituted for "Federal departments and agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "consistent with the provisions of existing law" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "A person primarily providing auto-ferry transportation and any other person not a rail carrier may provide" are substituted for "except that nothing contained in this chapter shall prevent any other person, other than a railroad (except that for purposes of this section a person primarily engaged in auto-ferry service shall not be deemed to be a railroad), from providing such" to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 45:545(b) (2d sentence words after "the public") is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "may provide" are substituted for "Nothing in this section shall be construed to restrict the right of . . . from performing" to eliminate unnecessary words and for clarity. The words "rail lines" are substituted for "lines" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (b)(3), the words "has the effect of prohibiting or", "fine, penalty, or other", and "for violation of" are omitted as surplus. The words "rail carrier" are substituted for "common carrier by railroad" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

**1997**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–134, §102(1), struck out at end "When requested by Amtrak, a department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government shall assist in carrying out this section."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–134, §102(2), added subsec. (b) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (b). Text read as follows:

"(1) A person primarily providing auto-ferry transportation and any other person not a rail carrier may provide auto-ferry transportation over any route under a certificate issued by the Interstate Commerce Commission if the Commission finds that the auto-ferry transportation—

"(A) will not impair the ability of Amtrak to reduce its losses or increase its revenues; and

"(B) is required to meet the public demand.

"(2) A rail carrier that has not made a contract with Amtrak to provide rail passenger transportation may provide auto-ferry transportation over its own rail lines.

"(3) State and local laws and regulations that impair the provision of auto-ferry transportation do not apply to Amtrak or a rail carrier providing auto-ferry transportation. A rail carrier may not refuse to participate with Amtrak in providing auto-ferry transportation because a State or local law or regulation makes the transportation unlawful."

(a)

(1) individuals at least 65 years of age.

(2) individuals (except alcoholics and drug abusers) who—

(A) have a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity of the individual;

(B) have a record of an impairment; or

(C) are regarded as having an impairment.

(b)

(A) an active full-time employee of a rail carrier or terminal company and includes an employee on furlough or leave of absence;

(B) a retired employee of a rail carrier or terminal company; and

(C) a dependent of an employee referred to in clause (A) or (B) of this paragraph.

(2) Amtrak shall ensure that a rail carrier employee eligible for free or reduced-rate rail transportation on April 30, 1971, under an agreement in effect on that date is eligible, to the greatest extent practicable, for free or reduced-rate intercity rail passenger transportation provided by Amtrak under this part, if space is available, on terms similar to those available on that date under the agreement. However, Amtrak may apply to all rail carrier employees eligible to receive free or reduced-rate transportation under any agreement a single systemwide schedule of terms that Amtrak decides applied to a majority of employees on that date under all those agreements. Unless Amtrak and a rail carrier make a different agreement, the carrier shall reimburse Amtrak at the rate of 25 percent of the systemwide average monthly yield of each revenue passenger-mile. The reimbursement is in place of costs Amtrak incurs related to free or reduced-rate transportation, including liability related to travel of a rail carrier employee eligible for free or reduced-rate transportation.

(3) This subsection does not prohibit the Surface Transportation Board from ordering retroactive relief in a proceeding begun or reopened after October 1, 1981.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 911; Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, §406(b), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2586; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32932(c)(1), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 829.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24307(a) | 45:545(c)(2). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §305(c)(2); added Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §105(2), 93 Stat. 539. |

24307(b) | 45:545(c)(1). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §305(c)(1); added Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §6, 87 Stat. 550; Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §105(1), 93 Stat. 539. |

24307(c) | 45:565(f). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §405(f); added June 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–316, §8, 86 Stat. 230; Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §120(a), 93 Stat. 547; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1184, 95 Stat. 697. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the word "maintain" is substituted for "Within 90 days after September 29, 1979" and "establish" for clarity.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the word "act" is substituted for "take all steps necessary to" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "access to" are added for clarity. In clause (1), the words "and devices" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the words "architectural and other" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1)(A), the words "period of" and "while on" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "take such action as may be necessary to", "the terms of . . . policy or", and "to such railroad employee" are omitted as surplus. The words "or group of railroads" are omitted because of 1:1.

**2012**—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 112–141 substituted "Surface Transportation Board" for "Interstate Commerce Commission".

**1997**—Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 105–134 redesignated subsec. (c) as (b) and struck out former subsec. (b) which read as follows:

"(b)

"(1) acquiring special equipment;

"(2) conducting special training for employees;

"(3) designing and acquiring new equipment and facilities;

"(4) eliminating barriers in existing equipment and facilities to comply with the highest standards of design, construction, and alteration of property to accommodate elderly and handicapped individuals; and

"(5) providing special assistance to elderly and handicapped individuals when getting on and off trains and in terminal areas."

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §219, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4931, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §220, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4931, provided that: "Using the funds authorized by section 103 of this division [122 Stat. 4909], the Federal Railroad Administration shall monitor and conduct periodic reviews of Amtrak's compliance with applicable sections of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 [42 U.S.C. 12101 et seq.] and the Rehabilitation Act of 1974 [probably means Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. 701 et seq.] to ensure that Amtrak's services and facilities are accessible to individuals with disabilities to the extent required by law."

Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, §406(a), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2586, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

(a)

(2)(A) If the parties cannot agree and if the Surface Transportation Board finds it necessary to carry out this part, the Board shall—

(i) order that the facilities be made available and the services provided to Amtrak; and

(ii) prescribe reasonable terms and compensation for using the facilities and providing the services.

(B) When prescribing reasonable compensation under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, the Board shall consider quality of service as a major factor when determining whether, and the extent to which, the amount of compensation shall be greater than the incremental costs of using the facilities and providing the services.

(C) The Board shall decide the dispute not later than 90 days after Amtrak submits the dispute to the Board.

(3) Amtrak's right to use the facilities or have the services provided is conditioned on payment of the compensation. If the compensation is not paid promptly, the rail carrier or authority entitled to it may bring an action against Amtrak to recover the amount owed.

(4) Amtrak shall seek immediate and appropriate legal remedies to enforce its contract rights when track maintenance on a route over which Amtrak operates falls below the contractual standard.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(2) The Board shall consider—

(A) when conducting a hearing, whether an order would impair unreasonably freight transportation of the rail carrier, with the carrier having the burden of demonstrating that the additional trains will impair the freight transportation; and

(B) when establishing scheduled running times, the statutory goal of Amtrak to implement schedules that attain a system-wide average speed of at least 60 miles an hour that can be adhered to with a high degree of reliability and passenger comfort.

(3) Unless the parties have an agreement that establishes the compensation Amtrak will pay the carrier for additional trains provided under an order under this subsection, the Board shall decide the dispute under subsection (a) of this section.

(f)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) the extent to which Amtrak suffers financial loss as a result of host rail carrier delays or failure to achieve minimum standards; and

(B) what reasonable measures would adequately deter future actions which may reasonably be expected to be likely to result in delays to Amtrak on the route involved.

(4)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 911; 110–432, div. B, title II, §213(a), (d), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4925, 4926.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24308(a)(1)– (3) | 45:562(a)(1). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §402(a)(1), 84 Stat. 1335; June 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–316, §5(1), 86 Stat. 229; Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §10(1), 87 Stat. 552; Oct. 5, 1978, Pub. L. 95–421, §15, 92 Stat. 929; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1181, 95 Stat. 693; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4017(b)(1), 100 Stat. 110. |

24308(a)(4) | 45:562 (note). | July 11, 1987, Pub. L. 100–71 (last proviso under heading "Grants to the National Railroad Passenger Corporation"), 101 Stat. 447. |

24308(b) | 45:562(c). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §402(c); added June 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–316, §5(2), 86 Stat. 229. |

24308(c) | 45:562(e). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §402(e); added Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §10(2), 87 Stat. 552; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1188(c), 95 Stat. 699. |

24308(d) | 45:562(f). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §402(f); added Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §10(2), 87 Stat. 552. |

24308(e) | 45:562(g). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §402(g); added May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §216, 94 Stat. 418; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4006(2), 100 Stat. 107. |


In subsection (a)(1), the word "authority" is substituted for "agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "tracks and other" are omitted as surplus. The words "of . . . by, the carrier or authority" are added for clarity. The words "and conditions" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2)(A), before clause (i), the words "the purposes of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (ii), the words "just and" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (a)(2)(B) is substituted for 45:562(a)(1) (3d sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(2)(C), the words "shall decide the dispute" are added, and the words "submits the dispute" are substituted for "application", for clarity.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "Amtrak's right to use the facilities or have the services provided is conditioned on payment of the compensation" are substituted for "and the rights of the Corporation to such services or to the use of tracks or facilities of the railroad or agency under such order . . . shall be conditioned upon payment by the Corporation of the compensation fixed by the Commission" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "or under an order issued under subsection (b) of this section" are omitted as obsolete because 45:562(b) is executed. The words "amount of", "fixed", "duly and", and "properly" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(4), the words "notwithstanding any other provision of law", "hereafter", and "becomes inadequate or otherwise" are omitted as surplus.

In subsections (b)–(d), the words "just and" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "as may be deemed by it to be necessary", "tracks and other", and "proceed to" are omitted as surplus. The words "personal injury" are substituted for "casualty" for consistency.

In subsections (c) and (d), the words "an opportunity for a" are added for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (c), the word "given" is omitted as surplus. The words "rail line" are substituted for "line of track" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The word "appropriate" is omitted as surplus. The words "the carrier" are substituted for "trains" for clarity and consistency. The words "and Amtrak" are added for clarity.

In subsection (d), the words "upon request of the Corporation" and "otherwise" are omitted as surplus. The words "which improvements would be required" are substituted for "and with respect to the nature and extent of improvements to track, signal systems, and other facilities that would be required" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e)(1), the words "satisfactory, voluntary" are omitted as surplus. The words "provide, or allow Amtrak to provide" are added, and the words "Amtrak may apply to the Secretary for an order requiring the carrier to provide or allow for the operation of the requested trains" are substituted for "Upon receipt of an application from the Corporation", for clarity.

In subsection (e)(2)(A), the words "involved" and "seeking to oppose the operation of an additional train" are omitted as surplus. The words "when conducting a hearing" are added for clarity.

In subsection (e)(2)(B), the word "proper" is omitted as surplus. The words "60 miles" are substituted for "55 miles" for consistency with 45:501a(8), restated in section 24101(c)(6) of the revised title. Section 1172(3) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (Public Law 91–35, 95 Stat. 688) raised the speed from 55 to 60 in 45:501a but did not make a corresponding change in 45:562(g).

In subsection (e)(3), the words "Unless the parties have an agreement that establishes the compensation Amtrak will pay the carrier for additional trains provided under an order under this subsection" are substituted for 45:562(g) (last sentence words before last comma) to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the dispute" are added for clarity and consistency in this section.

Section 207 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (f)(1), is section 207 of Pub. L. 110–432, which is set out in a note under section 24101 of this title.

**2008**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 110–432, §213(d)(2), substituted "Board" for "Commission" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 110–432, §213(d)(1), substituted "Surface Transportation Board" for "Interstate Commerce Commission" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–432, §213(d)(2), substituted "Board" for "Commission" in two places.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–432, §213(d)(3), (4), substituted "Board" for "Secretary of Transportation" after "unless the" and for "Secretary" in three places.

Subsecs. (d), (e)(1), (2). Pub. L. 110–432, §213(d)(4), substituted "Board" for "Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 110–432, §213(d)(2), substituted "Board" for "Commission".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 110–432, §213(a), added subsec. (f).

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §213(b), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4926, provided that: "The Surface Transportation Board may establish and collect filing fees from any entity that files a complaint under section 24308(f)(1) of title 49, United States Code, or otherwise requests or requires the Board's services pursuant to this division [see Short Title of 2008 Amendment note set out under section 20101 of this title]. The Board shall establish such fees at levels that will fully or partially, as the Board determines to be appropriate, offset the costs of adjudicating complaints under that section and other requests or requirements for Board action under this division. The Board may waive any fee established under this subsection for any governmental entity as determined appropriate by the Board."

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §216, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4930, provided that: "Amtrak is encouraged to increase the operation of special trains funded by, or in partnership with, private sector operators through competitive contracting to minimize the need for Federal subsidies. Amtrak shall utilize the provisions of section 24308 of title 49, United States Code, when necessary to obtain access to facilities, train and engine crews, or services of a rail carrier or regional transportation authority that are required to operate such trains."

(a)

(1) "facility" means a rail line, right of way, fixed equipment, facility, or real property related to a rail line, right of way, fixed equipment, or facility, including a signal system, passenger station and repair tracks, a station building, a platform, and a related facility, including a water, fuel, steam, electric, and air line.

(2) downgrading a facility means reducing a track classification as specified in the Federal Railroad Administration track safety standards or altering a facility so that the time required for rail passenger transportation to be provided over the route on which a facility is located may be increased.

(b)

(c)

(2) After a rail carrier notifies Amtrak of its intention to downgrade or dispose of a facility, Amtrak shall survey population centers with rail passenger transportation facilities to assist in preparing a valid and timely analysis of the need for the facility and shall update the survey as appropriate. Amtrak also shall maintain a system for collecting information gathered in the survey. The system shall collect the information based on geographic regions and on whether the facility would be part of a short haul or long haul route. The survey should facilitate an analysis of—

(A) ridership potential by ascertaining existing and changing travel patterns that would provide maximum efficient rail passenger transportation;

(B) the quality of transportation of competitors or likely competitors;

(C) the likelihood of Amtrak offering transportation at a competitive fare;

(D) opportunities to target advertising and fares to potential classes of riders;

(E) economic characteristics of rail passenger transportation related to the facility and the extent to which the characteristics are consistent with sound economic principles of short haul or long haul rail transportation; and

(F) the feasibility of applying effective internal cost controls to the facility and route served by the facility to improve the ratio of passenger revenue to transportation expenses (excluding maintenance of tracks, structures, and equipment and depreciation).

(d)

(2) If Amtrak objects to an application, the Secretary shall decide by not later than 180 days after the objection those costs the rail carrier may avoid if it does not have to retain or maintain a facility in the condition Amtrak requests. If Amtrak does not agree by not later than 60 days after the decision to pay the carrier these avoidable costs, the Secretary shall approve the application. When deciding whether to pay a carrier the avoidable costs of retaining or maintaining a facility, Amtrak shall consider—

(A) the potential importance of restoring rail passenger transportation on the route on which the facility is located;

(B) the market potential of the route;

(C) the availability, adequacy, and energy efficiency of an alternate rail line or alternate mode of transportation to provide passenger transportation to or near the places that would be served by the route;

(D) the extent to which major population centers would be served by the route;

(E) the extent to which providing transportation over the route would encourage the expansion of an intercity rail passenger system in the United States; and

(F) the possibility of increased ridership on a rail line that connects with the route.

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 913; Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §162, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2578.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24309(a) | 45:566(e)(1), (2). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §406; added Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §121, 93 Stat. 548. |

24309(b) | 45:566(a). | |

24309(c)(1) | 45:566(b). | |

24309(c)(2) | 45:566(d)(2). | |

24309(d)(1) | 45:566(c)(1). | |

24309(d)(2) | 45:566(c)(2), (d)(1). | |

24309(e) | 45:566(e)(3). |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "rail line" are substituted for "railroad tracks" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b), the word "authority" is substituted for "agency" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "obtaining the" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "first" and "to take such action" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2), before clause (A), the words "need for the" are added for clarity. The words "necessary or" are omitted as surplus. The words "Within 90 days after September 29, 1979" and 45:566(d)(2)(A)(i) are omitted as executed. The word "maintain" is substituted for "take steps to prepare" for clarity. The words "survey plan which shall provide for" and "compilation, and storage" are omitted as surplus. In clause (F), the words "over time" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(2), before clause (A), the word "timely" is omitted as surplus. In clause (F), the words "rail line" are substituted for "lines of railroad" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (e), the words "approval of" are omitted as surplus.

**1997**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–134 inserted "or on January 1, 1997," after "1979,".

(a)

(b)

(1) effectiveness in improving annual financial planning;

(2) effectiveness in implementing improved financial accounting;

(3) efforts to implement minimum train performance standards;

(4) progress maximizing revenues, minimizing Federal subsidies, and improving financial results; and

(5) any other aspect of Amtrak operations the Inspector General finds appropriate to review.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §221(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4931.)

The Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (a), is div. B of Pub. L. 110–432, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4907. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2008 Amendment note set out under section 20101 of this title and Tables.

A prior section 24310, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 914, allowed petition or application for assistance in upgrading facilities to correct dangerous conditions or State and local violations, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, §403, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2585.

(a)

(A) necessary for intercity rail passenger transportation, except property of a rail carrier, a State, a political subdivision of a State, or a governmental authority; or

(B) requested by the Secretary of Transportation in carrying out the Secretary's duty to design and build an intermodal transportation terminal at Union Station in the District of Columbia if the Secretary assures Amtrak that the Secretary will reimburse Amtrak.

(2) Amtrak may exercise the power of eminent domain only if it cannot—

(A) acquire the interest in the property by contract; or

(B) agree with the owner on the purchase price for the interest.

(b)

(A) a statement of the public use for which the interest is taken;

(B) a description of the property sufficient to identify it;

(C) a statement of the interest in the property taken;

(D) a plan showing the interest taken; and

(E) a statement of the amount of money Amtrak estimates is just compensation for the interest.

(2) When the declaration is filed and the deposit is made under paragraph (1) of this subsection, title to the property vests in Amtrak in fee simple absolute or in the lesser interest shown in the declaration, and the right to the money vests in the person entitled to the money. When the declaration is filed, the court may decide—

(A) the time by which, and the terms under which, possession of the property is given to Amtrak; and

(B) the disposition of outstanding charges related to the property.

(3) After a hearing, the court shall make a finding on the amount that is just compensation for the interest in the property and enter judgment awarding that amount and interest on it. The rate of interest is 6 percent a year and is computed on the amount of the award less the amount deposited in the court from the date of taking to the date of payment.

(4) On application of a party, the court may order immediate payment of any part of the amount deposited in the court for the compensation to be awarded. If the award is more than the amount received, the court shall enter judgment against Amtrak for the deficiency.

(c)

(A) conveyance would impair significantly the ability of the carrier to carry out its obligations as a common carrier; and

(B) the obligations of Amtrak to provide modern, efficient, and economical rail passenger transportation can be met adequately by acquiring an interest in other property, either by sale or by exercising its right of eminent domain under subsection (a) of this section.

(2) If the amount of compensation is not determined by the date of the Board's order, the order shall require, as part of the compensation, interest at 6 percent a year from the date prescribed for the conveyance until the compensation is paid.

(3) Amtrak subsequently may reconvey to a third party an interest conveyed to Amtrak under this subsection or prior comparable provision of law if the Board decides that the reconveyance will carry out the purposes of this part, regardless of when the proceeding was brought (including a proceeding pending before a United States court on November 28, 1990).

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 915; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32932(c)(2), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 829.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24311(a) | 45:545(d)(1) (less words between 11th comma and proviso). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §305(d)(1); added Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §6, 87 Stat. 550; restated Oct. 28, 1974, Pub. L. 93–496, §6, 88 Stat. 1528; Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §706(g), 90 Stat. 125; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §206(a), 94 Stat. 412. |

24311(b)(1) | 45:545(d)(1) (words between 11th comma and proviso). | |

45:545(d)(2), (3) (1st sentence). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §305(d)(2)–(5); added Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §6, 87 Stat. 550. | |

24311(b)(2) | 45:545(d)(3) (2d sentence), (5). | |

24311(b)(3) | 45:545(d)(3) (3d, last sentences). | |

24311(b)(4) | 45:545(d)(4). | |

24311(c) | 45:562(d). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §402(d); added Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §10(2), 87 Stat. 552; Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §706(h), 90 Stat. 125; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §206(a), 94 Stat. 412; Nov. 28, 1990, Pub. L. 101–641, §9(a), 104 Stat. 4658. |

45:562 (note). | Nov. 28, 1990, Pub. L. 101–641, §9(b), 104 Stat. 4658. |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "the exercise of the right of" and "right-of-way, land, or other" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1) and (2), the words "estate or" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "A civil action to acquire an interest in property by eminent domain under subsection (a) of this section must be brought" are added, the words "any judicial district in which any piece of the property is located" are substituted for "any such court", and the words "under this subsection" are added, for clarity.

In subsection (b)(2), before clause (A), the words "When the declaration is filed and the deposit is made under paragraph (1) of this subsection" are substituted for "shall thereupon" for clarity. The word "immediately" is omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the words "possession of the property is given to Amtrak" are substituted for "the parties in possession are required to surrender possession to the Corporation" to eliminate unnecessary words. Clause (B) is substituted for 45:545(d)(5) (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(3), the words "of money" are omitted as surplus. The words "awarding that amount and interest on it" are substituted for "make an award and . . . accordingly. Such judgment shall include, as part of the just compensation awarded, interest" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "of interest" are added for clarity. The words "finally . . . as the value of the property on the date of taking" and "on such date" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(4), the word "award" is substituted for "compensation finally awarded" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "of the money . . . by any person entitled to compensation" and "amount of the" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "terms for", "at issue", "to the Corporation", "and conditions", "for the property", "in any event", "from the Corporation", and "to the Corporation on such reasonable terms and conditions as it may prescribe, including just compensation" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the words "of the property to the Corporation" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "either by sale or by exercising its right of eminent domain under subsection (a) of this section" are substituted for "which is available for sale on reasonable terms to the Corporation, or available to the Corporation by the exercise of its authority under section 545(d) of this title" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "reconvey . . . an interest conveyed to Amtrak under this subsection or prior comparable provision of law" are substituted for "convey title or other interest in such property" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "regardless of when the proceeding was brought" are substituted for section 9(b) (less words in parentheses) of the Independent Safety Board Act Amendments of 1990 (Public Law 101–641, 104 Stat. 4658) to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2012**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–141, §32932(c)(2)(B), substituted "Board" for "Commission" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §32932(c)(2)(A), substituted "Surface Transportation Board" for "Interstate Commerce Commission".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, §32932(c)(2)(C), substituted "Board's" for "Commission's".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(A) that Amtrak owns, or operates service through, as part of a long-distance or Northeast Corridor passenger service route;

(B) where at least 1 Amtrak ticket agent was employed on or after October 1, 2017; and

(C) for which an average of 40 passengers boarded or deboarded an Amtrak train per day during all of the days in fiscal year 2017 when the station was serviced by Amtrak, regardless of the number of Amtrak trains servicing the station per day.

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 916; Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §§101(f), 105(c), 121(a), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2572–2574; Pub. L. 107–217, §3(n)(4), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1302; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22203, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 698.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24312(a) | 45:565(d). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §405(d), 84 Stat. 1337. |

24312(b) | 45:565(e). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §405(e), 84 Stat. 1337; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1177(b), 95 Stat. 692. |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "take such action as may be necessary to", "the performance of", "with the assistance of funds received", "contract or", "at rates", and "adequate" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "provided for" and "and pursuant to" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection" are omitted as surplus.

The Railway Labor Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, which is classified principally to chapter 8 (§151 et seq.) of Title 45, Railroads. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of Title 45 and Tables.

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), is the date of enactment of title II of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

**2021**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–58 added subsec. (c).

**2002**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–217, §3(n)(4)(A), substituted "sections 3141–3144, 3146, and 3147 of title 40" for "the Act of March 3, 1931 (known as the Davis-Bacon Act) (40 U.S.C. 276a—276a–5)" and "section 3704 of title 40" for "section 107 of the Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act (40 U.S.C. 333)".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–217, §3(n)(4)(B), substituted "sections 3141–3144, 3146, and 3147 of title 40" for "the Act of March 3, 1931 (known as the Davis-Bacon Act) (40 U.S.C. 276a—276a–5)".

**1997**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 105–134, §121(a)(2), redesignated par. (1) as subsec. (a).

Pub. L. 105–134, §§101(f), 105(c), struck out ", 24701(a), or 24704(b)(2)" after "24308(a)".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 105–134, §121(a)(3), redesignated par. (2) as subsec. (b).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–134, §121(a)(1), (3), redesignated subsec. (a)(2) as (b), inserted heading, and struck out former subsec. (b), which read as follows:

"(b)

"(2) This subsection does not apply to food and beverage services provided on trains of Amtrak."

Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §121(b)–(f), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2574, 2575, as amended by Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22213, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 712, provided that:

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(c)

"(1) shall be included in negotiations under section 6 of the Railway Labor Act (45 U.S.C. 156) between Amtrak and an organization representing Amtrak employees, which shall be commenced by—

"(A) the date on which labor agreements under negotiation on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 2, 1997] may be re-opened; or

"(B) November 1, 1999,

whichever is earlier;

"(2) may, at the mutual election of Amtrak and an organization representing Amtrak employees, be included in any negotiation in progress under section 6 of the Railway Labor Act (45 U.S.C. 156) on the date of enactment of this Act; and

"(3) may not be included in any negotiation in progress under section 6 of the Railway Labor Act (45 U.S.C. 156) on the date of enactment of this Act, unless both Amtrak and the organization representing Amtrak employees agree to include it in the negotiation.

No contract between Amtrak and an organization representing Amtrak employees, that is under negotiation on the date of enactment of this Act, may contain a moratorium that extends more than 5 years from the date of expiration of the last moratorium.

"(d)

"(e)

"(1) supersede a prohibition or limitation on contracting out work covered by an agreement entered into between Amtrak and an organization representing Amtrak employees; or

"(2) prohibit Amtrak and an organization representing Amtrak employees from entering into an agreement that allows for contracting out the work of a furloughed employee that would otherwise be prohibited under subsection (d).

"(f)

In consultation with rail labor organizations, Amtrak shall maintain a rail safety system program for employees working on property owned by Amtrak. The program shall be a model for other rail carriers to use in developing safety programs. The program shall include—

(1) periodic analyses of accident information, including primary and secondary causes;

(2) periodic evaluations of the activities of the program, particularly specific steps taken in response to an accident;

(3) periodic reports on amounts spent for occupational health and safety activities of the program;

(4) periodic reports on reduced costs and personal injuries because of accident prevention activities of the program;

(5) periodic reports on direct accident costs, including claims related to accidents; and

(6) reports and evaluations of other information Amtrak considers appropriate.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 917.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24313 | 45:646. | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §807; added Oct. 5, 1978, Pub. L. 95–421, §13, 92 Stat. 929. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "No later than January 1, 1979" are omitted as executed. The word "maintain" is substituted for "develop and implement" for clarity. The words "designed to serve as" and "required under this section" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "if known" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "undertaken" and "causes" are omitted as surplus. In clauses (3)–(6), the word "reports" is substituted for "identification" for clarity. In clause (3), the word "included" is omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the words "personal injuries" are substituted for "fatalities, and casualties" for consistency in the revised title. The word "activities" is added for clarity. In clause (6), the words "or data" and "necessary or" are omitted as surplus.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22407, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 739, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) conduct a focused review of Amtrak's safety-related processes and procedures, compliance with safety regulations and requirements, and overall safety culture; and

"(2) submit a report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives that includes the findings and recommendations resulting from such assessment.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 917; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(48), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393, related to Amtrak developing plan for demonstrating new technology that may increase train speed in intercity rail passenger system.

(a)

(1) for each route on which Amtrak provided intercity rail passenger transportation during the prior fiscal year, includes information on—

(A) ridership;

(B) passenger-miles;

(C) the short-term avoidable profit or loss for each passenger-mile;

(D) the revenue-to-cost ratio;

(E) revenues;

(F) the United States Government subsidy;

(G) the subsidy not provided by the United States Government;

(H) on-time performance; and

(I) any change made to a route's or service's frequency or station stops;

(2) provides relevant information about a decision to pay an officer of Amtrak more than the rate for level I of the Executive Schedule under section 5312 of title 5; and

(3) specifies—

(A) significant operational problems Amtrak identifies; and

(B) proposals by Amtrak to solve those problems.

(b)

(A) shall include a discussion and accounting of Amtrak's success in meeting the goal described in section 24902(a);

(B) may include recommendations for legislation, including the amount of financial assistance needed for operations and capital improvements, the method of computing the assistance, and the sources of the assistance; and

(C) shall incorporate the category described in section 24319(c)(2)(C).

(2) Amtrak may submit reports to the President and Congress at other times Amtrak considers desirable.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 918; Pub. L. 105–134, title II, §206, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2584; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §§22204(a), 22206(c)(1), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 699, 702.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24315(a) | 45:548(a). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §308(a), 84 Stat. 1333; June 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–316, §4, 86 Stat. 228; Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §113, 93 Stat. 542; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1180(a), 95 Stat. 693; restated Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4005, 100 Stat. 107; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §18(d), 102 Stat. 637. |

24315(b) | 45:548(b). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §308(b), 84 Stat. 1333; restated June 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–316, §4, 86 Stat. 229; Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §8, 87 Stat. 551; May 26, 1975, Pub. L. 94–25, §4(a), 89 Stat. 90. |

45:851(d)(2). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §701(d)(2); added May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §205, 94 Stat. 412. | |

24315(c) | 45:548(c). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §308(c), 84 Stat. 1333; restated June 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–316, §4, 86 Stat. 229; May 26, 1975, Pub. L. 94–25, §4(b), 89 Stat. 90; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1180(b), 95 Stat. 693. |

24315(d) | 45:644(1)(A) (1st, 2d sentences), (B). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §805(1), 84 Stat. 1340. |

24315(e) | 45:644(2)(A) (1st, 2d sentences). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §805(2)(A), 84 Stat. 1340; Oct. 28, 1974, Pub. L. 93–496, §11, 88 Stat. 1531; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4007(a), 100 Stat. 108. |

24315(f) | 45:644(1)(A) (last sentence), (2)(A) (3d, last sentences). | |

45:644(2)(B). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §805(2)(B); added June 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–316, §11(2), 86 Stat. 233; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4007(a)(2), 100 Stat. 108. | |

24315(g) | 45:644(2)(C). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §805(2)(C), 84 Stat. 1340; June 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–316, §11(2), 86 Stat. 233. |


In subsection (a)(2), the words "to . . . compensation" and "prescribed" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "(beginning with 1973)" are omitted as executed. The word "complete" is substituted for "comprehensive and detailed" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "under this chapter" are omitted as surplus. The word "revenues" is substituted for "receipts" for consistency. In clause (B), the words "may include recommendations for legislation" are substituted for "At the time of its annual report, the Corporation shall submit such legislative recommendations as it deems desirable", the words "the method of computing the assistance" are substituted for "the manner and form in which the amount of such assistance should be computed", and the words "of the assistance" are substituted for "from which such assistance should be derived", to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c), the words "(beginning with 1974)" are omitted as executed. The word "prepare" is substituted for "transmit to the President and to the Congress by March 15 of each year" for clarity because the report is now part of the annual report under 49:308(a). The words "Beginning in 1976" are omitted as executed. The word "Secretary" is substituted for "Department of Transportation" because of 49:102(b). The words "submits under section 308(a) of this title" are substituted for "to the Congress" for clarity.

In subsection (d), the words "independent licensed public accountants certified or licensed by a regulatory authority of a State or other political subdivision of the United States" are omitted as obsolete because only certified public accountants are used for the audit. Only noncertified public accountants licensed before December 30, 1970, who were already conducting audits were allowed to continue. The words "or places" are omitted because of 1:1. The words "financial statements" are substituted for "accounts" because audits are performed on financial statements, not accounts. The words "independent" and "annual" are omitted as surplus. The text of 45:644(1)(B) (last sentence) is omitted as surplus because those requirements are included in "generally accepted auditing standards".

In subsection (e), the word "rules" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulations". The words "or places" are omitted because of 1:1. The word "appropriate" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), the words "if required" are substituted for "To the extent . . . deems necessary" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the person conducting", "The representatives of the Comptroller General", "his representatives", "as he may make of the financial transactions of the Corporation", "things, or", and "full" are omitted as surplus. The words "may keep" are substituted for "shall remain in possession and custody of" and "shall remain in the possession and custody of" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (g), the word "giving" is substituted for "The report to the Congress shall contain such" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "as the Comptroller General may deem", "as he may deem advisable", "program, expenditure or other", "observed in the course of the audit", and "or made" are omitted as surplus.

**2021**—Subsec. (a)(1)(I). Pub. L. 117–58, §22204(a), added subpar. (I).

Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §22206(c)(1)(A), substituted "the goal described in section 24902(a);" for "the goal of section 24902(b) of this title; and".

Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 117–58, §22206(c)(1)(B), (C), added subpar. (C).

**1997**—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 105–134 added subsec. (h).

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions in subsecs. (a), (b)(1), (c), and (d) of this section relating to requirements to submit regular periodic reports to Congress, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance. See, also, the 3rd item on page 176 and the 6th and 7th items on page 204 of House Document No. 103–7.

Pub. L. 108–447, div. H, title I, Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3221, provided in part: "That the Secretary of Transportation is authorized to retain up to $4,000,000 of the funds provided to be used to retain a consultant or consultants to assist the Secretary in preparing a comprehensive valuation of Amtrak's assets to be completed not later than September 30, 2005: *Provided further*, That these funds shall be available to the Secretary of Transportation until expended: *Provided further*, That this valuation shall to be used to retain a consultant or consultants to develop to the Secretary's satisfaction a methodology for determining the avoidable and fully allocated costs of each Amtrak route: *Provided further*, That once the Secretary has approved the methodology for determining the avoidable and fully allocated costs of each Amtrak route, Amtrak shall apply that methodology in compiling an annual report to Congress on the avoidable and fully allocated costs of each of its routes, with the initial report for fiscal year 2005 to be submitted to the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations, the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, and the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation before December 31, 2005, and each subsequent report to be submitted within 90 days after the end of the fiscal year to which the report pertains."

Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §350, Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 419, provided that: "On February 15, 2003, and on each year thereafter, the National Railroad Passenger Corporation shall submit to the appropriate Congressional Committees a report detailing the per passenger operating loss on each rail line."

Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, §414, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2589, provided that: "If, at any time, during a fiscal year in which Amtrak receives Federal assistance, Amtrak enters into a consulting contract or similar arrangement, or a contract for lobbying, with a lobbying firm, an individual who is a lobbyist, or who is affiliated with a lobbying firm, as those terms are defined in section 3 of the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1602), Amtrak shall notify the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, and the United States House of Representatives Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of—

"(1) the name of the individual or firm involved;

"(2) the purpose of the contract or arrangement; and

"(3) the amount and nature of Amtrak's financial obligation under the contract.

This section applies only to contracts, renewals or extensions of contracts, or arrangements entered into after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 2, 1997]."

(a)

(b)

(1) A process by which a rail passenger carrier will maintain and provide to the National Transportation Safety Board, the Secretary of Transportation, and the Secretary of Homeland Security immediately upon request, a list (which is based on the best available information at the time of the request) of the names of the passengers aboard the train (whether or not such names have been verified), and will periodically update the list. The plan shall include a procedure, with respect to unreserved trains and passengers not holding reservations on other trains, for the rail passenger carrier to use reasonable efforts to ascertain the names of passengers aboard a train involved in an accident.

(2) A process for notifying the families of the passengers, before providing any public notice of the names of the passengers, either by utilizing the services of the organization designated for the accident under section 1139(a)(2) of this title or the services of other suitably trained individuals.

(3) A plan for creating and publicizing a reliable, toll-free telephone number within 4 hours after such an accident occurs, and for providing staff, to handle calls from the families of the passengers.

(4) A process for providing the notice described in paragraph (2) to the family of a passenger as soon as the rail passenger carrier has verified that the passenger was aboard the train (whether or not the names of all of the passengers have been verified).

(5) An assurance that, upon request of the family of a passenger, the rail passenger carrier will inform the family of whether the passenger's name appeared on any preliminary passenger manifest for the train involved in the accident.

(6) A process by which the family of each passenger will be consulted about the disposition of all remains and personal effects of the passenger within the control of the rail passenger carrier and by which any possession of the passenger within the control of the rail passenger carrier (regardless of its condition)—

(A) will be retained by the rail passenger carrier for at least 18 months; and

(B) will be returned to the family unless the possession is needed for the accident investigation or any criminal investigation.

(7) A process by which the treatment of the families of nonrevenue passengers will be the same as the treatment of the families of revenue passengers.

(8) An assurance that the rail passenger carrier will provide adequate training to the employees and agents of the carrier to meet the needs of survivors and family members following an accident.

(9) An assurance that the family of each passenger or other person killed in the accident will be consulted about construction by the rail passenger carrier of any monument to the passengers, including any inscription on the monument.

(10) An assurance that the rail passenger carrier will work with any organization designated under section 1139(a)(2) of this title on an ongoing basis to ensure that families of passengers receive an appropriate level of services and assistance following each accident.

(11) An assurance that the rail passenger carrier will provide reasonable compensation to any organization designated under section 1139(a)(2) of this title for services provided by the organization.

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. A, title V, §502(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4897.)

The date of the enactment of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of div. A of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

(a)

(1) promote the effective use and stewardship by Amtrak of Amtrak revenues, Federal, State, and third party investments, appropriations, grants and other forms of financial assistance, and other sources of funds; and

(2) enhance the transparency of the assignment of revenues, including Federal grant funds, and costs among Amtrak service lines while ensuring the health of the Northeast Corridor and National Network.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) the service lines described in section 24320(b)(1); and

(B) the asset lines described in section 24320(c)(1).

(c)

(1) For the Northeast Corridor account, all revenues, appropriations, grants and other forms of financial assistance, compensation, and other sources of funds associated with the Northeast Corridor, including—

(A) grant funds appropriated for the Northeast Corridor pursuant to section 11101(a) of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015 or any subsequent Act;

(B) compensation received from commuter rail passenger transportation providers for such providers' share of capital and operating costs on the Northeast Corridor provided to Amtrak pursuant to section 24905(c); and

(C) any operating surplus of the Northeast Corridor, as allocated pursuant to section 24318.

(2) For the National Network account, all revenues, appropriations, grants and other forms of financial assistance, compensation, and other sources of funds associated with the National Network, including—

(A) grant funds appropriated for the National Network pursuant to section 11101(b) of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015 or any subsequent Act;

(B) compensation received from States provided to Amtrak pursuant to section 209 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008 (42 U.S.C. 24101 note); 1 and

(C) any operating surplus of the National Network, as allocated pursuant to section 24318.

(d)

(1) For the Northeast Corridor, all associated costs, including—

(A) operating activities;

(B) capital activities as described in section 24904(a)(2)(E);

(C) acquiring, rehabilitating, manufacturing, remanufacturing, overhauling, or improving equipment and associated facilities used for intercity rail passenger transportation by Northeast Corridor train services;

(D) payment of principal and interest on loans for capital projects described in this paragraph or for capital leases attributable to the Northeast Corridor;

(E) other capital projects on the Northeast Corridor, determined appropriate by the Secretary, and consistent with section 24905(c)(1)(A)(i); and

(F) if applicable, capital projects described in section 24904(b).

(2) For the National Network, all associated costs, including—

(A) operating activities;

(B) capital activities; and

(C) the payment of principal and interest on loans or capital leases attributable to the National Network.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(f)

(1) do not materially impact Amtrak's ability to achieve its anticipated financial, capital, and operating performance goals for the fiscal year; and

(2) would not materially change any grant agreement entered into pursuant to section 24319(d), or other agreements made pursuant to applicable Federal law.

(g)

(1)

(A) Amtrak notifies the Amtrak Board of Directors, including the Secretary, at least 10 days prior to the expected date of transfer; and

(B) solely for a transfer that will materially change a grant agreement, the Secretary approves.

(2)

(A) the amount of the transfer; and

(B) a detailed explanation of the reason for the transfer, including—

(i) the effects on Amtrak services funded by the account from which the transfer is drawn, in comparison to a scenario in which no transfer was made; and

(ii) the effects on Amtrak services funded by the account receiving the transfer, in comparison to a scenario in which no transfer was made.

(3)

(h)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11201(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1625; amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22205, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 699.)

Section 11101 of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (c)(1)(A), (2)(A), is section 11101 of title XI of div. A of Pub. L. 114–94, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1622, which is not classified to the Code.

Section 209 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008 (42 U.S.C. 24101 note), referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(B), probably means section 209 of div. B of Pub. L. 110–432, which is set out as a note under section 24101 of this title.

**2021**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 117–58, §22205(1), substituted ", including Federal grant funds, and costs among Amtrak service lines" for "and costs among Amtrak business lines".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–58, §22205(2), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015, the Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with Amtrak, shall define an account structure and improvements to accounting methodologies, as necessary, to support, at a minimum, the Northeast Corridor and the National Network."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–58, §22205(3), inserted ", maintaining, and updating" after "defining" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–58, §22205(4), inserted ", maintaining, and updating" after "defining" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 117–58, §22205(5), amended subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (e) related to implementation of account structures and improvements and reporting of updated profit and loss statements for each of business lines and asset categories to Secretary.

Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 117–58, §22205(6), (7), redesignated subsec. (i) as (h) and struck out former subsec. (h). Prior to amendment, text of subsec. (h) read as follows: "Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015, Amtrak shall submit to the Secretary a report assessing the account and reporting structure established under this section and providing any recommendations for further action. Not later than 180 days after the date of receipt of such report, the Secretary shall provide an assessment that supplements Amtrak's report and submit the Amtrak report with the supplemental assessment to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives."

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11202(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1628; amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22206(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 700.)

Section 209 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (b), is section 209 of div. B of Pub. L. 110–432, which is set out as a note under section 24101 of this title.

**2021**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–58 struck out "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015," before "Amtrak".

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(1) establish and maintain substantive and procedural requirements, including schedules, for grant requests under this section; and

(2) report any changes to such procedures to—

(A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate;

(B) the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate;

(C) the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives; and

(D) the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.

(b)

(c)

(1)

(A) categorize and identify, by source, the Federal funds and program income that will be used for the upcoming fiscal year for each of the Northeast Corridor and National Network in 1 of the categories or subcategories set forth in paragraph (2);

(B) describe the operations, services, programs, projects, and other activities to be funded within each of the categories set forth in paragraph (2), including—

(i) the estimated scope, schedule, and budget necessary to complete each project and program; and

(ii) the performance measures used to quantify expected and actual project outcomes and benefits, aggregated by fiscal year, project milestone, and any other appropriate grouping; and

(C) describe the status of efforts to improve Amtrak's safety culture.

(2)

(A)

(i) include estimated net operating costs not covered by other Amtrak revenue sources;

(ii) specify Federal funding requested for each service line described in section 24320(b)(1); and

(iii) be itemized by route.

(B)

(C)

(i) normalized capital replacement programs, including regularly recurring work programs implemented on a systematic basis on classes of physical railroad assets, such as track, structures, electric traction and power systems, rolling stock, and communications and signal systems, to maintain and sustain the condition and performance of such assets to support continued railroad operations;

(ii) improvement projects to support service and safety enhancements, including discrete projects implemented in accordance with a fixed scope, schedule, and budget that result in enhanced or new infrastructure, equipment, or facilities;

(iii) backlog capital replacement projects, including discrete projects implemented in accordance with a fixed scope, schedule, and budget that primarily replace or rehabilitate major infrastructure assets, including tunnels, bridges, stations, and similar assets, to reduce the state of good repair backlog on the Amtrak network;

(iv) strategic initiative projects, including discrete projects implemented in accordance with a fixed scope, schedule, and budget that primarily improve overall operational performance, lower costs, or otherwise improve Amtrak's corporate efficiency; and

(v) statutory, regulatory, or other legally mandated projects, including discrete projects implemented in accordance with a fixed scope, schedule, and budget that enable Amtrak to fulfill specific legal or regulatory mandates.

(D)

(i) contingency levels for specified activities and operations; and

(ii) a process for the utilization of such contingency.

(3)

(d)

(1)

(A)

(i) the request is approved; or

(ii) the request is disapproved, including the reason for the disapproval and an explanation of any deficient items.

(B)

(2)

(3)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A) 50 percent on October 1.

(B) 25 percent on January 1.

(C) 25 percent on April 1.

(3)

(A) using an otherwise allowable approach to the method prescribed for a specific project or category of projects under paragraph (2) if the Secretary and Amtrak agree that a different payment method is necessary to more successfully implement and report on an operation, service, program, project, or other activity;

(B) more frequently than the schedule under paragraph (2) if Amtrak, for good cause, requests more frequent payment before the end of a payment period; or

(C) with a different frequency or in different percentage allocations in the event of a continuing resolution or in the absence of an appropriations Act for the duration of a fiscal year.

(f)

(g)

(h)

(1)

(2)

(i)

(j)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11202(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1628; amended Pub. L. 115–420, §4(b)(1), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5444; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22206(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 700.)

Section 205 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(B), is section 205 of div. B of Pub. L. 110–432, which is set out as a note under section 24101 of this title.

Single Audit Act of 1984, referred to in subsec. (h)(1), is Pub. L. 98–502, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2327, which enacted chapter 75 (§7501 et seq.) of Title 31, Money and Finance, and provisions set out as notes under section 7501 of Title 31. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1984 Amendment note set out under section 7501 of Title 31 and Tables.

**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, §22206(b)(1), inserted "and reporting" after "process" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–58, §22206(b)(2), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015, the Secretary of Transportation shall establish and transmit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives substantive and procedural requirements, including schedules, for grant requests under this section."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–58, §22206(b)(3), substituted "a grant request annually, or as additionally required," for "grant requests".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–58, §22206(b)(4), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) related to contents of grant request.

Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §22206(b)(5)(A), (B), inserted "complete" after "submits a" and substituted "shall finish" for "shall complete" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 117–58, §22206(b)(5)(C), struck out "incomplete or" before "deficient items".

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §22206(b)(6)(A), substituted "programs, projects, and other activities to be funded by the grant, consistent with the categories required for Amtrak in a grant request under subsection (c)(1)(A)" for "and other activities to be funded by the grant" and "programs, projects, and other activities" for "or activities".

Subsec. (e)(3)(A) to (C). Pub. L. 117–58, §22206(b)(6)(B), added subpar. (A) and redesignated former subpars. (A) and (B) as (B) and (C), respectively.

Subsecs. (h) to (j). Pub. L. 117–58, §22206(b)(7), (8), added subsecs. (h) and (i) and redesignated former subsec. (h) as (j).

**2019**—Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 115–420 added par. (4).

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 115–420, §4(b)(2), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5444, provided that: "Nothing in this subsection [amending this section] or an amendment made by this subsection shall affect a grant request made under section 24319 of title 49, United States Code, before the date of enactment of this Act [Jan. 3, 2019]."

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(1)

(A) Northeast Corridor train services.

(B) Amtrak State-supported train services.

(C) Long-distance train services operated by Amtrak.

(D) Ancillary services operated by Amtrak, including commuter operations and other revenue generating activities as determined by the Secretary in coordination with Amtrak.

(E) Infrastructure access services for use of Amtrak-owned or Amtrak-controlled infrastructure and facilities.

(2)

(A) a statement of Amtrak's objectives, goals, and service plan for the service line, in consultation with any entities that are contributing capital or operating funding to support passenger rail services within those service lines, and aligned with Amtrak's 5-year asset line plans under subsection (c);

(B) a detailed description of any plans to permanently change a route's or service's frequency or station stops for the service line;

(C) all projected revenues and expenditures for the service line, including identification of revenues and expenditures incurred by—

(i) passenger operations;

(ii) non-passenger operations that are directly related to the service line; and

(iii) governmental funding sources, including revenues and other funding received from States;

(D) projected ridership levels for all passenger operations;

(E) estimates of long-term and short-term debt and associated principal and interest payments (both current and forecasts);

(F) annual sources and uses statements and forecasts and balance sheets;

(G) a statement describing the methodologies and significant assumptions underlying estimates and forecasts;

(H) specific performance measures that demonstrate year over year changes in the results of Amtrak's operations;

(I) financial performance for each route, if deemed applicable by the Secretary, within each service line, including descriptions of the cash operating loss or contribution;

(J) specific costs and savings estimates resulting from reform initiatives;

(K) prior fiscal year and projected equipment reliability statistics; and

(L) an identification and explanation of any major adjustments made from previously-approved plans.

(3) 5

(A) not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, submit to the Secretary, for approval, a consultation process for the development of each service line plan that requires Amtrak to—

(i) consult with the Secretary in the development of the service line plans;

(ii) for the Northeast Corridor service line plan, consult with the Northeast Corridor Commission and transmit to the Commission the final plan under subsection (a)(1), and consult with other entities, as appropriate;

(iii) for the State-supported route service line plan, consult with the State-Supported Route Committee established under section 24712 and submit the final service line plan required under subsection (a)(1) to the State-Supported Route Committee;

(iv) for the long-distance route service line plan, consult with any States or Interstate Compacts that provide funding for such routes, as appropriate; and

(v) for the infrastructure access service line plan, consult with the Northeast Corridor Commission and other entities, as appropriate, and submit the final asset line plan under subsection (a)(1) to the Northeast Corridor Commission;

(B) ensure that Amtrak's general and legislative annual report, required under section 24315(b), to the President and Congress is consistent with the information in the 5-year service line plans; and

(C) identify the appropriate Amtrak officials that are responsible for each service line.

(4) 5

(5)

(c)

(1)

(A) Transportation, including activities and resources associated with the operation and movement of Amtrak trains, onboard services, and amenities.

(B) Infrastructure, including all Amtrak-controlled Northeast Corridor assets and other Amtrak-owned infrastructure, and the associated facilities and maintenance-of-way equipment that support the operation, maintenance, and improvement of those assets.

(C) Equipment, including all Amtrak-controlled rolling stock, locomotives, and mechanical shop facilities that are used to overhaul equipment.

(D) Stations, including all Amtrak-controlled passenger rail stations and elements of other stations for which Amtrak has legal responsibility or intends to make capital investments.

(E) National assets, including national reservations, security, training and training centers, and other assets associated with Amtrak's national rail passenger transportation system.

(2)

(A) a summary of Amtrak's 5-year strategic plan for each asset line, including goals, objectives, any relevant performance metrics, and statutory or regulatory actions affecting the assets;

(B) an inventory of existing Amtrak capital assets, to the extent practicable, including information regarding shared use or ownership, if applicable;

(C) a prioritized list of proposed capital investments that—

(i) categorizes each capital project as being primarily associated with—

(I) normalized capital replacement;

(II) backlog capital replacement;

(III) improvements to support service enhancements or growth;

(IV) strategic initiatives that will improve overall operational performance, lower costs, or otherwise improve Amtrak's corporate efficiency; or

(V) statutory, regulatory, or other legal mandates;

(ii) identifies each project or program that is associated with more than 1 category described in clause (i); and

(iii) describes the anticipated business outcome of each project or program identified under this subparagraph, including an assessment of—

(I) the potential effect on passenger operations, safety, reliability, and resilience;

(II) the potential effect on Amtrak's ability to meet regulatory requirements if the project or program is not funded; and

(III) the benefits and costs;

(D) annual sources and uses statements and forecasts for each asset line; and

(E) other elements that Amtrak elects to include.

(3) 5

(A) not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, submit to the Secretary, for approval, a consultation process for the development of each asset line plan that requires Amtrak to—

(i) consult with each service line described in subsection (b)(1) in the preparation of each 5-year asset line plan and ensure integration of each 5-year asset line plan with the 5-year service line plans; and

(ii) consult with the Secretary of Transportation in the development of asset line plans and, as applicable, consult with the Northeast Corridor Commission, the State-Supported Route Committee, and owners of assets affected by 5-year asset line plans; and

(B) identify the appropriate Amtrak officials that are responsible for each asset line.

(4) 5

(5)

(A) evaluate the costs and scope of all national assets, but shall not include corporate services (as defined pursuant to section 24317(b)); and

(B) determine the activities and costs that are—

(i) required in order to ensure the efficient operations of a national rail passenger system;

(ii) appropriate for allocation to 1 of the other Amtrak business lines; and

(iii) extraneous to providing an efficient national rail passenger system or are too costly relative to the benefits or performance outcomes they provide.

(6)

(7)

(8)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(d)

(1) apply sound budgetary practices, including reducing costs and other expenditures, improving productivity, increasing revenues, or combinations of such practices; and

(2) use the categories specified in the financial accounting and reporting system developed under section 203 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008 (49 U.S.C. 24101 note).

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11203(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1630; amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §§22204(b), 22207(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 699, 703.)

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, referred to in subsecs. (b)(3)(A) and (c)(3)(A), is the date of enactment of title II of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(1), substituted "service line and asset line plans" for "business line and asset plans" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(2)(A), substituted ", 2020, and biennially thereafter" for "of each year" and "5-year service line plans and 5-year asset line plans" for "5-year business line plans and 5-year asset plans" and inserted at end "During each year in which Amtrak is not required to submit a plan under this paragraph, Amtrak shall submit to Congress updated financial sources and uses statements and forecasts with the annual report required under section 24315(b)."

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(2)(B), substituted "asset line plan required under" for "asset plan required in".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(A), substituted "Service" for "Business" in heading.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(B)(i), (ii), substituted "service" for "business" in heading and "service" for "business" in two places in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(B)(iii), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "State-supported routes operated by Amtrak."

Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(B)(iv), substituted "train services" for "routes".

Subsec. (b)(1)(E). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(B)(v), added subpar. (E).

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(C)(i), (ii), substituted "service" for "business" in heading and "service" for "business" wherever appearing in text.

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(C)(iii), substituted "5-year asset line plans" for "Strategic Plan and 5-year asset plans".

Subsec. (b)(2)(B) to (E). Pub. L. 117–58, §22204(b), added subpar. (B) and redesignated former subpars. (B) to (D) as (C) to (E), respectively. Former subpar. (E) redesignated (F).

Subsec. (b)(2)(F). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(C)(iv), substituted "sources and uses" for "profit and loss".

Pub. L. 117–58, §22204(b)(1), redesignated subpar. (E) as (F). Former subpar. (F) redesignated (G).

Subsec. (b)(2)(G). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(C)(vi), redesignated subpar. (H) as (G).

Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(C)(v), struck out subpar. (G). Prior to amendment, subpar. (G) read as follows: "annual cash flow forecasts;".

Pub. L. 117–58, §22204(b)(1), redesignated subpar. (F) as (G). Former subpar. (G) redesignated (H).

Subsec. (b)(2)(H). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(C)(vi), redesignated subpar. (I) as (H). Former subpar. (H) redesignated (G).

Pub. L. 117–58, §22204(b)(1), redesignated subpar. (G) as (H). Former subpar. (H) redesignated (I).

Subsec. (b)(2)(I). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(C)(vii), amended subpar. (I) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (I) read as follows: "financial performance for each route within each business line, including descriptions of the cash operating loss or contribution and productivity for each route;".

Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(C)(vi), redesignated subpar. (J) as (I). Former subpar. (I) redesignated (H).

Pub. L. 117–58, §22204(b)(1), redesignated subpar. (H) as (I). Former subpar. (I) redesignated (J).

Subsec. (b)(2)(J) to (L). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(C)(vi), redesignated subpars. (K) to (M) as (J) to (L), respectively. Former subpar. (J) redesignated (I).

Pub. L. 117–58, §22204(b)(1), redesignated subpars. (I) to (K) as (J) to (L), respectively. Former subpar. (L) redesignated (M).

Subsec. (b)(2)(M). Pub. L. 117–58, §22204(b)(1), redesignated subpar. (L) as (M).

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(D)(i), (ii), substituted "service" for "business" in heading and "service" for "business" wherever appearing in text.

Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(D)(iii), (iv), inserted subpar. (A) designation and introductory provisions, redesignated former subpars. (A) to (D) as cls. (i) to (iv), respectively, of subpar. (A), and realigned margins.

Subsec. (b)(3)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(D)(v)(I), inserted "and submit the final service line plan required under subsection (a)(1) to the State-Supported Route Committee" before semicolon at end.

Subsec. (b)(3)(A)(v). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(D)(v)(II), (III), added cl. (v).

Subsec. (b)(3)(B), (C). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(D)(vi), redesignated subpars. (E) and (F) as (B) and (C), respectively.

Subsec. (b)(4), (5). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(3)(E), (F), added par. (4) and redesignated former par. (4) as (5).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(A), inserted "Line" after "Asset" in heading.

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(B)(i), (ii), substituted "lines" for "categories" in heading and "asset line plan for each of the following asset lines" for "asset plan for each of the following asset categories" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(B)(iv), added subpar. (A). Former subpar. (A) redesignated (B).

Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(B)(iii), (v), redesignated subpar. (A) as (B) and inserted "and maintenance-of-way equipment" after "facilities". Former subpar. (B) redesignated (C).

Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(B)(iii), (vi), redesignated subpar. (B) as (C) and substituted "Equipment" for "Passenger rail equipment". Former subpar. (C) redesignated (D).

Subsec. (c)(1)(D), (E). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(B)(iii), redesignated subpars. (C) and (D) as (D) and (E), respectively.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(C)(i), (ii), inserted "line" after "asset" in heading and introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(C)(iii), substituted "line" for "category".

Subsec. (c)(2)(D). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(C)(v), amended subpar. (D) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (D) read as follows: "annual profit and loss statements and forecasts and balance sheets for each asset category."

Subsec. (c)(2)(E). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(C)(iv), (vi), added subpar. (E).

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(D)(i), inserted "line" after "asset" in heading.

Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(D)(ii), (iii), inserted subpar. (A) designation and introductory provisions, redesignated former subpars. (A) and (B) as cls. (i) and (ii), respectively, of subpar. (A), and realigned margins.

Subsec. (c)(3)(A)(i). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(D)(iv)(I), substituted "service" for "business" in two places and inserted "line" after "asset" in two places and "and" at end.

Subsec. (c)(3)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(D)(iv)(II), inserted "consult with the Secretary of Transportation in the development of asset line plans and," before "as applicable" and "line" after "5-year asset".

Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(D)(v), (vi), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B) and substituted "line" for "category".

Subsec. (c)(4), (5). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(F), (G), added par. (4) and redesignated former par. (4) as (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (6).

Subsec. (c)(5)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(G), inserted ", but shall not include corporate services (as defined pursuant to section 24317(b))" after "national assets".

Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(E), redesignated par. (5) as (6). Former par. (6) redesignated (7).

Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(E), (H), redesignated par. (6) as (7) and substituted "paragraph (5)" for "paragraph (4)". Former par. (7) redesignated (8).

Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 117–58, §22207(a)(4)(E), redesignated par. (7) as (8).

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11203(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1634, as amended by Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22207(c), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 706, provided that: "The requirement for Amtrak to submit 5-year service line plans under section 24320(a)(1) of title 49, United States Code, shall take effect on February 15, 2017, the due date of the first service line plans. The requirement for Amtrak to submit 5-year asset line plans under section 24320(a)(1) of such title shall take effect on February 15, 2019, the due date of the first asset line plans."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11215, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1644, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 2015], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall—

"(1) review existing Amtrak reporting requirements and identify where the existing requirements are duplicative with the business line and asset plans required by section 24320 of title 49, United States Code, or any other planning or reporting requirements under Federal law or regulation;

"(2) if the duplicative requirements identified under paragraph (1) are administrative, eliminate such requirements; and

"(3) submit to Congress a report with any recommendations for repealing any other duplicative requirements."

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A) Amtrak;

(B) the labor organizations representing Amtrak employees who prepare or provide on-board food and beverage service;

(C) nonprofit organizations representing Amtrak passengers; and

(D) States that are providing funding for State-supported routes.

(b)

(1) ways to improve the financial performance of Amtrak;

(2) ways to increase and retain ridership;

(3) the differing needs of passengers traveling on long-distance routes, State supported routes, and the Northeast Corridor;

(4) Amtrak passenger survey data about the food and beverages offered on Amtrak trains;

(5) ways to incorporate local food and beverage items on State-supported routes; and

(6) any other issue that the working group determines to be appropriate.

(c)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11207(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1638; amended Pub. L. 116–159, div. B, title I, §1104(a), Oct. 1, 2020, 134 Stat. 727; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22208(b)(1), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 706.)

Enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, referred in subsec. (a)(1), probably means the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, which is the date of enactment of title II of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58 and was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, referred to in subsec. (d), is the date of enactment of title II of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to Amtrak's development and implementation of plan to eliminate operating loss associated with providing food and beverage service on board Amtrak trains.

**2020**—Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 116–159 redesignated subsec. (e) as (d) and struck out former subsec. (d). Text read as follows: "Beginning on the date that is 5 years after the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015, no Federal funds may be used to cover any operating loss associated with providing food and beverage service on a route operated by Amtrak or a rail carrier that operates a route in lieu of Amtrak pursuant to section 24711."

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(b)

(1) include a cost and benefit comparison that describes the total lifecycle costs and the anticipated benefits related to revenue, operational efficiency, reliability, and other factors;

(2) set forth the total payments by fiscal year;

(3) identify the specific source and amounts of funding for each payment, including Federal funds, State funds, Amtrak profits, Federal, State, or private loans or loan guarantees, and other funding;

(4) include an explanation of whether any payment under the contract will increase Amtrak's funding request in its general and legislative annual report required under section 24315(b) in a particular fiscal year; and

(5) describe how Amtrak will adjust the procurement if future funding is not available.

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11208(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1639.)

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22209(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 707.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of title II of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

Former chapter 244 of this title was renumbered chapter 229 of this title and transferred to appear at the end of part B of subtitle V of this title. Sections 24401 to 24408 of this title were renumbered sections 22901 to 22908, respectively.

Section 24501, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 919; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(21), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4379; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(h), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 947, related to status of Amtrak Commuter and applicable laws.

Section 24502, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 920, related to board of directors of Amtrak Commuter.

Section 24503, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 921, related to appointment and service of officers of Amtrak Commuter.

Section 24504, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 921, related to general authority of Amtrak Commuter.

Section 24505, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 921, related to Amtrak's rights and responsibilities as relating to commuter rail passenger transportation.

Section 24506, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 922, provided that certain powers and duties of Consolidated Rail Corporation were not affected by this chapter.

Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §106(c), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2573, provided that: "The repeal of chapter 245 of title 49, United States Code, by subsection (a) of this section is without prejudice to the retention of trackage rights over property owned or leased by commuter authorities."




**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11307(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1664, which directed the general amendment of the analysis for section 24711 of title 49, was executed to the analysis for this chapter, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Prior to amendment, item 24711 read as follows: "Alternate passenger rail service pilot program".

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11204(b)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1637, added item 24712.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §§201(b)(2), 210(b), 214(c), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4910, 4920, 4929, added items 24702, 24710, and 24711.

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §§101(a)(2), (b), (d), (e), 103–105(a), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2572, 2573, substituted "National rail passenger transportation system" for "Operation of basic system" in item 24701 and struck out item 24702 "Improving rail passenger transportation", item 24703 "Route and service criteria", item 24704 "Transportation requested by States, authorities, and other persons", item 24705 "Additional qualifying routes", item 24707 "Cost and performance review", and item 24708 "Special commuter transportation".

1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a period.

2 So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.

Amtrak shall operate a national rail passenger transportation system which ties together existing and emergent regional rail passenger service and other intermodal passenger service.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 923; Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §101(a)(1), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2572.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24701(a) | 45:561(b). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §401(b), 84 Stat. 1335. |

24701(b) | 45:561(c). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §401(c), 84 Stat. 1335; Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §9, 87 Stat. 551. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the text of 45:561(b) (1st sentence words after 3d comma) is omitted as obsolete because no regional transportation authority provided intercity rail passenger transportation after May 1, 1971. The words "On May 1, 1971" and "begin" are omitted as executed. The words "between points" and "either" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "under contract with Amtrak" are substituted for 45:561(b) (last sentence) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "at any time subsequent to May 1, 1971" are omitted as executed.

In subsection (b), the words "concerning auto-ferry service . . . railroad or any other" are omitted as surplus.

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–134 substituted section catchline for former catchline which read "Operation of basic system" and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(a)

"(1) a rail carrier with which Amtrak did not make a contract under section 401(a) of the Rail Passenger Service Act; or

"(2) a regional transportation authority under contract with Amtrak.

"(b)

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §201(b)(1), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4910.)

A prior section 24702, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 923; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(48), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393, related to carrying out plan to improve intercity rail passenger service prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §101(b), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2572.

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §217, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4930, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11006(b)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1624, provided that: "If a State desires to select or selects an entity other than Amtrak to provide services required for the operation of an intercity passenger train route described in section 24102(7)(D) or 24702 of title 49, United States Code, the State may make an agreement with Amtrak to use facilities and equipment of, or have services provided by, Amtrak under terms agreed to by the State and Amtrak to enable the State to utilize an entity other than Amtrak to provide services required for operation of the route. If the parties cannot agree upon terms, and the Surface Transportation Board finds that access to Amtrak's facilities or equipment, or the provision of services by Amtrak, is necessary to carry out this provision and that the operation of Amtrak's other services will not be impaired thereby, the Surface Transportation Board shall, within 120 days after submission of the dispute, issue an order that the facilities and equipment be made available, and that services be provided, by Amtrak, and shall determine reasonable compensation, liability, and other terms for use of the facilities and equipment and provision of the services. Compensation shall be determined, as appropriate, in accordance with the methodology established pursuant to section 209 of this division [49 U.S.C. 24101 note], if available."

Section 24703, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 924, provided route and service criteria for modifying or discontinuing routes.

Section 24704, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 925, related to application by States, regional or local authorities, or other persons requesting Amtrak to provide passenger rail service and criteria for decision.

Section 24705, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 926; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(i), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 947, related to providing service on routes recommended to be discontinued, criteria for deferring Secretary's recommendation, and providing short haul demonstration routes.

(a)

(2) Notice of the discontinuance under paragraph (1) shall be posted in all stations served by the train to be discontinued at least 14 days before the discontinuance.

(b)

(c)

(A) the first month of a fiscal year if the authorization of appropriations and the appropriations for Amtrak are not enacted at least 90 days before the beginning of the fiscal year; and

(B) the 30 days following enactment of an appropriation for Amtrak or a rescission of an appropriation.

(2) Amtrak shall notify each affected State or regional or local transportation authority of a discontinuance under this subsection as soon as possible after Amtrak decides to discontinue the service.

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 927; Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §§101(c), 142(a), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2572, 2576; Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §201(d), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4910; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(n)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1678; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22210, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 708.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24706(a)(1) | 45:564(c)(4)(F)(ii). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §404(c)(4)(F); added Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §117, 93 Stat. 545; restated Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1183(b), 95 Stat. 696. |

24706(a)(2) | 45:564(c)(4)(F)(i). | |

24706(b) | 45:564(c)(4)(F)(iii). | |

24706(c)(1) | 45:565(a) (2d sentence). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §405(a) (1st, 2d sentences), 84 Stat. 1337; restated June 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–316, §7(a), 86 Stat. 230. |

45:565(a) (last sentence). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §405(a) (last sentence); added Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4016, 100 Stat. 110. | |

24706(c)(2) | 45:565(a) (1st sentence). | |

45:565(b) (1st sentence). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §405(b) (1st–3d sentences), 84 Stat. 1337. | |

45:565(c) (1st sentence words before 2d comma). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, §405(c), 84 Stat. 1337; restated June 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–316, §7(c), 86 Stat. 230. | |

24706(c)(3) | 45:565(b) (2d sentence). | |

24706(c)(4) | 45:565(b) (3d sentence). | |

24706(c)(5) | 45:565(c) (1st sentence words after 2d comma, last sentence). | |

24706(c)(6) | 45:565(g). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §405(g); added Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1188(d), 95 Stat. 699. |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section" are added for clarity. The word "authority" is substituted for "agency" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "Notwithstanding the provisions of clause (ii)" are omitted as surplus. In clauses (A) and (B), the words "the benefit of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the words "for such fiscal year" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "Amtrak or" are substituted for 45:565(c) (1st sentence words before 2d comma) to eliminate unnecessary words because operations in the basic system have begun. The words "whether occurring before, on, or after January 1, 1975" and "without being limited to, such provisions as may be necessary for" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the words "to such employees" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "section 11347 of this title" are substituted for and coextensive with "section 5(2)(f) of the Interstate Commerce Act" in section 405(b) of the Rail Passenger Service Act (Public Law 91–518, 84 Stat. 1337) on authority of section 3(b) of the Act of October 17, 1978 (Public Law 95–473, 92 Stat. 1466).

In subsection (c)(5), the words "be construed to" are omitted as surplus. The text of 45:565(c) (last sentence) is omitted as executed.

**2021**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–58, §22210(1), substituted "subsection (c), not later than 180 days" for "subsection (b) of this section, at least 180 days".

Subsecs. (b) to (e). Pub. L. 117–58, §22210(2)–(4), added subsecs. (b) and (d) and redesignated former subsecs. (b) and (c) as (c) and (e), respectively.

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §11316(n)(1)(A)(i), struck out "a discontinuance under section 24704 or or" after "before".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §11316(n)(1)(A)(ii), struck out "section 24704 or" after "under".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §11316(n)(1)(B), struck out "section 24704 or" after "under" in introductory provisions.

**2008**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–432 added subsec. (c).

**1997**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 105–134, §101(c)(1)–(3), substituted "180 days" for "90 days" and "or discontinuing service over a route," for "24707(a) or (b) of this title," and inserted "or assume" after "agree to share".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 105–134, §101(c)(4), which directed substitution of "paragraph (1)" for "section 24707(a) or (b) of this title", was executed by making the substitution for "24707(a) or (b) of this title" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 105–134, §101(c)(5), which directed substitution of "subsection (a)(1)" for "section 24707(a) or (b) of this title", was executed by making the substitution for "24707(a) or (b) of this title" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–134, §142(a), struck out subsec. (c) which related to employee protective arrangements.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by section 142(a) of Pub. L. 105–134 effective 180 days after Dec. 2, 1997, see section 142(c) of Pub. L. 105–134, set out in an Employee Protection Reforms note below.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §§141, 142, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2575, 2576, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(A) is unresolved as of the date which is 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 2, 1997]; and

"(B) is not submitted to arbitration as described in subsection (c),

Amtrak shall, and the labor organization parties to such dispute shall, within 127 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, each select an individual from the entire roster of arbitrators maintained by the National Mediation Board. Within 134 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the individuals selected under the preceding sentence shall jointly select an individual from such roster to make recommendations with respect to such dispute under this subsection. If the National Mediation Board is not informed of the selection under the preceding sentence 134 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Board shall immediately select such individual.

"(2) No individual shall be selected under paragraph (1) who is pecuniarily or otherwise interested in any organization of employees or any railroad.

"(3) The compensation of individuals selected under paragraph (1) shall be fixed by the National Mediation Board. The second paragraph of section 10 of the Railway Labor Act [45 U.S.C. 160] shall apply to the expenses of such individuals as if such individuals were members of a board created under such section 10.

"(4) If the parties to a dispute described in subsection (a) fail to reach agreement within 150 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the individual selected under paragraph (1) with respect to such dispute shall make recommendations to the parties proposing contract terms to resolve the dispute.

"(5) If the parties to a dispute described in subsection (a) fail to reach agreement, no change shall be made by either of the parties in the conditions out of which the dispute arose for 30 days after recommendations are made under paragraph (4).

"(6) Section 10 of the Railway Labor Act (45 U.S.C. 160) shall not apply to a dispute described in subsection (a).

"(e)

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

Section 24707, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 928, required annual route, financial, and performance reviews.

Section 24708, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 929, related to continuing, modifying, or discontinuing passenger transportation routes.

Amtrak may develop and operate international intercity rail passenger transportation between the United States and Canada and between the United States and Mexico. The Secretary of Homeland Security, in cooperation with Amtrak, shall maintain, consistent with the effective enforcement of the immigration and customs laws, en route customs inspection and immigration procedures for international intercity rail passenger transportation that will—

(1) be convenient for passengers; and

(2) result in the quickest possible international intercity rail passenger transportation.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 929; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(n)(2), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1679.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24709 | 45:545(e)(7) (less words between parentheses). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §305(e)(7) (less words between parentheses); added Nov. 3, 1973, Pub. L. 93–146, §6, 87 Stat. 551. |

45:545(i). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §305(i); added Oct. 28, 1974, Pub. L. 93–496, §4, 88 Stat. 1527; restated May 26, 1975, Pub. L. 94–25, §3, 89 Stat. 90; Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §106, 93 Stat. 539; Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1176, 95 Stat. 692; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §13031(h)(1), 100 Stat. 310. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "points within", "points in", and "including Montreal, Canada; Vancouver, Canada; and Nuevo Laredo, Mexico" in 45:545(e)(7) are omitted as surplus. The words "establish and" in 45:545(i) (1st sentence) are omitted as executed. The words "trains operated in" are omitted as surplus.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94 substituted "The Secretary of Homeland Security," for "The Secretary of the Treasury and the Attorney General," in introductory provisions.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title IV, §406, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4958, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) develop a strategic plan to facilitate expanded passenger rail service across the international border between the United States and Canada during the 2010 Olympic Games on the Amtrak passenger rail route between Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and Eugene, Oregon (commonly known as 'Amtrak Cascades');

"(2) develop recommendations for the Department of Homeland Security to process efficiently rail passengers traveling on Amtrak Cascades across such international border during the 2010 Olympic Games; and

"(3) submit to Congress a report containing the strategic plan described in paragraph (1) and the recommendations described in paragraph (2).

"(b)

"(1) in Vancouver, Canada, no later than June 1, 2009; and

"(2) in other areas as determined appropriate by the Secretary."

(a)

(1) evaluate annually the financial and operating performance of each long-distance passenger rail route operated by Amtrak; and

(2) rank the overall performance of such routes for 2008 and identify each long-distance passenger rail route operated by Amtrak in 2008 according to its overall performance as belonging to the best performing third of such routes, the second best performing third of such routes, or the worst performing third of such routes.

(b)

(1) on-time performance;

(2) scheduling, frequency, routes, and stops;

(3) the feasibility of restructuring service into connected corridor service;

(4) performance-related equipment changes and capital improvements;

(5) on-board amenities and service, including food, first class, and sleeping car service;

(6) State or other non-Federal financial contributions;

(7) improving financial performance;

(8) anticipated Federal funding of operating and capital costs; and

(9) other aspects of Amtrak's long-distance passenger rail routes that affect the financial, competitive, and functional performance of service on Amtrak's long-distance passenger rail routes.

(c)

(1) beginning in fiscal year 2010 for those routes identified as being in the worst performing third under subsection (a)(2);

(2) beginning in fiscal year 2011 for those routes identified as being in the second best performing third under subsection (a)(2); and

(3) beginning in fiscal year 2012 for those routes identified as being in the best performing third under subsection (a)(2).

(d)

(1) shall notify Amtrak, the Inspector General of the Department of Transportation, the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate of its determination under this subsection;

(2) shall provide Amtrak with an opportunity for a hearing with respect to that determination; and

(3) may withhold appropriated funds otherwise available to Amtrak for the operation of a route or routes from among the worst performing third of routes currently served by Amtrak on which Amtrak is not making reasonable progress, other than funds made available for passenger safety or security measures.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §210(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4918.)

Section 207 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), is section 207 of Pub. L. 110–432, which is set out in a note under section 24101 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A) allow a petitioner described in paragraph (3) to petition the Secretary to provide intercity rail passenger transportation over a long-distance route described in subsection (a) for an operation period of 4 years from the date of commencement of service by the winning bidder and, at the option of the Secretary, consistent with the rule promulgated under subsection (a), allow the contract to be renewed for 1 additional operation period of 4 years;

(B) require the Secretary to—

(i) notify the petitioner and Amtrak of receipt of the petition under subparagraph (A) and to publish in the Federal Register a notice of receipt not later than 30 days after the date of receipt;

(ii) establish a deadline, of not more than 120 days after the notice of receipt is published in the Federal Register under clause (i), by which both the petitioner and Amtrak, if Amtrak chooses to do so, would be required to submit a complete bid to provide intercity rail passenger transportation over the applicable route; and

(iii) upon selecting a winning bid, publish in the Federal Register the identity of the winning bidder, the long distance route that the bidder will operate, a detailed justification of the reasons why the Secretary selected the bid, and any other information the Secretary determines appropriate for public comment for a reasonable period of time not to exceed 30 days after the date on which the Secretary selects the bid;

(C) require that each bid—

(i) describe the capital needs, financial projections, and operational plans, including staffing plans, for the service, and such other factors as the Secretary considers appropriate; and

(ii) be made available by the winning bidder to the public after the bid award with any appropriate redactions for confidential or proprietary information;

(D) for a route that receives funding from a State or States, require that for each bid received from a petitioner described in paragraph (3), other than such State or States, the Secretary have the concurrence of the State or States that provide funding for that route; and

(E) for a winning bidder that is not or does not include Amtrak, require the Secretary to execute a contract not later than 270 days after the deadline established under subparagraph (B)(ii) and award to the winning bidder—

(i) subject to paragraphs (4) and (5), the right and obligation to provide intercity rail passenger transportation over that route subject to such performance standards as the Secretary may require; and

(ii) an operating subsidy, as determined by the Secretary, for—

(I) the first year at a level that does not exceed 90 percent of the level in effect for that specific route during the fiscal year preceding the fiscal year in which the petition was received, adjusted for inflation; and

(II) any subsequent years at the level calculated under subclause (I), adjusted for inflation.

(2)

(3)

(A) A rail carrier or rail carriers that own the infrastructure over which Amtrak operates a long-distance route, or another rail carrier that has a written agreement with a rail carrier or rail carriers that own such infrastructure.

(B) A State, group of States, or State-supported joint powers authority or other sub-State governance entity responsible for provision of intercity rail passenger transportation with a written agreement with the rail carrier or rail carriers that own the infrastructure over which Amtrak operates a long-distance route and that host or would host the intercity rail passenger transportation.

(C) A State, group of States, or State-supported joint powers authority or other sub-State governance entity responsible for provision of intercity rail passenger transportation and a rail carrier with a written agreement with another rail carrier or rail carriers that own the infrastructure over which Amtrak operates a long-distance route and that host or would host the intercity rail passenger transportation.

(4)

(5)

(c)

(1) the Secretary shall, if necessary to carry out the purposes of this section, require Amtrak to provide access to the Amtrak-owned reservation system, stations, and facilities directly related to operations of the awarded routes to the eligible petitioner awarded a contract under this section, in accordance with subsection (g);

(2) an employee of any person, except as provided in a collective bargaining agreement, used by such eligible petitioner in the operation of a route under this section shall be considered an employee of that eligible petitioner and subject to the applicable Federal laws and regulations governing similar crafts or classes of employees of Amtrak; and

(3) the winning bidder shall provide hiring preference to qualified Amtrak employees displaced by the award of the bid, consistent with the staffing plan submitted by the bidder, and shall be subject to the grant conditions under section 22905.

(d)

(1) the installment of an interim rail carrier;

(2) providing to the interim rail carrier under paragraph (1) an operating subsidy necessary to provide service; and

(3) rebidding the contract to operate the intercity rail passenger transportation.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(f)

(1) the reasons why the rule has not been issued;

(2) a plan for completing the rule as soon as reasonably practicable; and

(3) the estimated date of completion of the rule.

(g)

(1)

(A) whether access to Amtrak's facility or equipment, or the provisions of services by Amtrak, is necessary under subsection (c)(1); and

(B) whether the operation of Amtrak's other services will not be unreasonably impaired by such access.

(2)

(A) requires Amtrak to provide the applicable facilities, equipment, and services; and

(B) determines reasonable compensation, liability, and other terms for the use of the facilities and equipment and the provision of the services.

(h)

(i)

(j)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §214(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4927; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11307(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1660; Pub. L. 115–420, §7(b)(3)(A)(i)(III), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5447.)

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (f), is the date of enactment of title XI of div. A of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

Section 11101 of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (e), is section 11101 of title XI of div. A of Pub. L. 114–94, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1622, which is not classified to the Code.

**2019**—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 115–420 substituted "22905" for "24405".

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to alternate passenger rail service pilot program.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11307(c), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1664, provided that: "Not later than 4 years after the date of implementation of the pilot program under section 24711 of title 49, United States Code, and quadrennially thereafter until the pilot program is discontinued, the Secretary [of Transportation] shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a report on the results of the pilot program to date and any recommendations for further action."

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §215, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4929, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) a reasonable attempt was made to reassign an employee adversely affected under section 24711 of title 49, United States Code, or by the elimination of any route, to other positions within Amtrak in accordance with any contractual agreements;

"(2) the financial assistance results in a net reduction in the total number of employees equal to the number receiving financial incentives;

"(3) the financial assistance results in a net reduction in total employment expense equivalent to the total employment expenses associated with the employees receiving financial incentives; and

"(4) the total number of employees eligible for termination-related payments will not be increased without the express written consent of the Secretary.

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) members representing Amtrak;

(ii) members representing the Department of Transportation, including the Federal Railroad Administration; and

(iii) members representing States.

(B)

(3)

(A) there are 3 separate voting blocs to represent the Committee's voting members, including—

(i) 1 voting bloc to represent the members described in paragraph (2)(A)(i);

(ii) 1 voting bloc to represent the members described in paragraph (2)(A)(ii); and

(iii) 1 voting bloc to represent the members described in paragraph (2)(A)(iii);

(B) each voting bloc has 1 vote;

(C) the vote of the voting bloc representing the members described in paragraph (2)(A)(iii) requires the support of at least two-thirds of that voting bloc's members; and

(D) the Committee makes decisions by unanimous consent of the 3 voting blocs.

(4)

(5)

(A) incorporate and further describe the decisionmaking procedures to be used in accordance with paragraph (3); and

(B) be adopted in accordance with such decisionmaking procedures.

(6)

(7)

(A)

(B)

(i) 1 note). The Committee shall implement a revised cost methodology policy during fiscal year 2023. Not later than 30 days after the adoption of the revised cost methodology policy, the Committee shall submit a report documenting and explaining any changes to the cost methodology policy and plans for implementation of such policy, including a description of the improvements to the accounting information provided by Amtrak to the States, to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives. The revised cost methodology policy shall ensure that States will be responsible for costs attributable to the provision of service for their routes.

(ii)

(iii) 1 note), the rules and procedures implemented pursuant to paragraph (5) shall include—

(I) procedures for changing the cost methodology policy in accordance with clause (i); and

(II) procedures or broad guidelines for conducting financial planning, including operating and capital forecasting, reporting, data sharing, and governance.

(C)

(i) ensure equal treatment in the provision of like services of all States and groups of States;

(ii) assign to each route the costs incurred only for the benefit of that route and a proportionate share, based upon factors that reasonably reflect relative use, of costs incurred for the common benefit of more than 1 route; and

(iii) promote increased efficiency in Amtrak's operating and capital activities.

(D)

(8)

(A) appoint, terminate, and fix the compensation of an executive director and other Committee employees necessary for the Committee to carry out its duties; and

(B) enter into contracts necessary to carry out its duties, including providing Committee employees with retirement and other employee benefits under the condition that Non-Federal members or officers, the executive director, and employees of the Committee are not Federal employees for any purpose.

(9)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) the financial and performance reports that Amtrak is required to provide to the Committee and the States; and

(ii) the planning and demand reports that the States are required to provide to the Committee and Amtrak.

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) financial assistance to Amtrak or 1 or more States to perform requested independent technical analysis of issues before the Committee; and

(B) administrative expenses that the Secretary determines necessary.

(e)

(f)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) the Committee shall be the forum where Amtrak and the States collaborate on the planning, improvement, and development of corridor routes across the National Network; and

(B) such collaboration should include regular consultation with interstate rail compact parties and other regional planning organizations that address passenger rail.

(g)

(1)

(A) the State or States and local municipalities through which such new service would operate;

(B) commuter authorities and regional transportation authorities in the areas that would be served by the planned route;

(C) host railroads;

(D) the Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration; and

(E) other stakeholders, as appropriate.

(2)

(A) ongoing operating costs and capital costs in accordance with the cost methodology policy referred to in subsection (a)(7) then in effect; or

(B) ongoing operating costs and capital costs in accordance with the maximum funding limitations described in section 22908(e).

(3)

(h)

(i)

(1) not later than 120 days before the submission of the general and legislative annual report required under section 24315(b), consult with the Committee and any additional States through which a State-supported route may operate regarding any proposed changes to such route; and

(2) include in such report an update of any planned or proposed changes to State-supported routes, including the introduction of new State-supported routes, including—

(A) the timeframe in which such changes would take effect; and

(B) whether Amtrak has entered into commitments with the affected States pursuant subsection (g)(2).

(j)

(1) describes the role of the State-supported routes in economic development; and

(2) examines the impacts of the State-supported routes on local station areas, job creation, transportation efficiency, State economies, and the national economy.

(k)

(1) shall pertain to the rail operations of Amtrak and related activities of trains operated by Amtrak on State-sponsored routes; and

(2) shall not pertain to the rail operations or related activities of services operated by other rail carriers on State-supported routes.

(l

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11204(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1634; amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22211, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 708; Pub. L. 117–328, div. L, title I, §158, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5125.)

Section 209 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1), (7)(A), (B)(i), (iii), and (c)(1), is section 209 of div. B of Pub. L. 110–432, which is set out as a note under section 24101 of this title.

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, referred to in subsecs. (g)(2) and (j), is the date of enactment of title II of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

**2022**—Subsec. (a)(8), (9). Pub. L. 117–328 added pars. (8) and (9).

**2021**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(a)(1), substituted "There is established" for "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015, the Secretary of Transportation shall establish" and inserted "current and future" before "rail operations".

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(a)(3), added par. (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (5).

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(a)(2), (4), redesignated par. (4) as (5) and substituted "define and periodically update" for "convene a meeting and shall define and implement" and struck out "not later than 180 days after the date of establishment of the Committee by the Secretary" after "Committee's proceedings" in introductory provisions. Former par. (5) redesignated (6).

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(a)(2), redesignated par. (5) as (6). Former par. (6) redesignated (7).

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(a)(2), (5), redesignated par. (6) as (7) and substituted "methodology policy" for "allocation methodology" in heading.

Subsec. (a)(7)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(a)(5)(B), substituted "methodology policy" for "allocation methodology".

Subsec. (a)(7)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(a)(5)(C), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The rules and procedures implemented under paragraph (4) shall include procedures for changing the cost allocation methodology."

Subsec. (a)(7)(C). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(a)(5)(D)(i), substituted "methodology policy" for "allocation methodology" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(7)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(a)(5)(D)(iii)(I), substituted "assign" for "allocate".

Subsec. (a)(7)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(a)(5)(D)(ii), (iii)(II), (iv), added cl. (iii).

Subsec. (a)(7)(D). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(a)(5)(E), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(b), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Not later than April 15, 2016, and monthly thereafter, Amtrak shall provide to each State that sponsors a State-supported route a monthly invoice of the cost of operating such route, including fixed costs and third-party costs. The Committee shall determine the frequency and contents of financial and performance reports that Amtrak shall provide to the States, as well as the planning and demand reports that the States shall provide to Amtrak."

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(c)(1), substituted "subsection (a)(5)" for "subsection (a)(4)" and "subsection (a)(7)" for "subsection (a)(6)".

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(c)(2), inserted "related to a State-supported route that a State sponsors that is" after "amount".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(d), inserted ", including incentives to increase revenue, reduce costs, finalize contracts by the beginning of the fiscal year, and require States to promptly make payments for services delivered" before period at end.

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(e)(1), inserted ", and review and update, as necessary," after "shall develop".

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(e)(2), substituted "As applicable, based on updates, the Committee shall submit an updated statement" for "Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015, the Committee shall transmit the statement".

Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(e)(3), added par. (3).

Subsecs. (g) to (l). Pub. L. 117–58, §22211(f), added subsecs. (g) to (j) and redesignated former subsecs. (g) and (h) as (k) and (l

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

1 So in original. Probably should be "24101".



**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22307(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 730, substituted "Federal-State partnership for intercity passenger rail" for "Federal-State partnership for state of good repair" in item 24911.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §§11302(b), 11305(d)(2), 11306(b)(2), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1651, 1658, 1660, added items 24904 and 24911, redesignated former item 24904 as 24903, and substituted "Northeast Corridor Commission" for "Northeast Corridor Infrastructure and Operations Advisory Commission; Safety Committee" in item 24905.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §212(b)(1), title III, §306(b), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4924, 4953, amended item 24905 generally, substituting "Northeast Corridor Infrastructure and Operations Advisory Commission; Safety Committee" for "Coordination board and safety committee", and added item 24910.

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, §405(a), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2586, struck out item 24903 "Program master plan for Boston-New York main line".

1 So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.

In this chapter—

(1) "final system plan" means the final system plan (including additions) adopted by the United States Railway Association under the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 (45 U.S.C. 701 et seq.).

(2) "rail carrier" means an express carrier and a rail carrier as defined in section 10102 of this title, including Amtrak.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 930.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24901(1) | (no source). | |

24901(2) | (no source). |


This section is derived from 45:802 for clarity. That section contains definitions for the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (Public Law 94–210, 90 Stat. 33). Title VII of that Act is the source of the source provisions restated in this chapter. However, other titles of that Act are not being restated because they are outside the scope of the restatement. Therefore, 45:802 is not being restated in this restatement and only the relevant definitions are accounted for in this chapter.

The Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, referred to in par. (1), is Pub. L. 93–236, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 985, which is classified principally to chapter 16 (§701 et seq.) of Title 45, Railroads. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 701 of Title 45 and Tables.

(a)

(b)

(1) Safety-related items should be completed before other items because the safety of the passengers and users of the Northeast Corridor is paramount.

(2) Activities that benefit the greatest number of passengers should be completed before activities involving fewer passengers.

(3) Reliability of intercity rail passenger transportation must be emphasized.

(4) Trip-time requirements of this section must be achieved to the extent compatible with the priorities referred to in paragraphs (1)–(3) of this subsection.

(5) Improvements that will pay for the investment by achieving lower operating or maintenance costs should be carried out before other improvements.

(6) Construction operations should be scheduled so that the fewest possible passengers are inconvenienced, transportation is maintained, and the on-time performance of Northeast Corridor commuter rail passenger and rail freight transportation is optimized.

(7) Planning should focus on completing activities that will provide immediate benefits to users of the Northeast Corridor.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(2) Amtrak shall apply to the Surface Transportation Board for approval of the agreement and all related agreements accompanying the application as soon as the agreement is made. If the Board finds that approval is necessary to carry out this chapter, the Board shall approve the application and related agreements not later than 90 days after receiving the application.

(3) If an agreement is not made under paragraph (1) of this subsection, Amtrak, with the consent of the other parties, may apply to the Surface Transportation Board. Not later than 90 days after the application, the Board shall decide on the terms of an agreement if it decides that doing so is necessary to carry out this chapter. The decision of the Board is binding on the other parties.

(h)

(A) transportation programs related to the Northeast Corridor to ensure that the programs are integrated and consistent with the Northeast Corridor improvement program; and

(B) amounts from departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government to achieve urban redevelopment and revitalization in the vicinity of urban rail stations in the Northeast Corridor served by intercity and commuter rail passenger transportation.

(2) If the Secretary finds significant noncompliance with this section, the Secretary may deny financing to a noncomplying program until the noncompliance is corrected.

(i)

(j)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 930; Pub. L. 104–205, title III, §334, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 2974; Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, §405(b)(1), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2586; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32932(c)(3), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 829.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24902(a) | 45:853(1)(A). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §703(1)(A), 90 Stat. 121; Oct. 5, 1978, Pub. L. 95–421, §8(1), 92 Stat. 927; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §202(1), (2), 94 Stat. 410; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §301(1), 96 Stat. 2547. |

45:853(1)(B) (1st sentence). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §703(1)(B), 90 Stat. 121; Oct. 5, 1978, Pub. L. 95–421, §8(2), 92 Stat. 927. | |

45:853(2)(A). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §703(2)(A), 90 Stat. 122; Oct. 5, 1978, Pub. L. 95–421, §5(1), 92 Stat. 926. | |

45:853(2)(B). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §703(2)(B); added Oct. 5, 1978, Pub. L. 95–421, §5(2), 92 Stat. 927. | |

45:853(3)(A). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §703(3)(A), 90 Stat. 122; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §203(1), 94 Stat. 410. | |

45:853(4) (1st sentence). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §703(1)(C), (4), 90 Stat. 121, 122. | |

45:853(6). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §703(6); added May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §203(2), 94 Stat. 411. | |

45:855(b). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §705(b); added May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §206(a), 94 Stat. 413; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §301(5)(B), 96 Stat. 2550. | |

24902(b) | 45:851(d)(1). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §701(d)(1); added May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §205, 94 Stat. 412. |

24902(c)(1) | 45:853(1)(B) (last sentence). | |

45:855(b). | ||

24902(c)(2), (3) | 45:854(i). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §704(i); added May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §204(b), 94 Stat. 411. |

45:855(b). | ||

24902(d) | 45:853(4) (last sentence). | |

24902(e) | 45:853(7). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §703(7); added May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §209, 94 Stat. 414. |

24902(f) | 45:853(1)(C). | |

24902(g) | 45:431(k). | Oct. 16, 1970, Pub. L. 91–458, 84 Stat. 971, §202(k); added June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §9, 102 Stat. 628. |

24902(h) | 45:853(1)(E). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §703(1)(E), 90 Stat. 121; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §202(3), 94 Stat. 410. |

45:855(b). | ||

24902(i) | 45:853(5). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §703(5); added Oct. 5, 1978, Pub. L. 95–421, §8(3), 92 Stat. 927. |

45:855(b). | ||

24902(j) | 45:853(3)(B). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §703(3)(B); added May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §203(1), 94 Stat. 410. |

45:855(b). | ||

24902(k) | 45:854(c)(1). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §704(c)(1), 90 Stat. 123; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §210(1), 94 Stat. 414. |

45:854(c)(2). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §704(c)(2); added May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §210(2), 94 Stat. 414. | |

24902(l) |
45:545(h) (last sentence). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §305(h) (last sentence); added Oct. 28, 1974, Pub. L. 93–496, §3, 88 Stat. 1527; Sept. 29, 1979, Pub. L. 96–73, §106, 93 Stat. 539. |

45:855(b). |


In this section, the word "program" is substituted for "project" for consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (a)(1)(A) and (B), the words "schedule" and "appropriate" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "in order" and "rail" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(4)–(6), the words "the goals contained in" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(4), the text of 45:853(2)(B) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (a)(5), the words "to all users of rail freight service located" are omitted as surplus. The word "in" is substituted for "on" as being more appropriate. The words "all . . . which remain" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(6), the word "mobile" is added for consistency in this chapter. The word "on" is substituted for "aboard trains operated in" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "passenger" after "rail" is added for consistency in this chapter. The word "Washington" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "each fiscal year" are substituted for "annual" for clarity. The text of 45:851(d)(1)(A) and (B) is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "in his sole discretion" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2)(B), the words "and in the amounts" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "department, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government" are substituted for "relevant Federal agencies, including the Federal Communications Commission" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "shall assist Amtrak under subsection (a)(6) of this section" are substituted for "shall take such actions as are necessary to achieve this goal" for clarity. The words "including necessary licensing, construction, operation, and maintenance" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "of priority" are added for clarity. In clause (2), the words "Potential ridership should be considered" are omitted as surplus. In clause (5), the words "Reducing maintenance cost levels is desirable" are omitted as surplus. The words "before other improvements" are added for clarity.

In subsection (f), the words "accomplished in a manner which is", "the accomplishment in the . . . of additional", and "levels" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g), the words "after April 1, 1990" are omitted as executed. The words "betwen [sic] Washington, D.C., and Boston, Massachusetts" are omitted as surplus. The words "or between the main line and Atlantic City" are substituted for "on the feeder line referred to in section 854(a)(1)(B) of this title" for clarity. The text of 45:431(k)(2) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (h), the text of 45:853(1)(E) (1st–4th sentences) and the word "Thereafter" are omitted as executed. The words "carries out" are substituted for "achieves the service goals specified in" for consistency in this section.

In subsection (i), the words "rolling stock and related", "designed to be", "set forth", and "specified" are omitted as surplus. The text of 45:853(5) (last sentence words after "such equipment") is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (j)(1), the words "Within 6 months after May 30, 1980, the Secretary shall develop plans" and the text of 45:853(3)(B)(v) are omitted as executed. The words "rail lines" are substituted for "lines" for clarity and consistency in this chapter. The words "Washington" and "on such terms and conditions as the parties may agree" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (j)(2), the words "including the provision of service use of tracks and facilities as provided in such application" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (j)(3), the words "other parties" are substituted for "involved rail freight carriers" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "conditions and" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (k)(1), before clause (A), the words "take all steps necessary to" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the words "all", "implementation of", and "under this subchapter" are omitted as surplus. Clause (B) is substituted for 45:854(c)(2) to eliminate surplus and obsolete words.

Section 703(1)(E) of the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976, referred to in subsecs. (e) and (f), is section 703(1)(E) of Pub. L. 94–210, which was classified to section 853(1)(E) of Title 45, Railroads, and was repealed and reenacted as subsec. (h) of this section by Pub. L. 103–272, §§1(e), 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 932, 1379.

**2012**—Subsec. (g)(2), (3). Pub. L. 112–141 substituted "Surface Transportation Board" for "Interstate Commerce Commission" and "Board" for "Commission" wherever appearing.

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–134 redesignated subsec. (b) as (a) and subsecs. (e) to (m) as (b) to (j), respectively, in subsec. (j) struck out "(m)" after "This subsection", and struck out former subsecs. (a), (c), and (d) which related to Northeast Corridor improvement plan, cost sharing for nonoperational facilities, and passenger radio mobile telephone service, respectively.

**1996**—Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 104–205 added subsec. (m).

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §211, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4920, within 6 months after Oct. 16, 2008, required Amtrak to prepare capital spending plan to return the railroad right-of-way, facilities, stations, and equipment, of the Northeast Corridor main line to a state-of-good-repair by the end of fiscal year 2018 and required review and approval of the plan by the Secretary of Transportation, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11306(b)(3), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1660.

(a)

(1) acquire, maintain, and dispose of any interest in property used to provide improved high-speed rail transportation under section 24902 of this title;

(2) acquire, by condemnation or otherwise, any interest in real property that Amtrak considers necessary to carry out the goals of section 24902;

(3) provide for rail freight, intercity rail passenger, and commuter rail passenger transportation over property acquired under this section;

(4) improve rail rights of way between Boston, Massachusetts, and the District of Columbia (including the route through Springfield, Massachusetts, and routes to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Albany, New York, from the Northeast Corridor main line) to achieve the goals of section 24902 of providing improved high-speed rail passenger transportation between Boston, Massachusetts, and the District of Columbia, and intermediate intercity markets;

(5) acquire, build, improve, and install passenger stations, communications and electric power facilities and equipment, public and private highway and pedestrian crossings, and other facilities and equipment necessary to provide improved high-speed rail passenger transportation over rights of way improved under clause (4) of this subsection;

(6) make agreements with other carriers and commuter authorities to grant, acquire, or make arrangements for rail freight or commuter rail passenger transportation over, rights of way and facilities acquired under the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 (45 U.S.C. 701 et seq.), the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (45 U.S.C. 801 et seq.), and chapter 224 of this title; and

(7) appoint a general manager of the Northeast Corridor improvement program.

(b)

(c)

(2) If the parties do not agree, the Surface Transportation Board shall order that the transportation continue over facilities acquired under the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 (45 U.S.C. 701 et seq.), the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (45 U.S.C. 801 et seq.), and chapter 224 of this title and shall determine compensation (without allowing cross-subsidization between commuter rail passenger and intercity rail passenger and rail freight transportation) for the transportation not later than 120 days after the dispute is submitted. The Board shall assign to a rail carrier obtaining transportation under this subsection the costs Amtrak incurs only for the benefit of the carrier, plus a proportionate share of all other costs of providing transportation under this paragraph incurred for the common benefit of Amtrak and the carrier. The proportionate share shall be based on relative measures of volume of car operations, tonnage, or other factors that reasonably reflect the relative use of rail property covered by this subsection.

(3) This subsection does not prevent the parties from making an agreement under subsection (a)(6) of this section after the Board makes a decision under this subsection.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 934, §24904; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(22), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4380; Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, §405(b)(2), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2586; Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §212(b)(2), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4924; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32932(c)(4), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 829; renumbered §24903, Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11306(a)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1658; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21301(j)(4)(F), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 693.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24904(a) (words before (1)) | 45:851(a) (words before (1)). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §701(a)(1), (3)–(8), 90 Stat. 119. |

24904(a)(1) | 45:851(a)(1). | |

45:855(b). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §705(b); added May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §206(a), 94 Stat. 413; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §301(5)(B), 96 Stat. 2550. | |

24904(a)(2) | 45:854(h). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §704(h); added May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §204(b), 94 Stat. 411. |

45:855(b). | ||

24904(a)(3) | 45:851(a)(3) (less proviso). | |

24904(a)(4) | 45:851(a)(4). | |

24904(a)(5) | 45:851(a)(5). | |

24904(a)(6) | 45:562(a)(2) (1st sentence). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §402(a)(2); added Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §706(a), 90 Stat. 123; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §206(a), 94 Stat. 412; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §4017(b)(2)–(5), 100 Stat. 111. |

45:851(a)(6) (words before 8th comma). | ||

24904(a)(7) | 45:851(a)(7). | |

24904(a)(8) | 45:851(a)(8). | |

24904(b) | 45:851(a)(3) (proviso). | |

24904(c)(1) | 45:851(a)(6) (words after 8th comma). | |

24904(c)(2) | 45:562(a)(2) (2d–5th sentences). | |

24904(c)(3) | 45:562(a)(2) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "the purposes of" are omitted as surplus. The words "this part" are substituted for "this subchapter, the Rail Passenger Service Act [45 U.S.C. 501 et seq.]" for clarity because subchapter III of chapter 17 of title 45, United States Code, and the Rail Passenger Service Act make up part C of subtitle V of the revised title. In clause (1), the words "by purchase, lease, exchange, gift, or otherwise, and to hold . . . sell, lease, or otherwise", "real or personal", and "which is necessary or" are omitted as surplus. The words "to provide" are substituted for "establishing and maintaining" for consistency in this chapter. In clause (2), the words "for the United States, by lease, purchase, condemnation, or otherwise" and "(including lands, easements, and rights-of-way, and any other property interests, including contract rights) are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the words "the continuous operation and maintenance of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the words "Washington" and "at its option" are omitted as surplus. In clause (5), the words "other safety facilities or equipment . . . any" and "which it determines are" are omitted as surplus. In clause (6), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter", "tracks, rights-of-way and other", and "by the Corporation" in 45:562(a)(2) (1st sentence) and "other railroads" and "trackage rights, contract services, and other appropriate" in 45:851(a)(6) are omitted as surplus. In clause (7), the words "qualified individual to serve as the" are omitted as surplus. In clause (8), the words "on a basis which is consistent with, and" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "shall provide for" are substituted for "to be on such terms and conditions as are necessary to" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "reasonable" is substituted for "on an equitable and fair basis" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "If the parties do not" are substituted for "In the event of a failure to" for clarity. The words "to be provided", "consistent with equitable and fair compensation principles", "proper amount of", "the provision of", and "the date of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "either before or" are omitted as surplus because the National Railroad Passenger Corporation may make agreements on arrangements for rail freight or commuter rail transportation under subsection (a)(6) of this section and this subsection applies only when there is no agreement.

This amends 49:24904(a)(2) to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 934).

The Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (c)(2), is Pub. L. 93–236, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 985, which is classified principally to chapter 16 (§701 et seq.) of Title 45, Railroads. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 701 of Title 45 and Tables.

The Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976, referred to in subsecs. (a)(6) and (c)(2), is Pub. L. 94–210, Feb. 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 31. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 801 of Title 45 and Tables.

A prior section 24903, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 933; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(48), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3393, related to program master plan for Boston-New York main line, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, §405(a), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2586.

**2021**—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(j)(4)(F)(i), substituted ", the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (45 U.S.C. 801 et seq.), and chapter 224 of this title" for "and the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (45 U.S.C. 801 et seq.)".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 117–58, §21301(j)(4)(F)(ii), substituted ", the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (45 U.S.C. 801 et seq.), and chapter 224 of this title" for "and the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (45 U.S.C. 801 et seq.)".

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94 renumbered section 24904 of this title as this section.

**2012**—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 112–141 substituted "Surface Transportation Board" for "Interstate Commerce Commission" and "Board" for "Commission".

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 112–141, §32932(c)(4)(B), substituted "Board" for "Commission".

**2008**—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 110–432 inserted "commuter rail passenger and" after "between" in first sentence and struck out "freight" after "rail" in second sentence.

**1997**—Subsec. (a)(6) to (8). Pub. L. 105–134 inserted "and" at end of par. (6), substituted a period for "; and" at end of par. (7), and struck out par. (8) which read as follows: "make agreements with telecommunications common carriers, subject to the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 151 et seq.), to continue existing, and establish new and improved, passenger radio mobile telephone service in the high-speed rail passenger transportation area specified in section 24902(a)(1) and (2)."

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103–429 inserted ", by condemnation or otherwise," after "acquire".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A) identify key state-of-good-repair, capacity expansion, and capital improvement projects planned for the Northeast Corridor;

(B) provide a coordinated and consensus-based plan covering a 15-year period;

(C) identify service objectives and the capital investments required to meet such objectives;

(D) provide a delivery-constrained strategy that identifies—

(i) capital investment phasing;

(ii) an evaluation of workforce needs; and

(iii) strategies for managing resources and mitigating construction impacts on operations; and

(E) include a financial strategy that identifies funding needs and potential funding sources.

(3)

(b)

(1)

(A) develop an annual capital investment plan for the Northeast Corridor; and

(B) submit the capital investment plan to—

(i) the Secretary of Transportation;

(ii) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and

(iii) the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives.

(2)

(A) reflect coordination across the entire Northeast Corridor;

(B) integrate the individual capital plans developed by Amtrak, States, and commuter authorities in accordance with the cost allocation policy developed and approved under section 24905(c);

(C) cover a period of 5 fiscal years, beginning with the fiscal year during which the plan is submitted;

(D) notwithstanding section 24902(b), document the projects and programs being undertaken to advance the service objectives and capital investments identified in the Northeast Corridor service development plan developed under subsection (a), and the asset condition needs identified in the Northeast Corridor asset management plans, after considering—

(i) the benefits and costs of capital investments in the plan;

(ii) project and program readiness;

(iii) the operational impacts; and

(iv) Federal and non-Federal funding availability;

(E) categorize capital projects and programs as primarily associated with 1 of the categories listed under section 24319(c)(2)(C);

(F) identify capital projects and programs that are associated with more than 1 category described in subparagraph (E); and

(G) include a financial plan that identifies—

(i) funding sources and financing methods;

(ii) the status of cost sharing agreements pursuant to the cost allocation policy developed under section 24905(c);

(iii) the projects and programs that the Commission expects will receive Federal financial assistance; and

(iv) the eligible entity or entities that the Commission expects—

(I) to receive the Federal financial assistance referred to in clause (iii); and

(II) to implement each capital project.

(3)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) are consistent with the transit asset management system (as defined in section 5326(a)(3)); and

(B) include—

(i) an inventory of all capital assets owned by the developer of the plan;

(ii) an assessment of condition of such capital assets;

(iii) a description of the resources and processes that will be necessary to bring or to maintain such capital assets in a state of good repair; and

(iv) a description of changes in the condition of such capital assets since the submission of the prior version of the plan.

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11306(a)(2), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1658; amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22301, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 714.)

A prior section 24904 was renumbered section 24903 of this title.

**2021**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–58, §22301(1), (3), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a), which required Northeast Corridor Commission to develop Northeast Corridor capital investment and financial plans.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–58, §22301(3), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (c).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–58, §22301(2), (4), redesignated subsec. (b) as (c) and substituted "spent only on capital projects and programs contained in the Commission's capital investment plan for the prior fiscal year." for "spent only on—

"(1) capital projects described in clause (i) or (iii) of subsection (a)(2)(E) of this section; or

"(2) capital projects described in subsection (a)(2)(E)(iv) or (v) of this section that are for the sole benefit of Amtrak."

Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–58, §22301(5), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) related to development of Northeast Corridor asset management system and Northeast Corridor asset management plan for each service territory.

Pub. L. 117–58, §22301(1), (2), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d) and struck out former subsec. (d). Prior to amendment, text of subsec. (d) read as follows: "Not less frequently than once every 10 years, the Commission shall update the Northeast Corridor service development plan."

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(1) Within 180 days after the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, the Secretary of Transportation shall establish a Northeast Corridor Commission (referred to in this section as the "Commission") to promote mutual cooperation and planning pertaining to the rail operations, infrastructure investments, and related activities of the Northeast Corridor. The Commission shall be made up of—

(A) members representing Amtrak;

(B) members representing the Department of Transportation, including the Office of the Secretary, the Federal Railroad Administration, and the Federal Transit Administration;

(C) 1 member from each of the States (including the District of Columbia) that constitute the Northeast Corridor as defined in section 24102, designated by, and serving at the pleasure of, the chief executive officer thereof; and

(D) non-voting representatives of freight and commuter railroad carriers authorities using the Northeast Corridor selected by the Secretary.

(2) The Secretary shall ensure that the membership belonging to any of the groups enumerated under paragraph (1) shall not constitute a majority of the Commission's memberships.

(3) The Commission shall establish a schedule and location for convening meetings, but shall meet no less than four times per fiscal year, and the Commission shall develop rules and procedures to govern the Commission's proceedings.

(4) A vacancy in the Commission shall be filled in the manner in which the original appointment was made.

(5) Members shall serve without pay but shall receive travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, in accordance with sections 5702 and 5703 of title 5.

(6) The members of the Commission shall elect co-chairs consisting of 1 member described in paragraph (1)(B) and 1 member described in paragraph (1)(C).

(7) The Commission may appoint and fix the pay of such personnel as it considers appropriate.

(8) Upon request of the Commission, the head of any department or agency of the United States may detail, on a reimbursable basis, any of the personnel of that department or agency to the Commission to assist it in carrying out its duties under this section.

(9) Upon the request of the Commission, the Administrator of General Services shall provide to the Commission, on a reimbursable basis, the administrative support services necessary for the Commission to carry out its responsibilities under this section.

(10) The Commission shall consult with other entities as appropriate.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) short-term and long-term capital investment needs;

(B) future funding requirements for capital improvements and maintenance;

(C) operational improvements of intercity passenger rail, commuter rail, and freight rail services;

(D) opportunities for additional non-rail uses of the Northeast Corridor;

(E) scheduling and dispatching;

(F) safety and security enhancements;

(G) equipment design;

(H) marketing of rail services;

(I) future capacity requirements; and

(J) potential funding and financing mechanisms for projects of corridor-wide significance.

(3)

(A) any updates made to the statement of goals developed under paragraph (1) not later than 60 days after such updates are made; and

(B) annual performance reports and recommendations for improvements, as appropriate, issued not later than March 31 of each year, for the prior fiscal year, which summarize—

(i) the operations and performance of commuter, intercity, and freight rail transportation, including ridership trends, along the Northeast Corridor;

(ii) the delivery of the first year of the capital investment plan described in section 24904; and

(iii) progress in assessing and eliminating the state-of-good-repair backlog.

(c)

(1)

(A) develop and maintain the standardized policy first approved on September 17, 2015, and update, as appropriate, for determining and allocating costs, revenues, and compensation for Northeast Corridor commuter rail passenger transportation, as defined in section 24102 of this title, on the Northeast Corridor main line between Boston, Massachusetts, and Washington, District of Columbia, and the Northeast Corridor branch lines connecting to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Springfield, Massachusetts, and Spuyten Duyvil, New York, that use Amtrak facilities or services or that provide such facilities or services to Amtrak that ensures that—

(i) there is no cross-subsidization of commuter rail passenger, intercity rail passenger, or freight rail transportation;

(ii) each service is assigned the costs incurred only for the benefit of that service, and a proportionate share, based upon factors that reasonably reflect relative use, of costs incurred for the common benefit of more than 1 service; and

(iii) all financial contributions made by an operator of a service that benefit an infrastructure owner other than the operator are considered, including but not limited to, any capital infrastructure investments and in-kind services;

(B) develop timetables for implementing and maintaining the policy;

(C) submit updates to the policy and timetables developed under subparagraph (B) to the Surface Transportation Board, the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives;

(D) support the efforts of the members of the Commission to implement the policy in accordance with the timetables developed pursuant to subparagraph (B); 1

(E) with the consent of a majority of its members, petition the Surface Transportation Board to appoint a mediator to assist the Commission members through nonbinding mediation to reach an agreement under this section.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) determine the appropriate compensation in accordance with the procedures and procedural schedule applicable to a proceeding under section 24903(c), after taking into consideration the policy developed under paragraph (1); and

(ii) enforce its determination on the party or parties involved.

(3)

(4)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(A) the Department of Transportation, including the Federal Railroad Administration;

(B) Amtrak;

(C) freight carriers operating more than 150,000 train miles a year on the main line of the Northeast Corridor;

(D) commuter rail agencies;

(E) rail passengers;

(F) rail labor; and

(G) other individuals and organizations the Secretary decides have a significant interest in rail safety or security.

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 935; Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title II, §212(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4921; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11305(a)–(d)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1656, 1657; Pub. L. 115–420, §§4(a), 6(a), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5444, 5445; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22302, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 716.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24905(a)(1) | 45:585(c). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §505(c); added Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §508(2), 96 Stat. 2554. |

24905(a)(2) | 45:585(a). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §505(a), (b); added Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1137, 95 Stat. 650; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §508(1), 96 Stat. 2554. |

24905(a)(3) | 45:585(b). | |

24905(b) | 45:431 (note). | June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §11, 102 Stat. 629; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §18, 106 Stat. 982. |


In subsection (a)(2), before clause (A), the words "develop and" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B)(v), the word "rates" is substituted for "fares, tariffs" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "of opinions" and "(among or between the Corporation, Amtrak Commuter, other railroads, commuter authorities, and other State, local, and regional agencies responsible for the provision of commuter rail, rapid rail, or rail freight service), with respect to all matters" are omitted as surplus. The words "for facilities and transportation matters under" are substituted for "those conferred on the Commission in" for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "Within 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act . . . shall establish" are omitted as executed.

In subsection (b)(3), the words "each Congress" are substituted for "the 103rd Congress, and biennially thereafter" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "pursuant to the provisions of this section" are omitted as unnecessary.

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is the date of enactment of div. B of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

Section 203 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (c)(3), is set out as a note under section 24101 of this title.

Section 22101(e) of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, referred to in subsec. (d), is section 22101(e) of title II of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 694, which is not classified to the Code.

**2021**—Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 117–58, §22302(1), inserted "authorities" after "carriers".

Subsec. (b)(3)(B)(i). Pub. L. 117–58, §22302(2)(A)(i), inserted ", including ridership trends," after "transportation".

Subsec. (b)(3)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 117–58, §22302(2)(B)(i), inserted "first year of the" after "the delivery of the".

Subsec. (b)(3)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 117–58, §22302(2)(A)(ii), (B)(ii), (C), added cl. (iii).

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §22302(3)(A)(i), substituted "Policy" for "Development of policy" in heading.

Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §22302(3)(A)(ii), substituted "develop and maintain the standardized policy first approved on September 17, 2015, and update, as appropriate," for "develop a standardized policy".

Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, §22302(3)(A)(iii), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "develop a proposed timetable for implementing the policy;".

Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 117–58, §22302(3)(A)(iv), substituted "updates to the policy and timetables" for "the policy and the timetable".

Subsec. (c)(1)(D). Pub. L. 117–58, §22302(3)(A)(v), amended subpar. (D) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (D) read as follows: "not later than October 1, 2015, adopt and implement the policy in accordance with the timetable; and".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 117–58, §22302(3)(B), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Amtrak and public authorities providing commuter rail passenger transportation on the Northeast Corridor shall implement new agreements for usage of facilities or services based on the policy developed under paragraph (1) in accordance with the timetable established therein. If the entities fail to implement such new agreements in accordance with paragraph (1)(D) or fail to comply with the policy thereafter, the Surface Transportation Board shall determine the appropriate compensation for such usage in accordance with the procedures and procedural schedule applicable to a proceeding under section 24903(c), after taking into consideration the policy developed under paragraph (1)(A), as applicable. The Surface Transportation Board shall enforce its determination on the party or parties involved."

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 117–58, §22302(3)(C), substituted "commuter authorities" for "public authorities providing commuter rail passenger transportation".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–58, §22302(4), substituted "2022 through 2026" for "2016 through 2020" and "section 22101(e) of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021" for "section 11101(g) of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015".

**2019**—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 115–420, §6(a), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary shall consult with the Committee about safety and security improvements on the Northeast Corridor main line. The Committee shall meet at least two times per year to consider safety and security matters on the main line and meet annually with the Commission on the topic of Northeast Corridor safety and security."

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 115–420, §4(a), struck out par. (3). Text read as follows: "At the beginning of the first session of each Congress, the Secretary shall submit a report to the Commission and to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate on the status of efforts to improve safety and security on the Northeast Corridor main line. The report shall include the safety and security recommendations of the Committee and the comments of the Secretary on those recommendations."

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(d)(1)(A), struck out "Infrastructure and Operations Advisory" after "Corridor" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(d)(1)(B)(i), struck out "Infrastructure and Operations Advisory" after "Corridor" in heading.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(a)(1)(A), (d)(1)(B)(ii), struck out "Infrastructure and Operations Advisory" after "Corridor" and inserted ", infrastructure investments," after "rail operations" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(a)(1)(B), added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "members representing the Department of Transportation, including the Federal Railroad Administration;".

Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(a)(1)(C), inserted "and commuter" after "freight".

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(a)(2), amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (6) read as follows: "The Chairman of the Commission shall be elected by the members."

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(b)(1), inserted "and periodically update" after "develop".

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(b)(2), struck out "beyond those specified in the state-of-good-repair plan under section 211 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008" after "needs".

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(b)(3), added par. (3).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(c)(1), substituted "Allocation of Costs" for "Access Costs" in heading.

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(c)(2)(A), (B), substituted "policy" for "formula" in heading and "The Commission" for "Within 2 years after the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, the Commission" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(c)(2)(C), substituted "policy" for "formula" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(1)(B) to (E). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(c)(2)(D), added subpars. (B) to (E) and struck out former subpars. (B) to (D) which read as follows:

"(B) develop a proposed timetable for implementing the formula before the end of the 6th year following the date of enactment of that Act;

"(C) transmit the proposed timetable to the Surface Transportation Board; and

"(D) at the request of a Commission member, petition the Surface Transportation Board to appoint a mediator to assist the Commission members through non-binding mediation to reach an agreement under this section."

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(c)(3), substituted "policy developed under" for "formula proposed in", "paragraph (1)(D) or fail to comply with the policy thereafter, the Surface Transportation Board shall" for "the timetable, the Commission shall petition the Surface Transportation Board to", and "for such usage in accordance with the procedures and procedural schedule applicable to a proceeding under section 24903(c), after taking into consideration the policy developed under paragraph (1)(A), as applicable" for "amounts for such services in accordance with section 24904(c) of this title".

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(c)(4), substituted "policy" for "formula".

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(c)(5), added par. (4).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(d)(1)(E), substituted "to the Secretary for the use of the Commission and the Northeast Corridor Safety Committee" for "to the Commission" and "to carry out this section during fiscal years 2016 through 2020, in addition to any amounts withheld under section 11101(g) of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015" for "for the period encompassing fiscal years 2009 through 2013 to carry out this section".

Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(d)(1)(C), (D), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d) and struck out former subsec. (d) which related to transmission of statement of goals and recommendations.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(d)(1)(D), redesignated subsec. (f) as (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(d)(1)(F), substituted "on the main line and meet annually with the Commission on the topic of Northeast Corridor safety and security." for "on the main line."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 114–94, §11305(d)(1)(D), redesignated subsec. (f) as (e).

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to Northeast Corridor Coordination Board and Northeast Corridor Safety Committee.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

1 So in original. Probably should be followed by "and".

(a)

(1) impracticable or unnecessary; and

(2) using the crossing is consistent with conditions the Secretary considers appropriate to ensure safety.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 936.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24906(a) | 45:650(a), (b). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §811; added Oct. 27, 1992, Pub. L. 102–533, §2, 106 Stat. 3515. |

24906(b) | 45:650(c). |


(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 936; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11306(b)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1660.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24907(a) | 45:854(e). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §704(e)–(g); added Oct. 19, 1976, Pub. L. 94–555, §217(c), 90 Stat. 2627. |

24907(b) | 45:854(f). | |

24907(c) | 45:854(g). |


In subsection (a), the words "In order . . . protect and", "securing such expenditure", "infringe upon or", and "the authority conferred upon the National Railroad Passenger Corporation by" are omitted as surplus.

In subsections (b) and (c), the words "note" and "agreement" are substituted for "agreement, security, or obligation" for consistency because the Secretary of Transportation gets only notes and mortgage agreements under the source provisions restated in subsection (a) of this section.

In subsection (b), the words "obtained by the Secretary" and "the provisions of subtitle IV of title 49, the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.), and . . . other" are omitted as surplus. The words "has the same" are substituted for "shall enjoy all of the" for clarity. The words "conveyance or" are omitted, and the word "transfer" is substituted for "conveyances", for consistency in this subtitle. The words "(including section 303(e) thereof [45 U.S.C. 743(e)])" are omitted as surplus. The words "section 303(b)" are substituted for "section 306(b)" to correct a mistake in section 217(c) of the Rail Transportation Improvement Act (Public Law 94–555, 90 Stat. 2628).

In subsection (c), the words "to any party for any damages, or in any other matter" are omitted as surplus. The word "because" is substituted for 'by reason of the fact that" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "related to the note or agreement" are substituted for "in connection with" for clarity. The words "all" and "(including fees of accountants, experts, and attorneys)" are omitted as surplus. The words "a civil action" are substituted for "any litigation" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words "legal" and "given, issued, or entered into" are omitted as surplus.

The Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), is Pub. L. 93–236, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 985, which is classified principally to chapter 16 (§701 et seq.) of Title 45, Railroads. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 701 of Title 45 and Tables.

**2015**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–94 substituted "section 24903" for "section 24904 of this title".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Special court abolished and all jurisdiction and functions transferred to United States District Court for District of Columbia, see section 719(b)(2) of Title 45, Railroads.

A transfer of an interest in rail property under this chapter is exempt from a tax or levy related to the transfer that is imposed by the United States Government, a State, or a political subdivision of a State. On payment of the appropriate and generally applicable charge for the service performed, a transferee or transferor may record an instrument and, consistent with the final system plan, the release or removal of a pre-existing lien or encumbrance of record related to the interest transferred.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 937.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24908 | 45:743(e) (words "title VII of the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 [45 U.S.C. 851 et seq.] or of"). | Jan. 2, 1974, Pub. L. 93–236, 87 Stat. 985, §303(e) (words "title VII of the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 or of"); added Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §601(d), 90 Stat. 84; Sept. 30, 1976, Pub. L. 94–436, §5 (related to title VII), 90 Stat. 1399. |


The words "or conveyances", "(whether real, personal, or mixed)", "which are made at any time", "the purposes of", "imposts", "or on the recording of deeds, bills of sale, liens, encumbrances, or other instruments evidencing, effectuating, or incident to any such transfers or conveyances, whether imposed on the transferor or on the transferee", "now or hereafter", "to compensate . . . the cost of", "such deeds, bills of sale, liens, encumbrances, or other", and "the designations and applicable principles in" are omitted as surplus.

(a) 1 of this title. From this amount, the following amounts shall be expended by Amtrak:

(A) at least $27,000,000 for equipment modification and replacement that a State or a local or regional transportation authority must bear because of the electrification conversion system of the Northeast Corridor under this chapter.

(B) $30,000,000—

(i) to improve the main line track between the Northeast Corridor main line and Atlantic City, New Jersey, to ensure that the track, consistent with a plan New Jersey developed in consultation with Amtrak to provide rail passenger transportation between the Northeast Corridor main line and Atlantic City, New Jersey, would be of sufficient quality to allow safe rail passenger transportation at a minimum of 79 miles an hour not later than September 30, 1985; and

(ii) to promote rail passenger use of the track.

(C) necessary amounts to—

(i) develop Union Station in the District of Columbia;

(ii) install 189 track-miles, and renew 133 track-miles, of concrete ties with continuously welded rail between the District of Columbia and New York, New York;

(iii) install reverse signaling between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Morrisville, Pennsylvania, on numbers 2 and 3 track;

(iv) restore ditch drainage in concrete tie locations between the District of Columbia and New York, New York;

(v) undercut 83 track-miles between the District of Columbia and New York, New York;

(vi) rehabilitate bridges between the District of Columbia and New York, New York (including Hi line);

(vii) develop a maintenance of way equipment repair facility between the District of Columbia and New York, New York, and build maintenance of way bases at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sunnyside, New York, and Cedar Hill, Connecticut;

(viii) stabilize the roadbed between the District of Columbia and New York, New York;

(ix) automate the Bush River Drawbridge at milepost 72.14;

(x) improve the New York Service Facility to develop rolling stock repair capability;

(xi) install a rail car washer facility at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;

(xii) restore storage tracks and buildings at the Washington Service Facility;

(xiii) install centralized traffic control from Landlith, Delaware, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;

(xiv) improve track, including high speed surfacing, ballast cleaning, and associated equipment repair and material distribution;

(xv) rehabilitate interlockings between the District of Columbia and New York, New York;

(xvi) paint the Connecticut River, Groton, and Pelham Bay bridges;

(xvii) provide additional catenary renewal and power supply upgrading between the District of Columbia and New York, New York;

(xviii) rehabilitate structural, electrical, and mechanical systems at the William H. Gray III 30th Street Station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;

(xix) install evacuation and fire protection facilities in tunnels in New York, New York;

(xx) improve the communication and signal systems between Wilmington, Delaware, and Boston, Massachusetts, on the Northeast Corridor main line, and between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on the Harrisburg Line;

(xxi) improve the electric traction systems between Wilmington, Delaware, and Newark, New Jersey;

(xxii) install baggage rack restraints, seat back guards, and seat lock devices on 348 passenger cars operating in the Northeast Corridor;

(xxiii) install 44 event recorders and 10 electronic warning devices on locomotives operating within the Northeast Corridor; and

(xxiv) acquire cab signal test boxes and install 9 wayside loop code transmitters for use within the Northeast Corridor.

(2) The following additional amounts may be appropriated to the Secretary for expenditure by Amtrak:

(A) not more than $150,000,000 to achieve the goal of section 24902(a)(3) 1 of this title.

(B) not more than $120,000,000 to acquire interests in property in the Northeast Corridor.

(C) not more than $650,000 to develop and use mobile radio frequencies for passenger radio mobile telephone service on high-speed rail passenger transportation.

(D) not more than $20,000,000 to acquire and improve interests in rail property designated under section 206(c)(1)(D) of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 (45 U.S.C. 716(c)(1)(D)).

(E) not more than $37,000,000 to carry out section 24902(a)(7) and (j) 1 of this title.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(2) Section 24902 of this title is deemed not to be fulfilled until the projects under subsection (a)(1)(C) of this section are completed.

(f)

(g)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 937; Pub. L. 113–158, §2, Aug. 8, 2014, 128 Stat. 1838.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

24909(a)(1) | 45:854(a) (1st sentence). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §704(a) (1st sentence); added Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1193(1), 95 Stat. 701. |

45:854(a) (2d sentence cl. (1) (less availability)). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §704(a) (2d sentence), 90 Stat. 122; Oct. 19, 1976, Pub. L. 94–555, §217(a), (b), 90 Stat. 2627; Oct. 5, 1978, Pub. L. 95–421, §9, 92 Stat. 928; May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §204(a), 94 Stat. 411; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §301(2), 96 Stat. 2548; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §6, 102 Stat. 627. | |

45:855(b). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §705(b); added May 30, 1980, Pub. L. 96–254, §206(a), 94 Stat. 413; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §301(5)(B), 96 Stat. 2550. | |

24909(a) (2)(A) | 45:854(a) (2d sentence cl. (2) (less availability)). | |

45:855(b). | ||

24909(a) (2)(B)–(E) | 45:854(a) (2d sentence cls. (3)(A)–(D) (1st sentence), (4)) (as 2d sentence cls. (3)(A)–(D) (1st sentence), (4) relate to other than availability). | |

45:855(b). | ||

24909(b) | 45:854(d). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §704(d), 90 Stat. 123. |

45:855(b). | ||

24909(c) | 45:854(a) (2d sentence cl. (3)(D) (last sentence)). | |

24909(d) | 45:854(b)(1) (related to 854). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, §704(b)(1) (related to §704), 90 Stat. 123; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §301(4)(A), 96 Stat. 2549. |

24909(e) | 45:854(b)(2). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §704(b)(2); added Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §301(4)(B), 96 Stat. 2549. |

45:855(b). | ||

24909(f) | 45:854(a) (2d sentence cls. (1)–(3)(D) (1st sentence), (4)) (as 2d sentence cls. (1)–(3)(D) (1st sentence), (4) relate to availability). | |

24909(g) | 45:854(a) (3d sentence). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §704(a) (3d sentence); added Aug. 13, 1981, Pub. L. 97–35, §1193(2), 95 Stat. 702. |

45:854(a) (4th–last sentences). | Feb. 5, 1976, Pub. L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31, §704(a) (4th–last sentences); added Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §301(3), 96 Stat. 2549. |


In subsections (a) and (f), the text of 45:854(a) (2d sentence cl. (3)(A)) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the text of 45:854(a) (1st sentence) is omitted as surplus because of section 24902(a) of the revised title. In clause (B)(i), the words "if the National Railroad Passenger Corporation receives notification on or before June 1, 1983, from . . . that such State has approved" and "and if such Corporation determines that such plan is feasible" are omitted as executed. The words "rehabilitation and other . . . (including upgrading track and the signal system, ensuring safety at public and private highway and pedestrian crossings by improving signals or eliminating such crossings, and the improvement of operational portions of stations related to intercity rail passenger service)" are omitted as surplus. In clause (C), before subclause (i), the words "with respect to the main line of the Northeast Corridor" are omitted as surplus. In subclauses (i), (ii), (iv)–(viii), (xv), and (xvii), the word "Washington" is omitted as surplus. In subclause (xx), the words "at locations" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2)(C), the words "passenger radio mobile telephone service on high-speed rail passenger transportation" are substituted for "high-speed rail passenger rail telephone service" for consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (a)(2)(D), the word "rail" is added for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (b), the words "After the conveyance of rail properties, pursuant to section 303(b) of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 (45 U.S.C. 743(b)) and section 851(b) of this title" are omitted as executed. The words "remain available to" and "the purpose of performing" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "that portion of . . . issued by the National Railroad Passenger Corporation and" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(1), the words "to be appropriated", "undertaken or viewed as", "entitled", and "prepared for the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Northeast Corridor Improvement Project, in cooperation with the Federal Railroad Administration and the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), by Deleuw, Cather/Parsons, NECIP architect/engineer" are omitted as surplus. The words "for which amounts are authorized under" are substituted for "described in" for clarity. The words "for expenditure" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g), the text of 45:854(a) (3d, 5th, and last sentences) is omitted as executed. The words "An amount greater than that authorized for a fiscal year" are substituted for "Funds . . . in excess of limitations imposed under the preceding sentence with respect to a fiscal year, or for fiscal years after the fiscal year ending September 30, 1983" to eliminate unnecessary and obsolete words. The words "under this section" are omitted as surplus. The words "amount authorized" are substituted for "limitation under such sentence" for consistency.

Section 24902 of this title, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1), (2)(A), (E), was amended by Pub. L. 105–134, title IV, §405(b)(1), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2586, and, as so amended, subsec. (a) of that section was repealed and subsecs. (b), (j), and (m) were redesignated (a), (g), and (j), respectively.

Act of February 28, 1975 (Public Law 94–6, 89 Stat. 11), referred to in subsec. (b), provided appropriations for interim operating assistance for Federal Railroad Administration of Department of Transportation in chapter II which is not classified to the Code.

Section 602 of the Rail Passenger Service Act, referred to in subsec. (c), was classified to section 602 of Title 45, Railroads, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 102–533, §7(c), Oct. 27, 1992, 106 Stat. 3519.

"William H. Gray III 30th Street Station" substituted for "30th Street Station" in subsec. (a)(1)(C)(xviii) pursuant to section 2 of Pub. L. 113–158, set out below.

Pub. L. 113–158, Aug. 8, 2014, 128 Stat. 1838, provided that:

"The railroad station located at 2955 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, commonly known as '30th Street Station', shall be known and designated as the 'William H. Gray III 30th Street Station'.

"Any reference in a law, map, regulation, document, paper, or other record of the United States to the railroad station referred to in section 1 shall be deemed to be a reference to the 'William H. Gray III 30th Street Station'."

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1) address, among other matters, intercity rail passenger and freight rail services, including existing rail passenger and freight technologies and speeds, incrementally enhanced rail systems and infrastructure, and new high-speed wheel-on-rail systems;

(2) address ways to expand the transportation of international trade traffic by rail, enhance the efficiency of intermodal interchange at ports and other intermodal terminals, and increase capacity and availability of rail service for seasonal freight needs;

(3) consider research on the interconnectedness of commuter rail, passenger rail, freight rail, and other rail networks; and

(4) give consideration to regional concerns regarding rail passenger and freight transportation, including meeting research needs common to designated high-speed corridors, long-distance rail services, and regional intercity rail corridors, projects, and entities.

(b)

(1) to identify the unique aspects and attributes of rail passenger and freight service;

(2) to develop more accurate models for evaluating the impact of rail passenger and freight service, including the effects on highway and airport and airway congestion, environmental quality, and energy consumption;

(3) to develop a better understanding of modal choice as it affects rail passenger and freight transportation, including development of better models to predict utilization;

(4) to recommend priorities for technology demonstration and development;

(5) to meet additional priorities as determined by the advisory board established under subsection (c), including any recommendations made by the National Research Council;

(6) to explore improvements in management, financing, and institutional structures;

(7) to address rail capacity constraints that affect passenger and freight rail service through a wide variety of options, ranging from operating improvements to dedicated new infrastructure, taking into account the impact of such options on operations;

(8) to improve maintenance, operations, customer service, or other aspects of intercity rail passenger and freight service;

(9) to recommend objective methodologies for determining intercity passenger rail routes and services, including the establishment of new routes, the elimination of existing routes, and the contraction or expansion of services or frequencies over such routes;

(10) to review the impact of equipment and operational safety standards on the further development of high-speed passenger rail operations connected to or integrated with non-high-speed freight or passenger rail operations;

(11) to recommend any legislative or regulatory changes necessary to foster further development and implementation of high-speed passenger rail operations while ensuring the safety of such operations that are connected to or integrated with non-high-speed freight or passenger rail operations;

(12) to review rail crossing safety improvements, including improvements using new safety technology;

(13) to review and develop technology designed to reduce train horn noise and its effect on communities, including broadband horn technology; and

(14) to improve overall safety of intercity passenger and freight rail operations.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) representatives of State transportation agencies;

(B) transportation and environmental economists, scientists, and engineers; and

(C) representatives of Amtrak, the Alaska Railroad, freight railroads, transit operating agencies, intercity rail passenger agencies, railway labor organizations, and environmental organizations.

(3)

(d)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title III, §306(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4952; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11316(o), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1679; Pub. L. 115–420, §6(b), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5445.)

**2019**—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 115–420 added par. (3).

**2015**—Subsec. (b)(14). Pub. L. 114–94 added par. (14).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(1)

(A) a State (including the District of Columbia);

(B) a group of States;

(C) an Interstate Compact;

(D) a public agency or publicly chartered authority established by 1 or more States;

(E) a political subdivision of a State;

(F) Amtrak, acting on its own behalf or under a cooperative agreement with 1 or more States;

(G) a federally recognized Indian Tribe; or

(H) any combination of the entities described in subparagraphs (A) through (G).

(2)

(3)

(A) the main rail line between Boston, Massachusetts and the District of Columbia;

(B) the branch rail lines connecting to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Springfield, Massachusetts, and Spuyten Duyvil, New York; and

(C) facilities and services used to operate and maintain lines described in subparagraphs (A) and (B).

(b) 1

(c)

(1) A project to replace, rehabilitate, or repair infrastructure, equipment, or a facility used for providing intercity passenger rail service to bring such assets into a state of good repair.

(2) A project to improve intercity passenger rail service performance, including reduced trip times, increased train frequencies, higher operating speeds, improved reliability, expanded capacity, reduced congestion, electrification, and other improvements, as determined by the Secretary.

(3) A project to expand or establish new intercity passenger rail service.

(4) A group of related projects described in paragraphs (1) through (3).

(5) The planning, environmental studies, and final design for a project or group of projects described in paragraphs (1) through (4).

(d)

(1) for projects located on the Northeast Corridor, the Secretary shall—

(A) make selections consistent with the Northeast Corridor Project Inventory published pursuant to subsection (e)(1), unless when necessary to address materially changed infrastructure or service conditions, changes in project sponsor capabilities or commitments, or other significant changes since the completion of the most recently issued Northeast Corridor Project Inventory; and

(B) for projects that benefit intercity and commuter rail services, only make such selections when Amtrak and the public authorities providing commuter rail passenger transportation at the eligible project location—

(i) are in compliance with section 24905(c)(2); and

(ii) identify funding for the intercity passenger rail share, the commuter rail share, and the local share of the eligible project before the commencement of the project;

(2) for projects not located on the Northeast Corridor, the Secretary shall—

(A) give preference to eligible projects—

(i) for which Amtrak is not the sole applicant;

(ii) that improve the financial performance, reliability, service frequency, or address the state of good repair of an Amtrak route; and

(iii) that are identified in, and consistent with, a corridor inventory prepared under the Corridor Identification and Development Program pursuant to section 25101; and

(B) take into account—

(i) the cost-benefit analysis of the proposed project, including anticipated private and public benefits relative to the costs of the proposed project, including—

(I) effects on system and service performance, including as measured by applicable metrics set forth in part 273 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or successor regulations);

(II) effects on safety, competitiveness, reliability, trip or transit time, greenhouse gas emissions, and resilience;

(III) anticipated positive economic and employment impacts, including development in areas near passenger stations, historic districts, or other opportunity zones;

(IV) efficiencies from improved connections with other modes; and

(V) ability to meet existing or anticipated demand;

(ii) the degree to which the proposed project's business plan considers potential private sector participation in the financing, construction, or operation of the proposed project;

(iii) the applicant's past performance in developing and delivering similar projects, and previous financial contributions;

(iv) whether the applicant has, or will have—

(I) the legal, financial, and technical capacity to carry out the project;

(II) satisfactory continuing access to the equipment or facilities; and

(III) the capability and willingness to maintain the equipment or facilities;

(v) if applicable, the consistency of the project with planning guidance and documents set forth by the Secretary or otherwise required by law;

(vi) whether the proposed project serves historically unconnected or underconnected communities; and

(vii) any other relevant factors, as determined by the Secretary; and

(3) the Secretary shall reserve—

(A) not less than 45 percent of the amounts appropriated for grants under this section for projects not located along the Northeast Corridor, of which not less than 20 percent shall be for projects that benefit (in whole or in part) a long-distance route; and

(B) not less than 45 percent of the amounts appropriated for grants under this section for projects listed on the Northeast Corridor project inventory published pursuant to subsection (e)(1).

(e)

(1) identifies capital projects for Federal investment, project applicants, and proposed Federal funding levels under this section;

(2) specifies the order in which the Secretary will provide grant funding to projects that have identified sponsors and are located along the Northeast Corridor, including a method and plan for apportioning funds to project sponsors for the 2-year period, which may be altered by the Secretary, as necessary, if recipients are not carrying out projects in accordance with the anticipated schedule;

(3) takes into consideration the appropriate sequence and phasing of projects described in the Northeast Corridor capital investment plan developed pursuant to section 24904(a); 2

(4) is consistent with the most recent Northeast Corridor service development plan update described in section 24904(d);3

(5) takes into consideration the existing commitments and anticipated Federal, project applicant, sponsor, and other relevant funding levels for the next 5 fiscal years based on information currently available to the Secretary; and

(6) is developed in consultation with the Northeast Corridor Commission and the owners of Northeast Corridor infrastructure and facilities.

(f)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(g)

(1)

(A) announces an intention to obligate, for a major capital project under this section, an amount from future available budget authority specified in law that is not more than the amount stipulated as the financial participation of the Secretary in the project; and

(B) states that the contingent commitment—

(i) is not an obligation of the Federal Government; and

(ii) is subject to the availability of appropriations for grants under this section and subject to Federal laws in force or enacted after the date of the contingent commitment.

(2)

(A)

(i) the project is highly rated, based on the evaluations and ratings conducted pursuant to this section and the applicable notice of funding opportunity; and

(ii) the Federal assistance to be provided for the project under this section is more than $80,000,000.

(B)

(i) establish the terms of participation by the Federal Government in the project;

(ii) establish the maximum amount of Federal financial assistance for the project;

(iii) include the period of time for completing the project, even if such period extends beyond the period for which Federal financial assistance is authorized;

(iv) make timely and efficient management of the project easier in accordance with Federal law; and

(v) if applicable, specify when the process for complying with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) and related environmental laws will be completed for the project.

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(3)

(A)

(i) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate;

(ii) the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate;

(iii) the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives; and

(iv) the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.

(B)

(i) a copy of the phased funding agreement or the proposed letter;

(ii) the criteria used under subsection (d) for selecting the project for a grant award; and

(iii) a description of how the project meets such criteria.

(4)

(A)

(B)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(1) a proposal for the allocation of amounts to be available to finance grants for projects under this section among applicants for such amounts;

(2) evaluations and ratings, as applicable, for each project that has received a phased funding agreement or a letter of intent; and

(3) recommendations for each project that has received a phased funding agreement or a letter of intent for funding based on the evaluations and ratings, as applicable, and on existing commitments and anticipated funding levels for the next 3 fiscal years based on information currently available to the Secretary.

(k)

(1) providing funding to public entities for the development of service development plans selected under the Corridor Identification and Development Program;

(2) facilitating and providing guidance for intercity passenger rail systems planning; and

(3) providing funding for the development and refinement of intercity passenger rail systems planning analytical tools and models.

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11302(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1648; amended Pub. L. 115–141, div. L, title I, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 994; Pub. L. 115–420, §7(b)(3)(A)(i)(IV), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5447; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22307(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 725.)

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, referred to in subsec. (e), is the date of enactment of title II of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsec. (g)(2)(B)(v), (C)(iv), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.

**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(1), substituted "for intercity passenger rail" for "for state of good repair" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(1)(G). Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(2)(A)(i), (iii), added subpar. (G). Former subpar. (G) redesignated (H) to reflect the probable intent of Congress, see below.

Subsec. (a)(1)(H). Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(2)(A)(iv), which directed amendment of "subsection" (H), as redesignated, by substituting "(G)" for "(F)", was executed by making the substitution in subpar. (H), as redesignated, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(2)(A)(ii), which directed the redesignation of "subsection" (G) as (H), was executed by redesignating subpar. (G) as (H), to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (a)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(2)(B), (C), redesignated pars. (3) and (4) as (2) and (3), respectively, and struck out former par. (2). Prior to amendment, text of par. (2) read as follows: "The term 'capital project' means—

"(A) a project primarily intended to replace, rehabilitate, or repair major infrastructure assets utilized for providing intercity rail passenger service, including tunnels, bridges, stations, and other assets, as determined by the Secretary; or

"(B) a project primarily intended to improve intercity passenger rail performance, including reduced trip times, increased train frequencies, higher operating speeds, and other improvements, as determined by the Secretary."

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(2)(B), struck out par. (5). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'qualified railroad asset' means infrastructure, equipment, or a facility that—

"(A) is owned or controlled by an eligible applicant;

"(B) is contained in the planning document developed under section 24904 and for which a cost-allocation policy has been developed under section 24905(c), or is contained in an equivalent planning document and for which a similar cost-allocation policy has been developed; and

"(C) was not in a state of good repair on the date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(3), substituted ", improve performance, or expand or establish new intercity passenger rail service, including privately operated intercity passenger rail service if an eligible applicant is involved;" for "with respect to qualified railroad assets".

Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(4), added subsecs. (c) to (e) and struck out former subsecs. (c) to (e) which, respectively, related to projects eligible for grants under this section, set out various project selection criteria, and gave conditions on funds to be used for Northeast Corridor projects.

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(5), inserted ", except as specified under paragraph (4)" after "80 percent".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(6)(A), inserted "; Phased Funding Agreements" after "Intent" in heading.

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(6)(B), substituted "Letters of intent" for "In general" in heading and "may" for "shall, to the maximum extent practicable," in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g)(2), (3). Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(6)(C), (D), added par. (2) and redesignated former par. (2) as (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (4).

Subsec. (g)(3)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(6)(E)(i), inserted "a phased funding agreement under paragraph (2) or" after "issuing" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g)(3)(B)(i). Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(6)(E)(ii), inserted "the phased funding agreement or" after "a copy of".

Subsec. (g)(4). Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(6)(F), designated existing provisions as subpar. (B), inserted heading, and added subpar. (A).

Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(6)(C), redesignated par. (3) as (4).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(7), substituted "sections 22903 and 22905" for "section 22905".

Subsecs. (j), (k). Pub. L. 117–58, §22307(a)(8), added subsecs. (j) and (k).

**2019**—Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 115–420 substituted "22905" for "24405".

**2018**—Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "transportation at the eligible project location" for "transportation".

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

1 So in original. The semicolon preceding the period probably should not appear.

2 So in original. Probably should be "section 24904(b);".

3 So in original. Probably should be "section 24904(a)(3);".


(a)

(1) a process for eligible entities described in subsection (b) to submit proposals for the development of intercity passenger rail corridors;

(2) a process for the Secretary to review and select proposals in accordance with subsection (c);

(3) criteria for determining the level of readiness for Federal financial assistance of an intercity passenger rail corridor, which shall include—

(A) identification of a service operator which may include Amtrak or private rail carriers;

(B) identification of a service sponsor or sponsors;

(C) identification capital project sponsors;

(D) engagement with the host railroads; and

(E) other criteria as determined appropriate by the Secretary;

(4) a process for preparing service development plans in accordance with subsection (d), including the identification of planning funds, such as funds made available under section 24911(k) and interstate rail compact grants established under section 22210; 1

(5) the creation of a pipeline of intercity passenger rail corridor projects under subsection (g);

(6) planning guidance to achieve the purposes of this section, including guidance for intercity passenger rail corridors not selected under this section; and

(7) such other features as the Secretary considers relevant to the successful development of intercity passenger rail corridors.

(b)

(c)

(1) whether the route was identified as part of a regional or interregional intercity passenger rail systems planning study;

(2) projected ridership, revenues, capital investment, and operating funding requirements;

(3) anticipated environmental, congestion mitigation, and other public benefits;

(4) projected trip times and their competitiveness with other transportation modes;

(5) anticipated positive economic and employment impacts, including development in the areas near passenger stations, historic districts, or other opportunity zones;

(6) committed or anticipated State, regional transportation authority, or other non-Federal funding for operating and capital costs;

(7) benefits to rural communities;

(8) whether the corridor is included in a State's approved State rail plan developed pursuant to chapter 227;

(9) whether the corridor serves historically unserved or underserved and low-income communities or areas of persistent poverty;

(10) whether the corridor would benefit or improve connectivity with existing or planned transportation services of other modes;

(11) whether the corridor connects at least 2 of the 100 most populated metropolitan areas;

(12) whether the corridor would enhance the regional equity and geographic diversity of intercity passenger rail service;

(13) whether the corridor is or would be integrated into the national rail passenger transportation system and whether the corridor would create benefits for other passenger rail routes and services; and

(14) whether a passenger rail operator, including a private rail carrier, has expressed support for the corridor.

(d)

(1) a detailed description of the proposed intercity passenger rail service, including train frequencies, peak and average operating speeds, and trip times;

(2) a corridor project inventory that—

(A) identifies the capital projects necessary to achieve the proposed intercity passenger rail service, including—

(i) the capital projects for which Federal investment will be sought;

(ii) the likely project applicants; and

(iii) the proposed Federal funding levels;

(B) specifies the order in which Federal funding will be sought for the capital projects identified under subparagraph (A), after considering the appropriate sequence and phasing of projects based on the anticipated availability of funds; and

(C) is developed in consultation with the entities listed in subsection (e);

(3) a schedule and any associated phasing of projects and related service initiation or changes;

(4) project sponsors and other entities expected to participate in carrying out the plan;

(5) a description of how the corridor would comply with Federal rail safety and security laws, orders, and regulations;

(6) the locations of existing and proposed stations;

(7) the needs for rolling stock and other equipment;

(8) a financial plan identifying projected—

(A) annual revenues;

(B) annual ridership;

(C) capital investments before service could be initiated;

(D) capital investments required to maintain service;

(E) annual operating and costs; and

(F) sources of capital investment and operating financial support;

(9) a description of how the corridor would contribute to the development of a multi-State regional network of intercity passenger rail;

(10) an intermodal plan describing how the new or improved corridor facilitates travel connections with other passenger transportation services;

(11) a description of the anticipated environmental benefits of the corridor; and

(12) a description of the corridor's impacts on highway and aviation congestion, energy consumption, land use, and economic development in the service area.

(e)

(1) Amtrak;

(2) appropriate State and regional transportation authorities and local officials;

(3) representatives of employee labor organizations representing railroad and other appropriate employees;

(4) host railroads for the proposed corridor; and

(5) other stakeholders, as determined by the Secretary.

(f)

(g)

(1) identifies intercity passenger rail corridors selected for development under this section;

(2) identifies capital projects for Federal investment, project applicants, and proposed Federal funding levels, as applicable, consistent with the corridor project inventory;

(3) specifies the order in which the Secretary would provide Federal financial assistance, subject to the availability of funds, to projects that have identified sponsors, including a method and plan for apportioning funds to project sponsors for a 5-year period, which may be altered by the Secretary, as necessary, if recipients are not carrying out projects on the anticipated schedule;

(4) takes into consideration the appropriate sequence and phasing of projects described in the corridor project inventory;

(5) takes into consideration the existing commitments and anticipated Federal, project applicant, sponsor, and other relevant funding levels for the next 5 fiscal years based on information currently available to the Secretary;

(6) is prioritized based on the level of readiness of the corridor; and

(7) reflects consultation with Amtrak.

(h)

(1) a new intercity passenger rail route of less than 750 miles;

(2) the enhancement of an existing intercity passenger rail route of less than 750 miles;

(3) the restoration of service over all or portions of an intercity passenger rail route formerly operated by Amtrak; or

(4) the increase of service frequency of a long-distance intercity passenger rail route.

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22308(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 730.)

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Expansion and Rail Safety Act of 2021, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of title II of div. B of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

1 So in original. Probably should be "section 22910;".

A prior part D, consisting of chapter 261, was redesignated part E of this subtitle by Pub. L. 103–440, title I, §103(a)(1), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4616.


A prior chapter 261, consisting of sections 26101 and 26102, was renumbered chapter 281 of this title by Pub. L. 103–440, title I, §103(a)(1), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4616.

**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22419(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 749, substituted "Safety regulations and evaluation" for "Safety regulations" in item 26103.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title V, §501(c), (e), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4960, 4963, substituted "High-speed rail corridor planning" for "Corridor development" in item 26101 and added item 26106.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, title IX, §9001(a)(2), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1919, substituted "development" for "planning" in item 26101.

(a)

(2) No less than 20 percent of the publicly financed costs associated with eligible activities shall come from State and local sources, which State and local sources may not include funds from any Federal program.

(b)

(A) environmental assessments;

(B) feasibility studies emphasizing commercial technology improvements or applications;

(C) economic analyses, including ridership, revenue, and operating expense forecasting;

(D) assessing the impact on rail employment of developing high-speed rail corridors;

(E) assessing community economic impacts;

(F) coordination with State and metropolitan area transportation planning and corridor planning with other States;

(G) operational planning;

(H) route selection analyses and purchase of rights-of-way for proposed high-speed rail service;

(I) preliminary engineering and design;

(J) identification of specific improvements to a corridor, including electrification, line straightening and other right-of-way improvements, bridge rehabilitation and replacement, use of advanced locomotives and rolling stock, ticketing, coordination with other modes of transportation, parking and other means of passenger access, track, signal, station, and other capital work, and use of intermodal terminals;

(K) preparation of financing plans and prospectuses;

(L) creation of public/private partnerships; and

(M) the acquisition of locomotives, rolling stock, track, and signal equipment.

(2) No financial assistance shall be provided under this section for corridor planning with respect to the main line of the Northeast Corridor, between Washington, District of Columbia, and Boston, Massachusetts.

(c)

(1) the relationship of the corridor to the Secretary's national high-speed ground transportation policy;

(2) the extent to which the proposed planning focuses on systems which will achieve sustained speeds of 125 mph or greater;

(3) the integration of the corridor into metropolitan area and statewide transportation planning;

(4) the potential interconnection of the corridor with other parts of the Nation's transportation system, including the interconnection with other countries;

(5) the anticipated effect of the corridor on the congestion of other modes of transportation;

(6) whether the work to be funded will aid the efforts of State and local governments to comply with the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.);

(7) the past and proposed financial commitments and other support of State and local governments and the private sector to the proposed high-speed rail program, including the acquisition of rolling stock;

(8) the estimated level of ridership;

(9) the estimated capital cost of corridor improvements, including the cost of closing, improving, or separating highway-rail grade crossings;

(10) rail transportation employment impacts;

(11) community economic impacts;

(12) the extent to which the projected revenues of the proposed high-speed rail service, along with any financial commitments of State or local governments and the private sector, are expected to cover capital costs and operating and maintenance expenses;

(13) whether a specific route has been selected, specific improvements identified, and capacity studies completed; and

(14) whether the corridor has been designated as a high-speed rail corridor by the Secretary.

(Added Pub. L. 103–440, title I, §103(a)(2), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4616; amended Pub. L. 109–59, title IX, §9001(a)(1), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1918; Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title V, §501(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4959.)

The Clean Air Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(6), is act July 14, 1955, ch. 360, 69 Stat. 322, which is classified generally to chapter 85 (§7401 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7401 of Title 42 and Tables.

A prior section 26101 was renumbered section 28101 of this title.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–432, §501(a)(1), substituted "High-speed rail corridor planning" for "Corridor development" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–432, §501(a)(2), substituted "Corridor Planning" for "Corridor Development" in heading.

Subsecs. (a)(1), (b). Pub. L. 110–432, §501(a)(3), substituted "corridor planning" for "corridor development" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 110–432, §501(a)(4), substituted "planning" for "development".

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, §9001(a)(1)(A), substituted "development" for "planning" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §9001(a)(1)(B), substituted "Development" for "Planning" in subsec. heading.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §9001(a)(1)(C), substituted "corridor development" for "corridor planning".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §9001(a)(1)(D)(i), inserted ", or if it is an activity described in subparagraph (M)" after "high-speed rail improvements" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–59, §9001(a)(1)(C), substituted "corridor development" for "corridor planning" in two places in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1)(F). Pub. L. 109–59, §9001(a)(1)(C), substituted "corridor development" for "corridor planning".

Subsec. (b)(1)(M). Pub. L. 109–59, §9001(a)(1)(D)(ii)–(iv), added subpar. (M).

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §9001(a)(1)(C), substituted "corridor development" for "corridor planning".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §9001(a)(1)(E), substituted "development" for "planning".

Pub. L. 103–440, title I, §102, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4615, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) high-speed rail offers safe and efficient transportation in certain densely traveled corridors linking major metropolitan areas in the United States;

"(2) high-speed rail may have environmental advantages over certain other forms of intercity transportation;

"(3) Amtrak's Metroliner service between Washington, District of Columbia, and New York, New York, the United States premier high-speed rail service, has shown that Americans will use high-speed rail when that transportation option is available;

"(4) new high-speed rail service should not receive Federal subsidies for operating and maintenance expenses;

"(5) State and local governments should take the prime responsibility for the development and implementation of high-speed rail service;

"(6) the private sector should participate in funding the development of high-speed rail systems;

"(7) in some intercity corridors, Federal planning assistance may be required to supplement the funding commitments of State and local governments and the private sector to ensure the adequate planning, including reasonable estimates of the costs and benefits, of high-speed rail systems;

"(8) improvement of existing technologies can facilitate the development of high-speed rail systems in the United States; and

"(9) Federal assistance is required for the improvement, adaptation, and integration of proven technologies for commercial application in high-speed rail service in the United States.

"(b)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 103–440, title I, §103(a)(2), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4617.)

A prior section 26102 was renumbered section 28102 of this title.

The Secretary—

(1) shall promulgate such safety regulations as may be necessary for high-speed rail services;

(2) shall, before promulgating such regulations, consult with developers of new high-speed rail technologies to develop a method for evaluating safety performance; and

(3) may solicit feedback from relevant safety experts or representatives of rail employees who perform work on similar technology or who may be expected to perform work on new technology, as appropriate.

(Added Pub. L. 103–440, title I, §103(a)(2), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4618; amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title II, §22419(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 749.)

**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary shall promulgate such safety regulations as may be necessary for high-speed rail services."

(a)

(1) $30,000,000 for carrying out section 26101; and

(2) $30,000,000 for carrying out section 26102,

for each of the fiscal years 2006 through 2013.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 103–440, title I, §103(a)(2), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4618; amended Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7201(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 469; Pub. L. 109–59, title IX, §9001(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1919; Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title V, §501(b), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4960.)

**2008**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 110–432 substituted "$30,000,000" for "$70,000,000".

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 amended heading and text of section generally. Prior to amendment, text consisted of subsecs. (a) to (h) relating to authorization of appropriations for fiscal years 1995 through 2001 and availability of funds.

**1998**—Subsecs. (d) to (h). Pub. L. 105–178 added subsecs. (d) to (g) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (h).

For purposes of this chapter—

(1) the term "financial assistance" includes grants, contracts,,1 cooperative agreements, and other transactions;

(2) the term "high-speed rail" means all forms of nonhighway ground transportation that run on rails or electromagnetic guideways providing transportation service which is—

(A) reasonably expected to reach sustained speeds of more than 125 miles per hour; and

(B) made available to members of the general public as passengers,

but does not include rapid transit operations within an urban area that are not connected to the general rail system of transportation;

(3) the term "publicly financed costs" means the costs funded after April 29, 1993, by Federal, State, and local governments;

(4) the term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Transportation;

(5) the term "State" means any of the several States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and any other territory or possession of the United States; and

(6) the term "United States private business" means a business entity organized under the laws of the United States, or of a State, and conducting substantial business operations in the United States.

(Added Pub. L. 103–440, title I, §103(a)(2), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4618; amended Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7201(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 470; Pub. L. 109–59, title IX, §9001(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1919.)

**2005**—Par. (1). Pub. L. 109–59 substituted ", cooperative agreements, and other transactions" for "and cooperative agreements".

**1998**—Par. (2). Pub. L. 105–178 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "the term 'high-speed rail' has the meaning given such term under section 511(n) of the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976;".

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2) 1 of title 23.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(A) establish criteria for selecting among projects that meet the criteria specified in paragraph (2);

(B) conduct a national solicitation for applications; and

(C) award grants on a competitive basis.

(2)

(A) require—

(i) that the project be part of a State rail plan developed under chapter 227 of this title, or under the plan required by section 211 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008;

(ii) that the applicant or recipient has or will have the legal, financial, and technical capacity to carry out the project, satisfactory continuing control over the use of the equipment or facilities, and the capability and willingness to maintain the equipment or facilities;

(iii) that the project be based on the results of preliminary engineering studies or other planning, including corridor planning activities funded under section 26101 of this title;

(iv) that the applicant provides sufficient information upon which the Secretary can make the findings required by this subsection;

(v) that if an applicant has selected the proposed operator of its service, that the applicant provide written justification to the Secretary showing why the proposed operator is the best, taking into account costs and other factors;

(vi) that each proposed project meet all safety and security requirements that are applicable to the project under law; and

(vii) that each project be compatible with, and operated in conformance with—

(I) plans developed pursuant to the requirements of section 135 of title 23; and

(II) the national rail plan (if it is available);

(B) select high-speed rail projects—

(i) that are anticipated to result in significant improvements to intercity rail passenger service, including, but not limited to, consideration of the project's—

(I) levels of estimated ridership, increased on-time performance, reduced trip time, additional service frequency to meet anticipated or existing demand, or other significant service enhancements as measured against minimum standards developed under section 207 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008;

(II) anticipated favorable impact on air or highway traffic congestion, capacity, or safety; and

(ii) for which there is a high degree of confidence that the proposed project is feasible and will result in the anticipated benefits, as indicated by—

(I) the project's precommencement compliance with environmental protection requirements;

(II) the readiness of the project to be commenced;

(III) the commitment of any affected host rail carrier to ensure the realization of the anticipated benefits; and

(IV) other relevant factors as determined by the Secretary;

(iii) for which the level of the anticipated benefits compares favorably to the amount of Federal funding requested under this section; and

(C) give greater consideration to projects—

(i) that are anticipated to result in benefits to other modes of transportation and to the public at large, including, but not limited to, consideration of the project's—

(I) encouragement of intermodal connectivity through provision of direct connections between train stations, airports, bus terminals, subway stations, ferry ports, and other modes of transportation;

(II) anticipated improvement of conventional intercity passenger, freight, or commuter rail operations;

(III) use of positive train control technologies;

(IV) environmental benefits, including projects that involve the purchase of environmentally sensitive, fuel-efficient, and cost-effective passenger rail equipment;

(V) anticipated positive economic and employment impacts;

(VI) encouragement of State and private contributions toward station development, energy and environmental efficiency, and economic benefits; and

(VII) falling under the description in section 5302(a)(1)(G) 1 of this title as defined to support intercity passenger rail service; and

(ii) that incorporate equitable financial participation in the project's financing, including, but not limited to, consideration of—

(I) donated property interests or services;

(II) financial contributions by intercity passenger, freight, and commuter rail carriers commensurate with the benefit expected to their operations; and

(III) financial commitments from host railroads, non-Federal governmental entities, non-governmental entities, and others.

(3)

(4) 1 of this title, shall be deemed by the Secretary to have met the requirements of paragraph (2)(A)(i) of this subsection.

(f)

(g)

(h)

(1) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2009;

(2) $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2010;

(3) $350,000,000 for fiscal year 2011;

(4) $350,000,000 for fiscal year 2012; and

(5) $350,000,000 for fiscal year 2013.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title V, §501(d), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4960; amended Pub. L. 115–420, §7(b)(3)(A)(ii), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5447.)

Section 104 of title 23, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), was amended generally by Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, §1105(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 427.

Section 211 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (e)(2)(A)(i), is section 211 of Pub. L. 110–432, which was set out as a note under section 24902 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11306(b)(3), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1660.

Section 207 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to subsec. (e)(2)(B)(i)(I), is section 207 of Pub. L. 110–432, which is set out in a note under section 24101 of this title.

Section 5302 of this title, referred to in subsec. (e)(2)(C)(i)(VII), was amended generally by Pub. L. 112–141, div. B, §20004, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 623, and, as so amended, no longer contains a subsec. (a)(1)(G), which described a type of capital project. However, capital project is defined elsewhere in that section.

The date of enactment of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (e)(4), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

Section 22506 of this title, referred to in subsec. (e)(4), probably should be a reference to section 22706 of this title which requires the Secretary to prescribe procedures for submitting State rail plans for review. No section 22506 of this title has been enacted.

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (g), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

**2019**—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 115–420 substituted "22905" for "24405 of this title".

Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title V, §502, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4963, as amended by Pub. L. 115–420, §7(b)(3)(B)(ii), Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5447; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(307), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4339, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) the Northeast Corridor;

"(B) the California Corridor;

"(C) the Empire Corridor;

"(D) the Pacific Northwest Corridor;

"(E) the South Central Corridor;

"(F) the Gulf Coast Corridor;

"(G) the Chicago Hub Network;

"(H) the Florida Corridor;

"(I) the Keystone Corridor;

"(J) the Northern New England Corridor; and

"(K) the Southeast Corridor.

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(A) the names and qualifications of the persons submitting the proposal and the entities proposed to finance, design, construct, operate, and maintain the railroad, railroad equipment, and related facilities, stations, and infrastructure;

"(B) a detailed description of the proposed rail service, including possible routes, required infrastructure investments and improvements, equipment needs and type, train frequencies, peak and average operating speeds, and trip times;

"(C) a description of how the project would comply with Federal rail safety and security laws, orders, and regulations governing high-speed rail operations;

"(D) the locations of proposed stations, which maximize the usage of existing infrastructure to the extent possible, and the populations such stations are intended to serve;

"(E) the type of equipment to be used, including any technologies, to achieve trip time goals;

"(F) a description of any proposed legislation needed to facilitate all aspects of the project;

"(G) a financing plan identifying—

"(i) projected revenue, and sources thereof;

"(ii) the amount of any requested public contribution toward the project, and proposed sources;

"(iii) projected annual ridership projections for the first 10 years of operations;

"(iv) annual operations and capital costs;

"(v) the projected levels of capital investments required both initially and in subsequent years to maintain a state-of-good-repair necessary to provide the initially proposed level of service or higher levels of service;

"(vi) projected levels of private investment and sources thereof, including the identity of any person or entity that has made or is expected to make a commitment to provide or secure funding and the amount of such commitment; and

"(vii) projected funding for the full fair market compensation for any asset, property right or interest, or service acquired from, owned, or held by a private person or Federal entity that would be acquired, impaired, or diminished in value as a result of a project, except as otherwise agreed to by the private person or entity;

"(H) a description of how the project would contribute to the development of a national high-speed rail system and an intermodal plan describing how the system will facilitate convenient travel connections with other transportation services;

"(I) a description of how the project will ensure compliance with Federal laws governing the rights and status of employees associated with the route and service, including those specified in section 22905 of title 49, United States Code;

"(J) a description of how the design, construction, implementation, and operation of the project will accommodate and allow for future growth of existing and projected intercity, commuter, and freight rail service;

"(K) a description of how the project would comply with Federal and State environmental laws and regulations, of what the [sic] environmental impacts would result from the project, and how any adverse impacts would be mitigated; and

"(L) a description of the project's impacts on highway and aviation congestion, energy consumption, land use, and economic development in the service area.

"(b)

"(1) make a determination as to whether any such proposals—

"(A) contain the information required under subsection (a)(3) and (4);

"(B) are sufficiently credible to warrant further consideration;

"(C) are likely to result in a positive impact on the Nation's transportation system; and

"(D) are cost-effective and in the public interest; and

"(2) establish a commission under subsection (c) for each corridor with one or more proposals that the Secretary determines satisfies the requirements of paragraph (1), and forward to each commission such proposals for review and consideration.

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) the governors of the affected States, or their respective designees;

"(B) mayors of appropriate municipalities along the proposed corridor, or their respective designees;

"(C) a representative from each freight railroad carrier using the relevant corridor, if applicable;

"(D) a representative from each transit authority using the relevant corridor, if applicable;

"(E) representatives of nonprofit employee labor organizations representing affected railroad employees; and

"(D) [sic] the President of Amtrak or his or her designee.

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(A)

"(B)

"(5)

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) a summary of each proposal received;

"(B) services to be provided under each proposal, including projected ridership, revenues, and costs;

"(C) proposed public and private contributions for each proposal;

"(D) the advantages offered by the proposal over existing intercity passenger rail services;

"(E) public operating subsidies or assets needed for the proposed project;

"(F) possible risks to the public associated with the proposal, including risks associated with project financing, implementation, completion, safety, and security;

"(G) a ranked list of the proposals recommended for further consideration under subsection (e) in accordance with each proposal's projected positive impact on the Nation's transportation system;

"(H) an identification of any proposed Federal legislation that would facilitate implementation of the projects and Federal legislation that would be required to implement the projects; and

"(I) any other recommendations by the commission concerning the proposed projects.

"(2)

"(3)

"(e)

"(1) Not later than 60 days after receiving the recommended proposals of the commissions established under subsection (b)(2), the Secretary shall—

"(A) review such proposals and select any proposal which provides substantial benefits to the public and the national transportation system, is cost-effective, offers significant advantages over existing services, and meets other relevant factors determined appropriate by the Secretary; and

"(B) issue a report to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate containing any proposal with respect to subsection (a)(1)(A) that is selected by the Secretary under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, all the information regarding the proposal provided to the Secretary under subsection (d), and any other relevant information deemed appropriate.

"(2) Following the submission of the report under paragraph (1)(B), the Secretary shall transmit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a report containing any proposal with respect to subparagraphs (B) through (K) of subsection (a)(1) that are selected by the Secretary under paragraph (1) of this subsection, all the information regarding the proposal provided to the Secretary under subsection (d), and any other relevant information deemed appropriate.

"(3) The report required under paragraph (2) shall not be submitted by the Secretary until the report submitted under paragraph (1) has been considered through a hearing by the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate on the report submitted under paragraph (1)(B).

"(f)

"(g)

"(h)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

1 See References in Text note below.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–440, title I, §103(a)(1), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4616, redesignated part D of this subtitle as part E.


**1997**—Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §161(b), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2578, added item 28103.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–440, title I, §103(a)(1), (b)(2), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4616, 4619, renumbered chapter 261 of this title as chapter 281 and items 26101 and 26102 as 28101 and 28102, respectively.

Pub. L. 106–570, title III, Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3043, provided that:

"This title may be cited as the 'Rails to Resources Act of 2000'.

"Congress finds that—

"(1) rail transportation is an essential component of the North American intermodal transportation system;

"(2) the development of economically strong and socially stable communities in the western United States and Canada was encouraged significantly by government policies promoting the development of integrated transcontinental, interstate and interprovincial rail systems in the States, territories and provinces of the two countries;

"(3) United States and Canadian federal support for the completion of new elements of the transcontinental, interstate and interprovincial rail systems was halted before rail connections were established to the State of Alaska and the Yukon Territory;

"(4) rail transportation in otherwise isolated areas facilitates controlled access and may reduce overall impact to environmentally sensitive areas;

"(5) the extension of the continental rail system through northern British Columbia and the Yukon Territory to the current terminus of the Alaska Railroad would significantly benefit the United States and Canadian visitor industries by facilitating the comfortable movement of passengers over long distances while minimizing effects on the surrounding areas; and

"(6) ongoing research and development efforts in the rail industry continue to increase the efficiency of rail transportation, ensure safety, and decrease the impact of rail service on the environment.

"The President is authorized and urged to enter into an agreement with the Government of Canada to establish an independent joint commission to study the feasibility and advisability of linking the rail system in Alaska to the nearest appropriate point on the North American continental rail system.

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the interests of the local communities (including the governments of the communities), aboriginal peoples, and businesses that would be affected by the connection of the rail system in Alaska to the North American continental rail system; and

"(B) a broad range of expertise in areas of knowledge that are relevant to the significant issues to be considered by the Commission, including economics, engineering, management of resources, social sciences, fish and game management, environmental sciences, and transportation.

"(b)

"(1) Two members from among persons who are qualified to represent the interests of communities and local governments of Alaska.

"(2) One member representing the State of Alaska, to be nominated by the Governor of Alaska.

"(3) One member from among persons who are qualified to represent the interests of Native Alaskans residing in the area of Alaska that would be affected by the extension of rail service.

"(4) Three members from among persons involved in commercial activities in Alaska who are qualified to represent commercial interests in Alaska, of which one shall be a representative of the Alaska Railroad Corporation.

"(5) One member representing United States Class I rail carriers and one member representing United States rail labor.

"(6) Three members with relevant expertise, at least one of whom shall be an engineer with expertise in subarctic transportation and at least one of whom shall have expertise on the environmental impact of such transportation.

"(c)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) Railroad engineering.

"(B) Land ownership.

"(C) Geology.

"(D) Proximity to mineral, timber, tourist, and other resources.

"(E) Market outlook.

"(F) Environmental considerations.

"(G) Social effects, including changes in the use or availability of natural resources.

"(H) Potential financing mechanisms.

"(3)

"(4)

"(b)

"(a)

"(b)

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(b)

"In this title:

"(1)

"(2)

(a)

(1) employees, passengers, or patrons of the rail carrier;

(2) property, equipment, and facilities owned, leased, operated, or maintained by the rail carrier;

(3) property moving in interstate or foreign commerce in the possession of the rail carrier; and

(4) personnel, equipment, and material moving by rail that are vital to the national defense.

(b)

(c)

(1) 1 under the laws of the State of new primary employment or residence.

(2)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 939, §26101; renumbered §28101, Pub. L. 103–440, title I, §103(a)(1), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4616; amended Pub. L. 110–53, title XV, §1526(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 452; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11412(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1687.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

26101 | 45:446. | Nov. 29, 1990, Pub. L. 101–647, §1704, 104 Stat. 4846. |


The words "to the extent of the authority of a police officer certified or commissioned under the laws of that jurisdiction" are placed before clause (1) rather than at the end of clause (4), as in the source provision, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2015**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–94, §11412(a)(1), substituted "directly employed by or contracted by" for "employed by" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–94, §11412(a)(1), (2), substituted "directly employed by or contracted by" for "employed by" and inserted "or agent, as applicable," after "an employee".

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 114–94, §11412(a)(3), added subsecs. (c) and (d).

**2007**—Pub. L. 110–53 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b).

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–440 renumbered section 26101 of this title as this section.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11412(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1688, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 2015], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall revise the regulations in part 207 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (relating to railroad police officers), to permit a railroad to designate an individual, who is commissioned in the individual's State of legal residence or State of primary employment and directly employed by or contracted by a railroad to enforce State laws for the protection of railroad property, personnel, passengers, and cargo, to serve in the States in which the railroad owns property."

1 So in original. Probably should be "officer".

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 940, §26102; renumbered §28102, Pub. L. 103–440, title I, §103(a)(1), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4616.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

26102(a) | 45:649(a) (1st sentence). | Oct. 30, 1970, Pub. L. 91–518, 84 Stat. 1327, §810; added July 6, 1990, Pub. L. 101–322, §3, 104 Stat. 295. |

26102(b) | 45:649(a) (last sentence). | |

26102(c) | 45:649(b). |


In subsection (a), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law", "whether for compensatory or", and "occurring" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "an indemnification contract" are substituted for "coverage" for clarity.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–440 renumbered section 26102 of this title as this section.

(a)

(2) The aggregate allowable awards to all rail passengers, against all defendants, for all claims, including claims for punitive damages, arising from a single accident or incident, shall not exceed $200,000,000.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1) the term "claim" means a claim made—

(A) against Amtrak, any high-speed railroad authority or operator, any commuter authority or operator, any rail carrier, or any State; or

(B) against an officer, employee, affiliate engaged in railroad operations, or agent, of Amtrak, any high-speed railroad authority or operator, any commuter authority or operator, any rail carrier, or any State;

(2) the term "punitive damages" means damages awarded against any person or entity to punish or deter such person or entity, or others, from engaging in similar behavior in the future; and

(3) the term "rail carrier" includes a person providing excursion, scenic, or museum train service, and an owner or operator of a privately owned rail passenger car.

(Added Pub. L. 105–134, title I, §161(a), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2577.)

The Federal Employers' Liability Act, referred to in subsec. (d), is act Apr. 22, 1908, ch. 149, 35 Stat. 65, which is classified generally to chapter 2 (§51 et seq.) of Title 45, Railroads. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 51 of Title 45 and Tables.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title XI, §11415(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1689, provided that: "The liability cap under section 28103(a)(2) of title 49, United States Code, shall be adjusted on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 2015] to reflect the change in the Consumer Price Index-All Urban Consumers between such date and December 2, 1997, and the Secretary [of Transportation] shall provide appropriate public notice of such adjustment. The adjustment of the liability cap shall be effective 30 days after such notice. Every fifth year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall adjust such liability cap to reflect the change in the Consumer Price Index-All Urban Consumers since the last adjustment. The Secretary shall provide appropriate public notice of each such adjustment, and the adjustment shall become effective 30 days after such notice."


(a)

(1) a State of the United States or the District of Columbia to any other State or the District of Columbia;

(2) one place in a territory or possession of the United States to another place in the same territory or possession;

(3) a place in the United States to an adjacent foreign country; or

(4) a place in the United States through a foreign country to any other place in the United States.

(b)

(1) does not apply to—

(A) an independently owned and operated railroad not exceeding one hundred miles in length;

(B) an electric street railroad; and

(C) an electric interurban railroad; but

(2) does apply to an independently owned and operated railroad less than one hundred miles in length—

(A) whose principal business is leasing or providing terminal or transfer facilities to other railroads; or

(B) engaged in transfers of freight between railroads or between railroads and industrial plants.

(Added Pub. L. 104–287, §5(56)(A), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3394.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

28301 | 45:65. | Sept. 3, 5, 1916, ch. 436, §1, 39 Stat. 721. |

(uncodified). | Sept. 3, 5, 1916, ch. 436, §§2, 3, 39 Stat. 721. |


In subsection (a), the word "determining" is substituted for "reckoning" for clarity. The words "who are not or may hereafter be employed" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "or territory" are omitted because the existing territories of the United States are now connected to the United States by rail. In clause (2), the words "or possession of the United States" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

The text of sections 2 and 3 of the Act of September 3, 5, 1916 (ch. 436, 39 Stat. 721), is omitted to eliminate executed provisions.

A person violating section 28301 of this title shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned not more than one year, or both.

(Added Pub. L. 104–287, §5(56)(A), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3394.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

28302 | 45:66. | Sept. 3, 5, 1916, ch. 436, §4, 39 Stat. 722. |


The words "shall be guilty of a misdemeanor" are omitted, and the words "shall be fined under title 18" are substituted for "shall be fined not less than $100 and not more than $1,000", for consistency with title 18. The words "upon conviction" are omitted as surplus.



1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a period.

In this chapter—

(1) the term "Board" means the Surface Transportation Board;

(2) the term "capital work" means maintenance, restoration, reconstruction, capacity enhancement, or rehabilitation work on trackage that would be treated, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, as a capital item rather than an expense;

(3) the term "commuter rail passenger transportation" has the meaning given that term in section 24102;

(4) the term "public transportation authority" means a local governmental authority (as defined in section 5302) established to provide, or make a contract providing for, commuter rail passenger transportation;

(5) the term "rail carrier" means a person, other than a governmental authority, providing common carrier railroad transportation for compensation subject to the jurisdiction of the Board under chapter 105;

(6) the term "segregated fixed guideway facility" means a fixed guideway facility constructed within the railroad right-of-way of a rail carrier but physically separate from trackage, including relocated trackage, within the right-of-way used by a rail carrier for freight transportation purposes; and

(7) the term "trackage" means a railroad line of a rail carrier, including a spur, industrial, team, switching, side, yard, or station track, and a facility of a rail carrier.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title IV, §401(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4955; amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. C, §30001(b)(4), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 890.)

**2021**—Par. (4). Pub. L. 117–58 substituted "section 5302" for "section 5302(a)(6)".

If, after a reasonable period of negotiation, a public transportation authority cannot reach agreement with a rail carrier to use trackage of, and have related services provided by, the rail carrier for purposes of commuter rail passenger transportation, the public transportation authority or the rail carrier may apply to the Board for nonbinding mediation. The Board shall conduct the nonbinding mediation in accordance with the mediation process of section 1109.4 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on the date of enactment of this section.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title IV, §401(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4955.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in text, is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

If, after a reasonable period of negotiation, a public transportation authority cannot reach agreement with a rail carrier to acquire an interest in a railroad right-of-way for the construction and operation of a segregated fixed guideway facility to provide commuter rail passenger transportation, the public transportation authority or the rail carrier may apply to the Board for nonbinding mediation. The Board shall conduct the nonbinding mediation in accordance with the mediation process of section 1109.4 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on the date of enactment of this section.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title IV, §401(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4956.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in text, is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.

Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to limit a rail transportation provider's right under section 28103(b) to enter into contracts that allocate financial responsibility for claims.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title IV, §401(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4956.)

Within 1 year after the date of enactment of this section, the Board shall issue such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out this chapter.

(Added Pub. L. 110–432, div. B, title IV, §401(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4956.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in text, is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–432, which was approved Oct. 16, 2008.





**1997**—Pub. L. 105–102, §2(17), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205, substituted "National Motor Vehicle Title Information System" for "National Automobile Title Information System" in item for chapter 305.

1 So in original. Probably should be "31100".







**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24208(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 823, which directed amendment of the analysis for subchapter II of this chapter by adding item 30129 at the end, was executed by adding item 30129 to the analysis for this chapter to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24352(c), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1720, which directed amendment of the analysis for subchapter IV of this chapter by adding item 30172 at the end, was executed by adding item 30172 to the analysis for this chapter to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §§31202(b), 31204(b)(1), (2)(A), 31208(1), 31307(c), 31312(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 758, 760, 761, 769, 772, added items 30120A and 30171, item for subchapter V, and items 30181 to 30183, substituted "Nonuse of safety belts" for "Buzzers indicating nonuse of safety belts" in item 30124 and "Service of process; conditions on importation of vehicles and equipment" for "Service of process" in item 30164, and struck out item 30168 "Research, testing, development, and training".

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, title X, §10303(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1940, which directed amendment of the table of sections for chapter 301 by adding item 30128, without specifying the title to be amended, was executed to the table of sections for this chapter, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 109–59, title X, §10208(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1936, added item 30106.

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–414, §5(b)(2), Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1804, added item 30170.

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7104(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 467, added item 30105.

1 So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.

The purpose of this chapter is to reduce traffic accidents and deaths and injuries resulting from traffic accidents. Therefore it is necessary—

(1) to prescribe motor vehicle safety standards for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment in interstate commerce; and

(2) to carry out needed safety research and development.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 941.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30101 | 15:1381. | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §1, 80 Stat. 718. |


The words "Congress hereby declares that", "to persons", and "Congress determines that" are omitted as surplus. The words "motor vehicle" before "equipment" are added for consistency. The words "and to expand the national driver register" are omitted because section 401 of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 (Public Law 89–563, 80 Stat. 730), the only section in this law related to the national driver register, was superseded by the National Driver Register Act of 1982 (Public Law 97–364, 96 Stat. 1740).

Pub. L. 116–260, div. N, title IV, §440, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2068, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle C (§§440, 441) of title IV of div. N of Pub. L. 116–260, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 31102 of this title] may be cited as the 'Motor Carrier Safety Grant Relief Act of 2020'."

Pub. L. 116–260, div. U, title X, §1001(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2304, provided that: "This title [enacting provisions set out as a note under section 30301 of this title and amending provisions set out as a note under section 30301 of this title] may be cited as the 'REAL ID Modernization Act'."

Pub. L. 115–323, §1, Dec. 17, 2018, 132 Stat. 4443, provided that: "This Act [amending provisions set out as a note under section 30301 of this title] may be cited as the 'REAL ID Act Modification for Freely Associated States Act'."

Pub. L. 115–106, §1, Jan. 8, 2018, 131 Stat. 2265, provided that: "This Act [amending section 31310 of this title] may be cited as the 'No Human Trafficking on Our Roads Act'."

Pub. L. 115–105, §1, Jan. 8, 2018, 131 Stat. 2263, provided that: "This Act [amending section 31305 of this title and enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under section 31149 of this title] may be cited as the 'Jobs for Our Heroes Act'."

Pub. L. 115–99, §1, Jan. 3, 2018, 131 Stat. 2242, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 31110 and 31313 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 102 of this title] may be cited as the 'Combating Human Trafficking in Commercial Vehicles Act'."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24109(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1706, provided that: "This section [amending sections 30102, 30120, 30122, and 30166 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 30102 of this title] may be cited as the 'Raechel and Jacqueline Houck Safe Rental Car Act of 2015'."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24321, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1713, provided that: "This part [part II (§§24321, 24322) of subtitle C of title XXIV of div. B of Pub. L. 114–94, amending section 32302 of this title] may be cited as the 'Safety Through Informed Consumers Act of 2015'."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24331, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1713, provided that: "This part [part III (§§24331–24335) of subtitle C of title XXIV of div. B of Pub. L. 114–94, amending sections 30117 and 32304A of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 30119 of this title] may be cited as the 'Tire Efficiency, Safety, and Registration Act of 2015' or the 'TESR Act'."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24351, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1716, provided that: "This part [part V (§§24351, 24352) of subtitle C of title XXIV of div. B of Pub. L. 114–94, enacting section 30172 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 30172 of this title] may be cited as the 'Motor Vehicle Safety Whistleblower Act'."

Pub. L. 112–196, §1, Oct. 19, 2012, 126 Stat. 1459, provided that: "This Act [amending section 31311 of this title] may be cited as the 'Military Commercial Driver's License Act of 2012'."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32001, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 776, provided that "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Enhancement Act of 2012'."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32401, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 795, provided that "This subtitle [subtitle D (§§32401, 32402) of title II of div. C of Pub. L. 112–141, enacting section 31306a of this title and amending section 31306 of this title] may be cited as the 'Safe Roads Act of 2012'."

Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §101, Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1498, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle A (§§101–113) of title I of Pub. L. 110–140, enacting section 32304A of this title, amending sections 32308, 32901 to 32904, 32905, 32906, 32908, and 32912 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 32902, 32904, and 32908 of this title] may be cited as the 'Ten-in-Ten Fuel Economy Act'."

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4001, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1714, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Motor Carrier Safety Reauthorization Act of 2005'."

Pub. L. 106–414, §1, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1800, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 30170 of this title, amending sections 30115, 30117, 30118, 30120, 30165, and 30166 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 30111, 30115, 30118, 30123, and 30127 of this title] may be cited as the 'Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability, and Documentation (TREAD) Act'."

Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7101, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 465, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle A (§§7101–7107) of title VII of Pub. L. 105–178, enacting section 30105 of this title, amending sections 30104, 30114, 30120, 30123, 30127, 32102, 32304, and 32705 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 30114 and 30127 of this title] may be cited as the 'National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Reauthorization Act of 1998'."

Pub. L. 104–152, §1, July 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 1384, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 30501 to 30505 and 33109 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 30502 of this title] may be cited as the 'Anti-Car Theft Improvements Act of 1996'."

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24211, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 825, provided that: "The Secretary [of Transportation] shall cooperate, to the maximum extent practicable, with foreign governments, nongovernmental stakeholder groups, the motor vehicle industry, and consumer groups with respect to global harmonization of vehicle regulations as a means for improving motor vehicle safety."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, subtitle C, part I, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1712, provided that:

"This part may be cited as the 'Driver Privacy Act of 2015'.

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) a court or other judicial or administrative authority having jurisdiction—

"(A) authorizes the retrieval of the data; and

"(B) to the extent that there is retrieved data, the data is subject to the standards for admission into evidence required by that court or other administrative authority;

"(2) an owner or a lessee of the motor vehicle provides written, electronic, or recorded audio consent to the retrieval of the data for any purpose, including the purpose of diagnosing, servicing, or repairing the motor vehicle, or by agreeing to a subscription that describes how data will be retrieved and used;

"(3) the data is retrieved pursuant to an investigation or inspection authorized under section 1131(a) or 30166 of title 49, United States Code, and the personally identifiable information of an owner or a lessee of the vehicle and the vehicle identification number is not disclosed in connection with the retrieved data, except that the vehicle identification number may be disclosed to the certifying manufacturer;

"(4) the data is retrieved for the purpose of determining the need for, or facilitating, emergency medical response in response to a motor vehicle crash; or

"(5) the data is retrieved for traffic safety research, and the personally identifiable information of an owner or a lessee of the vehicle and the vehicle identification number is not disclosed in connection with the retrieved data.

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31302, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 763, provided that: "The Secretary [of Transportation] shall publicize the means for contacting the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in a manner that targets mechanics, passenger motor vehicle dealership personnel, and manufacturer personnel."

Pub. L. 109–59, title X, §10302, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1940, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) notify the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce and explain why that deadline cannot be met; and

"(2) establish a new deadline."

Pub. L. 109–59, title X, §§10304, 10305, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1940, 1941, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) include an analysis of backover prevention technology;

"(2) identify, evaluate, and compare the available technologies for detecting people or objects behind a motor vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating of not more than 10,000 pounds for their accuracy, effectiveness, cost, and feasibility for installation; and

"(3) provide an estimate of cost savings that would result from widespread use of backover prevention devices and technologies in motor vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating of not more than 10,000 pounds, including savings attributable to the prevention of—

"(A) injuries and fatalities; and

"(B) damage to bumpers and other motor vehicle parts and damage to other objects.

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7106(e), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 469, required the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to conduct a study of the benefits to motor vehicle drivers of a regulation to require the installation in a motor vehicle of an interior device to release the trunk lid and to submit a report on the results of the study to the Committee on Commerce of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate not later than 18 months after June 9, 1998.

Pub. L. 102–240, title II, part B, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2081, as amended by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, provided that:

"This part may be cited as the 'National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Authorization Act of 1991'.

"(a)

"(1) the term 'bus' means a motor vehicle with motive power, except a trailer, designed for carrying more than 10 persons;

"(2) the term 'multipurpose passenger vehicle' means a motor vehicle with motive power (except a trailer), designed to carry 10 persons or fewer, which is constructed either on a truck chassis or with special features for occasional off-road operation;

"(3) the term 'passenger car' means a motor vehicle with motive power (except a multipurpose passenger vehicle, motorcycle, or trailer), designed for carrying 10 persons or fewer;

"(4) the term 'truck' means a motor vehicle with motive power, except a trailer, designed primarily for the transportation of property or special purpose equipment; and

"(5) the term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of Transportation.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(iii)

"(I)

"(II)

"(C)

"The Secretary shall address the following matters in accordance with section 2502:

"(1) Protection against unreasonable risk of rollovers of passenger cars, multipurpose passenger vehicles, and trucks with a gross vehicle weight rating of 8,500 pounds or less and an unloaded vehicle weight of 5,500 pounds or less.

"(2) Extension of passenger car side impact protection to multipurpose passenger vehicles and trucks with a gross vehicle weight rating of 8,500 pounds or less and an unloaded vehicle weight of 5,500 pounds or less.

"(3) Safety of child booster seats used in passenger cars and other appropriate motor vehicles.

"(4) Improved design for safety belts.

"(5) Improved head impact protection from interior components of passenger cars (i.e. roof rails, pillars, and front headers).

"The Secretary shall expend such portion of the funds authorized to be appropriated under the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act ([formerly] 15 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.), for fiscal year 1993, as the Secretary deems necessary for the purpose of disseminating information to consumers regarding the manner in which passenger cars may be retrofitted with lap and shoulder rear seatbelts.

"Not later than December 31, 1993, the Secretary, in accordance with the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 [formerly 15 U.S.C. 1381 et seq.], shall publish an advance notice of proposed rulemaking to consider the need for any additional brake performance standards for passenger cars, including antilock brake standards. The Secretary shall complete such rulemaking (in accordance with section 2502(b)(2)(B)(ii)) not later than 36 months from the date of initiation of such advance notice of proposed rulemaking. In order to facilitate and encourage innovation and early application of economical and effective antilock brake systems for all such vehicles, the Secretary shall, as part of the rulemaking, consider any such brake system adopted by a manufacturer.

"The Secretary, in the case of any head injury protection matters not subject to section 2503(5) for which the Secretary is on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 1991] examining the need for rulemaking and is conducting research, shall provide a report to Congress by the end of fiscal year 1993 identifying those matters and their status. The report shall include a statement of any actions planned toward initiating such rulemaking no later than fiscal year 1994 or 1995 through use of either an advance notice of proposed rulemaking or a notice of proposed rulemaking and completing such rulemaking as soon as possible thereafter."

Pub. L. 93–492, title I, §108, Oct. 27, 1974, 88 Stat. 1482, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Ex. Ord. No. 11357, June 6, 1967, 32 F.R. 8225, provided:

By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States by Section 201 of the Highway Safety Act of 1966, as amended (80 Stat. 735, 943) [set out as a note under section 401 of Title 23, Highways], and by Section 3(f)(3) of the Department of Transportation Act (80 Stat. 932) [former 49 U.S.C. 1652(f)(3)], it is hereby ordered that the provisions of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, as amended (80 Stat. 718, 943) [formerly 15 U.S.C. 1381 et seq.], shall be carried out through the National Highway Safety Bureau and the Director thereof.

Lyndon B. Johnson.

(a)

(1) "covered rental vehicle" means a motor vehicle that—

(A) has a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or less;

(B) is rented without a driver for an initial term of less than 4 months; and

(C) is part of a motor vehicle fleet of 35 or more motor vehicles that are used for rental purposes by a rental company.

(2) "dealer" means a person selling and distributing new motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment primarily to purchasers that in good faith purchase the vehicles or equipment other than for resale.

(3) "defect" includes any defect in performance, construction, a component, or material of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment.

(4) "distributor" means a person primarily selling and distributing motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment for resale.

(5) "interstate commerce" means commerce between a place in a State and a place in another State or between places in the same State through another State.

(6) "manufacturer" means a person—

(A) manufacturing or assembling motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment; or

(B) importing motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment for resale.

(7) "motor vehicle" means a vehicle driven or drawn by mechanical power and manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways, but does not include a vehicle operated only on a rail line.

(8) "motor vehicle equipment" means—

(A) any system, part, or component of a motor vehicle as originally manufactured;

(B) any similar part or component manufactured or sold for replacement or improvement of a system, part, or component, or as an accessory or addition to a motor vehicle; or

(C) any device or an article or apparel, including a motorcycle helmet and excluding medicine or eyeglasses prescribed by a licensed practitioner, that—

(i) is not a system, part, or component of a motor vehicle; and

(ii) is manufactured, sold, delivered, or offered to be sold for use on public streets, roads, and highways with the apparent purpose of safeguarding users of motor vehicles against risk of accident, injury, or death.

(9) "motor vehicle safety" means the performance of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment in a way that protects the public against unreasonable risk of accidents occurring because of the design, construction, or performance of a motor vehicle, and against unreasonable risk of death or injury in an accident, and includes nonoperational safety of a motor vehicle.

(10) "motor vehicle safety standard" means a minimum standard for motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment performance.

(11) "rental company" means a person who—

(A) is engaged in the business of renting covered rental vehicles; and

(B) uses for rental purposes a motor vehicle fleet of 35 or more covered rental vehicles, on average, during the calendar year.

(12) "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands.

(13) "United States district court" means a district court of the United States, a United States court for Guam, the Virgin Islands, and American Samoa, and the district court for the Northern Mariana Islands.

(b)

(A) "adequate repair" does not include repair resulting in substantially impaired operation of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment;

(B) "first purchaser" means the first purchaser of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment other than for resale;

(C) "original equipment" means motor vehicle equipment (including a tire) installed in or on a motor vehicle at the time of delivery to the first purchaser;

(D) "replacement equipment" means motor vehicle equipment (including a tire) that is not original equipment;

(E) a brand name owner of a tire marketed under a brand name not owned by the manufacturer of the tire is deemed to be the manufacturer of the tire;

(F) a defect in original equipment, or noncompliance of original equipment with a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter, is deemed to be a defect or noncompliance of the motor vehicle in or on which the equipment was installed at the time of delivery to the first purchaser;

(G) a manufacturer of a motor vehicle in or on which original equipment was installed when delivered to the first purchaser is deemed to be the manufacturer of the equipment; and

(H) a retreader of a tire is deemed to be the manufacturer of the tire.

(2) The Secretary of Transportation may prescribe regulations changing paragraph (1)(C), (D), (F), or (G) of this subsection.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 941; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31201, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 757; Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24109(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1706.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30102(a)(1) | 15:1391(7). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §102(1)–(3), (5)–(9), (11), (12), 80 Stat. 718, 719. |

15:1391(10). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §102(10), 80 Stat. 718; restated Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §110(a), 88 Stat. 1484. | |

49 App.:1655(a)(6)(A). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(a)(6)(A), 80 Stat. 938. | |

30102(a)(2) | 15:1391(11). | |

30102(a)(3) | 15:1391(6). | |

30102(a)(4) | 15:1391(9). | |

30102(a)(5) | 15:1391(5). | |

30102(a)(6) | 15:1391(3). | |

30102(a)(7) | 15:1391(4). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §102(4), 80 Stat. 718; restated May 22, 1970, Pub. L. 91–265, §2, 84 Stat. 262. |

30102(a)(8) | 15:1391(1). | |

30102(a)(9) | 15:1391(2). | |

30102(a)(10) | 15:1391(8). | |

30102(a)(11) | 15:1391(12). | |

30102(b) | 15:1419. | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §159; added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §102(a), 88 Stat. 1476. |


In subsection (a), the definitions apply to the entire chapter because of references in 15:1421–1431 applying 15:1391–1420 to 15:1421–1431. Before clause (1), the words "As used" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the text of 15:1391(10) and 49 App.:1655(a)(6)(A) is omitted as surplus because the complete name of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section. The words "selling and distributing" are substituted for "who is engaged in the sale and distribution of" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "purposes" is omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the words "selling and distributing" are substituted for "engaged in the sale and distribution of" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (5)(A), the words "manufacturing or assembling" are substituted for "engaged in the manufacturing or assembling of" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (7), the words "physician or other duly" and "drivers, passengers, and other" are omitted as surplus. In clause (8), the words "is also protected" and "to persons" are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (9), the words "which is practicable, which meets the need for motor vehicle safety and which provides objective criteria" are omitted as unnecessary because of 15:1392(a) which is restated in section 30111 of the revised title. In clauses (10) and (11), the words "the Northern Mariana Islands" are added because of section 502(a)(2) of the Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States of America, as enacted by the Act of March 24, 1976 (Public Law 94–241, 90 Stat. 268), and as proclaimed to be in effect by the President on January 9, 1978 (Proc. No. 4534, Oct. 24, 1977, 42 F.R. 56593). The words "the Canal Zone" are omitted because of the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977. In clause (10), the word "means" is substituted for "includes" as being more appropriate. The words "a State of the United States" are substituted for "each of the several States" for consistency. The words "the Commonwealth of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (11), the word "Federal" is omitted as surplus. The words "of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico" are omitted as unnecessary because the district court of Puerto Rico is a district court of the United States under 28:119.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "The term" and "the term" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment" are added for clarity. In clause (E), the words "to be" are added for consistency. The words "marketed under such brand name" are omitted as surplus. In clause (F), the words "a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter" are added for clarity and consistency. The word "noncompliance" is substituted for "failure to comply" for consistency in the chapter. In clause (G), the words "(rather than the manufacturer of such equipment)" are omitted as surplus. The words "deemed to be" are substituted for "considered" for consistency. In clause (H), the words "which have been" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (b)(2) is substituted for "Except as otherwise provided in regulations of the Secretary" for clarity and because of the restatement.

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §24109(b)(3), added par. (1). Former par. (1) redesignated (2).

Subsec. (a)(2) to (10). Pub. L. 114–94, §24109(b)(2), redesignated pars. (1) to (9) as (2) to (10), respectively. Former par. (10) redesignated (12).

Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 114–94, §24109(b)(4), added par. (11). Former par. (11) redesignated (13).

Subsec. (a)(12), (13). Pub. L. 114–94, §24109(b)(1), redesignated pars. (10) and (11) as (12) and (13), respectively.

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(7)(C). Pub. L. 112–141 amended subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (C) read as follows: "any device or an article or apparel (except medicine or eyeglasses prescribed by a licensed practitioner) that is not a system, part, or component of a motor vehicle and is manufactured, sold, delivered, offered, or intended to be used only to safeguard motor vehicles and highway users against risk of accident, injury, or death."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24109(k), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1709, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 30120, 30122, and 30166 of this title] shall take effect on the date that is 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 2015]."

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24109(i), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1708, provided that: "Nothing in this section [amending this section and sections 30120, 30122, and 30166 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 30101 of this title] or the amendments made by this section—

"(1) may be construed to create or increase any liability, including for loss of use, for a manufacturer as a result of having manufactured or imported a motor vehicle subject to a notification of defect or noncompliance under subsection (b) or (c) of section 30118 of title 49, United States Code; or

"(2) shall supersede or otherwise affect the contractual obligations, if any, between such a manufacturer and a rental company (as defined in section 30102(a) of title 49, United States Code)."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24109(j), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1708, provided that: "The Secretary [probably means Secretary of Transportation] may promulgate rules, as appropriate, to implement this section [amending this section and sections 30120, 30122, and 30166 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 30101 of this title] and the amendments made by this section."

Pub. L. 107–319, §2, Dec. 4, 2002, 116 Stat. 2776, provided that: "For purposes of motor vehicle safety standards issued and enforced pursuant to chapter 301 of title 49, United States Code, a low-speed electric bicycle (as defined in section 38(b) of the Consumer Product Safety Act [15 U.S.C. 2085(b)]) shall not be considered a motor vehicle as defined by section 30102[(a)](6) [now 30102(a)(7)] of title 49, United States Code."

(a)

(b)

(2) A State may enforce a standard that is identical to a standard prescribed under this chapter.

(c)

(1) exempt from the antitrust laws conduct that is unlawful under those laws; or

(2) prohibit under the antitrust laws conduct that is lawful under those laws.

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 943; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(j), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 947.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30103(a) | 15:1392(g). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §§103(g), 105(a)(6), 116, 80 Stat. 720, 721, 727. |

30103(b) | 15:1392(d). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §103(d), 80 Stat. 719; Oct. 15, 1982, Pub. L. 97–331, §3, 96 Stat. 1619. |

30103(c) | 15:1405. | |

30103(d) | 15:1394(a)(6). | |

15:1410a(e). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §§124(e), 160; added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §§102(a), 106, 88 Stat. 1477, 1481. | |

15:1420. | ||

30103(e) | 15:1397(k). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §108(k), 80 Stat. 723; Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–562, §2(b), 102 Stat. 2818. |


In subsection (a), the words "or the Transportation of Explosives Act, as amended (18 U.S.C. 831–835)" are omitted as obsolete because 18:831–835 have been repealed. The word "prescribe" is substituted for "adopt" for consistency. The words "or continue in effect" and "In prescribing safety regulations" are omitted as surplus. The word "prescribed" is substituted for "issued" for consistency. The words "to comply" and "Federal" are omitted as surplus. The words "in effect" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1), the word "Federal" is omitted as surplus. The word "prescribe" is substituted for "either to establish, or to continue in effect" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "standard prescribed under this chapter" are substituted for "Federal standard" for clarity. The words "However, the United States . . . may prescribe" are substituted for "Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the Federal . . . from establishing" for consistency. The words "of a State" are substituted for "thereof" for clarity. The word "standard" is substituted for "safety requirement" for consistency. The words "performance requirement" are substituted for "standard of performance" to avoid using "standard" in 2 different ways.

Subsection (b)(2) is substituted for 15:1392(d) (2d sentence) for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c), the words "be deemed to" and "of the United States" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "United States" are substituted for "Federal" in 15:1420 for consistency. The words "Consumer" in 15:1420, "not in lieu of" in 15:1410a(e) and 1420, and "not in substitution for" in 15:1394(a)(6) are omitted as surplus. The word "other" is added for clarity.

**1995**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–88 substituted "subchapter I of chapter 135" for "subchapter II of chapter 105" in two places.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary $98,313,500 for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to carry out this part in each fiscal year beginning in fiscal year 1999 and ending in fiscal year 2001.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 944; Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7102(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 465; Pub. L. 106–39, §1(a), July 28, 1999, 113 Stat. 206.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30104 | 15:1392 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §2501(a), 105 Stat. 2081. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "to the Secretary of Transportation for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration" are substituted for "For the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The reference to fiscal year 1992 is omitted as obsolete.

**1999**—Pub. L. 106–39 substituted "$98,313,500" for "$81,200,000".

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The following amounts may be appropriated to the Secretary of Transportation for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to carry out this chapter:

"(1) $71,333,436 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993.

"(2) $74,044,106 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1994.

"(3) $76,857,782 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1995."

(a)

(b)

(Added and amended Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7104(a), (c), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 466; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9012(a), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 864.)

**1998**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–178, §7104(c), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, inserted "for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration" after "Secretary".

Title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 effective simultaneously with enactment of Pub. L. 105–178 and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 105–178 at time of enactment, and provisions of Pub. L. 105–178, as in effect on day before July 22, 1998, that are amended by title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 to be treated as not enacted, see section 9016 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1) the owner (or an affiliate of the owner) is engaged in the trade or business of renting or leasing motor vehicles; and

(2) there is no negligence or criminal wrongdoing on the part of the owner (or an affiliate of the owner).

(b)

(1) imposing financial responsibility or insurance standards on the owner of a motor vehicle for the privilege of registering and operating a motor vehicle; or

(2) imposing liability on business entities engaged in the trade or business of renting or leasing motor vehicles for failure to meet the financial responsibility or liability insurance requirements under State law.

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) a record or beneficial owner, holder of title, lessor, or lessee of a motor vehicle;

(B) entitled to the use and possession of a motor vehicle subject to a security interest in another person; or

(C) a lessor, lessee, or a bailee of a motor vehicle, in the trade or business of renting or leasing motor vehicles, having the use or possession thereof, under a lease, bailment, or otherwise.

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title X, §10208(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1935.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (c), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

(a)

(b)

(1) consider relevant available motor vehicle safety information;

(2) consult with the agency established under the Act of August 20, 1958 (Public Law 85–684, 72 Stat. 635), and other appropriate State or interstate authorities (including legislative committees);

(3) consider whether a proposed standard is reasonable, practicable, and appropriate for the particular type of motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment for which it is prescribed; and

(4) consider the extent to which the standard will carry out section 30101 of this title.

(c)

(d)

(e) 5-

(f)

(1)

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 944; Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24406, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1725.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30111(a) | 15:1392(a), (b), (e) (1st sentence). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §§102(13), 103(a)–(c), (e), (f), 107 (related to standards), 80 Stat. 719, 721. |

30111(b) | 15:1391(13). | |

15:1392(f). | ||

30111(c) | 15:1396 (related to standards). | |

30111(d) | 15:1392(c), (e) (last sentence). | |

30111(e) | 15:1392(j). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §103(j); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §2505, 105 Stat. 2084. |


In subsection (a), the words "shall prescribe" are substituted for "shall establish by order" in 15:1392(a) and "may by order" in 15:1392(e) (1st sentence) for consistency. The words "amend or revoke" in 15:1392(e) (1st sentence) and 1397(b)(1) (last sentence) are omitted because they are included in "prescribe". The words "appropriate Federal" in 15:1392(a) and "Federal" in 15:1392(e) (1st sentence) are omitted as surplus. The words "established under this section" are omitted because of the restatement. The text of 15:1392(b) is omitted as surplus because 5:chs. 5, subch. II, and 7 apply unless otherwise stated.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "including the results of research, development, testing and evaluation activities conducted pursuant to this chapter" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "agency established under the Act of August 20, 1958 (Public Law 85–684, 72 Stat. 635)" are substituted for 15:1391(13) and "the Vehicle Equipment Safety Commission" in 15:1392(f) because of the restatement. The citation in parenthesis is included only for information purposes.

In subsection (b)(4), the words "contribute to" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government, States, and other public and private agencies" are substituted for "other Federal departments and agencies, and State and other interested public and private agencies" for consistency. The words "planning and" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "The Secretary" are added for clarity. The words "effective date" are substituted for "the date . . . is to take effect" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "under this chapter" are added for clarity. The words "However, the Secretary may prescribe a different effective date" are substituted for "unless the Secretary" for clarity. The word "different" is substituted for "earlier or later" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e), the words "duties and powers" are substituted for "responsibilities", and the word "change" is substituted for "adjust", and for clarity and consistency in the revised title.

Act of August 20, 1958, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is set out as a note under former section 313 of Title 23, Highways.

**2015**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 114–94 added subsec. (f).

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title III, §23011, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 768, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A)

"(i) an impact in which the passenger motor vehicle impacts the center of the rear of the trailer or semitrailer;

"(ii) an impact in which 50 percent of the width of the passenger motor vehicle overlaps the rear of the trailer or semitrailer; and

"(iii) an impact in which 30 percent of the width of the passenger motor vehicle overlaps the rear of the trailer or semitrailer, if the Secretary determines that a revision of sections 571.223 and 571.224 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (relating to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard Numbers 223 and 224, respectively) to address such an impact would meet the requirements and considerations described in subsections (a) and (b) of section 30111 of title 49, United States Code.

"(B)

"(2)

"(A) prevent underride crashes in cases in which the passenger motor vehicle is traveling at speeds of up to 65 miles per hour; and

"(B) protect passengers in passenger motor vehicles against severe injury in crashes in which the passenger motor vehicle is traveling at speeds of up to 65 miles per hour.

"(3)

"(A) review the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards revised pursuant to those regulations and any other requirements of those regulations relating to rear underride guards on trailers or semitrailers to evaluate the need for changes in response to advancements in technology; and

"(B) update those Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and those regulations accordingly.

"(4)

"(A)

"(B)

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) complete additional research on side underride guards to better understand the overall effectiveness of side underride guards;

"(B) assess the feasibility, benefits, and costs of, and any impacts on intermodal equipment, freight mobility (including port operations), and freight capacity associated with, installing side underride guards on newly manufactured trailers and semitrailers with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or more;

"(C) consider the unique structural and operational aspects of—

"(i) intermodal chassis (as defined in section 340.2 of title 46, Code of Federal Regulations; and

"(ii) pole trailers (as defined in section 390.5 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; and

"(D) if warranted, develop performance standards for side underride guards.

"(2)

"(A) a motor carrier that transports passengers or property for compensation;

"(B) the motor carrier industry; or

"(C) an entity producing or supplying underride guards.

"(3)

"(A) issue a notice in the Federal Register containing the findings of the assessment; and

"(B) provide an opportunity for public comment.

"(4)

"(A) the results of the assessment under paragraph (1)(B);

"(B) a summary of any comments received by the Secretary under paragraph (3)(B); and

"(C) a determination as to whether the Secretary intends to develop performance requirements for side underride guards, including any analysis that led to that determination.

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(i) are not employees of the Department [of Transportation]; and

"(ii) are qualified to serve on the Committee because of their expertise, training, or experience.

"(B)

"(i) Truck and trailer manufacturers.

"(ii) Motor carriers, including independent owner-operators.

"(iii) Law enforcement.

"(iv) Motor vehicle engineers.

"(v) Motor vehicle crash investigators.

"(vi) Truck safety organizations.

"(vii) The insurance industry.

"(viii) Emergency medical service providers.

"(ix) Families of underride crash victims.

"(x) Labor organizations.

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(6)

"(A) describes the advice and recommendations made to the Secretary; and

"(B) includes an assessment of progress made by the Secretary in advancing safety regulations relating to underride crashes.

"(e)

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title III, §23015, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 773, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) that has a seating capacity of 9 or more persons (including the driver);

"(B) with a gross vehicle weight rating greater than 10,000 pounds but not greater than 26,000 pounds;

"(C) that the Secretary has determined by regulation has physical characteristics resembling—

"(i) a passenger car;

"(ii) a multipurpose passenger vehicle; or

"(iii) a truck with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or less; and

"(D) that is not a taxi, nonemergency medical, or paratransit motor vehicle.

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(i)

"(I) Side impact protection.

"(II) Roof crush resistance.

"(III) Air bag systems.

"(ii)

"(B)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(B)

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) The date of the most recent inspection of the limousine required under State or Federal law, if applicable.

"(B) The results of the inspection, if applicable.

"(C) Any corrective action taken by the limousine operator to ensure the limousine passed inspection, if applicable.

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(3)

"(4)

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24204, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 820, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24205(a), (b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 820, 821, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) a motorcycle or trailer (as those terms are defined in section 571.3 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation));

"(ii) any motor vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating of more than 10,000 pounds;

"(iii) a battery electric vehicle; or

"(iv) a motor vehicle that requires extended periods with the engine in idle to operate in service mode or to operate equipment, such as an emergency vehicle (including a police vehicle, an ambulance, or a tow vehicle) and a commercial-use vehicle (including a refrigeration vehicle).

"(b)

"(1)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(I) the Secretary determines a different period is necessary for a type of motor vehicle for purposes of section 30111 of title 49, United States Code; and

"(II) requiring a different period for a type of motor vehicle is consistent with the prevention of carbon monoxide poisoning.

"(2)

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24209, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 823, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) driver distraction;

"(2) driver disengagement;

"(3) automation complacency by drivers; and

"(4) foreseeable misuse of advanced driver-assist systems.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) 1 or more rulemakings are necessary to ensure safety, in accordance with the [sic] section 30111 of title 49, United States Code, the Secretary shall initiate the rulemakings by not later than 2 years after the date of submission of the report under subsection (b); and

"(B) an additional rulemaking is not necessary, or an additional rulemaking cannot meet the applicable requirements and considerations described in subsections (a) and (b) of section 30111 of title 49, United States Code, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives a report describing the reasons for not prescribing additional Federal motor vehicle safety standards regarding the research conducted under subsection (a).

"(2)

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24212, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 825, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(b)

"(1) to include performance-based standards for vehicle headlamp systems—

"(A) to ensure that headlights are correctly aimed on the road; and

"(B) requiring those systems to be tested on-vehicle to account for headlight height and lighting performance; and

"(2) to allow for the use on vehicles of adaptive driving beam headlamp systems.

"(c)

"(1) reviewing Standard 108, as amended pursuant to subsection (b); and

"(2) revising Standard 108 to reflect an updated version of SAE International Standard J3069, as the Secretary determines to be—

"(A) appropriate; and

"(B) in accordance with section 30111 of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24220, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 831, as amended by Pub. L. 117–328, div. L, title I, §143, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5121, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) alcohol-impaired driving fatalities represent approximately 1/3 of all highway fatalities in the United States each year;

"(2) in 2019, there were 10,142 alcohol-impaired driving fatalities in the United States involving drivers with a blood alcohol concentration level of .08 or higher, and 68 percent of the crashes that resulted in those fatalities involved a driver with a blood alcohol concentration level of .15 or higher;

"(3) the estimated economic cost for alcohol-impaired driving in 2010 was $44,000,000,000;

"(4) according to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, advanced drunk and impaired driving prevention technology can prevent more than 9,400 alcohol-impaired driving fatalities annually; and

"(5) to ensure the prevention of alcohol-impaired driving fatalities, advanced drunk and impaired driving prevention technology must be standard equipment in all new passenger motor vehicles.

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) can—

"(i) passively monitor the performance of a driver of a motor vehicle to accurately identify whether that driver may be impaired; and

"(ii) prevent or limit motor vehicle operation if an impairment is detected;

"(B) can—

"(i) passively and accurately detect whether the blood alcohol concentration of a driver of a motor vehicle is equal to or greater than the blood alcohol concentration described in section 163(a) of title 23, United States Code; and

"(ii) prevent or limit motor vehicle operation if a blood alcohol concentration above the legal limit is detected; or

"(C) is a combination of systems described in subparagraphs (A) and (B).

"(2)

"(A) is a new vehicle (as defined in section 37.3 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation)); and

"(B) has not been purchased for purposes other than resale.

"(3)

"(4)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(1) may extend the time period to such date as the Secretary determines to be necessary, but not later than the date that is 3 years after the date described in subsection (c);

"(2) shall, not later than the date described in subsection (c) and not less frequently than annually thereafter until the date on which the rule under that subsection is issued, submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives a report describing, as of the date of submission of the report—

"(A) the reasons for not prescribing a Federal motor vehicle safety standard under section 30111 of title 49, United States Code, that requires advanced drunk and impaired driving prevention technology in all new passenger motor vehicles;

"(B) the deployment of advanced drunk and impaired driving prevention technology in vehicles;

"(C) any information relating to the ability of vehicle manufacturers to include advanced drunk and impaired driving prevention technology in new passenger motor vehicles; and

"(D) an anticipated timeline for prescribing the Federal motor vehicle safety standard described in subsection (c); and

"(3) if the Federal motor vehicle safety standard required by subsection (c) has not been finalized by the date that is 10 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 15, 2021], shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representative a report describing—

"(A) the reasons why the Federal motor vehicle safety standard has not been finalized;

"(B) the barriers to finalizing the Federal motor vehicle safety standard; and

"(C) recommendations to Congress to facilitate the Federal motor vehicle safety standard.

"(f)

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31601, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 775, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) establish minimum lighting and marking standards for applicable agricultural equipment manufactured at least 1 year after the date on which such rule is promulgated; and

"(B) provide for the methods, materials, specifications, and equipment to be employed to comply with such standards, which shall be equivalent to ASABE Standard 279.14, entitled 'Lighting and Marking of Agricultural Equipment on Highways', which was published in July 2008 by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, or any successor standard.

"(c)

"(1) review the standards established pursuant to subsection (b); and

"(2) revise such standards to reflect the revision of ASABE Standard 279 that is in effect at the time of such review.

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31504, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 775, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24114, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1710, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) vehicle technology to provide an alert that a child or unattended passenger remains in a rear seating position after the vehicle motor is disengaged; or

"(2) public awareness campaigns to educate drivers on the risks of leaving a child or unattended passenger in a vehicle after the vehicle motor is disengaged; or

"(3) other ways to mitigate risk.

"(c)

Pub. L. 111–373, Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 4086, provided that:

"This Act may be cited as the 'Pedestrian Safety Enhancement Act of 2010'.

"As used in this Act—

"(1) the term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of Transportation;

"(2) the term 'alert sound' (herein referred to as the 'sound') means a vehicle-emitted sound to enable pedestrians to discern vehicle presence, direction, location, and operation;

"(3) the term 'cross-over speed' means the speed at which tire noise, wind resistance, or other factors eliminate the need for a separate alert sound as determined by the Secretary;

"(4) the term 'motor vehicle' has the meaning given such term in section 30102(a)(6) [now 30102(a)(7)] of title 49, United States Code, except that such term shall not include a trailer (as such term is defined in section 571.3 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations);

"(5) the term 'conventional motor vehicle' means a motor vehicle powered by a gasoline, diesel, or alternative fueled internal combustion engine as its sole means of propulsion;

"(6) the term 'manufacturer' has the meaning given such term in section 30102(a)(5) [now 30102(a)(6)] of title 49, United States Code;

"(7) the term 'dealer' has the meaning given such term in section 30102(a)(1) [now 30102(a)(2)] of title 49, United States Code;

"(8) the term 'defect' has the meaning given such term in section 30102(a)(2) [now 30102(a)(3)] of title 49, United States Code;

"(9) the term 'hybrid vehicle' means a motor vehicle which has more than one means of propulsion; and

"(10) the term 'electric vehicle' means a motor vehicle with an electric motor as its sole means of propulsion.

"(a)

"(1) establishing performance requirements for an alert sound that allows blind and other pedestrians to reasonably detect a nearby electric or hybrid vehicle operating below the cross-over speed, if any; and

"(2) requiring new electric or hybrid vehicles to provide an alert sound conforming to the requirements of the motor vehicle safety standard established under this subsection.

"The motor vehicle safety standard established under this subsection shall not require either driver or pedestrian activation of the alert sound and shall allow the pedestrian to reasonably detect a nearby electric or hybrid vehicle in critical operating scenarios including, but not limited to, constant speed, accelerating, or decelerating. The Secretary shall allow manufacturers to provide each vehicle with one or more sounds that comply with the motor vehicle safety standard at the time of manufacture. Further, the Secretary shall require manufacturers to provide, within reasonable manufacturing tolerances, the same sound or set of sounds for all vehicles of the same make and model and shall prohibit manufacturers from providing any mechanism for anyone other than the manufacturer or the dealer to disable, alter, replace, or modify the sound or set of sounds, except that the manufacturer or dealer may alter, replace, or modify the sound or set of sounds in order to remedy a defect or non-compliance with the motor vehicle safety standard. The Secretary shall promulgate the required motor vehicle safety standard pursuant to this subsection not later than 36 months after the date of enactment of this Act.

"(b)

"(1) determine the minimum level of sound emitted from a motor vehicle that is necessary to provide blind and other pedestrians with the information needed to reasonably detect a nearby electric or hybrid vehicle operating at or below the cross-over speed, if any;

"(2) determine the performance requirements for an alert sound that is recognizable to a pedestrian as a motor vehicle in operation; and

"(3) consider the overall community noise impact.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1) consult with the Environmental Protection Agency to assure that the motor vehicle safety standard is consistent with existing noise requirements overseen by the Agency;

"(2) consult consumer groups representing individuals who are blind;

"(3) consult with automobile manufacturers and professional organizations representing them;

"(4) consult technical standardization organizations responsible for measurement methods such as the Society of Automotive Engineers, the International Organization for Standardization, and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations.

"(e)

"Notwithstanding any other provision of law, $2,000,000 of any amounts made available to the Secretary of Transportation under under [sic] section 406 of title 23, United States Code, shall be made available to the Administrator of the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration for carrying out section 3 of this Act."

Pub. L. 110–189, Feb. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 639, provided that:

"This Act may be cited as the 'Cameron Gulbransen Kids Transportation Safety Act of 2007' or the 'K.T. Safety Act of 2007'.

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) not later than 30 months after the date of enactment of this Act, transmit a report to the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate describing the reasons such standards were not prescribed; and

"(B) publish and otherwise make available to the public through the Internet and other means (such as the 'Buying a Safer Car' brochure) information regarding which vehicles are or are not equipped with power windows and panels that automatically reverse direction when an obstruction is detected.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) which type or types of motor vehicles shall be phased-in first; and

"(B) the percentages by which such motor vehicles shall be phased-in.

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A)

"(B)

"(e)

"(1) a motorcycle or trailer (as such terms are defined in section 571.3 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations); or

"(2) any motor vehicle that is rated at more than 10,000 pounds gross vehicular weight.

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the number, types, and causes of injuries and deaths resulting from the events described in paragraph (1);

"(B) the make, model, and model year of motor vehicles involved in such events, when practicable; and

"(C) other variables that the Secretary determines will enhance the value of the database.

"(3)

"(a)

"(1) supplementing an existing consumer information program relating to child safety; or

"(2) creating a new consumer information program relating to child safety.

"(b)

"(1) utilize information collected pursuant to section 2(f) regarding nontraffic, noncrash injuries, and other relevant data the Secretary considers appropriate, to establish priorities for the program;

"(2) address ways in which parents and caregivers can reduce risks to small children arising from back over incidents, hyperthermia in closed motor vehicles, accidental actuation of power windows, and any other risks the Secretary determines should be addressed; and

"(3) make information related to the program available to the public through the Internet and other means.

"If the Secretary determines that the deadlines applicable under this Act cannot be met, the Secretary shall—

"(1) establish new deadlines; and

"(2) notify the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate of the new deadlines and describing the reasons the deadlines specified under this Act could not be met."

Pub. L. 106–414, §15, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1808, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

(a)

(2) Except as provided in this section, sections 30113 and 30114 of this title, and subchapter III of this chapter, a school or school system may not purchase or lease a new 15-passenger van if it will be used significantly by, or on behalf of, the school or school system to transport preprimary, primary, or secondary school students to or from school or an event related to school, unless the 15-passenger van complies with the motor vehicle standards prescribed for school buses and multifunction school activity buses under this title. This paragraph does not apply to the purchase or lease of a 15-passenger van under a contract executed before the date of enactment of this paragraph.

(3) Except as provided in this section, section 30114, subsections (i) and (j) of section 30120, and subchapter III, a person may not sell, offer for sale, introduce or deliver for introduction in interstate commerce, or import into the United States any motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment if the vehicle or equipment contains a defect related to motor vehicle safety about which notice was given under section 30118(c) or an order was issued under section 30118(b). Nothing in this paragraph may be construed to prohibit the importation of a new motor vehicle that receives a required recall remedy before being sold to a consumer in the United States.

(b)

(1) the sale, offer for sale, or introduction or delivery for introduction in interstate commerce of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment after the first purchase of the vehicle or equipment in good faith other than for resale;

(2) a person—

(A) establishing that the person had no reason to know, despite exercising reasonable care, that a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment does not comply with applicable motor vehicle safety standards prescribed under this chapter;

(B) holding, without knowing about the noncompliance and before the vehicle or equipment is first purchased in good faith other than for resale, a certificate issued by a manufacturer or importer stating the vehicle or equipment complies with applicable standards prescribed under this chapter; or

(C) having no reason to know, despite exercising reasonable care, that a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment contains a defect related to motor vehicle safety about which notice was given under section 30118(c) or an order was issued under section 30118(b);

(3) a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment intended only for export, labeled for export on the vehicle or equipment and on the outside of any container of the vehicle or equipment, and exported;

(4) a motor vehicle the Secretary of Transportation decides under section 30141 of this title is capable of complying with applicable standards prescribed under this chapter;

(5) a motor vehicle imported for personal use by an individual who receives an exemption under section 30142 of this title;

(6) a motor vehicle under section 30143 of this title imported by an individual employed outside the United States;

(7) a motor vehicle under section 30144 of this title imported on a temporary basis;

(8) a motor vehicle or item of motor vehicle equipment under section 30145 of this title requiring further manufacturing;

(9) a motor vehicle that is at least 25 years old; or

(10) the introduction of a motor vehicle in interstate commerce solely for purposes of testing or evaluation by a manufacturer that agrees not to sell or offer for sale the motor vehicle at the conclusion of the testing or evaluation and that prior to the date of enactment of this paragraph—

(A) has manufactured and distributed motor vehicles into the United States that are certified to comply with all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards;

(B) has submitted to the Secretary appropriate manufacturer identification information under part 566 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; and

(C) if applicable, has identified an agent for service of process in accordance with part 551 of such title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 945; Pub. L. 109–59, title X, §10309(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1942; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31207, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 761; Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24404, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1721.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30112(a) | 15:1397(a)(1)(A). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §108(a)(1)(A), 80 Stat. 722; Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §103(a)(1), 88 Stat. 1477; Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–562, §2(c), (d), 102 Stat. 2824. |

15:1397(c)(1). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §108(c)(1), (i); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–562, §2(b), 102 Stat. 2818, 2823. | |

30112(b) (1)–(3) | 15:1397(a)(2)(D), (b)(1) (1st sentence), (2). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §108(a)(2)(D), (b)(1) (1st sentence), (2), 80 Stat. 722; Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §103(a)(1), 88 Stat. 1477, 1478. |

15:1397(b)(3). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §108(b)(3), 80 Stat. 723; Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §103(a)(1)(B), 88 Stat. 1478; Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–562, §2(a), 102 Stat. 2818. | |

30112(b) (4)–(8) | (no source). | |

30112(b)(9) | 15:1397(i). |


In subsection (a), the words "Except as provided in this section . . . and subchapter III of this chapter" are substituted for 15:1397(c)(1) to eliminate unnecessary words and because of the restatement. The reference to section 30113 is added for clarity.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the text of 15:1397(a)(2)(D) is omitted as obsolete because under section 30124 of the revised title a standard prescribed under this chapter may not allow compliance by use of a safety belt interlock or a continuous buzzer. In clause (2)(A), the words "despite exercising reasonable care" are substituted for "in the exercise of due care" for clarity and consistency in the revised title. The words "motor vehicle safety standards prescribed under this chapter" are substituted for "Federal motor vehicle safety standards" for clarity and consistency in this chapter. In clause (2)(B), the words "without knowing about the noncompliance" are substituted for "unless such person knows that such vehicle or equipment does not so conform" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised title. Clauses (4)–(8) are added to provide cross–references to sections restating exceptions to the general rule restated in subsection (a) of this section.

The date of enactment of this paragraph, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

The date of enactment of this paragraph, referred to in subsec. (b)(10), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

**2015**—Subsec. (b)(10). Pub. L. 114–94 added par. (10).

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 112–141, §31207(1), added par. (3).

Subsec. (b)(2)(C). Pub. L. 112–141, §31207(2), added subpar. (C).

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, which directed amendment of section 30112(a), without specifying the title to be amended, by designating existing provisions as par. (1) and adding par. (2), was executed to this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(b)

(2) The Secretary may begin a proceeding under this subsection when a manufacturer applies for an exemption or a renewal of an exemption. The Secretary shall publish notice of the application and provide an opportunity to comment. An application for an exemption or for a renewal of an exemption shall be filed at a time and in the way, and contain information, this section and the Secretary require.

(3) The Secretary may act under this subsection on finding that—

(A) an exemption is consistent with the public interest and this chapter or chapter 325 of this title (as applicable); and

(B)(i) compliance with the standard would cause substantial economic hardship to a manufacturer that has tried to comply with the standard in good faith;

(ii) the exemption would make easier the development or field evaluation of a new motor vehicle safety feature providing a safety level at least equal to the safety level of the standard;

(iii) the exemption would make the development or field evaluation of a low-emission motor vehicle easier and would not unreasonably lower the safety level of that vehicle; or

(iv) compliance with the standard would prevent the manufacturer from selling a motor vehicle with an overall safety level at least equal to the overall safety level of nonexempt vehicles.

(c)

(1) if the application is made under subsection (b)(3)(B)(i) of this section, a complete financial statement describing the economic hardship and a complete description of the manufacturer's good faith effort to comply with each motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter, or a bumper standard prescribed under chapter 325 of this title, from which the manufacturer is requesting an exemption.

(2) if the application is made under subsection (b)(3)(B)(ii) of this section, a record of the research, development, and testing establishing the innovative nature of the safety feature and a detailed analysis establishing that the safety level of the feature at least equals the safety level of the standard.

(3) if the application is made under subsection (b)(3)(B)(iii) of this section, a record of the research, development, and testing establishing that the motor vehicle is a low-emission motor vehicle and that the safety level of the vehicle is not lowered unreasonably by exemption from the standard.

(4) if the application is made under subsection (b)(3)(B)(iv) of this section, a detailed analysis showing how the vehicle provides an overall safety level at least equal to the overall safety level of nonexempt vehicles.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 945; Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(g) [title III, §351(a)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–439, 2681–475.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30113(a) | 15:1410(g). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §123; added Apr. 10, 1968, Pub. L. 90–283, 82 Stat. 72; restated Oct. 25, 1972, Pub. L. 92–548, §3, 86 Stat. 1159. |

30113(b) | 15:1410(a) (1st sentence), (c)(1) (23d–last words), (2) (23d–last words). | |

30113(c) | 15:1410(e). | |

30113(d) | 15:1410(d). | |

30113(e) | 15:1410(c)(1) (1st–22d words), (2) (1st–22d words). | |

30113(f) | 15:1410(f). | |

30113(g) | 15:1410(a) (last sentence). | |

30113(h) | 15:1410(b). |


In subsection (a), the words "the term" and "type of" are omitted as surplus. The words "when the vehicle is manufactured" are substituted for "at the time of manufacture" for consistency.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section" are omitted as surplus. The words "to such extent" are omitted as being included in "on terms the Secretary considers appropriate".

In subsection (b)(2), the words "The Secretary may begin a proceeding under this subsection . . . for an exemption or a renewal of an exemption" are added because of the restatement. The words "of the application" are added for clarity. The words "An application for an exemption or for a renewal of an exemption shall be filed" are added because of the restatement.

In subsection (b)(3)(A), the words "such temporary" and "the objectives of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3)(B)(i), the words "to a manufacturer that" are substituted for "such manufacturer . . . and that the manufacturer" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "from which it requests to be exempted" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3)(B)(ii), the words "from which an exemption is sought" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3)(B)(iii), the words "lower the safety level" are substituted for "degrade the safety" for clarity.

In subsection (b)(3)(B)(iv), the word "requiring" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "the following information" are added for clarity. In clause (1), the word "describing" is substituted for "the basis of showing" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "each motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter from which the manufacturer is requesting an exemption" are substituted for "the standards" for clarity. In clauses (2) and (3), the words "a record" are substituted for "documentation" for consistency in the revised title. In clause (2), the words "establishing that the safety level of the feature at least equals the safety level of the standard" are substituted for "establishing that the level of safety of the new safety feature is equivalent to or exceeds the level of safety established in the standard from which the exemption is sought" because of the restatement. In clause (3), the word "level" is added, and the words "lowered . . . by exemption from the standard" are substituted for "degraded", for consistency in this section. In clause (4), the words "at least equal to" are substituted for "equivalent to or exceeding" for consistency.

In subsection (f), the text of 15:1410(f) (1st sentence) is omitted as executed. The words "under this section all" and "other information" are omitted as surplus. The words "to the application" are substituted for "thereto" for clarity. The words "business" and "for exemption" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g), the words "The Secretary" are added for clarity. The word "temporary" is omitted as surplus. The words "under this section" are added for clarity.

In subsection (h), the words "a . . . label to be fixed to a motor vehicle granted an exemption under this section" are substituted for "labeling of each exempted motor vehicle . . . and be affixed to such exempted vehicles" for clarity. The words "of such exempted motor vehicle in such manner as he deems" are omitted as surplus. The words "motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter" are substituted for "the standards" for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

**1998**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(g) [title III, §351(a)(1)(A)], inserted "or passenger motor vehicles from a bumper standard prescribed under chapter 325 of this title," after "a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter".

Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(g) [title III, §351(a)(1)(B)], inserted "or chapter 325 of this title (as applicable)" after "this chapter".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(g) [title III, §351(a)(2)], inserted ", or a bumper standard prescribed under chapter 325 of this title," after "motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(g) [title III, §351(a)(3)], inserted "(including an exemption under subsection (b)(3)(B)(i) relating to a bumper standard referred to in subsection (b)(1))" after "subsection (b)(3)(B)(i) of this section".

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(g) [title III, §351(a)(4)], inserted "or bumper standard prescribed under chapter 325 of this title" after "each motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter".

12 The Secretary of Transportation may exempt a motor vehicle or item of motor vehicle equipment from section 30112(a) of this title on terms the Secretary decides are necessary for research, investigations, demonstrations, training, competitive racing events, show, or display.

(b)

(1)

(A) exempt from section 30112(a) of this title not more than 325 replica motor vehicles per year that are manufactured or imported by a low-volume manufacturer; and

(B) except as provided in paragraph (4) of this subsection, limit any such exemption to the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards applicable to motor vehicles and not motor vehicle equipment.

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) the dealer; and

(ii) the first purchaser of the motor vehicle, if the first purchaser is not an individual that purchases the motor vehicle for resale.

(C)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(A)

(B)

(i) is intended to resemble the body of another motor vehicle that was manufactured not less than 25 years before the manufacture of the replica motor vehicle; and

(ii) is manufactured under a license for the product configuration, trade dress, trademark, or patent, for the motor vehicle that is intended to be replicated from the original manufacturer, its successors or assignees, or current owner of such product configuration, trade dress, trademark, or patent rights.

(8)

(9)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 947; Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7107(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 469; Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24405(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1721.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30114 | 15:1397(j). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §108(j); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–562, §2(b), 102 Stat. 2824. |


The word "conditions" is omitted as being included in "terms", and the word "studies" is omitted as being included in "research". The word "solely" is omitted as unnecessary.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94 designated existing provisions as subsec. "

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178 substituted "competitive racing events, show, or display" for "or competitive racing events".

Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7107(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 469, provided that: "A person who is the owner of a motor vehicle located in the United States on the date of enactment of this Act [June 9, 1998] may seek an exemption under section 30114 of title 49, United States Code, as amended by subsection (a) of this section, for a period of 6 months after the date regulations of the Secretary of Transportation promulgated in response to such amendment take effect."

1 So in original. Probably should be "(a)".

2 So in original. Probably should be followed by a dash.

(a)

(b)

(1) that it has complied with the specifications set forth in the compliance documentation provided by the incomplete motor vehicle manufacturer in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary; or

(2) that it has elected to assume responsibility for compliance with that standard.

If the intermediate or final stage manufacturer elects to assume responsibility for compliance with the standard covered by the documentation provided by an incomplete motor vehicle manufacturer, the intermediate or final stage manufacturer shall notify the incomplete motor vehicle manufacturer in writing within a reasonable time of affixing the certification label. A violation of this subsection shall not be subject to a civil penalty under section 30165.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 947; Pub. L. 106–414, §9, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1805.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30115 | 15:1397(a)(1)(C), (E) (related to 15:1403). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §108(a)(1)(C), (E) (related to §114), 80 Stat. 722; Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §103(a)(1)(A), (2)(B), 88 Stat. 1477, 1478. |

15:1403. | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §114, 80 Stat. 726. |


The words "fail to issue a certificate required by section 1403 of this title" in 15:1397(a)(1)(C) and the text of 15:1397(a)(1)(E) (related to 15:1403) are omitted as surplus. The word "certify" is substituted for "furnish . . . the certification" in 15:1403 to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the time of" and "of such vehicle or equipment by such manufacturer or distributor" are omitted as surplus. The words "prescribed under this chapter" are added for clarity. The word "reasonable" is substituted for "due" in 15:1397(a)(1)(C) for consistency in the revised title. The words "to the effect that a motor vehicle or item of motor vehicle equipment conforms to all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards" are omitted because of the restatement. The words "shown by" are substituted for "in the form of" in 15:1403 for clarity.

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–414 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b).

Pub. L. 106–414, §16, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1808, provided that, by one year after Nov. 1, 2000, the Secretary of Transportation would report to Congress on the implementation of the 2000 amendments.

(a)

(1) the manufacturer or distributor immediately shall repurchase the vehicle or equipment at the price paid by the distributor or dealer, plus transportation charges and reasonable reimbursement of at least one percent a month of the price paid prorated from the date of notice of noncompliance or defect to the date of repurchase; or

(2) if a vehicle, the manufacturer or distributor immediately shall give to the distributor or dealer at the manufacturer's or distributor's own expense, the part or equipment needed to make the vehicle comply with the standards or correct the defect.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 947.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30116(a) | 15:1400(a) (less (2) (last 97 words)). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §111, 80 Stat. 724. |

30116(b) | 15:1400(a)(2) (last 97 words). | |

30116(c) | 15:1400(b), (c). |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "as the case may be", "from such distributor or dealer", "all . . . involved", and "by the manufacturer or distributor" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "manufacturer's or distributor's" are substituted for "his" for clarity. The words "or parts" are omitted because of 1:1. The words "the vehicle comply with the standards or correct the defect" are substituted for "conforming" for clarity.

In subsection (b), the words "the part or equipment referred to in subsection (a)(2) of this section" are added because of the restatement. The words "If the distributor or dealer installs the part or equipment with reasonable diligence after it is received, the manufacturer shall reimburse the distributor or dealer" are substituted for "and for the installation involved the manufacturer shall reimburse such distributor or dealer . . . *Provided, however*, That the distributor or dealer proceeds with reasonable diligence with the installation after the required part, parts or equipment are received" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "on or in such vehicle" are omitted as surplus. The words "notice of noncompliance or defect" are substituted for "notice of such nonconformance", and the words "complies with applicable motor vehicle safety standards prescribed under this chapter or the defect is corrected" are substituted for "is brought into conformance with applicable Federal standards", to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (c), the words "the amount of reimbursement" are substituted for "such reasonable reimbursements" for clarity and because of the restatement. The words "by mutual agreement" are omitted as surplus. The words "If the parties do not agree" are substituted for "or failing such agreement", and the words "by the court pursuant to the provisions of subsection (b) of this section" are omitted, because of the restatement. The words "the requirements of", "then", "as the case may be", and "without respect to the amount in controversy" are omitted as surplus. The words "civil action" are substituted for "suit" because of rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words "against such manufacturer or distributor" are omitted as surplus. The word "judicial" is added for consistency. The words "to recover damages, court costs, and a reasonable attorney's fee" are substituted for "and shall recover the damage by him sustained, as well as all court costs plus reasonable attorneys' fees", and the words "must be brought" are substituted for "shall be forever barred unless commenced", to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "claim" is substituted for "cause of action" for consistency.

(a)

(1) to each prospective purchaser of a vehicle or equipment before the first sale other than for resale at each location at which the vehicle or equipment is offered for sale by a person having a legal relationship with the manufacturer, in a way the Secretary decides is appropriate.

(2) to the first purchaser of a vehicle or equipment other than for resale when the vehicle or equipment is bought, in printed matter placed in the vehicle or attached to or accompanying the equipment.

(b)

(2)(A) Except as provided in paragraph (3) of this subsection, the Secretary may require a distributor or dealer to maintain a record under paragraph (1) of this subsection only if the business of the distributor or dealer is owned or controlled by a manufacturer of tires.

(B) The Secretary shall require each distributor and dealer whose business is not owned or controlled by a manufacturer of tires to give a registration form (containing the tire identification number) to the first purchaser of a tire. The Secretary shall prescribe the form, which shall be standardized for all tires and designed to allow the purchaser to complete and return it directly to the manufacturer of the tire. The manufacturer shall give sufficient copies of forms to distributors and dealers.

(3)

(A)

(i) the name and address of tire purchasers and lessors;

(ii) information identifying the tire that was purchased or leased; and

(iii) any additional records the Secretary considers appropriate.

(B)

(C)

(c)

(1)

(A) develop a dynamic test on rollovers by motor vehicles for the purposes of a consumer information program; and

(B) carry out a program of conducting such tests.

(2)

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 948; Pub. L. 106–414, §12, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1806; Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24333, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1715.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30117(a) | 15:1397(a)(1)(B), (E) (as 1397(a)(1)(B), (E) relates to 15:1401(d)). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §108(a)(1)(B) (related to §112(d)), (D) (related to §158(b)), (E) (related to §112(d)), 80 Stat. 722; Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §103(a)(1)(A), (2), (3), 88 Stat. 1477, 1478. |

15:1401(d). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §112(d), 80 Stat. 725; May 22, 1970, Pub. L. 91–265, §3, 84 Stat. 262. | |

30117(b) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1418(b)). | |

15:1418(b)(1). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §158(b)(1); added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §102(a), 88 Stat. 1476; Nov. 6, 1978, Pub. L. 95–599, §317, 92 Stat. 2752; Oct. 15, 1982, Pub. L. 97–331, §4(a)(1), 96 Stat. 1619. | |

15:1418(b)(2), (3). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §158(b)(2), (3); added Oct. 15, 1982, Pub. L. 97–331, §4(a)(2), 96 Stat. 1620. |


In this section, the text of 15:1397(a)(1)(B) (related to 15:1401(d)), (D) (related to 15:1418(b)), and (E) (related to 15:1401(d)) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "such performance data and other", "as may be", "the purposes of", "performance and technical", and "to carry out the purposes of this chapter" the 2d time they appear are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "such manufacturer's" and "which may include, but is not limited to, printed matter (A) available for retention by such prospective purchaser and (B) sent by mail to such prospective purchaser upon his request" are omitted as surplus. The words "legal relationship" are substituted for "contractual, proprietary, or other legal relationship" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(1), the word "cause to be maintained" is substituted for "cause the establishment and maintenance of" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "prescribe by regulation" are substituted for "by rule, specify" for consistency and because "rule" and "regulation" are synonymous. The words "under this subsection" are added for clarity. The word "involved" is substituted for "for which they are prescribed" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the purpose of" and "except that . . . or not" are omitted as surplus. The words "from a distributor or dealer" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b)(3)(A), before clause (i), the words "At the end of the two-year period following the effective date of this paragraph" are omitted as expired. In clause (iii), the words "(or any combination of such groups)" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (b)(3)(B), before clause (i), the words "may prescribe a requirement" are substituted for "may order by rule the imposition of requirements" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.

The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–414, which was approved Nov. 1, 2000.

**2015**—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 114–94 amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) related to requirement for Secretary to evaluate record maintenance procedures under par. (2) and submit reports to Congress.

**2000**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–414 added subsec. (c).

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24403, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1720, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 109–59, title X, §10309(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1942, provided that:

"(1)

"(2) 15

(a)

(b)

(2) If the Secretary decides under paragraph (1) of this subsection that the vehicle or equipment contains the defect or does not comply, the Secretary shall order the manufacturer to—

(A) give notification under section 30119 of this title to the owners, purchasers, and dealers of the vehicle or equipment of the defect or noncompliance; and

(B) remedy the defect or noncompliance under section 30120 of this title.

(c)

(1) learns the vehicle or equipment contains a defect and decides in good faith that the defect is related to motor vehicle safety; or

(2) decides in good faith that the vehicle or equipment does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1)

(A) by the applicable date described in section 573.7(d) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation), a quarterly report describing the campaign for each of 8 consecutive quarters, beginning with the quarter in which the campaign was initiated; and

(B) an annual report for each of the 3 years beginning after the date of completion of the last quarter for which a quarterly report is submitted under subparagraph (A).

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 950; Pub. L. 106–346, §101(a) [title III, §364], Oct. 23, 2000, 114 Stat. 1356, 1356A–37; Pub. L. 106–414, §2, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1800; Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24104(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1703; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24202(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 819.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30118(a) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1412(a) (1st–3d sentences)). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §108(a)(1)(D) (related to §§151, 152, 153(c) (1st sentence cl. (6)), 156, 157), 80 Stat. 722; restated Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §103(a)(1)(A), (3), 88 Stat. 1477, 1478. |

15:1412(a) (1st–3d sentences). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §§151, 152, 156 (related to notice), 157 (related to notice); added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §102(a), 88 Stat. 1470, 1475. | |

30118(b) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1412(a) (last sentence), (b)). | |

15:1412(a) (last sentence), (b). | ||

30118(c) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1411, 1413(c) (1st sentence cl. (6))). | |

15:1411. | ||

15:1413(c) (1st sentence cl. (6)). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §153(c) (1st sentence cl. (6)); added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §102(a), 88 Stat. 1472; Oct. 15, 1982, Pub. L. 97–331, §4(b)(2), 96 Stat. 1620. | |

30118(d) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1417). | |

15:1417 (related to notice). | ||

30118(e) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1416). | |

15:1416 (related to notice). |


In this section, the text of 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1411, 1412, 1413(c) (1st sentence cl. (6)), and 1417) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a), the words "making an initial decision" are substituted for "determines" to distinguish the decision from the decision made under subsection (b) of this section. The words "of such determination", "to the manufacturer", and "of the Secretary" are omitted as surplus. The words "under this subsection" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "may make a final decision" are substituted for "determines", and the words "prescribed under this chapter" are added, for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (b)(2), before clause (A), the words "If the Secretary decides under paragraph (1) of this subsection that the vehicle or equipment contains a defect or does not comply" are added for clarity and because of the restatement. The words "after such presentations by the manufacturer and interested persons" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the words "of the defect or noncompliance" are added for clarity.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "A manufacturer of a motor vehicle or replacement equipment" are substituted for "manufactured by him" in 15:1411 for clarity. The words "shall notify" are substituted for "he shall furnish notification to" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "to the Secretary, if section 1411 of this title applies" in 15:1413(c) (1st sentence cl. (6)) are omitted because of the restatement. The words "of the vehicle or equipment" are added for clarity. The words "and he shall remedy the defect or failure to comply in accordance with section 1414 of this title" in 15:1411 are omitted as unnecessary because of the source provisions restated in section 30120 of the revised title.

In subsection (d), the words "any requirement under", "to give notice with respect to", and "as it relates" are omitted as surplus. The words "The Secretary may take action under this subsection only" are added because of the restatement.

In subsection (e), the words "(including a manufacturer)" are omitted as surplus. The word "information" is substituted for "data" for consistency in the revised title.

**2021**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–58 added subsec. (f).

**2015**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–94 inserted "or electronic mail" after "certified mail" in introductory provisions.

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–346, §101(a) [title III, §364], which directed amendment of this section in subsecs. (a), (b)(1), and (c), by inserting ", original equipment," before "or replacement equipment" wherever appearing, and in subsec. (c), by redesignating pars. (1) and (2) as subpars. (A) and (B), respectively, and realigning margins, by substituting "(1)

Pub. L. 106–414, §2, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1800, provided that: "The amendments made to section 30118 of title 49, United States Code, by section 364 of the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2001 [Pub. L. 106–346, §101(a) [title III, §364], Oct. 23, 2000, 114 Stat. 1356, 1356A–37] are repealed and such section shall be effective as if such amending section had not been enacted."

(a)

(1) a clear description of the defect or noncompliance;

(2) an evaluation of the risk to motor vehicle safety reasonably related to the defect or noncompliance;

(3) the measures to be taken to obtain a remedy of the defect or noncompliance;

(4) a statement that the manufacturer giving notice will remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under section 30120 of this title;

(5) the earliest date on which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge, and for tires, the period during which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge under section 30120 of this title;

(6) the procedure the recipient of a notice is to follow to inform the Secretary of Transportation when a manufacturer, distributor, or dealer does not remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under section 30120 of this title; and

(7) other information the Secretary prescribes by regulation.

(b)

(c)

(1) prescribed by the Secretary, after the manufacturer receives notice of a final decision under section 30118(b) of this title; or

(2) after the manufacturer first decides that a safety-related defect or noncompliance exists under section 30118(c) of this title.

(d)

(A) to each person registered under State law as the owner and whose name and address are reasonably ascertainable by the manufacturer through State records or other available sources; or

(B) if a registered owner is not notified under clause (A) of this paragraph, to the most recent purchaser known to the manufacturer.

(2) Notification required under section 30118 of this title about replacement equipment shall be sent in the manner prescribed by the Secretary, by regulation, to the most recent purchaser known to the manufacturer.

(3) In addition to the notification required under paragraphs (1) and (2), if the Secretary decides that public notice is required for motor vehicle safety, public notice shall be given by the manufacturer in the way required by the Secretary after consulting with the manufacturer. In deciding whether public notice is required, the Secretary shall consider—

(A) the magnitude of the risk to motor vehicle safety caused by the defect or noncompliance; and

(B) the cost of public notice compared to the additional number of owners the notice may reach.

(4) A dealer to whom a motor vehicle or replacement equipment was delivered shall be notified in the manner prescribed by the Secretary, by regulation.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A)(i) to send additional notifications in the manner prescribed by the Secretary, by regulation; or

(ii) to take additional steps to locate and notify each person registered under State law as the owner or lessee or the most recent purchaser or lessee, as appropriate; and

(B) to emphasize the magnitude of the safety risk caused by the defect or noncompliance in such notification.

(f)

(2) A lessor that receives a notification required by section 30118 of this title about a leased motor vehicle shall provide a copy of the notification to the lessee in the way the Secretary prescribes by regulation.

(g)

(1) The name of the component or components.

(2) A description of the component or components.

(3) The part number of the component or components, if any.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 951; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31310, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 771; Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24116, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1711.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30119(a) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1413(a)). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §108(a)(1)(D) (related to §§153(a)–(c) (1st sentence cls. (1)–(5), last sentence), 154(b)(2) (2d, last sentences)), 80 Stat. 722; restated Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §103(a)(1)(A), (3), 88 Stat. 1477, 1478. |

15:1413(a). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §§153(a), (b), 154(b)(2) (2d, last sentences); added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §102(a), 88 Stat. 1471, 1473. | |

30119(b) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1414(b)(2) (2d, last sentences)). | |

15:1414(b)(2) (2d, last sentences). | ||

30119(c) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1413(b)). | |

15:1413(b). | ||

30119(d) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1413(c) (1st sentence cls. (1)–(5), last sentence). | |

15:1413(c) (1st sentence cls. (1)–(5), last sentence). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §153(c) (1st sentence cls. (1)–(5), last sentence); added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §102(a), 88 Stat. 1471, 1472; Oct. 15, 1982, Pub. L. 97–331, §4(b), 96 Stat. 1620. | |

30119(e) | 15:1413(d). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §153(d), (e); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §2504(a), 105 Stat. 2083. |

30119(f) | 15:1413(e). |


In this section, the text of 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1413(a)–(c) (1st sentence cls. (1)–(5), last sentence), 1414(b)(2) (2d, last sentences), and 1416) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "a motor vehicle or item of replacement equipment" are omitted as surplus. The words "by a manufacturer" are added for clarity. In clause (3), the words "a statement of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the word "remedy" is substituted for "cause . . . to be remedied" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (5), the words "(specified in accordance with the second and third sentences of section 1414(b)(2) of this title)" are omitted as surplus. In clause (6), the words "a description of" are omitted as surplus. The words "under section 30120 of this title" are added for consistency with the source provisions restated in this subsection. In clause (7), the words "in addition to such . . . as" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "in a notification under subsection (a)(5) of this section or section 30121(c) of this title" are substituted for "In either case" because of the restatement. The words "may disapprove" are substituted for "shall be subject to disapproval by" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "Secretary's" and "that there is a defect or failure to comply" are omitted as surplus. The word "final" is added for clarity.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "decides that a safety-related defect or noncompliance exists" are substituted for "makes a determination with respect to a defect or failure to comply" for clarity.

In subsection (d), the text of 15:1413(c) (1st sentence words before cl. (1)) is incorporated into each paragraph as appropriate.

In subsection (d)(1)(A), the words "who is" and "of such vehicle" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1)(B), the words "if a registered owner is not notified" are substituted for "unless the registered owner (if any) of such vehicle was notified" for clarity. The words "most recent purchaser" are substituted for "first purchaser (or if a more recent purchaser is" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "of each such vehicle containing such defect or failure to comply" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(3), the words "(or, if the manufacturer prefers, by certified mail)" are substituted for 15:1413(c) (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d)(4), the words "or dealers" are omitted because of 1:1. The words "of such manufacturer" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the word "replacement" is added for clarity and consistency with the source provisions being restated in subsection (d) of this section.

**2015**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 114–94 added subsec. (g).

**2012**—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §31310(a)(1), substituted "in the manner prescribed by the Secretary, by regulation" for "by first class mail" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, §31310(a)(2), substituted "shall be sent in the manner prescribed by the Secretary, by regulation," for "(except a tire) shall be sent by first class mail" and struck out second sentence which read as follows: "In addition, if the Secretary decides that public notice is required for motor vehicle safety, public notice shall be given in the way required by the Secretary after consulting with the manufacturer."

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 112–141, §31310(a)(3), struck out first sentence which read "Notification required under section 30118 of this title about a tire shall be sent by first class mail (or, if the manufacturer prefers, by certified mail) to the most recent purchaser known to the manufacturer." and inserted "to the notification required under paragraphs (1) and (2)" after "addition" and "by the manufacturer" after "given" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 112–141, §31310(a)(4), substituted "in the manner prescribed by the Secretary, by regulation" for "by certified mail or quicker means if available".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–141, §31310(b), substituted "Additional" for "Second" in subsec. heading, designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted par. heading, and added par. (2).

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24103(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1702, provided that: "Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 2015], the Secretary shall implement current information technology, web design trends, and best practices that will help ensure that motor vehicle safety recall information available to the public on the Federal website is readily accessible and easy to use, including—

"(1) by improving the organization, availability, readability, and functionality of the website;

"(2) by accommodating high-traffic volume; and

"(3) by establishing best practices for scheduling routine website maintenance."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24104(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1703, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24105, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1704, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) submit an application in such form and manner as the Secretary prescribes;

"(2) agree to notify, at the time of registration, each owner or lessee of a motor vehicle presented for registration in the State of any open recall on that vehicle;

"(3) provide the open motor vehicle recall information at no cost to each owner or lessee of a motor vehicle presented for registration in the State; and

"(4) provide such other information as the Secretary may require.

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(g)

"(h)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24335, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1716, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

(a)

(A) if a vehicle—

(i) by repairing the vehicle;

(ii) by replacing the vehicle with an identical or reasonably equivalent vehicle; or

(iii) by refunding the purchase price, less a reasonable allowance for depreciation.

(B) if replacement equipment, by repairing the equipment, replacing the equipment with identical or reasonably equivalent equipment, or by refunding the purchase price.

(2) The Secretary of Transportation may prescribe regulations to allow the manufacturer to impose conditions on the replacement of a motor vehicle or refund of its price.

(b)

(A) the day the owner or purchaser receives notification under section 30119 of this title; or

(B) if the manufacturer decides to replace the tire, the day the owner or purchaser receives notification that a replacement is available.

(2) If the manufacturer decides to replace the tire and the replacement is not available during the 180-day period, the owner or purchaser must present the tire for remedy during a subsequent 180-day period that begins only after the owner or purchaser receives notification that a replacement will be available during the subsequent period. If tires are available during the subsequent period, only a tire presented for remedy during that period must be remedied.

(c)

(A) replace the vehicle or equipment without charge with an identical or reasonably equivalent vehicle or equipment; or

(B) for a vehicle, refund the purchase price, less a reasonable allowance for depreciation.

(2) Failure to repair a motor vehicle or replacement equipment adequately not later than 60 days after its presentation is prima facie evidence of failure to repair within a reasonable time. However, the Secretary may extend, by order, the 60-day period if good cause for an extension is shown and the reason is published in the Federal Register before the period ends. Presentation of a vehicle or equipment for repair before the date specified by a manufacturer in a notice under section 30119(a)(5) or 30121(c)(2) of this title is not a presentation under this subsection.

(3) If the Secretary determines that a manufacturer's remedy program is not likely to be capable of completion within a reasonable time, the Secretary may require the manufacturer to accelerate the remedy program if the Secretary finds—

(A) that there is a risk of serious injury or death if the remedy program is not accelerated; and

(B) that acceleration of the remedy program can be reasonably achieved by expanding the sources of replacement parts, expanding the number of authorized repair facilities, or both.

The Secretary may prescribe regulations to carry out this paragraph.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1) 1 shall pay fair reimbursement to a dealer providing a remedy without charge under this section if—

(A) at the time of providing service for each of the manufacturer's motor vehicles it services, the dealer notifies the owner or the individual requesting the service of any open recall; and

(B) the notification requirement under subparagraph (A) is specified in a franchise, operating, or other agreement between the dealer and the manufacturer.

(2)

(g)

(2) This section does not apply during any period in which enforcement of an order under section 30118(b) of this title is restrained or the order is set aside in a civil action to which section 30121(d) of this title applies.

(h)

(i)

(1)

(A) the defect or noncompliance is remedied as required by this section before delivery under the sale, lease, or rental agreement; or

(B) when the notification is required by an order under section 30118(b) of this title, enforcement of the order is restrained or the order is set aside in a civil action to which section 30121(d) of this title applies.

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(i) meets the definition of a junk automobile under section 201 of the Anti-Car Theft Act of 1992 (49 U.S.C. 30501);

(ii) is retitled as a junk automobile pursuant to applicable State law; and

(iii) is reported to the National Motor Vehicle Information System, if required under section 204 of such Act (49 U.S.C. 30504).

(j)

(1) the defect or noncompliance is remedied as required by this section before delivery under the sale or lease; or

(2) notification of the defect or noncompliance is required under section 30118(b) but enforcement of the order is set aside in a civil action to which section 30121(d) applies.

(k)

(1)

(2)

(A) for each applicable campaign—

(i) the total number of vehicles subject to recall; and

(ii) the percentage of vehicles that have been remedied; and

(B) for each manufacturer submitting an applicable quarterly report under section 30118(f)—

(i) the total number of recalls issued by the manufacturer during the year covered by the list;

(ii) the estimated number of vehicles of the manufacturer subject to recall during the year covered by the list; and

(iii) the percentage of vehicles that have been remedied.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 952; Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7106(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 467; Pub. L. 106–414, §§4, 6–8, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1803–1805; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31311, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 771; Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §§24107, 24108, 24109(c), 24402, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1705, 1706, 1720; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24202(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 819.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30120(a) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1414(a)(1) (1st sentence), (2)). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §108(a)(1)(D) (related to §§154(a), (b)(1), (2) (1st sentence), (c), 156, 157), 80 Stat. 722; restated Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §103(a)(1)(A), (3), 88 Stat. 1477, 1478. |

15:1414(a)(1) (1st sentence), (2). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §§154(a), (b)(1), (2) (1st sentence), (c), 156 (related to remedy), 157 (related to remedy); added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §102(a), 88 Stat. 1472, 1474, 1475. | |

30120(b) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1414(a)(5)). | |

15:1414(a)(5). | ||

30120(c) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1414(b)(1), (2) (1st sentence)). | |

15:1414(b)(1), (2) (1st sentence). | ||

30120(d) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1414(c)). | |

15:1414(c). | ||

30120(e) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1416). | |

15:1416 (related to remedy). | ||

30120(f) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1414(a)(3)). | |

15:1414(a)(3). | ||

30120(g)(1) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1414(a)(4)). | |

15:1414(a)(4). | ||

30120(g)(2) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1414(a)(1) (last sentence)). | |

15:1414(a)(1) (last sentence). | ||

30120(h) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1417). | |

15:1417 (related to remedy). | ||

30120(i) | 15:1414(d). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §154(d); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §2504(b), 105 Stat. 2083. |


In this section, the text of 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1414(a), (b)(1), (2) (1st sentence), and (c), and 1416) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "Subject to subsections (f) and (g) of this section" are added for clarity. The words "with an applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standard . . . which relates to motor vehicle safety" and "pursuant to such notification" are omitted as surplus. The words "shall remedy" are substituted for "shall cause such defect or failure to comply in such motor vehicle or such item of replacement equipment to be remedied" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the defect or noncompliance" are added for clarity. In clauses (A) and (B), the words "without charge" are omitted as unnecessary because of the words "without charge" in this subsection before this clause (A). In clause (A), the words "presented for remedy pursuant to such notification" and "of such motor vehicle in full" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (a)(2) is substituted for 15:1414(a)(2)(A) (last sentence) for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "shall remedy a defective or noncomplying tire if" are substituted for "shall not be obligated to remedy such tire if such tire is not" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency. The words "pursuant to notification" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "decides to replace the tire" are substituted for "elects replacement" for clarity.

Subsection (b)(2) is substituted for 15:1414(a)(5)(B) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1), the words before clause (A) are substituted for "Whenever a manufacturer has elected under subsection (a) of this section to cause the repair of a defect in a motor vehicle or item of replacement equipment or of a failure of such vehicle or item of replacement equipment to comply with a motor vehicle safety standard, and he has failed to cause such defect or failure to comply to be adequately repaired within a reasonable time, then (A) he shall" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (A), the word "replace" is substituted for "cause . . . to be replaced" for consistency. In clause (B), the word "refund" is substituted for "shall cause . . . to be refunded" for consistency. The words "in full" and "and if the manufacturer so elects)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2), the word "presentation" is substituted for "tender" for clarity. The words "for repair" are omitted as surplus. The last sentence is substituted for 15:1414(b)(2) (1st sentence) because of the restatement.

In subsection (e), the words "(including a manufacturer)" are omitted as surplus. The word "information" is substituted for "data" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (f), the word "fair" is substituted for "fair and equitable" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "for such remedy" are omitted as surplus. The words "providing a" are substituted for "who effects" for consistency.

In subsection (g)(2), the words "In the case of notification required by an order" are omitted as unnecessary. The word "civil" is added because of rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.).

In subsection (h), the words "any requirement under", "or to remedy", and "as it relates" are omitted as surplus. The words "The Secretary may take action under this subsection only" are added because of the restatement.

Sections 201 and 204 of the Anti-Car Theft Act of 1992, referred to in subsec. (i)(3)(D)(i), (iii), are sections 201 and 204 of Pub. L. 102–519, from which sections 30501 and 30504 of this title, respectively, are derived.

**2021**—Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 117–58 added subsec. (k).

**2015**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §24108(1), substituted "180 days" for "60 days" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §24108(2), substituted "180-day" for "60-day" in two places.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 114–94, §24107(1), which directed amendment of subsec. (f) by inserting "

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §24107(2), substituted "section if—" for "section." and added subpars. (A) and (B).

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §24107(3), added par. (2).

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §24402, substituted "15 calendar years" for "10 calendar years".

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 114–94, §24109(c)(1), inserted ", or Rental" after "Equipment" in heading.

Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §24109(c)(2)(D), which directed substitution of "the dealer or rental company may sell, lease, or rent" for "the dealer may sell or lease,", was executed by making the substitution for "the dealer may sell or lease" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 114–94, §24109(c)(2)(A)–(C), inserted heading, inserted "or the manufacturer has provided to a rental company notification about a covered rental vehicle in the company's possession at the time of notification" after "time of notification" in introductory provisions, and realigned margins of subpars. (A) and (B).

Subsec. (i)(1)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, §24109(c)(2)(E), substituted "sale, lease, or rental agreement" for "sale or lease".

Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §24109(c)(3), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "This subsection does not prohibit a dealer from offering for sale or lease the vehicle or equipment."

Subsec. (i)(3). Pub. L. 114–94, §24109(c)(4), added par. (3).

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 112–141, §31311(1), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "if replacement equipment, by repairing the equipment or replacing the equipment with identical or reasonably equivalent equipment."

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 112–141, §31311(2), inserted "of New Vehicles or Equipment" after "Lease" in heading.

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 112–141, §31311(3), which directed substitution of "

**2000**—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 106–414, §6(a), added par. (3).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–414, §7, inserted at end "In the case of a remedy program involving the replacement of tires, the manufacturer shall include a plan addressing how to prevent, to the extent reasonably within the control of the manufacturer, replaced tires from being resold for installation on a motor vehicle, and how to limit, to the extent reasonably within the control of the manufacturer, the disposal of replaced tires in landfills, particularly through shredding, crumbling, recycling, recovery, and other alternative beneficial non-vehicular uses. The manufacturer shall include information about the implementation of such plan with each quarterly report to the Secretary regarding the progress of any notification or remedy campaigns."

Pub. L. 106–414, §6(b), inserted at end "A manufacturer's remedy program shall include a plan for reimbursing an owner or purchaser who incurred the cost of the remedy within a reasonable time in advance of the manufacturer's notification under subsection (b) or (c) of section 30118. The Secretary may prescribe regulations establishing what constitutes a reasonable time for purposes of the preceding sentence and other reasonable conditions for the reimbursement plan."

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 106–414, §4, substituted "10 calendar years" for "8 calendar years" and "5 calendar years" for "3 calendar years".

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 106–414, §8, added subsec. (j).

**1998**—Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 105–178 inserted "(including retailers of motor vehicle equipment)" after "provided to a dealer" in introductory provisions.

Amendment by section 24109(c) of Pub. L. 114–94 effective on the date that is 180 days after Dec. 4, 2015, see section 24109(k) of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 30102 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

1 See 2015 Amendment note below.

A manufacturer's filing of a petition in bankruptcy under chapter 7 or chapter 11 of title 11 does not negate the manufacturer's duty to comply with section 30112 or sections 30115 through 30120 of this title. In any bankruptcy proceeding, the manufacturer's obligations under such sections shall be treated as a claim of the United States Government against such manufacturer, subject to subchapter II of chapter 37 of title 31, United States Code, and given priority pursuant to section 3713(a)(1)(A) of such chapter, notwithstanding section 3713(a)(2), to ensure that consumers are adequately protected from any safety defect or noncompliance determined to exist in the manufacturer's products. This section shall apply equally to actions of a manufacturer taken before or after the filing of a petition in bankruptcy.

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31312(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 772; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24106, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1705.)

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94 substituted "chapter 7 or chapter 11 of title 11" for "chapter 11 of title 11,".

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(A) a statement that the Secretary has decided that a defect related to motor vehicle safety or noncompliance with a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter exists and that the manufacturer is contesting the decision in a civil action in a United States district court;

(B) a clear description of the Secretary's stated basis for the decision;

(C) the Secretary's evaluation of the risk to motor vehicle safety reasonably related to the defect or noncompliance;

(D) measures the Secretary considers necessary to avoid an unreasonable risk to motor vehicle safety resulting from the defect or noncompliance;

(E) a statement that the manufacturer will remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under section 30120 of this title, but that the requirement to remedy without charge is conditioned on the outcome of the civil action; and

(F) other information the Secretary prescribes by regulation or includes in the order requiring the notice.

(2) A notification under this subsection does not relieve a manufacturer of liability for not giving notification required by an order under section 30118(b) of this title.

(b)

(2) A manufacturer that does not notify owners and purchasers as required under subsection (a) of this section is liable for a civil penalty regardless of whether the manufacturer prevails in an action on the validity of the order issued under section 30118(b) of this title.

(c)

(1) to notify each owner, purchaser, and dealer described in section 30119(d) of this title of the outcome of the action and other information the Secretary requires, and notification under this clause may be combined with notification required under section 30118(b) of this title;

(2) to specify the earliest date under section 30119(b) of this title on which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge under section 30120 of this title; and

(3) if notification was required under subsection (a) of this section, to reimburse an owner or purchaser for reasonable and necessary expenses (in an amount that is not more than the amount specified in the order of the Secretary under subsection (a)) incurred for repairing the defect or noncompliance during the period beginning on the date that notification was required to be issued and ending on the date the owner or purchaser receives the notification under this subsection.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 954.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30121(a) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1415(b)). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §108(a)(1)(D) (related to §155), 80 Stat. 722; restated Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §103(a)(1)(A), (3), 88 Stat. 1477, 1478. |

15:1415(b). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §155(b)–(d); added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §102(a), 88 Stat. 1474. | |

30121(b) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1415(c)). | |

15:1415(c). | ||

30121(c) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1415(d)). | |

15:1415(d). | ||

30121(d) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1415(a)). | |

15:1415(a). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §155(a); added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §102(a), 88 Stat. 1474; Nov. 8, 1984, Pub. L. 98–620, §402(17), 98 Stat. 3358. |


In this section, the text of 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1415) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "and to which subsection (a) of this section applies" are omitted because of the restatement. In clause (A), the words "prescribed under this chapter" are substituted for "Federal", and the words "civil action" are substituted for "proceeding", for consistency. In clause (B), the words "that there is such a defect or failure" are omitted as surplus. In clause (D), the word "considers" is substituted for "which in the judgment of . . . are" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (E), the word "remedy" is substituted for "cause . . . to be remedied" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "civil action" are substituted for "court proceeding" for consistency.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "with respect to such failure to notify" are omitted as surplus. The word "enjoins" is substituted for "restrains" for consistency. The words "of such an order" and "for which the effectiveness of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "by an order", "or not", and "(to which subsection (a) of the section applies)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "a civil action referred to in subsection (a) of this section" are substituted for "(i) a manufacturer fails within the period specified in section 1413(b) of this title to comply with an order under section 1412(b) of this title to afford notification to owners and purchasers, (ii) a civil action to which subsection (a) of this section applies is commenced with respect to such order, and (iii) . . . in such action" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the word "action" is substituted for "proceeding" for consistency. The words "containing" and "by an order" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "under section 30119(b) of this title" are substituted for "(in accordance with the second and third sentences of section 1414(b) of this title)" for clarity. The words "under section 30120 of this title" are added for clarity. In clause (3), the words "which are . . . by such owner or purchaser", "the purpose of", and "to which the order relates" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "Notwithstanding section 30163(c) of this title" are added for clarity. The words "An action under section 1399(a) of this title to restrain a violation of an order . . . or under section 1398 of this title to collect a civil penalty with respect to a violation of such an order" and "to which the order applies" are omitted as surplus. The words "may transfer the action" are substituted for "orders a change of venue" for consistency with 28:1404. The words "(including enforcement actions)" are omitted as surplus. The words "that court shall issue the consolidation order" are substituted for "by order of such other court" for clarity.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1) to exempt a person from this section if the Secretary decides the exemption is consistent with motor vehicle safety and section 30101 of this title; and

(2) to define "make inoperative".

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 956; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31202(a)(1), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 757; Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24109(d), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1707.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30122(a) | 15:1397(a)(2)(A) (last sentence). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §108(a)(2)(A)– (C); added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §103(a)(1)(A), 88 Stat. 1477. |

30122(b) | 15:1397(a)(2)(A) (1st sentence). | |

30122(c) | 15:1397(a)(2)(B). | |

30122(d) | 15:1397(a)(2)(C). |


In subsections (a) and (c), the words "the term" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a), the words "in the business of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter" are substituted for "an applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standard" for consistency. The words "of design" the 2d time they appear and "rendered" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "section 30101 of this title" are substituted for "the purposes of this chapter" as being more precise.

In subsection (d), the words "with respect . . . the rendering inoperative of" are omitted as surplus.

**2015**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–94 inserted "rental company," after "dealer," in two places.

**2012**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–141 struck out subsec. (d). Text read as follows: "This section does not apply to a safety belt interlock or buzzer designed to indicate a safety belt is not in use as described in section 30124 of this title."

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective on the date that is 180 days after Dec. 4, 2015, see section 24109(k) of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 30102 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(2) The Secretary may authorize the sale, offer for sale, introduction for sale, or delivery for introduction in interstate commerce, of a regrooved tire or a motor vehicle equipped with regrooved tires if the Secretary decides the tires are designed and made in a way consistent with section 30101 of this title. A person may not sell, offer for sale, introduce for sale, or deliver for introduction in interstate commerce, a regrooved tire or a vehicle equipped with regrooved tires unless authorized by the Secretary.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 956; Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7106(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 467.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30123(a) | 15:1421 (1st sentence). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §§201–203, 204(c), 205, 80 Stat. 728, 729. |

30123(b) | 15:1421 (2d sentence). | |

30123(c) | 15:1421 (last sentence). | |

30123(d) | 15:1424(a). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §204(a), 80 Stat. 729; restated Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §110(c), 88 Stat. 1484. |

15:1424(c). | ||

30123(e) | 15:1423. | |

15:1425. | ||

30123(f) | 15:1422. |


In subsections (a) and (d)(2), the words "section 30101 of this title" are substituted for "the purposes of this chapter" as being more precise.

In subsection (a), the words "to a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter" are substituted for "In all standards for . . . established under subchapter I of this chapter . . . thereto" for consistency and because of the restatement.

In subsection (b)(1)(A) and (B), the word "suitable" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1)(C), the words "for a tire containing" are substituted for "unless the tire contains . . . in which case it shall also contain" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "allowing" is substituted for "which would permit" for consistency.

In subsection (b)(3), the word "actual" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(5)(A), the word "statement" is substituted for "recital" for clarity. The words "complies with" are substituted for "conforms to", the words "prescribed under this chapter" are substituted for "Federal", and the word "or" is substituted for "except that in lieu of such recital", for consistency.

In subsection (b)(5)(B), the word "appropriate" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "by order" are omitted as surplus. The words "a regrooved tire or a motor vehicle equipped with regrooved tires" are substituted for "any tire or motor vehicle equipped with any tire which has been regrooved" for consistency. The words "A person may not . . . unless authorized by the Secretary" are substituted for "No person shall" for clarity and consistency in the revised title. The word "introduce" is substituted for "introduction" after "or" to correct a mistake.

In subsection (e), the words "The Secretary shall prescribe through standards" are substituted for "within two years after September 9, 1966, the Secretary shall, through standards established under subchapter I of this chapter, prescribe by order, and publish in the Federal Register" in 15:1423 to eliminate unnecessary and executed words. The text of 15:1423 (2d sentence) is omitted as executed. The last sentence is substituted for 15:1425 to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (f), the words "In standards established under subchapter I of this chapter" and "fully" are omitted as surplus. The words "The vehicle shall be equipped" are added for clarity.

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178 redesignated subsecs. (d) to (f) as (a) to (c), respectively, and struck out former subsecs. (a) to (c), which related to labeling requirements, contents of label, and additional information that may be required, respectively.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24115, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1710, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) updates the standards pertaining to tire pressure monitoring systems to ensure that a tire pressure monitoring system that is installed in a new motor vehicle after the effective date of such updated standards cannot be overridden, reset, or recalibrated in such a way that the system will no longer detect when the inflation pressure in one or more of the vehicle's tires has fallen to or below a significantly underinflated pressure level; and

"(2) does not contain any provision that has the effect of prohibiting the availability of direct or indirect tire pressure monitoring systems that meet the requirements of the standards updated pursuant to paragraph (1).

"(b)

"(1) allows a manufacturer to install a tire pressure monitoring system that can be reset or recalibrated to accommodate—

"(A) the repositioning of tire sensor locations on vehicles with split inflation pressure recommendations;

"(B) tire rotation; or

"(C) replacement tires or wheels of a different size than the original equipment tires or wheels; and

"(2) to address the accommodations described in subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of paragraph (1), ensures that a tire pressure monitoring system that is reset or recalibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions would illuminate the low tire pressure warning telltale when a tire is significantly underinflated until the tire is no longer significantly underinflated.

"(c)

"(1) below the level at which the low tire pressure warning telltale must illuminate, consistent with the TPMS detection requirements contained in S4.2(a) of section 571.138 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, or any corresponding similar or successor regulation or ruling (as determined by the Secretary); and

"(2) in the case of a replacement wheel or tire, below the recommended cold inflation pressure of the wheel or tire manufacturer."

Pub. L. 106–414, §11, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1806, provided that, by 30 days after Nov. 1, 2000, the Secretary of Transportation would initiate a rulemaking proceeding to improve the labeling of tires required by this section to assist consumers in identifying tires that may be the subject of a decision or notice under section 30118 of this title and also provided the Secretary could authorize any additional action needed to inform the public of the importance of observing motor vehicle tire load limits and maintaining proper tire inflation levels, with the rulemaking completed by not later than June 1, 2002.

Pub. L. 106–414, §13, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1806, provided that, not later than 1 year after Nov. 1, 2000, the Secretary of Transportation would complete a rulemaking for a regulation, effective not later than 2 years after the date of the completion of such rulemaking, to require a warning system in new motor vehicles to indicate significantly underinflated tires.

A motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter may not require a manufacturer to comply with the standard by using a safety belt interlock designed to prevent starting or operating a motor vehicle if an occupant is not using a safety belt.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 957; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31202(a)(2), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 757.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30124 | 15:1410b. | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §125; added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §109, 88 Stat. 1482. |


The text of 15:1410b(a) and (c)–(e) is omitted as obsolete. The text of 15:1410b(b)(2) and (3) and (f)(2) and (3) is omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The words "After the effective date of the amendment prescribed under subsection (a) of this section" are omitted as executed. The words "prescribed under this chapter" are substituted for "Federal" for consistency in this chapter.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "A motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter may not require or allow a manufacturer to comply with the standard by using a safety belt interlock designed to prevent starting or operating a motor vehicle if an occupant is not using a safety belt or a buzzer designed to indicate a safety belt is not in use, except a buzzer that operates only during the 8-second period after the ignition is turned to the 'start' or 'on' position."

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1) "schoolbus" means a passenger motor vehicle designed to carry a driver and more than 10 passengers, that the Secretary of Transportation decides is likely to be used significantly to transport preprimary, primary, and secondary school students to or from school or an event related to school.

(2) "schoolbus equipment" means equipment designed primarily for a schoolbus or manufactured or sold to replace or improve a system, part, or component of a schoolbus or as an accessory or addition to a schoolbus.

(b)

(1) emergency exits;

(2) interior protection for occupants;

(3) floor strength;

(4) seating systems;

(5) crashworthiness of body and frame (including protection against rollover hazards);

(6) vehicle operating systems;

(7) windows and windshields; and

(8) fuel systems.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 957.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30125(a) | 15:1391(14), (15). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §102(14), (15); added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §201, 88 Stat. 1484. |

30125(b) | 15:1392(i)(1). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §103(i)(1), (2); added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §202, 88 Stat. 1484; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–346, §2, 90 Stat. 815. |

30125(c) | 15:1392(i)(2). | |

15:1397(a)(1)(F). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §108(a)(1)(F); added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §203, 88 Stat. 1485. |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "the purpose of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "any similar part or component" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the text of 15:1392(i)(1)(A) (1st sentence) and (B) (words before 2d comma) is omitted as executed. The word "prescribe" is substituted for "promulgate", and the word "Federal" is omitted, for consistency. The words "Such proposed standards" and "those aspects of performance set out in clauses (i) through (viii) of subparagraph (A) of this paragraph" are omitted because of the restatement. The word "requirements" is substituted for "standards" to avoid using "standards" in 2 different ways. The text of 15:1392(i)(1)(B) (last 6 words) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (c), the text of 15:1397(a)(1)(F) is omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

To ensure a continuing and effective national safety program, it is the policy of the United States Government to encourage and strengthen State inspection of used motor vehicles. Therefore, the Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe uniform motor vehicle safety standards applicable to all used motor vehicles. The standards shall be stated in terms of motor vehicle safety performance.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 958.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30126 | 15:1397(b)(1) (2d–last sentences). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §108(b)(1) (2d–last sentences), 80 Stat. 722. |


The words "In order" are omitted as surplus. The words "United States Government" are substituted for "Congress" for clarity and consistency in the revised title. The words "Therefore, the Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe uniform motor vehicle safety standards applicable to all used motor vehicles" are substituted for 15:1397(b)(1) (4th sentence) to eliminate unnecessary and executed words. The text of 15:1397(b)(1) (last sentence) is omitted as unnecessary because of 5:ch. 5, subch. II. The text of 15:1397(b)(1) (3d sentence) is omitted as executed.

(a)

(1) "bus" means a motor vehicle with motive power (except a trailer) designed to carry more than 10 individuals.

(2) "multipurpose passenger vehicle" means a motor vehicle with motive power (except a trailer), designed to carry not more than 10 individuals, that is constructed either on a truck chassis or with special features for occasional off-road operation.

(3) "passenger car" means a motor vehicle with motive power (except a multipurpose passenger vehicle, motorcycle, or trailer) designed to carry not more than 10 individuals.

(4) "truck" means a motor vehicle with motive power (except a trailer) designed primarily to transport property or special purpose equipment.

(b)

(A) 95 percent of each manufacturer's annual production of passenger cars manufactured after August 31, 1996, and before September 1, 1997.

(B) 80 percent of each manufacturer's annual production of buses, multipurpose passenger vehicles, and trucks (except walk-in van-type trucks and vehicles designed to be sold only to the United States Postal Service) with a gross vehicle weight rating of not more than 8,500 pounds and an unloaded vehicle weight of not more than 5,500 pounds manufactured after August 31, 1997, and before September 1, 1998.

(C) 100 percent of each manufacturer's annual production of passenger cars manufactured after August 31, 1997.

(D) 100 percent of each manufacturer's annual production of vehicles described in clause (B) of this paragraph manufactured after August 31, 1998.

(2) Manufacturers may not use credits and incentives available before September 1, 1998, under the provisions of Standard 208 (as amended by this section) to comply with the requirements of paragraph (1)(D) of this subsection after August 31, 1998.

(c)

(1) either or both of the front outboard seating positions of the vehicle are equipped with an inflatable restraint referred to as an "airbag" and a lap and shoulder belt;

(2) the "airbag" is a supplemental restraint and is not a substitute for lap and shoulder belts;

(3) lap and shoulder belts also must be used correctly by an occupant in a front outboard seating position to provide restraint or protection from frontal crashes as well as other types of crashes or accidents; and

(4) occupants should always wear their lap and shoulder belts, if available, or other safety belts, whether or not there is an inflatable restraint.

(d)

(e)

(2) The Secretary of Transportation may grant an exemption under paragraph (1) of this subsection if the Secretary finds that there has been a disruption in the supply of any component of an inflatable restraint or in the use and installation of that component by the manufacturer because of an unavoidable event not under the control of the manufacturer that will prevent the manufacturer from meeting its anticipated production volume of vehicles with those restraints.

(3) Only an affected manufacturer may apply for an exemption. The Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe in the amendment to Standard 208 required under this section the information an affected manufacturer must include in its application under this subsection. The manufacturer shall specify in the application the models, lines, and types of vehicles affected. The Secretary may consolidate similar applications from different manufacturers.

(4) An exemption or renewal of an exemption is conditioned on the commitment of the manufacturer to recall the exempted vehicles for installation of the omitted inflatable restraints within a reasonable time that the manufacturer proposes and the Secretary of Transportation approves after the components become available in sufficient quantities to satisfy both anticipated production and recall volume requirements.

(5) The Secretary of Transportation shall publish in the Federal Register a notice of each application under this subsection and each decision to grant or deny a temporary exemption and the reasons for the decision.

(6) The Secretary of Transportation shall require a label for each exempted vehicle that can be removed only after recall and installation of the required inflatable restraint. The Secretary shall require that written notice of the exemption be provided to the dealer and the first purchaser of each exempted vehicle other than for resale, with the notice being provided in a way, and containing the information, the Secretary considers appropriate.

(f)

(A) affecting another provision of law carried out by the Secretary of Transportation applicable to passenger cars, buses, multipurpose passenger vehicles, or trucks; or

(B) establishing a precedent related to developing or prescribing a Government motor vehicle safety standard.

(2) This section and amendments to Standard 208 made under this section may not be construed as indicating an intention by Congress to affect any liability of a motor vehicle manufacturer under applicable law related to vehicles with or without inflatable restraints.

(g)

(A) a combination of inflated restraints and lap and shoulder belts;

(B) inflated restraints only; and

(C) lap and shoulder belts only.

(2) In consultation with the Secretaries of Labor and Defense, the Secretary of Transportation also shall provide information and analysis on lap and shoulder belt use, nationally and in each State by—

(A) military personnel;

(B) Government, State, and local law enforcement officers;

(C) other Government and State employees; and

(D) the public.

(h)

(1) after September 30, 1994, for use by the Government be equipped, to the maximum extent practicable, with driver-side inflatable restraints; and

(2) after September 30, 1996, for use by the Government be equipped, to the maximum extent practicable, with inflatable restraints for both front outboard seating positions.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 958; Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7106(c), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 467.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30127(a) | 15:1392 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §2502(a), 105 Stat. 2081. |

30127(b) | 15:1392 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §2508(a)(1) (1st sentence), (b), 105 Stat. 2084, 2085. |

30127(c) | 15:1392 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §2508(a)(2), 105 Stat. 2085. |

30127(d) | 15:1392 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §2508(a)(3), 105 Stat. 2085. |

30127(e) | 15:1392 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §2508(c), 105 Stat. 2086. |

30127(f) | 15:1392 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §2508(a)(1) (last sentence), (d), 105 Stat. 2085, 2086. |

30127(g) | 15:1392 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §2508(e), 105 Stat. 2086. |

30127(h) | 15:1392 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §2508(f), 105 Stat. 2087. |


In subsection (a), the definitions are derived from section 2502(a) of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (Public Law 102–240, 105 Stat. 2081) and are restated because those definitions apply to the source provisions being restated in this section.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law or rule" and "(to the extent such Act is not in conflict with the provisions of this section)" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The words "The amendment shall require" are substituted for "The amendment promulgated under subsection (a) shall establish the following schedule" for clarity. The words "manufactured on or after the dates specified in the applicable schedule established by subsection (b)", "The amendment shall take effect", and "Subject to the provisions of subsection (c)" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The words "for both of the front outboard seating positions for each" are substituted for "for the front outboard designated seating positions of each" for clarity. In clause (B), the word "new" is omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The word "only" is substituted for "exclusively" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "after August 31, 1998" are substituted for "on and after such date" for clarity.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "In amending Standard 208, the Secretary of Transportation shall require" are substituted for "The amendment to such Standard 208 shall also require" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e)(3), the words "Only an affected manufacturer may apply for an exemption" are added for clarity. The words "consolidate similar applications from different manufacturers" are substituted for "consolidate applications of a similar nature of 1 or more manufacturers" for clarity.

In subsection (f)(1), before clause (A), the words "by the Secretary or any other person, including any court" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the word "affecting" is substituted for "altering or affecting" to eliminate an unnecessary word.

In subsection (f)(2), the words "by any person or court" are omitted as unnecessary. The word "affect" is substituted for "affect, change, or modify" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (g)(1), before clause (A), the words "and every 6 months after that date through" are substituted for "biannually . . . and continuing to" for clarity. The word "actual" is omitted as unnecessary. The word "expressed" is substituted for "defined" for clarity.

In subsection (g)(2)(C), the words "other Government and State employees" are substituted for "Federal and State employees other than law enforcement officers" for clarity and because of the restatement.

In subsection (h)(2), the words "for both front outboard seating positions" are substituted for "for both the driver and front seat outboard seating positions" for clarity and consistency in this section.

The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is Pub. L. 89–563, Sept. 9, 1966, 80 Stat. 718, which was classified generally to chapter 38 (§1381 et seq.) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and was substantially repealed by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, and reenacted by the first section thereof as this chapter.

**1998**—Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 105–178 substituted "annually" for "every 6 months" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title III, §23023, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 782, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) amends Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard Numbers 208, 209, and 210 to require to be installed in limousines on each designated seating position, including on side-facing seats—

"(i) an occupant restraint system consisting of integrated lap-shoulder belts; or

"(ii) an occupant restraint system consisting of a lap belt, if an occupant restraint system described in clause (i) does not meet the need for motor vehicle safety; and

"(B) amends Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard Number 207 to require limousines to meet standards for seats (including side-facing seats), seat attachment assemblies, and seat installation to minimize the possibility of failure by forces acting on the seats, attachment assemblies, and installations as a result of motor vehicle impact.

"(2)

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24407, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1726, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) The type or types of child restraint systems in use during the crash in any vehicle involved in the crash, including whether a five-point harness or belt-positioning booster. [sic]

"(2) If a five-point harness child restraint system was in use during the crash, whether the child restraint system was forward-facing or rear-facing in the vehicle concerned.

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31501, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 773, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31502, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 774, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and

"(B) the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31503, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 774, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and

"(B) the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31505, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 775, provided that: "If the Secretary [of Transportation] determines that any deadline for issuing a final rule under this Act [probably should be "this title", see Tables for classification] cannot be met, the Secretary shall—

"(1) provide the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives with an explanation for why such deadline cannot be met; and

"(2) establish a new deadline for that rule."

Pub. L. 107–318, Dec. 4, 2002, 116 Stat. 2772, provided that:

"This Act may be cited as 'Anton's Law'.

"Congress finds the following:

"(1) It is the policy of the Department of Transportation that all child occupants of motor vehicles, regardless of seating position, be appropriately restrained in order to reduce the incidence of injuries and fatalities resulting from motor vehicle crashes on the streets, roads, and highways.

"(2) Research has shown that very few children between the ages of 4 to 8 years old are in the appropriate restraint for their age when riding in passenger motor vehicles.

"(3) Children who have outgrown their child safety seats should ride in a belt-positioning booster seat until an adult seat belt fits properly.

"(4) Children who were properly restrained when riding in passenger motor vehicles suffered less severe injuries from accidents than children not properly restrained.

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) consider whether to include injury performance criteria for child restraints, including booster seats and other products for use in passenger motor vehicles for the restraint of children weighing more than 50 pounds, under the requirements established in the rulemaking proceeding;

"(2) consider whether to establish performance requirements for seat belt fit when used with booster seats and other belt guidance devices;

"(3) consider whether to address situations where children weighing more than 50 pounds only have access to seating positions with lap belts, such as allowing tethered child restraints for such children; and

"(4) review the definition of the term 'booster seat' in Federal motor vehicle safety standard No. 213 under section 571.213 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, to determine if it is sufficiently comprehensive.

"(c)

"(a)

"(b)

"(a)

"(1) require a lap and shoulder belt assembly for each rear designated seating position in a passenger motor vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or less, except that if the Secretary determines that installation of a lap and shoulder belt assembly is not practicable for a particular designated seating position in a particular type of passenger motor vehicle, the Secretary may exclude the designated seating position from the requirement; and

"(2) apply that requirement to passenger motor vehicles in phases in accordance with subsection (b).

"(b)

"(a)

"(1) the safety of the child restraint and correctness of fit for the child;

"(2) the availability of testing data on the system and vehicle in which the child restraint will be used;

"(3) the compatibility of the child restraint with different makes and models;

"(4) the cost-effectiveness of mass production of the child restraint for consumers;

"(5) the ease of use and relative availability of the child restraint to children riding in motor vehicles; and

"(6) the benefits of built-in seats for improving compliance with State child occupant restraint laws.

"(b)

"As used in this Act, the following definitions apply:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(a)

"(1) the evaluation required by section 6 of this Act; and

"(2) research of the nature and causes of injury to children involved in motor vehicle crashes.

"(b)

Pub. L. 106–414, §14, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1806, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) whether to require more comprehensive tests for child restraints than the current Federal motor vehicle safety standards requires, including the use of dynamic tests that—

"(A) replicate an array of crash conditions, such as side-impact crashes and rear-impact crashes; and

"(B) reflect the designs of passenger motor vehicles as of the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 1, 2000];

"(2) whether to require the use of anthropomorphic test devices that—

"(A) represent a greater range of sizes of children including the need to require the use of an anthropomorphic test device that is representative of a ten-year-old child; and

"(B) are Hybrid III anthropomorphic test devices;

"(3) whether to require improved protection from head injuries in side-impact and rear-impact crashes;

"(4) how to provide consumer information on the physical compatibility of child restraints and vehicle seats on a model-by-model basis;

"(5) whether to prescribe clearer and simpler labels and instructions required to be placed on child restraints;

"(6) whether to amend Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 213 (49 CFR 571.213) to cover restraints for children weighing up to 80 pounds;

"(7) whether to establish booster seat performance and structural integrity requirements to be dynamically tested in 3-point lap and shoulder belts;

"(8) whether to apply scaled injury criteria performance levels, including neck injury, developed for Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208 to child restraints and booster seats covered by in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 213; and

"(9) whether to include child restraint in each vehicle crash tested under the New Car Assessment Program.

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(g)

"(h)

"(i)

Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7103, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 465, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(A) so certified in advance of the phase-in period; or

"(B) in excess of the percentage requirements during the phase-in period.

"(b)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(d)

(e)

(1) notify the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce and explain why that deadline cannot be met; and

(2) establish a new deadline.

(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title X, §10301(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1939.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

Section 10301(a) of Pub. L. 109–59, which directed that this section be added at the end of subchapter II of chapter 301, without specifying the title to be amended, was executed by adding this section at the end of subchapter II of this chapter, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

(a)

(1) to establish minimum performance standards with respect to crash avoidance technology; and

(2) to require that all passenger motor vehicles manufactured for sale in the United States on or after the compliance date described in subsection (b) shall be equipped with—

(A) a forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking system that—

(i) alerts the driver if—

(I) the distance to a vehicle ahead or an object in the path of travel ahead is closing too quickly; and

(II) a collision is imminent; and

(ii) automatically applies the brakes if the driver fails to do so; and

(B) a lane departure warning and lane-keeping assist system that—

(i) warns the driver to maintain the lane of travel; and

(ii) corrects the course of travel if the driver fails to do so.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24208(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 823.)

(a)

(1) on the initiative of the Secretary of Transportation or on petition of a manufacturer or importer registered under subsection (c) of this section, the Secretary decides—

(A) the vehicle is—

(i) substantially similar to a motor vehicle originally manufactured for import into and sale in the United States;

(ii) certified under section 30115 of this title;

(iii) the same model year (as defined under regulations of the Secretary of Transportation) as the model of the motor vehicle it is being compared to; and

(iv) capable of being readily altered to comply with applicable motor vehicle safety standards prescribed under this chapter; or

(B) if there is no substantially similar United States motor vehicle, the safety features of the vehicle comply with or are capable of being altered to comply with those standards based on destructive test information or other evidence the Secretary of Transportation decides is adequate;

(2) the vehicle is imported by a registered importer; and

(3) the registered importer pays the annual fee the Secretary of Transportation establishes under subsection (e) of this section to pay for the costs of carrying out the registration program for importers under subsection (c) of this section and any other fees the Secretary of Transportation establishes to pay for the costs of—

(A) processing bonds provided to the Secretary of the Treasury under subsection (d) of this section; and

(B) making the decisions under this subchapter.

(b)

(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall publish each year in the Federal Register a list of all decisions made under subsection (a)(1) of this section. Each published decision applies to the model of the motor vehicle for which the decision was made. A positive decision permits another importer registered under subsection (c) of this section to import a vehicle of the same model under this section if the importer complies with all the terms of the decision.

(c)

(A) recordkeeping requirements;

(B) inspection of records and facilities related to motor vehicles the person has imported, altered, or both; and

(C) requirements that ensure that the importer (or a successor in interest) will be able technically and financially to carry out responsibilities under sections 30117(b), 30118–30121, and 30166(f) of this title.

(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall deny registration to a person whose registration is revoked under paragraph (4) of this subsection.

(3) The Secretary of Transportation may deny registration to a person that is or was owned or controlled by, or under common ownership or control with, a person whose registration was revoked under paragraph (4) of this subsection.

(4) The Secretary of Transportation shall establish procedures for—

(A) revoking or suspending a registration issued under paragraph (1) of this subsection for not complying with a requirement of this subchapter or any of sections 30112, 30115, 30117–30122, 30125(c), 30127, or 30166 of this title or regulations prescribed under this subchapter or any of those sections;

(B) automatically suspending a registration for not paying a fee under subsection (a)(3) of this section in a timely manner or for knowingly filing a false or misleading certification under section 30146 of this title; and

(C) reinstating suspended registrations.

(d)

(A) will comply with applicable motor vehicle safety standards prescribed under this chapter within a reasonable time (specified by the Secretary of Transportation) after the vehicle is imported; or

(B) will be exported (at no cost to the United States Government) by the Secretary of the Treasury or abandoned to the Government.

(2) The amount of the bond provided under this subsection shall be at least equal to the dutiable value of the motor vehicle (as determined by the Secretary of the Treasury) but not more than 150 percent of that value.

(e)

(1) in carrying out this section and sections 30146(a)–(c)(1), (d), and (e) and 30147(b) of this title; and

(2) in advancing to the Secretary of the Treasury amounts for costs incurred under this section and section 30146 of this title to reimburse the Secretary of the Treasury for those costs.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 960; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(23), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4380.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30141(a) | 15:1397(c)(3)(A), (C)(i). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §108(c)(2), (3)(A)–(D); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–562, §2(b), 102 Stat. 2818. |

30141(b) | 15:1397(c)(3)(C) (ii)–(iv). | |

30141(c) | 15:1397(c)(3)(D). | |

30141(d) | 15:1397(c)(2). | |

30141(e) | 15:1397(c)(3)(B). |


In subsection (a)(1)(A)(iv), the words "prescribed under this chapter" are substituted for "Federal" for consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (a)(3), before clause (A), the words "any other fees" are substituted for "such other annual fee or fees" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the words "this subchapter" are substituted for "this section" for clarity. See H. Rept. No. 100–431, 100th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 19 (1987).

In subsection (b)(1), the words "procedures for making a decision under subsection (a)(1) of this section" are substituted for "procedures for considering such petitions" and "procedures for determinations made on the Secretary's initiative" because of the restatement. The words "(whether or not confidential)" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

In subsection (b)(2), the word "permits" is substituted for "shall be sufficient authority" for clarity. The word "conditions" is omitted as being included in "terms".

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "under this subsection" are added for clarity. The word "including" is substituted for "include, as a minimum" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the words "(relating to discovery, notification, and remedy of defects)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "directly or indirectly" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the word "conditions" is omitted as being included in "terms".

This amends 49:30141(c)(4)(A) and 30165(a) to correct erroneous cross-references.

**1994**—Subsec. (c)(4)(A). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "any of sections 30112" for "section 30112" and inserted "any of" before "those sections".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(1) the vehicle is imported for personal use, and not for resale, by an individual (except an individual described in sections 30143 and 30144 of this title);

(2) the vehicle is imported after January 31, 1990; and

(3) the individual takes the actions required under subsection (b) of this section to receive an exemption.

(b)

(A) provide the Secretary of the Treasury (acting for the Secretary of Transportation) with—

(i) an appropriate bond in an amount determined under section 30141(d) of this title;

(ii) a copy of an agreement with an importer registered under section 30141(c) of this title for bringing the motor vehicle into compliance with applicable motor vehicle safety standards prescribed under this chapter; and

(iii) a certification that the vehicle meets the requirement of section 30141(a)(1)(A) or (B) of this title; and

(B) comply with appropriate terms the Secretary of Transportation imposes to ensure that the vehicle—

(i) will be brought into compliance with those standards within a reasonable time (specified by the Secretary of Transportation) after the vehicle is imported; or

(ii) will be exported (at no cost to the United States Government) by the Secretary of the Treasury or abandoned to the Government.

(2) For good cause shown, the Secretary of Transportation may allow an individual additional time, but not more than 30 days after the day on which the motor vehicle is offered for import, to comply with paragraph (1)(A)(ii) of this subsection.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 962.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30142(a) | 15:1397(f)(1). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §108(f); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–562, §2(b), 102 Stat. 2822. |

30142(b) | 15:1397(f)(2). |


In subsection (a)(2), the words "after January 31, 1990" are substituted for "after the effective date of the regulations initially issued to implement the amendments made to this section by the Imported Vehicle Safety Compliance Act of 1988" for clarity. See 49 C.F.R. part 591.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "the individual takes the actions required under subsection (b) of this section" are substituted for "if that individual takes the actions required by paragraph (2)" for clarity and because of the restatement.

In subsection (b)(1), the word "compliance" is substituted for "conformity" for consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (b)(1)(B), before subclause (i), the word "conditions" is omitted as being included in "terms".

(a)

(1) the principal location at which an individual is permanently or indefinitely assigned to work; and

(2) for a member of the uniformed services, the individual's permanent duty station.

(b)

(1) whose assigned place of employment was outside the United States as of October 31, 1988, and who has not had an assigned place of employment in the United States from that date through the date the vehicle is imported into the United States;

(2) who previously had not imported a motor vehicle into the United States under this section or section 108(g) of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 or, before October 31, 1988, under section 108(b)(3) of that Act;

(3) who acquired, or made a binding contract to acquire, the vehicle before October 31, 1988;

(4) who imported the vehicle into the United States not later than October 31, 1992; and

(5) who satisfies section 108(b)(3) of that Act as in effect on October 30, 1988.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 963.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30143(a) | 15:1397(g) (3d, last sentences). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §108(g); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–562, §2(b), 102 Stat. 2823. |

30143(b), (c) | 15:1397(g) (1st, 2d sentences). |


In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "(including a member of the uniformed services)" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. In clause (1), the words "from that date through the date the vehicle is imported into the United States" are substituted for "that date and the date of entry of such motor vehicle" for clarity and consistency in this chapter. In clause (2), the words "under this section or section 108(g) of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966" are substituted for "this subsection" to preserve the exemption for motor vehicles imported under the source provisions between October 30, 1988, and the effective date of this restatement. In clause (4), the word "imports" is substituted for "enters" for clarity and consistency in this chapter. In clause (5) the word "satisfies" is substituted for "meets the terms, conditions, and other requirements . . . under" to eliminate unnecessary words.

Subsections (b)(3) and (g) of section 108 of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), (5), are subsecs. (b)(3) and (g) of section 108 of Pub. L. 89–563, which were classified to subsecs. (b)(3) and (g), respectively, of section 1397 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, were repealed and reenacted in sections 30112(b)(1)–(3) and 30143, respectively, of this title by Pub. L. 103–272, §§1(e), 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 945, 963, 1379.

(a)

(1)(A) the personnel of the government of a foreign country on assignment in the United States or a member of the Secretariat of a public international organization designated under the International Organizations Immunities Act (22 U.S.C. 288 et seq.); and

(B) the class of individuals for whom the Secretary of State has authorized free importation of motor vehicles; or

(2) the armed forces of a foreign country on assignment in the United States.

(b)

(1) resides in the United States; and

(2) is a member described under subsection (a) of this section.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 964; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(57), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3394.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30144(a) | 15:1397(h) (1st sentence). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §108(h); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–562, §2(b), 102 Stat. 2823. |

30144(b) | 15:1397(h) (2d, 3d sentences). | |

30144(c) | 15:1397(h) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a)(1)(B), the word "importation" is substituted for "entry" for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "that an individual is a member described under subsection (a) of this section" are substituted for "such status" for clarity. The word "imported" is substituted for "entered" for clarity and consistency in this chapter. In clause (2), the words "a member described under subsection (a) of this section" are substituted for "hold such status" for clarity.

This amends 49:30144(a)(1)(A) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

The International Organizations Immunities Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(A), is title I of act Dec. 29, 1945, ch. 652, 59 Stat. 669, which is classified principally to subchapter XVIII (§288 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 288 of Title 22 and Tables.

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "International Organizations" for "International Organization".

Section 30112(a) of this title does not apply to a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment if the vehicle or equipment—

(1) requires further manufacturing to perform its intended function as decided under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation; and

(2) is accompanied at the time of importation by a written statement issued by the manufacturer indicating the applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter with which it does not comply.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 964.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30145 | 15:1397(e). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §108(e); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–562, §2(b), 102 Stat. 2822. |


In clause (2), the word "importation" is substituted for "entry" for clarity and consistency in this chapter. The words "of the incomplete motor vehicle or item of equipment" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The words "prescribed under this chapter" are substituted for "Federal" for consistency in this chapter.

(a)

(2) The Secretaries of Transportation and the Treasury shall prescribe regulations—

(A) ensuring the release of a motor vehicle and bond required under section 30141(d) of this title at the end of the 30-day period, unless the Secretary of Transportation issues a notice of an inspection under subsection (c) of this section; and

(B) providing that the Secretary of Transportation shall release the vehicle and bond promptly after an inspection under subsection (c) of this section showing compliance with the standards applicable to the vehicle.

(3) Each registered importer shall include on each motor vehicle released under this subsection a label prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation identifying the importer and stating that the vehicle has been altered by the importer to comply with the standards applicable to the vehicle.

(b)

(c)

(A) an inspection showing the motor vehicle complies with applicable motor vehicle safety standards prescribed under this chapter for which the inspection was made; and

(B) release of the vehicle by the Secretary.

(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall inspect periodically a representative number of motor vehicles for which certifications have been filed under subsection (a)(1) of this section. In carrying out a motor vehicle testing program under this chapter, the Secretary shall include a representative number of motor vehicles for which certifications have been filed under subsection (a)(1).

(d) 1 The vehicle and bond may be released only after the Secretary is satisfied with the certification and any modification of the certification.

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 964.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30146(a) | 15:1397(c)(3)(E)(i) (1st, 3d, last sentences), (vii). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §108(c)(3)(E); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–562, §2(b), 102 Stat. 2820. |

30146(b) | 15:1397(c)(3)(E)(ii). | |

30146(c) | 15:1397(c)(3)(E)(i) (2d sentence), (iii), (iv). | |

30146(d) | 15:1397(c)(3)(E)(vi). | |

30146(e) | 15:1397(c)(3)(E)(v). |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "Except as provided in subsections (c) and (d) of this section" are added because of the restatement.

In subsection (a)(2)(B), the words "showing compliance with the standards" are substituted for "showing no such failure to comply" for clarity.

1 So in original. Probably should be "misrepresentation."

(a)

(A) for a defect or noncompliance with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter for a motor vehicle originally manufactured for import into the United States, an imported motor vehicle having a valid certification under section 30146(a)(1) of this title and decided to be substantially similar to that motor vehicle shall be deemed as having the same defect or as not complying with the same standard unless the manufacturer or importer registered under section 30141(c) of this title demonstrates otherwise to the Secretary of Transportation; and

(B) the registered importer shall be deemed to be the manufacturer of any motor vehicle that the importer imports or brings into compliance with the standards for an individual under section 30142 of this title.

(2) The Secretary shall publish in the Federal Register notice of any defect or noncompliance under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 966.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30147(a) | 15:1397(d)(1). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §108(d); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–562, §2(b), 102 Stat. 2821. |

30147(b) | 15:1397(d)(2). |


In this section, the words "(relating to discovery, notification, and remedy of motor vehicle defects)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(1)(A), the words "for a motor vehicle" are substituted for "in, or regarding, any motor vehicle" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(1)(B), the word "compliance" is substituted for "conformity" for consistency in this chapter.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(2) The Secretary may modify findings of fact or make new findings because of the additional evidence presented. The Secretary shall file a modified or new finding, a recommendation to modify or set aside the order, and the additional evidence with the court.

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 966.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30161(a) | 15:1394(a)(1) (1st sentence), (3). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §105(a)(1)–(5), (b), 80 Stat. 720, 721. |

30161(b) | 15:1394(a)(1) (2d, last sentences). | |

30161(c) | 15:1394(a)(2). | |

30161(d) | 15:1394(b). | |

30161(e) | 15:1394(a)(4), (5). |


In subsection (a), the words "In a case of actual controversy as to the validity of" and "who will be . . . when it is effective" are omitted as surplus. The words "an order prescribing a motor vehicle safety standard under this chapter" are substituted for "any order under section 1392 of this title" for consistency. The words "apply for review" are added for clarity. The words "The petition must be filed" are substituted for "at any time" for clarity. The text of 15:1394(a)(3) is omitted as surplus because 5:ch. 7 applies unless otherwise stated.

In subsection (b), the words "or other officer designated by him for that purpose" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(b). The words "in which the order was prescribed" are substituted for "on which the Secretary based his order" for consistency. The words "as provided in section 2112 of title 28" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "in such manner and upon such terms and conditions as to the court may seem proper" are omitted as surplus. The words "is satisfied" are substituted for "shows to the satisfaction of" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "and to be adduced upon the hearing" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "with the court" are substituted for "the return of" for clarity.

In subsection (d), the words "thereof" and "criminal, exclusion of imports, or other" are omitted as surplus. The words "under this section" are substituted for "with respect to the order" for clarity. The word "previously" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the words "under this section is final and may be reviewed only" are substituted for "affirming or setting aside, in whole or in part, any such order of the Secretary shall be final, subject to review" to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 15:1394(a)(5) is omitted because of rule 43 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.).

(a)

(1) to prescribe a motor vehicle safety standard under this chapter; or

(2) to decide whether to issue an order under section 30118(b) of this title.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 967; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24206, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 822.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30162(a) | 15:1410a(a). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §124(a)–(d); added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §106, 88 Stat. 1481. |

30162(b) | 15:1410a(b). | |

30162(c) | 15:1410a(c). | |

30162(d) | 15:1410a(d). |


Subsection (a)(1) is substituted for "the issuance of an order pursuant to section 1392 of this title" for clarity and because of the restatement.

In subsection (b), the words "a motor vehicle safety standard" are added because of the restatement. The words "referred to in subsection (a) of this section" are added for clarity. The words "of the substance" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "as he deems appropriate in order" and "or not" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "described in subsection (b) of this section", "either", and "requested in the petition" are omitted as surplus.

**2021**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–58, §24206(1), substituted "A petition under this section" for "The petition".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–58, §24206(2), substituted "a petition under this section" for "the petition".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–58, §24206(3), designated first to third sentences of existing provisions as pars. (1) to (3), respectively, and inserted headings.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §24206(3)(C), substituted "The Secretary shall determine whether to approve or deny a petition under this section by" for "The Secretary shall grant or deny a petition".

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 117–58, §24206(3)(B), substituted "If a petition under this section is approved" for "If a petition is granted".

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 117–58, §24206(3)(A), substituted "If a petition under this section" for "If a petition".

(a)

(1) a violation of this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter; and

(2) the sale, offer for sale, or introduction or delivery for introduction, in interstate commerce, or the importation into the United States, of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment for which it is decided, before the first purchase in good faith other than for resale, that the vehicle or equipment—

(A) contains a defect related to motor vehicle safety about which notice was given under section 30118(c) of this title or an order was issued under section 30118(b) of this title; or

(B) does not comply with an applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 967.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30163(a) | 15:1399(a) (1st sentence). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §110(a), (c), 80 Stat. 723, 724; Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §§102(b)(2), 103(c), 88 Stat. 1477, 1478. |

15:1424(b) (related to injunctions). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §204(b) (related to injunctions), 80 Stat. 729. | |

30163(b) | 15:1399(a) (2d, last sentences). | |

30163(c) | 15:1399(c). | |

30163(d) | 15:1399(b). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §110(b), (d) (related to §110), 80 Stat. 723, 724. |

30163(e) | 15:1399(d) (related to 15:1399). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the text of 15:1424(b) (related to injunctions) is omitted because of the restatement. The words "The Attorney General may bring a civil action" are substituted for "upon petition by . . . the Attorney General" for consistency. The words "the appropriate United States attorney or . . . on behalf of the United States" are omitted as surplus. The words "for cause shown and subject to the provisions of rule 65(a) and (b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter" are substituted for "(or rules, regulations or orders thereunder)" for clarity and consistency and because "rule" and "regulation" are synonymous. In clause (2), before subclause (A), the words "that the vehicle or equipment" are added for clarity. The words "of such vehicle" and "purposes" are omitted as surplus. In subclause (B), the words "does not comply with" are substituted for "is determined . . . not to conform to" for clarity and consistency.

In subsections (b), (c), and (e), the word "civil" is added because of rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.).

In subsection (b), the words "comply with the applicable motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter" are substituted for "achieve compliance", and the words "a court" are added, for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "any act or transaction constituting the" are omitted as surplus. The word "resides" is substituted for "is an inhabitant" for consistency in the revised title. The words "the action" are substituted for "such cases" for consistency.

In subsection (d), the words "the defendant may demand a jury trial" are substituted for "trial shall be by the court, or, upon demand of the accused, by a jury" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (e), the words "who are required to attend a United States district court" are omitted as surplus. The words "be served in" are substituted for "run into" for clarity.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1) the product by name and the manufacturer's address; and

(2) each retailer or distributor to which the manufacturer directly supplied motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment over which the Secretary has jurisdiction under this chapter.

(d)

(1) condition the import of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment on the manufacturer's compliance with—

(A) the requirements under this section;

(B) paragraph (1) or (3) of section 30112(a) with respect to such motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment;

(C) the provision of reports and records required to be maintained with respect to such motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment under this chapter;

(D) a request for inspection of premises, vehicle, or equipment under section 30166;

(E) an order or voluntary agreement to remedy such vehicle or equipment; or

(F) any rules implementing the requirements described in this subsection;

(2) provide an opportunity for the manufacturer to present information before the Secretary's determination as to whether the manufacturer's imports should be restricted; and

(3) establish a process by which a manufacturer may petition for reinstatement of its ability to import motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment.

(e)

(1) have imported motor vehicles into the United States that are certified to comply with all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards;

(2) have submitted to the Secretary appropriate manufacturer identification information under part 566 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; and

(3) if applicable, have identified a current agent for service of process in accordance with part 551 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations.

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 968; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31208(2), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 761.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30164(a) | 15:1399(e) (1st sentence). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §110(e), 80 Stat. 724. |

30164(b) | 15:1399(e) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), the words "A manufacturer offering . . . shall" are substituted for "It shall be the duty of every manufacturer offering . . . to" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "into the United States", "all . . . orders, decisions and requirements", and "for and on behalf of said manufacturer" are omitted as surplus. The words "The designation may be changed in the same way as originally made" are substituted for "which designation may from time to time be changed by like writing, similarly filed" for clarity.

In subsection (b), the words "An agent may be served" are substituted for "Service of all administrative and judicial processes, notices, orders, decisions and requirements may be made upon said manufacturer by service upon such designated agent" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "Service on the agent is deemed to be service on the manufacturer" are substituted for "with like effects as if made personally upon said manufacturer", and the words "If a manufacturer does not designate an agent" are substituted for "and in default of such designation of such agent", for clarity. The words "of process, notice, order, requirement or decision in any proceeding before the Secretary or in any judicial proceeding for enforcement of this subchapter or any standards prescribed pursuant to this subchapter" and "order, requirement or decision" are omitted as surplus.

The date of enactment of the Motor Vehicle and Highway Safety Improvement Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (e), is the date of enactment of title I of div. C of Pub. L. 112–141, which was approved July 6, 2012.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, §31208(2)(A), inserted "; conditions on importation of vehicles and equipment" after "process" in section catchline.

Subsecs. (c) to (f). Pub. L. 112–141, §31208(2)(B), added subsecs. (c) to (f).

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) the manufacture, sale, offer for sale, introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce, or importation of a school bus or school bus equipment (as those terms are defined in section 30125(a) of this title) in violation of section 30112(a)(1) of this title; or

(ii) a violation of section 30112(a)(2) of this title.

(B)

(3)

(4)

(b)

(2) The Government may deduct the amount of a civil penalty imposed or compromised under this section from amounts it owes the person liable for the penalty.

(c)

(1) the nature of the defect or noncompliance;

(2) knowledge by the person charged of its obligations under this chapter;

(3) the severity of the risk of injury;

(4) the occurrence or absence of injury;

(5) the number of motor vehicles or items of motor vehicle equipment distributed with the defect or noncompliance;

(6) actions taken by the person charged to identify, investigate, or mitigate the condition;

(7) the appropriateness of such penalty in relation to the size of the business of the person charged, including the potential for undue adverse economic impacts;

(8) whether the person has been assessed civil penalties under this section during the most recent 5 years; and

(9) other appropriate factors.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 968; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(23), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4380; Pub. L. 106–414, §5(a), Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1803; Pub. L. 109–59, title X, §10309(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1942; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §§31203(a), 31304(b), title II, §32301(c), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 758, 764, 788; Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24110(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1709.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30165(a) | 15:1398(a). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §109(a), 80 Stat. 723; Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §103(b), 88 Stat. 1478. |

15:1424(b) (related to civil penalty). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §§109(b), 110(d) (related to §109), 204(b) (related to civil penalty), 80 Stat. 723, 724, 729. | |

30165(b) | 15:1398(b) (1st, last sentences). | |

30165(c) | 15:1398(b) (2d sentence). | |

30165(d) | 15:1399(d) (related to 15:1398). |


In subsection (a), the text of 15:1424(b) (related to civil penalty) is omitted because of the restatement. The words "is liable to the United States Government for" are substituted for "shall be subject to" for consistency. The words "A separate violation occurs for" are substituted for "Such violation of a provision of section 1397 of this title, or regulations issued thereunder, shall constitute a separate violation with respect to" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "amount of a civil penalty imposed or compromised" are substituted for "amount of such penalty, when finally determined, or the amount agreed upon in compromise" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d), the words "who are required to attend a United States district court" are omitted as surplus. The words "be served in" are substituted for "run into" for clarity.

This amends 49:30141(c)(4)(A) and 30165(a) to correct erroneous cross-references.

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §24110(a)(1), substituted "$21,000" for "$5,000" and "$105,000,000" for "$35,000,000".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 114–94, §24110(a)(2), substituted "$21,000" for "$5,000" and "$105,000,000" for "$35,000,000".

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §32301(c), substituted "30141 through 30147, or 31137" for "or 30141 through 30147".

Pub. L. 112–141, §31203(a)(1)(A), substituted "30123(a)" for "30123(d)" and "$35,000,000" for "$15,000,000".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 112–141, §31304(b)(1), substituted "Except as provided in paragraph (4), a person" for "A person".

Pub. L. 112–141, §31203(a)(1)(B), substituted "$35,000,000" for "$15,000,000".

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 112–141, §31304(b)(2), added par. (4).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–141, §31203(a)(2), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "In determining the amount of a civil penalty or compromise, the appropriateness of the penalty or compromise to the size of the business of the person charged and the gravity of the violation shall be considered."

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 109–59, which directed amendment of section 30165(a), without specifying the title to be amended, by adding par. (2) and redesignating former par. (2) as (3), was executed to this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2000**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–414 amended heading and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "A person that violates any of sections 30112, 30115, 30117–30122, 30123(d), 30125(c), 30127, 30141–30147, or 30166 of this title or a regulation prescribed under any of those sections is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more than $1,000 for each violation. A separate violation occurs for each motor vehicle or item of motor vehicle equipment and for each failure or refusal to allow or perform an act required by any of those sections. The maximum penalty under this subsection for a related series of violations is $800,000."

**1994**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "any of sections 30112" for "section 30112" and inserted "any of" before "those sections" in two places.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24110(b), (c), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1709, provided that:

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31203(c), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 758, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date that is the earlier of the date on which final regulations are issued under subsection (b) [set out as a note below] or 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways]."

Amendment by sections 31304(b) and 32301(c) of Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31203(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 758, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall issue a final rule, in accordance with the procedures of section 553 of title 5, United States Code, which provides an interpretation of the penalty factors described in section 30165(c) of title 49, United States Code."

(a)

(b)

(A) that may be necessary to enforce this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter; or

(B) related to a motor vehicle accident and designed to carry out this chapter.

(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall cooperate with State and local officials to the greatest extent possible in an inspection or investigation under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection.

(c)

(1) at reasonable times, may inspect and copy any record related to this chapter;

(2) on request, may inspect records of a manufacturer, distributor, dealer, or rental company to decide whether the manufacturer, distributor, dealer, or rental company has complied or is complying with this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter;

(3) at reasonable times, in a reasonable way, and on display of proper credentials and written notice to an owner, operator, or agent in charge, may—

(A) enter and inspect with reasonable promptness premises in which a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment is manufactured, held for introduction in interstate commerce (including at United States ports of entry), or held for sale after introduction in interstate commerce;

(B) enter and inspect with reasonable promptness premises at which a vehicle or equipment involved in a motor vehicle accident is located;

(C) inspect with reasonable promptness that vehicle or equipment; and

(D) impound for not more than 72 hours a vehicle or equipment involved in a motor vehicle accident;

(4) shall enter into a memorandum of understanding with the Secretary of Homeland Security for inspections and sampling of motor vehicle equipment being offered for import to determine compliance with this chapter or a regulation or order issued under this chapter.

(d)

(e) 1 dealer, or rental company in addition to those imposed under subsection (f) of this section and section 30117(b) of this title or a regulation prescribed or order issued under subsection (f) or section 30117(b).

(f)

(1)

(2)

(A) identifies the make, model, and model year of the affected vehicles;

(B) includes a concise summary of the subject matter of the communication; and

(C) shall be made available by the Secretary to the public on the Internet in a searchable format.

(g)

(A) require, by general or special order, any person to file reports or answers to specific questions, including reports or answers under oath; and

(B) conduct hearings, administer oaths, take testimony, and require (by subpena or otherwise) the appearance and testimony of witnesses and the production of records the Secretary considers advisable.

(2) A witness summoned under this subsection is entitled to the same fee and mileage the witness would have been paid in a court of the United States.

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(m)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A)

(i) data on claims submitted to the manufacturer for serious injuries (including death) and aggregate statistical data on property damage from alleged defects in a motor vehicle or in motor vehicle equipment; or

(ii) customer satisfaction campaigns, consumer advisories, recalls, or other activity involving the repair or replacement of motor vehicles or items of motor vehicle equipment.

(B)

(C)

(D)

(4)

(A)

(i) how such information will be reviewed and utilized to assist in the identification of defects related to motor vehicle safety;

(ii) the systems and processes the Secretary will employ or establish to review and utilize such information; and

(iii) the manner and form of reporting such information, including in electronic form.

(B)

(C)

(D)

(5)

(n)

(1)

(2)

(A) the defect or noncompliance of the tire is remedied as required by section 30120; or

(B) notification of the defect or noncompliance is required under section 30118(b) but enforcement of the order is restrained or the order is set aside in a civil action to which section 30121(d) applies.

(o)

(1)

(A) the signing official has reviewed the submission; and

(B) based on the official's knowledge, the submission does not—

(i) contain any untrue statement of a material fact; or

(ii) omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made not misleading, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made.

(2)

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 969; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(24), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4380; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(j), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 947; Pub. L. 104–287, §6(f)(3), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3399; Pub. L. 106–414, §3(a)–(c), Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1800–1802; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §§31209, 31303(a), 31304(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 762, 764; Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §§24109(e), 24112, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1707, 1709; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24216(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 830.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30166(a) | 15:1397(a)(1)(B), (E) (as 1397(a)(1)(B), (E) relates to 15:1401(a)(3)(B)). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §108(a)(1)(B) (related to §112(a)–(c)), (D) (related to §158(a)(1)), (E) (related to §112(a)–(c)), 80 Stat. 722; Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §103(a)(1)(A), (2), (3), 88 Stat. 1477, 1478. |

15:1401(a)(3)(B). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §112(a)–(c), 80 Stat. 725; restated Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §104(a), 88 Stat. 1478. | |

30166(b) | 15:1397(a)(1)(B), (E) (as 1397(a)(1)(B), (E) relates to 15:1401(a)(1) (1st, last sentences)). | |

15:1401(a)(1) (1st, last sentences). | ||

30166(c) | 15:1397(a)(1)(B), (E) (as 1397(a)(1)(B), (E) relates to 15:1401(a)(2), (b) (1st sentence 61st–last words), (c)(2)). | |

15:1401(a)(2), (b) (1st sentence 61st–last words), (c)(2). | ||

30166(d) | 15:1397(a)(1)(B), (E) (as 1397(a)(1)(B), (E) relates to 15:1401(a)(3)(A)). | |

15:1401(a)(3)(A). | ||

30166(e) | 15:1397(a)(1)(B), (E) (as 1397(a)(1)(B), (E) relates to 15:1401(b) (1st sentence 1st–60th words, last sentence)). | |

15:1401(b) (1st sentence 1st–60th words, last sentence). | ||

30166(f) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1418(a)(1)). | |

15:1418(a)(1). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §158(a)(1); added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §102(a), 88 Stat. 1475. | |

30166(g) | 15:1397(a)(1)(B), (E) (as 1397(a)(1)(B), (E) relates to 15:1401(c)(1), (3), (5)). | |

15:1401(c)(1), (3), (5). | ||

30166(h) | 15:1397(a)(1)(B), (E) (as 1397(a)(1)(B), (E) relates to 15:1401(c)(4)). | |

15:1401(c)(4). | ||

30166(i) | 15:1397(a)(1)(B), (E) (as 1397(a)(1)(B), (E) relates to 15:1401(c)(6)). | |

15:1401(c)(6). | ||

30166(j) | 15:1396 (related to inspecting and testing). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §107 (related to inspecting and testing), 80 Stat. 721. |

30166(k) | 15:1397(a)(1)(B), (E) (as 1397(a)(1)(B), (E) relates to 15:1401(a)(1) (2d sentence)). | |

15:1401(a)(1) (2d sentence). |


In this section, the words "regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter" are substituted for "rules, regulations, or orders issued thereunder" and "regulations and orders promulgated thereunder" for consistency and because "rule" and "regulation" are synonymous. The text of 15:1397(a)(1)(B) and (E) (as 1397(a)(1)(B), (E) relates to 15:1401) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a), the words "As used" are omitted as surplus. The word "use" is omitted as being included in "operation".

In subsection (b)(1)(A), the words "this chapter" are substituted for "this subchapter" because of the restatement.

In subsection (b)(1)(B), the words "the facts, circumstances, conditions, and causes of" are omitted as surplus. The words "designed to carry out" are substituted for "which is for the purposes of carrying out" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "making", "appropriate", and "consistent with the purposes of this subsection" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "In carrying out this chapter" are substituted for "For purposes of carrying out paragraph (1)" in 15:1401(a)(2) and "In order to carry out the provisions of this subchapter" in 15:1401(c)(2) for clarity and consistency in this chapter. The words "an officer or employee designated by the Secretary of Transportation" are substituted for "officers or employees duly designated by the Secretary" in 15:1401(a)(2), "an officer or employee duly designated by the Secretary" in 15:1401(b), and "his duly authorized agent" in 15:1401(c)(2) for consistency. In clause (1), the words "may inspect and copy" are substituted for "shall . . . have access to, and for the purposes of examination the right to copy" in 15:1401(c)(2) to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "of any person having materials or information . . . any function of the Secretary under" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the word "may" is substituted for "permit such officer or employee to" in 15:1401(b) because of the restatement. The words "appropriate" and "relevant" are omitted as surplus. In clause (3)(A)–(C), the words "inspect with reasonable promptness" are substituted for 15:1401(a)(2) (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency. In clause (3)(A), the word "premises" is substituted for "factory, warehouse, or establishment" for consistency. In clause (3)(D), the words "not more than" are substituted for "a period not to exceed" for consistency.

In subsection (d), the words "for the purpose of inspection" and "the authority of" are omitted as surplus. The words "is inspected or temporarily impounded under subsection (c)(3) of this section" are substituted for "Whenever, under the authority of paragraph (2)(B), the Secretary inspects or temporarily impounds for the purpose of inspection" for clarity and to correct the cross-reference in the source provision. The words "to its owner" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the words "establish and" are omitted as surplus. The words "This subsection does not impose" are substituted for "Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as imposing" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (f), the words "notices, bulletins, and other" are omitted as surplus. The words "with a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter" are added for clarity. The text of 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1418(a)(1)) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g)(1), before clause (A), the words "or on the authorization of the Secretary, any officer or employee of the Department of Transportation" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(b). In clause (A), the words "in writing", "in such form as the Secretary may prescribe", "relating to any function of the Secretary under this subchapter", and "shall be filed with the Secretary within such reasonable period as the Secretary may prescribe" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "sit and act at such times and places" are omitted as being included in "conduct hearings". The word "records" is substituted for "such books, papers, correspondence, memorandums, contracts, agreements, or other records" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (h), the words "A civil action to enforce a subpena or order . . . may be brought in the United States district court for the judicial district in which the proceeding is conducted" are substituted for "any of the district courts of the United States within the jurisdiction of which an inquiry is carried on may, in the case of contumacy or refusal to obey a subpena or order of the Secretary or such officer or employee . . . issue an order requiring compliance therewith" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "an order of the court to comply with a subpena or order" are substituted for "such order of the court" for clarity.

In subsection (i), the words "United States" are substituted for "Federal" for consistency. The words "to provide" are substituted for "from" because of the restatement. The words "his functions under" are omitted as surplus. The words "head of the" are added for consistency. The words "to the Department of Transportation . . . made by the Secretary" are omitted as surplus. The words "detail personnel on a reimbursable basis" are substituted for 15:1401(c)(6)(B) to eliminate unnecessary words and because of the restatement. The word "otherwise" is added for clarity. The words "be deemed to" and "provision of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (j), the words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government, States, and other public and private agencies" are substituted for "other Federal departments and agencies, and State and other interested public and private agencies" for consistency.

In subsection (k), the words "for appropriate action" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:30166(h) to clarify the restatement of 15:1401(c)(4) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 970).

The date of the enactment of the Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability, and Documentation (TREAD) Act, referred to in subsecs. (m)(1) and (n)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–414, which was approved Nov. 1, 2000.

The date of enactment of the Comprehensive Transportation and Consumer Protection Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (o)(3), probably means the date of enactment of div. B of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015. That Act name is the heading for div. B of Pub. L. 114–94, but no such Short Title was enacted.

**2021**—Subsec. (m)(3)(D). Pub. L. 117–58 added subpar. (D).

**2015**—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §24109(e)(1), substituted "dealer, or rental company" for "or dealer" in two places.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 114–94, §24109(e)(2), substituted "dealer, or rental company" for "or dealer" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §24109(e)(3), substituted ", rental companies, or other owners" for "or to owners".

Subsec. (o)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §24112(1), substituted "shall promulgate" for "may promulgate" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (o)(3). Pub. L. 114–94, §24112(2), added par. (3).

**2012**—Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 112–141, §31209(2)(A), inserted "(including at United States ports of entry)" after "held for introduction in interstate commerce".

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 112–141, §31209(1), (2)(B), (3), added par. (4).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–141, §31303(a), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, substituted "A manufacturer shall give the Secretary of Transportation, and the Secretary shall make available on a publicly accessible Internet website," for "A manufacturer shall give the Secretary of Transportation", and added par. (2).

Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 112–141, §31304(a), added subsec. (o).

**2000**—Subsecs. (l) to (n). Pub. L. 106–414 added subsecs. (l) to (n).

**1996**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–287 made technical amendment to directory language of Pub. L. 104–88, §308(j). See 1995 Amendment note below.

**1995**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–88, §308(j), as amended by Pub. L. 104–287, substituted "subchapter I of chapter 135" for "subchapter II of chapter 105".

**1994**—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "any judicial district" for "the judicial district".

Amendment by section 24109(e) of Pub. L. 114–94 effective on the date that is 180 days after Dec. 4, 2015, see section 24109(k) of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 30102 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 104–287, §6(f)(3), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3399, provided that the amendment made by that section is effective Dec. 29, 1995.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31301, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 763, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24103(c), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1702, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) be available to the public on the Internet;

"(2) be searchable by vehicle make and model and vehicle identification number;

"(3) be in a format that preserves consumer privacy; and

"(4) includes [sic] information about each recall that has not been completed for each vehicle.

"(b)

"(1) shall limit the information that must be made available under this section to include only those recalls issued not more than 15 years prior to the date of enactment of this Act;

"(2) may require information under paragraph (1) to be provided to a dealer or an owner of a vehicle at no charge; and

"(3) shall permit a manufacturer a reasonable period of time after receiving information from a dealer with respect to a vehicle to update the information about the vehicle on the publicly accessible Internet website.

"(c)

1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma.

(a)

(1) to other officers and employees carrying out this chapter.

(2) when relevant to a proceeding under this chapter.

(3) to the public if the confidentiality of the information is preserved.

(4) to the public when the Secretary of Transportation decides that disclosure is necessary to carry out section 30101 of this title.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 970.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30167(a) | 15:1397(a)(1)(B) (related to 15:1401(e) (1st sentence)), (D) (related to 15:1418(a)(2)(B)), (E) (related to 15:1401(e) (1st sentence)). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §108(a)(1)(B) (related to §112(e)), (D) (related to §158(a)(2)), (E) (related to §112(e)), 80 Stat. 722; Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §103(a)(1)(A), (2), (3), 88 Stat. 1477, 1478. |

15:1401(e) (1st sentence). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §112(e), 80 Stat. 725; Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §104(b), 88 Stat. 1480. | |

15:1402(b)(2) (1st sentence). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §113; added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §105, 88 Stat. 1480. | |

15:1418(a)(2)(B). | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718, §158(a)(2); added Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §102(a), 88 Stat. 1476. | |

30167(b) | 15:1397(a)(1)(D) (related to 15:1418(a)(2)(A), (C)). | |

15:1418(a)(2)(A), (C). | ||

30167(c) | 15:1402(a), (b)(1), (c)–(e). | |

30167(d) | 15:1397(a)(1)(B), (E) (as 1397(a)(1)(B), (E) relates to 15:1401(e) (last sentence)). | |

15:1401(e) (last sentence). | ||

15:1402(b)(2) (last sentence). |


In this section, the text of 15:1397(a)(1)(B) (related to 15:1401(e)), (D) (related to 15:1418(a)(2)), and (E) (related to 15:1401(e)) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Except as otherwise provided in section 1418(a)(2) and section 1402(b) of this title" in 15:1401(e) (1st sentence) are omitted, and the words "Information obtained under this chapter related to a confidential matter" are substituted for "all information reported to or otherwise obtained by the Secretary or his representative pursuant to this subchapter which information contains or relates to a trade secret or other matter" in 15:1401(e) (1st sentence) and "described in subparagraph (A)" in 15:1418(a)(2)(B), because of the restatement. The words "shall be considered confidential for the purpose of that section" are omitted as surplus. The words "may be disclosed only in the following ways" are substituted for "except that such information may be disclosed" in 15:1401(e) (1st sentence) and 15:1402(b)(2) (1st sentence) and "and shall not be disclosed; unless" in 15:1418(a)(2)(B) to eliminate unnecessary words. Clause (3) is substituted for 15:1402(b)(2) (1st sentence words before 2d comma) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), the words "Subject to" are substituted for "Except as provided in" for consistency. The words "to the public so much of any" and "which is" are omitted as surplus. The words "which relates to motor vehicle safety" and "with an applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standard" are omitted because of the restatement. The words "the purposes of" and "and not in lieu of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "For purposes of this section, the term 'cost information' means" and "such cost information" are omitted because of the restatement. The words "alleged", "both", and "resulting from action by the Secretary, in such form" are omitted as surplus. The words "Such term includes" are omitted because of the restatement. The words "to evaluate" are substituted for "to make an informed judgment" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the subsection. The words "(in such detail as the Secretary may by regulation or order prescribe)" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). The word "thereafter" is omitted as surplus. The word "evaluate" is substituted for "prepare an evaluation of" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "The Secretary" are added for clarity. The text of 15:1402(d) is omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). The text of 15:1402(e) is omitted as surplus because of the restatement.

In subsection (d), the words "by the Secretary or any officer or employee under his control" and "duly" are omitted as surplus. The words "to have the information" are added for clarity.

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 971; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(58), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3394, related to research, testing, development, and training.

Repeal effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1) a thorough statistical compilation of accidents and injuries;

(2) motor vehicle safety standards in effect or prescribed under this chapter;

(3) the degree of observance of the standards;

(4) a summary of current research grants and contracts and a description of the problems to be considered under those grants and contracts;

(5) an analysis and evaluation of research activities completed and technological progress achieved;

(6) enforcement actions;

(7) the extent to which technical information was given the scientific community and consumer-oriented information was made available to the public; and

(8) recommendations for legislation needed to promote cooperation among the States in improving traffic safety and strengthening the national traffic safety program.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 972.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30169(a) | 15:1408. | Sept. 9, 1966, Pub. L. 89–563, §120, 80 Stat. 728; May 22, 1970, Pub. L. 91–265, §5, 84 Stat. 263; Oct. 27, 1974, Pub. L. 93–492, §110(b), 88 Stat. 1484. |

30169(b) | 15:1397 (note). | Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–562, §2(e)(4), 102 Stat. 2825. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "prepare and", "comprehensive", and "but not be restricted to" are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (1), the words "occurring in such year" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "in such year" are omitted as surplus. The words "under this chapter" are substituted for "Federal" for consistency in this chapter. In clause (3), the words "applicable Federal motor vehicle" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the word "all" is omitted as surplus. In clause (5), the words "including relevant policy recommendations" and "during such year" are omitted as surplus. In clause (6), the words "a statement of . . . including judicial decisions, settlements, or pending litigation during such year" are omitted as surplus. In clause (7), the word "motoring" is omitted as surplus. In clause (8), the words "The report required by subsection (a) of this section shall contain such" are omitted because of the restatement. The words "additional . . . as the Secretary deems" and "several" are omitted as surplus.

Section 2(e)(1)(B) of the Imported Vehicle Safety Compliance Act of 1988, referred to in subsec. (b), is section 2(e)(1)(B) of Pub. L. 100–562, which was set out as a note under section 1397 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379.

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions of law requiring submittal to Congress of any annual, semiannual, or other regular periodic report listed in House Document No. 103–7 (in which the 1st item on page 135 and the 2nd item on page 134 identify reporting provisions which, as subsequently amended, are contained, respectively, in subsecs. (a) and (b) of this section), see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

(a)

(1) 1 of title 18), shall be subject to criminal penalties of a fine under title 18, or imprisoned for not more than 15 years, or both.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 106–414, §5(b)(1), Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1803.)

Section 1365(g)(3) of title 18, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), was redesignated section 1365(h)(3) of title 18 by Pub. L. 107–307, §2(1), Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2445.

The date of the enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(B), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–414, which was approved Nov. 1, 2000.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1) provided, caused to be provided, or is about to provide (with any knowledge of the employer) or cause to be provided to the employer or the Secretary of Transportation information relating to any motor vehicle defect, noncompliance, or any violation or alleged violation of any notification or reporting requirement of this chapter;

(2) has filed, caused to be filed, or is about to file (with any knowledge of the employer) or cause to be filed a proceeding relating to any violation or alleged violation of any motor vehicle defect, noncompliance, or any violation or alleged violation of any notification or reporting requirement of this chapter;

(3) testified or is about to testify in such a proceeding;

(4) assisted or participated or is about to assist or participate in such a proceeding; or

(5) objected to, or refused to participate in, any activity that the employee reasonably believed to be in violation of any provision of chapter 301 of this title, or any order, rule, regulation, standard, or ban under such provision.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) to take affirmative action to abate the violation;

(ii) to reinstate the complainant to his or her former position together with the compensation (including back pay) and restore the terms, conditions, and privileges associated with his or her employment; and

(iii) to provide compensatory damages to the complainant.

(C)

(D)

(E)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(5)

(6)

(A)

(B)

(c)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31307(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 765.)

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) is derived from the independent knowledge or analysis of an individual;

(B) is not known to the Secretary from any other source, unless the individual is the original source of the information; and

(C) is not exclusively derived from an allegation made in a judicial or an administrative action, in a governmental report, a hearing, an audit, or an investigation, or from the news media, unless the individual is a source of the information.

(4)

(5)

(6)

(b)

(1)

(A) not less than 10 percent, in total, of collected monetary sanctions; and

(B) not more than 30 percent, in total, of collected monetary sanctions.

(2)

(c)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(i) if appropriate, whether a whistleblower reported or attempted to report the information internally to an applicable motor vehicle manufacturer, part supplier, or dealership;

(ii) the significance of the original information provided by the whistleblower to the successful resolution of the covered action;

(iii) the degree of assistance provided by the whistleblower and any legal representative of the whistleblower in the covered action; and

(iv) such additional factors as the Secretary considers relevant.

(2)

(A) to any whistleblower who is convicted of a criminal violation related to the covered action for which the whistleblower otherwise could receive an award under this section;

(B) to any whistleblower who, acting without direction from an applicable motor vehicle manufacturer, part supplier, or dealership, or agent thereof, deliberately causes or substantially contributes to the alleged violation of a requirement of this chapter;

(C) to any whistleblower who submits information to the Secretary that is based on the facts underlying the covered action submitted previously by another whistleblower;

(D) to any whistleblower who fails to provide the original information to the Secretary in such form as the Secretary may require by regulation; or

(E) if the applicable motor vehicle manufacturer, parts supplier, or dealership has an internal reporting mechanism in place to protect employees from retaliation, to any whistleblower who fails to report or attempt to report the information internally through such mechanism, unless—

(i) the whistleblower reasonably believed that such an internal report would have resulted in retaliation, notwithstanding section 30171(a);

(ii) the whistleblower reasonably believed that the information—

(I) was already internally reported;

(II) was already subject to or part of an internal inquiry or investigation; or

(III) was otherwise already known to the motor vehicle manufacturer, part supplier, or dealership; or

(iii) the Secretary has good cause to waive this requirement.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1)

(A) required to be disclosed to a defendant or respondent in connection with a public proceeding instituted by the Secretary or any entity described in paragraph (5);

(B) the whistleblower provides prior written consent for the information to be disclosed; or

(C) the Secretary, or other officer or employee of the Department of Transportation, receives the information through another source, such as during an inspection or investigation under section 30166, and has authority under other law to release the information.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A)

(i) The Department of Justice.

(ii) An appropriate department or agency of the Federal Government, acting within the scope of its jurisdiction.

(B)

(g)

(h)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(i)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24352(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1716.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (i), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24352(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1720, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

The Secretary of Transportation shall conduct research, development, and testing on any area or aspect of motor vehicle safety necessary to carry out this chapter.

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31204(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 759.)

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1) conduct motor vehicle safety research, development, and testing programs and activities, including activities related to new and emerging technologies that impact or may impact motor vehicle safety;

(2) collect and analyze all types of motor vehicle and highway safety data and related information to determine the relationship between motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment performance characteristics and—

(A) accidents involving motor vehicles; and

(B) deaths or personal injuries resulting from those accidents.

(b)

(1) promote, support, and advance the education and training of motor vehicle safety staff of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in motor vehicle safety research programs and activities, including using program funds for planning, implementing, conducting, and presenting results of program activities, and for related expenses;

(2) obtain experimental and other motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment for research or testing;

(3)(A) use any test motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment suitable for continued use, as determined by the Secretary to assist in carrying out this chapter or any other chapter of this title; or

(B) sell or otherwise dispose of test motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment and use the resulting proceeds to carry out this chapter;

(4) award grants to States and local governments, interstate authorities, and nonprofit institutions;

(5) enter into cooperative agreements, collaborative research, or contracts with Federal agencies, interstate authorities, State and local governments, other public entities, private organizations and persons, nonprofit institutions, colleges and universities, consumer advocacy groups, corporations, partnerships, sole proprietorships, trade associations, Federal laboratories (including government-owned, government-operated laboratories and government-owned, contractor-operated laboratories), and research organizations; and

(6) in coordination with Department 1 of State, enter into cooperative agreements and collaborative research and development agreements with foreign governments.

(c)

(d)

(1) a brief description of the facility being planned, designed, or constructed;

(2) the location of the facility;

(3) an estimate of the maximum cost of the facility;

(4) a statement identifying private and public agencies that will use the facility and the contribution each agency will make to the cost of the facility; and

(5) a justification of the need for the facility.

(e)

(f)

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31204(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 759; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24202(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1711.)

**2015**—Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 114–94 added par. (6).

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

1 So in original. Probably should be preceded by "the".

Any report of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, or of any officer, employee, or contractor of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, relating to any highway traffic accident or the investigation of such accident conducted pursuant to this chapter or section 403 of title 23, may be made available to the public only in a manner that does not identify individuals.

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31204(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 760.)

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.


**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24218(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 831, struck out item 30306 "National Driver Register Advisory Committee".

In this chapter—

(1) "alcohol" has the same meaning given that term in regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation.

(2) "chief driver licensing official" means the official in a State who is authorized to—

(A) maintain a record about a motor vehicle operator's license issued by the State; and

(B) issue, deny, revoke, suspend, or cancel a motor vehicle operator's license issued by the State.

(3) "controlled substance" has the same meaning given that term in section 102 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 U.S.C. 802).

(4) "motor vehicle" means a vehicle, machine, tractor, trailer, or semitrailer propelled or drawn by mechanical power and used on public streets, roads, or highways, but does not include a vehicle operated only on a rail line.

(5) "motor vehicle operator's license" means a license issued by a State authorizing an individual to operate a motor vehicle on public streets, roads, or highways.

(6) "participating State" means a State that has notified the Secretary under section 30303 of this title of its participation in the National Driver Register.

(7) "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and any other territory or possession of the United States.

(8) "State of record" means a State that has given the Secretary a report under section 30304 of this title about an individual who is the subject of a request for information made under section 30305 of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 973.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30301 | 23:401 (note). | Oct. 25, 1982, Pub. L. 97–364, §202, 96 Stat. 1740. |


In clauses (4) and (5), the words "public streets, roads, or highways" are substituted for "highway" and " 'highway' means any road or street" for consistency in the revised title.

In clause (4), the words "rail line" are substituted for "rail or rails" for consistency in the revised title.

The definitions of "Secretary", "Register", and "Register system" are omitted as surplus because the complete name of the Secretary of Transportation and the National Driver Register are used the first time the terms appear in a section.

Pub. L. 109–162, title VIII, §827, Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3066, provided that: "In developing regulations or guidance with regard to identification documents, including driver's licenses, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Administrator of Social Security, shall consider and address the needs of victims, including victims of battery, extreme cruelty, domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking or trafficking, who are entitled to enroll in State address confidentiality programs, whose addresses are entitled to be suppressed under State or Federal law or suppressed by a court order, or who are protected from disclosure of information pursuant to section 384 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C. 1367)."

Pub. L. 116–260, div. U, title X, §1001(c), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2306, provided that: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law (including regulations), beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 27, 2020], a State does not need to require an applicant for a driver's license or identification card to provide separate documentation of the applicant's Social Security account number in order to comply with the requirements of the REAL ID Act of 2005 (division B of Public Law 109–13; 49 U.S.C. 30301 note)."

Pub. L. 116–136, div. B, title VI, §16006, Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 545, provided that: "The Secretary of Homeland Security, under the authority granted under section 205(b) of the REAL ID Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–13; 49 U.S.C. 30301 note) shall extend the deadline by which States are required to meet the driver license and identification card issuance requirements under section 202(a)(1) of such Act until not earlier than September 30, 2021."

Pub. L. 110–177, title V, §508, Jan. 7, 2008, 121 Stat. 2543, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) In the case of a Justice of the United States, the address of the United States Supreme Court.

"(B) In the case of a judge of a Federal court, the address of the courthouse.

"(b)

Pub. L. 109–13, div. B, title II, May 11, 2005, 119 Stat. 311, as amended by Pub. L. 115–323, §2, Dec. 17, 2018, 132 Stat. 4443; Pub. L. 116–260, div. U, title X, §1001(b), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2304, provided that:

"In this title, the following definitions apply:

"(1)

"(A) means a motor vehicle operator's license, as defined in section 30301 of title 49, United States Code; and

"(B) includes driver's licenses stored or accessed via electronic means, such as mobile or digital driver's licenses, which have been issued in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary.

"(2)

"(A) means a personal identification card, as defined in section 1028(d) of title 18, United States Code, issued by a State; and

"(B) includes identification cards stored or accessed via electronic means, such as mobile or digital identification cards, which have been issued in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary.

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(b)

"(1) The person's full legal name.

"(2) The person's date of birth.

"(3) The person's gender.

"(4) The person's driver's license or identification card number.

"(5) A digital photograph of the person, which may be the photograph taken by the State at the time the person applies for a driver's license or identification card or may be a digital photograph of the person that is already on file with the State.

"(6) The person's address of principal residence.

"(7) The person's signature.

"(8) Security features designed to prevent tampering, counterfeiting, or duplication of the driver's license or identification card for fraudulent purposes.

"(9) A common machine-readable technology, with defined minimum data elements.

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) A photo identity document, except that a non-photo identity document is acceptable if it includes both the person's full legal name and date of birth.

"(B) Documentation showing the person's date of birth.

"(C) The person's social security account number or verification that the person is not eligible for a social security account number.

"(D) Documentation showing the person's name and address of principal residence.

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) is a citizen or national of the United States;

"(ii) is an alien lawfully admitted for permanent or temporary residence in the United States;

"(iii) has conditional permanent resident status in the United States;

"(iv) has an approved application for asylum in the United States or has entered into the United States in refugee status;

"(v) has a valid, unexpired nonimmigrant visa or nonimmigrant visa status for entry into the United States;

"(vi) has a pending application for asylum in the United States;

"(vii) has a pending or approved application for temporary protected status in the United States;

"(viii) has approved deferred action status;

"(ix) has a pending application for adjustment of status to that of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States or conditional permanent resident status in the United States; or

"(x) is a citizen of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, or the Republic of Palau who has been admitted to the United States as a nonimmigrant pursuant to a Compact of Free Association between the United States and the Republic or Federated States.

"(C)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(iii)

"(iv)

"(3)

"(A) the Secretary issues regulations regarding such electronic transmission that—

"(i) describe the categories of information eligible for electronic transmission; and

"(ii) include measures—

"(I) to ensure the authenticity of the information transmitted;

"(II) to protect personally identifiable information; and

"(III) to detect and prevent identity fraud; and

"(B) the State certifies to the Department of Homeland Security that its use of such electronic methods complies with regulations issued by the Secretary.

"(4)

"(A) Before issuing a driver's license or identification card to a person, the State shall verify, with the issuing agency, the issuance, validity, and completeness of the information and documentation required to be presented by the person under paragraph (1) or (2).

"(B) The State shall not accept any foreign document, other than an official passport, to satisfy a requirement of paragraph (1) or (2).

"(C) Not later than September 11, 2005, the State shall enter into a memorandum of understanding with the Secretary of Homeland Security to routinely utilize the automated system known as Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements, as provided for by section 404 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 [Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, 8 U.S.C. 1324a note] (110 Stat. 3009–664), to verify the legal presence status of a person, other than a United States citizen, applying for a driver's license or identification card.

"(d)

"(1) Employ technology to capture digital images of identity source documents so that the images can be retained in electronic storage in a transferable format.

"(2) Retain paper copies of source documents for a minimum of 7 years or images of source documents presented for a minimum of 10 years.

"(3) Subject each person applying for a driver's license or identification card to mandatory facial image capture.

"(4) Establish an effective procedure to confirm or verify a renewing applicant's information.

"(5) Confirm with the Social Security Administration a social security account number presented by a person using the full social security account number. In the event that a social security account number is already registered to or associated with another person to which any State has issued a driver's license or identification card, the State shall resolve the discrepancy and take appropriate action.

"(6) Refuse to issue a driver's license or identification card to a person holding a driver's license issued by another State without confirmation that the person is terminating or has terminated the driver's license.

"(7) Ensure the physical security of locations where drivers' licenses and identification cards are produced and the security of materials, records, and data from which drivers' licenses and identification cards are produced.

"(8) Subject all persons authorized to manufacture or produce drivers' licenses and identification cards to appropriate background checks.

"(9) Establish fraud detection and prevention training programs for appropriate employees engaged in the issuance of drivers' licenses and identification cards.

"(10) Limit the period of validity of all driver's licenses and identification cards that are not temporary to a period that does not exceed 8 years.

"(11) In any case in which the State issues a driver's license or identification card that does not satisfy the requirements of this section, ensure that such license or identification card—

"(A) clearly states on its face that it may not be accepted by any Federal agency for federal identification or any other official purpose; and

"(B) uses a unique design or color indicator to alert Federal agency and other law enforcement personnel that it may not be accepted for any such purpose.

"(12) Provide electronic access to all other States to information contained in the motor vehicle database of the State.

"(13) Maintain a State motor vehicle database that contains, at a minimum—

"(A) all data fields printed on drivers' licenses and identification cards issued by the State; and

"(B) motor vehicle drivers' histories, including motor vehicle violations, suspensions, and points on licenses.

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(a)

"(b)

"[Repealed section 7212 of Pub. L. 108–458, formerly set out below.]

"Nothing in this title shall be construed to affect the authorities or responsibilities of the Secretary of Transportation or the States under chapter 303 of title 49, United States Code.

"During the 15-month period beginning 90 days before the date on which Federal agencies will no longer accept, for official purposes, driver's licenses and identification cards that do not comply with the requirements under section 202, aircraft operators and third party reservation entities shall notify passengers about the requirements and enforcement deadlines under this Act [div. B of Pub. L. 109–13, see Short Title of 2005 Amendment note set out under section 1101 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality]."

Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7212, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3827, which prohibited acceptance by a Federal agency, for any official purpose, of a driver's license or personal identification card issued by a State more than 2 years after the promulgation of minimum standards unless the driver's license or personal identification card conformed to such minimum standards, and directed the Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, to establish such standards not later than 18 months after Dec. 17, 2004, was repealed by Pub. L. 109–13, div. B, title II, §206, May 11, 2005, 119 Stat. 316.

Pub. L. 105–178, title II, §2006(c), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 336, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

For termination of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, see note set out preceding section 1681 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions.

(a)

(1) to receive information submitted under section 30304 of this title by the chief driver licensing official of a State of record;

(2) to receive a request for information made by the chief driver licensing official of a participating State under section 30305 of this title;

(3) to refer the request to the chief driver licensing official of a State of record; and

(4) in response to the request, to relay information provided by a chief driver licensing official of a State of record to the chief driver licensing official of a participating State, without interception of the information.

(b)

(c)

(2)(A) The Secretary shall delete from the Register a report or information that was compiled under the Act of July 14, 1960 (Public Law 86–660, 74 Stat. 526), as restated by section 401 of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 (Public Law 89–563, 80 Stat. 730), and transferred to the Register, after the earlier of—

(i) the date the State of record removes it from the State's file;

(ii) 7 years after the date the report or information is entered in the Register; or

(iii) the date a fully electronic Register system is established.

(B) The report or information shall be disposed of under chapter 33 of title 44.

(3) If the chief driver licensing official of a participating State finds that information provided for inclusion in the Register is erroneous or is related to a conviction of a traffic offense that subsequently is reversed, the official immediately shall notify the Secretary. The Secretary shall provide for the immediate deletion of the information from the Register.

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 973; Pub. L. 105–178, title II, §2006(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 335; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31104, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 741.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30302 | 23:401 (note). | Oct. 25, 1982, Pub. L. 97–364, §203, 96 Stat. 1741. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "after the date of enactment of this title [Oct. 25, 1982]" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "The Secretary shall provide by regulation" are substituted for "The Secretary shall, within eighteen months after the date of enactment of this title [Oct. 25, 1982], promulgate a final rule which provides" to eliminate executed language, for consistency in the revised title, and because "rule" and "regulation" are synonymous.

The text of section 203(e) of the National Driver Register Act of 1982 (Public Law 97–364, 96 Stat. 1742) is omitted as unnecessary because of 49:322(a).

Act of July 14, 1960, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), (2)(A), is set out below.

**2012**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–141 inserted at end "The Secretary shall make continual improvements to modernize the Register's data processing system."

**1998**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–178 added subsec. (e).

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 86–660, July 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 526, as amended by Pub. L. 87–359, Oct. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 779; Pub. L. 89–563, title IV, §401, Sept. 9, 1966, 80 Stat. 730, provided: "That the Secretary of Commerce shall establish and maintain a register identifying each individual reported to him by a State, or political subdivision thereof, as an individual with respect to whom such State or political subdivision has denied, terminated, or temporarily withdrawn (except a withdrawal for less than six months based on a series of nonmoving violations) an individual's license or privilege to operate a motor vehicle.

"

"

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 974.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30303 | 23:401 (note). | Oct. 25, 1982, Pub. L. 97–364, §204, 96 Stat. 1742. |


In subsection (c), the words "in the form and way" are substituted for "in such form, and according to such procedures" to eliminate unnecessary words.

(a)

(1) who is denied a motor vehicle operator's license by that State for cause;

(2) whose motor vehicle operator's license is revoked, suspended, or canceled by that State for cause; or

(3) who is convicted under the laws of that State of any of the following motor vehicle-related offenses or comparable offenses:

(A) operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of, or impaired by, alcohol or a controlled substance.

(B) a traffic violation arising in connection with a fatal traffic accident, reckless driving, or racing on the highways.

(C) failing to give aid or provide identification when involved in an accident resulting in death or personal injury.

(D) perjury or knowingly making a false affidavit or statement to officials about activities governed by a law or regulation on the operation of a motor vehicle.

(b)

(A) the individual's legal name, date of birth, sex, and, at the Secretary's discretion, height, weight, and eye and hair color;

(B) the name of the State providing the information; and

(C) the social security account number if used by the State for driver record or motor vehicle license purposes, and the motor vehicle operator's license number if different from the social security account number.

(2) A report under subsection (a) of this section about an event that occurs during the 2-year period before the State becomes a participating State is sufficient if the report contains all of the information that is available to the chief driver licensing official when the State becomes a participating State.

(c)

(1) during the 2-year period before the State becomes a participating State, the report shall be submitted not later than 6 months after the State becomes a participating State; or

(2) after the State becomes a participating State, the report shall be submitted not later than 31 days after the motor vehicle department of the State receives any information specified in subsection (b)(1) of this section that is the subject of the report.

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 975; Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §204, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1762.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30304 | 23:401 (note). | Oct. 25, 1982, Pub. L. 97–364, §205, 96 Stat. 1742. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "after the date of enactment of this title [Oct. 25, 1982]" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (b)(1)(A), the words "(including day, month, and year)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "A report under subsection (a) of this section" are substituted for "any report concerning an occurrence specified in subsection (a)(1), (2), or (3) of this section" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "required to be transmitted by a chief driver licensing official of a State" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "specified in subsection (a)(1), (2), or (3) of this section" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "the motor vehicle department of the State receives any information specified in subsection (b)(1) of this section that is the subject of the report" are substituted for "receipt by a State motor vehicle department of any information specified in subsection (b)(1), (2), or (3) of this section which is the subject of such report" because of the restatement.

**1999**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–159 added subsec. (e).

(a)

(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall relay, electronically or by United States mail, information received from the chief driver licensing official of a State of record in response to a request under paragraph (1) of this subsection to the chief driver licensing official of the participating State requesting the information. However, the Secretary may refuse to relay information to the chief driver licensing official of a participating State that does not comply with section 30304 of this title.

(b)

(2) An individual who is employed, or is seeking employment, as a driver of a motor vehicle may request the chief driver licensing official of the State in which the individual is employed or seeks employment to provide information about the individual under subsection (a) of this section to the individual's employer or prospective employer. An employer or prospective employer may receive the information and shall make the information available to the individual. Information may not be obtained from the National Driver Register under this paragraph if the information was entered in the Register more than 3 years before the request, unless the information is about a revocation or suspension still in effect on the date of the request.

(3) An individual who has received, or is applying for, an airman's certificate may request the chief driver licensing official of a State to provide information about the individual under subsection (a) of this section to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration. The Administrator may receive the information and shall make the information available to the individual for review and written comment. The Administrator may use the information to verify information required to be reported to the Administrator by an airman applying for an airman medical certificate and to evaluate whether the airman meets the minimum standards prescribed by the Administrator to be issued an airman medical certificate. The Administrator may not otherwise divulge or use the information. Information may not be obtained from the Register under this paragraph if the information was entered in the Register more than 3 years before the request, unless the information is about a revocation or suspension still in effect on the date of the request.

(4) An individual who is employed, or is seeking employment, by a rail carrier as an operator of a locomotive may request the chief driver licensing official of a State to provide information about the individual under subsection (a) of this section to the individual's employer or prospective employer or to the Secretary of Transportation. Information may not be obtained from the Register under this paragraph if the information was entered in the Register more than 3 years before the request, unless the information is about a revocation or suspension still in effect on the date of the request.

(5) An individual who holds, or is applying for, a license or certificate of registry under section 7101 of title 46, or a merchant mariner's document under section 7302 of title 46, may request the chief driver licensing official of a State to provide information about the individual under subsection (a) of this section to the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating. The Secretary may receive the information and shall make the information available to the individual for review and written comment before denying, suspending, or revoking the license, certificate, or document of the individual based on the information and before using the information in an action taken under chapter 77 of title 46. The Secretary may not otherwise divulge or use the information, except for purposes of section 7101, 7302, or 7703 of title 46. Information may not be obtained from the Register under this paragraph if the information was entered in the Register more than 3 years before the request, unless the information is about a revocation or suspension still in effect on the date of the request.

(6) The head of a Federal department or agency that issues motor vehicle operator's licenses may request the chief driver licensing official of a State to obtain information under subsection (a) of this section about an individual applicant for a motor vehicle operator's license from such department or agency. The department or agency may receive the information, provided it transmits to the Secretary a report regarding any individual who is denied a motor vehicle operator's license by that department or agency for cause; whose motor vehicle operator's license is revoked, suspended, or canceled by that department or agency for cause; or about whom the department or agency has been notified of a conviction of any of the motor vehicle-related offenses or comparable offenses listed in section 30304(a)(3) and over whom the department or agency has licensing authority. The report shall contain the information specified in section 30304(b).

(7) An individual who is an officer, chief warrant officer, or enlisted member of the Coast Guard or Coast Guard Reserve (including a cadet or an applicant for appointment or enlistment of any of the foregoing and any member of a uniformed service who is assigned to the Coast Guard) may request the chief driver licensing official of a State to provide information about the individual under subsection (a) of this section to the Commandant of the Coast Guard. The Commandant may receive the information and shall make the information available to the individual. Information may not be obtained from the Register under this paragraph if the information was entered in the Register more than 3 years before the request, unless the information is about a revocation or suspension still in effect on the date of the request.

(8)(A) An individual who is seeking employment by an air carrier as a pilot may request the chief driver licensing official of a State to provide information about the individual under subsection (a) of this section to the prospective employer of the individual, the authorized agent of the prospective employer, or the Secretary of Transportation.

(B) An air carrier that is the prospective employer of an individual described in subparagraph (A), or an authorized agent of such an air carrier, may request and receive information about that individual from the National Driver Register through an organization approved by the Secretary for purposes of requesting, receiving, and transmitting such information directly to the prospective employer of such an individual or the authorized agent of the prospective employer. This paragraph shall be carried out in accordance with paragraphs (2) and (11) of section 44703(h) and the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.).

(C) Information may not be obtained from the National Driver Register under this paragraph if the information was entered in the Register more than 5 years before the request unless the information is about a revocation or suspension still in effect on the date of the request.

(9) An individual who has or is seeking access to national security information for purposes of Executive Order No. 12968, or any successor Executive order, or an individual who is being investigated for Federal employment under authority of Executive Order No. 10450, or any successor Executive order, may request the chief driver licensing official of a State to provide information about the individual pursuant to subsection (a) of this section to a Federal department or agency that is authorized to investigate the individual for the purpose of assisting in the determination of the eligibility of the individual for access to national security information or for Federal employment in a position requiring access to national security information. A Federal department or agency that receives information about an individual under the preceding sentence may use such information only for purposes of the authorized investigation and only in accordance with applicable law.

(10) A request under this subsection shall be made in the form and way the Secretary of Transportation prescribes by regulation.

(11) An individual may request the chief driver licensing official of a State to obtain information about the individual under subsection (a) of this section—

(A) to learn whether information about the individual is being provided;

(B) to verify the accuracy of the information; or

(C) to obtain a certified copy of the information.

(12) The head of a Federal department or agency authorized to receive information regarding an individual from the Register under this section may request and receive such information from the Secretary.

(13) The Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration may request the chief driver licensing official of a State to provide information under subsection (a) of this section about an individual in connection with a safety investigation under the Administrator's jurisdiction.

(c)

(1) the Secretary of Transportation may not relay or otherwise provide information specified in section 30304(b)(1)(A) or (C) of this title to a person not authorized by this section to receive the information;

(2) a request for, or receipt of, information by a chief driver licensing official, or by a person authorized by subsection (b) of this section to request and receive the information, is deemed to be a routine use under section 552a(b) of title 5; and

(3) receipt of information by a person authorized by this section to receive the information is deemed to be a disclosure under section 552a(c) of title 5, except that the Secretary of Transportation is not required to retain the accounting made under section 552a(c)(1) for more than 7 years after the disclosure.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 976; Pub. L. 104–264, title V, §502(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3262; Pub. L. 104–324, title II, §207(b), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3908; Pub. L. 105–102, §2(18), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205; Pub. L. 105–178, title II, §2006(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 335; Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title X, §1061, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 2056; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5512, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1556; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §563, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3384.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30305 | 23:401 (note). | Oct. 25, 1982, Pub. L. 97–364, §206, 96 Stat. 1743; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §305, 101 Stat. 1525; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, §4(b), 102 Stat. 626; Aug. 18, 1990, Pub. L. 101–380, §4105(a), 104 Stat. 512. |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "on and after the date of enactment of this title [Oct. 25, 1982]" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (b)(1), the word "Administrator" is substituted for "Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety" for consistency.

Subsection (d) is substituted for the last 2 sentences (added twice by mistake) in paragraphs (1) and (2) and for the last sentence in paragraphs (3), (4), and (7)(C) of section 206(b) of the National Driver Register Act of 1982 (Public Law 97–364, 96 Stat. 1744) for clarity and to avoid repeating the provision unnecessarily.

This amends 49:30305(b)(8), as redesignated by section 207(b) of the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–324, 110 Stat. 3908), to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

This amends 49:30305(b) to redesignate paragraph (8), as redesignated by section 502(b)(1) of the Federal Aviation Reauthorization Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–264, 110 Stat. 3262), as paragraph (9), because section 207(b) of the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–324, 110 Stat. 3908), redesignated paragraph (7) as paragraph (8) but did not redesignate paragraph (8) as paragraph (9).

The Fair Credit Reporting Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(8)(B), is title VI of Pub. L. 90–321, as added by Pub. L. 91–508, title VI, §601, Oct. 26, 1970, 84 Stat. 1127, which is classified generally to subchapter III (§1681 et seq.) of chapter 41 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1601 of Title 15 and Tables.

Executive Order No. 12968, referred to in subsec. (b)(9), is set out as a note under section 3161 of Title 50, War and National Defense.

Executive Order No. 10450, referred to in subsec. (b)(9), is set out as a note under section 7311 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Act of July 14, 1960, referred to in subsec. (d), is set out as a note under section 30302 of this title.

**2018**—Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 115–254 amended par. (8) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (8) read as follows: "An individual who is seeking employment by an air carrier as a pilot may request the chief driver licensing official of a State to provide information about the individual under subsection (a) of this section to the prospective employer of the individual or to the Secretary of Transportation. Information may not be obtained from the National Driver Register under this subsection if the information was entered in the Register more than 5 years before the request unless the information is about a revocation or suspension still in effect on the date of the request."

**2015**—Subsec. (b)(13). Pub. L. 114–94 added par. (13).

**2004**—Subsec. (b)(9) to (12). Pub. L. 108–375 added par. (9) and redesignated former pars. (9) to (11) as (10) to (12), respectively.

**1998**—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 105–178, §2006(b)(1)(A), inserted before period at end ", unless the information is about a revocation or suspension still in effect on the date of the request".

Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 105–178, §2006(b)(2)(B), added par. (6). Former par. (6) redesignated (10).

Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 105–178, §2006(b)(1)(C), directed amendment identical to that made by Pub. L. 105–102, §2(18)(B). See 1997 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 105–178, §2006(b)(1)(B)(ii), realigned margins.

Pub. L. 105–178, §2006(b)(1)(B)(i), directed amendment identical to that made by Pub. L. 105–102, §2(18)(A). See 1997 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (b)(9). Pub. L. 105–178, §2006(b)(1)(C), directed amendment identical to that made by Pub. L. 105–102, §2(18)(B). See 1997 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (b)(10). Pub. L. 105–178, §2006(b)(2)(A), redesignated par. (6) as (10) and transferred it to appear after par. (9).

Subsec. (b)(11). Pub. L. 105–178, §2006(b)(2)(C), added par. (11).

**1997**—Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 105–102, §2(18)(B), redesignated par. (8), relating to request, as (9).

Pub. L. 105–102, §2(18)(A), in par. (8), relating to individual seeking employment as pilot, substituted "subsection (a) of this section" for "paragraph (2)".

Subsec. (b)(9). Pub. L. 105–102, §2(18)(B), redesignated par. (8), relating to request, as (9).

**1996**—Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 104–324, §207(b), added par. (7). Former par. (7), relating to individual seeking employment as pilot, redesignated (8).

Pub. L. 104–264, §502(b), added par. (7). Former par. (7), relating to request, redesignated (8).

Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 104–324, §207(b), redesignated par. (7), relating to individual seeking employment as pilot, as (8).

Pub. L. 104–264, §502(b), redesignated par. (7), relating to request, as (8).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 104–264, title V, §502(d), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3263, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 44936 and 46301 of this title] shall apply to any air carrier hiring an individual as a pilot whose application was first received by the carrier on or after the 120th day following the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 9, 1996]."

For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 978; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(308), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4340, related to establishment, duties, and membership of the National Driver Register Advisory Committee.

(a) 1 of this title) shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned for not more than one year, or both, if—

(1) the person receives under section 30305 of this title information specified in section 30304(b)(1)(A) or (C) of this title;

(2) disclosure of the information is not authorized by section 30305 of this title; and

(3) the person willfully discloses the information knowing that disclosure is not authorized.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 979.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30307 | 23:401 (note). | Oct. 25, 1982, Pub. L. 97–364, §208, 96 Stat. 1746; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §305(b)(1), 101 Stat. 1526. |


In this section, the words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "fined not more than $10,000" for consistency with title 18.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the reference to "section 30305(b)(6) of this title" is used to carry out the probable intent of Congress. Section 305(b)(1) of the Airport and Airway Safety and Capacity Expansion Act of 1987 (Public Law 100–223, 101 Stat. 1526) amended section 206(b) of the National Driver Register Act of 1982 (Public Law 97–364, 96 Stat. 1744) by "redesignating paragraphs (3) and (4), and any reference thereto, as paragraphs (4) and (5), respectively". Because the reference to "section 206(b)(4)" in section 208 of the National Driver Register Act of 1982 appears to have been incorrect before that amendment, and would continue to be incorrect if the reference is redesignated as required by the amendment, a reference to section 30305(b)(6) is used in this section to carry out the probable intent of Congress.

Section 30305(b) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was amended by Pub. L. 105–178, title II, §2006(b)(2)(A), (B), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 336, which added a new par. (6) and redesignated former par. (6) as (10).

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 979; Pub. L. 103–331, title III, §343, Sept. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 2496; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(25), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4380; Pub. L. 104–59, title III, §343, Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 610; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(59), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3394; Pub. L. 105–18, title II, §8004, June 12, 1997, 111 Stat. 195; Pub. L. 105–130, §6(c), Dec. 1, 1997, 111 Stat. 2559.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30308 | 23:401 (note). | Oct. 25, 1982, Pub. L. 97–364, §211, 96 Stat. 1747; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §2007, 105 Stat. 2080. |


In subsection (a), the text of section 211(a) of the National Driver Register Act of 1982 (Public Law 97–364, 96 Stat. 1747) is omitted as executed. The words "and the provisions of Public Law 86–660 (74 Stat. 526)" and references to fiscal years 1983–1987 and 1992 are omitted as obsolete. The word "section" in the source provision is translated as if it were "title" to reflect the apparent intent of Congress.

This amends 49:30308(b) to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 979).

This amends 49:30308 to correct a grammatical error.

**1997**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–130 substituted "1994," for "1994, and" and inserted "and $1,855,000 for the period of October 1, 1997, through March 31, 1998," after "1997,".

Pub. L. 105–18 substituted ", 1996, and 1997" for "and 1996".

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–287 inserted a comma after "September 30, 1994".

**1995**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–59 substituted "and $2,550,000 for each of fiscal years 1995 and 1996" for "and $2,550,000 for fiscal year 1995".

**1994**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–331 inserted "and $2,550,000 for fiscal year 1995" after "1994".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "authorized" for "appropriated".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.


**1997**—Pub. L. 105–102, §3(b), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, amended directory language of Pub. L. 104–152. See 1996 Amendment note below.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–152, §2(c), July 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 1384, as amended by Pub. L. 105–102, §3(b), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, substituted "National Motor Vehicle Title Information System" for "National Automobile Title Information System" in chapter heading and in item 30502.

In this chapter—

(1) "automobile" has the same meaning given that term in section 32901(a) of this title.

(2) "certificate of title" means a document issued by a State showing ownership of an automobile.

(3) "insurance carrier" means an individual or entity engaged in the business of underwriting automobile insurance.

(4) "junk automobile" means an automobile that—

(A) is incapable of operating on public streets, roads, and highways; and

(B) has no value except as a source of parts or scrap.

(5) "junk yard" means an individual or entity engaged in the business of acquiring or owning junk automobiles for—

(A) resale in their entirety or as spare parts; or

(B) rebuilding, restoration, or crushing.

(6) "operator" means the individual or entity authorized or designated as the operator of the National Motor Vehicle Title Information System under section 30502(b) of this title, or the Attorney General, if there is no authorized or designated individual or entity.

(7) "salvage automobile" means an automobile that is damaged by collision, fire, flood, accident, trespass, or other event, to the extent that its fair salvage value plus the cost of repairing the automobile for legal operation on public streets, roads, and highways would be more than the fair market value of the automobile immediately before the event that caused the damage.

(8) "salvage yard" means an individual or entity engaged in the business of acquiring or owning salvage automobiles for—

(A) resale in their entirety or as spare parts; or

(B) rebuilding, restoration, or crushing.

(9) "State" means a State of the United States or the District of Columbia.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 979; Pub. L. 104–152, §§2(c), 3(a), July 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 1384; Pub. L. 105–102, §3(b), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30501 | 15:2041. | Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §201, 106 Stat. 3389. |


In subsection (a)(2), the word "showing" is substituted for "evidencing" to use a more commonly understood term.

In subsection (a)(3), (5), and (8), the words "individual or entity" are substituted for "individual, corporation, or other entity" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a)(4) and (7), the words "public streets, roads, and highways" are substituted for "roads or highways" for clarity and consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(6), the words "National Automobile Title Information System" are substituted for "information system" for clarity. The words "no authorized or designated individual or entity" are substituted for "no such individual or entity is authorized" for clarity

In subsection (a)(7), the word "event" is substituted for "occurrence" for clarity and consistency.

The text of 15:2041(9) is omitted because the complete title of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section.

**1997**—Par. (6). Pub. L. 105–102 amended directory language of Pub. L. 104–152, §2(c). See 1996 Amendment note below.

**1996**—Par. (6). Pub. L. 104–152, §3(a), substituted "Attorney General" for "Secretary of Transportation".

Pub. L. 104–152, §2(c), as amended by Pub. L. 105–102, §3(b), substituted "National Motor Vehicle Title Information System" for "National Automobile Title Information System".

Pub. L. 105–102, §3(b), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, provided that the amendment made by section 3(b) is effective July 2, 1996.

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–102 effective as if included in the provisions of the Act to which the amendment relates, see section 3(f) of Pub. L. 105–102, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(2) In cooperation with the Secretary of Transportation and the States, the Attorney General shall ascertain the extent to which title and related information to be included in the system established under paragraph (1) of this subsection will be adequate, timely, reliable, uniform, and capable of assisting in efforts to prevent the introduction or reintroduction of stolen vehicles and parts into interstate commerce.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1) the validity and status of a document purporting to be a certificate of title;

(2) whether an automobile bearing a known vehicle identification number is titled in a particular State;

(3) whether an automobile known to be titled in a particular State is or has been a junk automobile or a salvage automobile;

(4) for an automobile known to be titled in a particular State, the odometer mileage disclosure required under section 32705 of this title for that automobile on the date the certificate of title for that automobile was issued and any later mileage information, if noted by the State; and

(5) whether an automobile bearing a known vehicle identification number has been reported as a junk automobile or a salvage automobile under section 30504 of this title.

(e)

(A) to a participating State on request of that State, information in the System about any automobile;

(B) to a Government, State, or local law enforcement official on request of that official, information in the System about a particular automobile, junk yard, or salvage yard;

(C) to a prospective purchaser of an automobile on request of that purchaser, including an auction company or entity engaged in the business of purchasing used automobiles, information in the System about that automobile; and

(D) to a prospective or current insurer of an automobile on request of that insurer, information in the System about that automobile.

(2) The operator may release only the information reasonably necessary to satisfy the requirements of paragraph (1) of this subsection. The operator may not collect an individual's social security account number or permit users of the System to obtain an individual's address or social security account number.

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 980; Pub. L. 104–152, §§2(a), (c), 3, 4, July 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 1384; Pub. L. 105–102, §3(b), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30502(a) | 15:2042(a)(1). | Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §202, 106 Stat. 3390. |

30502(b) | 15:2042(a)(2). | |

30502(c) | 15:2042(a)(3). | |

30502(d) | 15:2042(b). | |

30502(e) | 15:2042(c). |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "January 31, 1996" are substituted for "January 1996" for clarity. The words "National Automobile Title Information System" are substituted for "National Motor Vehicle Title Information System" for clarity and consistency because the defined term in the source provisions being restated is "automobile". The words "individuals and entities referred to in subsection (e) of this section" are substituted for "States and others", the words "information maintained by the States related to automobile titling described in subsection (d) of this section" are substituted for "information maintained by other States pertaining to the titling of automobiles", and the words "existing information system" are substituted for "such system", for clarity.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "In cooperation with" are substituted for "working with" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b), the word "agreement" is substituted for "contract through an agreement" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "designating" is substituted for "redesignating" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "user fees" are substituted for "a system of user fees" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "amounts from the United States Government" are substituted for "Federal funds" for clarity and consistency in the revised titles and with other titles of the Code. The word "pays" are substituted for "passed on" for clarity. The word "entity" is substituted for "State or other entity" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d)(4), the words "the odometer mileage disclosure required" are substituted for "the odometer reading information", and the words "any later mileage information" are substituted for "any such later odometer information", for consistency with section 32705 of the revised title.

In subsection (e)(2), the words "The operator may release only the information necessary" are substituted for "Notwithstanding any provision of paragraphs (1) through (4), the operator shall release no information other than what is necessary" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "social security account number" are substituted for "social security number" for consistency with 42:405.

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–102 amended directory language of Pub. L. 104–152, §2(c). See 1996 Amendment notes below.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–152, §2(c), as amended by Pub. L. 105–102, substituted "Motor Vehicle" for "Automobile" in section catchline.

Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 104–152, §3(a), which directed the amendment of this section by striking each reference to "Secretary of Transportation" or "Secretary" and inserting "Attorney General", and Pub. L. 104–152, §3(b), which directed the striking of each reference to "Attorney General" and inserting "Secretary of Transportation", were executed simultaneously, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. See below.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–152, §3, substituted "Attorney General shall" for "Secretary of Transportation shall", "Attorney General decides" for "Secretary decides", "permit the Attorney General" for "permit the Secretary", and "Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation" for "Secretary, in consultation with the Attorney General".

Pub. L. 104–152, §2(c), as amended by Pub. L. 105–102, substituted "National Motor Vehicle Title Information System" for "National Automobile Title Information System" in two places.

Pub. L. 104–152, §2(a), substituted "December 31, 1967" for "January 31, 1966".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 104–152, §3, substituted "Secretary of Transportation" for "Attorney General" and "Attorney General" for "Secretary".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–152, §3(a), substituted "Attorney General" for "Secretary".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–152, §4, added subsec. (f).

Pub. L. 105–102, §3(b), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, provided that the amendment made by section 3(b) is effective July 2, 1996.

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–102 effective as if included in the provisions of the Act to which the amendment relates, see section 3(f) of Pub. L. 105–102, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 104–152, §6(c), July 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 1385, provided that: "The information system established under section 30502 of title 49, United States Code, shall be effective as provided in the rules promulgated by the Attorney General."

(a)

(b)

(1) communicating to the operator—

(A) the vehicle identification number of the automobile for which the certificate of title is sought;

(B) the name of the State that issued the most recent certificate of title for the automobile; and

(C) the name of the individual or entity to whom the certificate of title was issued; and

(2) giving the operator an opportunity to communicate to the participating State the results of a search of the information.

(c)

(A) conduct a review of systems used by the States to compile and maintain information about the titling of automobiles; and

(B) determine for each State the cost of making titling information maintained by that State available to the operator to meet the requirements of section 30502(d) of this title.

(2) The Attorney General may make reasonable and necessary grants to participating States to be used in making titling information maintained by those States available to the operator.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 981; Pub. L. 104–152, §§2(b), (c), 3(a), 6(a), July 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 1384, 1385; Pub. L. 105–102, §3(b), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30503(a) | 15:2043(a)(1). | Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §203, 106 Stat. 3391. |

30503(b) | 15:2043(a)(2). | |

30503(c) | 15:2043(b). | |

30503(d) | 15:2043(c). |


In subsection (a), the words "for use in operating . . . established or designated" are substituted for "for use in establishing . . . established" for clarity and for consistency with the source provisions restated in section 30502 of the revised title.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "The check" are substituted for "Such instant title verification check" to eliminate unnecessary words. In subclauses (A) and (B), the words "of the automobile" are substituted for "of the vehicle" for consistency in the revised chapter.

In subsection (c)(1)(B), the words "section 30502(d) of this title" are substituted for "subsection (b)" to reflect the apparent intent of Congress.

In subsection (c)(2)(A), before subclause (i), the words "is not more than the lesser of" are substituted for "does not exceed . . . whichever is lower" for clarity. In subclause (i), the words "paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection" are substituted for "subsection (d)(1)(B)" to reflect the apparent intent of Congress.

In subsection (c)(2)(B), the word "fair" is omitted as being included in "reasonable".

**1997**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–102 amended directory language of Pub. L. 104–152, §2(c). See 1996 Amendment note below.

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–152, §2(c), as amended by Pub. L. 105–102, substituted "National Motor Vehicle Title Information System" for "National Automobile Title Information System".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 104–152, §3(a), substituted "Attorney General" for "Secretary of Transportation".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 104–152, §6(a), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "The Secretary may make grants to participating States to be used in making titling information maintained by those States available to the operator if—

"(A) the grant to a State is not more than the lesser of—

"(i) 25 percent of the cost of making titling information maintained by that State available to the operator as determined by the Secretary under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection; or

"(ii) $300,000; and

"(B) the Secretary decides that the grants are reasonable and necessary to establish the System."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–152, §§2(b), 3(a), substituted "October 1, 1998" for "January 1, 1997" and substituted "Attorney General" for "Secretary" in two places.

Pub. L. 105–102, §3(b), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, provided that the amendment made by section 3(b) is effective July 2, 1996.

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–102 effective as if included in the provisions of the Act to which the amendment relates, see section 3(f) of Pub. L. 105–102, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(A) the vehicle identification number of each automobile obtained;

(B) the date on which the automobile was obtained;

(C) the name of the individual or entity from whom the automobile was obtained; and

(D) a statement of whether the automobile was crushed or disposed of for sale or other purposes.

(2) Paragraph (1) of this subsection does not apply to an individual or entity—

(A) required by State law to report the acquisition of junk automobiles or salvage automobiles to State or local authorities if those authorities make that information available to the operator; or

(B) issued a verification under section 33110 of this title stating that the automobile or parts from the automobile are not reported as stolen.

(b)

(1) the vehicle identification number of each automobile obtained;

(2) the date on which the automobile was obtained;

(3) the name of the individual or entity from whom the automobile was obtained; and

(4) the name of the owner of the automobile at the time of the filing of the report.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 982; Pub. L. 104–152, §§2(c), 3(a), July 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 1384; Pub. L. 105–102, §3(b), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30504(a) | 15:2044(a). | Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §204(a), (b), (d), 106 Stat. 3392, 3393. |

30504(b) | 15:2044(b). | |

30504(c) | 15:2044(d). |


In subsections (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "Beginning at a time established by the Secretary of Transportation that is not sooner than the 3d month before the establishment or designation of" are substituted for "Beginning at a time determined by the Secretary, but no earlier than 3 months prior to the establishment of" for clarity and consistency with the source provisions restated in section 30502 of the revised title. The words "engaged in the business" are substituted for "in the business" for consistency in the revised chapter. The words "junk yard or salvage yard" are substituted for "automobile junk yard or automobile salvage yard" because of the definitions of "junk yard" and "salvage yard" in section 30501 of the revised title. The words "with the operator of the System" are substituted for "with the operator" for clarity. In clauses (A), (C), and (D), the words "each automobile" are substituted for "each vehicle", and the words "the automobile" are substituted for "the vehicle", for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(2)(B), the word "automobile" is substituted for "vehicle" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsections (b), before clause (1), the words "Beginning at a time established by the Secretary that is not sooner than the 3d month before the establishment or designation of" are substituted for "Beginning at a time determined by the Secretary, but no earlier than 3 months prior to the establishment of" for clarity and consistency with the source provisions restated in section 30502 of the revised title. In clauses (1), (3), and (4), the words "each automobile" are substituted for "each vehicle", and the words "the automobile" are substituted for "the vehicle", for consistency in the revised title.

**1997**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 105–102 amended directory language of Pub. L. 104–152, §2(c). See 1996 Amendment note below.

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–152, §3(a), substituted "Attorney General" for "Secretary of Transportation".

Pub. L. 104–152, §2(c), as amended by Pub. L. 105–102, substituted "National Motor Vehicle Title Information System" for "National Automobile Title Information System".

Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 104–152, §3(a), substituted "Attorney General" for "Secretary".

Pub. L. 105–102, §3(b), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, provided that the amendment made by section 3(b) is effective July 2, 1996.

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–102 effective as if included in the provisions of the Act to which the amendment relates, see section 3(f) of Pub. L. 105–102, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(2) The Government may deduct the amount of a civil penalty imposed or compromised under this section from amounts it owes the individual or entity liable for the penalty.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 983; Pub. L. 104–152, §3(a), July 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 1384.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

30505 | 15:2044(c). | Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §204(c), 106 Stat. 3393. |


In subsection (a), the words "An individual or entity violating this chapter is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of" are substituted for "Whoever violates this section may be assessed a civil penalty of not to exceed" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b), the words "individual or entity" are substituted for "person" for clarity and consistency with the source provisions restated in the revised chapter.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "The Secretary of Transportation shall impose a civil penalty under this section. The Attorney General shall bring a civil action to collect the penalty" are substituted for "Any such penalty shall be assessed by the Secretary and collected in a civil action brought by the Attorney General of the United States" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "penalty imposed or compromised" are substituted for "such penalty, finally determined, or the amount agreed upon in compromise", and the words "liable for the penalty" are substituted for "charged", for clarity and consistency in the revised title and other titles of the Code.

**1996**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104–152 substituted "Attorney General shall impose" for "Secretary of Transportation shall impose", "Attorney General may compromise" for "Secretary may compromise", and "Attorney General shall consider" for "Secretary shall consider".





**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §§5101(d), (e)(3), (4), 5103(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1525, 1527, substituted "Motor carrier safety assistance program" for "Grants to States" in item 31102, "Commercial motor vehicle operators grant program" for "United States Government's share of costs" in item 31103, and "Authorization of appropriations" for "Availability of amounts" in item 31104, struck out items 31107 "Border enforcement grants" and 31109 "Performance and registration information system management", and added item 31110.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §§32105(b), 32301(d), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 781, 788, added items 31134 and 31137 and struck out former item 31137 "Monitoring device and brake maintenance regulations".

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §§4109(b)(2), 4110(b), 4111(b), 4116(e), 4117(b), 4118(b), 4119(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1721, 1722, 1724, 1728, 1729, 1732, 1733, substituted "GENERAL AUTHORITY AND STATE GRANTS" for "STATE GRANTS AND OTHER COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE PROGRAMS" in subchapter I heading, "Border enforcement grants" for "Contract authority funding for information systems" in item 31107, and "Motor carrier research and technology program" for "Authorization of appropriations" in item 31108 and added items 31109 and 31149 to 31151, subchapter IV heading, and item 31161.

**1999**—Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §211(b), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1766, added item 31148.

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §§4002(b), 4004(d), 4008(c), (d), 4010, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 395, 400, 404, 407, inserted "AND OTHER COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE PROGRAMS" after "GRANTS" in subchapter I heading, added item 31100, substituted "Information systems" for "Commercial motor vehicle information system program" in item 31106 and "Contract authority funding for information systems" for "Truck and bus accident grant program" in item 31107, struck out items 31134 "Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Regulatory Review Panel" and 31140 "Submission of State laws and regulations for review", subchapter IV heading "MISCELLANEOUS", and items 31161 "Procedures to ensure timely correction of safety violations" and 31162 "Compliance review priority".

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4110(a)(1), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1721, substituted "GENERAL AUTHORITY AND STATE GRANTS" for "STATE GRANTS AND OTHER COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE PROGRAMS" in subchapter heading.

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4004(c), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 400, inserted "AND OTHER COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE PROGRAMS" after "GRANTS" in subchapter heading.

The purpose of this subchapter is to ensure that the Secretary, States, and other political jurisdictions work in partnership to establish programs to improve motor carrier, commercial motor vehicle, and driver safety to support a safe and efficient transportation system by—

(1) focusing resources on strategic safety investments to promote safe for-hire and private transportation, including transportation of passengers and hazardous materials, to identify high-risk carriers and drivers, and to invest in activities likely to generate maximum reductions in the number and severity of commercial motor vehicle crashes;

(2) increasing administrative flexibility and developing and enforcing effective, compatible, and cost-beneficial motor carrier, commercial motor vehicle, and driver safety regulations and practices, including improving enforcement of State and local traffic safety laws and regulations;

(3) assessing and improving statewide program performance by setting program outcome goals, improving problem identification and countermeasures planning, designing appropriate performance standards, measures, and benchmarks, improving performance information and analysis systems, and monitoring program effectiveness;

(4) ensuring that drivers of commercial motor vehicles and enforcement personnel obtain adequate training in safe operational practices and regulatory requirements; and

(5) advancing promising technologies and encouraging adoption of safe operational practices.

(Added Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4002(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 395.)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, subtitle B, part II, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1538, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) the Compliance, Safety, Accountability program of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (referred to in this part as the 'CSA program'); and

"(2) the Safety Measurement System utilized by the CSA program (referred to in this part as the 'SMS').

"(b)

"(1) shall analyze—

"(A) the accuracy with which the Behavior Analysis and Safety Improvement Categories (referred to in this part as 'BASIC')—

"(i) identify high risk carriers; and

"(ii) predict or are correlated with future crash risk, crash severity, or other safety indicators for motor carriers, including the highest risk carriers;

"(B) the methodology used to calculate BASIC percentiles and identify carriers for enforcement, including the weights assigned to particular violations and the tie between crash risk and specific regulatory violations, with respect to accurately identifying and predicting future crash risk for motor carriers;

"(C) the relative value of inspection information and roadside enforcement data;

"(D) any data collection gaps or data sufficiency problems that may exist and the impact of those gaps and problems on the efficacy of the CSA program;

"(E) the accuracy of safety data, including the use of crash data from crashes in which a motor carrier was free from fault;

"(F) whether BASIC percentiles for motor carriers of passengers should be calculated separately from motor carriers of freight;

"(G) the differences in the rates at which safety violations are reported to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration for inclusion in the SMS by various enforcement authorities, including States, territories, and Federal inspectors; and

"(H) how members of the public use the SMS and what effect making the SMS information public has had on reducing crashes and eliminating unsafe motor carriers from the industry; and

"(2) shall consider—

"(A) whether the SMS provides comparable precision and confidence, through SMS alerts and percentiles, for the relative crash risk of individual large and small motor carriers;

"(B) whether alternatives to the SMS would identify high risk carriers more accurately; and

"(C) the recommendations and findings of the Comptroller General of the United States and the Inspector General of the Department [of Transportation], and independent review team reports, issued before the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 2015].

"(c)

"(1) submit a report containing the results of the study commissioned pursuant to subsection (a) to—

"(A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate;

"(B) the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives; and

"(C) the Inspector General of the Department; and

"(2) publish the report on a publicly accessible Internet Web site of the Department.

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) responds to the deficiencies or opportunities identified by the report;

"(B) identifies how the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration will address such deficiencies or opportunities; and

"(C) provides an estimate of the cost, including with respect to changes in staffing, enforcement, and data collection, necessary to address such deficiencies or opportunities.

"(2)

"(A) includes benchmarks;

"(B) includes programmatic reforms, revisions to regulations, or proposals for legislation; and

"(C) shall be considered in any rulemaking by the Department that relates to the CSA program, including the SMS or data analysis under the SMS.

"(e)

"(1) review the extent to which such plan addresses—

"(A) recommendations contained in the report submitted under subsection (c); and

"(B) relevant recommendations issued by the Comptroller General or the Inspector General before the date of enactment of this Act; and

"(2) submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a report on the responsiveness of the corrective action plan to the recommendations described in paragraph (1).

"(a)

"(1) installs advanced safety equipment;

"(2) uses enhanced driver fitness measures;

"(3) adopts fleet safety management tools, technologies, and programs; or

"(4) satisfies other standards determined appropriate by the Administrator.

"(b)

"(1) incorporating a methodology into the CSA program; or

"(2) establishing a safety BASIC in the SMS.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) provide for a petition process for reviewing advanced safety equipment, enhanced driver fitness measures, fleet safety management tools, technologies, and programs, and other standards; and

"(B) seek input and participation from industry stakeholders, including commercial motor vehicle drivers, technology manufacturers, vehicle manufacturers, motor carriers, law enforcement, safety advocates, and the Motor Carrier Safety Advisory Committee.

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(1) the advanced safety equipment, enhanced driver fitness measures, fleet safety management tools, technologies, and programs, and other standards eligible for recognition, including credit or an improved SMS percentile;

"(2) any petitions for review of advanced safety equipment, enhanced driver fitness measures, fleet safety management tools, technologies, and programs, and other standards; and

"(3) any relevant statistics relating to the use of advanced safety equipment, enhanced driver fitness measures, fleet safety management tools, technologies, and programs, and other standards.

"(g)

"(1) number of motor carriers receiving recognition, including credit or an improved SMS percentile, under this section; and

"(2) safety performance of such carriers.

"(a)

"(1) the report required under section 5221(c) has been submitted in accordance with that section;

"(2) any deficiencies identified in the report required under section 5221(c) have been addressed;

"(3) if applicable, the corrective action plan under section 5221(d) has been implemented;

"(4) the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration has fully implemented or satisfactorily addressed the issues raised in the report titled 'Modifying the Compliance, Safety, Accountability Program Would Improve the Ability to Identify High Risk Carriers' of the Government Accountability Office and dated February 2014 (GAO–14–114); and

"(5) the Secretary [of Transportation] has initiated modification of the CSA program in accordance with section 5222.

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and State and local commercial motor vehicle enforcement agencies may use the information referred to in subsection (a) for purposes of investigation and enforcement prioritization;

"(B) a motor carrier and a commercial motor vehicle driver may access information referred to in subsection (a) that relates directly to the motor carrier or driver, respectively; and

"(C) a data analysis of motorcoach operators may be provided online with a notation indicating that the ratings or alerts listed are not intended to imply any Federal safety rating of the carrier.

"(2)

"(3)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) shall provide for the hardcoding and smart logic functionality for roadside inspection data collection systems and databases; and

"(2) shall be made available to public and private sector developers.

"(c)

"(d)

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) review and consider the recommendations provided by the Motor Carrier Safety Advisory Committee; and

"(2) report to Congress on how the Secretary intends to address the treatment of preventable crashes.

"(d)

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32603(i), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 808, provided that: "The Secretary [of Transportation] is authorized to identify and implement processes to reduce the administrative burden on the States and the Department of Transportation concerning the application and management of the grant programs authorized under chapter 311 and chapter 313 of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 109–347, title VII, §703, Oct. 13, 2006, 120 Stat. 1944, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4127, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1741, as amended by Pub. L. 111–147, title IV, §422(g), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 87; Pub. L. 111–322, title II, §2202(g), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3525; Pub. L. 112–5, title II, §202(g), Mar. 4, 2011, 125 Stat. 17; Pub. L. 112–30, title I, §122(f), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 349; Pub. L. 112–102, title II, §202(f), Mar. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 274; Pub. L. 112–140, title II, §202(f), June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 395; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32603(f), div. G, title II, §112002(e), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 808, 983; Pub. L. 113–159, title I, §1102(f), Aug. 8, 2014, 128 Stat. 1844; Pub. L. 114–21, title I, §1102(f), May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 222; Pub. L. 114–41, title I, §1102(f), July 31, 2015, 129 Stat. 449; Pub. L. 114–73, title I, §1102(f), Oct. 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 572; Pub. L. 114–87, title I, §1102(f), Nov. 20, 2015, 129 Stat. 681, which provided for an outreach and education program, was repealed by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5103(c)(4), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1527. See section 31110(c) of this title.

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4128, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1742, which provided for grants to States for projects and activities to improve the accuracy, timeliness, and completeness of commercial motor vehicle safety data reported to the Secretary of Transportation, was repealed by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5101(e)(6), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1525, effective Oct. 1, 2016.

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4139(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1745, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4144, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1748, as amended by Pub. L. 111–147, title IV, §422(i), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 87; Pub. L. 111–322, title II, §2202(i), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3525; Pub. L. 112–5, title II, §202(i), Mar. 4, 2011, 125 Stat. 17; Pub. L. 112–30, title I, §122(h), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 349; Pub. L. 112–102, title II, §202(h), Mar. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 274; Pub. L. 112–140, title II, §202(h), June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 395; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32912, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 818; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title III, §23002, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 758; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(309), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4340, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) provide advice and recommendations to the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration about needs, objectives, plans, approaches, content, and accomplishments of the motor carrier safety programs carried out by the Administration; and

"(2) provide advice and recommendations to the Administrator on motor carrier safety regulations.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 106–159, title I, §104, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1754, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) Reducing the number and rates of crashes, injuries, and fatalities involving commercial motor vehicles.

"(2) Improving the consistency and effectiveness of commercial motor vehicle, operator, and carrier enforcement and compliance programs.

"(3) Identifying and targeting enforcement efforts at high-risk commercial motor vehicles, operators, and carriers.

"(4) Improving research efforts to enhance and promote commercial motor vehicle, operator, and carrier safety and performance.

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) To increase the number of inspections and compliance reviews to ensure that all high-risk commercial motor vehicles, operators, and carriers are examined.

"(B) To eliminate, with meaningful safety measures, the backlog of rulemakings.

"(C) To improve the quality and effectiveness of data bases by ensuring that all States and inspectors accurately and promptly report complete safety information.

"(D) To eliminate, with meaningful civil and criminal penalties for violations, the backlog of enforcement cases.

"(E) To provide for a sufficient number of Federal and State safety inspectors, and provide adequate facilities and equipment, at international border areas.

"(2)

"(3)

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) The Secretary and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator.

"(B) The Administrator and the Deputy Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator.

"(C) The Administrator and the Chief Safety Officer of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.

"(D) The Administrator and the regulatory ombudsman of the Administration designated by the Administrator under subsection (f).

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(f)

"(1) make decisions to resolve disagreements between officials in the Administration who are participating in a rulemaking process; and

"(2) ensure that sufficient staff are assigned to rulemaking projects to meet all deadlines."

Pub. L. 106–159, title I, §105, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1756, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §224, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1770, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) evaluate future crashes involving commercial motor vehicles;

"(2) monitor crash trends and identify causes and contributing factors; and

"(3) develop effective safety improvement policies and programs.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) crash causation and prevention;

"(2) commercial motor vehicles, drivers, and carriers, including passenger carriers;

"(3) highways and noncommercial motor vehicles and drivers;

"(4) Federal and State highway and motor carrier safety programs;

"(5) research methods and statistical analysis; and

"(6) other relevant topics.

"(d)

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(f)

Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §225, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1771, directed the Secretary, in cooperation with the States, to carry out a program to improve the collection and analysis of data on crashes, including crash causation, involving commercial motor vehicles and to transmit a report on the program and authorized appropriations for fiscal years 2001, 2002, and 2003.

In this subchapter—

(1) "commercial motor vehicle" means (except in section 31106) a self-propelled or towed vehicle used on the highways in commerce principally to transport passengers or cargo, if the vehicle—

(A) has a gross vehicle weight rating or gross vehicle weight of at least 10,001 pounds, whichever is greater;

(B) is designed to transport more than 10 passengers including the driver; or

(C) is used in transporting material found by the Secretary of Transportation to be hazardous under section 5103 of this title and transported in a quantity requiring placarding under regulations prescribed by the Secretary under section 5103.

(2) "employee" means a driver of a commercial motor vehicle (including an independent contractor when personally operating a commercial motor vehicle), a mechanic, a freight handler, or an individual not an employer, who—

(A) directly affects commercial motor vehicle safety in the course of employment by a commercial motor carrier; and

(B) is not an employee of the United States Government, a State, or a political subdivision of a State acting in the course of employment.

(3) "employer"—

(A) means a person engaged in a business affecting commerce that owns or leases a commercial motor vehicle in connection with that business, or assigns an employee to operate the vehicle in commerce; but

(B) does not include the Government, a State, or a political subdivision of a State.

(4) "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 984; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4003(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 395.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31101 | 49 App.:2301(1), (3)–(6). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §401(1), (3)–(6), 96 Stat. 2154, 2155. |

49 App.:2301(2). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §401(2), 96 Stat. 2154; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §228(a), (b), 98 Stat. 2852. |


Before clause (1), the words "unless the context otherwise requires" are omitted as unnecessary. The text of 49 App.:2301(4) is omitted as unnecessary because of 1:1. The text of 49 App.:2301(5) is omitted as surplus because the complete name of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section.

In clause (1), before subclause (A), the words "(except in section 31106)" are added because the source provisions being restated in section 31106 of the revised title contain a definition of "commercial motor vehicle".

In clause (4), the words "the Commonwealth of" are omitted for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

**1998**—Par. (1)(A). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(a)(1), inserted "or gross vehicle weight" after "rating" and substituted "10,001 pounds, whichever is greater" for "10,000 pounds".

Par. (1)(C). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(a)(2), inserted "and transported in a quantity requiring placarding under regulations prescribed by the Secretary under section 5103" before period at end.

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4003(h), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 398, provided that: "Amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 31102 to 31104 of this title] shall not affect any funds made available before the date of enactment of this Act [June 9, 1998]."

(a)

(b)

(1) making targeted investments to promote safe commercial motor vehicle transportation, including the transportation of passengers and hazardous materials;

(2) investing in activities likely to generate maximum reductions in the number and severity of commercial motor vehicle crashes and in fatalities resulting from such crashes;

(3) adopting and enforcing effective motor carrier, commercial motor vehicle, and driver safety regulations and practices consistent with Federal requirements; and

(4) assessing and improving statewide performance by setting program goals and meeting performance standards, measures, and benchmarks.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) implements performance-based activities, including deployment and maintenance of technology to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of commercial motor vehicle safety programs;

(B) designates a lead State commercial motor vehicle safety agency responsible for administering the plan throughout the State;

(C) contains satisfactory assurances that the lead State commercial motor vehicle safety agency has or will have the legal authority, resources, and qualified personnel necessary to enforce the regulations, standards, and orders;

(D) contains satisfactory assurances that the State will devote adequate resources to the administration of the plan and enforcement of the regulations, standards, and orders;

(E) provides a right of entry (or other method a State may use that the Secretary determines is adequate to obtain necessary information) and inspection to carry out the plan;

(F) provides that all reports required under this section be available to the Secretary on request;

(G) provides that the lead State commercial motor vehicle safety agency will adopt the reporting requirements and use the forms for recordkeeping, inspections, and investigations that the Secretary prescribes;

(H) requires all registrants of commercial motor vehicles to demonstrate knowledge of applicable safety regulations, standards, and orders of the Federal Government and the State;

(I) provides that the State will grant maximum reciprocity for inspections conducted under the North American Inspection Standards through the use of a nationally accepted system that allows ready identification of previously inspected commercial motor vehicles;

(J) ensures that activities described in subsection (h), if financed through grants to the State made under this section, will not diminish the effectiveness of the development and implementation of the programs to improve motor carrier, commercial motor vehicle, and driver safety as described in subsection (b);

(K) ensures that the lead State commercial motor vehicle safety agency will coordinate the plan, data collection, and information systems with the State highway safety improvement program required under section 148(c) of title 23;

(L) ensures participation in appropriate Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration information technology and data systems and other information systems by all appropriate jurisdictions receiving motor carrier safety assistance program funding;

(M) ensures that information is exchanged among the States in a timely manner;

(N) provides satisfactory assurances that the State will undertake efforts that will emphasize and improve enforcement of State and local traffic safety laws and regulations related to commercial motor vehicle safety;

(O) provides satisfactory assurances that the State will address national priorities and performance goals, including—

(i) activities aimed at removing impaired commercial motor vehicle drivers from the highways of the United States through adequate enforcement of regulations on the use of alcohol and controlled substances and by ensuring ready roadside access to alcohol detection and measuring equipment;

(ii) activities aimed at providing an appropriate level of training to State motor carrier safety assistance program officers and employees on recognizing drivers impaired by alcohol or controlled substances; and

(iii) when conducted with an appropriate commercial motor vehicle inspection, criminal interdiction activities, and appropriate strategies for carrying out those interdiction activities, including interdiction activities that affect the transportation of controlled substances (as defined in section 102 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 U.S.C. 802) and listed in part 1308 of title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, as updated and republished from time to time) by any occupant of a commercial motor vehicle;

(P) provides that the State has established and dedicated sufficient resources to a program to ensure that—

(i) the State collects and reports to the Secretary accurate, complete, and timely motor carrier safety data; and

(ii) the State participates in a national motor carrier safety data correction system prescribed by the Secretary;

(Q) ensures that the State will cooperate in the enforcement of financial responsibility requirements under sections 13906, 31138, and 31139 and regulations issued under those sections;

(R) ensures consistent, effective, and reasonable sanctions;

(S) ensures that roadside inspections will be conducted at locations that are adequate to protect the safety of drivers and enforcement personnel;

(T) provides that the State will include in the training manuals for the licensing examination to drive noncommercial motor vehicles and commercial motor vehicles information on best practices for driving safely in the vicinity of noncommercial and commercial motor vehicles;

(U) provides that the State will enforce the registration requirements of sections 13902 and 31134 by prohibiting the operation of any vehicle discovered to be operated by a motor carrier without a registration issued under those sections or to be operated beyond the scope of the motor carrier's registration;

(V) provides that the State will conduct comprehensive and highly visible traffic enforcement and commercial motor vehicle safety inspection programs in high-risk locations and corridors;

(W) except in the case of an imminent hazard or obvious safety hazard, ensures that an inspection of a vehicle transporting passengers for a motor carrier of passengers is conducted at a bus station, terminal, border crossing, maintenance facility, destination, or other location where a motor carrier may make a planned stop (excluding a weigh station);

(X) ensures that the State will transmit to its roadside inspectors notice of each Federal exemption granted under section 31315(b) of this title and sections 390.23 and 390.25 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, and provided to the State by the Secretary, including the name of the person that received the exemption and any terms and conditions that apply to the exemption;

(Y) except as provided in subsection (d), provides that the State—

(i) will conduct safety audits of interstate and, at the State's discretion, intrastate new entrant motor carriers under section 31144(g); and

(ii) if the State authorizes a third party to conduct safety audits under section 31144(g) on its behalf, the State verifies the quality of the work conducted and remains solely responsible for the management and oversight of the activities;

(Z) provides that the State agrees to fully participate in the performance and registration information systems management under section 31106(b) not later than October 1, 2020, by complying with the conditions for participation under paragraph (3) of that section, or demonstrates to the Secretary an alternative approach for identifying and immobilizing a motor carrier with serious safety deficiencies in a manner that provides an equivalent level of safety;

(AA) in the case of a State that shares a land border with another country, provides that the State—

(i) will conduct a border commercial motor vehicle safety program focusing on international commerce that includes enforcement and related projects; or

(ii) will forfeit all funds calculated by the Secretary based on border-related activities if the State declines to conduct the program described in clause (i) in its plan; and

(BB) in the case of a State that meets the other requirements of this section and agrees to comply with the requirements established in subsection (l)(3), provides that the State may fund operation and maintenance costs associated with innovative technology deployment under subsection (l)(3) with motor carrier safety assistance program funds authorized under section 31104(a)(1).

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) would reasonably be expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings; or

(ii) would reveal enforcement techniques or procedures that would reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the law.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1)

(A) the average level of that expenditure for fiscal years 2004 and 2005; or

(B) the level of that expenditure for the year in which the Secretary implements a new allocation formula under section 5106 of the FAST Act.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) may allow the State to exclude State expenditures for federally sponsored demonstration and pilot programs and strike forces;

(B) may allow the State to exclude expenditures for activities related to border enforcement and new entrant safety audits; and

(C) shall require the State to exclude State matching amounts used to receive Federal financing under section 31104.

(g)

(h)

(1) if the activities are carried out in conjunction with an appropriate inspection of a commercial motor vehicle to enforce Federal or State commercial motor vehicle safety regulations, for—

(A) enforcement of commercial motor vehicle size and weight limitations at locations, excluding fixed-weight facilities, such as near steep grades or mountainous terrains, where the weight of a commercial motor vehicle can significantly affect the safe operation of the vehicle, or at ports where intermodal shipping containers enter and leave the United States; and

(B) detection of and enforcement actions taken as a result of criminal activity, including the trafficking of human beings, in a commercial motor vehicle or by any occupant, including the operator, of the commercial motor vehicle; and

(2) for documented enforcement of State traffic laws and regulations designed to promote the safe operation of commercial motor vehicles, including documented enforcement of such laws and regulations relating to noncommercial motor vehicles when necessary to promote the safe operation of commercial motor vehicles, if—

(A) the number of motor carrier safety activities, including roadside safety inspections, conducted in the State is maintained at a level at least equal to the average level of such activities conducted in the State in fiscal years 2014 and 2015; and

(B) the State does not use more than 10 percent of the basic amount the State receives under a grant awarded under section 31104(a)(1) for enforcement activities relating to noncommercial motor vehicles necessary to promote the safe operation of commercial motor vehicles unless the Secretary determines that a higher percentage will result in significant increases in commercial motor vehicle safety.

(i)

(1)

(2)

(j)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(k)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) up to 5 percent of funds during the fiscal year that the Secretary notifies the State of its noncompliance;

(ii) up to 10 percent of funds for the first full fiscal year of noncompliance;

(iii) up to 25 percent of funds for the second full fiscal year of noncompliance; and

(iv) not more than 50 percent of funds for the third and any subsequent full fiscal year of noncompliance.

(3)

(l)

(1)

(2)

(A) increase public awareness and education on commercial motor vehicle safety;

(B) target unsafe driving of commercial motor vehicles and noncommercial motor vehicles in areas identified as high risk crash corridors;

(C) improve the safe and secure movement of hazardous materials;

(D) improve safe transportation of goods and persons in foreign commerce;

(E) demonstrate new technologies to improve commercial motor vehicle safety;

(F) support participation in performance and registration information systems management under section 31106(b)—

(i) for entities not responsible for submitting the plan under subsection (c); or

(ii) for entities responsible for submitting the plan under subsection (c)—

(I) before October 1, 2020, to achieve compliance with the requirements of participation; and

(II) beginning on October 1, 2020, or once compliance is achieved, whichever is sooner, for special initiatives or projects that exceed routine operations required for participation;

(G) conduct safety data improvement projects—

(i) that complete or exceed the requirements under subsection (c)(2)(P) for entities not responsible for submitting the plan under subsection (c); or

(ii) that exceed the requirements under subsection (c)(2)(P) for entities responsible for submitting the plan under subsection (c);

(H) support, through the use of funds otherwise available for such purposes—

(i) the recognition, prevention, and reporting of human trafficking, including the trafficking of human beings—

(I) in a commercial motor vehicle; or

(II) by any occupant, including the operator, of a commercial motor vehicle;

(ii) the detection of criminal activity or any other violation of law relating to human trafficking; and

(iii) enforcement of laws relating to human trafficking;

(I) otherwise support the recognition, prevention, and reporting of human trafficking; and

(J) otherwise improve commercial motor vehicle safety and compliance with commercial motor vehicle safety regulations.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) to advance the technological capability and promote the deployment of intelligent transportation system applications for commercial motor vehicle operations, including commercial motor vehicle, commercial driver, and carrier-specific information systems and networks; and

(ii) to support and maintain commercial motor vehicle information systems and networks—

(I) to link Federal motor carrier safety information systems with State commercial motor vehicle systems;

(II) to improve the safety and productivity of commercial motor vehicles and drivers; and

(III) to reduce costs associated with commercial motor vehicle operations and Federal and State commercial motor vehicle regulatory requirements.

(C)

(i) have a commercial motor vehicle information systems and networks program plan approved by the Secretary that describes the various systems and networks at the State level that need to be refined, revised, upgraded, or built to accomplish deployment of commercial motor vehicle information systems and networks capabilities;

(ii) certify to the Secretary that its commercial motor vehicle information systems and networks deployment activities, including hardware procurement, software and system development, and infrastructure modifications—

(I) are consistent with the national intelligent transportation systems and commercial motor vehicle information systems and networks architectures and available standards; and

(II) promote interoperability and efficiency to the extent practicable; and

(iii) agree to execute interoperability tests developed by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration to verify that its systems conform with the national intelligent transportation systems architecture, applicable standards, and protocols for commercial motor vehicle information systems and networks.

(D)

(i) for deployment activities and activities to develop new and innovative advanced technology solutions that support commercial motor vehicle information systems and networks;

(ii) for planning activities, including the development or updating of program or top level design plans in order to become eligible or maintain eligibility under subparagraph (C);

(iii) for the operation and maintenance costs associated with innovative technology;

(iv) for the detection of, and enforcement actions taken as a result of, criminal activity (including the trafficking of human beings)—

(I) in a commercial motor vehicle; or

(II) by any occupant, including the operator, of a commercial motor vehicle; and

(v) in addition to any funds otherwise made available for the recognition, prevention, and reporting of human trafficking, to support the recognition, prevention, and reporting of human trafficking.

(E)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i) are determined to be unsafe; or

(ii) fail inspection.

(C)

(D)

(i) with respect to which a motor vehicle safety violation included in the list developed under subparagraph (C) is determined to exist; or

(ii) that is determined to have a defect included in that list.

(E)

(i) the immobilization or impoundment of passenger-carrying commercial motor vehicles described in subparagraph (D);

(ii) safety inspections of those passenger-carrying commercial motor vehicles; and

(iii) any other activity relating to an activity described in clause (i) or (ii), as determined by the Secretary.

(F)

(5)

(A)

(B)

(i) to train non-Federal employees who conduct commercial motor vehicle enforcement activities; and

(ii) to develop related training materials.

(C)

(i) expertise in conducting a training program for non-Federal employees; and

(ii) the ability to reach and involve in a training program a target population of commercial motor vehicle safety enforcement employees.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 984; Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §104(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 918; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4003(b), (c), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 395, 396; Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §207, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1764; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §§4106, 4307(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1717, 1774; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32601(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 805; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5101(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1514; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title III, §§23001(c), 23003–23005, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 758–760.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31102(a) | 49 App.:2302(a). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §402(a), (c), 96 Stat. 2155, 2156. |

31102(b) | 49 App.:2302(b), (d). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §402(b), (d), 96 Stat. 2155, 2156; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4002(a), (b), 105 Stat. 2140. |

31102(c) | 49 App.:2302(e). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, 96 Stat. 2097, §402(e); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4002(c), 105 Stat. 2142. |

31102(d) | 49 App.:2302(c). |


In this section, the word "rules" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulations".

In subsection (a), the words "Subject to this section and the availability of amounts" are substituted for "Under the terms and conditions of this section, subject to the availability of funds" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the word "prescribe" is substituted for "formulate" for consistency in the revised title. Clause (D) is substituted for 49 App.:2302(d) to state the requirements of a plan in one place and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (K), the words "into law and practice" are omitted a unnecessary. In clause (O)(i), the words "highways of the United States" are substituted for "our Nation's highways" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In subclause (iii), the word "especially" is omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (b)(3)(B), the words "Government financing" are substituted for "Federal funding" for clarity and consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "type of" are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (1), the word "leave" is substituted for "exit" for clarity and consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (d), the words "the regulations, standards, or orders" are substituted for "Federal rules, regulations, standards, or orders applicable to commercial motor vehicle safety or compatible State rules, regulations, standards, or orders" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. The last sentence is substituted for 49 App.:2302(c) (last sentence) for clarity.

Sections 5106 and 5107 of the FAST Act, referred to in subsecs. (f)(1), (2) and (j)(3), are sections 5106 and 5107 of Pub. L. 114–94, which are set out as notes below.

**2021**—Subsec. (h)(2)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §23001(c), substituted "2014 and 2015" for "2004 and 2005".

Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §23005(1), substituted "(2) through (5)" for "(2) and (3)".

Subsec. (l)(2)(H) to (J). Pub. L. 117–58, §23003(1), added subpars. (H) and (I) and redesignated former subpar. (H) as (J).

Subsec. (l)(3)(D)(iv), (v). Pub. L. 117–58, §23003(2), added cls. (iv) and (v).

Subsec. (l)(4). Pub. L. 117–58, §23004, added par. (4).

Subsec. (l)(5). Pub. L. 117–58, §23005(2), added par. (5).

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to grants to States for programs to improve motor carrier safety.

**2012**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–141, §32601(a)(1), amended heading generally, substituting "Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program" for "State Plan Procedures and Contents".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §32601(a)(3), added par. (1). Former par. (1) redesignated (2).

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, §32601(a)(2), redesignated par. (1) as (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3).

Subsec. (b)(2)(I). Pub. L. 112–141, §32601(a)(4)(A), substituted "demonstrate" for "make a declaration of".

Subsec. (b)(2)(M). Pub. L. 112–141, §32601(a)(4)(B), amended subpar. (M) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (M) read as follows: "ensures participation in SAFETYNET and other information systems by all appropriate jurisdictions receiving funding under this section;".

Subsec. (b)(2)(Q). Pub. L. 112–141, §32601(a)(4)(C), inserted "and dedicated sufficient resources to" after "has established".

Subsec. (b)(2)(Y). Pub. L. 112–141, §32601(a)(4)(D)–(F), added subpar. (Y).

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 112–141, §32601(a)(2), redesignated par. (2) as (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (4).

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 112–141, §32601(a)(5), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) read as follows: "In estimating the average level of State expenditure under paragraph (1)(E) of this subsection, the Secretary—

"(A) may allow the State to exclude State expenditures for Government-sponsored demonstration or pilot programs; and

"(B) shall require the State to exclude Government amounts and State matching amounts used to receive Government financing under subsection (a) of this section."

Pub. L. 112–141, §32601(a)(2), redesignated par. (3) as (4).

**2005**—Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 109–59, §4106(a)(1), added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: "implements performance-based activities by fiscal year 2000;".

Subsec. (b)(1)(E). Pub. L. 109–59, §4106(a)(2), added subpar. (E) and struck out former subpar. (E) which read as follows: "provides that the total expenditure of amounts of the State and its political subdivisions (not including amounts of the Government) for commercial motor vehicle safety programs for enforcement of commercial motor vehicle size and weight limitations, drug interdiction, and State traffic safety laws and regulations under subsection (c) of this section will be maintained at a level at least equal to the average level of that expenditure for its last 3 full fiscal years before December 18, 1991;".

Subsec. (b)(1)(Q). Pub. L. 109–59, §4106(a)(3), added subpar. (Q) and struck out former subpar. (Q) which read as follows: "provides that the State will establish a program to ensure the proper and timely correction of commercial motor vehicle safety violations noted during an inspection carried out with funds authorized under section 31104;".

Subsec. (b)(1)(R). Pub. L. 109–59, §4106(a)(4), aligned margins.

Subsec. (b)(1)(U) to (X). Pub. L. 109–59, §4106(a)(5)–(7), added subpars. (U) to (X).

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 109–59, §4307(b), substituted "paragraph (1)(E)" for "paragraph (1)(D)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §4106(b)(1), added subsec. (c) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (c). Text read as follows: "A State may use amounts received under a grant under subsection (a) of this section for the following activities if the activities are carried out in conjunction with an appropriate inspection of the commercial motor vehicle to enforce Government or State commercial motor vehicle safety regulations:

"(1) enforcement of commercial motor vehicle size and weight limitations at locations other than fixed weight facilities, at specific locations such as steep grades or mountainous terrains where the weight of a commercial motor vehicle can significantly affect the safe operation of the vehicle, or at ports where intermodal shipping containers enter and leave the United States.

"(2) detection of the unlawful presence of a controlled substance (as defined under section 102 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 U.S.C. 802)) in a commercial motor vehicle or on the person of any occupant (including the operator) of the vehicle.

"(3) enforcement of State traffic laws and regulations designed to promote the safe operation of commercial motor vehicles."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §4106(b)(2), added subsec. (e).

**1999**—Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 106–159, §207(1), realigned subpar. (A) margins.

Subsec. (b)(1)(R). Pub. L. 106–159, §207(2), added subpar. (R) and struck out former subpar. (R) which read as follows: "ensures that the State will cooperate in the enforcement of registration and financial responsibility requirements under sections 31138 and 31139, or regulations issued thereunder;".

**1998**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(b)(1), inserted "improving motor carrier safety and" after "implementation of programs for" and ", hazardous materials transportation safety," after "commercial motor vehicle safety".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(b)(2), in introductory provisions, substituted "assume responsibility for improving motor carrier safety and to adopt and enforce" for "adopt and assume responsibility for enforcing" and inserted ", hazardous materials transportation safety," after "commercial motor vehicle safety".

Subsec. (b)(1)(A) to (I). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(c)(6), (7), added subpar. (A) and redesignated former subpars. (A) to (H) as (B) to (I), respectively. Former subpar. (I) redesignated (J).

Subsec. (b)(1)(J). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(c)(6), redesignated subpar. (I) as (J). Former subpar. (J) redesignated (K).

Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(c)(1), substituted "subsection (c)(1)" for "subsection (c)".

Subsec. (b)(1)(K) to (M). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(c)(6), redesignated subpars. (J) to (L) as (K) to (M), respectively. Former subpar. (M) redesignated (N).

Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(c)(2), added subpars. (K) to (M) and struck out former subpars. (K) to (M) which read as follows:

"(K) ensures that fines imposed and collected by the State for violations of commercial motor vehicle safety regulations will be reasonable and appropriate and that, to the maximum extent practicable, the State will attempt to implement the recommended fine schedule published by the Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance;

"(L) ensures that the State agency will coordinate the plan prepared under this section with the State highway safety plan under section 402 of title 23;

"(M) ensures participation by the 48 contiguous States in SAFETYNET not later than January 1, 1994;".

Subsec. (b)(1)(N). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(c)(6), redesignated subpar. (M) as (N). Former subpar. (N) redesignated (O).

Subsec. (b)(1)(O). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(c)(6), redesignated subpar. (N) as (O). Former subpar. (O) redesignated (P).

Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(c)(3), inserted "in support of national priorities and performance goals, including" after "activities" in introductory provisions, substituted "activities aimed at removing" for "to remove" in cl. (i), substituted "activities aimed at providing" for "to provide" and inserted "and" after semicolon in cl. (ii), added cl. (iii), and struck out former cls. (iii) and (iv) which read as follows:

"(iii) to promote enforcement of the requirements related to the licensing of commercial motor vehicle drivers, including checking the status of commercial drivers' licenses; and

"(iv) to improve enforcement of hazardous material transportation regulations by encouraging more inspections of shipper facilities affecting highway transportation and more comprehensive inspection of the loads of commercial motor vehicles transporting hazardous material;".

Subsec. (b)(1)(P). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(c)(6), redesignated subpar. (O) as (P). Former subpar. (P) redesignated (Q).

Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(c)(4), added subpar. (P) and struck out former subpar. (P) which read as follows: "provides satisfactory assurances that the State will promote effective—

"(i) interdiction activities affecting the transportation of controlled substances by commercial motor vehicle drivers and training on appropriate strategies for carrying out those interdiction activities; and

"(ii) use of trained and qualified officers and employees of political subdivisions and local governments, under the supervision and direction of the State motor vehicle safety agency, in the enforcement of regulations affecting commercial motor vehicle safety and hazardous material transportation safety; and".

Subsec. (b)(1)(Q). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(c)(6), redesignated subpar. (P) as (Q). Former subpar. (Q) redesignated (R).

Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(c)(5)(A), substituted "sections 31138 and 31139" for "sections 31140 and 31146".

Subsec. (b)(1)(R). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(c)(6), redesignated subpar. (Q) as (R).

Subsec. (b)(1)(S), (T). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(c)(5)(B), (8), added subpars. (S) and (T).

**1995**—Subsec. (b)(1)(Q). Pub. L. 104–88 added subpar. (Q).

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5101(f), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1526, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 31103, 31104, 31106, and 31144 of this title, repealing sections 31107 and 31109 of this title, amending provisions set out as a note under section 31133 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 31100, 31106, 31136, and 31301 of this title] shall take effect on October 1, 2016."

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title III, §23020, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 777, provided that: "Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 15, 2021], and every 3 years thereafter, the Secretary [of Transportation], acting through the Department of Transportation Advisory Committee on Human Trafficking established under section 5(a) of the Combating Human Trafficking in Commercial Vehicles Act (Public Law 115–99; 131 Stat. 2243), shall coordinate with the Attorney General to prepare and submit to Congress a report relating to human trafficking violations involving commercial motor vehicles, which shall include recommendations for countering human trafficking, including an assessment of previous best practices by transportation stakeholders."

Pub. L. 116–260, div. N, title IV, §441, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2068, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) for a grant made under section 31102 of that title (other than subsection (l) of that section)—

"(i) the fiscal year in which the Secretary approves the financial assistance agreement with respect to the grant; and

"(ii) the following 2 fiscal years;

"(B) for a grant made or a cooperative agreement entered into under section 31102(l)(2) of that title—

"(i) the fiscal year in which the Secretary approves the financial assistance agreement with respect to the grant or cooperative agreement; and

"(ii) the following 3 fiscal years;

"(C) for a grant made under section 31102(l)(3) of that title—

"(i) the fiscal year in which the Secretary approves the financial assistance agreement with respect to the grant; and

"(ii) the following 5 fiscal years;

"(D) for a grant made under section 31103 of that title—

"(i) the fiscal year in which the Secretary approves the financial assistance agreement with respect to the grant; and

"(ii) the following 2 fiscal years; and

"(E) for a grant made or a cooperative agreement entered into under section 31313 of that title—

"(i) the year in which the Secretary approves the financial assistance agreement with respect to the grant or cooperative agreement; and

"(ii) the following 5 fiscal years.

"(2)

"(A)

"(i) to amounts awarded for fiscal year 2019 or 2020 under a grant or cooperative agreement described in subparagraphs (A) through (E) of that paragraph; and

"(ii) for the purpose of expanding the period of availability during which the recipient may expend the amounts described in clause (i).

"(B)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5101(g), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1526, provided that: "Notwithstanding the amendments made by this section [see Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note above], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall carry out sections 31102, 31103, and 31104 of title 49, United States Code, and any sections repealed under subsection (e) [repealing sections 31107 and 31109 of this title and provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 31100, 31106, 31136, and 31301 of this title], as necessary, as those sections were in effect on the day before October 1, 2016, with respect to applications for grants, cooperative agreements, or contracts under those sections submitted before October 1, 2016."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5106, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1530, as amended by Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(310), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4340, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(i) The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.

"(ii) The lead State commercial motor vehicle safety agencies responsible for administering the plan required by section 31102 of title 49, United States Code.

"(iii) An organization representing State agencies responsible for enforcing a program for inspection of commercial motor vehicles.

"(iv) Such other persons as the Secretary considers necessary.

"(B)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(6)

"(A) detailed summaries of the meetings of the working group; and

"(B) the final recommendation of the working group provided to the Secretary.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) the relative needs of the States to comply with section 31102 of title 49, United States Code;

"(2) the relative administrative capacities of and challenges faced by States in complying with that section;

"(3) the average of each State's new entrant motor carrier inventory for the 3-year period prior to the date of enactment of this Act;

"(4) the number of international border inspection facilities and border crossings by commercial vehicles in each State; and

"(5) any other factors the Secretary considers appropriate.

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) The Secretary shall calculate the funding amount to a State using the allocation formula the Secretary used to award motor carrier safety assistance program funding in fiscal year 2016 under section 31102 of title 49, United States Code.

"(B) The Secretary shall average the funding awarded or other equitable amounts to a State in fiscal years 2013, 2014, and 2015 for—

"(i) border enforcement grants under section 31107 of title 49, United States Code; and

"(ii) new entrant audit grants under section 31144(g)(5) of that title.

"(C) The Secretary shall add the amounts calculated in subparagraphs (A) and (B).

"(2)

"(A) motor carrier safety assistance program funds awarded to the State under section 31102 of title 49, United States Code;

"(B) border enforcement grants awarded to the State under section 31107 of title 49, United States Code; and

"(C) new entrant audit grants awarded to the State under section 31144(g)(5) of title 49, United States Code.

"(3)

"(4)

"(e)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5107, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1532, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) is equitable due to reasonable circumstances;

"(B) will ensure the continuation of commercial motor vehicle enforcement activities in the State; and

"(C) is necessary to ensure that the total amount of State maintenance of effort and matching expenditures required under sections 31102 and 31104 of title 49, United States Code, as amended by this subtitle, does not exceed a sum greater than the average of the total amount of State maintenance of effort and matching expenditures required under those sections for the 3 fiscal years prior to the date of enactment of this Act.

"(2)

"(A) The Secretary shall establish the maintenance of effort baseline for the State using the average baseline of fiscal years 2004 and 2005, as required by section 31102(b)(4) of title 49, United States Code, as that section was in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act.

"(B) The Secretary shall calculate the average required match by a lead State commercial motor vehicle safety agency for fiscal years 2013, 2014, and 2015 for motor carrier safety assistance grants established at 20 percent by section 31103 of title 49, United States Code, as that section was in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act.

"(C) The Secretary shall calculate the estimated match required under section 31104(b) of title 49, United States Code, as amended by this subtitle.

"(D) The Secretary shall subtract the amount in subparagraph (B) from the amount in subparagraph (C) and—

"(i) if the number is greater than 0, the Secretary shall subtract the number from the amount in subparagraph (A); or

"(ii) if the number is not greater than 0, the Secretary shall calculate the maintenance of effort using the methodology in subparagraph (A).

"(3)

"(A)

"(B)

"(4)

"(c)

Except as provided in sections 14504, 14504a, and 14506 of this title, subtitle C (§§4301–4308) of title IV of Pub. L. 109–59 is not intended to prohibit any State or any political subdivision of any State from enacting, imposing, or enforcing any law or regulation with respect to a motor carrier, motor private carrier, broker, freight forwarder, or leasing company that is not otherwise prohibited by law, see section 4302 of Pub. L. 109–59, set out as a note under section 13902 of this title.

Pub. L. 106–159, title I, §103(c), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1753, which related to maintenance of effort as condition on grants to States, was repealed by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5101(e)(8), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1525, effective Oct. 1, 2016.

Pub. L. 106–159, title I, §103(e), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1754, which related to State compliance with CDL requirements and withholding of funds for noncompliance, was repealed by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5101(e)(9), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1525, effective Oct. 1, 2016.

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4032, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 419, required the Secretary of Transportation to conduct a study and submit a report not later than two years after June 9, 1998, on the effects of reductions of grants under this section and authorized the Secretary to adjust State allocations under section 31103 of this title based on the study.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 987; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4003(d), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 397; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4307(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1774; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32933(c), (d), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 830; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5101(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1523.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31103 | 49 App.:2303. | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §403, 96 Stat. 2156; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4002(d), 105 Stat. 2142. |


The word "rules" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulations".

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to United States Government's share of costs incurred by a State.

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–141, §32933(c), substituted "section 31102(b)(2)(E)" for "section 31102(b)(1)(E)".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–141, §32933(d), struck out "authorized by section 31104(f)(2)" after "public education activities".

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59 substituted "31102(b)(1)(E)" for "31102(b)(1)(D)" and inserted before last sentence "Amounts generated under the unified carrier registration agreement under section 14504a and received by a State and used for motor carrier safety purposes may be included as part of the State's share not provided by the United States."

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted subsec. heading, inserted "improve commercial motor vehicle safety and" after "implementing programs to", and added subsec. (b).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2016, subject to a transition provision, see section 5101(f), (g) of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as Effective Date of 2015 Amendment and Transition notes under section 31102 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Period of availability during which a recipient may expend grant amounts under this section extended for amounts awarded for fiscal years 2019 and 2020, see section 441 of div. N of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 31102 of this title.

Except as provided in sections 14504, 14504a, and 14506 of this title, subtitle C (§§4301–4308) of title IV of Pub. L. 109–59 is not intended to prohibit any State or any political subdivision of any State from enacting, imposing, or enforcing any law or regulation with respect to a motor carrier, motor private carrier, broker, freight forwarder, or leasing company that is not otherwise prohibited by law, see section 4302 of Pub. L. 109–59, set out as a note under section 13902 of this title.

(a)

(1) subject to subsection (c), to carry out the motor carrier safety assistance program under section 31102 (other than the high priority program under subsection (l) of that section)—

(A) $390,500,000 for fiscal year 2022;

(B) $398,500,000 for fiscal year 2023;

(C) $406,500,000 for fiscal year 2024;

(D) $414,500,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

(E) $422,500,000 for fiscal year 2026;

(2) subject to subsection (c), to carry out the high priority program under section 31102(l) (other than the commercial motor vehicle enforcement training and support grant program under paragraph (5) of that section)—

(A) $57,600,000 for fiscal year 2022;

(B) $58,800,000 for fiscal year 2023;

(C) $60,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

(D) $61,200,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

(E) $62,400,000 for fiscal year 2026;

(3) to carry out the commercial motor vehicle enforcement training and support grant program under section 31102(l)(5), $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026;

(4) to carry out the commercial motor vehicle operators grant program under section 31103—

(A) $1,100,000 for fiscal year 2022;

(B) $1,200,000 for fiscal year 2023;

(C) $1,300,000 for fiscal year 2024;

(D) $1,400,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

(E) $1,500,000 for fiscal year 2026; and

(5) subject to subsection (c), to carry out the financial assistance program for commercial driver's license implementation under section 31313—

(A) $41,800,000 for fiscal year 2022;

(B) $42,650,000 for fiscal year 2023;

(C) $43,500,000 for fiscal year 2024;

(D) $44,350,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

(E) $45,200,000 for fiscal year 2026.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i)

(ii)

(B)

(C)

(3)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1) For grants made for carrying out section 31102, other than section 31102(l), for the fiscal year in which the Secretary approves the financial assistance agreement and for the next 2 fiscal years.

(2) For grants made or cooperative agreements entered into for carrying out section 31102(l)(2), for the fiscal year in which the Secretary approves the financial assistance agreement and for the next 2 fiscal years.

(3) For grants made for carrying out section 31102(l)(3), for the fiscal year in which the Secretary approves the financial assistance agreement and for the next 4 fiscal years.

(4) For grants made for carrying out section 31102(l)(5), for the fiscal year in which the Secretary approves the financial assistance agreement and for the next 4 fiscal years.

(5) For grants made for carrying out section 31103, for the fiscal year in which the Secretary approves the financial assistance agreement and for the next 2 fiscal years.

(6) For grants made or cooperative agreements entered into for carrying out section 31313, for the fiscal year in which the Secretary approves the financial assistance agreement and for the next 4 fiscal years.

(g)

(h)

(i)

(1)

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 987; Pub. L. 105–130, §7, Dec. 1, 1997, 111 Stat. 2559; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4003(e)–(g), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 397; Pub. L. 108–88, §7(b), Sept. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 1120; Pub. L. 108–202, §11(b), Feb. 29, 2004, 118 Stat. 490; Pub. L. 108–224, §9(b), Apr. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 638; Pub. L. 108–263, §9(b), June 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 709; Pub. L. 108–280, §9(b), July 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 886; Pub. L. 108–310, §7(b), Sept. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 1153; Pub. L. 109–14, §6(b), May 31, 2005, 119 Stat. 330; Pub. L. 109–20, §6(b), July 1, 2005, 119 Stat. 352; Pub. L. 109–35, §6(b), July 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 385; Pub. L. 109–37, §6(b), July 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 400; Pub. L. 109–40, §6(b), July 28, 2005, 119 Stat. 417; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §§4101(a), (b), 4107(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1714, 1719; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §301(a), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1616; Pub. L. 111–147, title IV, §422(a), (b), (d), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 86, 87; Pub. L. 111–322, title II, §2202(a), (b), (d), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3524, 3525; Pub. L. 112–5, title II, §202(a), (b), (d), Mar. 4, 2011, 125 Stat. 16, 17; Pub. L. 112–30, title I, §122(a), (b), (d), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 348, 349; Pub. L. 112–102, title II, §202(a), (b), (d), Mar. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 273, 274; Pub. L. 112–140, title II, §202(a), (b), (d), June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 394, 395; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32603(a), (b), (d), div. G, title II, §112002(a), (b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 807, 808, 982; Pub. L. 113–159, title I, §1102(a), (b), (d), Aug. 8, 2014, 128 Stat. 1843, 1844; Pub. L. 114–21, title I, §1102(a), (b), (d), May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 221, 222; Pub. L. 114–41, title I, §1102(a), (b), (d), July 31, 2015, 129 Stat. 448, 449; Pub. L. 114–73, title I, §1102(a), (b), (d), Oct. 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 571, 572; Pub. L. 114–87, title I, §1102(a), (b), (d), Nov. 20, 2015, 129 Stat. 680, 681; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §§5101(c), 5103(c)(1), 5105(a), (c), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1523, 1527, 1529; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title III, §23001(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 757.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31104(a) | 49 App.:2304(a). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §404(a), 96 Stat. 2156; restated Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12014, 100 Stat. 3207–186; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4002(e), 105 Stat. 2142. |

31104(b) | 49 App.:2304(c). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §404(c), 96 Stat. 2156; Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12014, 100 Stat. 3207–186; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4002(f), 105 Stat. 2142. |

49 App.:2304(e). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §404(b), (d), (e), 96 Stat. 2156; restated Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12014, 100 Stat. 3207–186. | |

31104(c) | 49 App.:2304(b). | |

31104(d) | 49 App.:2304(d). | |

31104(e) | 49 App.:2304(f)(1). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §404(f), 96 Stat. 2156; Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12014, 100 Stat. 3207–186; restated Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4002(g), 105 Stat. 2142. |

31104(f) | 49 App.:2304(f)(2). | |

31104(g)(1) | 49 App.:2304(g) (less last sentences of (5) and (6)). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, 96 Stat. 2155, §404(g), (h); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4002(h), (i), 105 Stat. 2143. |

31104(g)(2) | 49 App.:2304(g)(5) (last sentence). | |

31104(g)(3) | 49 App.:2304(g)(6) (last sentence). | |

31104(h) | 49 App.:2304(h). | |

31104(i) | 49 App.:2304 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4002(k), 105 Stat. 2144. |

31104(j) | 49 App.:2302 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4002(l), 105 Stat. 2144. |


In subsection (a), the text of 49 App.:2304(a)(1) and the references to fiscal years ending September 30, 1987–1992, are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (b), the text of 49 App.:2304(e) is omitted as superseded by 49 App.:2304(c) restated by section 4002(f) of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (Public Law 102–240, 105 Stat. 2142) and restated in this subsection.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "Amounts made available under section 404(a)(2) of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 before October 1, 1991" are substituted for "Funds made available under this subchapter" for clarity and because of the restatement.

In subsection (c), the words "Funds authorized to be appropriated" are omitted because of the omission of 49 App.:2304(a)(1) as obsolete.

In subsection (e), the words "for administrative expenses incurred in carrying out section 31102 of this title" are substituted for "for administration of this section" for clarity and consistency with the source provisions restated in this section and section 31102 of the revised title.

In subsection (i), before clause (1), the words "Not later than 6 months after December 18, 1991" are omitted as obsolete. The words "for grants under section 31102(a) of this title" are substituted for "under the motor carrier safety assistance program" for clarity and because of the restatement. The words "In prescribing those regulations" are substituted for "In conducting such a revision" because of the restatement.

In subsection (j), the words "Not later than 9 months after December 18, 1991" are omitted as obsolete. The word "final" is omitted as unnecessary. The words "regulations to be enforced under section 31102(a) of this title" are substituted for "under the motor carrier safety assistance program" for clarity and because of the restatement.

**2021**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–58, §23001(b)(1), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a) which authorized appropriations for various programs for fiscal years 2017 to 2020.

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, §23001(b)(2)(C), (D), designated first sentence of subsec. (b)(2) as (b)(2)(A)(i), inserted subpar. and cl. headings, inserted "(except subsection (l)(5) of that section)" after "section 31102", and added cl. (ii).

Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 117–58, §23001(b)(2)(B), designated second sentence of subsec. (b)(2) as (b)(2)(B) and inserted heading.

Subsec. (b)(2)(C). Pub. L. 117–58, §23001(b)(2)(A), designated third sentence of subsec. (b)(2) as (b)(2)(C) and inserted heading.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–58, §23001(b)(3), in heading, struck out "Partner Training and" before "Program Support" and, in text, substituted "(5)" for "(4)", struck out "partner training and" before "program support", and struck out at end "The Secretary shall use at least 75 percent of those deducted amounts to train non-Federal Government employees and to develop related training materials in carrying out such programs."

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §23001(b)(4)(A), substituted "for the next 2 fiscal years" for "for the next fiscal year".

Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 117–58, §23001(b)(4)(D), added par. (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (5).

Pub. L. 117–58, §23001(b)(4)(B), substituted "for the next 2 fiscal years" for "for the next fiscal year".

Subsec. (f)(5), (6). Pub. L. 117–58, §23001(b)(4)(C), redesignated pars. (4) and (5) as (5) and (6), respectively.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 117–58, §23001(b)(5), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, substituted "Except as provided in paragraph (2), amounts not expended" for "Amounts not expended", and added par. (2).

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, §5101(c), amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to availability of appropriated amounts.

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 114–94, §5105(a), added par. (10) and struck out former par. (10) which read as follows: "$218,000,000 for fiscal year 2015; and".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1102(a)(2), added par. (10) and struck out former par. (10) which read as follows: "$181,567,123 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015."

Pub. L. 114–21, §1102(a), amended par. (10) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (10) read as follows: "$145,134,247 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015."

Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 114–94, §5105(a), added par. (11) and struck out former par. (11) which read as follows: "$38,715,847 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015."

Pub. L. 114–87, §1102(a), amended par. (11) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (11) read as follows: "$30,377,049 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015."

Pub. L. 114–73, §1102(a), amended par. (11) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (11) read as follows: "$17,273,224 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015."

Pub. L. 114–41, §1102(a), added par. (11).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 114–94, §5103(c)(1), redesignated subsec. (j) as (i) and struck out former subsec. (i) which related to authorization of appropriations for certain administrative expenses of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. See section 31110 of this title.

Subsec. (i)(1)(J). Pub. L. 114–41, §1102(b)(2), added subpar. (J) and struck out former subpar. (J) which read as follows: "$215,715,068 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015."

Pub. L. 114–21, §1102(b), amended subpar. (J) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (J) read as follows: "$172,430,137 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015."

Subsec. (i)(1)(K). Pub. L. 114–87, §1102(b), amended subpar. (K) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (K) read as follows: "$36,090,164 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015."

Pub. L. 114–73, §1102(b), amended subpar. (K) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (K) read as follows: "$20,521,858 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015."

Pub. L. 114–41, §1102(b), added subpar. (K).

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 114–94, §5103(c)(1)(B), redesignated subsec. (k) as (j). Former subsec. (j) redesignated (i).

Subsec. (j)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §5105(c), substituted "2016 for States," for "2015 and up to $2,663,934 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015, for States,".

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 114–94, §5103(c)(1)(B), redesignated subsec. (k) as (j).

Subsec. (k)(2). Pub. L. 114–87, §1102(d), substituted "and up to $2,663,934 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and up to $2,090,164 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73, §1102(d), substituted "and up to $2,090,164 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and up to $1,188,525 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41, §1102(d), substituted "each of fiscal years 2006 through 2015 and up to $1,188,525 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "each of fiscal years 2006 through 2014 and up to $12,493,151 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21, §1102(d), substituted "and up to $12,493,151 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and up to $9,986,301 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

**2014**—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 113–159, §1102(a), added par. (10).

Subsec. (i)(1)(J). Pub. L. 113–159, §1102(b), added subpar. (J).

Subsec. (k)(2). Pub. L. 113–159, §1102(d), inserted "and up to $9,986,301 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," after "2014".

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 112–141, §32603(a)(1), struck out "and" at end.

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 112–141, §112002(a), amended par. (8) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (8) read as follows: "$159,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012."

Pub. L. 112–141, §32603(a)(2), (3), added par. (8) and struck out former par. (8) which read as follows: "$212,000,000 for fiscal year 2012."

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 202(a), temporarily amended par. (8) generally, authorizing $161,120,000 for the period beginning on Oct. 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §202(a), amended par. (8) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (8) read as follows: "$106,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012."

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 112–141, §32603(a)(3), added par. (9).

Subsec. (i)(1)(F). Pub. L. 112–141, §112002(b)(2), struck out open quotation marks and duplicate subpar. (F) designation after "(F)".

Subsec. (i)(1)(G). Pub. L. 112–141, §32603(b)(1), struck out "and" at end.

Subsec. (i)(1)(H). Pub. L. 112–141, §112002(b)(1), amended subpar. (H) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (H) read as follows: "$183,108,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012."

Pub. L. 112–141, §32603(b)(2), (3), added subpar. (H) and struck out former subpar. (H) which read as follows: "$244,144,000 for fiscal year 2012."

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 202(b), temporarily amended subpar. (H) generally, authorizing $185,549,440 for the period beginning on Oct. 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §202(b), amended subpar. (H) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (H) read as follows: "$122,072,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012."

Subsec. (i)(1)(I). Pub. L. 112–141, §32603(b)(3), added subpar. (I).

Subsec. (k)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, §32603(d), substituted "2014" for "2011 and $11,250,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 202(d), temporarily substituted "2011 and $11,400,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "2011 and $11,250,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102, §202(d), substituted "2011 and $11,250,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "2011 and $7,500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

**2011**—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 112–5, §202(a), amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: "$88,753,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending on March 4, 2011."

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 112–30, §122(a), added par. (8).

Subsec. (i)(1)(G). Pub. L. 112–5, §202(b), amended subpar. (G) generally, substituting "(G) $244,144,000 for fiscal year 2011." for "(G) '(G) $103,678,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending on March 4, 2011."

Subsec. (i)(1)(H). Pub. L. 112–30, §122(b), added subpar. (H).

Subsec. (k)(2). Pub. L. 112–30, §122(d), substituted "2011 and $7,500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "2011".

Pub. L. 112–5, §202(d), substituted "through 2011" for "through 2010 and $6,370,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending on March 4, 2011".

**2010**—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 111–147, §422(a), added par. (6).

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 111–322, §2202(a), substituted "$88,753,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending on March 4, 2011." for "$52,679,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2010, and ending on December 31, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–147, §422(a), added par. (7).

Subsec. (i)(1)(F). Pub. L. 111–147, §422(b), added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (i)(1)(G). Pub. L. 111–322, §2202(b), substituted "$103,678,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending on March 4, 2011." for "$61,036,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2010, and ending on December 31, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–147, §422(b), added subpar (G).

Subsec. (k)(2). Pub. L. 111–322, §2202(d), substituted "2010 and $6,370,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending on March 4, 2011" for "2009, $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2010, and $3,781,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2010, and ending on December 31, 2010".

Pub. L. 111–147, §422(d), substituted "2009, $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2010, and $3,781,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2010, and ending on December 31, 2010" for "2009".

**2008**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 110–244 struck out par. (1) designation and heading before "On October" and struck out par. (2) which permitted the Secretary to designate certain allocated amounts for high-priority and border activities.

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §4101(a), reenacted heading without change and amended text of subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text contained pars. (1) to (8) making amounts available from the Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account) for the Secretary of Transportation to incur obligations to carry out section 31102 for fiscal years 1998 to 2004 and part of 2005.

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 109–40 amended par. (8) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (8) read as follows: "Not more than $138,904,110 for the period of October 1, 2004, through July 27, 2005."

Pub. L. 109–37 amended par. (8) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (8) read as follows: "Not more than $136,589,041 for the period of October 1, 2004, through July 21, 2005."

Pub. L. 109–35 amended par. (8) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (8) read as follows: "Not more than $135,200,000 for the period of October 1, 2004, through July 19, 2005."

Pub. L. 109–20 amended par. (8) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (8) read as follows: "Not more than $126,402,740 for the period of October 1, 2004, through June 30, 2005."

Pub. L. 109–14 amended par. (8) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (8) read as follows: "Not more than $112,512,329 for the period of October 1, 2004, through May 31, 2005."

Subsecs. (i), (j). Pub. L. 109–59, §4101(b), added subsecs. (i) and (j).

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 109–59, §4107(a), added subsec. (k).

**2004**—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 108–280 amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: "Not more than $140,833,333 for the period of October 1, 2003, through July 31, 2004."

Pub. L. 108–263 amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: "Not more than $126,519,126 for the period of October 1, 2003, through June 30, 2004."

Pub. L. 108–224 amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: "Not more than $98,352,000 for the period of October 1, 2003, through April 30, 2004."

Pub. L. 108–202 amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: "Not more than $68,750,000 for the period of October 1, 2003, through February 29, 2004."

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 108–310 added par. (8).

**2003**—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 108–88 added par. (7).

**1998**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(e), amended heading and text of subsec. (a) generally, substituting provisions relating to appropriations for fiscal years 1998 to 2003 for provisions relating to appropriations for fiscal years ending Sept. 30, 1993 to 1997 and for period of Oct. 1, 1997 through Mar. 31, 1998.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(f), struck out par. (1) designation and par. (2) which read as follows: "Amounts made available under section 404(a)(2) of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 before October 1, 1991, that are not obligated on October 1, 1992, are available for reallocation and obligation under paragraph (1) of this subsection."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(g)(1), added subsec. (f) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (f). Text read as follows: "On October 1 of each fiscal year or as soon after that date as practicable, the Secretary, after making the deduction described in subsection (e) of this section, shall allocate under criteria the Secretary establishes the amounts available for that fiscal year among the States with plans approved under section 31102 of this title. However, the Secretary may designate specific eligible States among which to allocate those amounts in allocating amounts available—

"(1) for research, development, and demonstration under subsection (g)(1)(F) of this section; and

"(2) for public education under subsection (g)(1)(G) of this section."

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(g)(1), (2), redesignated subsec. (h) as (g) and struck out former subsec. (g) which related to specific allocations.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(g)(4), redesignated subsec. (j) as (h). Former subsec. (h) redesignated (g).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(g)(3), struck out heading and text of subsec. (i). Text read as follows: "The Secretary shall prescribe regulations to develop an improved formula and process for allocating amounts made available for grants under section 31102(a) of this title among States eligible for those amounts. In prescribing those regulations, the Secretary shall—

"(1) consider ways to provide incentives to States that demonstrate innovative, successful, cost-efficient, or cost-effective programs to promote commercial motor vehicle safety and hazardous material transportation safety;

"(2) place special emphasis on incentives to States that conduct traffic safety enforcement activities that are coupled with motor carrier safety inspections; and

"(3) consider ways to provide incentives to States that increase compatibility of State commercial motor vehicle safety and hazardous material transportation regulations with Government safety regulations and promote other factors intended to promote effectiveness and efficiency the Secretary decides are appropriate."

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 105–178, §4003(g)(4), redesignated subsec. (j) as (h).

**1997**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–130 substituted "Not more" for "not more" in pars. (1) to (5) and added par. (6).

Amendment by sections 5103(c)(1) and 5105(a), (c) of Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by section 5101(c) of Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2016, subject to a transition provision, see section 5101(f), (g) of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as Effective Date of 2015 Amendment and Transition notes under section 31102 of this title.

Amendment by section 32603(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by section 112002(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141 effective July 1, 2012, see section 114001 of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 5305 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–140 to cease to be effective on July 6, 2012, with text as amended by Pub. L. 112–140 to revert back to read as it did on the day before June 29, 2012, and amendments by Pub. L. 112–141 to be executed as if Pub. L. 112–140 had not been enacted, see section 1(c) of Pub. L. 112–140, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4116(d), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1728, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5103(c)(2), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1527, provided that: "Amounts made available pursuant to section 31110 of title 49, United States Code, shall be used by the Secretary [of Transportation] to carry out section 31149 of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4003(i), as added by Pub. L. 106–159, title I, §103(b)(1), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1753, provided that: "The amount made available to incur obligations to carry out section 31102 of title 49, United States Code, by section 31104(a) of such title for each of fiscal years 2001 through 2003 shall be increased by $65,000,000."

(a)

(A)(i) the employee, or another person at the employee's request, has filed a complaint or begun a proceeding related to a violation of a commercial motor vehicle safety or security regulation, standard, or order, or has testified or will testify in such a proceeding; or

(ii) the person perceives that the employee has filed or is about to file a complaint or has begun or is about to begin a proceeding related to a violation of a commercial motor vehicle safety or security regulation, standard, or order;

(B) the employee refuses to operate a vehicle because—

(i) the operation violates a regulation, standard, or order of the United States related to commercial motor vehicle safety, health, or security; or

(ii) the employee has a reasonable apprehension of serious injury to the employee or the public because of the vehicle's hazardous safety or security condition;

(C) the employee accurately reports hours on duty pursuant to chapter 315;

(D) the employee cooperates, or the person perceives that the employee is about to cooperate, with a safety or security investigation by the Secretary of Transportation, the Secretary of Homeland Security, or the National Transportation Safety Board; or

(E) the employee furnishes, or the person perceives that the employee is or is about to furnish, information to the Secretary of Transportation, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the National Transportation Safety Board, or any Federal, State, or local regulatory or law enforcement agency as to the facts relating to any accident or incident resulting in injury or death to an individual or damage to property occurring in connection with commercial motor vehicle transportation.

(2) Under paragraph (1)(B)(ii) of this subsection, an employee's apprehension of serious injury is reasonable only if a reasonable individual in the circumstances then confronting the employee would conclude that the hazardous safety or security condition establishes a real danger of accident, injury, or serious impairment to health. To qualify for protection, the employee must have sought from the employer, and been unable to obtain, correction of the hazardous safety or security condition.

(b)

(2)(A) Not later than 60 days after receiving a complaint, the Secretary of Labor shall conduct an investigation, decide whether it is reasonable to believe the complaint has merit, and notify, in writing, the complainant and the person alleged to have committed the violation of the findings. If the Secretary of Labor decides it is reasonable to believe a violation occurred, the Secretary of Labor shall include with the decision findings and a preliminary order for the relief provided under paragraph (3) of this subsection.

(B) Not later than 30 days after the notice under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, the complainant and the person alleged to have committed the violation may file objections to the findings or preliminary order, or both, and request a hearing on the record. The filing of objections does not stay a reinstatement ordered in the preliminary order. If a hearing is not requested within the 30 days, the preliminary order is final and not subject to judicial review.

(C) A hearing shall be conducted expeditiously. Not later than 120 days after the end of the hearing, the Secretary of Labor shall issue a final order. Before the final order is issued, the proceeding may be ended by a settlement agreement made by the Secretary of Labor, the complainant, and the person alleged to have committed the violation.

(3)(A) If the Secretary of Labor decides, on the basis of a complaint, a person violated subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary of Labor shall order the person to—

(i) take affirmative action to abate the violation;

(ii) reinstate the complainant to the former position with the same pay and terms and privileges of employment; and

(iii) pay compensatory damages, including backpay with interest and compensation for any special damages sustained as a result of the discrimination, including litigation costs, expert witness fees, and reasonable attorney fees.

(B) If the Secretary of Labor issues an order under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph and the complainant requests, the Secretary of Labor may assess against the person against whom the order is issued the costs (including attorney fees) reasonably incurred by the complainant in bringing the complaint. The Secretary of Labor shall determine the costs that reasonably were incurred.

(C) Relief in any action under subsection (b) may include punitive damages in an amount not to exceed $250,000.

(c) 1 if the Secretary of Labor has not issued a final decision within 210 days after the filing of the complaint and if the delay is not due to the bad faith of the employee, the employee may bring an original action at law or equity for de novo review in the appropriate district court of the United States, which shall have jurisdiction over such an action without regard to the amount in controversy, and which action shall, at the request of either party to such action, be tried by the court with a jury.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, or with the written consent of the employee, the Secretary of Transportation or the Secretary of Homeland Security may not disclose the name of an employee who has provided information about an alleged violation of this part, or a regulation prescribed or order issued under any of those provisions.

(2) The Secretary of Transportation or the Secretary of Homeland Security shall disclose to the Attorney General the name of an employee described in paragraph (1) of this subsection if the matter is referred to the Attorney General for enforcement. The Secretary making such disclosure shall provide reasonable advance notice to the affected employee if disclosure of that person's identity or identifying information is to occur.

(i)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(j)

(1) directly affects commercial motor vehicle safety or security in the course of employment by a commercial motor carrier; and

(2) is not an employee of the United States Government, a State, or a political subdivision of a State acting in the course of employment.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 990; Pub. L. 110–53, title XV, §1536, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 464.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31105(a) | 49 App.:2305(a), (b). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §405(a)–(d), 96 Stat. 2157. |

31105(b) | 49 App.:2305(c). | |

31105(c) | 49 App.:2305(d). | |

31105(d) | 49 App.:2305(e). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §405(e), 96 Stat. 2158; Nov. 8, 1984, Pub. L. 98–620, §402(51), 98 Stat. 3361. |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "in any manner" are omitted as surplus. The word "conditions" is omitted as included in "terms". In clauses (A) and (B), the word "rule" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulation". In clause (A), the word "begun" is substituted for "instituted or caused to be instituted" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the words before subclause (i) are substituted for "for refusing to operate a vehicle when" and "or because of" for clarity and consistency. In subclause (ii), the words "vehicle's unsafe condition" are substituted for "unsafe condition of such equipment" for consistency.

Subsection (a)(2) is substituted for 49 App.:2305(b) (2d, last sentences) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "alleging such discharge, discipline, or discrimination" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2)(B), the words "Not later than 30 days after the notice under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph" are substituted for "Thereafter" and "within thirty days" for clarity.

In subsection (b)(2)(C), the words "Before the final order is issued" are substituted for "In the interim" for clarity.

Subsection (b)(3)(A) is substituted for 49 App.:2305(c)(2)(B) (1st sentence) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (ii), the word "conditions" is omitted as included in "terms". The provision for back pay is moved from clause (ii) to clause (iii) for clarity.

In subsection (b)(3)(B), the words "a sum equal to the aggregate amount of all" and "and expenses" are omitted as surplus. The words "in bringing the complaint" are substituted for "for, or in connection with, the bringing of the complaint upon which the order was issued" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c), the words "or aggrieved" and "with respect to which the order was issued, allegedly" are omitted as surplus. The words "in accordance with the provisions of chapter 7 of title 5 and" are omitted because 5:ch. 7 applies unless otherwise stated.

In subsection (d), the text of 49 App.:2305(e) (last sentence) is omitted as unnecessary.

**2007**—Pub. L. 110–53 amended text of section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to, in subsec. (a), prohibition against discharge or discipline of, or discrimination against, an employee regarding pay, terms, or privileges of employment for certain actions, in subsec. (b), procedures for filing of complaint, in subsec. (c), judicial review and venue, and, in subsec. (d), civil action to enforce an order.

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4023, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 415, provided that, not later than 2 years after June 9, 1998, the Secretary of Transportation, in conjunction with the Secretary of Labor, was to report to Congress on the effectiveness of existing statutory employee protections under this section, with recommendations to address any statutory changes necessary to strengthen the enforcement of these provisions.

1 So in original. Probably should be "subsection (b)(1),".

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) identify and collect necessary motor carrier, commercial motor vehicle, and driver data;

(B) evaluate the safety fitness of motor carriers and drivers;

(C) develop strategies to mitigate safety problems and to use data analysis to address and measure the effectiveness of such strategies and related programs;

(D) determine the cost-effectiveness of Federal and State safety compliance and enforcement programs and other countermeasures;

(E) adapt, improve, and incorporate other information and information systems as the Secretary determines appropriate;

(F) ensure, to the maximum extent practical, all the data is complete, timely, and accurate across all information systems and initiatives;

(G) establish and implement a national motor carrier safety data correction system; and

(H) determine whether a person or employer is or was related, through common ownership, common management, common control, or common familial relationship, to any other person, employer, or any other applicant for registration under section 13902 or 31134.

(4)

(A) uniform, timely, and accurate information collection and reporting by the States and other entities as determined appropriate by the Secretary;

(B) uniform Federal, State, and local policies and procedures necessary to operate the information system; and

(C) the reliability and availability of the information to the Secretary and States.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) determine the safety fitness of a motor carrier or registrant when licensing or registering the registrant or motor carrier or while the license or registration is in effect; and

(B) deny, suspend, or revoke the commercial motor vehicle registrations of a motor carrier or registrant that has been issued an operations out-of-service order by the Secretary.

(3)

(A) comply with the uniform policies, procedures, and technical and operational standards prescribed by the Secretary under subsection (a)(4);

(B) possess or seek the authority to possess for a time period no longer than determined reasonable by the Secretary, to impose sanctions relating to commercial motor vehicle registration on the basis of a Federal safety fitness determination; and

(C) establish and implement a process—

(i) to cancel the motor vehicle registration and seize the registration plates of a vehicle when an employer is found liable under section 31310(i)(2)(C) for knowingly allowing or requiring an employee to operate such a commercial motor vehicle in violation of an out-of-service order; and

(ii) to reinstate the vehicle registration or return the registration plates of the commercial motor vehicle, subject to sanctions under clause (i), if the Secretary permits such carrier to resume operations after the date of issuance of such order.

(c)(1)

(A) enhancing the exchange of driver licensing information among the States, the Federal Government, and foreign countries;

(B) providing information to the judicial system on commercial motor vehicle drivers;

(C) evaluating any aspect of driver performance that the Secretary determines appropriate; and

(D) developing appropriate strategies and countermeasures to improve driver safety.

(2)

(d)

(e)(1)

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 991; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4004(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 398; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §§4108(a), 4109(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1720; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §§32103(b), 32306, 32508, 32602, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 780, 793, 805, 807; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §§5101(e)(2), 5102, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1525, 1526.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31106(a) | 49 App.:2306(f). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, 96 Stat. 2155, §407; added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4003, 105 Stat. 2144. |

31106(b) | 49 App.:2306(a) (2)–(5). | |

31106(c) | 49 App.:2306(b). | |

31106(d) | 49 App.:2306(a)(1). | |

31106(e) | 49 App.:2306(c). | |

31106(f) | 49 App.:2306(d). | |

31106(g) | 49 App.:2306(e). |


In subsection (b)(2), the word "schedule" is substituted for "system" for clarity.

**2015**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–94, §5102, substituted "Systems Management" for "Program" in heading.

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 114–94, §5101(e)(2), struck out par. (4). Text read as follows: "From the funds authorized by section 31104(i), the Secretary may make a grant in a fiscal year to a State to implement the performance and registration information system management requirements of this subsection."

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(3)(H). Pub. L. 112–141, §32103(b), added subpar. (H).

Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Pub. L. 112–141, §32602, amended subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (C) read as follows: "establish and implement a process to cancel the motor vehicle registration and seize the registration plates of a vehicle when an employer is found liable under section 31310(i)(2)(C) for knowingly allowing or requiring an employee to operate such a commercial motor vehicle in violation of an out-of-service order."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–141, §32306, struck out subsec. heading "

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–141, §32508, designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(3)(F), (G). Pub. L. 109–59, §4108(a), added subpars. (F) and (G).

Subsec. (b)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 109–59, §4109(a), added pars. (2) to (4) and struck out former pars. (2) to (4), which related to design of program with State licensing systems in par. (2), conditions of participation in par. (3), and funding for fiscal years 1998 to 2003 in par. (4).

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178 amended section catchline and text generally, substituting, in subsec. (a), provisions relating to information systems and data analysis for provisions relating to definition of commercial motor vehicle, in subsec. (b), provisions relating to performance and registration information program for provisions relating to information system, in subsec. (c), provisions relating to commercial motor vehicle driver safety program for provisions relating to demonstration project, in subsec. (d), provisions relating to cooperative agreements, grants, and contracts for provisions relating to review of State systems, and in subsec. (e), provisions relating to information availability and privacy protection policy for provisions relating to regulations, and striking out subsecs. (f) and (g), which related to report to Congress and authorization of appropriations, respectively.

Amendment by section 5102 of Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by section 5101(e)(2) of Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2016, see section 5101(f) of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 31102 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4126, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1738, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5105(f)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1529, which required the Secretary of Transportation to carry out a commercial vehicle information systems and networks program and provided for grants for deployment, was repealed by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5101(e)(5), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1525, effective Oct. 1, 2016.

Section, added Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4110(a)(2), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1721; amended Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32603(h), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 808, related to border enforcement grants.

A prior section 31107, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 992; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4004(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 400; Pub. L. 106–159, title I, §103(d), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1754; Pub. L. 108–88, §7(c)(1), Sept. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 1120; Pub. L. 108–202, §11(c)(1), Feb. 29, 2004, 118 Stat. 490; Pub. L. 108–224, §9(c)(1), Apr. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 638; Pub. L. 108–263, §9(c)(1), June 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 709; Pub. L. 108–280, §9(c)(1), July 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 886; Pub. L. 108–310, §7(c)(1), Sept. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 1153; Pub. L. 109–14, §6(c)(1), May 31, 2005, 119 Stat. 330; Pub. L. 109–20, §6(c)(1), July 1, 2005, 119 Stat. 352; Pub. L. 109–35, §6(c)(1), July 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 385; Pub. L. 109–37, §6(c)(1), July 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 400; Pub. L. 109–40, §6(c)(1), July 28, 2005, 119 Stat. 417, related to contract authority funding for information systems, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4110(a)(2), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1721.

Repeal effective Oct. 1, 2016, subject to a transition provision, see section 5101(f), (g) of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as Effective Date of 2015 Amendment and Transition notes under section 31102 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) the causes of accidents, injuries, and fatalities involving commercial motor vehicles;

(B) means of reducing the number and severity of accidents, injuries, and fatalities involving commercial motor vehicles;

(C) improving the safety and efficiency of commercial motor vehicles through technological innovation and improvement;

(D) improving technology used by enforcement officers when conducting roadside inspections and compliance reviews to increase efficiency and information transfers; and

(E) increasing the safety and security of hazardous materials transportation.

(4)

(5)

(6)

(A) independently;

(B) in cooperation with other Federal departments, agencies, and instrumentalities and Federal laboratories; or

(C) by making grants to, or entering into contracts and cooperative agreements with, any Federal laboratory, State agency, authority, association, institution, for-profit or nonprofit corporation, organization, foreign country, or person.

(7)

(b)

(1)

(A) non-Federal entities, including State and local governments, foreign governments, colleges and universities, corporations, institutions, partnerships, and sole proprietorships that are incorporated or established under the laws of any State; and

(B) Federal laboratories.

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(4)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 993; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4111(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1722.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31108 | (uncodified). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4002(j), 105 Stat. 2144. |


The words "safety duties and powers" are substituted for "safety functions" for clarity and consistency in the revised title. The reference to fiscal year 1992 is omitted as obsolete.

The Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980, referred to in subsec. (b)(4), is Pub. L. 96–480, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2311, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 63 (§3701 et seq.) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3701 of Title 15 and Tables.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Not more than $__________ may be appropriated to the Secretary of Transportation for the fiscal year ending September 30, 19__, to carry out the safety duties and powers of the Federal Highway Administration."

Section, added Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4109(b)(1), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1721, related to performance and registration information system management.

Repeal effective Oct. 1, 2016, subject to a transition provision, see section 5101(f), (g) of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as Effective Date of 2015 Amendment and Transition notes under section 31102 of this title.

(a)

(1) $360,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;

(2) $367,500,000 for fiscal year 2023;

(3) $375,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;

(4) $382,500,000 for fiscal year 2025; and

(5) $390,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.

(b)

(1) personnel costs;

(2) administrative infrastructure;

(3) rent;

(4) information technology;

(5) programs for research and technology, information management, regulatory development, and the administration of performance and registration information systems management under section 31106(b);

(6) programs for outreach and education under subsection (c);

(7) other operating expenses;

(8) conducting safety reviews of new operators; and

(9) such other expenses as may from time to time become necessary to implement statutory mandates of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration not funded from other sources.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5103(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1526; amended Pub. L. 115–99, §3, Jan. 3, 2018, 131 Stat. 2242; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title III, §23001(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 756.)

**2021**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–58 added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a) which authorized appropriations for administrative expenses of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration for fiscal years 2016 to 2020.

**2018**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–99 inserted at end "The program authorized under this subsection may support, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes, the recognition, prevention, and reporting of human trafficking, while deferring to existing resources, as practicable."

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) a non-property-carrying power unit that operates in combination with a semitrailer or trailer; or

(B) a power unit that carries as property motor vehicles when operating in combination with a semitrailer in transporting motor vehicles or any other commodity, including cargo or general freight on a backhaul.

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(A) with a total weight that does not exceed 26,000 pounds; and

(B) in which the trailers or semitrailers carry no property and constitute inventory property of a manufacturer, distributor, or dealer of such trailers or semitrailers.

(b)

(A) imposes a vehicle length limitation of less than 45 feet on a bus, of less than 48 feet on a semitrailer operating in a truck tractor-semitrailer combination, or of less than 28 feet on a semitrailer or trailer operating in a truck tractor-semitrailer-trailer combination, on any segment of the Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways (except a segment exempted under subsection (f) of this section) and those classes of qualifying Federal-aid Primary System highways designated by the Secretary of Transportation under subsection (e) of this section;

(B) imposes an overall length limitation on a commercial motor vehicle operating in a truck tractor-semitrailer or truck tractor-semitrailer-trailer combination;

(C) has the effect of prohibiting the use of a semitrailer or trailer of the same dimensions as those that were in actual and lawful use in that State on December 1, 1982;

(D) imposes a vehicle length limitation of not less than or more than 97 feet on all driveaway saddlemount vehicle transporter combinations;

(E) has the effect of prohibiting the use of an existing semitrailer or trailer, of not more than 28.5 feet in length, in a truck tractor-semitrailer-trailer combination if the semitrailer or trailer was operating lawfully on December 1, 1982, within a 65-foot overall length limit in any State;

(F) imposes a limitation of less than 46 feet on the distance from the kingpin to the center of the rear axle on trailers used exclusively or primarily in connection with motorsports competition events;

(G) imposes a vehicle length limitation of less than 80 feet on a stinger-steered automobile transporter with a front overhang of less than 4 feet and a rear overhang of less than 6 feet; or

(H) has the effect of imposing an overall length limitation of less than 82 feet on a towaway trailer transporter combination.

(2) A length limitation prescribed or enforced by a State under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection applies only to a semitrailer or trailer and not to a truck tractor.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(2) Before making a decision under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the chief executive officer shall consult with units of local government in the State in which the segment of the Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways is located and with the chief executive officer of any adjacent State that may be directly affected by the exemption. As part of the consultations, consideration shall be given to any potential alternative route that serves the area in which the segment is located and can safely accommodate a commercial motor vehicle having a length described in subsection (b)(1)(A) of this section or the motor vehicle combination described in subsection (c) of this section.

(3) A chief executive officer's notification under this subsection must include specific evidence of safety problems supporting the officer's decision and the results of consultations about alternative routes.

(4)(A) If the Secretary decides, on request of a chief executive officer or on the Secretary's own initiative, a segment of the Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways is not capable of safely accommodating a commercial motor vehicle having a length described in subsection (b)(1)(A) of this section or the motor vehicle combination described in subsection (c) of this section, the Secretary shall exempt the segment from either or both of those provisions. Before making a decision under this paragraph, the Secretary shall consider any possible alternative route that serves the area in which the segment is located.

(B) The Secretary shall make a decision about a specific segment not later than 120 days after the date of receipt of notification from a chief executive officer under paragraph (1) of this subsection or the date on which the Secretary initiates action under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, whichever is applicable. If the Secretary finds the decision will not be made in time, the Secretary immediately shall notify Congress, giving the reasons for the delay, information about the resources assigned, and the projected date for the decision.

(C) Before making a decision, the Secretary shall give an interested person notice and an opportunity for comment. If the Secretary exempts a segment under this subsection before the final regulations under subsection (e) of this section are prescribed, the Secretary shall include the exemption as part of the final regulations. If the Secretary exempts the segment after the final regulations are prescribed, the Secretary shall publish the exemption as an amendment to the final regulations.

(g)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 993; Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §104(b), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 919; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4005, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 400; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4141, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1746; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §301(r), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1617; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §§5520, 5523(a), (b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1558–1560.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31111(a)(1) | 49 App.:2311(f)(2). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, 96 Stat. 2097, §411(f)(2); added Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, §101(l) [H.R. 5205, §324(a)], 100 Stat. 1783–308, and Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, §101(l) [H.R. 5205, §324(a)], 100 Stat. 3341–308; Dec. 22, 1987, Pub. L. 100–202, §106, 101 Stat. 1329–433. |

31111(a)(2) | 49 App.:2311(f)(1). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §411(f)(1), 96 Stat. 2160; Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, §101(l) [H.R. 5205, §324(a)], 100 Stat. 1783–308; Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, §101(l) [H.R. 5205, §324(a)], 100 Stat. 3341–308; Dec. 22, 1987, Pub. L. 100–202, §106, 101 Stat. 1329–433. |

31111(b) | 49 App.:2311(a). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §411(a), 96 Stat. 2159; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §104(a), 98 Stat. 2831; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4006(b)(1), 105 Stat. 2151. |

49 App.:2311(b). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §411(b), (g), (h), 96 Stat. 2159, 2160. | |

31111(c) | 49 App.:2311(c). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §411(c), 96 Stat. 2159; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §104(b), 98 Stat. 2831; Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, §101(l) [H.R. 5205, §324(b)], 100 Stat. 1783–308; Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, §101(l) [H.R. 5205, §324(b)], 100 Stat. 3341–308; Dec. 22, 1987, Pub. L. 100–202, §106, 101 Stat. 1329–433. |

31111(d) | 49 App.:2311(h). | |

31111(e) | 49 App.:2311(e). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §411(e), 96 Stat. 2160; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4006(c), 105 Stat. 2151. |

31111(f) | 49 App.:2311(i). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, 96 Stat. 2097, §411(i); added Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §102, 98 Stat. 2829. |

31111(g) | 49 App.:2311(d). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §411(d), 96 Stat. 2160; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §133(a)(7), 101 Stat. 171; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–516, §327(a), 104 Stat. 2182. |

49 App.:2311(g). |


In this section, the words "Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways" are substituted for "National System of Interstate and Defense Highways" because of the Act of October 15, 1990 (Public Law 101–427, 104 Stat. 927).

In subsection (a), the word "property" is substituted for "cargo" for consistency in the revised title.

Subsection (b)(1) is substituted for 49 App.:2311(a) and (b) (2d–last sentences) to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. Hyphens are used in describing the combinations "truck tractor-semitrailer" and "truck tractor-semitrailer-trailer" for consistency. In clause (D), the word "actually" is omitted as surplus.

Subsection (b)(2) is substituted for 49 App.:2311(b) (1st sentence) because of the restatement.

In subsection (d), the words "such as rear view mirrors, turn signal lamps, marker lamps, steps and handholds for entry and egress, flexible fender extensions, mudflaps and splash and spray suppressant devices, load-induced tire bulge, refrigeration units or air compressors and other devices" are omitted as unnecessary and because most items listed relate to width rather than length.

In subsection (e), the words "by regulation" are added for clarity. The words "subject to the provisions of subsections (a) and (c) of this section" are omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:2311(e)(2) and (3) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (f), the word "commercial" is added before "motor vehicle" for consistency.

In subsection (f)(4)(C), the reference to regulations prescribed under subsection (e) is substituted for the reference in the source to regulations issued under subsection (a) to be more precise. The word "amendment" is substituted for "revision" for consistency in the revised title.

Subsection (g) is substituted for 49 App.:2311(d) to eliminate unnecessary words. The Secretary's general authority to prescribe regulations is provided in 49:322(a). The word "vessel" is substituted for "boat" because of 1:3. The text of 49 App.:2311(g) is omitted as executed.

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §5520(a), struck out "specifically" before "for the transport" and inserted at end "An automobile transporter shall not be prohibited from the transport of cargo or general freight on a backhaul, so long as it complies with weight limitations for a truck tractor and semitrailer combination."

Subsec. (a)(3)(B). Pub. L. 114–94, §5520(b), struck out "only" before "motor vehicles when operating" and inserted "or any other commodity, including cargo or general freight on a backhaul" before period at end.

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 114–94, §5520(c), added par. (5).

Subsec. (a)(6), (7). Pub. L. 114–94, §5523(a), added pars. (6) and (7).

Subsec. (b)(1)(G). Pub. L. 114–94, §5520(d), added subpar. (G).

Subsec. (b)(1)(H). Pub. L. 114–94, §5523(b), added subpar. (H).

**2008**—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 110–244, §301(r)(1), in heading, substituted "Driveaway saddlemount" for "Drive-away saddlemount with fullmount", and, in text, substituted "driveaway saddlemount" for "drive-away saddlemount with fullmount" and inserted at end "Such combination may include one fullmount."

Subsec. (b)(1)(D). Pub. L. 110–244, §301(r)(2), substituted "all driveaway saddlemount" for "a driveaway saddlemount with fullmount".

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 109–59, §4141(a), added par. (4).

Subsec. (b)(1)(D) to (F). Pub. L. 109–59, §4141(b), added subpar. (D) and redesignated former subpars. (D) and (E) as (E) and (F), respectively.

**1998**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–178, §4005(1), substituted "section, the following definitions apply:" for "section—" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 105–178, §4005(5), added par. (1). Former par. (1) redesignated (2).

Pub. L. 105–178, §4005(2), inserted "

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 105–178, §4005(4), redesignated par. (1) as (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3).

Pub. L. 105–178, §4005(3), inserted "

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 105–178, §4005(4), redesignated par. (2) as (3).

**1995**—Subsec. (b)(1)(E). Pub. L. 104–88 added subpar. (E).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1) "property-carrying unit" means any part of a commercial motor vehicle combination (except the truck tractor) used to carry property, including a trailer, a semitrailer, or the property-carrying section of a single unit truck, but not including a trailer or a semitrailer transported as part of a towaway trailer transporter combination (as defined in section 31111(a)).

(2) the length of the property-carrying units of a commercial motor vehicle combination is the length measured from the front of the first property-carrying unit to the rear of the last property-carrying unit.

(b)

(1) the maximum combination trailer, semitrailer, or other type of length limitation allowed by law or regulation of that State before June 2, 1991; or

(2) the length of the property-carrying units of those commercial motor vehicle combinations, by specific configuration, in actual, lawful operation on a regular or periodic basis (including continuing seasonal operation) in that State before June 2, 1991.

(c)

(1) Wyoming may allow the operation of additional vehicle configurations not in actual operation on June 1, 1991, but authorized by State law not later than November 3, 1992, if the vehicle configurations comply with the single axle, tandem axle, and bridge formula limits in section 127(a) of title 23 and are not more than 117,000 pounds gross vehicle weight;

(2) Ohio may allow the operation of commercial motor vehicle combinations with 3 property-carrying units of 28.5 feet each (not including the truck tractor) not in actual operation on June 1, 1991, to be operated in Ohio on the 1-mile segment of Ohio State Route 7 that begins at and is south of exit 16 of the Ohio Turnpike;

(3) Alaska may allow the operation of commercial motor vehicle combinations that were not in actual operation on June 1, 1991, but were in actual operation before July 6, 1991;

(4) Iowa may allow the operation on Interstate Route 29 between Sioux City, Iowa, and the border between Iowa and South Dakota or on Interstate Route 129 between Sioux City, Iowa, and the border between Iowa and Nebraska of commercial motor vehicle combinations with trailer length, semitrailer length, and property-carrying unit length allowed by law or regulation and in actual lawful operation on a regular or periodic basis (including continued seasonal operation) in South Dakota or Nebraska, respectively, before June 2, 1991;

(5) Nebraska and Kansas may allow the operation of a truck tractor and 2 trailers or semitrailers not in actual lawful operation on a regular or periodic basis on June 1, 1991, if the length of the property-carrying units does not exceed 81 feet 6 inches and such combination is used only to transport equipment utilized by custom harvesters under contract to agricultural producers to harvest one or more of wheat, soybeans, and milo during the harvest months for such crops, as defined by the relevant state;1 and

(6) Oregon may allow the operation of a truck tractor and 2 property-carrying units not in actual lawful operation on a regular or periodic basis on June 1, 1991, if—

(A) the length of the property-carrying units does not exceed 82 feet 8 inches;

(B) the combination is used only to transport sugar beets; and

(C) the operation occurs on United States Route 20, United States Route 26, United States Route 30, or Oregon Route 201 in the vicinity, or between any, of—

(i) Vale, Oregon;

(ii) Ontario, Oregon; or

(iii) Nyssa, Oregon.

(d)

(2) This section does not prevent a State from further restricting in any way or prohibiting the operation of any commercial motor vehicle combination subject to this section, except that a restriction or prohibition shall be consistent with this section and sections 31113(a) and (b) and 31114 of this title.

(3) A State making a minor adjustment of a temporary and emergency nature as authorized by paragraph (1) of this subsection or further restricting or prohibiting the operation of a commercial motor vehicle combination as authorized by paragraph (2) of this subsection shall advise the Secretary not later than 30 days after the action. The Secretary shall publish a notice of the action in the Federal Register.

(4) 2 Nebraska may continue to allow to be operated under paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2) of this section,3 the State of Nebraska may allow longer combination vehicles that were not in actual operation on June 1, 1991 to be operated within its boundaries to transport sugar beets from the field where such sugar beets are harvested to storage, market, factory or stockpile or from stockpile to storage, market or factory. This provision shall expire on February 28, 1998.

(e)

(2) Not later than March 17, 1992, the Secretary shall publish an interim list in the Federal Register consisting of all information submitted under paragraph (1) of this subsection. The Secretary shall review for accuracy all information submitted by a State under paragraph (1) and shall solicit and consider public comment on the accuracy of the information.

(3) A law or regulation may not be included on the list submitted by a State or published by the Secretary merely because it authorized, or could have authorized, by permit or otherwise, the operation of commercial motor vehicle combinations not in actual operation on a regular or periodic basis before June 2, 1991.

(4) Except as revised under this paragraph or paragraph (5) of this subsection, the list shall be published as final in the Federal Register not later than June 15, 1992. In publishing the final list, the Secretary shall make any revisions necessary to correct inaccuracies identified under paragraph (2) of this subsection. After publication of the final list, commercial motor vehicle combinations prohibited under subsection (b) of this section may not operate on the Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways and other Federal-aid Primary System highways designated by the Secretary except as published on the list. The list may be combined by the Secretary with the list required under section 127(d) of title 23.

(5) On the Secretary's own motion or on request by any person (including a State), the Secretary shall review the list published under paragraph (4) of this subsection. If the Secretary decides there is reason to believe a mistake was made in the accuracy of the list, the Secretary shall begin a proceeding to decide whether a mistake was made. If the Secretary decides there was a mistake, the Secretary shall publish the correction.

(f)

(1) to allow the operation on any segment of the Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways of a longer combination vehicle prohibited under section 127(d) of title 23;

(2) to affect in any way the operation of a commercial motor vehicle having only one property-carrying unit; or

(3) to affect in any way the operation in a State of a commercial motor vehicle with more than one property-carrying unit if the vehicle was in actual operation on a regular or periodic basis (including seasonal operation) in that State before June 2, 1991, that was authorized under State law or regulation or lawful State permit.

(g)

(2) Not later than June 15, 1992, the Secretary shall prescribe regulations establishing criteria for a State to follow in making minor adjustments under subsection (d) of this section.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 995; Pub. L. 104–59, title III, §312(a)(3), Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 584; Pub. L. 104–205, title III, §352, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 2980; Pub. L. 105–66, title III, §343, Oct. 27, 1997, 111 Stat. 1449; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4112, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1724; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5523(c)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1560; Pub. L. 114–113, div. L, title I, §137, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2851; Pub. L. 116–6, div. G, title IV, §423, Feb. 15, 2019, 133 Stat. 474.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31112(a)(1) | 49 App.:2311(j)(7). | Jan 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, 96 Stat. 2159, §411(j); added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4006(a), 105 Stat. 2148. |

31112(a)(2) | 49 App.:2311(j)(3). | |

31112(b) | 49 App.:2311(j)(1). | |

31112(c) | 49 App.:2311(j)(2). | |

31112(d) | 49 App.:2311(j)(4). | |

31112(e) | 49 App.:2311(j)(5). | |

31112(f) | 49 App.:2311(j)(6). | |

31112(g)(1) | 49 App.:2311(j)(9). | |

31112(g)(2) | 49 App.:2311(j)(8). |


In this section, the word "property" is substituted for "cargo", and the word "law" is substituted for "statute", for consistency in the revised title. The words "Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways" are substituted for "National System of Interstate and Defense Highways" because of the Act of October 15, 1990 (Public Law 101–427, 104 Stat. 927).

In subsections (b), before clause (1), and (g)(1), the words "dismantled easily or divided easily" are substituted for "easily dismantled or divided" for clarity.

In subsection (e)(4), the words "Except as revised under this paragraph or paragraph (5) of this subsection" are substituted for "Except as modified pursuant to subparagraph (B) or (E) of this subsection" for clarity.

**2019**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 116–6 substituted "Kansas, and Oregon" for "and Kansas" in heading and added par. (6).

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–94 inserted before period at end ", but not including a trailer or a semitrailer transported as part of a towaway trailer transporter combination (as defined in section 31111(a))".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–113, §137(b)(1), substituted "Nebraska, and Kansas" for "and Nebraska" in heading.

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 114–113, §137(b)(2), substituted a semicolon for "; and" at end.

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 114–113, §137(b)(3), substituted "; and" for period at end.

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 114–113, §137(a), substituted "Nebraska and Kansas may" for "Nebraska may" and "the relevant state" for "the State of Nebraska".

**2005**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §4112(b), substituted "Iowa, and Nebraska" for "and Iowa" in heading.

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 109–59, §4112(a), added par. (5).

**1997**—Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 105–66 substituted "February 28, 1998" for "September 30, 1997".

**1996**—Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 104–205, which directed amendment of this section by adding a new subsection designated par. (4) without specifying where, was executed by adding par. (4) to subsec. (d) to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**1995**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–59 substituted "Alaska, and Iowa" for "and Alaska" in heading and added par. (4).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

1 So in original. Probably should be "State."

2 See 1996 Amendment note below.

(a)

(A) a segment of the Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways (except a segment exempted under subsection (e) of this section);

(B) a qualifying Federal-aid highway designated by the Secretary of Transportation, with traffic lanes designed to be at least 12 feet wide; or

(C) a qualifying Federal-aid Primary System highway designated by the Secretary if the Secretary decides the designation is consistent with highway safety.

(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1) of this subsection, a State may continue to enforce a regulation of commerce in effect on April 6, 1983, that applies to a commercial motor vehicle of more than 102 inches in width, until the date on which the State prescribes a regulation of commerce that complies with this subsection.

(3) A Federal-aid highway (except an interstate highway) not designated under this subsection on June 5, 1984, may be designated under this subsection only with the agreement of the chief executive officer of the State in which the highway is located.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(2) Before making a decision under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the chief executive officer shall consult with units of local government in the State in which the segment of the Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways is located and with the chief executive officer of any adjacent State that may be directly affected by the exemption. As part of the consultations, consideration shall be given to any potential alternative route that serves the area in which the segment is located and can safely accommodate a commercial motor vehicle having the width provided for in subsection (a) of this section.

(3) A chief executive officer's notification under this subsection must include specific evidence of safety problems supporting the officer's decision and the results of consultations about alternative routes.

(4)(A) If the Secretary decides, on request of a chief executive officer or on the Secretary's own initiative, a segment of the Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways is not capable of safely accommodating a commercial motor vehicle having a width provided in subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary shall exempt the segment from subsection (a) to allow the State to impose a width limitation of less than 102 inches for a vehicle (except a bus) on that segment. Before making a decision under this paragraph, the Secretary shall consider any possible alternative route that serves the area in which the segment is located.

(B) The Secretary shall make a decision about a specific segment not later than 120 days after the date of receipt of notification from a chief executive officer under paragraph (1) of this subsection or the date on which the Secretary initiates action under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, whichever is applicable. If the Secretary finds the decision will not be made in time, the Secretary immediately shall notify Congress, giving the reasons for the delay, information about the resources assigned, and the projected date for the decision.

(C) Before making a decision, the Secretary shall give an interested person notice and an opportunity for comment. If the Secretary exempts a segment under this subsection before the final regulations under subsection (a) of this section are prescribed, the Secretary shall include the exemption as part of the final regulations. If the Secretary exempts the segment after the final regulations are prescribed, the Secretary shall publish the exemption as an amendment to the final regulations.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 997.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31113(a) | 49 App.:2316(a), (f). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, 96 Stat. 2097, §416(a), (d), (f); added Apr. 5, 1983, Pub. L. 98–17, §1(a), 97 Stat. 59; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §§103(1), 104(d), (e), 105, 98 Stat. 2830, 2831. |

31113(b) | 49 App.:2316(b). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, 96 Stat. 2097, §416(b), (c); added Apr. 5, 1983, Pub. L. 98–17, §1(a), 97 Stat. 59. |

31113(c) | 49 App.:2316(c). | |

31113(d) | 49 App.:2316(d). | |

31113(e) | 49 App.:2316(e). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, 96 Stat. 2097, §416(e); added Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §103(2), 98 Stat. 2830. |


In this section, the word "commercial" is added before "motor vehicle" for consistency. The words "Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways" are substituted for "National System of Interstate and Defense Highways" because of the Act of October 15, 1990 (Public Law 101–427, 104 Stat. 927).

In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the text of 49 App.:2316(f) is omitted as obsolete. The word "prescribe" is substituted for "establish, maintain" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "a commercial motor vehicle operating on" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b), the words "or energy conservation" are added for consistency with section 31111(d) of the revised title and because of the reference to "efficient operation".

In subsection (e)(4)(C), the word "amendment" is substituted for "revision" for consistency in the revised title.

(a)

(1) the Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways (except a segment exempted under section 31111(f) or 31113(e) of this title) and other qualifying Federal-aid Primary System highways designated by the Secretary of Transportation; and

(2) terminals, facilities for food, fuel, repairs, and rest, and points of loading and unloading for household goods carriers, motor carriers of passengers, any towaway trailer transporter combination (as defined in section 31111(a)), or any truck tractor-semitrailer combination in which the semitrailer has a length of not more than 28.5 feet and that generally operates as part of a vehicle combination described in section 31111(c) of this title.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 999; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5523(c)(2), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1560.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31114(a) | 49 App.:2312(a). | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §412, 96 Stat. 2160; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §§104(c), 106, 98 Stat. 2831, 2832; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4006(b)(2), 105 Stat. 2151. |

31114(b) | 49 App.:2312(b). |


In subsection (a), the words "Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways" are substituted for "Interstate and Defense Highway System" for consistency in the revised chapter.

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 114–94 inserted "any towaway trailer transporter combination (as defined in section 31111(a))," after "passengers,".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

On the request of the Secretary of Transportation, the Attorney General shall bring a civil action for appropriate injunctive relief to ensure compliance with this subchapter or subchapter I of this chapter. The action may be brought in a district court of the United States in any State in which the relief is required. On a proper showing, the court shall issue a temporary restraining order or preliminary or permanent injunction. An injunction under this section may order a State or person to comply with this subchapter, subchapter I, or a regulation prescribed under this subchapter or subchapter I.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 999.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31115 | 49 App.:2313. | Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §413, 96 Stat. 2160; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §214, 98 Stat. 2844. |


The words "to assure compliance with the terms of this chapter" and "In any action under this section" are omitted as surplus. The last sentence is substituted for 49 App.:2313 (last sentence) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

(a)

(1) to promote the safe operation of commercial motor vehicles;

(2) to minimize dangers to the health of operators of commercial motor vehicles and other employees whose employment directly affects motor carrier safety; and

(3) to ensure increased compliance with traffic laws and with the commercial motor vehicle safety and health regulations and standards prescribed and orders issued under this chapter.

(b)

(1) it is in the public interest to enhance commercial motor vehicle safety and thereby reduce highway fatalities, injuries, and property damage;

(2) improved, more uniform commercial motor vehicle safety measures and strengthened enforcement would reduce the number of fatalities and injuries and the level of property damage related to commercial motor vehicle operations;

(3) enhanced protection of the health of commercial motor vehicle operators is in the public interest; and

(4) interested State governments can provide valuable assistance to the United States Government in ensuring that commercial motor vehicle operations are conducted safely and healthfully.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 999.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31131(a) | 49 App.:2501. | Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §§202, 203, 98 Stat. 2832. |

31131(b) | 49 App.:2502. |


In subsection (a)(3), the words "this chapter" are substituted for "this Act" because title II of the Act of October 30, 1984 (Public Law 98–554, 98 Stat. 2832), amended and enacted provisions restated in this chapter.

For provisions relating to exemptions from certain requirements of this subchapter with respect to certain farm vehicles and individuals operating those vehicles, see section 32934 of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 31136 of this title.

Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §220, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1769, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

In this subchapter—

(1) "commercial motor vehicle" means a self-propelled or towed vehicle used on the highways in interstate commerce to transport passengers or property, if the vehicle—

(A) has a gross vehicle weight rating or gross vehicle weight of at least 10,001 pounds, whichever is greater;

(B) is designed or used to transport more than 8 passengers (including the driver) for compensation;

(C) is designed or used to transport more than 15 passengers, including the driver, and is not used to transport passengers for compensation; or

(D) is used in transporting material found by the Secretary of Transportation to be hazardous under section 5103 of this title and transported in a quantity requiring placarding under regulations prescribed by the Secretary under section 5103.

(2) "employee" means an operator of a commercial motor vehicle (including an independent contractor when operating a commercial motor vehicle), a mechanic, a freight handler, or an individual not an employer, who—

(A) directly affects commercial motor vehicle safety in the course of employment; and

(B) is not an employee of the United States Government, a State, or a political subdivision of a State acting in the course of the employment by the Government, a State, or a political subdivision of a State.

(3) "employer"—

(A) means a person engaged in a business affecting interstate commerce that owns or leases a commercial motor vehicle in connection with that business, or assigns an employee to operate it; but

(B) does not include the Government, a State, or a political subdivision of a State.

(4) "interstate commerce" means trade, traffic, or transportation in the United States between a place in a State and—

(A) a place outside that State (including a place outside the United States); or

(B) another place in the same State through another State or through a place outside the United States.

(5) "intrastate commerce" means trade, traffic, or transportation in a State that is not interstate commerce.

(6) "medical examiner" means an individual licensed, certified, or registered in accordance with regulations issued by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration as a medical examiner.

(7) "regulation" includes a standard or order.

(8) "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and, in sections 31136 and 31140–31142 1 of this title, a political subdivision of a State.

(9) "State law" includes a law enacted by a political subdivision of a State.

(10) "State regulation" includes a regulation prescribed by a political subdivision of a State.

(11) "United States" means the States of the United States and the District of Columbia.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1000; Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §104(f), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 919; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4008(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 404; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4116(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1728.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31132 | 49 App.:2503. | Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §204, 98 Stat. 2833. |


The text of 49 App.:2503(6) is omitted as unnecessary because of 1:1. The text of 49 App.:2503(8) is omitted as surplus because the complete name of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Regulatory Review Panel is used the first time the term appears in a section. The text of 49 App.:2503(9) is omitted as surplus because the complete name of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section.

Section 31140 of this title, referred to in par. (8), was repealed by Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4008(d), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 404.

**2005**—Pars. (6) to (11). Pub. L. 109–59 added par. (6) and redesignated former pars. (6) to (10) as (7) to (11), respectively.

**1998**—Par. (1)(A). Pub. L. 105–178, §4008(a)(1), inserted "or gross vehicle weight" after "rating" and ", whichever is greater" after "pounds".

Par. (1)(B). Pub. L. 105–178, §4008(a)(2), which directed substitution of "more than 8 passengers (including the driver) for compensation;" for "passengers" and all that follows through semicolon at end, was executed by making the substitution for "passengers for compensation, but excluding vehicles providing taxicab service and having a capacity of not more than 6 passengers and not operated on a regular route or between specified places;" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**1995**—Par. (1)(B) to (D). Pub. L. 104–88 added subpars. (B) and (C), redesignated former subpar. (C) as (D), and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "is designed to transport more than 15 passengers including the driver; or".

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1) conduct and make contracts for inspections and investigations;

(2) compile statistics;

(3) make reports;

(4) issue subpenas;

(5) require production of records and property;

(6) take depositions;

(7) hold hearings;

(8) prescribe recordkeeping and reporting requirements;

(9) conduct or make contracts for studies, development, testing, evaluation, and training; and

(10) perform other acts the Secretary considers appropriate.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1001; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4006(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 401.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31133(a) | 49 App.:2510(a), (b) (1st sentence). | Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §211, 98 Stat. 2841. |

31133(b) | 49 App.:2510(c). | |

31133(c) | 49 App.:2510(b) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), the words before clause (1) are substituted for "In carrying out the Secretary's functions under this chapter, the Secretary is authorized to" and "to carry out the provisions of this chapter, or regulations issued pursuant to section 2302 of this Appendix" to eliminate unnecessary words. Clause (10) is substituted for "perform such acts . . . as the Secretary determines necessary". The text of 49 App.:2510(a) is omitted as covered by 49 App.:2510(b) (1st sentence).

In subsection (b), the words "In conducting inspections and investigations" are substituted for "To carry out the Secretary's inspection and investigation functions" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "or the Secretary's agent" are omitted as unnecessary.

**1998**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 105–178 inserted "and make contracts for" after "conduct".

Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §218, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1767, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5101(e)(10), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1525, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

(a)

(b)

(1) the employer or person seeking registration is willing and able to comply with the requirements of this subchapter and the regulations prescribed thereunder and chapter 51 and the regulations prescribed thereunder;

(2)(A) 1 during the 3-year period before the date of the filing of the application, the employer or person is not or was not related through common ownership, common management, common control, or common familial relationship to any other person or applicant for registration subject to this subchapter who, during such 3-year period, is or was unfit, unwilling, or unable to comply with the requirements listed in subsection (b)(1); or

(3) the employer or person has disclosed to the Secretary any relationship involving common ownership, common management, common control, or common familial relationship to any other person or applicant for registration subject to this subchapter.

(c)

(1) the employer's or person's authority to operate pursuant to chapter 139 of this title is subject to revocation or suspension under sections 2 13905(d)(1) or 13905(f) of this title;

(2) the employer or person has knowingly failed to comply with the requirements listed in subsection (b)(1);

(3) the employer or person has not disclosed any relationship through common ownership, common management, common control, or common familial relationship to any other person or applicant for registration subject to this subchapter that the Secretary determines is or was unfit, unwilling, or unable to comply with the requirements listed in subsection (b)(1);

(4) the employer or person refused to submit to the safety review required by section 31144(g) of this title.

(d)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32105(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 780.)

A prior section 31134, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1001; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389, related to Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Regulatory Review Panel, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4008(c), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 404.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

1 So in original. There is no subpar. (B).

2 So in original. Probably should be "section".

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) may withhold, suspend, amend, or revoke any part of the motor carrier's, employer's, or person's registration in accordance with section 13905 or 31134; and

(B) shall take into account such non-compliance for purposes of determining civil penalty amounts under section 521(b)(2)(D).

(3)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1003; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4113(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1724; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32112, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 783.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31135 | 49 App.:2504. | Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §205, 98 Stat. 2834. |


The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (c), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

**2012**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–141 added subsec. (b) and struck out former subsec. (b). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "If the Secretary finds that an officer of a motor carrier engages or has engaged in a pattern or practice of avoiding compliance, or masking or otherwise concealing noncompliance, with regulations on commercial motor vehicle safety prescribed under this subchapter, while serving as an officer of any motor carrier, the Secretary may suspend, amend, or revoke any part of the motor carrier's registration under section 13905."

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsecs. (b) to (d).

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1) commercial motor vehicles are maintained, equipped, loaded, and operated safely;

(2) the responsibilities imposed on operators of commercial motor vehicles do not impair their ability to operate the vehicles safely;

(3) the physical condition of operators of commercial motor vehicles is adequate to enable them to operate the vehicles safely and the periodic physical examinations required of such operators are performed by medical examiners who have received training in physical and medical examination standards and, after the national registry maintained by the Department of Transportation under section 31149(d) is established, are listed on such registry;

(4) the operation of commercial motor vehicles does not have a deleterious effect on the physical condition of the operators; and

(5) an operator of a commercial motor vehicle is not coerced by a motor carrier, shipper, receiver, or transportation intermediary to operate a commercial motor vehicle in violation of a regulation promulgated under this section, or chapter 51 or chapter 313 of this title.

(b)

(c)

(2) Before prescribing regulations under this section, the Secretary shall consider, to the extent practicable and consistent with the purposes of this chapter—

(A) costs and benefits; and

(B) State laws and regulations on commercial motor vehicle safety, to minimize their unnecessary preemption.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1)

(A) consider the effects of the proposed or final rule on different segments of the motor carrier industry; and

(B) formulate estimates and findings based on the best available science.

(2)

(A) use data that is representative of commercial motor vehicle operators or motor carriers, or both, that will be impacted by the proposed or final rule; and

(B) consider the effects on commercial truck and bus carriers of various sizes and types.

(g)

(1)

(A) issue an advance notice of proposed rulemaking; or

(B) proceed with a negotiated rulemaking.

(2)

(A) identify the need for a potential regulatory action;

(B) identify and request public comment on the best available science or technical information relevant to analyzing potential regulatory alternatives;

(C) request public comment on the available data and costs with respect to regulatory alternatives reasonably likely to be considered as part of the rulemaking; and

(D) request public comment on available alternatives to regulation.

(3)

(h)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1003; Pub. L. 104–59, title III, §344, Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 610; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(60), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3394; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4007(c), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 403; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4116(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1728; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32911, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 818; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5202, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1534.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31136(a) | 49 App.:2505(a), (g). | Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §206(a)–(g), 98 Stat. 2834. |

31136(b) | 49 App.:2505(b). | |

31136(c) | 49 App.:2505(c). | |

31136(d) | 49 App.:2505(d), (e). | |

31136(e) | 49 App.:2505(f). | |

31136(f) | 49 App.:2505(h). | Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §206(h), 98 Stat. 2835; restated Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §9102(a), 102 Stat. 4528. |


In subsection (a), the text of 49 App.:2505(g) is omitted because 5:ch. 7 applies unless otherwise stated. Before clause (1), the words "Not later than 18 months after October 30, 1984" are omitted because the time period specified has expired. The words "Subject to section 30103(a) of this title" are added to alert the reader to that section.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "except that the time periods specified in this subsection shall apply to the issuance of such regulations" are omitted because the time periods referred to do not appear in subsection (c) as enacted. The reference was probably to the time periods in a prior version of subsection (c). See S. 2174, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., §6(b) (as reported by the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate on May 2, 1984, in S. Rept. 98–424).

In subsection (d), the text of 49 App.:2505(d) is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (f)(2)(C)(i), the words "an operator" are substituted for "such person" because only a natural person can have a medical or physical condition.

**2015**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 114–94 added subsec. (f) and redesignated and transferred former subsec. (f) of this section to subsec. (g) of section 31315 of this title.

Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 114–94, §5202(2), added subsecs. (g) and (h).

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 112–141 added par. (5).

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 109–59 amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: "the physical condition of operators of commercial motor vehicles is adequate to enable them to operate the vehicles safely; and".

**1998**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–178 amended heading and text of subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (e) consisted of pars. (1) to (3) relating to waivers.

**1996**—Subsec. (e)(2)(A), (J), (3). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "November 28, 1995" for "the date of the enactment of this paragraph".

**1995**—Subsec. (e)(1) to (3). Pub. L. 104–59 designated existing text as par. (1) and inserted heading, and added pars. (2) and (3).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–59 effective on the 365th day following Aug. 10, 2005, see section 4116(f) of Pub. L. 109–59, set out as an Effective Date note under section 31149 of this title.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title III, §23010, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 766, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) alerts the driver of the obstacle; and

"(B) if necessary to avoid or mitigate a collision with the obstacle, automatically applies the brakes of the commercial motor vehicle.

"(2)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) prescribe a motor vehicle safety standard under section 30111 of title 49, United States Code, that requires any commercial motor vehicle subject to section 571.136 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (relating to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard Number 136) (or a successor regulation) that is manufactured after the effective date of the standard prescribed under this subparagraph to be equipped with an automatic emergency braking system; and

"(B) as part of the standard under subparagraph (A), establish performance requirements for automatic emergency braking systems.

"(2)

"(A) conduct a review of automatic emergency braking systems in use in applicable commercial motor vehicles and address any identified deficiencies with respect to those automatic emergency braking systems in the rulemaking proceeding to prescribe the standard, if practicable; and

"(B) consult with representatives of commercial motor vehicle drivers regarding the experiences of drivers with automatic emergency braking systems in use in applicable commercial motor vehicles, including any malfunctions or unwarranted activations of those automatic emergency braking systems.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) a motor carrier that transports passengers or property for compensation;

"(B) the motor carrier industry; or

"(C) an entity producing or supplying automatic emergency braking systems.

"(3)

"(A) issue a notice in the Federal Register containing the findings of the study; and

"(B) provide an opportunity for public comment.

"(4)

"(A) the results of the study under paragraph (1);

"(B) a summary of any comments received under paragraph (3)(B); and

"(C) a determination as to whether the Secretary intends to develop performance requirements for automatic emergency braking systems for applicable commercial motor vehicles, including any analysis that led to that determination.

"(5)

"(A) determine whether a motor vehicle safety standard relating to equipping the commercial motor vehicles described in that paragraph with automatic emergency braking systems would meet the requirements and considerations described in subsections (a) and (b) of section 30111 of title 49, United States Code; and

"(B) if the Secretary determines that a motor vehicle safety standard described in subparagraph (A) would meet the requirements and considerations described in that subparagraph, initiate a rulemaking to prescribe such a motor vehicle safety standard."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5301, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1543, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5519, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1558, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) does not exceed 2 hours per calendar day or a total of 30 hours per calendar month; and

"(2) is fully and accurately accounted for in records to be maintained by the motor carrier and such records are made available upon request of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration or the Federal Railroad Administration.

"(b)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5524, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1560, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) is traveling in the State in which the vehicle is registered or another State;

"(2) is owned by a welder;

"(3) is a pick-up style truck;

"(4) is equipped with a welding rig that is used in the construction or maintenance of pipelines; and

"(5) has a gross vehicle weight and combination weight rating and weight of 15,000 pounds or less.

"(b)

"(1) Any requirement relating to registration as a motor carrier, including the requirement to obtain and display a Department of Transportation number, established under chapters 139 and 311 of title 49, United States Code.

"(2) Any requirement relating to driver qualifications established under chapter 311 of title 49, United States Code.

"(3) Any requirement relating to driving of commercial motor vehicles established under chapter 311 of title 49, United States Code.

"(4) Any requirement relating to parts and accessories and inspection, repair, and maintenance of commercial motor vehicles established under chapter 311 of title 49, United States Code.

"(5) Any requirement relating to hours of service of drivers, including maximum driving and on duty time, established under chapter 315 of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 113–125, June 30, 2014, 128 Stat. 1388, provided that:

"This Act may be cited as the 'Reliable Home Heating Act'.

"(a)

"(1) heating oil;

"(2) natural gas; and

"(3) propane.

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"The Administrator of the Energy Information Administration, using data compiled from the Administration's Weekly Petroleum Status Reports, shall notify the Governor of each State in a Petroleum Administration for Defense District if the inventory of residential heating fuel within such district has been below the most recent 5-year average for more than 3 consecutive weeks.

"Not later than 12 months after the date of enactment of this Act [June 30, 2014], the Secretary of Transportation shall conduct a study of, and transmit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives, a report on the impacts of safety from the extensions issued by Governors according to this Act. In conducting the study, the Secretary shall review, at a minimum—

"(1) the safety implications of extending exemptions; and

"(2) a review of the exemption process to ensure clarity and efficiency during emergencies."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, subtitle G, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 809, provided that:

"This subtitle may be cited as the 'Motorcoach Enhanced Safety Act of 2012'.

"In this subtitle:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(A) a motor carrier (as defined in section 13102(14) of title 49, United States Code); or

"(B) a motor private carrier (as defined in section 13102(15) of that title).

"(6)

"(A) a bus used in public transportation provided by, or on behalf of, a public transportation agency; or

"(B) a school bus, including a multifunction school activity bus.

"(7)

"(8)

"(9)

"(10)

"(11)

"(12)

"(13)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(d)

"(1) issuing a rule to upgrade performance standards for tires used on motorcoaches, including an enhanced endurance test and a new high-speed performance test; or

"(2) if the Secretary determines that a standard does not meet the requirements and considerations set forth in subsections (a) and (b) of section 30111 of title 49, United States Code, submit a report that describes the reasons for not prescribing such a standard to—

"(A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate;

"(B) the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives; and

"(C) the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives.

"(e)

"(1)

"(A) apply to all motorcoaches manufactured more than 3 years after the date on which the regulation is published as a final rule;

"(B) take into account the impact to seating capacity of changes to size and weight of motorcoaches and the ability to comply with State and Federal size and weight requirements; and

"(C) be based on the best available science.

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(a)

"(b)

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(b)

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) consider whether each added aspect of rulemaking may contribute to addressing the safety need determined to require rulemaking;

"(2) consider the benefits obtained through the safety belts rulemaking in section 32703(a); and

"(3) avoid duplicative benefits, costs, and countermeasures.

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(I) a bus used in public transportation that is provided by a State or local government; or

"(II) a school bus (as defined in section 30125(a)(1) of title 49, United States Code), including a multifunction school activity bus.

"(B)

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) in each terminal of departure;

"(ii) in the motorcoach and visible from a position exterior to the vehicle at the point of departure, if the motorcoach does not depart from a terminal; and

"(iii) at all points of sale for such motorcoach services and operations.

"Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Transportation shall submit a report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives that describes the feasibility, benefits, and costs of establishing a system of certification of public and private schools and of motor carriers and motorcoach operators that provide motorcoach driver training.

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) a report on the review and assessment conducted under subsection (a);

"(2) a plan to implement any changes to the knowledge and skills tests; and

"(3) a timeframe by which the Secretary will implement the changes.

"Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Transportation shall complete a rulemaking proceeding to consider requiring States to establish a program for annual inspections of commercial motor vehicles designed or used to transport passengers, including an assessment of—

"(1) the risks associated with improperly maintained or inspected commercial motor vehicles designed or used to transport passengers;

"(2) the effectiveness of existing Federal standards for the inspection of such vehicles in—

"(A) mitigating the risks described in paragraph (1); and

"(B) ensuring the safe and proper operation condition of such vehicles; and

"(3) the costs and benefits of a mandatory inspection program.

"Any standard or regulation prescribed or modified pursuant to the Motorcoach Enhanced Safety Act of 2012 shall be prescribed or modified in accordance with section 553 of title 5, United States Code."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32934, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 830, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5518, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1558, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) Any requirement relating to commercial driver's licenses established under chapter 313 of title 49, United States Code.

"(2) Any requirement relating to drug-testing established under chapter 313 of title 49, United States Code.

"(3) Any requirement relating to medical certificates established under—

"(A) subchapter III of chapter 311 of title 49, United States Code; or

"(B) chapter 313 of title 49, United States Code.

"(4) Any requirement relating to hours of service established under—

"(A) subchapter III of chapter 311 of title 49, United States Code; or

"(B) chapter 315 of title 49, United States Code.

"(5) Any requirement relating to vehicle inspection, repair, and maintenance established under—

"(A) subchapter III of chapter 311 of title 49, United States Code; or

"(B) chapter 315 of title 49, United States Code.

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) a requirement described in subsection (a) or a compatible State requirement; or

"(B) any other minimum standard provided by a State relating to the operation of that vehicle.

"(2)

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) that—

"(i) is traveling in the State in which the vehicle is registered or another State;

"(ii) is operated by—

"(I) a farm owner or operator;

"(II) a ranch owner or operator; or

"(III) an employee or family member of an individual specified in subclause (I) or (II);

"(iii) is transporting to or from a farm or ranch—

"(I) agricultural commodities;

"(II) livestock; or

"(III) machinery or supplies;

"(iv) except as provided in paragraph (2), is not used in the operations of a for-hire motor carrier; and

"(v) is equipped with a special license plate or other designation by the State in which the vehicle is registered to allow for identification of the vehicle as a farm vehicle by law enforcement personnel; and

"(B) that has a gross vehicle weight rating or gross vehicle weight, whichever is greater, that is—

"(i) 26,001 pounds or less; or

"(ii) greater than 26,001 pounds and traveling within the State or within 150 air miles of the farm or ranch with respect to which the vehicle is being operated.

"(2)

"(A) is operated pursuant to a crop share farm lease agreement;

"(B) is owned by a tenant with respect to that agreement; and

"(C) is transporting the landlord's portion of the crops under that agreement.

"(d)

"(1) Data and analysis of covered farm vehicles shall include—

"(A) the number of vehicles that are operated subject to each of the regulatory exemptions permitted under subsection (a);

"(B) the number of drivers that operate covered farm vehicles subject to each of the regulatory exemptions permitted under subsection (a);

"(C) the number of crashes involving covered farm vehicles;

"(D) the number of occupants and non-occupants injured in crashes involving covered farm vehicles;

"(E) the number of fatalities of occupants and non-occupants killed in crashes involving farm vehicles;

"(F) crash investigations and accident reconstruction investigations of all fatalities in crashes involving covered farm vehicles;

"(G) overall operating mileage of covered farm vehicles;

"(H) numbers of covered farm vehicles that operate in neighboring States; and

"(I) any other data the Secretary deems necessary to analyze and include.

"(2) A listing of State regulations issued and maintained in each State that are identical to the Federal regulations that are subject to exemption in subsection (a).

"(3) The Secretary shall report the findings of the study to the appropriate committees of Congress not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act [see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways].

"(e)

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4133, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1744, provided that: "Notwithstanding sections 31136 and 31502 of title 49, United States Code, and any other provision of law, the maximum daily hours of service for an operator of a commercial motor vehicle providing transportation of property or passengers to or from a theatrical or television motion picture production site located within a 100 air mile radius of the work reporting location of such operator shall be those in effect under the regulations in effect under such sections on April 27, 2003."

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4136, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1745, provided that: "The Federal motor carrier safety regulations that apply to interstate operations of commercial motor vehicles designed to transport between 9 and 15 passengers (including the driver) shall apply to all interstate operations of such carriers regardless of the distance traveled."

Pub. L. 106–159, title I, §101(f), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1752, provided that: "The authority under title 49, United States Code, to promulgate safety standards for commercial motor vehicles and equipment subsequent to initial manufacture is vested in the Secretary and may be delegated."

Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §229, as added and amended by Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §§4115(a), (c), 4130–4132, 4147, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1726, 1743, 1744, 1749; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §301(i), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1616; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32101(d), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 778; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §§5508(c), 5522, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1554, 1559; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title III, §23018, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 777, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) drivers transporting agricultural commodities from the source of the agricultural commodities to a location within a 150 air-mile radius from the source;

"(B) drivers transporting farm supplies for agricultural purposes from a wholesale or retail distribution point of the farm supplies to a farm or other location where the farm supplies are intended to be used within a 150 air-mile radius from the distribution point;

"(C) drivers transporting farm supplies for agricultural purposes from a wholesale distribution point of the farm supplies to a retail distribution point of the farm supplies within a 150 air-mile radius from the wholesale distribution point; or

"(D) drivers transporting livestock (as defined in section 602 of the Emergency Livestock Feed Assistance Act of 1988 (7 U.S.C. 1471) including insects) within a 150 air-mile radius from the final destination of the livestock.

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(A)

"(B)

"(5)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(1) 7

"(2) 24-

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(6)

"(A) used in the furtherance of repairing, maintaining, or operating any structures or any other physical facilities necessary for the delivery of public utility services, including the furnishing of electric, gas, water, sanitary sewer, telephone, and television cable or community antenna service;

"(B) while engaged in any activity necessarily related to the ultimate delivery of such public utility services to consumers, including travel or movement to, from, upon, or between activity sites (including occasional travel or movement outside the service area necessitated by any utility emergency as determined by the utility provider); and

"(C) except for any occasional emergency use, operated primarily within the service area of a utility's subscribers or consumers, without regard to whether the vehicle is owned, leased, or rented by the utility.

"(7)

"(8)

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4007(d), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 404, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 31315 of this title] shall not apply to or otherwise affect a waiver, exemption, or pilot program in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act [June 9, 1998] under chapter 313 or section 31136(e) of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4008(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 404, provided that: "Effective on the last day of the 1-year period beginning on the date of enactment of this Act [June 9, 1998], regulations prescribed under section 31136 of title 49, United States Code, shall apply to operators of commercial motor vehicles described in section 31132(1)(B) of such title (as amended by subsection (a)) to the extent that those regulations did not apply to those operators on the day before such effective date, except to the extent that the Secretary determines, through a rulemaking proceeding, that it is appropriate to exempt such operators of commercial motor vehicles from the application of those regulations."

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4024, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 416, as amended by Pub. L. 107–110, title X, §1076(ii), Jan. 8, 2002, 115 Stat. 2094, required the Secretary to initiate a rulemaking, not later than 6 months after June 9, 1998, regarding applicability of commercial motor carrier safety regulations to interstate school transportation operations by local educational agencies.

Pub. L. 104–88, title IV, §408, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 958, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 104–59, title III, §345, Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 613, which related to exemption from certain regulatory or statutory requirements for transportation of agricultural commodities and farm supplies, transportation and operation of ground water well drilling rigs, transportation of construction materials and equipment, utility service vehicles, and vehicles operated for snow or ice removal, was repealed by Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4115(d), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1726. The text of former section 345 of Pub. L. 104–59 was inserted as part of section 229 of Pub. L. 106–159, as added by section 4115(a) of Pub. L. 109–59, and is set out above.

Pub. L. 104–59, title III, §346, Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 615, as amended by Pub. L. 105–178, title I, §1211(j), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 192; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9003(d)(3), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 839, which related to a pilot program for evaluating effects of maximum on-duty time regulations on winter home heating oil delivery, was repealed by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5101(e)(11), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1526, effective Oct. 1, 2016.

(a)

(1) requiring a commercial motor vehicle involved in interstate commerce and operated by a driver subject to the hours of service and the record of duty status requirements under part 395 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, be 1 equipped with an electronic logging device to improve compliance by an operator of a vehicle with hours of service regulations prescribed by the Secretary; and

(2) ensuring that an electronic logging device is not used to harass a vehicle operator.

(b)

(1)

(A) require an electronic logging device—

(i) to accurately record commercial driver hours of service;

(ii) to record the location of a commercial motor vehicle;

(iii) to be tamper resistant; and

(iv) to be synchronized to the operation of the vehicle engine or be capable of recognizing when the vehicle is being operated;

(B) allow law enforcement to access the data contained in the device during a roadside inspection; and

(C) except as provided in paragraph (3), apply to a commercial motor vehicle beginning on the date that is 2 years after the date that the regulations are published as a final rule.

(2)

(A) defining a standardized user interface to aid vehicle operator compliance and law enforcement review;

(B) establishing a secure process for standardized—

(i) and unique vehicle operator identification;

(ii) data access;

(iii) data transfer for vehicle operators between motor vehicles;

(iv) data storage for a motor carrier; and

(v) data transfer and transportability for law enforcement officials;

(C) establishing a standard security level for an electronic logging device and related components to be tamper resistant by using a methodology endorsed by a nationally recognized standards organization; and

(D) identifying each driver subject to the hours of service and record of duty status requirements under part 395 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations.

(3)

(A) a paper record of duty status form; or

(B) an electronic logging device.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(d)

(1) reduce or eliminate requirements for drivers and motor carriers to retain supporting documentation associated with paper-based records of duty status if—

(A) data contained in an electronic logging device supplants such documentation; and

(B) using such data without paper-based records does not diminish the Secretary's ability to audit and review compliance with the Secretary's hours of service regulations; and

(2) include such measures as the Secretary determines are necessary to protect the privacy of each individual whose personal data is contained in an electronic logging device.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(f)

(1)

(A) is capable of recording a driver's hours of service and duty status accurately and automatically; and

(B) meets the requirements established by the Secretary through regulation.

(2)

(g)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1004; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §§32301(b), 32931(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 786, 829; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §§5507, 5508(b)(2), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1553, 1554.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31137(a) | 49 App.:2505 (note). | Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §9104(b), 102 Stat. 4529. |

31137(b) | 49 App.:2521. | Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, 98 Stat. 2829, §231; added Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §9110, 102 Stat. 4531. |


In subsection (b), the text of 49 App.:2521(a) is omitted as executed.

The date of enactment of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Enhancement Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of title II of div. C of Pub. L. 112–141, which was approved July 6, 2012.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, §5508(b)(2), amended directory language of Pub. L. 112–141, §32301(b)(3). See 2012 Amendment note for subsecs. (a) to (f) below.

Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 114–94, §5507(1), substituted "except as provided in paragraph (3), apply to" for "apply to".

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 114–94, §5507(2), added par. (3).

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, §32301(b)(1), substituted "Electronic logging devices and brake maintenance regulations" for "Monitoring device and brake maintenance regulations" in section catchline.

Subsecs. (a) to (f). Pub. L. 112–141, §32301(b)(3), as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, §5508(b)(2), added subsecs. (a) to (f) and struck out former subsec. (a). Prior to amendment, text of subsec. (a) read as follows: "If the Secretary of Transportation prescribes a regulation about the use of monitoring devices on commercial motor vehicles to increase compliance by operators of the vehicles with hours of service regulations of the Secretary, the regulation shall ensure that the devices are not used to harass vehicle operators. However, the devices may be used to monitor productivity of the operators." Former subsec. (b) redesignated (g).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 112–141, §32931(a), which directed substitution of "The Secretary shall maintain" for "Not later than December 1, 1990, the Secretary shall prescribe", was executed by making the substitution for "Not later than December 31, 1990, the Secretary shall prescribe", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 112–141, §32301(b)(2), redesignated subsec. (b) as (g).

Amendment by section 5507 of Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5508(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1554, provided that the amendment made by section 5508(b)(2) is effective as of July 6, 2012, and as if included in Pub. L. 112–141 as enacted.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

1 So in original. Probably should be preceded by "to".

(a)

(1)

(A) a place in another State;

(B) another place in the same State through a place outside of that State; or

(C) a place outside the United States.

(2)

(A) a place in another State;

(B) another place in the same State through a place outside of that State; or

(C) a place outside the United States.

(b)

(1) at least 16 passengers shall be at least $5,000,000; and

(2) not more than 15 passengers shall be at least $1,500,000.

(c)

(A) insurance, including high self-retention.

(B) a guarantee.

(C) a surety bond issued by a bonding company authorized to do business in the United States.

(2) A person domiciled in a country contiguous to the United States and providing transportation to which a minimum level of financial responsibility under this section applies shall have evidence of financial responsibility in the motor vehicle when the person is providing the transportation. If evidence of financial responsibility is not in the vehicle, the Secretary of Transportation and the Secretary of the Treasury shall deny entry of the vehicle into the United States.

(3) A motor carrier may obtain the required amount of financial responsibility from more than one source provided the cumulative amount is equal to the minimum requirements of this section.

(4)

(d)

(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall impose the penalty by written notice. In determining the amount of the penalty, the Secretary shall consider—

(A) the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation;

(B) with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of prior violations, the ability to pay, and any effect on the ability to continue doing business; and

(C) other matters that justice requires.

(3) The Secretary of Transportation may compromise the penalty before referring the matter to the Attorney General for collection.

(4) The Attorney General shall bring a civil action in an appropriate district court of the United States to collect a penalty referred to the Attorney General for collection under this subsection.

(5) The amount of the penalty may be deducted from amounts the Government owes the person. An amount collected under this section shall be deposited in the Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account).

(e)

(1) transporting only school children and teachers to or from school;

(2) providing taxicab service (as defined in section 13102);

(3) carrying not more than 15 individuals in a single, daily round trip to and from work; or

(4) providing transportation service within a transit service area under an agreement with a Federal, State, or local government funded, in whole or in part, with a grant under section 5307, 5310, or 5311, including transportation designed and carried out to meet the special needs of elderly individuals and individuals with disabilities; except that, in any case in which the transit service area is located in more than 1 State, the minimum level of financial responsibility for such motor vehicle will be at least the highest level required for any of such States.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1005; Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §104(c), (d), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 919; Pub. L. 107–298, §3(b)(2), Nov. 26, 2002, 116 Stat. 2343; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §§4120(a), 4121, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1733, 1734; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §305(a), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1619.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31138(a) | 49:10927 (note). | Sept. 20, 1982, Pub. L. 97–261, §18(a), 96 Stat. 1121. |

31138(b) | 49:10927 (note). | Sept. 20, 1982, Pub. L. 97–261, §18(b), (c), 96 Stat. 1121. |

31138(c) | 49:10927 (note). | Sept. 20, 1982, Pub. L. 97–261, §18(d), 96 Stat. 1121; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §224, 98 Stat. 2847. |

31138(d) | 49:10927 (note). | Sept. 20, 1982, Pub. L. 97–261, §18(e), 96 Stat. 1122. |

31138(e) | 49:10927 (note). | Sept. 20, 1982, Pub. L. 97–261, §18(f), (g), 96 Stat. 1122. |


In subsection (b), before clause (1), the text of section 18(b)(1) (words beginning with "except") and (2) (words beginning with "except") and (c) of the Bus Regulatory Reform Act of 1982 (Public Law 97–261, 96 Stat. 1121) is omitted as expired. The word "minimal" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "The Secretary shall establish, by regulation, methods and procedures to assure compliance with this section" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(4), the words "The Attorney General shall bring a civil action . . . to collect a penalty referred to the Attorney General for collection under this subsection" are substituted for "Such civil penalty may be recovered in an action brought by the Attorney General on behalf of the United States" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (d)(5), the words "when finally determined (or agreed upon in compromise)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the text of section 18(g) of the Bus Regulatory Reform Act of 1982 (Public Law 97–261, 96 Stat. 1122) is omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

**2008**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–244, §305(a)(1), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe regulations to require minimum levels of financial responsibility sufficient to satisfy liability amounts established by the Secretary covering public liability and property damage for the transportation of passengers by commercial motor vehicle in the United States between a place in a State and—

"(1) a place in another State;

"(2) another place in the same State through a place outside of that State; or

"(3) a place outside the United States."

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 110–244, §305(a)(2), struck out "commercial" before "motor vehicle" in two places.

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §4120(a)(1), struck out "for compensation" after "passengers" and inserted "commercial" before "motor vehicle" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 109–59, §4120(a)(2), added par. (4).

Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 109–59, §4121, substituted "Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account)" for "Treasury as miscellaneous receipts".

**2002**—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 107–298 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "providing taxicab service, having a seating capacity of not more than 6 passengers, and not being operated on a regular route or between specified places;".

**1995**—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 104–88, §104(c), added par. (3).

Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 104–88, §104(d), added par. (4).

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5509, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1554, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) the rulemaking's potential impact on—

"(A) the safety of motor vehicle transportation; and

"(B) the motor carrier industry;

"(2) the ability of the insurance industry to provide the required amount of insurance;

"(3) the extent to which current minimum levels of financial responsibility adequately cover—

"(A) medical care;

"(B) compensation; and

"(C) other identifiable costs;

"(4) the frequency with which insurance claims exceed current minimum levels of financial responsibility in fatal accidents; and

"(5) the impact of increased levels on motor carrier safety and accident reduction.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) a review of accidents, injuries, and fatalities in the over-the-road bus and school bus industries;

"(B) a review of insurance held by over-the-road bus and public and private school bus companies, including companies of various sizes, and an analysis of whether such insurance is adequate to cover claims;

"(C) an analysis of whether and how insurance affects the behavior and safety record of motor carriers of passengers, including with respect to crash reduction; and

"(D) an analysis of the anticipated impacts of an increase in financial responsibility on insurance premiums for passenger carriers and service availability.

"(3)

"(A) representatives of the over-the-road bus and private school bus transportation industries, including representatives of bus drivers; and

"(B) insurers of motor carriers of passengers.

"(4)

(a)

(1) "farm vehicle" means a vehicle—

(A) designed or adapted and used only for agriculture;

(B) operated by a motor private carrier (as defined in section 10102 of this title); and

(C) operated only incidentally on highways.

(2) "interstate commerce" includes transportation between a place in a State and a place outside the United States, to the extent the transportation is in the United States.

(3) "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands.

(b)

(A) a place in another State;

(B) another place in the same State through a place outside of that State; or

(C) a place outside the United States.

(2) The level of financial responsibility established under paragraph (1) of this subsection shall be at least $750,000.

(c)

(d)

(A) hazardous material (as defined by the Secretary);

(B) oil or hazardous substances (as defined by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency); or

(C) hazardous wastes (as defined by the Administrator).

(2)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, the level of financial responsibility established under paragraph (1) of this subsection shall be at least $5,000,000 for the transportation—

(i) of hazardous substances (as defined by the Administrator) in cargo tanks, portable tanks, or hopper-type vehicles, with capacities of more than 3,500 water gallons;

(ii) in bulk of class A explosives, poison gas, liquefied gas, or compressed gas; or

(iii) of large quantities of radioactive material.

(B) The Secretary of Transportation by regulation may reduce the minimum level in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph (to an amount not less than $1,000,000) for transportation described in subparagraph (A) in any of the territories of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands if—

(i) the chief executive officer of the territory requests the reduction;

(ii) the reduction will prevent a serious disruption in transportation service and will not adversely affect public safety; and

(iii) insurance of $5,000,000 is not readily available.

(3) The level of financial responsibility established under paragraph (1) of this subsection for the transportation of a material, oil, substance, or waste not subject to paragraph (2) of this subsection shall be at least $1,000,000. However, if the Secretary of Transportation finds it will not adversely affect public safety, the Secretary by regulation may reduce the amount for—

(A) a class of vehicles transporting such a material, oil, substance, or waste in intrastate commerce (except in bulk); and

(B) a farm vehicle transporting such a material or substance in interstate commerce (except in bulk).

(e)

(f)

(A) insurance.

(B) a guarantee.

(C) a surety bond issued by a bonding company authorized to do business in the United States.

(D) qualification as a self-insurer.

(2) A person domiciled in a country contiguous to the United States and providing transportation to which a minimum level of financial responsibility under this section applies shall have evidence of financial responsibility in the motor vehicle when the person is providing the transportation. If evidence of financial responsibility is not in the vehicle, the Secretary of Transportation and the Secretary of the Treasury shall deny entry of the vehicle into the United States.

(3) A motor carrier may obtain the required amount of financial responsibility from more than one source provided the cumulative amount is equal to the minimum requirements of this section.

(g)

(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall impose the penalty by written notice. In determining the amount of the penalty, the Secretary shall consider—

(A) the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation;

(B) with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of prior violations, the ability to pay, and any effect on the ability to continue doing business; and

(C) other matters that justice requires.

(3) The Secretary of Transportation may compromise the penalty before referring the matter to the Attorney General for collection.

(4) The Attorney General shall bring a civil action in an appropriate district court of the United States to collect a penalty referred to the Attorney General for collection under this subsection.

(5) The amount of the penalty may be deducted from amounts the Government owes the person. An amount collected under this section shall be deposited in the Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account).

(h)

(1) class A or B explosives;

(2) poison gas; or

(3) a large quantity of radioactive material.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1006; Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §104(e), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 919; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §§4120(b), 4121, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1733, 1734; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §§301(f), 305(b), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1616, 1620.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31139(a) | 49:10927 (note). | July 1, 1980, Pub. L. 96–296, §30(h), 94 Stat. 823; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §406(c), 96 Stat. 2159; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §222(b), 98 Stat. 2847; Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §9112, 102 Stat. 4534. |

31139(b) | 49:10927 (note). | July 1, 1980, Pub. L. 96–296, §30(a), 94 Stat. 820; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §406(a), 96 Stat. 2158. |

31139(c) | 49:10927 (note). | July 1, 1980, Pub. L. 96–296, §30(b), 94 Stat. 821; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §406(a), 96 Stat. 2158; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §222(a), 98 Stat. 2846; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §23, 104 Stat. 3272. |

31139(d) | 49:10927 (note). | July 1, 1980, Pub. L. 96–296, 94 Stat. 793, §30(g); added Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §9112, 102 Stat. 4534. |

31139(e) | 49:10927 (note). | July 1, 1980, Pub. L. 96–296, §30(c), 94 Stat. 822; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §406(b), 96 Stat. 2158. |

July 1, 1980, Pub. L. 96–296, §30(e), 94 Stat. 822. | ||

31139(f) | 49:10927 (note). | July 1, 1980, Pub. L. 96–296, §30(d), 94 Stat. 822. |

31139(g) | 49:10927 (note). | July 1, 1980, Pub. L. 96–296, §30(f), 94 Stat. 823; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §406(d), 96 Stat. 2159. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the text of section 30(h)(3) of the Motor Carrier Act of 1980 (Public Law 96–296, 94 Stat. 823) is omitted as surplus because the complete name of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section. In clause (3), the words "(including its use in the terms 'interstate' and 'intrastate')" are omitted as surplus.

In subsections (b)(2) and (c)(2) and (3), the word "minimal" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "for any vehicle" are omitted as surplus. The words beginning with "except" are omitted as expired. The text of section 30(a)(3) of the Act (Public Law 96–296, 94 Stat. 821) is omitted because the regulations have been issued. See 49 C.F.R. part 387.

In subsection (c)(2), the text of section 30(b)(2)(B) of the Act (Public Law 96–296, 94 Stat. 821) is omitted as expired.

In subsection (c)(3), before clause (A), the text of section 30(b)(3)(A) of the Act (Public Law 96–296, 94 Stat. 821) is omitted as expired. The text of section 30(b)(4) of the Act (Public Law 96–296, 94 Stat. 822) is omitted because the regulations have been issued. See 49 C.F.R. part 387. The words "for any vehicle . . . in interstate or intrastate commerce" are omitted as unnecessary because of the reference to paragraph (1).

In subsection (e)(1), the words "The Secretary shall establish, by regulation, methods and procedures to assure compliance with this section" are omitted as surplus. The text of section 30(e) of the Act (Public Law 96–296, 94 Stat. 822) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (f)(4), the words "The Attorney General shall bring a civil action . . . to collect a penalty referred to the Attorney General for collection under this subsection" are substituted for "Such civil penalty may be recovered in an action brought by the Attorney General on behalf of the United States" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (f)(5), the words "when finally determined (or agreed upon in compromise)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g)(1) and (2), the words "any quantity of" are omitted as surplus.

**2008**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 110–244, §305(b)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted "motor carrier or motor private carrier (as such terms are defined in section 13102 of this title)" for "commercial motor vehicle".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–244, §305(b)(2), struck out "commercial" before "motor vehicle".

Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 110–244, §301(f), amended Pub. L. 109–59, §4121. See 2005 Amendment note below.

**2005**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §4120(b)(1), struck out "for compensation" after "property" and inserted "commercial" before "motor vehicle" in introductory provisions.

Subsecs. (c) to (f). Pub. L. 109–59, §4120(b)(2), (3), added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsecs. (c) to (e) as (d) to (f), respectively. Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–59, §4120(b)(2), redesignated subsec. (f) as (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (h).

Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 109–59, §4121, as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, §301(f), substituted "Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account)" for "Treasury as miscellaneous receipts".

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 109–59, §4120(b)(2), redesignated subsec. (g) as (h).

**1995**—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 104–88 added par. (3).

Amendment by section 301(f) of Pub. L. 110–244 effective as of the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59 (Aug. 10, 2005) and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 109–59 as of that date, and provisions of Pub. L. 109–59, as in effect on the day before June 6, 2008, that are amended by Pub. L. 110–244 to be treated as not enacted, see section 121(b) of Pub. L. 110–244, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1008, related to submission of State laws and regulations for review by Secretary of Transportation and Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Regulatory Review Panel.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(A) has the same effect as a regulation prescribed by the Secretary under section 31136;

(B) is less stringent than such regulation; or

(C) is additional to or more stringent than such regulation.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) the State law or regulation has no safety benefit;

(B) the State law or regulation is incompatible with the regulation prescribed by the Secretary; or

(C) enforcement of the State law or regulation would cause an unreasonable burden on interstate commerce.

(5)

(d)

(2) Before deciding whether to grant or deny a petition for a waiver under this subsection, the Secretary shall give the petitioner an opportunity for a hearing on the record.

(e)

(f)

(2) The court has jurisdiction to review the decision, grant, or denial and to grant appropriate relief, including interim relief, as provided in chapter 7 of title 5.

(3) A judgment of a court under this subsection may be reviewed only by the Supreme Court under section 1254 of title 28.

(4) The remedies provided for in this subsection are in addition to other remedies provided by law.

(g)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1008; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4008(e), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 404.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31141(a) | 49 App.:2507(a). | Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §208(a)–(g), (i), 98 Stat. 2836, 2838. |

31141(b) | 49 App.:2507(b). | |

31141(c) | 49 App.:2507(c). | |

31141(d) | 49 App.:2507(d). | |

31141(e) | 49 App.:2507(e). | |

31141(f) | 49 App.:2507(f). | |

31141(g) | 49 App.:2507(g). | |

31141(h) | 49 App.:2507(h). | Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §208(h), 98 Stat. 2838; Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §9109, 102 Stat. 4530. |

49 App.:2507(i). |


In this section, language about whether a State law or regulation may be "in effect" is omitted as redundant to language about whether it may be "enforced". The words "regulatory proceeding" are substituted for "rulemaking proceeding" for consistency in the revised title and because "rule" is synonymous with "regulation".

In subsection (a), the words "with respect to commercial motor vehicles" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "Not later than 18 months after October 30, 1984, and . . . thereafter" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (g)(1), the words "court of appeals of the United States for the District of Columbia Circuit" are substituted for "United States court of appeals for the District of Columbia" to be more precise.

In subsection (g)(2), the words "Upon the filing of a petition under paragraph (1) of this subsection" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (g)(3) is substituted for 49 App.:2507(g)(3) for consistency in this part and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (h), the text of 49 App.:2507(h) and the words "After the last day of the 48-month period beginning on October 30, 1984" are omitted as obsolete.

**1998**—Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 105–178, §4008(e)(1), added subsecs. (b) and (c) and struck out headings and text of former subsecs. (b) and (c) which related to analysis and decisions by Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Regulatory Review Panel and to review and decisions by Secretary, respectively.

Subsecs. (e) to (h). Pub. L. 105–178, §4008(e)(2), (3), redesignated subsecs. (f) to (h) as (e) to (g), respectively, and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (e). Text read as follows: "The Secretary may consolidate regulatory proceedings under this section if the Secretary decides that the consolidation will not adversely affect a party to a proceeding."

(a)

(b)

(c)

(A) prevent a State or voluntary group of States from imposing more stringent standards for use in their own periodic roadside inspection programs of commercial motor vehicles;

(B) prevent a State from enforcing a program for inspection of commercial motor vehicles that the Secretary decides is as effective as the Government standards prescribed under subsection (b) of this section;

(C) prevent a State from participating in the activities of a voluntary group of States enforcing a program for inspection of commercial motor vehicles; or

(D) require a State that is enforcing a program described in clause (B) or (C) of this paragraph to enforce a Government standard prescribed under subsection (b) of this section or to adopt a provision on inspection of commercial motor vehicles in addition to that program to comply with the Government standards.

(2) The Government standards prescribed under subsection (b) of this section shall preempt a program of a State described in paragraph (1)(C) of this subsection as the program applies to the inspection of commercial motor vehicles in that State. The State may not enforce the program if the Secretary—

(A) decides, after notice and an opportunity for a hearing, that the State is not enforcing the program in a way that achieves the objectives of this section; and

(B) after making a decision under clause (A) of this paragraph, provides the State with a 6-month period to improve the enforcement of the program to achieve the objectives of this section.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1010; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4008(f), (g), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 405.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31142(a) | 49 App.:2509(a). | Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §210(a)–(f), 98 Stat. 2839. |

31142(b) | 49 App.:2509(b), (c). | |

31142(c) | 49 App.:2509(d). | |

31142(d) | 49 App.:2509(e). | |

31142(e) | 49 App.:2509(f). | |

31142(f) | 49 App.:2509(g). | Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, 98 Stat. 2829, §210(g); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–615, §24, 104 Stat. 3273. |


In this section, language about whether a State law or regulation may be "in effect" is omitted as redundant to language about whether it may be "enforced".

In subsection (b), the words "shall prescribe regulations on" are substituted for "shall, by rule, establish" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code and because "rule" is synonymous with "regulation". The words "For purposes of this chapter" are omitted as unnecessary. The text of 49 App.:2509(c) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "this subchapter and section 31102 of this title do not" are substituted for "nothing in section 2302 of this Appendix or section 2507 of this Appendix or any other provision of this chapter shall be construed as" to eliminate unnecessary words.

**1998**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–178, §4008(f), substituted "the regulations issued under section 31136" for "part 393 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations".

Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 105–178, §4008(g), amended subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (C) read as follows: "prevent a State from enforcing a program for inspection of commercial motor vehicles that meets the requirements for membership in the Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance, as those requirements were in effect on October 30, 1984; or".

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title III, §23008, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 764, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 117–328, div. L, title I, §131, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5119, provided that: "The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration shall update annual inspection regulations under Appendix G to subchapter B of chapter III of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, as recommended by GAO–19–264."

Similar provisions were contained in the following appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 117–103, div. L, title I, §131, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 706.

Pub. L. 116–260, div. L, title I, §131, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1844.

Pub. L. 116–94, div. H, title I, §132, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2955.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1012.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31143(a) | 49 App.:2511(a). | Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §212, 98 Stat. 2841. |

31143(b) | 49 App.:2511(b). |


Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4017, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 413, as amended by Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §213, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1766, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(e)

(a)

(1) determine whether an owner or operator is fit to operate safely commercial motor vehicles, utilizing among other things the accident record of an owner or operator operating in interstate commerce and the accident record and safety inspection record of such owner or operator—

(A) in operations that affect interstate commerce within the United States; and

(B) in operations in Canada and Mexico if the owner or operator also conducts operations within the United States;

(2) periodically update such safety fitness determinations;

(3) make such final safety fitness determinations readily available to the public; and

(4) prescribe by regulation penalties for violations of this section consistent with section 521.

(b)

(1) Specific initial and continuing requirements with which an owner or operator must comply to demonstrate safety fitness.

(2) A methodology the Secretary will use to determine whether an owner or operator is fit.

(3) Specific time frames within which the Secretary will determine whether an owner or operator is fit.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(f)

(g)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(2)

(3)

(4)

[(5) Repealed. Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5101(e)(1), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1525.]

(6)

(A)

(B)

(h)

(1) If an authorized agency of the Canadian federal government or a Canadian Territorial or Provincial government determines, by applying the procedure and standards prescribed by the Secretary under subsection (b) or pursuant to an agreement under paragraph (2), that a Canadian employer is unfit and prohibits the employer from operating a commercial motor vehicle in Canada or any Canadian Province, the Secretary may prohibit the employer from operating such vehicle in interstate and foreign commerce until the authorized Canadian agency determines that the employer is fit.

(2) The Secretary may consult and participate in negotiations with authorized officials of the Canadian federal government or a Canadian Territorial or Provincial government, as necessary, to provide reciprocal recognition of each country's motor carrier safety fitness determinations. An agreement shall provide, to the maximum extent practicable, that each country will follow the procedure and standards prescribed by the Secretary under subsection (b) in making motor carrier safety fitness determinations.

(i)

(1)

(A)

(i) determine the safety fitness of each motor carrier of passengers who the Secretary registers under section 13902 or 31134 through a simple and understandable rating system that allows passengers to compare the safety performance of each such motor carrier; and

(ii) assign a safety fitness rating to each such motor carrier.

(B)

(i) to any provider of motorcoach services registered with the Administration after the date of enactment of the Motorcoach Enhanced Safety Act of 2012 beginning not later than 2 years after the date of such registration; and

(ii) to any provider of motorcoach services registered with the Administration on or before the date of enactment of that Act beginning not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of that Act.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) reassess the safety fitness rating of each motor carrier of passengers not less frequently than once every 3 years; and

(B) annually assess the safety fitness of certain motor carriers of passengers that serve primarily urban areas with high passenger loads.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1012; Pub. L. 104–88, title I, §104(g), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 920; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4009(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 405; Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §210(a), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1764; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §§4107(b), 4114, title VII, §7112(b), (c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1720, 1725, 1899; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §301(b), (c), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1616; Pub. L. 111–147, title IV, §422(e), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 87; Pub. L. 111–322, title II, §2202(e), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3525; Pub. L. 112–5, title II, §202(e), Mar. 4, 2011, 125 Stat. 17; Pub. L. 112–30, title I, §122(e), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 349; Pub. L. 112–102, title II, §202(e), Mar. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 274; Pub. L. 112–140, title II, §202(e), June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 395; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §§32102(a), 32202, 32603(e), 32707(a), 32921(b), div. G, title II, §112002(d), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 778, 784, 808, 813, 828, 983; Pub. L. 113–159, title I, §1102(e), Aug. 8, 2014, 128 Stat. 1844; Pub. L. 114–21, title I, §1102(e), May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 222; Pub. L. 114–41, title I, §1102(e), July 31, 2015, 129 Stat. 449; Pub. L. 114–73, title I, §1102(e), Oct. 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 572; Pub. L. 114–87, title I, §1102(e), Nov. 20, 2015, 129 Stat. 681; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §§5101(e)(1), 5105(d), 5508(b)(4), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1525, 1529, 1554.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31144(a)(1) | 49 App.:2512(a), (b). | Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §215, 98 Stat. 2844. |

31144(a)(2) | 49 App.:2512(c). | |

31144(b) | 49 App.:2512(d). |


In subsection (a), the word "regulation" is substituted for "rule" for consistency in the revised title and because the terms are synonymous.

In subsection (a)(1), the words "after notice and opportunity for comment" are omitted as unnecessary because of 5:553. The text of 49 App.:2512(b) is omitted as executed.

The date of enactment of the Motorcoach Enhanced Safety Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (i)(1)(B), is the date of enactment of subtitle G of title II of div. C of Pub. L. 112–141, which was approved July 6, 2012.

**2015**—Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 114–94, §5101(e)(1), struck out par. (5) which provided for grants to States for new entrant audits.

Subsec. (g)(5)(B). Pub. L. 114–94, §5105(d), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary shall set aside from amounts made available by section 31104(a) up to $32,000,000 per fiscal year and up to $5,683,060 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015, for audits of new entrant motor carriers conducted pursuant to this paragraph."

Pub. L. 114–87 substituted "and up to $5,683,060 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on December 4, 2015," for "and up to $4,459,016 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–73 substituted "and up to $4,459,016 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on November 20, 2015," for "and up to $2,535,519 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–41 substituted "per fiscal year and up to $2,535,519 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on October 29, 2015," for "per fiscal year and up to $26,652,055 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015,".

Pub. L. 114–21 substituted "and up to $26,652,055 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on July 31, 2015," for "and up to $21,304,110 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015,".

Subsec. (g)(6). Pub. L. 114–94, §5508(b)(4), amended Pub. L. 112–141, §32921(b). See 2012 Amendment note below.

**2014**—Subsec. (g)(5)(B). Pub. L. 113–159 inserted "and up to $21,304,110 for the period beginning on October 1, 2014, and ending on May 31, 2015," after "per fiscal year".

**2012**—Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §32102(a), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary shall require, by regulation, each owner and each operator granted new operating authority, after the date on which section 31148(b) is first implemented, to undergo a safety review within the first 18 months after the owner or operator, as the case may be, begins operations under such authority."

Subsec. (g)(5)(B). Pub. L. 112–141, §112002(d), struck out "and up to $21,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," after "year".

Pub. L. 112–141, §32603(e), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary shall set aside from amounts made available by section 31104(a) up to $29,000,000 per fiscal year for audits of new entrant motor carriers conducted pursuant to this paragraph."

Pub. L. 112–140, §§1(c), 202(e), temporarily substituted "and up to $22,040,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on July 6, 2012," for "and up to $21,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012,". See Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 112–102 substituted "and up to $21,750,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on June 30, 2012," for "and up to $14,500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (g)(6). Pub. L. 112–141, §32921(b), as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, §5508(b)(4), added par. (6).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 112–141, §32202, added subsec. (h).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 112–141, §32707(a), added subsec. (i).

**2011**—Subsec. (g)(5)(B). Pub. L. 112–30 substituted "fiscal year and up to $14,500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on March 31, 2012," for "fiscal year".

Pub. L. 112–5 struck out "(and up to $12,315,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending on March 4, 2011)" after "year".

**2010**—Subsec. (g)(5)(B). Pub. L. 111–322 substituted "(and up to $12,315,000 for the period beginning October 1, 2010, and ending on March 4, 2011)" for "(and up to $7,310,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2010, and ending on December 31, 2010)".

Pub. L. 111–147 inserted "(and up to $7,310,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2010, and ending on December 31, 2010)" after "fiscal year".

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–244 amended Pub. L. 109–59, §§4107(b), 4114(c)(1), 7112. See 2005 Amendment notes below.

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §4114(a), reenacted heading without change and amended text of subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary shall—

"(1) determine whether an owner or operator is fit to operate safely commercial motor vehicles;

"(2) periodically update such safety fitness determinations;

"(3) make such final safety fitness determinations readily available to the public; and

"(4) prescribe by regulation penalties for violations of this section consistent with section 521."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–59, §7112(c), which directed amendment of this section by redesignating the second subsec. (c), relating to safety reviews of new operators, as (f), was repealed by Pub. L. 110–244, §301(b)(2).

Pub. L. 109–59, §4107(b)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, §301(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (c), relating to safety reviews of new operators, as (f).

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 109–59, §7112(b)(1), substituted "section 521(b)(5)(A)" for "sections 521(b)(5)(A) and 5113".

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 109–59, §7112(b)(2), inserted at end "A violation of this paragraph by an owner or operator transporting hazardous material shall be considered a violation of chapter 51, and shall be subject to the penalties in sections 5123 and 5124."

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 109–59, §4114(b), added par. (5).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–59, §4114(c)(2), added subsec. (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e).

Pub. L. 109–59, §4114(c)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, §301(c), redesignated subsec. (d) as (e).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–59, §4114(c)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, §301(c), redesignated subsec. (d) as (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (f).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–59, §7112(c), which directed amendment of this section by redesignating the second subsec. (c), relating to safety reviews of new operators, as (f), was repealed by Pub. L. 110–244, §301(b)(2).

Pub. L. 109–59, §4114(c)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, §301(c), redesignated subsec. (e) as (f). Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g).

Pub. L. 109–59, §4107(b)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, §301(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (c), relating to safety reviews of new operators, as (f).

Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 109–59, §4107(b)(2), as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, §301(b)(1), added par. (5).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–59, §4114(c)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, §301(c), redesignated subsec. (f) as (g).

**1999**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–159 added subsec. (c) relating to safety reviews of new operators.

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally, substituting, in subsec. (a), general provisions for provisions relating to procedure and, in subsec. (b), provisions relating to procedure for provisions relating to findings and action on registrations, and adding subsecs. (c) to (e).

**1995**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–88, §104(g)(1)–(3), in first sentence substituted "The Secretary" for "In cooperation with the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Secretary" and "section 13902" for "sections 10922 and 10923" and in subpar. (C) struck out "and the Commission" after "Secretary".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–88, §104(g)(4), added subsec. (b) and struck out former subsec. (b) which read as follows: "

"(1) find an applicant for authority to operate as a motor carrier unfit if the applicant does not meet the safety fitness requirements established under subsection (a) of this section; and

"(2) deny the application."

Amendment by section 5105(d) of Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by section 5101(e)(1) of Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2016, see section 5101(f) of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 31102 of this title.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5508(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1554, provided that the amendment made by section 5508(b)(4) is effective as of July 6, 2012, and as if included in Pub. L. 112–141 as enacted.

Amendment by sections 32202, 32603(e), and 32707(a) effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32102(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 778, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways]."

Amendment by section 32921(b) of Pub. L. 112–141 effective 2 years after the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–141, see section 32921(c) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective Date of 2012 Amendment note under section 13902 of this title.

Amendment by section 112002(d) of Pub. L. 112–141 effective July 1, 2012, see section 114001 of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 5305 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–140 to cease to be effective on July 6, 2012, with text as amended by Pub. L. 112–140 to revert back to read as it did on the day before June 29, 2012, and amendments by Pub. L. 112–141 to be executed as if Pub. L. 112–140 had not been enacted, see section 1(c) of Pub. L. 112–140, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–244 effective as of the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59 (Aug. 10, 2005) and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 109–59 as of that date, and provisions of Pub. L. 109–59, as in effect on the day before June 6, 2008, that are amended by Pub. L. 110–244 to be treated as not enacted, see section 121(b) of Pub. L. 110–244, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title III, §23014, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 773, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5305(a), (b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1544, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4138, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1745, which required completion of high risk carrier compliance reviews, was repealed by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5305(c), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1544.

Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §210(b), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1765, as amended by Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32101(c), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 777, provided that: "The Secretary shall initiate a rulemaking to establish minimum requirements for applicant motor carriers, including foreign motor carriers, seeking Federal interstate operating authority to ensure applicant carriers are knowledgeable about applicable Federal motor carrier safety standards. As part of that rulemaking, the Secretary shall establish a proficiency examination for applicant motor carriers as well as other requirements to ensure such applicants understand applicable safety regulations, commercial regulations, and provisions of subpart H of part 37 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, or successor regulations before being granted operating authority."

The Secretary of Transportation shall coordinate the activities of departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government to ensure adequate protection of the safety and health of operators of commercial motor vehicles. The Secretary shall attempt to minimize paperwork burdens to ensure maximum coordination and to avoid overlap and the imposition of unreasonable burdens on persons subject to regulations under this subchapter.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1012.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31145 | 49 App.:2517(b). | Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §220(b), 98 Stat. 2846. |


Except as provided in section 31136(b) of this title, this subchapter and the regulations prescribed under this subchapter do not affect chapter 51 of this title or a regulation prescribed under chapter 51.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1013.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31146 | 49 App.:2518. | Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §221, 98 Stat. 2846. |


(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1013.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31147(a) | 49 App.:2519(a). | Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–554, §229, 98 Stat. 2853. |

31147(b) | 49 App.:2519(b). |


In subsection (a), the word "prescribe" is substituted for "establish or maintain" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

(a)

(b)

(1) a motor carrier safety auditor certified under subsection (a); or

(2) a Federal or State employee who, on the date of the enactment of this section, was qualified to perform such an audit or review.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §211(a), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1765.)

The date of the enactment of this section, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–159, which was approved Dec. 9, 1999.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5205, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1537, provided that: "Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 2015], the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration shall revise the regulations under part 385 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, as necessary, to incorporate by reference the certification standards for roadside inspectors issued by the Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance."

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(A) establish, review, and revise—

(i) medical standards for operators of commercial motor vehicles that will ensure that the physical condition of operators of commercial motor vehicles is adequate to enable them to operate the vehicles safely; and

(ii) requirements for periodic physical examinations of such operators performed by medical examiners who have, at a minimum, self-certified that they have completed training in physical and medical examination standards and are listed on a national registry maintained by the Department of Transportation;

(B) require each such operator to have a current valid medical certificate;

(C) conduct periodic reviews of a select number of medical examiners on the national registry to ensure that proper examinations of such operators are being conducted;

(D) not later than 1 year after enactment of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Enhancement Act of 2012, develop requirements for a medical examiner to be listed in the national registry under this section, including—

(i) the completion of specific courses and materials;

(ii) certification, including, at a minimum, self-certification, if the Secretary determines that self-certification is necessary for sufficient participation in the national registry, to verify that a medical examiner completed specific training, including refresher courses, that the Secretary determines necessary to be listed in the national registry;

(iii) an examination that requires a passing grade; and

(iv) demonstration of a medical examiner's willingness to meet the reporting requirements established by the Secretary;

(E) require medical examiners to transmit electronically, on a monthly basis, the name of the applicant, a numerical identifier, and additional information contained on the medical examiner's certificate for any completed medical examination report required under section 391.43 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, to the chief medical examiner;

(F) periodically review a representative sample of the medical examination reports associated with the name and numerical identifiers of applicants transmitted under subparagraph (E) for errors, omissions, or other indications of improper certification; and

(G) annually review the implementation of commercial driver's license requirements by not fewer than 10 States to assess the accuracy, validity, and timeliness of—

(i) the submission of physical examination reports and medical certificates to State licensing agencies; and

(ii) the processing of the submissions by State licensing agencies.

(2)

(d)

(1) shall establish and maintain a current national registry of medical examiners who are qualified to perform examinations and issue medical certificates;

(2) shall remove from the registry the name of any medical examiner that fails to meet or maintain the qualifications established by the Secretary for being listed in the registry or otherwise does not meet the requirements of this section or regulation issued under this section;

(3) shall accept as valid only medical certificates issued by persons on the national registry of medical examiners; and

(4) may make participation of medical examiners in the national registry voluntary if such a change will enhance the safety of operators of commercial motor vehicles.

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4116(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1726; amended Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32302(b), (c)(1), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 789.)

The Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Enhancement Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (c)(1)(D), is Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 776. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2012 Amendment note set out under section 30101 of this title and Tables.

**2012**—Subsec. (c)(1)(D). Pub. L. 112–141, §32302(b), amended subpar. (D) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (D) read as follows: "develop, as appropriate, specific courses and materials for medical examiners listed in the national registry established under this section, and require those medical examiners to, at a minimum, self-certify that they have completed specific training, including refresher courses, to be listed in the registry;".

Subsec. (c)(1)(E). Pub. L. 112–141, §32302(c)(1)(A), amended subpar. (E) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (E) read as follows: "require medical examiners to transmit the name of the applicant and numerical identifier, as determined by the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, for any completed medical examination report required under section 391.43 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, electronically to the chief medical examiner on monthly basis; and".

Subsec. (c)(1)(G). Pub. L. 112–141, §32302(c)(1)(B), (C), added subpar. (G).

Amendment by section 32302(b) of Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32302(c)(2)(B), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 789, as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5508(b)(3), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1554, provided that: "The amendments made by section 32302(c)(1) of this Act [amending this section] shall take effect on the date the oversight policies and procedures are established pursuant to subparagraph (A)."

[Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5508(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1554, provided that the amendment made by section 5508(b)(3) to section 32302(c)(2)(B) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out above, is effective as of July 6, 2012, and as if included in Pub. L. 112–141 as enacted.]

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4116(f), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1728, as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §301(d), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1616, provided that: "The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) [enacting this section and amending section 31136 of this title] shall take effect on the 365th day following the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 10, 2005]."

[Amendment by Pub. L. 110–244 to section 4116(f) of Pub. L. 109–59, set out above, effective as of the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59 (Aug. 10, 2005) and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 109–59 as of that date, and provisions of Pub. L. 109–59, as in effect on the day before June 6, 2008, that are amended by Pub. L. 110–244 to be treated as not enacted, see section 121(b) of Pub. L. 110–244, set out as an Effective Date of 2008 note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.]

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5403, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1548, as amended by Pub. L. 115–105, §2(a), (b), Jan. 8, 2018, 131 Stat. 2263, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) assurances that the examiner performing the medical examination meets the requirements of a qualified examiner under this section; and

"(2) certification that the physical condition of the operator is adequate to enable such operator to operate a commercial motor vehicle safely.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) is employed by the Department of Veterans Affairs as an advanced practice nurse, doctor of chiropractic, doctor of medicine, doctor of osteopathy, physician assistant, or other medical professional;

"(B) is licensed, certified, or registered in a State to perform physical examinations;

"(C) is familiar with the standards for, and physical requirements of, an operator required to be medically certified under section 31149 of title 49, United States Code; and

"(D) has never, with respect to such section, been found to have acted fraudulently, including by fraudulently awarding a medical certificate.

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) is a veteran who is enrolled in the health care system established under section 1705(a) of title 38, United States Code; and

"(B) is required to have a current valid medical certificate pursuant to section 31149 of title 49, United States Code.

"(e)

[Pub. L. 115–105, §2(c), Jan. 8, 2018, 131 Stat. 2264, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending section 5403 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out above] shall be incorporated into any rulemaking proceeding related to section 5403 of the FAST Act (49 U.S.C. 31149 note; 129 Stat. 1548) that is being conducted as of the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 8, 2018]."]

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32302(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 788, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall establish a national registry of medical examiners in accordance with section 31149(d)(1) of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32302(c)(2)(A), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 789, provided that: "Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall establish an oversight policy and procedure to carry out section 31149(c)(1)(G) of title 49, United States Code, as added by section 32302(c)(1) of this Act."

(a)

(1) Commercial motor vehicle accident reports.

(2) Inspection reports that contain no driver-related safety violations.

(3) Serious driver-related safety violation inspection reports.

(b)

(1) ensure that any information that is released to such person will be in accordance with the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.) and all other applicable Federal law;

(2) ensure that such person will not conduct a screening without the operator-applicant's written consent;

(3) ensure that any information that is released to such person will not be released to any person or entity, other than the motor carrier requesting the screening services or the operator-applicant, unless expressly authorized or required by law; and

(4) provide a procedure for the operator-applicant to correct inaccurate information in the System in a timely manner.

(c)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4117(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1728.)

The Fair Credit Reporting Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is title VI of Pub. L. 90–321, as added by Pub. L. 91–508, title VI, §601, Oct. 26, 1970, 84 Stat. 1127, which is classified generally to subchapter III (§1681 et seq.) of chapter 41 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1601 of Title 15 and Tables.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) a requirement to identify intermodal equipment providers responsible for the inspection and maintenance of intermodal equipment that is interchanged or intended for interchange to motor carriers in intermodal transportation;

(B) a requirement to match intermodal equipment readily to an intermodal equipment provider through a unique identifying number;

(C) a requirement that an intermodal equipment provider identified under subparagraph (A) systematically inspect, repair, and maintain, or cause to be systematically inspected, repaired, and maintained, intermodal equipment described in subparagraph (A) that is intended for interchange with a motor carrier;

(D) a requirement to ensure that each intermodal equipment provider identified under subparagraph (A) maintains a system of maintenance and repair records for such equipment;

(E) requirements that—

(i) a specific list of intermodal equipment components or items be identified for the visual or audible inspection of which a driver is responsible before operating the equipment over the road; and

(ii) the inspection under clause (i) be conducted as part of the Federal requirement in effect on the date of enactment of this section that a driver be satisfied that the intermodal equipment components are in good working order before the equipment is operated over the road;

(F) a requirement that a facility at which an intermodal equipment provider regularly makes intermodal equipment available for interchange have an operational process and space readily available for a motor carrier to have an equipment defect identified pursuant to subparagraph (E) repaired or the equipment replaced prior to departure;

(G) a program for the evaluation and audit of compliance by intermodal equipment providers with applicable Federal motor carrier safety regulations;

(H) a civil penalty structure consistent with section 521(b) of title 49, United States Code, for intermodal equipment providers that fail to attain satisfactory compliance with applicable Federal motor carrier safety regulations; and

(I) a prohibition on intermodal equipment providers from placing intermodal equipment in service on the public highways to the extent such providers or their equipment are found to pose an imminent hazard;

(J) a process by which motor carriers and agents of motor carriers shall be able to request the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration to undertake an investigation of an intermodal equipment provider identified under subparagraph (A) that is alleged to be not in compliance with the regulations under this section;

(K) a process by which equipment providers and agents of equipment providers shall be able to request the Administration to undertake an investigation of a motor carrier that is alleged to be not in compliance with the regulations issued under this section;

(L) a process by which a driver or motor carrier transporting intermodal equipment is required to report to the intermodal equipment provider or the provider's designated agent any actual damage or defect in the intermodal equipment of which the driver or motor carrier is aware at the time the intermodal equipment is returned to the intermodal equipment provider or the provider's designated agent;

(M) a requirement that any actual damage or defect identified in the process established under subparagraph (L) be repaired before the equipment is made available for interchange to a motor carrier and that repairs of equipment made pursuant to the requirements of this subparagraph and reports made pursuant to the subparagraph (L) process be documented in the maintenance records for such equipment; and

(N) a procedure under which motor carriers, drivers and intermodal equipment providers may seek correction of their motor carrier safety records through the deletion from those records of violations of safety regulations attributable to deficiencies in the intermodal chassis or trailer for which they should not have been held responsible.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(i) it is submitted to the Secretary before the effective date of the amendment; and

(ii) the Secretary determines that the amendment would not cause the State requirement to be less effective than the Federal requirement and would not unduly burden interstate commerce.

(f)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) means the act of providing intermodal equipment to a motor carrier pursuant to an intermodal equipment interchange agreement for the purpose of transporting the equipment for loading or unloading by any person or repositioning the equipment for the benefit of the equipment provider; but

(B) does not include the leasing of equipment to a motor carrier for primary use in the motor carrier's freight hauling operations.

(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4118(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1729; amended Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §301(e), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1616; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32931(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 829.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (a)(3)(E)(ii), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §32931(b)(1), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this section, the Secretary of Transportation, after providing notice and opportunity for comment, shall issue regulations establishing a program to ensure that intermodal equipment used to transport intermodal containers is safe and systematically maintained."

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 112–141, §32931(b)(2), struck out par. (4). Text read as follows: "Not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of this section, the Secretary shall initiate a rulemaking proceeding for issuance of the regulations under this section."

**2008**—Subsec. (a)(3)(E)(ii). Pub. L. 110–244 substituted "section" for "Act".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

A prior subchapter IV consisted of sections 31161 and 31162, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4010, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 407.

The Secretary of Transportation is authorized to use funds made available by section 31110 to participate and cooperate in international activities to enhance motor carrier, commercial motor vehicle, driver, and highway safety by such means as exchanging information, conducting research, and examining needs, best practices, and new technology.

(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4119(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1733; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5103(c)(3), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1527.)

Prior sections 31161 and 31162 were repealed by Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4010, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 407.

Section 31161, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1013, related to procedures to ensure timely correction of safety violations.

Section 31162, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1014, related to compliance review priority.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94 substituted "section 31110" for "section 31104(i)".

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.



**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5104(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1529, substituted "Commercial driver's license program implementation financial assistance program" for "Grants for commercial driver's license program implementation" in item 31313.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §§32304(d), 32402(b), 32604(b)(2), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 792, 802, 809, added items 31305, 31306a, and 31313 and struck out former items 31305 "General driver fitness and testing" and 31313 "Grants for commercial driver's license program improvements".

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4124(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1738, added item 31313.

**1999**—Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §203(b), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1762, added item 31312.

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §§4007(b), 4011(b)(2), (f), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 403, 407, 408, substituted "Commercial driver's license requirement" for "Limitation on the number of driver's licenses" in item 31302 and "Waivers, exemptions, and pilot programs" for "Waiver authority" in item 31315 and struck out items 31312 "Grants for testing and ensuring the fitness of operators of commercial motor vehicles" and 31313 "Grants for issuing commercial drivers' licenses and complying with State participation requirements".

1 So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.

In this chapter—

(1) "alcohol" has the same meaning given the term "alcoholic beverage" in section 158(c) of title 23.

(2) "commerce" means trade, traffic, and transportation—

(A) in the jurisdiction of the United States between a place in a State and a place outside that State (including a place outside the United States); or

(B) in the United States that affects trade, traffic, and transportation described in subclause (A) of this clause.

(3) "commercial driver's license" means a license issued by a State to an individual authorizing the individual to operate a class of commercial motor vehicles.

(4) "commercial motor vehicle" means a motor vehicle used in commerce to transport passengers or property that—

(A) has a gross vehicle weight rating or gross vehicle weight of at least 26,001 pounds, whichever is greater, or a lesser gross vehicle weight rating or gross vehicle weight the Secretary of Transportation prescribes by regulation, but not less than a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,001 pounds;

(B) is designed to transport at least 16 passengers including the driver; or

(C) is used to transport material found by the Secretary to be hazardous under section 5103 of this title, except that a vehicle shall not be included as a commercial motor vehicle under this subclause if—

(i) the vehicle does not satisfy the weight requirements of subclause (A) of this clause;

(ii) the vehicle is transporting material listed as hazardous under section 306(a) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (42 U.S.C. 9656(a)) and is not otherwise regulated by the Secretary or is transporting a consumer commodity or limited quantity of hazardous material as defined in section 171.8 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; and

(iii) the Secretary does not deny the application of this exception to the vehicle (individually or as part of a class of motor vehicles) in the interest of safety.

(5) except in section 31306, "controlled substance" has the same meaning given that term in section 102 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 U.S.C. 802).

(6) "driver's license" means a license issued by a State to an individual authorizing the individual to operate a motor vehicle on highways.

(7) "employee" means an operator of a commercial motor vehicle (including an independent contractor when operating a commercial motor vehicle) who is employed by an employer.

(8) "employer" means a person (including the United States Government, a State, or a political subdivision of a State) that owns or leases a commercial motor vehicle or assigns employees to operate a commercial motor vehicle.

(9) "felony" means an offense under a law of the United States or a State that is punishable by death or imprisonment for more than one year.

(10) "foreign commercial driver" means an individual licensed to operate a commercial motor vehicle by an authority outside the United States, or a citizen of a foreign country who operates a commercial motor vehicle in the United States.

(11) "hazardous material" has the same meaning given that term in section 5102 of this title.

(12) "motor vehicle" means a vehicle, machine, tractor, trailer, or semitrailer propelled or drawn by mechanical power and used on public streets, roads, or highways, but does not include a vehicle, machine, tractor, trailer, or semitrailer operated only on a rail line or custom harvesting farm machinery.

(13) "serious traffic violation" means—

(A) excessive speeding, as defined by the Secretary by regulation;

(B) reckless driving, as defined under State or local law;

(C) a violation of a State or local law on motor vehicle traffic control (except a parking violation) and involving a fatality, other than a violation to which section 31310(b)(1)(E) or 31310(c)(1)(E) applies;

(D) driving a commercial motor vehicle when the individual has not obtained a commercial driver's license;

(E) driving a commercial motor vehicle when the individual does not have in his or her possession a commercial driver's license unless the individual provides, by the date that the individual must appear in court or pay any fine with respect to the citation, to the enforcement authority that issued the citation proof that the individual held a valid commercial driver's license on the date of the citation;

(F) driving a commercial motor vehicle when the individual has not met the minimum testing standards—

(i) under section 31305(a)(3) for the specific class of vehicle the individual is operating; or

(ii) under section 31305(a)(5) for the type of cargo the vehicle is carrying; and

(G) any other similar violation of a State or local law on motor vehicle traffic control (except a parking violation) that the Secretary designates by regulation as serious.

(14) "State" means a State of the United States and the District of Columbia.

(15) "United States" means the States of the United States and the District of Columbia.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1014; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4011(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 407; Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §201(a)(3), (c), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1759, 1760; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32203(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 784.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31301(1) | 49 App.:2716(1), (13). | Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12019(1)–(4), (6)–(15), 100 Stat. 3207–187, 3207–188. |

31301(2) | 49 App.:2716(3). | |

31301(3) | 49 App.:2716(4). | |

31301(4) | 49 App.:2716(6). | |

31301(5) | 49 App.:2716(7). | |

31301(6) | 49 App.:2716(2). | |

31301(7) | 49 App.:2716(8). | |

31301(8) | 49 App.:2716(9). | |

31301(9) | 49 App.:2716(10). | |

31301(10) | 49 App.:2716(11). | |

31301(11) | 49 App.:2716(5). | Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12019(5), 100 Stat. 3207–188; Apr. 2, 1987, Pub. L. 100–17, §133(c)(2), 101 Stat. 172; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4010, 105 Stat. 2156. |

31301(12) | 49 App.:2716(12). | |

31301(13) | 49 App.:2716(14). | |

31301(14) | 49 App.:2716(15). |


In clause (1), the text of 49 App.:2716(13) is omitted as surplus because the complete name of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section.

In clause (4)(A), the words "at least 26,001 pounds" are substituted for "26,001 or more pounds", and the word "prescribes" is substituted for "determines appropriate", for consistency in the revised title.

In clause (4)(B), the words "at least 16 passengers" are substituted for "more than 15 passengers" for consistency.

Clause (4)(C)(i) is substituted for "and which has a gross vehicle weight rating of less than 26,001 pounds (or such gross vehicle weight rating as determined appropriate by the Secretary under subparagraph (A))" to eliminate unnecessary words. In subclause (iii), the words "deny the application of this exception" are substituted for "waive the application of the preceding sentence" for clarity and because of the restatement.

In clause (11), the words "public streets, roads, or" are added for consistency in the revised title.

In clause (12)(C), the words "involving a fatality" are substituted for "arising in connection with a fatal traffic accident" to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2012**—Pars. (10) to (15). Pub. L. 112–141 added par. (10) and redesignated former pars. (10) to (14) as (11) to (15), respectively.

**1999**—Par. (12)(C). Pub. L. 106–159, §201(a)(3), inserted ", other than a violation to which section 31310(b)(1)(E) or 31310(c)(1)(E) applies" after "a fatality".

Par. (12)(D) to (G). Pub. L. 106–159, §201(c), added subpars. (D) to (F) and redesignated former subpar. (D) as (G).

**1998**—Par. (4)(A). Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(a)(1), inserted "or gross vehicle weight" after "rating" first two places that term appears and ", whichever is greater," after "26,001 pounds".

Par. (4)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(a)(2), inserted "is" before "transporting" in two places and before "not otherwise regulated".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5401(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1547, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 2015], the Secretary [of Transportation], in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, shall implement the recommendations contained in the report submitted under section 32308 of MAP–21 [Pub. L. 112–141] (49 U.S.C. 31301 note) that are not implemented as a result of the amendment in subsection (a) [amending section 31305 of this title]."

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32308, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 794, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) identify written and behind-the-wheel safety training, qualification standards, knowledge and skills tests, or other operating experience members of the Armed Forces must meet that satisfy the minimum standards prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation for the operation of commercial motor vehicles under section 31305 of title 49, United States Code;

"(B) compare the alcohol and controlled substances testing requirements for members of the Armed Forces with those required for holders of a commercial driver's license;

"(C) evaluate the cause of delays in reviewing applications for commercial driver's licenses of members and former members of the Armed Forces;

"(D) identify duplicative application costs;

"(E) identify residency, domicile, training and testing requirements, and other safety or health assessments that affect or delay the issuance of commercial driver's licenses to members and former members of the Armed Forces; and

"(F) include other factors that the Secretary determines to be appropriate to meet the requirements of the study.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) findings related to the study requirements under subsection (a)(2);

"(B) recommendations for the Federal and State legislative, regulatory, and administrative actions necessary to address challenges identified in subparagraph (A); and

"(C) a plan to implement the recommendations for which the Secretary has authority.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1) is attempting to acquire a commercial driver's license; and

"(2) obtained, during military service, documented driving experience that, in the determination of the Secretary, makes the use of accelerated licensing procedures appropriate.

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

For provisions relating to exemptions from certain requirements of this chapter with respect to certain farm vehicles and individuals operating those vehicles, see section 32934 of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 31136 of this title.

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4134, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1744, as amended by Pub. L. 111–147, title IV, §422(h), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 87; Pub. L. 111–322, title II, §2202(h), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3525; Pub. L. 112–5, title II, §202(h), Mar. 4, 2011, 125 Stat. 17; Pub. L. 112–30, title I, §122(g), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 349; Pub. L. 112–102, title II, §202(g), Mar. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 274; Pub. L. 112–140, title II, §202(g), June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 395; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32603(g), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 808; Pub. L. 113–159, title I, §1102(g), Aug. 8, 2014, 128 Stat. 1844; Pub. L. 114–21, title I, §1102(g), May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 222; Pub. L. 114–41, title I, §1102(g), July 31, 2015, 129 Stat. 449; Pub. L. 114–73, title I, §1102(g), Oct. 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 572; Pub. L. 114–87, title I, §1102(g), Nov. 20, 2015, 129 Stat. 681; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5105(e), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1529, which established a grant program for persons to train operators of commercial motor vehicles, was repealed by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5101(e)(7), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1525, effective Oct. 1, 2016.

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4135, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1744, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) State enforcement practices;

"(2) operational procedures to detect and deter fraud;

"(3) needed improvements for seamless information sharing between States;

"(4) effective methods for accurately sharing electronic data between States;

"(5) adequate proof of citizenship;

"(6) updated technology; and

"(7) timely notification from judicial bodies concerning traffic and criminal convictions of commercial driver's license holders.

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

For provisions relating to waiver of requirements of this chapter with respect to vehicles used for snow or ice removal, see section 229(a)(5) of Pub. L. 106–159, set out as a note under section 31136 of this title.

No individual shall operate a commercial motor vehicle without a valid commercial driver's license issued in accordance with section 31308. An individual operating a commercial motor vehicle may have only one driver's license at any time and may have only one learner's permit at any time.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1015; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4011(b)(1), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 407; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4122(1), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1734.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31302 | 49 App.:2701. | Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12002, 100 Stat. 3207–170. |


The words "Effective July 1, 1987" are omitted as executed. The words after "issued a driver's license" are omitted as expired.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59 inserted "and may have only one learner's permit at any time" before period at end.

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "An individual operating a commercial motor vehicle may have only one driver's license at any time, except during the 10-day period beginning on the date the individual is issued a driver's license."

(a)

(b)

(c)

(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe by regulation the period for which notice of previous employment must be given under paragraph (1) of this subsection. However, the period may not be less than the 10-year period ending on the date of the application.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1016.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31303 | 49 App.:2702. | Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12003, 100 Stat. 3207–171. |


In this section, the words "Effective July 1, 1987" are omitted as executed.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "operates a commercial motor vehicle and" and "with an employer" are omitted as surplus.

(a)

(1) has a driver's license revoked, suspended, or canceled by a State, has lost the right to operate a commercial motor vehicle in a State, or has been disqualified from operating a commercial motor vehicle; or

(2) has more than one driver's license (except as allowed under section 31302 of this title).

(b)

(1)

(A) by making an inquiry at least once every 12 months to the appropriate State agency in which the driver held or holds a commercial driver's license or permit during such time period;

(B) by receiving occurrence-based reports of changes in the status of a driver's record from 1 or more driver record notification systems that meet minimum standards issued by the Secretary; or

(C) by a combination of inquiries to States and reports from driver record notification systems.

(2)

(3)

(A) if the employer obtains the driver's identification number, type, and issuing State of the driver's commercial motor vehicle license; or

(B) if the information described in subparagraph (A) is furnished by another employer and the employer that regularly employs the driver meets the other requirements under this section.

(4)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1016; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §§32303(a), 32307, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 790, 794.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31304 | 49 App.:2703. | Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12004, 100 Stat. 3207–171. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "Effective July 1, 1987" are omitted as executed. The words "permit, or authorize" are omitted as surplus. Clause (2) is substituted for 49 App.:2703(2) to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, §32303(a), designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b).

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–141, §32307, in introductory provisions, struck out "knowingly" before "allow an employee" and substituted "that the employer knows or should reasonably know that" for "in which".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32303(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 791, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [see section 3(a), (b) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment notes under section 101 of Title 23, Highways], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall issue minimum standards for driver notification systems, including standards for the accuracy, consistency, and completeness of the information provided."

(a)

(1) shall prescribe minimum standards for written and driving tests of an individual operating a commercial motor vehicle;

(2) shall require an individual who operates or will operate a commercial motor vehicle to take a driving test in a vehicle representative of the type of vehicle the individual operates or will operate;

(3) shall prescribe minimum testing standards for the operation of a commercial motor vehicle and may prescribe different minimum testing standards for different classes of commercial motor vehicles;

(4) shall ensure that an individual taking the tests has a working knowledge of—

(A) regulations on the safe operation of a commercial motor vehicle prescribed by the Secretary and contained in title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; and

(B) safety systems of the vehicle;

(5) shall ensure that an individual who operates or will operate a commercial motor vehicle carrying a hazardous material—

(A) is qualified to operate the vehicle under regulations on motor vehicle transportation of hazardous material prescribed under chapter 51 of this title;

(B) has a working knowledge of—

(i) those regulations;

(ii) the handling of hazardous material;

(iii) the operation of emergency equipment used in response to emergencies arising out of the transportation of hazardous material; and

(iv) appropriate response procedures to follow in those emergencies; and

(C) is licensed by a State to operate the vehicle after having first been determined under section 5103a of this title as not posing a security risk warranting denial of the license.

(6) shall establish minimum scores for passing the tests;

(7) shall ensure that an individual taking the tests is qualified to operate a commercial motor vehicle under regulations prescribed by the Secretary and contained in title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, to the extent the regulations apply to the individual; and

(8) may require—

(A) issuance of a certification of fitness to operate a commercial motor vehicle to an individual passing the tests; and

(B) the individual to have a copy of the certification in the individual's possession when the individual is operating a commercial motor vehicle.

(b)

(2) The Secretary may prescribe regulations providing that an individual may operate a commercial motor vehicle for not more than 90 days if the individual—

(A) passes a driving test for operating a commercial motor vehicle that meets the minimum standards prescribed under subsection (a) of this section; and

(B) has a driver's license that is not suspended, revoked, or canceled.

(c)

(1) addressing the knowledge and skills that—

(A) are necessary for an individual operating a commercial motor vehicle to safely operate a commercial motor vehicle; and

(B) must be acquired before obtaining a commercial driver's license for the first time or upgrading from one class of commercial driver's license to another class;

(2) addressing the specific training needs of a commercial motor vehicle operator seeking passenger or hazardous materials endorsements;

(3) requiring effective instruction to acquire the knowledge, skills, and training referred to in paragraphs (1) and (2), including classroom and behind-the-wheel instruction;

(4) requiring certification that an individual operating a commercial motor vehicle meets the requirements established by the Secretary; and

(5) requiring a training provider (including a public or private driving school, motor carrier, or owner or operator of a commercial motor vehicle) that offers training that results in the issuance of a certification to an individual under paragraph (4) to demonstrate that the training meets the requirements of the regulations, through a process established by the Secretary.

(d)

(1)

(A) exempt a covered individual from all or a portion of a driving test if the covered individual had experience in the armed forces or reserve components driving vehicles similar to a commercial motor vehicle;

(B) ensure that a covered individual may apply for an exemption under subparagraph (A)—

(i) while serving in the armed forces or reserve components; and

(ii) during the 1-year period beginning on the date on which such individual separates from service in the armed forces or reserve components; and

(C) credit the training and knowledge a covered individual received in the armed forces or reserve components driving vehicles similar to a commercial motor vehicle for purposes of satisfying minimum standards for training and knowledge.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) a current or former member of the armed forces; or

(ii) a current or former member of one of the reserve components.

(C)

(i) the Army National Guard of the United States;

(ii) the Army Reserve;

(iii) the Navy Reserve;

(iv) the Marine Corps Reserve;

(v) the Air National Guard of the United States;

(vi) the Air Force Reserve; and

(vii) the Coast Guard Reserve.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1016; Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §201(d), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1760; Pub. L. 107–56, title X, §1012(b), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 397; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32304(a), (c), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 791, 792; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5401(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1546; Pub. L. 115–105, §3, Jan. 8, 2018, 131 Stat. 2264.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31305(a) | 49 App.:2704(a). | Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12005(a), (b), 100 Stat. 3207–171. |

31305(b) | 49 App.:2704(b). |


In this section, the word "Federal" is omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Not later than July 15, 1988" are omitted as obsolete. In clause (3), the words "if the Secretary considers appropriate to carry out the objectives of this title" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "taken and" are omitted as unnecessary. The text of 49 App.:2704(b)(3) is omitted as obsolete.

The date of enactment of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Enhancement Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (c), is the date of enactment of title II of div. C of Pub. L. 112–141, which was approved July 6, 2012.

**2018**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–105, §3(1), substituted "Operators Who Are Members of the Armed Forces, Reservists, or Veterans" for "Veteran Operators" in heading.

Subsec. (d)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–105, §3(2), substituted "subparagraph (A)—" for "subparagraph (A) during, at least,", added cl. (i), and inserted "(ii) during" before "the 1-year period".

Subsec. (d)(2)(B)(i). Pub. L. 115–105, §3(3)(A), inserted "current or" before "former".

Subsec. (d)(2)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 115–105, §3(3), inserted "current or" before "former" and "one of" before "the reserve components".

**2015**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 114–94 added subsec. (d).

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, §32304(c), substituted "General driver fitness, testing, and training" for "General driver fitness and testing" in section catchline.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–141, §32304(a), added subsec. (c).

**2001**—Subsec. (a)(5)(C). Pub. L. 107–56 added subpar. (C).

**1999**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 106–159 struck out "to operate the vehicle" after "written and driving tests" and inserted "to operate the vehicle and has a commercial driver's license to operate the vehicle" before period at end.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 117–146, §20, June 16, 2022, 136 Stat. 1283, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) notwithstanding any other provision of law, make the waiver permanent; and

"(2) not later than 90 days after completing the review under subsection (a), revise section 384.228 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, to provide that the discretionary waiver authority referred to in subsection (a) shall be permanent.

"(c)

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title III, §23019, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 777, provided that: "The Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration shall revise section 383.3(f)(3)(ii) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation), to provide that a restricted commercial driver's license issued to an employee in a farm-related service industry shall be limited to the applicable seasonal periods defined by the State issuing the restricted commercial driver's license, subject to the condition that the total number of days in any calendar year during which the restricted commercial driver's license is valid does not exceed 210."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5506, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1553, provided that: "Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 2015], and each year thereafter, the Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a report that—

"(1) describes, for each State, the status of skills testing for applicants for a commercial driver's license, including—

"(A) the average wait time from the date an applicant requests to take a skills test to the date the applicant has the opportunity to complete such test;

"(B) the average wait time from the date an applicant, upon failure of a skills test, requests a retest to the date the applicant has the opportunity to complete such retest;

"(C) the actual number of qualified commercial driver's license examiners available to test applicants; and

"(D) the number of testing sites available through the State department of motor vehicles and whether this number has increased or decreased from the previous year; and

"(2) describes specific steps that the Administrator is taking to address skills testing delays in States that have average skills test or retest wait times of more than 7 days from the date an applicant requests to test or retest to the date the applicant has the opportunity to complete such test or retest."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VII, §7208, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1593, provided that: "The Secretary [of Transportation] shall allow a State, at the discretion of the State, to waive the requirement for a holder of a Class A commercial driver's license to obtain a hazardous materials endorsement under part 383 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, if the license holder—

"(1) is acting within the scope of the license holder's employment as an employee of a custom harvester operation, agrichemical business, farm retail outlet and supplier, or livestock feeder; and

"(2) is operating a service vehicle that is—

"(A) transporting diesel in a quantity of 3,785 liters (1,000 gallons) or less; and

"(B) clearly marked with a 'flammable' or 'combustible' placard, as appropriate."

Pub. L. 113–45, §1, Oct. 15, 2013, 127 Stat. 557, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4129, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1742, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §214, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1766, provided that: "The Secretary shall conduct a rulemaking to establish a special commercial driver's license endorsement for drivers of school buses. The endorsement shall, at a minimum—

"(1) include a driving skills test in a school bus; and

"(2) address proper safety procedures for—

"(A) loading and unloading children;

"(B) using emergency exits; and

"(C) traversing highway rail grade crossings."

Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §215, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1767, provided that: "The Secretary shall initiate a rulemaking to provide for a Federal medical qualification certificate to be made a part of commercial driver's licenses."

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4018, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 413, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) consult with States that have developed and are implementing a screening process to identify individuals with insulin treated diabetes mellitus who may obtain waivers to drive commercial motor vehicles in intrastate commerce;

"(2) evaluate the Department's policy and actions to permit certain insulin treated diabetes mellitus individuals who meet selection criteria and who successfully comply with the approved monitoring protocol to operate in other modes of transportation;

"(3) assess the possible legal consequences of permitting insulin treated diabetes mellitus individuals to drive commercial motor vehicles in interstate commerce;

"(4) analyze available data on the safety performance of diabetic drivers of motor vehicles;

"(5) assess the relevance of intrastate driving and experiences of other modes of transportation to interstate commercial motor vehicle operations; and

"(6) consult with interested groups knowledgeable about diabetes and related issues.

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4019, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 414, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4021, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 414, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the degree to which the technology will be cost efficient;

"(B) the degree to which the technology can be effectively used in diverse climatic regions of the Nation; and

"(C) the degree to which the application of the technology will further emissions reductions, energy conservation, and other transportation goals.

"(3)

"(b)

(a)

(b)

(B) The regulations prescribed under subparagraph (A) shall permit motor carriers—

(i) to conduct preemployment testing of commercial motor vehicle operators for the use of alcohol; and

(ii) to use hair testing as an acceptable alternative to urine testing—

(I) in conducting preemployment testing for the use of a controlled substance; and

(II) in conducting random testing for the use of a controlled substance if the operator was subject to hair testing for preemployment testing.

(C) When the Secretary of Transportation considers it appropriate in the interest of safety, the Secretary may prescribe regulations for conducting periodic recurring testing of operators of commercial motor vehicles for the use of alcohol or a controlled substance in violation of law or a Government regulation.

(2) In prescribing regulations under this subsection, the Secretary of Transportation—

(A) shall require that post-accident testing of an operator of a commercial motor vehicle be conducted when loss of human life occurs in an accident involving a commercial motor vehicle;

(B) may require that post-accident testing of such an operator be conducted when bodily injury or significant property damage occurs in any other serious accident involving a commercial motor vehicle; and

(C) shall provide an exemption from hair testing for commercial motor vehicle operators with established religious beliefs that prohibit the cutting or removal of hair.

(c)

(1) promote, to the maximum extent practicable, individual privacy in the collection of specimens;

(2) for laboratories and testing procedures for controlled substances, incorporate the Department of Health and Human Services scientific and technical guidelines dated April 11, 1988, and any amendments to those guidelines, for urine testing, and technical guidelines for hair testing, including mandatory guidelines establishing—

(A) comprehensive standards for every aspect of laboratory controlled substances testing and laboratory procedures to be applied in carrying out this section, including standards requiring the use of the best available technology to ensure the complete reliability and accuracy of controlled substances tests and strict procedures governing the chain of custody of specimens collected for controlled substances testing;

(B) the minimum list of controlled substances for which individuals may be tested;

(C) appropriate standards and procedures for periodic review of laboratories and criteria for certification and revocation of certification of laboratories to perform controlled substances testing in carrying out this section; and

(D) laboratory protocols and cut-off levels for hair testing to detect the use of a controlled substance;

(3) require that a laboratory involved in testing under this section have the capability and facility, at the laboratory, of performing screening and confirmation tests;

(4) provide that any test indicating the use of alcohol or a controlled substance in violation of law or a Government regulation be confirmed by a scientifically recognized method of testing capable of providing quantitative information about alcohol or a controlled substance;

(5) provide that each specimen be subdivided, secured, and labeled in the presence of the tested individual and that a part of the specimen be retained in a secure manner to prevent the possibility of tampering, so that if the individual's confirmation test results are positive the individual has an opportunity to have the retained part tested by a 2d confirmation test done independently at another certified laboratory if the individual requests the 2d confirmation test not later than 3 days after being advised of the results of the first confirmation test;

(6) ensure appropriate safeguards for testing to detect and quantify alcohol in breath and body fluid samples, including urine and blood, through the development of regulations that may be necessary and in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services;

(7) provide for the confidentiality of test results and medical information (except information about alcohol or a controlled substance) of employees, except that this clause does not prevent the use of test results for the orderly imposition of appropriate sanctions under this section; and

(8) ensure that employees are selected for tests by nondiscriminatory and impartial methods, so that no employee is harassed by being treated differently from other employees in similar circumstances.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(1) shall establish only requirements that are consistent with international obligations of the United States; and

(2) shall consider applicable laws and regulations of foreign countries.

(i)

(j)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1017; Pub. L. 104–59, title III, §342(c), Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 609; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32402(a)(1), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 795; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5402(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1547.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31306(a) | 49 App.:2717(g). | Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, 100 Stat. 3207–170, §12020; added Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §5(a)(1), 105 Stat. 959. |

31306(b)(1) | 49 App.:2717(a). | |

31306(b)(2) | 49 App.:2717(b)(1). | |

31306(c) | 49 App.:2717(d). | |

31306(d) | 49 App.:2717(b)(2). | |

31306(e) | 49 App.:2717(c). | |

31306(f) | 49 App.:2717(f)(2). | |

31306(g) | 49 App.:2717(e)(1). | |

31306(h) | 49 App.:2717(e)(3). | |

31306(i) | 49 App.:2717(e)(2). | |

31306(j) | 49 App.:2717(f)(1). |


In subsection (b)(2)(B), the words "may require" are substituted for "as determined by the Secretary" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(2), before subclause (A), the word "subsequent" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "of any individual" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(4), the words "by any individual" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(5), the word "tested" is substituted for "assayed" for consistency. The words "2d confirmation test" are substituted for "independent test" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (c)(6), the word "Secretary" is substituted for "Department" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (d), the words "The Secretary of Transportation may provide" are substituted for "Nothing in subsection (a) of this section shall preclude the Secretary from providing" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (g), the words "rule" and "ordinance" are omitted as being included in "law, regulation, standard, or order". The words "whether the provisions apply specifically to commercial motor vehicle employees, or to the general public" are omitted as surplus.

**2015**—Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 114–94, §5402(a)(1)(B), struck out at end "The regulations shall permit such motor carriers to conduct preemployment testing of such employees for the use of alcohol."

Subsec. (b)(1)(B), (C). Pub. L. 114–94, §5402(a)(1)(A), (C), added subpar. (B) and redesignated former subpar. (B) as (C).

Subsec. (b)(2)(C). Pub. L. 114–94, §5402(a)(2), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 114–94, §5402(a)(3)(A), inserted "for urine testing, and technical guidelines for hair testing," before "including mandatory guidelines" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(2)(D). Pub. L. 114–94, §5402(a)(3)(B)–(D), added subpar. (D).

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–141 inserted "and section 31306a" after "this section".

**1995**—Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104–59 added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: "In the interest of commercial motor vehicle safety, the Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe regulations not later than October 28, 1992, that establish a program requiring motor carriers to conduct preemployment, reasonable suspicion, random, and post-accident testing of operators of commercial motor vehicles for the use of alcohol or a controlled substance in violation of law or a United States Government regulation."

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 115–271, title VIII, §8106, Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 4106, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) the status of the hair testing guidelines;

"(2) an explanation for why the hair testing guidelines have not been issued; and

"(3) an estimated date of completion of the hair testing guidelines.

"(b)

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5402(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1548, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 2015], the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall issue scientific and technical guidelines for hair testing as a method of detecting the use of a controlled substance for purposes of section 31306 of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §226, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1771, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) requiring medical review officers or employers to report all verified positive controlled substances test results on any driver subject to controlled substances testing under part 382 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, including the identity of each person tested and each controlled substance found, to the State that issued the driver's commercial driver's license; and

"(2) requiring all prospective employers, before hiring any driver, to query the State that issued the driver's commercial driver's license on whether the State has on record any verified positive controlled substances test on such driver.

"(b)

"(1) methods for safeguarding the confidentiality of verified positive controlled substances test results;

"(2) the costs, benefits, and safety impacts of requiring States to maintain records of verified positive controlled substances test results; and

"(3) whether a process should be established to allow drivers—

"(A) to correct errors in their records; and

"(B) to expunge information from their records after a reasonable period of time.

"(c)

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4020, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 414, required the Secretary of Transportation to conduct a study of the feasibility of utilizing law enforcement officers for conducting post-accident alcohol testing of commercial motor vehicle operators under this section to obtain more timely information and provided the study would also assess the impact of post-accident alcohol testing requirements on motor carrier employers, including any burden that employers may encounter in meeting the testing requirements under this section, and required the Secretary to transmit to Congress a report and recommendations on the study not later than 18 months after June 9, 1998.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A) to improve compliance with the Department of Transportation's alcohol and controlled substances testing program applicable to commercial motor vehicle operators; and

(B) to enhance the safety of our United States roadways by reducing accident and injuries involving the misuse of alcohol or use of controlled substances by operators of commercial motor vehicles.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(b)

(1)

(A) the findings and recommendations contained in the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's March 2004 report to Congress required under section 226 of the Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999 (49 U.S.C. 31306 note); and

(B) the findings and recommendations contained in the Government Accountability Office's May 2008 report to Congress entitled "Motor Carrier Safety: Improvements to Drug Testing Programs Could Better Identify Illegal Drug Users and Keep Them off the Road.".

(2)

(A) administering and managing the clearinghouse in compliance with applicable Federal security standards;

(B) registering and authenticating authorized users of the clearinghouse;

(C) registering and authenticating persons required to report to the clearinghouse under subsection (g);

(D) preventing the unauthorized access of information from the clearinghouse;

(E) storing and transmitting data;

(F) persons required to report to the clearinghouse under subsection (g) to timely and accurately submit electronic data to the clearinghouse;

(G) generating timely and accurate reports from the clearinghouse in response to requests for information by authorized users; and

(H) updating an individual's record upon completion of the return-to-duty process described in title 49, Code of Federal Regulations.

(3)

(A) for an employee, that is entered into the clearinghouse during the 7-day period immediately following an employer's inquiry about the employee; and

(B) for an employee who is listed as having multiple employers.

(4)

(5)

(A)

(i) the existing data systems containing regulatory and safety data for commercial motor vehicle operators;

(ii) the efficacy of using or combining clearinghouse data with 1 or more of such systems; and

(iii) the potential interoperability of the clearinghouse with such systems.

(B)

(i) the clearinghouse's capability for interoperability with—

(I) the National Driver Register established under section 30302;

(II) the Commercial Driver's License Information System established under section 31309;

(III) the Motor Carrier Management Information System for preemployment screening services under section 31150; and

(IV) other data systems, as appropriate; and

(ii) any change to the administration of the current testing program, such as forms, that is necessary to collect data for the clearinghouse.

(c)

(1) by an authorized user of the clearinghouse to—

(A) request a record from the clearinghouse; and

(B) obtain the consent of an individual who is the subject of a request from the clearinghouse, if applicable; and

(2) to notify an individual that a positive alcohol or controlled substances test result, refusing to test, and a violation of any of the prohibitions under subpart B of part 382 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or any subsequent corresponding regulations), will be reported to the clearinghouse.

(d)

(1) comply with applicable Federal privacy laws, including the fair information practices under the Privacy Act of 1974 (5 U.S.C. 552a);

(2) comply with applicable sections of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.); and

(3) not be made to any person or entity unless expressly authorized or required by law.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(f)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) if tested for the use of alcohol and controlled substances, as required under title 49, Code of Federal Regulations—

(i) did not test positive for the use of alcohol or controlled substances in violation of the regulations; or

(ii) tested positive for the use of alcohol or controlled substances and completed the required return-to-duty process under title 49, Code of Federal Regulations;

(B)(i) did not refuse to take an alcohol or controlled substance test under title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; or

(ii) refused to take an alcohol or controlled substance test and completed the required return-to-duty process under title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; and

(C) did not violate any other provision of subpart B of part 382 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or any subsequent corresponding regulations).

(4)

(g)

(1)

(A) refuses to take an alcohol or controlled substances test required under title 49, Code of Federal Regulations;

(B) tests positive for alcohol or a controlled substance in violation of the regulations; or

(C) violates any other provision of subpart B of part 382 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or any subsequent corresponding regulations).

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) a record relating to the individual is received by the clearinghouse;

(B) a record in the clearinghouse relating to the individual is modified or deleted, and include in the notification the reason for the modification or deletion; or

(C) a record in the clearinghouse relating to the individual is released to an employer and specify the reason for the release.

(5)

(A) the submission of records to the clearinghouse is timely and accurate;

(B) the release of data from the clearinghouse is timely, accurate, and released to the appropriate authorized user under this section; and

(C) an individual with a record in the clearinghouse has a cause of action for any inappropriate use of information included in the clearinghouse.

(6)

(A) retain a record submitted to the clearinghouse for a 5-year period beginning on the date the record is submitted;

(B) remove the record from the clearinghouse at the end of the 5-year period, unless the individual fails to meet a return-to-duty or follow-up requirement under title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; and

(C) retain a record after the end of the 5-year period in a separate location for archiving and auditing purposes.

(h)

(1)

(A)

(i) obtains the prior written or electronic consent of the individual for access to the record; and

(ii) submits proof of the individual's consent to the Secretary.

(B)

(C)

(i) a record of each request made by the employer for records from the clearinghouse; and

(ii) the information received pursuant to the request.

(D)

(E)

(i) protect the privacy of the individual and the confidentiality of the record; and

(ii) ensure that information contained in the record is not divulged to a person or entity that is not directly involved in assessing and evaluating whether a prohibition applies with respect to the individual to operate a commercial motor vehicle for the employer.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) protect the privacy of the individual and the confidentiality of the record; and

(ii) ensure that the information in the record is not divulged to any person that is not directly involved in assessing and evaluating the qualifications of the individual to operate a commercial motor vehicle.

(i)

(j)

(1)

(A) to determine whether the clearinghouse contains a record pertaining to the individual;

(B) to verify the accuracy of a record;

(C) to update an individual's record, including completing the return-to-duty process described in title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; and

(D) to determine whether the clearinghouse received requests for the individual's information.

(2)

(k)

(1)

(2)

(l)

(1)

(2)

(A) the reporting of valid positive results from alcohol screening tests and drug tests;

(B) the refusal to provide a specimen for an alcohol screening test or drug test; and

(C) other violations of subpart B of part 382 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or any subsequent corresponding regulations).

(3)

(A) verified positive alcohol or drug test result;

(B) refusal to provide a specimen for the test; or

(C) other violations of subpart B of part 382 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or any subsequent corresponding regulations).

(m)

(1)

(2)

(A) maintain a record about commercial driver's licenses issued by the State; and

(B) take action on commercial driver's licenses issued by the State.

(3)

(4)

(A) possesses a valid commercial driver's license issued in accordance with section 31308; and

(B) is subject to controlled substances and alcohol testing under title 49, Code of Federal Regulations.

(5)

(6)

(A) receiving and reviewing a laboratory result generated under the testing program;

(B) evaluating a medical explanation for a controlled substances test under title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; and

(C) interpreting the results of a controlled substances test.

(7)

(8)

(9)

(Added Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32402(a)(2), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 795.)

The date of enactment of the Safe Roads Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is the date of enactment of subtitle D of title II of div. C of Pub. L. 112–141, which was approved July 6, 2012.

Section 226 of the Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999, referred to in subsec. (b)(1)(A), is section 226 of Pub. L. 106–159, which is set out as a note under section 31306 of this title.

The Privacy Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), is Pub. L. 93–579, Dec. 31, 1974, 88 Stat. 1896, which enacted section 552a of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and provisions set out as notes under section 552a of Title 5. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1974 Amendment note set out under section 552a of Title 5 and Tables.

The Fair Credit Reporting Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), is title VI of Pub. L. 90–321, as added by Pub. L. 91–508, title VI, §601, Oct. 26, 1970, 84 Stat. 1127, which is classified generally to subchapter III (§1681 et seq.) of chapter 41 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1601 of Title 15 and Tables.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1020; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32931(c), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 829; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5508(b)(5), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1554.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31307(a) | 49 App.:2302 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4007(f), 105 Stat. 2153. |

31307(b) | 49 App.:2302 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4007(b), 105 Stat. 2152. |


In subsection (a), the words "a vehicle consisting" are substituted for "any combination" for clarity. The words "Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways" are substituted for "National System of Interstate and Defense Highways" because of the Act of October 15, 1990 (Public Law 101–427, 104 Stat. 927).

In subsection (b), the words "Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall initiate a rulemaking proceeding" are omitted as executed.

**2015**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–94, §5508(b)(5), amended Pub. L. 112–141, §32931(c). See 2012 Amendment note below.

**2012**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–141, §32931(c), as amended by Pub. L. 114–94, §5508(b)(5), substituted "The Secretary of Transportation shall maintain" for "Not later than December 18, 1994, the Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe".

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5508(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1554, provided that the amendment made by section 5508(b)(5) is effective as of July 6, 2012, and as if included in Pub. L. 112–141 as enacted.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

After consultation with the States, the Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe regulations on minimum uniform standards for the issuance of commercial drivers' licenses and learner's permits by the States and for information to be contained on each of the licenses and permits. The standards shall require at a minimum that—

(1) an individual issued a commercial driver's license—

(A) pass written and driving tests for the operation of a commercial motor vehicle that comply with the minimum standards prescribed by the Secretary under section 31305(a); and

(B) present certification of completion of driver training that meets the requirements established by the Secretary under section 31305(c);

(2) before a commercial driver's license learner's permit may be issued to an individual, the individual must pass a written test, that complies with the minimum standards prescribed by the Secretary under section 31305(a), on the operation of the commercial motor vehicle that the individual will be operating under the permit;

(3) the license or learner's permit be tamperproof to the maximum extent practicable and each license or learner's permit issued after January 1, 2001, include unique identifiers (which may include biometric identifiers) to minimize fraud and duplication; and

(4) the license or learner's permit contain—

(A) the name and address of the individual issued the license or learner's permit and a physical description of the individual;

(B) the social security account number or other number or information the Secretary decides is appropriate to identify the individual;

(C) the class or type of commercial motor vehicle the individual is authorized to operate under the license or learner's permit;

(D) the name of the State that issued the license or learner's permit; and

(E) the dates between which the license or learner's permit is valid.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1020; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4011(c)(1), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 407; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4122(2), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1734; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §301(g), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1616; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32304(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 791.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31308 | 49 App.:2705. | Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12006, 100 Stat. 3207–175. |


The words "Not later than July 15, 1988" are omitted as obsolete.

**2012**—Par. (1). Pub. L. 112–141 amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: "an individual issued a commercial driver's license pass written and driving tests for the operation of a commercial motor vehicle that comply with the minimum standards prescribed by the Secretary under section 31305(a) of this title;".

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–244 amended Pub. L. 109–59, §4122(2)(A). See 2005 Amendment note below.

**2005**—Pub. L. 109–59, §4122(2)(B), substituted "the licenses and permits" for "the licenses" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–59, §4122(2)(A), as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, inserted "and learner's permits" after "licenses" in introductory provisions.

Par. (2). Pub. L. 109–59, §4122(2)(D), added par. (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3).

Pars. (3), (4). Pub. L. 109–59, §4122(2)(C), (E), redesignated pars. (2) and (3) as (3) and (4), respectively, and inserted "or learner's permit" after "license" wherever appearing.

**1998**—Par. (2). Pub. L. 105–178 inserted before semicolon "and each license issued after January 1, 2001, include unique identifiers (which may include biometric identifiers) to minimize fraud and duplication".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–244 effective as of the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59 (Aug. 10, 2005) and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 109–59 as of that date, and provisions of Pub. L. 109–59, as in effect on the day before June 6, 2008, that are amended by Pub. L. 110–244 to be treated as not enacted, see section 121(b) of Pub. L. 110–244, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4011(c)(2), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 407, provided that: "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [June 9, 1998], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall issue regulations to carry out the amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section]."

Pub. L. 114–113, div. L, title I, §132, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2850, provided that: "None of the funds limited or otherwise made available under this Act, or any other Act, hereafter, shall be used by the Secretary to enforce any regulation prohibiting a State from issuing a commercial learner's permit to individuals under the age of eighteen if the State had a law authorizing the issuance of commercial learner's permits to individuals under eighteen years of age as of May 9, 2011."

(a)

(b)

(A) information the Secretary considers appropriate to ensure identification of the operator;

(B) the name, address, and physical description of the operator;

(C) the social security account number of the operator or other number or information the Secretary considers appropriate to identify the operator;

(D) the name of the State that issued the license or learner's permit to the operator;

(E) the dates between which the license or learner's permit is valid; and

(F) whether the operator had a commercial motor vehicle driver's license or learner's permit revoked, suspended, or canceled by a State, lost the right to operate a commercial motor vehicle in a State for any period, or has been disqualified from operating a commercial motor vehicle.

(2) The information system under this section must accommodate any unique identifiers required to minimize fraud or duplication of a commercial driver's license or learner's permit under section 31308(3).

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(A) complies with applicable Federal information technology security standards;

(B) provides for the electronic exchange of all information including the posting of convictions;

(C) contains self auditing features to ensure that data is being posted correctly and consistently by the States;

(D) integrates the commercial driver's license and the medical certificate; and

(E) provides a schedule for modernization of the system.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A)

(i) a date by which all States shall be operating commercial driver's license information systems that are compatible with the modernized information system under this section; and

(ii) that States must use the systems to receive and submit conviction and disqualification data.

(B)

(i) Availability and cost of technology and equipment needed to comply with subparagraph (A).

(ii) Time necessary to install, and test the operation of, such technology and equipment.

(5)

(f) 1 the funds made available to the State under section 31313 1 to modernize its commercial driver's license information system to be compatible with the modernized information system under this section.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1020; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4011(d), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 407; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §§4122(2)(E), 4123(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1734; Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §301(h), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1616; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §§32305(a), 32933(e), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 792, 830.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31309(a) | 49 App.:2706(a). | Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12007, 100 Stat. 3207–175. |

31309(b) | 49 App.:2706(b). | |

31309(c) | 49 App.:2706(c). | |

31309(d)(1) | 49 App.:2706(d). | |

31309(d)(2) | 49 App.:2706 (note). | Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §9105(a), 102 Stat. 4530. |

31309(e) | 49 App.:2706(e). | |

31309(f) | 49 App.:2706(f), (g). | |

49 App.:2706 (note). | Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §9105(b), 102 Stat. 4530. |


In subsection (a), the words "Not later than January 1, 1989" are omitted as obsolete. The words "shall consult with" are substituted for "consult" for clarity.

In subsection (b), the text of 49 App.:2706(b)(1) is omitted as executed. The words "utilizing such system" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), the text of 49 App.:2706(g) and section 9105(b) of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (Public Law 100–690, 102 Stat. 4530) is omitted as obsolete.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (e)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–59, which was approved Aug. 10, 2005.

Section 31313, referred to in subsec. (f), was amended generally by Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5104(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1527, and, as so amended, section relates to financial assistance program for implementation of commercial driver's license program. Provisions contained in former section 31313(a) are now similar to those contained in section 31313(a)(2) and (b).

**2012**—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, §32933(e), substituted "section 31308(3)" for "section 31308(2)".

Subsec. (e)(4)(A). Pub. L. 112–141, §32305(a)(1), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary shall establish in the plan a date by which all States must be operating commercial driver's license information systems that are compatible with the modernized information system under this section."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–141, §32305(a)(2), substituted "use, subject to section 31313(a)," for "use".

**2008**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 110–244 substituted "31313" for "31318".

**2005**—Subsec. (b)(1)(D) to (F), (2). Pub. L. 109–59, §4122(2)(E), inserted "or learner's permit" after "license".

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 109–59, §4123(a), added subsecs. (e) and (f).

**1998**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(d)(1), (2), substituted "maintain an information system" for "make an agreement under subsection (b) of this section for the operation of, or establish under subsection (c) of this section, an information system" and inserted "The system shall be coordinated with activities carried out under section 31106." before "The Secretary shall consult".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(d)(3), (8), redesignated subsec. (d) as (b) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (b). Text read as follows: "If the Secretary decides that an information system used by a State or States about the driving status of operators of motor vehicles or another State-operated information system could be used to carry out this section, and the State or States agree to the use of the system for carrying out this section, the Secretary may make an agreement with the State or States to use the system as provided in this section and section 31311(c) of this title. An agreement made under this subsection shall contain terms the Secretary considers necessary to carry out this chapter."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(d)(3), (8), redesignated subsec. (e) as (c) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (c). Text read as follows: "If the Secretary does not make an agreement under subsection (b) of this section, the Secretary shall establish an information system about the driving status and licensing of operators of commercial motor vehicles as provided in this section."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(d)(8), redesignated subsec. (f) as (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (b).

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(d)(4), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "Not later than December 31, 1990, the Secretary shall prescribe regulations on minimum uniform standards for a biometric identification system to ensure the identification of operators of commercial motor vehicles."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(d)(8), redesignated subsec. (e) as (c).

Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(d)(5), added subsec. (e) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (e). Text read as follows:

"(1) On request of a State, the Secretary or the operator of the information system, as the case may be, may make available to the State information in the information system under this section.

"(2) On request of an employee, the Secretary or the operator of the information system, as the case may be, may make available to the employee information in the information system about the employee.

"(3) On request of an employer or prospective employer of an employee and after notification to the employee, the Secretary or the operator of the information system, as the case may be, may make available to the employer or prospective employer information in the information system about the employee.

"(4) On the request of the Secretary, the operator of the information system shall make available to the Secretary information about the driving status and licensing of operators of commercial motor vehicles (including information required by subsection (d)(1) of this section)."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(d)(8), redesignated subsec. (f) as (d).

Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(d)(6), (7), substituted "The Secretary may establish" for "If the Secretary establishes an information system under this section, the Secretary shall establish".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4123(c)–(e), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1735, 1736, as amended by Pub. L. 111–147, title IV, §422(f), Mar. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 87; Pub. L. 111–322, title II, §2202(f), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3525; Pub. L. 112–5, title II, §202(f), Mar. 4, 2011, 125 Stat. 17, provided that:

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(d)

"(1) $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2006;

"(2) $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2007;

"(3) $8,000,000 for fiscal year 2008;

"(4) $8,000,000 for fiscal year 2009;

"(5) $8,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and

"(6) $8,000,000 for fiscal year 2011.

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4022, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 415, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) determine to what extent driver performance records data, including relevant fines, penalties, and failures to appear for a hearing or trial, should be included as part of any information systems under the Department of Transportation's oversight;

"(B) assess the feasibility, costs, safety impact, pricing impact, and benefits of record exchanges; and

"(C) assess methods for the efficient exchange of driver safety data available from existing State information systems and sources.

"(3)

"(b)

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(b)

(A) committing a first violation of driving a commercial motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance;

(B) committing a first violation of leaving the scene of an accident involving a commercial motor vehicle operated by the individual;

(C) using a commercial motor vehicle in committing a felony (except a felony described in subsection (d) of this section);

(D) committing a first violation of driving a commercial motor vehicle when the individual's commercial driver's license is revoked, suspended, or canceled based on the individual's operation of a commercial motor vehicle or when the individual is disqualified from operating a commercial motor vehicle based on the individual's operation of a commercial motor vehicle; or

(E) convicted of causing a fatality through negligent or criminal operation of a commercial motor vehicle.

(2) If the vehicle involved in a violation referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection is transporting hazardous material required to be placarded under section 5103 of this title, the Secretary shall disqualify the individual for at least 3 years.

(c)

(A) committing more than one violation of driving a commercial motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance;

(B) committing more than one violation of leaving the scene of an accident involving a commercial motor vehicle operated by the individual;

(C) using a commercial motor vehicle in committing more than one felony arising out of different criminal episodes;

(D) committing more than one violation of driving a commercial motor vehicle when the individual's commercial driver's license is revoked, suspended, or canceled based on the individual's operation of a commercial motor vehicle or when the individual is disqualified from operating a commercial motor vehicle based on the individual's operation of a commercial motor vehicle;

(E) convicted of more than one offense of causing a fatality through negligent or criminal operation of a commercial motor vehicle; or

(F) committing any combination of single violations or use described in subparagraphs (A) through (E).

(2) The Secretary may prescribe regulations establishing guidelines (including conditions) under which a disqualification for life under paragraph (1) of this subsection may be reduced to a period of not less than 10 years.

(d)

(1)

(2) 1 of section 103 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (22 U.S.C. 7102(9)).

(e)

(2) The Secretary shall disqualify from operating a commercial motor vehicle for at least 120 days an individual who, in a 3-year period, commits 3 serious traffic violations involving a commercial motor vehicle operated by the individual.

(f)

(1)

(2)

(g)

(1)

(A) a serious offense involving a motor vehicle (other than a commercial motor vehicle) that has resulted in the revocation, cancellation, or suspension of the individual's license; or

(B) a drug or alcohol related offense involving a motor vehicle (other than a commercial motor vehicle).

(2)

(h)

(i)

(B) The Secretary shall prescribe regulations establishing and enforcing requirements for reporting out-of-service orders issued under regulations prescribed under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph. Regulations prescribed under this subparagraph shall require at least that an operator of a commercial motor vehicle who is issued an out-of-service order to report the issuance to the individual's employer and to the State that issued the operator a driver's license.

(2) The Secretary shall prescribe regulations establishing sanctions and penalties related to violations of out-of-service orders by individuals operating commercial motor vehicles. The regulations shall require at least that—

(A) an operator of a commercial motor vehicle found to have committed a first violation of an out-of-service order shall be disqualified from operating such a vehicle for at least 180 days and liable for a civil penalty of at least $2,500;

(B) an operator of a commercial motor vehicle found to have committed a 2d violation of an out-of-service order shall be disqualified from operating such a vehicle for at least 2 years and not more than 5 years and liable for a civil penalty of at least $5,000;

(C) an employer that knowingly allows or requires an employee to operate a commercial motor vehicle in violation of an out-of-service order shall be liable for a civil penalty of not more than $25,000; and

(D) an employer that knowingly and willfully allows or requires an employee to operate a commercial motor vehicle in violation of an out-of-service order shall, upon conviction, be subject for each offense to imprisonment for a term not to exceed one year or a fine under title 18, or both.

(j)

(1)

(2)

(A) the penalty for a single violation is not less than a 60-day disqualification of the driver's commercial driver's license; and

(B) any employer that knowingly allows, permits, authorizes, or requires an employee to operate a commercial motor vehicle in violation of such a law or regulation shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $10,000.

(k)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1022; Pub. L. 104–88, title IV, §403(a), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 956; Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §201(a)(1), (2), (b), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1758, 1759; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4102(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1715; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §§32204, 32507, 32931(d), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 785, 804, 829; Pub. L. 115–106, §2, Jan. 8, 2018, 131 Stat. 2265.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31310(a) | 49 App.:2707(f). | Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12008, 100 Stat. 3207–177. |

31310(b) | 49 App.:2707(a)(1). | |

31310(c) | 49 App.:2707(a)(2). | |

31310(d) | 49 App.:2707(b). | |

31310(e) | 49 App.:2707(c). | |

31310(f) | 49 App.:2707(e). | |

31310(g)(1) | 49 App.:2707(d). | |

31310(g)(2) | 49 App.:2718. | Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, 100 Stat. 3207–170, §12020; added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4009(a), 105 Stat. 2156. |


In subsection (a), the text of 49 App.:2707(f)(1)–(4) (words before 2d comma) is omitted as executed and obsolete. The words "and section 2708 of the Appendix" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "involved in a violation" are substituted for "operated or used in connection with the violation or the commission of the felony" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "by the Secretary" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (c)(1)(D) is substituted for 49 App.:2707(a)(2)(A)(iv) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (g)(1)(A), the words "Not later than 1 year after October 27, 1986" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (g)(2), before clause (A), the words "Not later than December 18, 1992, the Secretary shall prescribe regulations" are substituted for "The Secretary shall issue regulations" and 49 App.:2718(c) to eliminate executed words. The word "individuals" is substituted for "persons" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (C), the words "permits, authorizes" are omitted as being included in "allows".

Paragraph (9) of section 103 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (22 U.S.C. 7102(9)), referred to in subsec. (d)(2), was redesignated par. (11) of section 103 of that Act by Pub. L. 115–427, §2(1), Jan. 9, 2019, 132 Stat. 5503, and is classified to section 7102(11) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.

**2018**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–106 substituted "Lifetime Disqualification Without Reinstatement" for "Controlled Substance Violations" in heading, inserted par. (1) designation and heading, and added par. (2).

**2012**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–141, §32507, inserted "section 521 or" before "section 5102" in pars. (1) and (2).

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §32931(d), which directed substitution of "The" for "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the", was executed by making the substitution for "Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 112–141, §32204, added subsec. (k).

**2005**—Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §4102(b)(1), substituted "The Secretary" for "Not later than December 18, 1992, the Secretary" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (i)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–59, §4102(b)(2), substituted "180 days" for "90 days" and "$2,500" for "$1,000".

Subsec. (i)(2)(B). Pub. L. 109–59, §4102(b)(3), substituted "2 years" for "one year" and "$5,000;" for "$1,000; and".

Subsec. (i)(2)(C). Pub. L. 109–59, §4102(b)(4), substituted "$25,000; and" for "$10,000."

Subsec. (i)(2)(D). Pub. L. 109–59, §4102(b)(5), added subpar. (D).

**1999**—Subsec. (b)(1)(D), (E). Pub. L. 106–159, §201(a)(1), added subpars. (D) and (E).

Subsec. (c)(1)(D), (E). Pub. L. 106–159, §201(a)(2)(A), (C), added subpars. (D) and (E). Former subpar. (D) redesignated (F).

Subsec. (c)(1)(F). Pub. L. 106–159, §201(a)(2)(B), (D), redesignated subpar. (D) as (F) and substituted "subparagraphs (A) through (E)" for "clauses (A)–(C) of this paragraph".

Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 106–159, §201(b)(2), added subsecs. (f) and (g). Former subsecs. (f) and (g) redesignated (h) and (i), respectively.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 106–159, §201(b)(1), (3), redesignated subsec. (f) as (h) and substituted "(b) through (g)" for "(b)–(e)" in two places. Former subsec. (h) redesignated (j).

Subsecs. (i), (j). Pub. L. 106–159, §201(b)(1), redesignated subsecs. (g) and (h) as (i) and (j), respectively.

**1995**—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 104–88 added subsec. (h).

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 104–88, title IV, §403(b), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 956, provided that: "The initial regulations required under section 31310(h) of title 49, United States Code, shall be issued not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 29, 1995]."

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1) The State shall adopt and carry out a program for testing and ensuring the fitness of individuals to operate commercial motor vehicles consistent with the minimum standards prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation under section 31305(a) of this title.

(2) The State may issue a commercial driver's license to an individual only if the individual passes written and driving tests for the operation of a commercial motor vehicle that comply with the minimum standards.

(3) The State shall have in effect and enforce a law providing that an individual with a blood alcohol concentration level at or above the level established by section 31310(a) of this title when operating a commercial motor vehicle is deemed to be driving under the influence of alcohol.

(4) The State shall authorize an individual to operate a commercial motor vehicle only by issuing a commercial driver's license containing the information described in section 31308(3) of this title.1

(5) Not later than the time period prescribed by the Secretary by regulation, the State shall notify the Secretary or the operator of the information system under section 31309 of this title, as the case may be, of the proposed issuance of the license and other information the Secretary may require to ensure identification of the individual applying for the license.

(6) Before issuing a commercial driver's license to an individual or renewing such a license, the State shall request from any other State that has issued a driver's license to the individual all information about the driving record of the individual.

(7) Not later than 30 days after issuing a commercial driver's license, the State shall notify the Secretary or the operator of the information system under section 31309 of this title, as the case may be, of the issuance.

(8) Not later than 10 days after disqualifying the holder of a commercial driver's license from operating a commercial motor vehicle (or after revoking, suspending, or canceling the license) for at least 60 days, the State shall notify the Secretary or the operator of the information system under section 31309 of this title, as the case may be, and the State that issued the license, of the disqualification, revocation, suspension, or cancellation, and the violation that resulted in the disqualification, revocation, suspension, or cancellation shall be recorded.

(9) If an individual violates a State or local law on motor vehicle traffic control (except a parking violation) and the individual—

(A) has a commercial driver's license issued by another State; or

(B) is operating a commercial vehicle without a commercial driver's license and has a driver's license issued by another State,

the State in which the violation occurred shall notify a State official designated by the issuing State of the violations not later than 10 days after the date the individual is found to have committed the violation.

(10)(A) The State may not issue a commercial driver's license to an individual during a period in which the individual is disqualified from operating a commercial motor vehicle or the individual's driver's license is revoked, suspended, or canceled.

(B) The State may not issue a special license or permit (including a provisional or temporary license) to an individual who holds a commercial driver's license that permits the individual to drive a commercial motor vehicle during a period in which—

(i) the individual is disqualified from operating a commercial motor vehicle; or

(ii) the individual's driver's license is revoked, suspended, or canceled.

(11) The State may issue a commercial driver's license to an individual who has a commercial driver's license issued by another State only if the individual first returns the driver's license issued by the other State.

(12)(A) Except as provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C), the State may issue a commercial driver's license only to an individual who operates or will operate a commercial motor vehicle and is domiciled in the State.

(B) Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the State may issue a commercial driver's license to an individual who—

(i) operates or will operate a commercial motor vehicle; and

(ii) is not domiciled in a State that issues commercial driver's licenses.

(C) The State may issue a commercial driver's license to an individual who—

(i) operates or will operate a commercial motor vehicle;

(ii) is an active duty member of—

(I) the armed forces (as that term is defined in section 101(a) of title 10); or

(II) the reserve components (as that term is defined in section 31305(d)(2) of this title); and

(iii) is not domiciled in the State, but whose temporary or permanent duty station is located in the State.

(13) The State shall impose penalties consistent with this chapter that the State considers appropriate and the Secretary approves for an individual operating a commercial motor vehicle.

(14) The State shall allow an individual to operate a commercial motor vehicle in the State if—

(A) the individual has a commercial driver's license issued by another State under the minimum standards prescribed by the Secretary under section 31305(a) of this title;

(B) the license is not revoked, suspended, or canceled; and

(C) the individual is not disqualified from operating a commercial motor vehicle.

(15) The State shall disqualify an individual from operating a commercial motor vehicle for the same reasons and time periods for which the Secretary shall disqualify the individual under subsections (b)–(e), (i)(1)(A) and (i)(2) of section 31310.

(16)(A) Before issuing a commercial driver's license to an individual, the State shall request the Secretary for information from the National Driver Register maintained under chapter 303 of this title (after the Secretary decides the Register is operational) on whether the individual—

(i) has been disqualified from operating a motor vehicle (except a commercial motor vehicle);

(ii) has had a license (except a license authorizing the individual to operate a commercial motor vehicle) revoked, suspended, or canceled for cause in the 3-year period ending on the date of application for the commercial driver's license; or

(iii) has been convicted of an offense specified in section 30304(a)(3) of this title.

(B) The State shall give full weight and consideration to that information in deciding whether to issue the individual a commercial driver's license.

(17) The State shall adopt and enforce regulations prescribed by the Secretary under as 2 31310(j) of this title.

(18) The State shall maintain, as part of its driver information system, a record of each violation of a State or local motor vehicle traffic control law while operating a motor vehicle (except a parking violation) for each individual who holds a commercial driver's license. The record shall be available upon request to the individual, the Secretary, employers, prospective employers, State licensing and law enforcement agencies, and their authorized agents.

(19) The State shall—

(A) record in the driving record of an individual who has a commercial driver's license issued by the State; and

(B) make available to all authorized persons and governmental entities having access to such record,

all information the State receives under paragraph (9) with respect to the individual and every violation by the individual involving a motor vehicle (including a commercial motor vehicle) of a State or local law on traffic control (except a parking violation), not later than 10 days after the date of receipt of such information or the date of such violation, as the case may be. The State may not allow information regarding such violations to be withheld or masked in any way from the record of an individual possessing a commercial driver's license.

(20) The State shall revoke, suspend, or cancel the commercial driver's license of an individual in accordance with regulations issued by the Secretary to carry out section 31310(g).

(21) By the date established by the Secretary under section 31309(e)(4), the State shall be operating a commercial driver's license information system that is compatible with the modernized commercial driver's license information system under section 31309.

(22) The State shall report a conviction of a foreign commercial driver by that State to the Federal Convictions and Withdrawal Database, or another information system designated by the Secretary to record the convictions. A report shall include—

(A) for a driver holding a foreign commercial driver's license—

(i) each conviction relating to the operation of a commercial motor vehicle; and

(ii) each conviction relating to the operation of a non-commercial motor vehicle; and

(B) for an unlicensed driver or a driver holding a foreign non-commercial driver's license, each conviction relating to the operation of a commercial motor vehicle.

(23) Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Enhancement Act of 2012, the State shall implement a system and practices for the exclusive electronic exchange of driver history record information on the system the Secretary maintains under section 31309, including the posting of convictions, withdrawals, and disqualifications.

(24) Before renewing or issuing a commercial driver's license to an individual, the State shall request information pertaining to the individual from the drug and alcohol clearinghouse maintained under section 31306a.

(25) Not later than 5 years after the date of enactment of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Enhancement Act of 2012, the State shall establish and maintain, as part of its driver information system, the capability to receive an electronic copy of a medical examiner's certificate, from a certified medical examiner, for each holder of a commercial driver's license issued by the State who operates or intends to operate in interstate commerce.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) the actions that the State will take to address any deficiencies in the State's commercial driver's license program, as identified by the Secretary in the most recent audit of the program; and

(B) other actions that the State will take to comply with the requirements under subsection (a).

(3)

(A)

(B)

(4)

(A) review each plan submitted under paragraph (1);

(B)(i) approve a plan if the Secretary determines that the plan meets the requirements under this subsection and promotes the goals of this chapter; and

(ii) disapprove a plan that the Secretary determines does not meet the requirements or does not promote the goals.

(5)

(A) provide a written explanation of the disapproval to the State; and

(B) allow the State to modify the plan and resubmit it for approval.

(6)

(e)

(1) compare the relative levels of compliance by States with the requirements under subsection (a); and

(2) make the results of the comparison available to the public.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1023; Pub. L. 104–88, title IV, §403(c), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 956; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4011(e), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 408; Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §202, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1760; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4123(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1735; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §§32203(b), 32302(d), 32305(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 784, 790, 792; Pub. L. 112–196, §2, Oct. 19, 2012, 126 Stat. 1459; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5401(d), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1547.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31311 | 49 App.:2708. | Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12009, 100 Stat. 3207–179; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4009(b), 105 Stat. 2156. |


Subsection (a)(15) is substituted for 49 App.:2708(a)(15)–(19) for consistency with section 31310(b)–(e) of the revised title and to avoid repeating the language restated in section 31310(b)–(e).

In subsection (b), the words "in accordance with the requirements of such subsection" are omitted as surplus.

Par. (3) of section 31308 of this title, referred to in subsec. (a)(4), was redesignated par. (4) by Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4122(2)(C), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1734.

The date of enactment of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Enhancement Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (a)(23), (25), is the date of enactment of title II of div. C of Pub. L. 112–141, which was approved July 6, 2012.

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(12)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 114–94 amended cl. (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (ii) read as follows: "is a member of the active duty military, military reserves, National Guard, active duty United States Coast Guard, or Coast Guard Auxiliary; and".

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 112–141, §32305(b)(1)(A), substituted "Not later than the time period prescribed by the Secretary by regulation," for "At least 60 days before issuing a commercial driver's license (or a shorter period the Secretary prescribes by regulation),".

Subsec. (a)(12). Pub. L. 112–196 amended par. (12) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (12) read as follows: "The State may issue a commercial driver's license only to an individual who operates or will operate a commercial motor vehicle and is domiciled in the State, except that, under regulations the Secretary shall prescribe, the State may issue a commercial driver's license to an individual who operates or will operate a commercial motor vehicle and is not domiciled in a State that issues commercial drivers' licenses."

Subsec. (a)(22). Pub. L. 112–141, §32203(b), added par. (22).

Subsec. (a)(23), (24). Pub. L. 112–141, §32305(b)(1)(B), added pars. (23) and (24).

Subsec. (a)(25). Pub. L. 112–141, §32302(d), added par. (25).

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 112–141, §32305(b)(2), added subsecs. (d) and (e).

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(15). Pub. L. 109–59, §4123(b)(1), substituted "(i)(1)(A) and (i)(2)" for "(g)(1)(A), and (g)(2)".

Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 109–59, §4123(b)(2), substituted "as 31310(j)" for "section 31310(h)".

Subsec. (a)(21). Pub. L. 109–59, §4123(b)(3), added par. (21).

**1999**—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 106–159, §202(a), inserted "or renewing such a license" after "to an individual" and struck out "commercial" after "has issued a".

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 106–159, §202(b), inserted ", and the violation that resulted in the disqualification, revocation, suspension, or cancellation shall be recorded" before the period at end.

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 106–159, §202(c), amended par. (9) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (9) read as follows: "If an individual operating a commercial motor vehicle violates a State or local law on motor vehicle traffic control (except a parking violation) and the individual has a driver's license issued by another State, the State in which the violation occurred shall notify a State official designated by the issuing State of the violation not later than 10 days after the date the individual is found to have committed the violation."

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 106–159, §202(d), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 106–159, §202(e), inserted "consistent with this chapter that" after "penalties", substituted "vehicle." for "vehicle when the individual—", and struck out pars. (A) to (C) which read as follows:

"(A) does not have a commercial driver's license;

"(B) has a driver's license revoked, suspended, or canceled; or

"(C) is disqualified from operating a commercial motor vehicle."

Subsec. (a)(18) to (20). Pub. L. 106–159, §202(f)–(h), added pars. (18) to (20).

**1998**—Subsec. (a)(15). Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(e)(1), substituted "subsections (b)–(e), (g)(1)(A), and (g)(2) of section 31310" for "section 31310(b)–(e) of this title".

Subsec. (a)(17), (18). Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(e)(2), (3), redesignated par. (18) as (17) and struck out former par. (17) which read as follows: "The State shall adopt and enforce regulations prescribed by the Secretary under section 31310(g)(1)(A) and (2) of this title."

**1995**—Subsec. (a)(18). Pub. L. 104–88 added par. (18).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5401(c), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1547, provided that: "Not later than December 31, 2015, the Secretary [of Transportation] shall issue final regulations to implement the exemption to the domicile requirement under section 31311(a)(12)(C) of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §221, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1769, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

1 See References in Text note below.

2 So in original. Probably should be "section".

(a)

(1) prohibit that State from carrying out licensing procedures under this chapter; and

(2) prohibit that State from issuing any commercial driver's licenses until such time the Secretary determines such State is in substantial compliance with this chapter.

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 106–159, title II, §203(a), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1762.)

A prior section 31312, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1025, related to grants for testing and ensuring the fitness of operators of commercial motor vehicles, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4011(f), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 408.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A) to assist the State in complying with the requirements of section 31311; and

(B) in the case of a State that is making a good faith effort toward substantial compliance with the requirements of section 31311, to improve the State's implementation of its commercial driver's license program, including expenses—

(i) for computer hardware and software;

(ii) for publications, testing, personnel, training, and quality control;

(iii) for commercial driver's license program coordinators; and

(iv) to implement or maintain a system to notify an employer of an operator of a commercial motor vehicle of the suspension or revocation of the operator's commercial driver's license consistent with the standards developed under section 32303(b) of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Enhancement Act of 2012 (49 U.S.C. 31304 note).

(3)

(A) benefit all jurisdictions of the United States;

(B) address national safety concerns and circumstances;

(C) address emerging issues relating to commercial driver's license improvements;

(D) support innovative ideas and solutions to commercial driver's license program issues;

(E) support, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes, the recognition, prevention, and reporting of human trafficking; or

(F) address other commercial driver's license issues, as determined by the Secretary.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4124(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1736; amended Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32604(a), (b)(1), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 808, 809; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5104(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1527; Pub. L. 115–99, §4, Jan. 3, 2018, 131 Stat. 2242.)

Section 32303(b) of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Enhancement Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(B)(iv), is section 32303(b) of title II of div. C of Pub. L. 112–141, which is set out as a note under section 31304 of this title.

A prior section 31313, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1027, related to grants for issuing commercial drivers' licenses and complying with State participation requirements, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4011(f), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 408.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(3)(E), (F). Pub. L. 115–99 added subpar. (E) and redesignated former subpar. (E) as (F).

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to grants for commercial driver's license program implementation.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, §32604(b)(1), substituted "implementation" for "improvements" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–141, §32604(a), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) related to grants for commercial driver's license program improvements.

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Period of availability during which a recipient may expend grant amounts under this section extended for amounts awarded for fiscal years 2019 and 2020, see section 441 of div. N of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 31102 of this title.

(a) 1 of title 23 on the first day of the fiscal year after the first fiscal year beginning after September 30, 1992, throughout which the State does not comply substantially with a requirement of section 31311(a) of this title.

(b) 1 of title 23 on the first day of each fiscal year after the 2d fiscal year beginning after September 30, 1992, throughout which the State does not comply substantially with a requirement of section 31311(a) of this title.

(c)

(1) the penalty for the first instance of noncompliance by a State under this section shall be not more than an amount equal to 4 percent of funds required to be apportioned to the noncompliant State under paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 104(b) of title 23; and

(2) the penalty for subsequent instances of noncompliance shall be not more than an amount equal to 8 percent of funds required to be apportioned to the noncompliant State under paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 104(b) of title 23.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1028; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4011(g), (h), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 408; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, §9010, July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 863; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4124(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1738; Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, §1404(j), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 559.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31314(a) | 49 App.:2710(a). | Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12011, 100 Stat. 3207–183. |

31314(b) | 49 App.:2710(b). | |

31314(c) | 49 App.:2710(c)(1). | |

31314(d) | 49 App.:2710(c)(2), (3). | |

31314(e) | 49 App.:2710(c)(4). |


In this section, the word "amounts" is substituted for "funds" and "sums" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (e), the words "by the Secretary" are omitted as surplus.

Section 104(b)(1), (3), and (4) of title 23, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), probably refers to section 104(b)(1), (3), and (4) of title 23 prior to the general amendment of section 104 by Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, §1105(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 427.

**2012**—Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 112–141 added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsec. (c) as (d).

**2005**—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 109–59 inserted "up to" after "withhold".

**1998**—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(h)(1), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, substituted "section 104(b)(1), (3), and (4) of title 23" for "section 104(b)(1), (3), and (5) of title 23".

Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(g)(1), substituted "section 104(b)(1), (3), and (5) of title 23" for "section 104(b)(1), (2), (5), and (6) of title 23".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(g)(2), struck out par. (2) designation and struck out par. (1) which read as follows: "Amounts withheld under this section from apportionment to a State before October 1, 1995, remain available for apportionment to the State as follows:

"(A) If the amounts would have been apportioned under section 104(b)(5)(B) of title 23 but for this section, the amounts remain available until the end of the 2d fiscal year following the fiscal year for which the amounts are authorized to be appropriated.

"(B) If the amounts would have been apportioned under section 104(b)(1), (2), or (6) of title 23 but for this section, the amounts remain available until the end of the 3d fiscal year following the fiscal year for which the amounts are authorized to be appropriated."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(h)(2), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, struck out heading and text of subsec. (d). Text read as follows: "If, at the end of the period for which amounts withheld under this section from apportionment are available for apportionment to a State under subsection (c)(1) of this section, the State has not substantially complied with all of the requirements of section 31311(a) of this title for a 365-day period, the amounts lapse or, for amounts withheld from apportionment under section 104(b)(5) of title 23, the amounts lapse and are available for projects under section 118(b) of title 23."

Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(g)(3), (4), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (d). Text read as follows:

"(1) If, before the last day of the period for which amounts withheld under this section from apportionment are to remain available for apportionment to a State under subsection (c)(1) of this section, the State substantially complies with all of the requirements of section 31311(a) of this title for a period of 365 days, the Secretary, on the day following the last day of that period, shall apportion to the State the withheld amounts remaining available for apportionment to that State.

"(2) Amounts apportioned under paragraph (1) of this subsection remain available for expenditure until the end of the 3d fiscal year following the fiscal year in which the amounts are apportioned. Amounts not obligated at the end of that period lapse or, for amounts apportioned under section 104(b)(5) of title 23, lapse and are available for projects under section 118(b) of title 23."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–178, §4011(g)(4), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d).

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 effective simultaneously with enactment of Pub. L. 105–178 and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 105–178 at time of enactment, and provisions of Pub. L. 105–178, as in effect on day before July 22, 1998, that are amended by title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 to be treated as not enacted, see section 9016 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1) for a period not in excess of 3 months;

(2) limited in scope and circumstances;

(3) for nonemergency and unique events; and

(4) subject to such conditions as the Secretary may impose.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) the person fails to comply with the terms and conditions of such exemption;

(B) the exemption has resulted in a lower level of safety than was maintained before the exemption was granted; or

(C) continuation of the exemption would not be consistent with the goals and objectives of this chapter or section 31136, as the case may be.

(5)

(A) The provisions from which the person requests exemption.

(B) The time period during which the requested exemption would apply.

(C) An analysis of the safety impacts the requested exemption may cause.

(D) The specific countermeasures the person would undertake to ensure an equivalent or greater level of safety than would be achieved absent the requested exemption.

(6)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) A scheduled life of each pilot program of not more than 3 years.

(B) A specific data collection and safety analysis plan that identifies a method for comparison.

(C) A reasonable number of participants necessary to yield statistically valid findings.

(D) An oversight plan to ensure that participants comply with the terms and conditions of participation.

(E) Adequate countermeasures to protect the health and safety of study participants and the general public.

(F) A plan to inform State partners and the public about the pilot program and to identify approved participants to safety compliance and enforcement personnel and to the public.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(A) exempt a person or commercial motor vehicle from a regulation related to commercial motor vehicle safety only because the operations of the person or vehicle are entirely in a municipality or commercial zone of a municipality; or

(B) waive application to a person or commercial motor vehicle of a regulation related to commercial motor vehicle safety only because the operations of the person or vehicle are entirely in a municipality or commercial zone of a municipality.

(2) If a person was authorized to operate a commercial motor vehicle in a municipality or commercial zone of a municipality in the United States for the entire period from November 19, 1987, through November 18, 1988, and if the person is otherwise qualified to operate a commercial motor vehicle, the person may operate a commercial motor vehicle entirely in a municipality or commercial zone of a municipality notwithstanding—

(A) paragraph (1) of this subsection;

(B) a minimum age requirement of the United States Government for operation of the vehicle; and

(C) a medical or physical condition that—

(i) would prevent an operator from operating a commercial motor vehicle under the commercial motor vehicle safety regulations in title 49, Code of Federal Regulations;

(ii) existed on July 1, 1988;

(iii) has not substantially worsened; and

(iv) does not involve alcohol or drug abuse.

(3) This subsection does not affect a State commercial motor vehicle safety law applicable to intrastate commerce.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1029; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4007(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 401; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title II, §32913, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 818; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §§5202(1), 5206(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1534, 1537.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31315 | 49 App.:2711. | Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12013, 100 Stat. 3207–186. |


The words "Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter" are omitted as surplus.

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (b)(5), probably means the date of enactment of Pub. L. 105–178, which amended this section generally and was approved June 9, 1998.

The text of section 31136(f) of this title, which was redesignated subsec. (g) and transferred to this section by Pub. L. 114–94, §5202(1), was based on Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1003.

**2015**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §5206(a)(1), substituted "this subsection" for "paragraph (3)" and struck out at end "An exemption may be granted for no longer than 2 years from its approval date and may be renewed upon application to the Secretary."

Subsec. (b)(2) to (9). Pub. L. 114–94, §5206(a)(2), (3), added pars. (2) and (3) and redesignated former pars (2) to (7) as (4) to (9), respectively.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 114–94, §5202(1), redesignated subsec. (f) of section 31136 of this title as (g) and transferred it to this section. See Codification note above.

**2012**—Subsec. (b)(4)(A). Pub. L. 112–141, §32913(a)(1), inserted "(or, in the case of a request for an exemption from the physical qualification standards for commercial motor vehicle drivers, post on a web site established by the Secretary to implement the requirements of section 31149)" after "Federal Register".

Subsec. (b)(4)(B). Pub. L. 112–141, §32913(a)(2), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Upon granting a request for exemption, the Secretary shall publish in the Federal Register the name of the person granted the exemption, the provisions from which the person will be exempt, the effective period, and all terms and conditions of the exemption."

Subsec. (b)(4)(C). Pub. L. 112–141, §32913(a)(3), inserted "(or, in the case of a request for an exemption from the physical qualification standards for commercial motor vehicle drivers, post on a web site established by the Secretary to implement the requirements of section 31149)" after "Federal Register".

Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 112–141, §32913(b), amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Before granting a request for exemption, the Secretary shall notify State safety compliance and enforcement personnel, including roadside inspectors, and the public that a person will be operating pursuant to an exemption and any terms and conditions that will apply to the exemption."

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 112–141, §32913(c), struck out "in the Federal Register" after "shall publish".

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 112–141, §32913(d), added subsecs. (e) and (f).

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "After notice and an opportunity for comment, the Secretary of Transportation may waive any part of this chapter or a regulation prescribed under this chapter as it applies to a class of individuals or commercial motor vehicles if the Secretary decides the waiver is not contrary to the public interest and does not diminish the safe operation of commercial motor vehicles. A waiver under this section shall be published in the Federal Register with reasons for the waiver."

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title III, §23022, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 778, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) is under the age of 21; and

"(B) holds a commercial driver's license.

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(A) is not younger than 26 years of age;

"(B) has held a commercial driver's license for the 2-year period ending on the date on which the individual serves as an experienced driver under subsection (b)(2)(C)(ii);

"(C) during the 2-year period ending on the date on which the individual serves as an experienced driver under subsection (b)(2)(C)(ii), has had no—

"(i) preventable accidents reportable to the Department [of Transportation]; or

"(ii) pointed moving violations; and

"(D) has a minimum of 5 years of experience driving a commercial motor vehicle in interstate commerce.

"(6)

"(7)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) 120

"(i)

"(ii)

"(I) Interstate, city traffic, rural 2-lane, and evening driving.

"(II) Safety awareness.

"(III) Speed and space management.

"(IV) Lane control.

"(V) Mirror scanning.

"(VI) Right and left turns.

"(VII) Logging and complying with rules relating to hours of service.

"(B) 280

"(i)

"(ii)

"(I) Backing and maneuvering in close quarters.

"(II) Pretrip inspections.

"(III) Fueling procedures.

"(IV) Weighing loads, weight distribution, and sliding tandems.

"(V) Coupling and uncoupling procedures.

"(VI) Trip planning, truck routes, map reading, navigation, and permits.

"(C)

"(i) an apprentice may only drive a commercial motor vehicle that has—

"(I) an automatic manual or automatic transmission;

"(II) an active braking collision mitigation system;

"(III) a forward-facing video event capture system; and

"(IV) a governed speed of 65 miles per hour—

"(aa) at the pedal; and

"(bb) under adaptive cruise control; and

"(ii) an apprentice shall be accompanied in the passenger seat of the commercial motor vehicle by an experienced driver.

"(D)

"(E)

"(F)

"(G)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(3)

"(A) drive a commercial motor vehicle in interstate commerce while participating in the 120-hour probationary period under paragraph (2)(A) or the 280-hour probationary period under paragraph (2)(B) pursuant to an apprenticeship program established by an employer in accordance with this section; and

"(B) drive a commercial motor vehicle in interstate commerce after the apprentice completes an apprenticeship program described in paragraph (2), unless the Secretary determines there exists a safety concern.

"(4)

"(c)

"(1) the pilot program shall terminate; and

"(2) any driver under the age of 21 who has completed an apprenticeship program described in subsection (b)(2) may drive a commercial motor vehicle in interstate commerce, unless the Secretary determines there exists a safety concern.

"(d)

"(e)

"(1) data relating to any incident in which an apprentice participating in the pilot program established under subsection (b)(1) is involved;

"(2) data relating to any incident in which a driver under the age of 21 operating a commercial motor vehicle in intrastate commerce is involved; and

"(3) such other data relating to the safety of apprentices aged 18 to 20 years operating in interstate commerce as the Secretary determines to be necessary.

"(f)

"(1) transport—

"(A) a passenger; or

"(B) hazardous cargo; or

"(2) operate a commercial motor vehicle—

"(A) in special configuration; or

"(B) with a gross vehicle weight rating of more than 80,000 pounds.

"(g)

"(1) the findings and conclusions resulting from the pilot program, including with respect to technologies or training provided by commercial motor carriers for apprentices as part of the pilot program to successfully improve safety;

"(2) an analysis of the safety record of apprentices participating in the pilot program, as compared to other commercial motor vehicle drivers;

"(3) the number of drivers that discontinued participation in the apprenticeship program before completion;

"(4) a comparison of the safety records of participating drivers before, during, and after the probationary periods under subparagraphs (A) and (B) of subsection (b)(2);

"(5) a comparison, for each participating driver, of average on-duty time, driving time, and time spent away from home terminal before, during, and after the probationary periods referred to in paragraph (4); and

"(6) a recommendation, based on the data collected, regarding whether the level of safety achieved by the pilot program is equivalent to, or greater than, the level of safety for equivalent commercial motor vehicle drivers aged 21 years or older.

"(h)

"(i)

"(1)

"(A) hourly pay;

"(B) payment for detention time; and

"(C) other payment methods used in the industry as of the date on which the study is conducted.

"(2)

"(A) labor organizations representing commercial motor vehicle drivers;

"(B) representatives of the motor carrier industry, including owner-operators; and

"(C) such other stakeholders as the Transportation Research Board determines to be relevant."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5206(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1537, provided that:

"(1)

"(A) Perishable construction products, as published in the Federal Register on April 2, 2015 (80 Fed. Reg. 17819).

"(B) Transport of commercial bee hives, as published in the Federal Register on June 19, 2015 (80 Fed. Reg. 35425).

"(C) Safe transport of livestock, as published in the Federal Register on June 12, 2015 (80 Fed. Reg. 33584).

"(2)

"(A) except as otherwise provided in section 31315(b) of title 49, shall be valid for a period of 5 years from the date such exemption was granted; and

"(B) may be subject to renewal under section 31315(b)(2) of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5404, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1549, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) a covered driver participating in the pilot program is involved; and

"(2) a driver under the age of 21 operating a commercial motor vehicle in intrastate commerce is involved.

"(c)

"(1) transport—

"(A) passengers; or

"(B) hazardous cargo; or

"(2) operate a vehicle in special configuration.

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(e)

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(A) between the ages of 18 and 21;

"(B) a member or former member of the—

"(i) armed forces; or

"(ii) reserve components (as defined in section 31305(d)(2) of title 49, United States Code, as added by this Act); and

"(C) qualified in a Military Occupational Specialty to operate a commercial motor vehicle or similar vehicle."

For provisions making amendment by section 4007 of Pub. L. 105–178 inapplicable to or otherwise not affecting waiver, exemption, or pilot program in effect the day before June 9, 1998, under this chapter or section 31136(e) of this title, see section 4007(d) of Pub. L. 105–178, set out as a note under section 31136 of this title.

This chapter does not affect the authority of the Secretary of Transportation to regulate commercial motor vehicle safety involving motor vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating of less than 26,001 pounds or a lesser gross vehicle weight rating the Secretary decides is appropriate under section 31301(4)(A) of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1029.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31316 | 49 App.:2714. | Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12017, 100 Stat. 3207–187. |


The words "This chapter does not affect" are substituted for "Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to diminish, limit, or otherwise affect" to eliminate unnecessary words.

Regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation to carry out this chapter (except section 31307) shall be prescribed under section 553 of title 5 without regard to sections 556 and 557 of title 5.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1029.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31317 | 49 App.:2715. | Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §12018, 100 Stat. 3207–187. |


The text of 49 App.:2715(a) is omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). The words "(except section 31307)" are added because the source provisions restated in this section do not apply to the source provisions restated in section 31307 of the revised title.


Chapter 315 is a restatement of existing chapter 31 of title 49, United States Code, that is redesignated as chapter 315 by section 1(c) of the bill.

In this chapter—

(1) "migrant worker" means an individual going to or from employment in agriculture as provided under section 3121(g) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 3121(g)) or section 3(f) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 203(f)).

(2) "motor carrier", "motor common carrier", "motor private carrier", "motor vehicle", and "United States" have the same meanings given those terms in section 13102 of this title.

(3) "motor carrier of migrant workers"—

(A) means a person (except a motor common carrier) providing transportation referred to in section 13501 of this title by a motor vehicle (except a passenger automobile or station wagon) for at least 3 migrant workers at a time to or from their employment; but

(B) does not include a migrant worker providing transportation for migrant workers and their immediate families.

(Pub. L. 97–449, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2438, §3101; renumbered §31501 and amended Pub. L. 103–272, §1(c), (e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 745, 1029; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(26), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4380; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(k)(1), (2), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 947, 948.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

3101(1) | 49:303(a)(23). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 397, §203(a)(22), (23); added Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 905, §1, 70 Stat. 958. |

3101(2) | (no source). | |

3101(3) | 49:303(a)(22). |


In clause (1), the words "going to or from" are substituted for "proceeding to or returning from" for clarity.

Clause (2) is included to ensure that the identical definitions that are relevant are used without repeating them. The source provisions for the quoted definitions are found in the revision notes for section 10102 of the revised title.

In clause (3), the words "including any 'contract common carrier by motor vehicle' " are omitted as covered by the definition of "motor carrier". The words "referred to in section 10521(a) of this title" are substituted for "in interstate or foreign commerce" for clarity and consistency in the revised title. The word "except" is substituted for "but not including" for clarity. The words "at least" are substituted for "or more", and the words "but the term does not include" are substituted for "except", for consistency.

This amends 49:31501(1) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

**1995**—Par. (2). Pub. L. 104–88, §308(k)(1), substituted "13102" for "10102".

Par. (3)(A). Pub. L. 104–88, §308(k)(2), substituted "13501" for "10521(a)".

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–272 renumbered section 3101 of this title as this section and amended it generally, restating it without substantive change.

Par. (1). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "section 3(f)" for "section 203(f)".

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

For provisions relating to exemptions from certain requirements of this chapter with respect to certain farm vehicles and individuals operating those vehicles, see section 32934 of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as a note under section 31136 of this title.

(a)

(1) described in sections 13501 and 13502 of this title; and

(2) to the extent the transportation is in the United States and is between places in a foreign country, or between a place in a foreign country and a place in another foreign country.

(b)

(1) qualifications and maximum hours of service of employees of, and safety of operation and equipment of, a motor carrier; and

(2) qualifications and maximum hours of service of employees of, and standards of equipment of, a motor private carrier, when needed to promote safety of operation.

(c)

(1) at least 75 miles; and

(2) across the boundary of a State, territory, or possession of the United States.

(d)

(e)

(1)

(A) maximum driving and on-duty times applicable to operators of commercial motor vehicles,

(B) physical testing, reporting, or recordkeeping, and

(C) the installation of automatic recording devices associated with establishing the maximum driving and on-duty times referred to in subparagraph (A),

shall not apply to any driver of a utility service vehicle during an emergency period of not more than 30 days declared by an elected State or local government official under paragraph (2) in the area covered by the declaration.

(2)

(3)

(A) a utility service vehicle driver to which the declaration applied; or

(B) a utility service vehicle of the driver to which the declaration applied.

(4)

(A) 1 of the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 (49 U.S.C. 31136 note; 109 Stat. 613).

(B) 1 of the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 (49 U.S.C. 31136 note; 109 Stat 2 614–615).

(f)

(1)

(A) the driver operates within a 100 air-mile radius of the normal work reporting location;

(B) the driver returns to the work reporting location and is released from work within 14 consecutive hours;

(C) the driver has at least 10 consecutive hours off duty following each 14 hours on duty;

(D) the driver does not exceed 11 hours maximum driving time following 10 consecutive hours off duty; and

(E) the motor carrier that employs the driver maintains and retains for a period of 6 months accurate and true time records that show—

(i) the time the driver reports for duty each day;

(ii) the total number of hours the driver is on duty each day;

(iii) the time the driver is released from duty each day; and

(iv) the total time for the preceding driving week the driver is used for the first time or intermittently.

(2)

(Pub. L. 97–449, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2438, §3102; Pub. L. 98–554, title II, §206(h), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2835; renumbered §31502 and amended Pub. L. 103–272, §1(c), (e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 745, 1029; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(k)(3), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 948; Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4012(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 408; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4145(b), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1749; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title V, §5521, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1559.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

3102(a) | (no source). | |

3102(b)(1) | 49:304(a)(1)–(2) (related to qualifications, hours of service, and safety). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(1)–(2) (related to qualifications, hours of service, and safety), (3) (1st sentence); added Aug. 9, 1935, ch. 498, 49 Stat. 546. |

3102(b)(2) | 49:304(a)(3) (1st sentence). | |

49:1655(e)(6)(C). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(e)(6)(C), 80 Stat. 939. | |

3102(c) | 49:304(a)(3a) (1st sentence). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3a) (1st sentence); added Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 905, §2, 70 Stat. 958. |

49:1655(e)(6)(C). |


Throughout the chapter, the words "Secretary of Transportation" are substituted for "Interstate Commerce Commission" because 49:1655(e)(6)(B)–(D) transferred the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission under the provisions restated in this chapter to the Secretary of Transportation.

Subsection (a) is included to maintain the jurisdictional scope of the source provisions from which subsections (b) and (c) of the revised section are taken. Subsections (b) and (c) are based on 49:304 which, as part of 49:ch. 8, is now restated as subchapter II of chapter 105 of the revised title. In addition, 49:303(a)(11) (last sentence) extended the jurisdictional scope of 49:304 as provided in subsection (a) of the revised section.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "and to that end" are omitted as surplus. The word "prescribe" is substituted for "establish" for consistency. The word "reasonable" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "as provided in this chapter" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The term "motor carrier" is substituted for "common carriers by motor vehicle" and "contract carriers by motor vehicle" because they are inclusive.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "when needed" are substituted for "if need therefor is found" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c), the word "prescribe" is substituted for "establish" for consistency. The word "reasonable" is omitted as surplus. The words "for a total distance of" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The words "at least" are substituted for "more than" for consistency. The word "line" is omitted as surplus. The words "possession of the United States" are added for consistency in the revised title. The words "a foreign country" and "the District of Columbia" are omitted as unnecessary because a carrier crossing the boundary of a foreign country or the District of Columbia into or from the United States would necessarily cross the boundary of a State and be covered by the provision related to a State.

Section 345 of the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995, referred to in subsec. (e)(4), is section 345 of Pub. L. 104–59, which was set out as a note under section 31136 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4115(d), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1726. The text of section 345 of Pub. L. 104–59 was inserted as part of section 229 of Pub. L. 106–159, as added by section 4115(a) of Pub. L. 109–59, and is set out as a note under section 31136 of this title.

**2015**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 114–94 added subsec. (f).

**2005**—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 109–59, §4145(b)(1), substituted "Field Administrator of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration" for "Regional Director of the Federal Highway Administration".

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 109–59, §4145(b)(2), substituted "Field Administrator" for "Regional Director" in introductory provisions.

**1998**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–178 added subsec. (e).

**1995**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–88 substituted "13501 and 13502" for "10521 and 10522".

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–272 renumbered section 3102 of this title as this section and amended it generally, restating it without substantive change.

**1984**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–554 added subsec. (d).

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 100–690, title IX, §9102(c), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4529, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending section 2505 of former Title 49, Transportation] shall not be construed as having any effect on the enactment of subsection (d) of section 3102 [now 31502] of title 49, United States Code, which subsection (d) was added to such section by section 206(h) of the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984 [Pub. L. 98–554] on October 30, 1984."

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4012(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 409, provided that:

"(1)

"(A) to exempt any utility service vehicle from compliance with any applicable provision of law relating to vehicle mechanical safety, maintenance requirements, or inspections; or

"(B) to exempt any driver of a utility service vehicle from any applicable provision of law (including any regulation) established for the issuance, maintenance, or periodic renewal of a commercial driver's license for that driver.

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(D)

Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4027, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 417, directed the Secretary to conduct a study on the adequacy of parking facilities at commercial truck stops and to transmit a report on the study and authorized appropriations for fiscal years 1999, 2000, and 2001.

For provisions relating to exemptions from regulations prescribed under this section as to maximum driving and on-duty time for drivers used by motor carriers, see section 345 of Pub. L. 104–59, set out as a note under section 31136 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.

2 So in original. Probably should be followed by a period.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 97–449, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2439, §3103; renumbered §31503 and amended Pub. L. 103–272, §1(c), (e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 745, 1030; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(k)(4), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 948.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

3103(a) | 49:325. | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §226; added Aug. 9, 1935, ch. 498, 49 Stat. 566; Sept. 18, 1940, ch. 722, §26(b), 54 Stat. 929. |

49:1655(e)(6)(B). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(e)(6)(B), (C), 80 Stat. 939. | |

3103(b) | 49:304(a)(5). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(5); added Aug. 9, 1935, ch. 498, 49 Stat. 546. |

49:1655(e)(6)(C). |


In subsection (a), the words "subject to subchapter II of chapter 105 of this title" are added for clarity. The word "services" is substituted for "assistance" for consistency. The words "department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government" are substituted for "departments or bureaus of the Government" for consistency.

In subsection (b), the words "In carrying out this chapter" are substituted for "For the purpose of carrying out the provisions pertaining to safety" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "department . . . or instrumentality" are added for consistency. The word "reimburse" is substituted for "transfer . . . such funds" for consistency. The words "as may be necessary and available to make this provision effective" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

**1995**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–88 substituted "subchapter I of chapter 135" for "subchapter II of chapter 105".

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–272 renumbered section 3103 of this title as this section and amended it generally, restating it without substantive change.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(1) issue and require the display of an identification plate on a motor vehicle used in transportation provided by a motor private carrier and a motor carrier of migrant workers subject to section 31502(c) of this title, except a motor contract carrier; and

(2) require each of those motor private carriers and motor carriers of migrant workers to pay the reasonable cost of the plate.

(b)

(Pub. L. 97–449, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2439, §3104; renumbered §31504 and amended Pub. L. 103–272, §1(c), (e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 745, 1030.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

3104(a) | 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 324"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 224"); added Aug. 9, 1935, ch. 498, 49 Stat. 546. |

49:304(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 324"). | Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, §204(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 224"); added Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 905, §2, 70 Stat. 958. | |

49:1655(e)(6)(D) (related to "Sec. 324"). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(e)(6)(D) (related to "Sec. 224"), 80 Stat. 940. | |

3104(b) | 49:304(a)(3) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 324"). | |

49:304(a)(3a) (last sentence) (related to "Sec. 324"). | ||

49:l655(e)(6)(D) (related to "Sec. 324"). |


The section is included to reflect the text of former 49:324 (related to motor private carriers and motor carriers of migrant workers) which is incorporated in the revised title by cross-reference.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–272 renumbered section 3104 of this title as this section and amended it generally, restating it without substantive change.


**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178, title IV, §4013, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 409, struck out items 31702 "Working group", 31703 "Grants", and 31708 "Authorization of appropriations".

In this chapter—

(1) "commercial motor vehicle", with respect to—

(A) the International Registration Plan, has the same meaning given the term "apportionable vehicle" under the Plan; and

(B) the International Fuel Tax Agreement, has the same meaning given the term "qualified motor vehicle" under the Agreement.

(2) "fuel use tax" means a tax imposed on or measured by the consumption of fuel in a motor vehicle.

(3) "International Fuel Tax Agreement" means the interstate agreement on collecting and distributing fuel use taxes paid by motor carriers, developed under the auspices of the National Governors' Association.

(4) "International Registration Plan" means the interstate agreement on apportioning vehicle registration fees paid by motor carriers, developed by the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators.

(5) "Regional Fuel Tax Agreement" means the interstate agreement on collecting and distributing fuel use taxes paid by motor carriers in the States of Maine, Vermont, and New Hampshire.

(6) "State" means the 48 contiguous States and the District of Columbia.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1031.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31701 | 49:11506 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4008(k), 105 Stat. 2155. |


Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title I, §109, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–586, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) is registered under the laws of another State; and

"(2) is operating under a trip permit issued by the State.

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

Section 31702, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1031, related to establishment and purposes of working group of State and local government officials to propose procedures to resolve disputes among States participating in the International Registration Plan and in the International Fuel Tax Agreement.

Section 31703, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1032, related to grants to States and appropriate persons to facilitate participation in the International Registration Plan and in the International Fuel Tax Agreement.

After September 30, 1996, a State that is not participating in the International Registration Plan may not establish, maintain, or enforce a commercial motor vehicle registration law, regulation, or agreement that limits the operation in that State of a commercial motor vehicle that is not registered under the laws of the State, if the vehicle is registered under the laws of a State participating in the Plan.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1032.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31704 | 49:11506 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4008(f), 105 Stat. 2154. |


The words "a State that is not participating in the International Registration Plan may not" are substituted for "no State (other than a State which is participating in the International Registration Plan) shall" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1) the 365-day period beginning on the first day that States participating in the Agreement are required to comply with the amendment; or

(2) the 365-day period beginning on the day the relevant office of the State receives written notice of the amendment from the Secretary of Transportation.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1032.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31705 | 49:11506 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4008(g), 105 Stat. 2154. |


In subsection (b), the words "as it applies to" are substituted for "with respect to" for clarity.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "a State not participating in the Agreement when the amendment is made is not subject to the conformity requirements of subsections (a) and (b) of this section in regard to the amendment" are substituted for "conformity by a State that is not participating in such Agreement when such amendment is made may not be required with respect to such amendment" for clarity.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1) shall issue a temporary restraining order or a preliminary or permanent injunction; and

(2) may require by the injunction that the State or any person comply with sections 31704 and 31705 of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1033.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31706 | 49:11506 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4008(h), 105 Stat. 2155. |


In subsection (a), the words "bring a civil action . . . to enforce compliance" are substituted for "commence . . . a civil action for such injunctive relief as may be appropriate to ensure compliance" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), the words "an order is required to enforce compliance" are substituted for "relief is required to ensure such compliance" for consistency in the revised title.

Sections 31704 and 31705 of this title do not limit the amount of money a State may charge for registration of a commercial motor vehicle or the amount of any fuel use tax a State may impose.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1033.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

31707 | 49:11506 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §4008(i), 105 Stat. 2155. |


Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1033, related to authorization of appropriations for working group under section 31702 of this title and for grants under section 31703 of this title.


In this part (except chapter 329 and except as provided in section 33101)—

(1) "bumper standard" means a minimum performance standard that substantially reduces—

(A) the damage to the front or rear end of a passenger motor vehicle from a low-speed collision (including a collision with a fixed barrier) or from towing the vehicle; or

(B) the cost of repairing the damage.

(2) "insurer" means a person in the business of issuing, or reinsuring any part of, a passenger motor vehicle insurance policy.

(3) "interstate commerce" means commerce between a place in a State and—

(A) a place in another State; or

(B) another place in the same State through another State.

(4) "make", when describing a passenger motor vehicle, means the trade name of the manufacturer of the vehicle.

(5) "manufacturer" means a person—

(A) manufacturing or assembling passenger motor vehicles or passenger motor vehicle equipment; or

(B) importing motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment for resale.

(6) "model", when describing a passenger motor vehicle, means a category of passenger motor vehicles based on the size, style, and type of a make of vehicle.

(7) "motor vehicle" means a vehicle driven or drawn by mechanical power and manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways, but does not include a vehicle operated only on a rail line.

(8) "motor vehicle accident" means an accident resulting from the maintenance or operation of a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle equipment.

(9) "multipurpose passenger vehicle" means a passenger motor vehicle constructed on a truck chassis or with special features for occasional off-road operation.

(10) "passenger motor vehicle" means a motor vehicle with motive power designed to carry not more than 12 individuals, but does not include—

(A) a motorcycle; or

(B) a truck not designed primarily to carry its operator or passengers.

(11) "passenger motor vehicle equipment" means—

(A) a system, part, or component of a passenger motor vehicle as originally made;

(B) a similar part or component made or sold for replacement or improvement of a system, part, or component, or as an accessory or addition to a passenger motor vehicle; or

(C) a device made or sold for use in towing a passenger motor vehicle.

(12) "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands.

(13) "United States district court" means a district court of the United States, a United States court for Guam, the Virgin Islands, and American Samoa, and the district court for the Northern Mariana Islands.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1034; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(27), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4380.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32101(1) | 15:1901(5), (6) (words before semicolon), (11). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §2(1)–(6) (words before semicolon), (7)–(12), (15)–(18), 86 Stat. 947, 948; Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 901; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, §8(a)(2), 94 Stat. 1828; Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(b), 98 Stat. 2767. |

32101(2) | 15:1901(12). | |

32101(3) | 15:1901(17). | |

32101(4) | 15:1901(8). | |

32101(5) | 15:1901(7). | |

32101(6) | 15:1901(9). | |

32101(7) | 15:1901(15). | |

32101(8) | 15:1901(10). | |

32101(9) | 15:1901(2). | |

32101(10) | 15:1901(1). | |

32101(11) | 15:1901(3), (4). | |

32101(12) | 15:1901(16). | |

32101(13) | 15:1901(18). |


In clause (1), the text of 15:1901(11) is omitted as surplus because the complete title of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section. The definition of "property loss reduction standard" is combined with the definition of "bumper standard" because the former term is used only in the definition of the latter term. Before subclause (A), the words "the purpose of which is" and "eliminate" are omitted as surplus. In subclauses (A) and (B), the words "(or both)" are omitted as surplus. In subclause (A), the word "physical" is omitted as surplus.

In clause (2), the words "of passenger motor vehicles" and "engaged" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (5)(A), the words "manufacturing or assembling" are substituted for "engaged in the manufacturing or assembling of" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In clause (8), the words "maintenance or operation" are substituted for "operation, maintenance, or use" to eliminate an unnecessary word.

In clauses (12) and (13), the words "the Northern Mariana Islands" are added because of section 502(a)(2) of the Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States of America, as enacted by the Act of March 24, 1976 (Public Law 94–241, 90 Stat. 268), and as proclaimed to be in effect by the President on January 9, 1978 (Proc. No. 4534, Oct. 24, 1977, 42 F.R. 56593). The words "the Canal Zone" are omitted because of the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977.

In clause (12), the word "means" is substituted for "includes" as being more appropriate. The words "a State of the United States" are substituted for "each of the several States" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In clause (13), the words "of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico" are omitted as surplus because the district court of Puerto Rico is a district court of the United States under 28:119.

This makes a conforming amendment to 49:32101 necessary because of the amendment to 49:32304(a)(11) made by section 6(29) of the bill and to clarify the restatement of 15:1901 by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1034).

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–429 amended introductory provisions generally. Prior to amendment, introductory provisions read as follows: "In this part (except section 32304 and chapter 329)—".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary $9,562,500 for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to carry out this part in each fiscal year beginning in fiscal year 1999 and ending in fiscal year 2001.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1035; Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7102(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 465; Pub. L. 106–39, §1(b), July 28, 1999, 113 Stat. 206.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32102 | 15:1392 (note). | Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, §2501(b), 105 Stat. 2081. |


The reference to fiscal year 1992 is omitted as obsolete.

**1999**—Pub. L. 106–39 substituted "$9,562,500" for "$6,200,000".

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–178 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The following amounts may be appropriated to the Secretary of Transportation for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to carry out this part:

"(1) $6,731,430 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993.

"(2) $6,987,224 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1994.

"(3) $7,252,739 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1995."



**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §§24213(c)(2), 24222(a)(2), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 829, 835, added items 32304B and 32310.

**2007**—Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §111(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1507, added item 32304A.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–429, §6(28), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4380, substituted "Civil" for "Criminal" in item 32309.

1 Section catchline amended by Pub. L. 114–94 without corresponding amendment of chapter analysis.

In this chapter—

(1) "crash avoidance" means preventing or mitigating a crash;

(2) "crashworthiness" means the protection a passenger motor vehicle gives its passengers against personal injury or death from a motor vehicle accident; and

(3) "damage susceptibility" means the susceptibility of a passenger motor vehicle to damage in a motor vehicle accident.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1035; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31305(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 765.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32301 | 15:1901(13), (14). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §2(13), (14), 86 Stat. 948; Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 901; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, §8(a)(2), 94 Stat. 1828; Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(b), 98 Stat. 2767. |


**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141 added par. (1), redesignated former pars. (1) and (2) as (2) and (3), respectively, and, in par. (2), substituted "; and" for period at end.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1) damage susceptibility.

(2) crashworthiness, crash avoidance, and any other areas the Secretary determines will improve the safety of passenger motor vehicles.

(3) the degree of difficulty of diagnosis and repair of damage to, or failure of, mechanical and electrical systems.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(A) to affix, in the glove compartment or in another readily accessible location on the vehicle, a sticker, decal, or other device that provides, in simple and understandable language, information about how to submit a safety-related motor vehicle defect complaint to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration;

(B) to prominently print the information described in subparagraph (A) within the owner's manual; and

(C) to not place such information on the label required under section 3 of the Automobile Information Disclosure Act (15 U.S.C. 1232).

(2)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A) an appropriate methodology for—

(i) determining which advanced crash-avoidance technologies shall be included in the information;

(ii) developing performance test criteria for use by manufacturers in evaluating advanced crash-avoidance technologies;

(iii) determining a distinct rating involving each advanced crash-avoidance technology to be included; and

(iv) updating overall vehicle ratings to incorporate advanced crash-avoidance technology ratings; and

(B) such other information and analyses as the Secretary determines to be necessary to implement the rating of advanced crash-avoidance technologies.

(3)

(f)

(1)

(2)

(A) an appropriate methodology for—

(i) determining which technologies shall be included in the information;

(ii) developing performance test criteria for use by manufacturers in evaluating the extent to which automated pedestrian safety systems in light vehicles attempt to prevent and mitigate, to the best extent possible, pedestrian injury;

(iii) determining a distinct rating involving each technology to be included; and

(iv) updating overall vehicle ratings to incorporate vulnerable road user safety technology ratings; and

(B) such other information and analyses as the Secretary determines to be necessary to implement the rating of vulnerable road user safety technologies.

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1035; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §§31305(b), 31306, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 765; Pub. L. 112–252, §§1, 2(a), Jan. 10, 2013, 126 Stat. 2406; Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24322, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1713; Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24213(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 826.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32302(a) | 15:1941(c) (19th–60th words). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §201(c), (e), 86 Stat. 956. |

15:1941(d) (1st–13th words). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §201(d), 86 Stat. 956; July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–364, §201, 90 Stat. 981. | |

32302(b) | 15:1941(c) (1st–18th and 61st–last words), (d) (14th–last words). | |

32302(c) | 15:1941(e). |


In subsection (a), the words before clause (1) are substituted for "The Secretary shall compile the information described in subsection (c) of this section" and "existing information and information to be developed relating to" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), the words "After the study has been completed" are omitted as executed. The words "To assist a consumer in buying a passenger motor vehicle" are substituted for "so as to be of benefit in their passenger motor vehicle purchasing decisions", and the words "the Secretary shall provide to the public" are substituted for "the Secretary is authorized and directed to devise specific ways in which . . . can be communicated to consumers" and "furnish it to the public", to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "existing" is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (c), the words "not later than February 1, 1975" are omitted as executed. The words "prescribe regulations" are substituted for "by rule establish" for consistency in the revised title and because "rule" is synonymous with "regulation".

The date of enactment of the Safety Through Informed Consumers Act of 2015, referred to in subsec. (c), is the date of enactment of part II of subtitle C of title XXIV of div. B of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

The date of enactment of the Motor Vehicle and Highway Safety Improvement Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), is the date of enactment of title I of div. C of Pub. L. 112–141, which was approved July 6, 2012.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsecs. (e)(1), (3) and (f)(1), (3), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

**2021**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–58, §24213(b)(1), inserted "(referred to in this section as the 'Secretary')" after "of Transportation" in introductory provisions.

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 117–58, §24213(b)(2), added subsecs. (e) and (f).

**2015**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–94 added subsec. (c).

**2013**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–252, §2(a), inserted at end "The Secretary, after providing an opportunity for public comment, shall study and report to Congress the most useful data, format, and method for providing simple and understandable damage susceptibility information to consumers."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–252, §1, struck out subsec. (c). Text read as follows: "The Secretary shall prescribe regulations that require passenger motor vehicle dealers to distribute to prospective buyers information the Secretary develops and provides to the dealers that compares insurance costs for different makes and models of passenger motor vehicles based on damage susceptibility and crashworthiness."

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, §31305(b)(1), inserted ", crash avoidance, and any other areas the Secretary determines will improve the safety of passenger motor vehicles" after "crashworthiness".

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 112–141, §31305(b)(2), struck out par. (4) which read as follows: "vehicle operating costs dependent on the characteristics referred to in clauses (1)–(3) of this subsection, including insurance information obtained under section 32303 of this title."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–141, §31306, added subsec. (d).

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Pub. L. 112–252, §1, Jan. 10, 2013, 126 Stat. 2406, provided in part that: "any regulations promulgated under such subsection [former subsec. (c) of this section] shall have no force or effect."

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24213(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 826, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 15, 2021], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall finalize the proceeding for which comments were requested in the notice entitled 'New Car Assessment Program' (80 Fed. Reg. 78522 (December 16, 2015)) to update the passenger motor vehicle information required under section 32302(a) of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24217, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 830, provided that: "Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 15, 2021], after consultation with frequent users of publicly available databases, the Secretary [of Transportation] shall improve public accessibility to information relating to the publicly accessible vehicle safety databases of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration by revising the publicly accessible vehicle safety databases—

"(1) to improve organization and functionality, including design features such as drop-down menus;

"(2) to allow data from applicable publicly accessible vehicle safety databases to be searched, sorted, aggregated, and downloaded in a manner that—

"(A) is consistent with the public interest; and

"(B) facilitates easy use by consumers;

"(3) to provide greater consistency in presentation of vehicle safety issues;

"(4) to improve searchability regarding specific vehicles and issues, which may include the standardization of commonly used search terms; and

"(5) to ensure nonconfidential documents and materials relating to information created or obtained by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration are made publicly available in a manner that is—

"(A) timely; and

"(B) searchable in databases by any element that the Secretary determines to be in the public interest."

Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24103(d), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1703, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 2015], the Secretary shall make available to the public on the Internet detailed guidance for consumers submitting safety complaints, including—

"(1) a detailed explanation of what information a consumer should include in a complaint; and

"(2) a detailed explanation of the possible actions the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration can take to address a complaint and respond to the consumer, including information on—

"(A) the consumer records, such as photographs and police reports, that could assist with an investigation; and

"(B) the length of time a consumer should retain the records described in subparagraph (A)."

Pub. L. 112–252, §2(b), Jan. 10, 2013, 126 Stat. 2406, provided that: "The Secretary of Transportation shall carry out the last sentence of section 32302(b) of title 49, United States Code, as added by subsection (a), not later than the date that is 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 10, 2013]."

(a)

(A) physical damage and repair costs; and

(B) personal injury.

(2) In deciding which reports and information are to be provided under this subsection, the Secretary shall—

(A) consider the cost of preparing and providing the reports and information;

(B) consider the extent to which the reports and information will contribute to carrying out this chapter; and

(C) consult with State authorities and public and private agencies the Secretary considers appropriate.

(3) To the extent possible, the Secretary shall obtain reports and information under this subsection on a voluntary basis.

(b)

(1) about the extent to which the insurance premiums charged by the insurer are affected by damage susceptibility, crashworthiness, and the cost of repair and personal injury, for each make and model of passenger motor vehicle; and

(2) available to the insurer about the effect of damage susceptibility, crashworthiness, and the cost of repair and personal injury for each make and model of passenger motor vehicle on the risk incurred by the insurer in insuring that make and model.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1036.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32303(a) | 15:1945(a)–(d), (g). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §205, 86 Stat. 958. |

32303(b) | 15:1945(e). | |

32303(c) | 15:1945(f). |


In subsection (a), the words "carrying out this chapter" are substituted for "to enable him to carry out the purposes of this subchapter" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "provide" is substituted for "furnish" for consistency.

In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "the Secretary of Transportation may require . . . to . . . provide the Secretary with" are substituted for "shall, upon request by the Secretary . . . as the Secretary may reasonably require" to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 15:1945(g) is omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). The word "information" is substituted for "data" for consistency in the section. In clause (A), the words "repair costs" are substituted for "the cost of remedying the damage" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(2)(C), the words "State authorities and public and private agencies" are substituted for "such State and insurance regulatory agencies and other agencies and associations, both public and private" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the word "information" is substituted for "a description of" for consistency in the section. In clause (1), the word "premiums" is substituted for "rates or premiums" because it is inclusive. In clause (2), the words "by the insurer" are added for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "identifying information" are substituted for "the name of, or other identifying information", and the words "a witness, or an individual involved" are substituted for "a driver, an injured person, a witness, or otherwise involved" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "accident" is substituted for "crash or collision" for consistency in this section. The words "so named or otherwise identified" are omitted as surplus.

(a)

(1) "allied supplier" means a supplier of passenger motor vehicle equipment that is wholly owned by the manufacturer, or if a joint venture vehicle assembly arrangement, a supplier that is wholly owned by one member of the joint venture arrangement.

(2)(A) "carline"—

(i) means a name given a group of passenger motor vehicles that has a degree of commonality in construction such as body and chassis;

(ii) does not consider a level of decor or opulence; and

(iii) except for light duty trucks, is not generally distinguished by characteristics such as roof line, number of doors, seats, or windows; and

(B) light duty trucks are different carlines than passenger motor vehicles.

(3) "country of origin", when referring to the origin of an engine or transmission, means the country from which the largest share of the dollar value added to an engine or transmission has originated—

(A) with the United States and Canada treated as separate countries; and

(B) the estimate of the percentage of the dollar value shall be based on the purchase price of direct materials, as received at individual engine or transmission plants, of engines of the same displacement and transmissions of the same transmission type, plus the assembly and labor costs incurred for the final assembly of such engines and transmissions.

(4) "dealer" means a person residing or located in the United States, including the District of Columbia or a territory or possession of the United States, and engaged in selling or distributing new passenger motor vehicles to the ultimate purchaser.

(5) "final assembly place" means the plant, factory, or other place at which a new passenger motor vehicle is produced or assembled by a manufacturer, and from which the vehicle is delivered to a dealer or importer with all component parts necessary for the mechanical operation of the vehicle included with the vehicle, whether or not the component parts are permanently installed in or on the vehicle. Such term does not include facilities for engine and transmission fabrication and assembly and the facilities for fabrication of motor vehicle equipment component parts which are produced at the same final assembly place using forming processes such as stamping, machining, or molding processes.

(6) "foreign content" means passenger motor vehicle equipment that is not of United States/Canadian origin.

(7) "manufacturer" means a person—

(A) engaged in manufacturing or assembling new passenger motor vehicles;

(B) importing new passenger motor vehicles for resale; or

(C) acting for and under the control of such a manufacturer, assembler, or importer in connection with the distribution of new passenger motor vehicles.

(8) "new passenger motor vehicle" means a passenger motor vehicle for which a manufacturer, distributor, or dealer has never transferred the equitable or legal title to the vehicle to an ultimate purchaser.

(9) "of United States/Canadian origin", when referring to passenger motor vehicle equipment, means—

(A) for an outside supplier—

(i) the full purchase price of passenger motor vehicle equipment whose purchase price contains at least 70 percent value added in the United States and Canada; or

(ii) that portion of the purchase price of passenger motor vehicle equipment containing less than 70 percent value added in the United States and Canada that is attributable to the percent value added in the United States and Canada when such percent is expressed to the nearest 5 percent; and

(B) for an allied supplier, that part of the individual passenger motor vehicle equipment whose purchase price the manufacturer determines remains after subtracting the total of the purchase prices of all material of foreign content purchased from outside suppliers, with the determination of the United States/Canadian origin or of the foreign content from outside suppliers being consistent with subclause (A) of this clause.

(10) "outside supplier" means a supplier of passenger motor vehicle equipment to a manufacturer's allied supplier, or a person other than an allied supplier, who ships directly to the manufacturer's final assembly place.

(11) "passenger motor vehicle" has the same meaning given that term in section 32101(10) of this title, except that it includes any multi-purpose vehicle or light duty truck when that vehicle or truck is rated at not more than 8,500 pounds gross vehicle weight.

(12) "passenger motor vehicle equipment"—

(A) means a system, subassembly, or component received at the final vehicle assembly place for installation on, or attachment to, a passenger motor vehicle at the time of its first shipment by the manufacturer to a dealer for sale to an ultimate purchaser; but

(B) does not include minor parts (including nuts, bolts, clips, screws, pins, braces, and other attachment hardware) and other similar items the Secretary of Transportation may prescribe by regulation after consulting with manufacturers and labor.

(13) "percentage (by value)", when referring to passenger motor vehicle equipment of United States/Canadian origin, means the percentage remaining after subtracting the percentage (by value) of passenger motor vehicle equipment that is not of United States/Canadian origin that will be installed or included on those vehicles produced in a carline, from 100 percent—

(A) with value being expressed in terms of the purchase price; and

(B) for outside suppliers and allied suppliers, the value used is the purchase price of the equipment paid at the final assembly place.

(14) "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands.

(15) "value added in the United States and Canada" means a percentage determined by subtracting the total purchase price of foreign content from the total purchase price, and dividing the remainder by the total purchase price, excluding costs incurred or profits made at the final assembly place and beyond (including advertising, assembly, labor, interest payments, and profits), with the following groupings being used:

(A) engines of same displacement produced at the same plant.

(B) transmissions of the same type produced at the same plant.

(b)

(A) the percentage (by value) of passenger motor vehicle equipment of United States/Canadian origin installed on vehicles in the carline to which that vehicle belongs, identified by the words "U.S./Canadian content".

(B) the final assembly place for that vehicle by city, State (where appropriate) and country.

(C) if at least 15 percent (by value) of equipment installed on passenger motor vehicles in a carline originated in any country other than the United States and Canada, the names of at least the 2 countries in which the greatest amount (by value) of that equipment originated and the percentage (by value) of the equipment originating in each country.

(D) the country of origin of the engine and the transmission for each vehicle.

(2) At the beginning of each model year, each manufacturer shall establish the percentages required for each carline to be indicated on the label under this subsection. Those percentages are applicable to that carline for the entire model year. A manufacturer may round those percentages to the nearest 5 percent.

(3) A manufacturer complying with the requirement of paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection satisfies the disclosure requirement of section 3(b) of the Automobile Information Disclosure Act (15 U.S.C. 1232(b)).

(c)

(d)

(1) The manufacturer or allied supplier shall make the same value added determinations as would be made by the outside supplier, that is, whether 70 percent or more of the value of equipment is added in the United States and/or Canada.

(2) The manufacturer or allied supplier shall consider the amount of value added and the location in which the value was added for all of the stages that the outside supplier would be required to consider.

(3) The manufacturer or allied supplier may determine that the value added in the United States and/or Canada is 70 percent or more only if it has a good faith basis to make that determination.

(4) A manufacturer and its allied suppliers may, on a combined basis, make value added determinations for no more than 10 percent, by value, of a carline's total parts content from outside suppliers.

(5) Value added determinations made by a manufacturer or allied supplier under this paragraph shall have the same effect as if they were made by the outside supplier.

(6) This provision does not affect the obligation of outside suppliers to provide the requested information.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(2) A State or a political subdivision of a State may prescribe requirements related to the content of passenger motor vehicles obtained for its own use.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1036; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(29), (30), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4380; Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7106(d), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 467.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32304(a) | 15:1950(f). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §210(b)–(d), (f), (g), added Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, §355, 106 Stat. 1556, 1557. |

32304(b)(1), (2) | 15:1950(b)(1) (less words between 1st and 2d commas), (2). | |

32304(b)(3) | 15:1950(b)(3). | |

32304(c) | 15:1950(b)(1) (words between 1st and 2d commas). | |

32304(d) | 15:1950(c). | |

32304(e) | 15:1950(d). | |

32304(f) | 15:1950(g). |


In this section, the words "passenger motor vehicle" and "vehicle" are substituted for "automobile" because the defined terms used in the operative provisions of the law being restated are "passenger motor vehicle" and "new passenger motor vehicle". The words "final assembly place" are substituted for "final assembly point" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a)(2)(A)(i), the word "given" is substituted for "denoting" for clarity. The words "passenger motor" are added for clarity and consistency in the revised section.

In section (a)(2)(A)(ii), the words "decor or opulence" are substituted for "decor of opulence" for clarity.

In subsection (a)(3), before subclause (A), the words "from which the largest share of the dollar value added to . . . has originated" are substituted for "in which 50 percent or more of the dollar value added of . . . originated. If no country accounts for 50 percent or more of the dollar value, then the country of origin is the country from which the largest share of the value added originated" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In subclause (A), the word "with" is substituted for "For the purpose of determining the country of origin for engines and transmissions" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (a)(4), the word "possession" is added for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (a)(5), the words "in such a condition" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(6), the words "United States/Canadian origin" are substituted for "U.S./Canadian origin" for consistency with the defined term restated in the revised section. The word "foreign" is omitted as being included in "foreign content".

In subsection (a)(9), before subclause (A), the words "originated in the United States and Canada" and "U.S./Canadian origin" are omitted as unnecessary because of the defined term "of United States/Canadian origin". In subclause (A), the words "passenger motor vehicle equipment whose purchase price contains" are substituted for "the purchase price of automotive equipment which contains" for clarity. In subclause (B), the words "that part of the individual passenger motor vehicle equipment whose purchase price the manufacturer determines remains after subtracting the total of the purchase price of all material of foreign content purchased from outside suppliers" are substituted for "the manufacturer shall determine the foreign content of any passenger motor vehicle equipment supplied by the allied supplier by adding up the purchase price of all foreign material purchased from outside suppliers that comprise the individual passenger motor vehicle equipment and subtracting such purchase price from the total purchase price of such equipment" for clarity.

In subsection (a)(10), the word "person" is substituted for "anyone" for clarity and consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(11), the words "a motor vehicle with motive power, manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways, and designed to carry not more than 12 individuals . . . not including . . . a motorcycle; or . . . a truck not designed primarily to carry its operator or passengers" are substituted for "has the meaning provided in section 1901(1) of this title" for clarity.

In subsection (a)(13), before subclause (A), the words "the percentage remaining after subtracting" are substituted for "the resulting percentage when . . . is subtracted" for clarity.

In subsection (a)(15), before subclause (A), the words " 'Value added' equals" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

The text of 15:1950(f)(2) is omitted as unnecessary because of 1:1. The text of 15:1950(f)(8) is omitted because the complete title of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section.

In subsection (b)(1)(A), the words "to which that vehicle belongs" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b)(3), the text of 15:1950(b)(3) (1st sentence) is omitted as unnecessary because of the source provisions restated in this subsection.

Subsection (c) is substituted for "and each dealer shall cause to be maintained" for clarity and because of the restatement.

In subsection (e), the words "passenger motor vehicle equipment" are substituted for "a component" for clarity and for consistency with the defined term. The text of 15:1950(d) (last sentence) is omitted as unnecessary because of section 32308 of the revised title. The words "foreign content" are substituted for "foreign" for clarity and consistency with the defined term.

This amends 32304(a)(11) to clarify the restatement of 15:1950(f)(3) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1038).

This amends 49:32304(a)(14) to reflect the inclusion of the Northern Mariana Islands and the exclusion of the Canal Zone. The words "the Northern Mariana Islands" are added because of section 502(a)(2) of the Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States of America, as enacted by the Act of March 24, 1976 (Public Law 94–241, 90 Stat. 268), and as proclaimed to be in effect by the President on January 9, 1978 (Proc. No. 4534, Oct. 24, 1977, 42 F.R. 56593). The words "the Canal Zone" are omitted because of the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977.

**1998**—Subsec. (a)(3)(B). Pub. L. 105–178, §7106(d)(1)(A), inserted before period at end ", plus the assembly and labor costs incurred for the final assembly of such engines and transmissions".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 105–178, §7106(d)(1)(B), inserted at end "Such term does not include facilities for engine and transmission fabrication and assembly and the facilities for fabrication of motor vehicle equipment component parts which are produced at the same final assembly place using forming processes such as stamping, machining, or molding processes."

Subsec. (a)(9)(A). Pub. L. 105–178, §7106(d)(1)(C), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: "for an outside supplier, passenger motor vehicle equipment whose purchase price contains at least 70 percent value added in the United States and Canada; and".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–178, §7106(d)(3), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (f).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–178, §7106(d)(4), added subsec. (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (g).

Pub. L. 105–178, §7106(d)(2), inserted at end "A manufacturer may add to the label required under subsection (b) a line stating the country in which vehicle assembly was completed."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–178, §7106(d)(5), added subsec. (e). Former subsec. (e) redesignated (h).

Subsecs. (f) to (i). Pub. L. 105–178, §7106(d)(3), redesignated subsecs. (c) to (f) as (f) to (i), respectively.

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(29), amended par. (11) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (11) read as follows: " 'passenger motor vehicle' means a motor vehicle with motive power, manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways, and designed to carry not more than 12 individuals—

"(A) including a multipurpose vehicle or light duty truck when the vehicle or truck is rated at not more than 8,500 pounds gross vehicle weight; but

"(B) not including—

"(i) a motorcycle;

"(ii) a truck not designed primarily to carry its operator or passengers; or

"(iii) a vehicle operated only on a rail line."

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(30), inserted "the Northern Mariana Islands," after "Puerto Rico," and struck out "the Canal Zone," after "Guam,".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A) a national tire fuel efficiency rating system for motor vehicle replacement tires to assist consumers in making more educated tire purchasing decisions;

(B) requirements for providing information to consumers, including information at the point of sale and other potential information dissemination methods, including the Internet;

(C) specifications for test methods for manufacturers to use in assessing and rating tires to avoid variation among test equipment and manufacturers; and

(D) a national tire maintenance consumer education program including,1 information on tire inflation pressure, alignment, rotation, and tread wear to maximize fuel efficiency, safety, and durability of replacement tires.

(3)

(b)

(1)

(A) passenger car tires with a maximum speed capability equal to or less than 149 miles per hour or 240 kilometers per hour; and

(B) passenger car tires with a maximum speed capability greater than 149 miles per hour or 240 kilometers per hour.

(2)

(A) 2

(B)

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C) 2 to ensure that the minimum performance standards promulgated under paragraph (1) are tailored to—

(i) tires sold in the United States; and

(ii) the needs of consumers in the United States.

(D)

(i)

(ii)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) the regulations under subsections (b) and (c) not later than 24 months after the date of enactment of this Act; 2 and

(B) the regulations under subsection (c) not later than the date of promulgation of the regulations under subsection (b).

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(Added Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §111(a), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1506; amended Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24332, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1713.)

The date of enactment of the Ten-in-Ten Fuel Economy Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), (3), is the date of enactment of subtitle A (§§101–113) of title I of Pub. L. 110–140, which was approved Dec. 19, 2007.

The date of enactment of this Act, referred to in subsecs. (b)(2)(A), (c)(2)(C), and (d)(3)(A), probably means the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–94, which added subsecs. (b) to (d) and was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

**2015**—Pub. L. 114–94, §24332(1), which directed insertion of "AND STANDARDS" after "CONSUMER TIRE INFORMATION" in section catchline, was executed by inserting "and standards" after "Consumer tire information", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–94, §24332(2)(A), substituted "Consumer Tire Information" for "Rulemaking" in heading.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–94, §24332(2)(B), inserted "(referred to in this section as the 'Secretary')" after "Secretary of Transportation".

Subsecs. (b) to (h). Pub. L. 114–94, §24332(3), (4), added subsecs. (b) to (d) and redesignated former subsecs. (b) to (e) as (e) to (h), respectively.

Section effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as a note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

1 So in original. Probably should be ", including".

2 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(b)

(c)

(1) shall include a distinct auditory and visual alert, which may be combined with a haptic alert; and

(2) shall be activated when the vehicle motor is deactivated by the operator.

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24222(a)(1), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 835.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (b), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1040.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32305 | 15:1943. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §203, 86 Stat. 957. |


In this section, the word "independent" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a), the words "he deems" and "his functions under" are omitted as surplus. The words "head of the" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "cooperate with the Secretary and" and "to the Department of Transportation upon request made by the Secretary" are omitted as surplus.

(a)

(1) appoint and fix the pay of employees without regard to the provisions of title 5 governing appointment in the competitive service and chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5; and

(2) make contracts with persons for research and preparation of reports.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1040.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32306(a) | 15:1942 (1st, 2d sentences). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §202, 86 Stat. 956. |

32306(b) | 15:1942 (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "his functions under" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "as he deems necessary" are omitted as surplus. The words "chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5" are substituted for "the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of such title relating to classification and General Schedule pay rates" to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 15:1942 (1st sentence cl. (2)) is omitted as surplus because of 49:323(b). The text of 15:1942 (1st sentence cl. (4), 2d sentence) is omitted as surplus because of 49:325.

The provisions of title 5 governing appointment in the competitive service, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), are classified generally to section 3301 et seq. of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(1) inspect and copy records of any person at reasonable times;

(2) order a person to file written reports or answers to specific questions, including reports or answers under oath; and

(3) conduct hearings, administer oaths, take testimony, and require (by subpena or otherwise) the appearance and testimony of witnesses and the production of records the Secretary considers advisable.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1040.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32307(a) | 15:1944(a)–(c). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §204, 86 Stat. 957. |

32307(b) | 15:1944(e). | |

32307(c) | 15:1944(d). | |

32307(d) | 15:1944(f). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "In carrying out this chapter" are substituted for "For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this subchapter", "In order to carry out the provisions of this subchapter", and "relating to any function of the Secretary under this subchapter" for consistency. The words "or on the authorization of the Secretary, any officer or employee of the Department of Transportation" and "or his duly authorized agent" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(b). In clause (1), the words "inspect and copy" are substituted for "have access to, and for the purposes of examination the right to copy", and the word "records" is substituted for "documentary evidence" and "materials and information", for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "relevant to the study authorized by this subchapter" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the word "order" is substituted for "require, by general or special orders" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "in such form as the Secretary may prescribe" and "shall be filed with the Secretary within such reasonable period as the Secretary may prescribe" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). In clause (3), the words "sit and act at such times and places" are omitted as being included in "conduct hearings".

In subsection (c), the words "A civil action to enforce a subpena or order of the Secretary under subsection (a) of this section may be brought in the United States district court for the judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary is conducted" are substituted for 15:1944(d) (words before semicolon) for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d), the words "reported to or otherwise" are omitted as surplus. The words "or such officer or employee" are omitted for consistency with subsection (a) of this section. The words "related to a confidential matter referred to" are substituted for "contains or relates to a trade secret or other matter referred to" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "a committee of Congress authorized to have the information" are substituted for "the duly authorized committees of the Congress" for clarity.

(a)

(1) fail to provide the Secretary of Transportation with information requested by the Secretary in carrying out this chapter; or

(2) fail to comply with applicable regulations prescribed by the Secretary in carrying out this chapter.

(b)

(2) The Secretary may compromise the amount of a civil penalty imposed under this section.

(3) In determining the amount of a penalty or compromise, the appropriateness of the penalty or compromise to the size of the business of the person charged and the gravity of the violation shall be considered.

(4) The Government may deduct the amount of a civil penalty imposed or compromised under this section from amounts it owes the person liable for the penalty.

(c)

(d)

(2) When practicable, the Secretary shall—

(A) notify a person against whom an action under this subsection is planned;

(B) give the person an opportunity to present that person's views; and

(C) give the person a reasonable opportunity to comply.

(3) The failure of the Secretary to comply with paragraph (2) of this subsection does not prevent a court from granting appropriate relief.

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1041; Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §111(b), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1507.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32308(a) | 15:1946. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §§206–208, 86 Stat. 959. |

32308(b)(1) | 15:1948(a). | |

32308(b) (2)–(4) | 15:1948(b). | |

32308(c) | 15:1947 (1st–3d sentences). | |

32308(d) | 15:1947 (last sentence). | |

15:1948(c). |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "data or" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "Each failure to provide information or comply with a regulation" are substituted for "with respect to each failure or refusal to comply with a requirement thereunder" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "The Attorney General may bring a civil action" are substituted for "Upon petition by the Attorney General on behalf of the United States" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.) and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "for cause shown" are omitted as surplus. The words "and subject to the provisions of rule 65(a) and (b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure" are omitted as surplus because the rules apply in the absence of an exception from them.

Subsection (d) is substituted for 15:1947 (last sentence) and 1948(c) for clarity and consistency in this part by restating 15:1917(c)(3) and (4).

**2007**—Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 110–140 added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsecs. (c) and (d) as (d) and (e), respectively.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1042; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(31), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4380.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32309(a) | (no source). | |

32309(b) | 15:1950(e). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §210(e); added Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, §355, 106 Stat. 1557. |


Subsection (a) is added to ensure that the definitions in 15:1950(f), restated in section 32304 of the revised title, apply to the source provision restated in this section.

In subsection (b), the words "Each failure to attach or maintain that label" are substituted for "Such failure" for clarity.

This amends the catchline for 49:32309 to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1042).

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "Civil" for "Criminal" in section catchline.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) cover a term of 10 years, consisting of—

(A) a mid-term component covering the initial 5 years of the term; and

(B) a long-term component covering the final 5 years of the term; and

(2) be in accordance with—

(A) section 306 of title 5;

(B) section 1115 of title 31;

(C) section 24401 of the FAST Act (49 U.S.C. 105 note; Public Law 114–94); and

(D) any other relevant plans of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

(c)

(1) a plan for any changes to the New Car Assessment Program of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, including—

(A) descriptions of actions to be carried out to update the passenger motor vehicle information developed under section 32302(a), including the development of test procedures, test devices, test fixtures, and safety performance metrics, which shall, as applicable, incorporate—

(i) objective criteria for evaluating safety technologies; and

(ii) reasonable time periods for compliance with new or updated tests;

(B) key milestones, including the anticipated start of an action, completion of an action, and effective date of an update; and

(C) descriptions of the means by which an update will improve the passenger motor vehicle information developed under section 32302(a);

(2) an identification and prioritization of safety opportunities and technologies—

(A) with respect to the mid-term component of the roadmap under subsection (b)(1)(A)—

(i) that are practicable; and

(ii) for which objective rating tests, evaluation criteria, and other consumer data exist for a market-based, consumer information approach; and

(B) with respect to the long-term component of the roadmap under subsection (b)(1)(B), exist or are in development;

(3) an identification of—

(A) any safety opportunity or technology that—

(i) is identified through the activities carried out pursuant to subsection (d) or (e); and

(ii) is not included in the roadmap under paragraph (2);

(B) the reasons why such a safety opportunity or technology is not included in the roadmap; and

(C) any developments or information that would be necessary for the Secretary to consider including such a safety opportunity or technology in a future roadmap; and

(4) consideration of the benefits of consistency with other rating systems used—

(A) within the United States; and

(B) internationally.

(d)

(1) make the roadmap available for public comment;

(2) review any public comments received under paragraph (1); and

(3) incorporate in the roadmap under this section those comments, as the Secretary determines to be appropriate.

(e)

(1) to identify—

(A) safety opportunities or technologies in development that could be included in future roadmaps; and

(B) opportunities to benefit from collaboration or harmonization with third-party safety rating programs;

(2) to assist with long-term planning;

(3) to provide an interim update of the status and development of the following roadmap to be established under subsection (a); and

(4) to collect feedback or other information that the Secretary determines to be relevant to enhancing the New Car Assessment Program of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24213(c)(1), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 827.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.


**1998**—Pub. L. 105–362, title XV, §1501(e)(2), Nov. 10, 1998, 112 Stat. 3295, struck out item 32510 "Annual report".

The purpose of this chapter is to reduce economic loss resulting from damage to passenger motor vehicles involved in motor vehicle accidents by providing for the maintenance and enforcement of bumper standards.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1042.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32501 | 15:1911. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §101, 86 Stat. 948. |


The words "The Congress finds that it is necessary" are omitted as surplus. The word "maintenance" is substituted for "promulgation" for clarity.

(a)

(1) intended only for export;

(2) labeled for export on the vehicle or equipment and the outside of any container of the vehicle or equipment; and

(3) exported.

(b)

(1) may not conflict with a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under chapter 301 of this title;

(2) may not specify a dollar amount for the cost of repairing damage to a passenger motor vehicle; and

(3) to the greatest practicable extent, may not preclude the attachment of a detachable hitch.

(c)

(1) a multipurpose passenger vehicle;

(2) a make, model, or class of a passenger motor vehicle manufactured for a special use, if the standard would interfere unreasonably with the special use of the vehicle; or

(3) a passenger motor vehicle for which an application for an exemption under section 30013(b) 1 of this title has been filed in accordance with the requirements of that section.

(d)

(1) the costs and benefits of carrying out the standard;

(2) the effect of the standard on insurance costs and legal fees and costs;

(3) savings in consumer time and inconvenience; and

(4) health and safety, including emission standards.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1042; Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(g) [title III, §351(b)(1)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–439, 2681–476.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32502(a) | 15:1912(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §§102, 104(d), 86 Stat. 949. |

32502(b)(1) | 15:1912(b)(2). | |

32502(b)(2) | 15:1901(6) (words after semicolon). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §2(6) (words after semicolon), 86 Stat. 948; Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 901; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, §8(a)(2), 94 Stat. 1828; Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(b), 98 Stat. 2767. |

32502(b)(3) | 15:1912(c)(2). | |

32502(c) | 15:1912(c)(1). | |

32502(d) | 15:1912(b)(1). | |

32502(e) | 15:1912(e). | |

32502(f) | 15:1912(d). | |

32502(g) | 15:1914(d). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Subject to subsections (b) through (e) of this section" are omitted as surplus. The words "shall prescribe by regulation" are substituted for "by rule . . . shall promulgate" for clarity. The words "may prescribe by regulation" are substituted for "by rule . . . may promulgate" for consistency.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "In promulgating any bumper standard under this subchapter" are omitted as surplus. The words "from any part of a standard" are substituted for "partially or completely" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (d), before clause (1), the words "to the public" are substituted for "to the public and to the consumer" because they are inclusive. In clause (2), the word "prospective" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the words "Section 553 of title 5 applies to a standard prescribed under this section" are substituted for "All rules establishing, amending, or revoking a bumper standard under this subchapter shall be issued pursuant to section 553 of title 5", the words "opportunity to make oral and written presentations of information, views, and arguments" are substituted for "opportunity for oral presentation of data, views, or arguments, and the opportunity to make written submissions", the words "Under conditions prescribed by the Secretary" are substituted for "in accordance with such conditions or limitations as he may make applicable thereto", and the words "material to a standard" are substituted for "material to the establishing, amending, or revoking of a bumper standard", to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (f), the words "However, the Secretary may prescribe a later date when the Secretary submits" are substituted for "unless the Secretary presents" for clarity. The word "reasons" is substituted for "a detailed explanation of the reasons" to eliminate unnecessary words.

**1998**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(g) [title III, §351(b)(1)(A)], substituted "all or any part of a standard" for "any part of a standard" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(g) [title III, §351(b)(1)(B)–(D)], added par. (3).

Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title IV, §24214, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 829, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the incorporation or consideration of advanced crash-avoidance technology in existing motor vehicle standards;

"(2) the incorporation or consideration of standards or technologies to reduce the number of injuries and fatalities suffered by pedestrians, bicyclists, or other vulnerable road users;

"(3) the development of performance test criteria for use by manufacturers in evaluating advanced crash-avoidance technology, including technology relating to vulnerable road user safety;

"(4) potential harmonization with global standards, including United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Regulation Number 42; and

"(5) such other information and analyses as the Secretary determines to be necessary.

"(c)

"(1) the current status of hood and bumper standards;

"(2) relevant advanced crash-avoidance technology;

"(3) actions needed to be carried out to develop performance test criteria; and

"(4) if applicable, a plan for incorporating advanced crash-avoidance technology, including technology relating to vulnerable road user safety, in existing standards."

1 So in original. Probably should be section "30113(b)".

(a)

(b)

(c)

(2) The Secretary may modify findings of fact or make new findings because of the additional evidence presented. The Secretary shall file a modified or new finding, a recommendation to modify or set aside a standard, and the additional evidence with the court.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1043.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32503(a) | 15:1913(a) (1st sentence), (c). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §103, 86 Stat. 950. |

32503(b) | 15:1913(a) (2d, last sentences). | |

32503(c) | 15:1913(b). | |

32503(d) | 15:1913(d), (e). |


In subsection (a), the words "may apply for" are added for clarity. The text of 15:1913(c) is omitted because 5:ch. 7 applies unless otherwise stated.

In subsection (b), the words "or his delegate" and "thereupon" are omitted as surplus. The words "in which the standard was prescribed" are substituted for "on which the Secretary based his rule, as provided in section 2112 of title 28" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "On request of the petitioner" are substituted for "If the petitioner applies to the court for leave to adduce" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the Secretary to receive" are substituted for "to be taken before the Secretary, and to be adduced in a hearing" for clarity. The words "in such manner and upon such terms and conditions as the court may deem proper" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "with the court" are substituted for "with the return of" for clarity.

In subsection (d), the words "affirming or setting aside, in whole or in part, any such rule of the Secretary" are omitted as surplus. The words "may be reviewed only" are substituted for "shall be final, subject to review" for clarity. The words "and not in lieu of" are omitted as surplus.

Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation, a manufacturer or distributor of a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle equipment subject to a standard prescribed under section 32502 of this title shall give the distributor or dealer at the time of delivery a certificate that the vehicle or equipment complies with the standard.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1044.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32504 | 15:1915(c). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §105(c), 86 Stat. 952. |


The words "Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation" are substituted for 15:1915(c)(1) (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 15:1915(c)(2) is omitted as surplus because this section only applies to a vehicle or equipment subject to a standard prescribed under section 32502 of the revised title, and a standard prescribed under that section does not apply to a vehicle or equipment intended only for export, labeled for export, and exported.

(a)

(A) keep records;

(B) make reports;

(C) provide items and information, including vehicles and equipment for testing at a negotiated price not more than the manufacturer's cost; and

(D) allow an officer or employee designated by the Secretary to inspect vehicles and relevant records of the manufacturer.

(2) To enforce this chapter, an officer or employee designated by the Secretary, on presenting appropriate credentials and a written notice to the owner, operator, or agent in charge, may inspect a facility in which passenger motor vehicles or passenger motor vehicle equipment is manufactured, held for introduction in interstate commerce, or held for sale after introduction in interstate commerce. An inspection shall be conducted at a reasonable time, in a reasonable way, and with reasonable promptness.

(b)

(A) inspect and copy records of any person at reasonable times;

(B) order a person to file written reports or answers to specific questions, including reports or answers under oath; and

(C) conduct hearings, administer oaths, take testimony, and require (by subpena or otherwise) the appearance and testimony of witnesses and the production of records the Secretary considers advisable.

(2) A witness summoned under this subsection is entitled to the same fee and mileage the witness would have been paid in a court of the United States.

(3) A civil action to enforce a subpena or order of the Secretary under this subsection may be brought in the United States district court for any judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary is conducted. The court may punish a failure to obey an order of the court to comply with the subpena or order of the Secretary as a contempt of court.

(c)

(A) to another officer or employee of the United States Government for use in carrying out this chapter; or

(B) in a proceeding under this chapter.

(2) This subsection does not authorize information to be withheld from a committee of Congress authorized to have the information.

(3) Subject to paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Secretary, on request, shall make available to the public at cost information the Secretary submits or receives in carrying out this chapter.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1044; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(32), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4380.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32505(a)(1) | 15:1915(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §§104(a), (b), 105(a), (b), 109, 86 Stat. 950, 951, 952, 955. |

32505(a)(2) | 15:1915(b). | |

32505(b)(1) | 15:1914(a)(1)–(3). | |

32505(b)(2) | 15:1914(a)(5). | |

32505(b)(3) | 15:1914(a)(4). | |

32505(c)(1), (2) | 15:1914(b). | |

32505(c)(3) | 15:1919. |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "To enable the Secretary of Transportation to decide whether . . . is complying" are substituted for "to enable him to determine whether such manufacturer has acted or is acting in compliance" and "determining whether such manufacturer has acted or is acting in compliance" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "reasonably" is omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the word "keep" is substituted for "establish and maintain" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (C), the text of 15:1915(a) (2d sentence) is omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). In clause (D), the words "upon request" and "duly" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the word "enter" is omitted as being as included in "inspect". The word "facility" is substituted for "factory, warehouse, or establishment" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "shall be commenced and completed" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "In carrying out this chapter" are substituted for "For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this subchapter", "In order to carry out the provisions of this subchapter", "relevant to any function of the Secretary under this subchapter", and "relating to any function of the Secretary under this subchapter" for consistency. In clause (A), the words "inspect and copy" are substituted for "have access to, and for the purposes of examination the right to copy" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "records" is substituted for "documentary evidence" for consistency. In clause (B), the word "order" is substituted for "require, by general or special orders" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "in such form as the Secretary may prescribe" and "shall be filed with the Secretary within such reasonable period as the Secretary may prescribe" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). In clause (C), the words "sit and act at such times and places" are omitted as being included in "conduct hearings".

In subsection (b)(3), the words "A civil action to enforce a subpena or order of the Secretary under this subsection may be brought in the United States district court for the judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary was conducted" are substituted for 15:1914(a)(4) (words before semicolon) for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "reported to or otherwise" are omitted as surplus. The words "or his representative" are omitted for consistency with subsection (b) of this section. The words "related to a confidential matter referred to" are substituted for "contains or relates to a trade secret or other matter referred to" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "shall be considered confidential for the purpose of that section" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the words "of the United States Government" are added for clarity. In clause (B) the words "when relevant" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "a committee of Congress authorized to have the information" are substituted for "the duly authorized committees of the Congress" for clarity.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "copies of any communications, documents, reports, or other" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:32505(b)(3) to clarify the restatement of 15:1914(a)(4) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1044).

**1994**—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "any judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary is conducted" for "the judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary was conducted".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(1) manufacture for sale, sell, offer for sale, introduce or deliver for introduction in interstate commerce, or import into the United States, a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle equipment manufactured on or after the date an applicable standard under section 32502 of this title takes effect, unless it conforms to the standard;

(2) fail to comply with an applicable regulation prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation under this chapter;

(3) fail to keep records, refuse access to or copying of records, fail to make reports or provide items or information, or fail or refuse to allow entry or inspection, as required by this chapter or a regulation prescribed under this chapter; or

(4) fail to provide the certificate required by section 32504 of this title, or provide a certificate that the person knows, or in the exercise of reasonable care has reason to know, is false or misleading in a material respect.

(b)

(1) the sale, offer for sale, or introduction or delivery for introduction in interstate commerce of a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle equipment after the first purchase of the vehicle or equipment in good faith other than for resale (but this clause does not prohibit a standard from requiring that a vehicle or equipment be manufactured to comply with the standard over a specified period of operation or use); or

(2) a person—

(A) establishing that the person had no reason to know, by exercising reasonable care, that the vehicle or equipment does not comply with the standard; or

(B) holding, without knowing about a noncompliance and before that first purchase, a certificate issued under section 32504 of this title stating that the vehicle or equipment complies with the standard.

(c)

(A) comply, after importation, with the standards prescribed under section 32502 of this title;

(B) be exported; or

(C) be abandoned to the United States Government.

(2) The Secretaries may prescribe joint regulations that allow a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle equipment to be imported into the United States after the first purchase in good faith other than for resale.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1045; Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(g) [title III, §351(b)(2)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–439, 2681–476.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32506(a) | 15:1916(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §106, 86 Stat. 952. |

32506(b) | 15:1916(b)(1), (2). | |

32506(c) | 15:1916(b)(3), (4). | |

32506(d) | 15:1916(c). |


In subsection (a)(4), the words "required by such subsection to the effect that a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle equipment conforms to all applicable bumper standards" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the word "conditions" is substituted for "such terms and conditions" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (A), the words "comply, after importation" are substituted for "brought into conformity" for clarity and consistency.

**1998**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–277 inserted "and section 32502 of this title" after "Except as provided in this section" in introductory provisions.

(a)

(A) that does not comply with a standard prescribed under section 32502 of this title; or

(B) for which a certificate is not provided, or for which a false or misleading certificate is provided, under section 32504 of this title.

(2) The maximum civil penalty under this subsection for a related series of violations is $800,000.

(3) The Secretary of Transportation imposes a civil penalty under this subsection. The Attorney General or the Secretary, with the concurrence of the Attorney General, shall bring a civil action in a United States district court to collect the penalty.

(b)

(c)

(2) When practicable, the Secretary shall—

(A) notify a person against whom an action under this subsection is planned;

(B) give the person an opportunity to present that person's views; and

(C) except for a knowing and willful violation, give the person a reasonable opportunity to comply.

(3) The failure of the Secretary to comply with paragraph (2) of this subsection does not prevent a court from granting appropriate relief.

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1046.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32507(a) | 15:1917(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, § 107, 86 Stat. 953. |

32507(b) | 15:1917(b). | |

32507(c) | 15:1917(c)(1). | |

32507(d) | 15:1917(c)(2). | |

32507(e) | 15:1917(c)(3), (4). |


In subsection (a)(3), the words "by any of the Secretary's attorneys designated by the Secretary for such purpose" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "fined not more than $50,000" for consistency with title 18. The words "If the person is a corporation, the penalties of this subsection also apply" are substituted for "If a corporation violates section 1916(a)(1) of this title after having received notice of noncompliance from the Secretary . . . shall be subject to penalties under this section in addition to the corporation", the word "act" is substituted for "acts or practices", and the words "any part of the violation" are substituted for "in whole or in part such violation", to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "may bring a civil action" are substituted for "Upon petition . . . on behalf of the United States . . . have jurisdiction" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.) and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "for cause shown and subject to the provisions of rule 65(a) and (b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure" are omitted as surplus because the rules apply in the absence of an exemption from them. The word "enjoin" is substituted for "restrain" for consistency.

In subsection (d), the words "the defendant may demand a jury trial" are substituted for "trial shall be by the court, or, upon demand of the accused, by a jury" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (e), the words "any act or transaction constituting" are omitted as surplus. The word "resides" is substituted for "is an inhabitant" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.

When an owner of a passenger motor vehicle sustains damages as a result of a motor vehicle accident because the vehicle did not comply with a standard prescribed under section 32502 of this title, the owner may bring a civil action against the manufacturer to recover the damages. The action may be brought in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia or in the United States district court for the judicial district in which the owner resides. The action must be brought not later than 3 years after the date of the accident. The court shall award costs and a reasonable attorney's fee to the owner when a judgment is entered for the owner.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1047.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32508 | 15:1918. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §108, 86 Stat. 955. |


The words "applicable Federal" are omitted as surplus. The words "when a judgment is entered for the owner" are substituted for "in the case of any such successful action to recover that amount" to eliminate unnecessary words.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1047.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32509 | 15:1914(c). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §104(c), 86 Stat. 951. |


In subsection (a), the words "he deems" and "his functions under" are omitted as surplus. The words "head of the" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "cooperate with the Secretary and" and "to the Department of Transportation upon request made by the Secretary" are omitted as surplus.

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1047, related to annual report by Secretary of Transportation to Congress and the President concerning bumper standards.

(a)

(b)

(1) does not conflict with a standard prescribed under chapter 301 of this title; and

(2) was in effect or prescribed by the State on October 20, 1972.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1047.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32511(a) | 15:1920(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §110, 86 Stat. 955. |

32511(b) | 15:1920(b)(1). | |

32511(c) | 15:1920(b)(2). |


In subsection (a), the words "may prescribe or enforce . . . only if the standard is identical" are substituted for "no . . . shall have any authority to establish or enforce with respect to . . . which is not identical" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "a standard prescribed under section 32502 of this title" are substituted for "Federal bumper standard" for clarity.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "to continue" are omitted as surplus. The words "a bumper standard about an aspect of performance . . . not covered by a standard prescribed under section 32502 of this title" are substituted for "Until a Federal bumper standard takes effect with respect to an aspect of performance" and "any bumper standard which is applicable to the same aspect of performance of such vehicle or item of equipment" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "if the State bumper standard" are added for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "that imposes additional or higher standards of performance than" are substituted for "which is not identical to . . . if such requirement imposes an additional or higher standard of performance" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.


(a)

(1) buyers of motor vehicles rely heavily on the odometer reading as an index of the condition and value of a vehicle;

(2) buyers are entitled to rely on the odometer reading as an accurate indication of the mileage of the vehicle;

(3) an accurate indication of the mileage assists a buyer in deciding on the safety and reliability of the vehicle; and

(4) motor vehicles move in, or affect, interstate and foreign commerce.

(b)

(1) to prohibit tampering with motor vehicle odometers; and

(2) to provide safeguards to protect purchasers in the sale of motor vehicles with altered or reset odometers.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1048.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32701(a) | 15:1981 (1st sentence). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §401, 86 Stat. 961. |

32701(b) | 15:1981 (last sentence). |


In this chapter—

(1) "auction company" means a person taking possession of a motor vehicle owned by another to sell at an auction.

(2) "dealer" means a person that sold at least 5 motor vehicles during the prior 12 months to buyers that in good faith bought the vehicles other than for resale.

(3) "distributor" means a person that sold at least 5 motor vehicles during the prior 12 months for resale.

(4) "leased motor vehicle" means a motor vehicle leased to a person for at least 4 months by a lessor that leased at least 5 vehicles during the prior 12 months.

(5) "odometer" means an instrument or system of components for measuring and recording the distance a motor vehicle is driven, but does not include an auxiliary instrument or system of components designed to be reset by the operator of the vehicle to record mileage of a trip.

(6) "repair" and "replace" mean to restore to a sound working condition by replacing any part of an odometer or by correcting any inoperative part of an odometer.

(7) "title" means the certificate of title or other document issued by the State indicating ownership.

(8) "transfer" means to change ownership by sale, gift, or any other means.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1048; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(61), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3394; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31205(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 760.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32702(1) | 15:1982(8). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §402(6)–(8); added Oct. 28, 1986, Pub. L. 99–579, §2(b), 100 Stat. 3310. |

32702(2) | 15:1982(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §402(1), (2); added July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–364, §401(2), 90 Stat. 983. |

32702(3) | 15:1982(2). | |

32702(4) | 15:1982(7). | |

32702(5) | 15:1982(3). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §402(3)–(5), 86 Stat. 961; July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–364, §401(1), 90 Stat. 983. |

32702(6) | 15:1982(4). | |

32702(7) | 15:1982(6). | |

32702(8) | 15:1982(5). |


In clause (1), the words "(whether through consignment or bailment or through any other arrangement)" and "such motor vehicle" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (4), the words "a term of" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (5), the words "the distance a motor vehicle is driven" are substituted for "the actual distance a motor vehicle travels while in operation" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

This amends 49:32702(8) and 32705 to clarify the restatement of 15:1982(5) and 1988 by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1049).

**2012**—Par. (5). Pub. L. 112–141, which directed insertion of "or system of components" after "instrument", was executed by making the insertion after "instrument" both places it appeared.

**1996**—Par. (8). Pub. L. 104–287 inserted "any" after "or".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

A person may not—

(1) advertise for sale, sell, use, install, or have installed, a device that makes an odometer of a motor vehicle register a mileage different from the mileage the vehicle was driven, as registered by the odometer within the designed tolerance of the manufacturer of the odometer;

(2) disconnect, reset, alter, or have disconnected, reset, or altered, an odometer of a motor vehicle intending to change the mileage registered by the odometer;

(3) with intent to defraud, operate a motor vehicle on a street, road, or highway if the person knows that the odometer of the vehicle is disconnected or not operating; or

(4) conspire to violate this section or section 32704 or 32705 of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1049; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(33), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4380.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32703(1) | 15:1983. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §403, 86 Stat. 962; July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–364, §402, 90 Stat. 983. |

32703(2) | 15:1984. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §§404, 405, 86 Stat. 962; restated July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–364, §§403, 404, 90 Stat. 983. |

32703(3) | 15:1985. | |

32703(4) | 15:1986. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §406, 86 Stat. 962. |


In clause (1), the words "the mileage the vehicle was driven, as registered by the odometer within the designed tolerance of the manufacturer of the odometer" are substituted for "the true mileage driven. For purposes of this section, the true mileage driven is that mileage driven by the vehicle as registered by the odometer within the manufacturer's designed tolerance" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In clause (3), the words "public" and "road" are added for consistency in this subtitle.

This amends 49:32703(3) to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1049).

**1994**—Par. (3). Pub. L. 103–429 struck out "public" before "street".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(1) the person shall adjust the odometer to read zero; and

(2) the owner of the vehicle or agent of the owner shall attach a written notice to the left door frame of the vehicle specifying the mileage before the service, repair, or replacement and the date of the service, repair, or replacement.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1049.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32704 | 15:1987. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §407, 86 Stat. 962; July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–364, §405, 90 Stat. 983. |


In subsection (b), the text of 15:1987(b)(1) is omitted as surplus.

(a)(1)

(A) Disclosure of the cumulative mileage registered on the odometer.

(B) Disclosure that the actual mileage is unknown, if the transferor knows that the odometer reading is different from the number of miles the vehicle has actually traveled.

(2) A person transferring ownership of a motor vehicle may not violate a regulation prescribed under this section or give a false statement to the transferee in making the disclosure required by such a regulation.

(3) A person acquiring a motor vehicle for resale may not accept a written disclosure under this section unless it is complete.

(4)(A) This subsection shall apply to all transfers of motor vehicles (unless otherwise exempted by the Secretary by regulation), except in the case of transfers of new motor vehicles from a vehicle manufacturer jointly to a dealer and a person engaged in the business of renting or leasing vehicles for a period of 30 days or less.

(B) For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "new motor vehicle" means any motor vehicle driven with no more than the limited use necessary in moving, transporting, or road testing such vehicle prior to delivery from the vehicle manufacturer to a dealer, but in no event shall the odometer reading of such vehicle exceed 300 miles.

(5) The Secretary may exempt such classes or categories of vehicles as the Secretary deems appropriate from these requirements. Until such time as the Secretary amends or modifies the regulations set forth in 49 CFR 580.6, such regulations shall have full force and effect.

(b)

(2)(A) Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, if the title to a motor vehicle issued to a transferor by a State is in the possession of a lienholder when the transferor transfers ownership of the vehicle, the transferor may use a written power of attorney (if allowed by State law) in making the mileage disclosure required under subsection (a) of this section. Regulations prescribed under this paragraph—

(i) shall prescribe the form of the power of attorney;

(ii) shall provide that the form be printed by means of a secure printing process (or other secure process);

(iii) shall provide that the State issue the form to the transferee;

(iv) shall provide that the person exercising the power of attorney retain a copy and submit the original to the State with a copy of the title showing the restatement of the mileage;

(v) may require that the State retain the power of attorney and the copy of the title for an appropriate period or that the State adopt alternative measures consistent with section 32701(b) of this title, after considering the costs to the State;

(vi) shall ensure that the mileage at the time of transfer be disclosed on the power of attorney document;

(vii) shall ensure that the mileage be restated exactly by the person exercising the power of attorney in the space referred to in paragraph (3)(A)(iii) of this subsection;

(viii) may not require that a motor vehicle be titled in the State in which the power of attorney was issued;

(ix) shall consider the need to facilitate normal commercial transactions in the sale or exchange of motor vehicles; and

(x) shall provide other conditions the Secretary considers appropriate.

(B) Section 32709(a) and (b) applies to a person granting or granted a power of attorney under this paragraph.

(3)(A) A motor vehicle the ownership of which is transferred may not be licensed for use in a State unless the title issued by the State to the transferee—

(i) is produced by means of a secure printing process (or other secure process);

(ii) indicates the mileage disclosure required to be made under subsection (a) of this section; and

(iii) contains a space for the transferee to disclose the mileage at the time of a future transfer and to sign and date the disclosure.

(B) Subparagraph (A) of this paragraph does not require a State to verify, or preclude a State from verifying, the mileage information contained in the title.

(c)

(2) Under those regulations, the lessor shall provide written notice to the lessee of—

(A) the lessee's mileage disclosure requirements under paragraph (1) of this subsection; and

(B) the penalties for failure to comply with those requirements.

(3) The lessor shall retain the disclosures made by a lessee under paragraph (1) of this subsection for at least 4 years following the date the lessor transfers the leased motor vehicle.

(4) If the lessor transfers ownership of a leased motor vehicle without obtaining possession of the vehicle, the lessor, in making the disclosure required by subsection (a) of this section, may indicate on the title the mileage disclosed by the lessee under paragraph (1) of this subsection unless the lessor has reason to believe that the disclosure by the lessee does not reflect the actual mileage of the vehicle.

(d)

(e)

(1) the name of the most recent owner of the motor vehicle (except the auction company) and the name of the buyer of the motor vehicle.

(2) the vehicle identification number required under chapter 301 or 331 of this title.

(3) the odometer reading on the date the auction company took possession of the motor vehicle.

(f)

(2) If a State requests, the Secretary shall assist the State in revising its laws to comply with subsection (b) of this section. If a State requires time beyond April 28, 1989, to revise its laws to achieve compliance, the Secretary, on request of the State, may grant additional time that the Secretary considers reasonable by publishing a notice in the Federal Register. The notice shall include the reasons for granting the additional time. In granting additional time, the Secretary shall ensure that the State is making reasonable efforts to achieve compliance.

(g)

(1) Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of the Motor Vehicle and Highway Safety Improvement Act of 2012, in carrying out this section, the Secretary shall prescribe regulations permitting any written disclosures or notices and related matters to be provided electronically.

(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1) and subject to paragraph (3), a State, without approval from the Secretary under subsection (d), may allow for written disclosures or notices and related matters to be provided electronically if—

(A) in compliance with—

(i) the requirements of subchapter 1 of chapter 96 of title 15; 1 or

(ii) the requirements of a State law under section 7002(a) of title 15; 1 and

(B) the disclosures or notices otherwise meet the requirements under this section, including appropriate authentication and security measures.

(3) Paragraph (2) ceases to be effective on the date the regulations under paragraph (1) become effective.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1049; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(34), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4380; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(62), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3394; Pub. L. 105–178, title VII, §7105, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 467; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31205(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 761; Pub. L. 114–94, div. B, title XXIV, §24111, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1709.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32705(a) | 15:1988(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §408(a), 86 Stat. 962. |

15:1988(b) (related to false statements). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §408(b) (related to false statements), 86 Stat. 963; restated July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–364, §406, 90 Stat. 983. | |

15:1988(c). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §408(c), 86 Stat. 963; restated July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–364, §406, 90 Stat. 984. | |

32705(b)(1) | 15:1988(d)(1)(A), (B). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §408(d)(1)(A), (B), (2)–(g); added Oct. 28, 1986, Pub. L. 99–579, §2(a), 100 Stat. 3309. |

32705(b)(2) | 15:1988(d)(1)(C). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §408(d)(1)(C); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §401, 102 Stat. 2817; Nov. 28, 1990, Pub. L. 101–641, §7(a), 104 Stat. 4657. |

15:1988 (note). | Nov. 28, 1990, Pub. L. 101–641, §7(b) (last sentence), 104 Stat. 4657. | |

32705(b)(3) | 15:1988(d)(2). | |

32705(c) | 15:1988(e). | |

32705(d) | 15:1988(f). | |

32705(e) | 15:1988(g). | |

32705(f) | 15:1988 (note). | Oct. 28, 1986, Pub. L. 99–579, §2(c), 100 Stat. 3310. |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "Not later than 90 days after October 20, 1972" are omitted as executed. In clause (B), the words "if the transferor knows that the mileage registered by the odometer is incorrect" are substituted for "if the odometer reading is known to the transferor to be different from the number of miles the vehicle has actually traveled" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(2)(A), before clause (i), the words "Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary" are substituted for "prescribed by rule by the Secretary" for consistency in the revised title and because "rule" is synonymous with "regulation". The words "to a transferor" are added for clarity. The words "before February 1, 1989" are omitted as expired. The words "in the possession of" are substituted for "physically held by", and the words "when the transferor transfers ownership of the vehicle" are substituted for "at the time of a transfer of such motor vehicle", for clarity and consistency. The words "the transferor may" are substituted for "nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prohibit" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. Clause (i) is substituted for "in a form" and clause (ii) is substituted for "in accordance with paragraph (2)(A)(i)" for clarity and consistency. In clause (iii), the words "consistent with the purposes of this Act and the need to facilitate enforcement thereof" are omitted as surplus. In clauses (iv), (v), (viii), and (ix), the amendment made by section 7(a) of the Independent Safety Board Act Amendments of 1990 (Public Law 101–641, 104 Stat. 4657) is restated as amending section 408(d)(1)(C) of the Motor Vehicle and Cost Savings Act (15 U.S.C. 1988(d)(1)(C)) instead of section 408(d)(2)(C) of that Act to reflect the probable intent of Congress. There is no section 408(d)(2)(C) in that Act. Clause (vii) is substituted for "and under reasonable conditions" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (b)(3)(A), before clause (i), the words "following such transfer" are omitted as surplus. In clause (i), the word "produced" is substituted for "set forth" for clarity. In clause (iii), the words "(in the event of a future transfer)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the text of 15:1988(f)(1) (last sentence) is omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a).

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "establish and" are omitted as executed.

In subsection (f)(1), the text of section 2(c)(3) of the Truth in Mileage Act of 1986 (Public Law 99–579, 100 Stat. 3311) is omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:32705(c)(2)(A) to clarify the restatement of 15:1988(e)(2)(A) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1051).

This amends 49:32702(8) and 32705 to clarify the restatement of 15:1982(5) and 1988 by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1049).

The date of enactment of the Motor Vehicle and Highway Safety Improvement Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (g)(1), is the date of enactment of title I of div. C of Pub. L. 112–141, which was approved July 6, 2012.

Subchapter 1 of chapter 96 of title 15 and section 7002(a) of title 15, referred to in subsec. (g)(2)(A), probably should be references to title I and section 102(a), respectively, of the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, Pub. L. 106–229, which are classified, respectively, to subchapter I (§7001 et seq.) of chapter 96 and section 7002(a) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.

**2015**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 114–94 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added pars. (2) and (3).

**2012**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 112–141 added subsec. (g).

**1998**—Subsec. (a)(4), (5). Pub. L. 105–178 added pars. (4) and (5).

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(62)(A), substituted "Disclosure requirements" for "Written disclosure requirements" in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(1) Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation, a person transferring ownership of a motor vehicle shall give the transferee a written disclosure—

"(A) of the cumulative mileage registered by the odometer; or

"(B) that the mileage is unknown if the transferor knows that the mileage registered by the odometer is incorrect.

"(2) A person making a written disclosure required by a regulation prescribed under paragraph (1) of this subsection may not make a false statement in the disclosure.

"(3) A person acquiring a motor vehicle for resale may accept a disclosure under this section only if it is complete.

"(4) The regulations prescribed by the Secretary shall provide the way in which information is disclosed and retained under this section."

Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(62)(B), substituted "may not be licensed for use in a State unless" for "may be licensed for use in a State only if" in introductory provisions.

**1994**—Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 103–429 amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: "the mileage disclosure requirements of subsection (a) of this section; and".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 103–272, §4(q), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1371, provided that: "The revision of regulations, referred to in section 32705(b)(2)(A) of title 49, United States Code, as enacted by section 1 of this Act, that is required by section 7 of the Independent Safety Board Act Amendments of 1990 (Public Law 101–641, 104 Stat. 4657) [former 15 U.S.C. 1988(d)(1)(C), 1988 note] shall be prescribed not later than May 28, 1991."

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(b)

(A) enter and inspect commercial premises in which a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment is manufactured, held for shipment or sale, maintained, or repaired;

(B) enter and inspect noncommercial premises in which the Secretary reasonably believes there is a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment that is an object of a violation of this chapter;

(C) inspect that motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment; and

(D) impound for not more than 72 hours for inspection a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment that the Secretary reasonably believes is an object of a violation of this chapter.

(2) An inspection or impoundment under this subsection shall be conducted at a reasonable time, in a reasonable way, and with reasonable promptness. The written notice may consist of a warrant issued under section 32707 of this title.

(c)

(d)

(A) to keep records;

(B) to provide information from those records if the Secretary states the purpose for requiring the information and identifies the information to the fullest extent practicable; and

(C) to allow an officer or employee designated by the Secretary to inspect relevant records of the dealer or distributor.

(2) This subsection and subsection (e)(1)(B) of this section do not authorize the Secretary to require a dealer or distributor to provide information on a regular periodic basis.

(e)

(A) inspect and copy records of any person at reasonable times;

(B) order a person to file written reports or answers to specific questions, including reports or answers under oath; and

(C) conduct hearings, administer oaths, take testimony, and require (by subpena or otherwise) the appearance and testimony of witnesses and the production of records the Secretary considers advisable.

(2) A witness summoned under this subsection is entitled to the same fee and mileage the witness would have been paid in a court of the United States.

(3) A civil action to enforce a subpena or order of the Secretary under this subsection may be brought in the United States district court for any judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary is conducted. The court may punish a failure to obey an order of the court to comply with the subpena or order of the Secretary as a contempt of court.

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1052; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(35), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4380; Pub. L. 105–102, §2(19), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32706(a) | 15:1990d(a)(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §§414(a)–(c), 416; added July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–364, §408(2), 90 Stat. 985, 988. |

32706(b) | 15:1990d(a)(2). | |

32706(c) | 15:1990d(a)(3). | |

32706(d) | 15:1990d(b). | |

32706(e)(1) | 15:1990d(c)(1)–(3). | |

32706(e)(2) | 15:1990d(c)(5). | |

32706(e)(3) | 15:1990d(c)(4). | |

32706(f) | 15:1990f. |


In subsection (a), the words "Subject to section 32707 of this title" are added for clarity. The words "appropriate" and "consistent with the purposes of this subsection" are omitted as surplus. The words "The Secretary may give the Attorney General information" are substituted for "Information obtained . . . may be referred to the Attorney General for investigative consideration" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "duly" and "stating their purpose and" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the words "any factory, warehouse, establishment, or other" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "shall be commenced and completed" are omitted as surplus. The words "a warrant issued under section 32707 of this title" are substituted for "an administrative inspection warrant" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "the authority of" and "any item of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words "the Secretary may require" are substituted for "as the Secretary may reasonably require" and "as the Secretary finds necessary" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the words "such officer or employee" and "reason or" are omitted as surplus. In clause (C), the words "duly" and "upon request of such officer or employee" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "and subsection (e)(1)(B) of this section" are added for clarity.

In subsection (e)(1), before clause (A), the words "In carrying out this chapter" are substituted for "For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this subchapter", "In order to carry out the provisions of this subchapter", "relevant to any function of the Secretary under this subchapter", and "relating to any function of the Secretary under this subchapter" for consistency. The words "or, with the authorization of the Secretary, any officer or employee of the Department of Transportation" and "or his duly authorized agent" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(b). In clause (A), the words "inspect and copy" are substituted for "have access to, and for the purposes of examination the right to copy" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "records" is substituted for "documentary evidence" for consistency. The words "having materials or information" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the word "order" is substituted for "require, by general or special orders" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "in such form as the Secretary may prescribe" and "shall be filed with the Secretary within such reasonable period as the Secretary may prescribe" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). In clause (C), the words "sit and act at such times and places" are omitted as being included in "conduct hearings".

In subsection (e)(3), the words "A civil action to enforce a subpena or order of the Secretary under this subsection may be brought in the United States district court for the judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary was conducted" are substituted for 15:1990d(c)(4) (words before last comma) for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.

This amends 49:32706(e)(3) to clarify the restatement of 15:1990d(c)(4) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1053).

This amends 49:32706(c) to correct a cross-reference necessary because of the restatement of subtitle IV of title 49 by the ICC Termination Act (Public Law 104–88, 109 Stat. 803).

**1997**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–102 substituted "subchapter I of chapter 135" for "subchapter II of chapter 105".

**1994**—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "any judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary is conducted." for "the judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary was conducted."

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(2) A judge of a court of the United States or a State court of record or a United States magistrate may issue a warrant for an inspection or impoundment under section 32706 of this title within the territorial jurisdiction of the court or magistrate. The warrant must be based on an affidavit that—

(A) establishes probable cause to issue the warrant; and

(B) is sworn to before the judge or magistrate by an officer or employee who knows the facts alleged in the affidavit.

(3) The judge or magistrate shall issue the warrant when the judge or magistrate decides there is a reasonable basis for believing that probable cause exists to issue the warrant. The warrant must—

(A) identify the premises, property, or motor vehicle to be inspected and the items or type of property to be impounded;

(B) state the purpose of the inspection, the basis for issuing the warrant, and the name of the affiant;

(C) direct an individual authorized under section 32706 of this title to inspect the premises, property, or vehicle for the purpose stated in the warrant and, when appropriate, to impound the property specified in the warrant;

(D) direct that the warrant be served during the hours specified in the warrant; and

(E) name the judge or magistrate with whom proof of service is to be filed.

(4) A warrant under this section is not required when—

(A) the owner, operator, or agent in charge of the premises consents;

(B) it is reasonable to believe that the mobility of the motor vehicle to be inspected makes it impractical to obtain a warrant;

(C) an application for a warrant cannot be made because of an emergency;

(D) records are to be inspected and copied under section 32706(e)(1)(A) of this title; or

(E) a warrant is not constitutionally required.

(c)

(2) When property is impounded under a warrant, the individual serving the warrant shall—

(A) give the person from whose possession or premises the property was impounded a copy of the warrant and a receipt for the property; or

(B) leave the copy and receipt at the place from which the property was impounded.

(3) The judge or magistrate shall file the warrant, proof of service, and all documents filed about the warrant with the clerk of the United States district court for the judicial district in which the inspection is made.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1053.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32707(a) | 15:1990e(b)(1) (last sentence). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §415; added July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–364, §408(2), 90 Stat. 987. |

32707(b)(1) | 15:1990e(a) (words before 1st comma). | |

32707(b)(2) | 15:1990e(b)(1) (1st sentence), (2) (1st sentence). | |

32707(b)(3) | 15:1990e(b)(2) (2d, last sentences). | |

32707(b)(4) | 15:1990e(a) (words after 1st comma). | |

32707(c)(1) | 15:1990e(b)(3) (1st, 3d–last sentences). | |

32707(c)(2) | 15:1990e(b)(3) (2d sentence). | |

32707(c)(3) | 15:1990e(b)(4). |


In subsection (a), the words "inspection or impoundment" are substituted for "administrative inspections of the area, factory, warehouse, establishment, premises, or motor vehicle, or contents thereof" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in this section.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "Except as provided in paragraph (4) of this subsection" are added for clarity. The words "an inspection or impoundment" are substituted for "any entry or administrative inspection (including impoundment of motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment)" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(2), before clause (A), the words "inspection or impoundment" are substituted for "the purpose of conducting administrative inspections authorized by section 1990d of this title and impoundment of motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment appropriate to such inspections" for consistency in this section. The words "of the court or magistrate" are substituted for "his" for clarity. The words "and upon proper oath or affirmation" are omitted as surplus because of clause (B). Clause (A) is substituted for "showing probable cause" and "and establishing the grounds for issuing the warrant" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(3), before clause (A), the words "when the judge or magistrate decides there is a reasonable basis for believing that probable cause exists to issue the warrant" are substituted for "If the judge or magistrate is satisfied that grounds for the application exist or that there is a reasonable basis for believing they exist" for consistency in this section and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clauses (A) and (C), the words "area, factory, warehouse, establishment" are omitted as being included in "premises". In clause (A), the word "property" is substituted for "and, where appropriate, the type of property to be inspected, if any" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the words "the name of the affiant" are substituted for "the name of the person or persons whose affidavit has been taken in support thereof" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (C), the words "command the person to whom it is directed" are omitted as surplus. The word "property" is added for consistency with the source provisions restated in clause (A) of this paragraph. In clause (E), the words "proof of service is to be filed" are substituted for "it shall be returned" for clarity.

In subsection (b)(4)(A), the words "factory, warehouse, establishment" are omitted as being included in "premises".

Subsection (b)(4)(C) is substituted for 15:1990e(a)(3) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(4)(D), the words "are to be inspected and copied" are substituted for "for access to and examination" for consistency.

In subsection (b)(4)(E), the words "in any other situations where" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2)(A), the words "from whose possession or" are substituted for "from whom or from whose" for clarity.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "shall file the warrant, proof of service, and all documents filed about the warrant" are substituted for "shall attach to the warrant a copy of the return and all papers filed in connection therewith and shall file them" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "United States district court" are substituted for "district court of the United States" for consistency with the definition in section 32101 of the revised title and with other provisions of the chapter.

Reference to United States magistrate or to magistrate deemed to refer to United States magistrate judge pursuant to section 321 of Pub. L. 101–650, set out as a note under section 631 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

(a)

(1) to another officer or employee of the United States Government for use in carrying out this chapter; or

(2) in a proceeding under this chapter.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1054.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32708 | 15:1990d(d). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §414(d); added July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–364, §408(2), 90 Stat. 987. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "reported to or otherwise" and "or his representative" are omitted as surplus. The words "related to a confidential matter referred to" are substituted for "contains or relates to a trade secret or other matter referred to" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "shall be considered confidential for the purpose of that section" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "a committee of Congress authorized to have the information" are substituted for "the duly authorized committees of the Congress" for clarity.

(a)

(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall impose a civil penalty under this subsection. The Attorney General shall bring a civil action to collect the penalty. Before referring a penalty claim to the Attorney General, the Secretary may compromise the amount of the penalty. Before compromising the amount of the penalty, the Secretary shall give the person charged with a violation an opportunity to establish that the violation did not occur.

(3) In determining the amount of a civil penalty under this subsection, the Secretary shall consider—

(A) the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation;

(B) with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of prior violations, the ability to pay, and any effect on the ability to continue doing business; and

(C) other matters that justice requires.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(A) to enjoin the violation; or

(B) to recover amounts for which the person is liable under section 32710 of this title for each person on whose behalf the action is brought.

(2) An action under this subsection may be brought in an appropriate United States district court or in a State court of competent jurisdiction. The action must be brought not later than 2 years after the claim accrues.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1054; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31206(1), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 761.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32709(a) | 15:1988(b) (related to violating rules). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §408(b) (related to violating rules), 86 Stat. 963; restated July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–364, §406, 90 Stat. 983. |

15:1990b. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §§412, 413; added July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–364, §408(2), 90 Stat. 984; Oct. 28, 1986, Pub. L. 99–579, §3, 100 Stat. 3311. | |

32709(b) | 15:1988(b) (related to violating rules). | |

15:1990c. | ||

32709(c) | 15:1990. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §410, 86 Stat. 963; restated July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–364, §407, 90 Stat. 984. |

32709(d) | 15:1990a. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §411; added July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–364, §408(2), 90 Stat. 984. |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "that violates this chapter" are substituted for "who commits any act or causes to be done any act that violates any provision of this subchapter or omits to do any act or causes to be omitted any act that is required by any such provision" in 15:1990b(a) for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter" are substituted for "No transferor shall violate any rule prescribed under this section" in 15:1988 for consistency in the revised title and because "rule" is synonymous with "regulations". The words "A separate violation occurs for each motor vehicle or device involved in the violation" are substituted for "A violation of any such provision shall, for purposes of this section, constitute a separate violation with respect to each motor vehicle or device involved" in 15:1990b(a) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "on behalf of the United States" are omitted as surplus. The words "Before compromising the amount of a penalty, the Secretary shall give" are substituted for "after affording" for clarity. The words "to present views and evidence in support thereof" and "alleged" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "that knowingly and willfully violates this chapter" are substituted for "knowingly and willfully commits any act or causes to be done any act that violates any provision of this subchapter or knowingly and willfully omits to do any act or causes to be omitted any act that is required by such provision" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter" are substituted for "No transferor shall violate any rule prescribed under this section" in 15:1988 for consistency in the revised title and because "rule" is synonymous with "regulation". The words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "fined not more than $50,000" for consistency with title 18. The words "an act in violation of" are substituted for "any of the acts or practices constituting in whole or in part a violation of" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsections (c) and (d), the word "enjoin" is substituted for "restrain" for consistency.

In subsection (c), the words "The United States district courts shall have jurisdiction" are omitted because of 28:1331. The words "for cause shown and subject to the provisions of rule 65(a) and (b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure" are omitted as surplus because the rules apply in the absence of an exemption from them. The words "the violation occurred" are substituted for "wherein any act, omission, or transaction constituting the violation occurred", and the word "resides" is substituted for "is an inhabitant", to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "may be served in" are substituted for "may run into" for clarity.

In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words "this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter" are substituted for "requirement imposed under this subchapter" for consistency. The words "civil action" are substituted for "any action" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.).

In subsection (d)(2), the words "without regard to the amount in controversy" are omitted because jurisdiction is now allowed under 28:1331 without regard to the amount in controversy. The words "United States district court" are substituted for "district court of the United States" for consistency with the definition in section 32101 of the revised title and with other provisions of the chapter.

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–141 substituted "$10,000" for "$2,000" and "$1,000,000" for "$100,000".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1055; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31206(2), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 761.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32710(a) | 15:1989(a)(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §409, 86 Stat. 963. |

32710(b) | 15:1989(a)(2), (b). |


In subsection (a), the words "this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter" are substituted for "requirement imposed under this subchapter" for consistency.

In subsection (b), the words "A person may bring a civil action to enforce a claim" are substituted for "An action to enforce any liability created . . . may be brought" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The word "appropriate" is added for clarity. The words "without regard to the amount in controversy" are omitted because jurisdiction is now allowed under 28:1331 without regard to the amount in controversy. The words "after the claim accrues" are substituted for "from the date on which the liability arises" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "The court shall award . . . to the person when a judgment is entered for that person" are substituted for "in the case of any successful action to enforce the foregoing liability . . . as determined by the court" for clarity.

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–141 substituted "$10,000" for "$1,500".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Except to the extent that State law is inconsistent with this chapter, this chapter does not—

(1) affect a State law on disconnecting, altering, or tampering with an odometer with intent to defraud; or

(2) exempt a person from complying with that law.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1056.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32711 | 15:1991. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §418, 86 Stat. 963; July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–364, §408(1), 90 Stat. 984. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "and then only to the extent of the inconsistency" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the word "affect" is substituted for "annul, alter, or affect" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (2), the words "subject to the provisions of this subchapter" are omitted as surplus.


**1994**—Pub. L. 103–429, §6(43)(C), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4383, added items 32918 and 32919 and struck out former item 32918 "Preemption".

(a)

(1) "alternative fuel" means—

(A) methanol;

(B) denatured ethanol;

(C) other alcohols;

(D) except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a mixture containing at least 85 percent of methanol, denatured ethanol, and other alcohols by volume with gasoline or other fuels;

(E) natural gas;

(F) liquefied petroleum gas;

(G) hydrogen;

(H) coal derived liquid fuels;

(I) fuels (except alcohol) derived from biological materials;

(J) electricity (including electricity from solar energy); and

(K) any other fuel the Secretary of Transportation prescribes by regulation that is not substantially petroleum and that would yield substantial energy security and environmental benefits.

(2) "alternative fueled automobile" means an automobile that is a—

(A) dedicated automobile; or

(B) dual fueled automobile.

(3) except as provided in section 32908 of this title, "automobile" means a 4-wheeled vehicle that is propelled by fuel, or by alternative fuel, manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways and rated at less than 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight, except—

(A) a vehicle operated only on a rail line;

(B) a vehicle manufactured in different stages by 2 or more manufacturers, if no intermediate or final-stage manufacturer of that vehicle manufactures more than 10,000 multi-stage vehicles per year; or

(C) a work truck.

(4) "automobile manufactured by a manufacturer" includes every automobile manufactured by a person that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with the manufacturer, but does not include an automobile manufactured by the person that is exported not later than 30 days after the end of the model year in which the automobile is manufactured.

(5) "average fuel economy" means average fuel economy determined under section 32904 of this title.

(6) "average fuel economy standard" means a performance standard specifying a minimum level of average fuel economy applicable to a manufacturer in a model year.

(7) "commercial medium- and heavy-duty on-highway vehicle" means an on-highway vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or more.

(8) "dedicated automobile" means an automobile that operates only on alternative fuel.

(9) "dual fueled automobile" means an automobile that—

(A) is capable of operating on alternative fuel or a mixture of biodiesel and diesel fuel meeting the standard established by the American Society for Testing and Materials or under section 211(u) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(u)) for fuel containing 20 percent biodiesel (commonly known as "B20") and on gasoline or diesel fuel;

(B) provides equal or superior energy efficiency, as calculated for the applicable model year during fuel economy testing for the United States Government, when operating on alternative fuel as when operating on gasoline or diesel fuel;

(C) for model years 1993–1995 for an automobile capable of operating on a mixture of an alternative fuel and gasoline or diesel fuel and if the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency decides to extend the application of this subclause, for an additional period ending not later than the end of the last model year to which section 32905(b) and (d) of this title applies, provides equal or superior energy efficiency, as calculated for the applicable model year during fuel economy testing for the Government, when operating on a mixture of alternative fuel and gasoline or diesel fuel containing exactly 50 percent gasoline or diesel fuel as when operating on gasoline or diesel fuel; and

(D) for a passenger automobile, meets or exceeds the minimum driving range prescribed under subsection (c) of this section.

(10) "fuel" means—

(A) gasoline;

(B) diesel oil; or

(C) other liquid or gaseous fuel that the Secretary decides by regulation to include in this definition as consistent with the need of the United States to conserve energy.

(11) "fuel economy" means the average number of miles traveled by an automobile for each gallon of gasoline (or equivalent amount of other fuel) used, as determined by the Administrator under section 32904(c) of this title.

(12) "import" means to import into the customs territory of the United States.

(13) "manufacture" (except under section 32902(d) of this title) means to produce or assemble in the customs territory of the United States or to import.

(14) "manufacturer" means—

(A) a person engaged in the business of manufacturing automobiles, including a predecessor or successor of the person to the extent provided under regulations prescribed by the Secretary; and

(B) if more than one person is the manufacturer of an automobile, the person specified under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.

(15) "model" means a class of automobiles as decided by regulation by the Administrator after consulting and coordinating with the Secretary.

(16) "model year", when referring to a specific calendar year, means—

(A) the annual production period of a manufacturer, as decided by the Administrator, that includes January 1 of that calendar year; or

(B) that calendar year if the manufacturer does not have an annual production period.

(17) "non-passenger automobile" means an automobile that is not a passenger automobile or a work truck.

(18) "passenger automobile" means an automobile that the Secretary decides by regulation is manufactured primarily for transporting not more than 10 individuals, but does not include an automobile capable of off-highway operation that the Secretary decides by regulation—

(A) has a significant feature (except 4-wheel drive) designed for off-highway operation; and

(B) is a 4-wheel drive automobile or is rated at more than 6,000 pounds gross vehicle weight.

(19) "work truck" means a vehicle that—

(A) is rated at between 8,500 and 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight; and

(B) is not a medium-duty passenger vehicle (as defined in section 86.1803–01 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on the date of the enactment of the Ten-in-Ten Fuel Economy Act).

(b)

(c)

(2)(A) The Secretary may prescribe a lower range for a specific model than that prescribed under paragraph (1) of this subsection. A manufacturer may petition for a lower range than that prescribed under paragraph (1) for a specific model.

(B) The minimum driving range prescribed for dual fueled automobiles (except electric automobiles) under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph or paragraph (1) of this subsection must be at least 200 miles, except that beginning with model year 2016, alternative fueled automobiles that use a fuel described in subparagraph (E) of subsection (a)(1) shall have a minimum driving range of 150 miles.

(C) If the Secretary prescribes a minimum driving range of 200 miles for dual fueled automobiles (except electric automobiles) under paragraph (1) of this subsection, subparagraph (A) of this paragraph does not apply to dual fueled automobiles (except electric automobiles). Beginning with model year 2016, if the Secretary prescribes a minimum driving range of 150 miles for alternative fueled automobiles that use a fuel described in subparagraph (E) of subsection (a)(1), subparagraph (A) shall not apply to dual fueled automobiles (except electric automobiles).

(3) In prescribing a minimum driving range under paragraph (1) of this subsection and in taking an action under paragraph (2) of this subsection, the Secretary shall consider the purpose set forth in section 3 of the Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988 (Public Law 100–494, 102 Stat. 2442), consumer acceptability, economic practicability, technology, environmental impact, safety, drivability, performance, and other factors the Secretary considers relevant.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1056; Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §103(a), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1501; Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title III, §318(b), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3341.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32901(a)(1) | 15:2013(h)(1)(A) (less words in 1st parentheses). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §513(h); added Oct. 14, 1988, Pub. L. 100–494, §6(a), 102 Stat. 2450; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–486, §403(5)(H), (I), 106 Stat. 2878. |

32901(a)(2) | 15:2013(h)(1)(B). | |

32901(a)(3) | 15:2001(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §501(1); added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 901; Oct. 14, 1988, Pub. L. 100–494, §6(b), 102 Stat. 2452; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–486, §403(1), 106 Stat. 2876. |

15:2001(13), (14). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §§501(2)–(7), (10)–(14), 503(c); added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 901, 902, 907. | |

32901(a)(4) | 15:2003(c). | |

32901(a)(5) | 15:2001(4). | |

32901(a)(6) | 15:2001(7). | |

32901(a)(7) | 15:2013(h)(1)(C). | |

32901(a)(8) | 15:2001(h)(1)(D). | |

32901(a)(9) | 15:2001(5). | |

32901(a)(10) | 15:2001(6). | |

32901(a)(11) | 15:2001(10). | |

32901(a)(12) | 15:2001(9). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §501(8), (9); added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 902; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, §§4(c)(1), 8(b), 94 Stat. 1824, 1828. |

32901(a)(13) | 15:2001(8). | |

32901(a)(14) | 15:2001(11). | |

32901(a)(15) | 15:2001(12). | |

32901(a)(16) | 15:2001(2), (3). | |

32901(b) | 15:2013(h)(1)(A) (words in 1st parentheses). | |

32901(c)(1) | 15:2013(h)(2)(A). | |

32901(c)(2) | 15:2013(h)(2)(B), (C). | |

32901(c)(3) | 15:2013(h)(2)(D). |


In this chapter, the word "model" is substituted for "model type" for consistency in this part.

In subsection (a)(3), before clause (A), the words "except as provided in section 32908 of this title" are added for clarity. The word "line" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "or rails" are omitted because of 1:1. The text of 15:2001(1) (last sentence) is omitted because of 49:322(a). The text of 15:2001(13) and (14) is omitted as surplus because the complete names of the Secretary of Transportation and Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency are used the first time the terms appear in a section. The text of 15:2001 (related to 15:2011) is omitted because 15:2011 is outside the scope of the restatement. See section 4(c) of the bill.

In subsection (a)(4), the words " 'automobile manufactured by a manufacturer' includes" are substituted for "Any reference in this subchapter to automobiles manufactured by a manufacturer shall be deemed—(1) to include" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "every" is substituted for "all" because of the restatement. The words "but does not include" are substituted for "to exclude" for consistency. The words "manufactured by the person" are substituted for "manufactured (within the meaning of paragraph (1))" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(10), the words "in accordance with procedures established" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(14), the word "particular" is omitted as surplus.

Subsection (a)(15)(B) is substituted for "If a manufacturer has no annual production period, the term 'model year' means the calendar year" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(16), before clause (A), the words "but does not include an automobile capable of off-highway operation that" are substituted for "(other than an automobile capable of off-highway operation)" and "The term 'automobile capable of off-highway operation' means any automobile which" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), the words "The Secretary may prescribe regulations changing the percentage . . . to not less than 70 percent because of" are substituted for "but not less than 70 percent, as determined by the Secretary, by rule, to provide for" for clarity and because of the restatement.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "For purposes of the definitions in paragraph (1)(D)" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The words "within 18 months after October 14, 1988" are omitted as obsolete. The words "prescribe by regulation" are substituted for "establish by rule of general applicability" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code and because "rule" is synonymous with "regulation". The words "that are passenger automobiles" are substituted for "The rule issued under this subparagraph shall apply only to dual fueled automobiles that are passenger automobiles" to eliminate unnecessary words.

The date of the enactment of the Ten-in-Ten Fuel Economy Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(19)(B), is the date of enactment of subtitle A (§§101–113) of title I of Pub. L. 110–140, which was approved Dec. 19, 2007.

Section 3 of the Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988, referred to in subsec. (c)(3), is section 3 of Pub. L. 100–494, which is set out as a note under section 6374 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

**2014**—Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 113–291, §318(b)(1), inserted ", except that beginning with model year 2016, alternative fueled automobiles that use a fuel described in subparagraph (E) of subsection (a)(1) shall have a minimum driving range of 150 miles" after "at least 200 miles".

Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 113–291, §318(b)(2), inserted at end "Beginning with model year 2016, if the Secretary prescribes a minimum driving range of 150 miles for alternative fueled automobiles that use a fuel described in subparagraph (E) of subsection (a)(1), subparagraph (A) shall not apply to dual fueled automobiles (except electric automobiles)."

**2007**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 110–140, §103(a)(1), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: "except as provided in section 32908 of this title, 'automobile' means a 4-wheeled vehicle that is propelled by fuel, or by alternative fuel, manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways (except a vehicle operated only on a rail line), and rated at—

"(A) not more than 6,000 pounds gross vehicle weight; or

"(B) more than 6,000, but less than 10,000, pounds gross vehicle weight, if the Secretary decides by regulation that—

"(i) an average fuel economy standard under this chapter for the vehicle is feasible; and

"(ii) an average fuel economy standard under this chapter for the vehicle will result in significant energy conservation or the vehicle is substantially used for the same purposes as a vehicle rated at not more than 6,000 pounds gross vehicle weight."

Subsec. (a)(7), (8). Pub. L. 110–140, §103(a)(2), (3), added par. (7) and redesignated former par. (7) as (8). Former par. (8) redesignated (9).

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 110–140, §103(a)(2), redesignated par. (8) as (9). Former par. (9) redesignated (10).

Subsec. (a)(9)(A). Pub. L. 110–140, §103(a)(4), inserted "or a mixture of biodiesel and diesel fuel meeting the standard established by the American Society for Testing and Materials or under section 211(u) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(u)) for fuel containing 20 percent biodiesel (commonly known as 'B20')" after "alternative fuel".

Subsec. (a)(10) to (16). Pub. L. 110–140, §103(a)(2), redesignated pars. (9) to (15) as (10) to (16), respectively. Former par. (16) redesignated (17).

Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 110–140, §103(a)(6), added par. (17). Former par. (17) redesignated (18).

Pub. L. 110–140, §103(a)(2), redesignated par. (16) as (17).

Subsec. (a)(18). Pub. L. 110–140, §103(a)(5), redesignated par. (17) as (18).

Subsec. (a)(19). Pub. L. 110–140, §103(a)(7), added par. (19).

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

Pub. L. 111–32, title XIII, June 24, 2009, 123 Stat. 1909, as amended by Pub. L. 111–47, Aug. 7, 2009, 123 Stat. 1972, provided that:

"

"

"(1) authorize the issuance of an electronic voucher, subject to the specifications set forth in subsection (c), to offset the purchase price or lease price for a qualifying lease of a new fuel efficient automobile upon the surrender of an eligible trade-in vehicle to a dealer participating in the Program;

"(2) register dealers for participation in the Program and require that all registered dealers—

"(A) accept vouchers as provided in this section as partial payment or down payment for the purchase or qualifying lease of any new fuel efficient automobile offered for sale or lease by that dealer; and

"(B) in accordance with subsection (c)(2), to transfer each eligible trade-in vehicle surrendered to the dealer under the Program to an entity for disposal;

"(3) in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, make electronic payments to dealers for eligible transactions by such dealers, in accordance with the regulations issued under subsection (d); and

"(4) in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury and the Inspector General of the Department of Transportation, establish and provide for the enforcement of measures to prevent and penalize fraud under the program.

"(b)

"(1) $3,500

"(A) the new fuel efficient automobile is a passenger automobile and the combined fuel economy value of such automobile is at least 4 miles per gallon higher than the combined fuel economy value of the eligible trade-in vehicle;

"(B) the new fuel efficient automobile is a category 1 truck and the combined fuel economy value of such truck is at least 2 miles per gallon higher than the combined fuel economy value of the eligible trade-in vehicle;

"(C) the new fuel efficient automobile is a category 2 truck that has a combined fuel economy value of at least 15 miles per gallon and—

"(i) the eligible trade-in vehicle is a category 2 truck and the combined fuel economy value of the new fuel efficient automobile is at least 1 mile per gallon higher than the combined fuel economy value of the eligible trade-in vehicle; or

"(ii) the eligible trade-in vehicle is a category 3 truck of model year 2001 or earlier; or

"(D) the new fuel efficient automobile is a category 3 truck and the eligible trade-in vehicle is a category 3 truck of model year of 2001 or earlier and is of similar size or larger than the new fuel efficient automobile as determined in a manner prescribed by the Secretary.

"(2) $4,500

"(A) the new fuel efficient automobile is a passenger automobile and the combined fuel economy value of such automobile is at least 10 miles per gallon higher than the combined fuel economy value of the eligible trade-in vehicle;

"(B) the new fuel efficient automobile is a category 1 truck and the combined fuel economy value of such truck is at least 5 miles per gallon higher than the combined fuel economy value of the eligible trade-in vehicle; or

"(C) the new fuel efficient automobile is a category 2 truck that has a combined fuel economy value of at least 15 miles per gallon and the combined fuel economy value of such truck is at least 2 miles per gallon higher than the combined fuel economy value of the eligible trade-in vehicle and the eligible trade-in vehicle is a category 2 truck.

"(c)

"(1)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(D)

"(E)

"(F)

"(G)

"(2)

"(A)

"(i) has not and will not sell, lease, exchange, or otherwise dispose of the vehicle for use as an automobile in the United States or in any other country; and

"(ii) will transfer the vehicle (including the engine block), in such manner as the Secretary prescribes, to an entity that will ensure that the vehicle—

"(I) will be crushed or shredded within such period and in such manner as the Secretary prescribes; and

"(II) has not been, and will not be, sold, leased, exchanged, or otherwise disposed of for use as an automobile in the United States or in any other country.

"(B)

"(i) selling any parts of the disposed vehicle other than the engine block and drive train (unless with respect to the drive train, the transmission, drive shaft, or rear end are sold as separate parts); or

"(ii) retaining the proceeds from such sale.

"(C)

"(d)

"(1) provide for a means of registering dealers for participation in the Program;

"(2) establish procedures for the reimbursement of dealers participating in the Program to be made through electronic transfer of funds for the amount of the vouchers as soon as practicable but no longer than 10 days after the submission of information supporting the eligible transaction, as deemed appropriate by the Secretary;

"(3) require the dealer to use the voucher in addition to any other rebate or discount advertised by the dealer or offered by the manufacturer for the new fuel efficient automobile and prohibit the dealer from using the voucher to offset any such other rebate or discount;

"(4) require dealers to disclose to the person trading in an eligible trade-in vehicle the best estimate of the scrappage value of such vehicle and to permit the dealer to retain $50 of any amounts paid to the dealer for scrappage of the automobile as payment for any administrative costs to the dealer associated with participation in the Program;

"(5) consistent with subsection (c)(2), establish requirements and procedures for the disposal of eligible trade-in vehicles and provide such information as may be necessary to entities engaged in such disposal to ensure that such vehicles are disposed of in accordance with such requirements and procedures, including—

"(A) requirements for the removal and appropriate disposition of refrigerants, antifreeze, lead products, mercury switches, and such other toxic or hazardous vehicle components prior to the crushing or shredding of an eligible trade-in vehicle, in accordance with rules established by the Secretary in consultation with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, and in accordance with other applicable Federal or State requirements;

"(B) a mechanism for dealers to certify to the Secretary that each eligible trade-in vehicle will be transferred to an entity that will ensure that the vehicle is disposed of, in accordance with such requirements and procedures, and to submit the vehicle identification numbers of the vehicles disposed of and the new fuel efficient automobile purchased with each voucher;

"(C) a mechanism for obtaining such other certifications as deemed necessary by the Secretary from entities engaged in vehicle disposal; and

"(D) a list of entities to which dealers may transfer eligible trade-in vehicles for disposal; and

"(6) provide for the enforcement of the penalties described in subsection (e).

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(f)

"(1) how to determine if a vehicle is an eligible trade-in vehicle;

"(2) how to participate in the Program, including how to determine participating dealers; and

"(3) a comprehensive list, by make and model, of new fuel efficient automobiles meeting the requirements of the Program.

Once such information is available, the Secretary shall conduct a public awareness campaign to inform consumers about the Program and where to obtain additional information.

"(g)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) a description of Program results, including—

"(i) the total number and amount of vouchers issued for purchase or lease of new fuel efficient automobiles by manufacturer (including aggregate information concerning the make, model, model year) and category of automobile;

"(ii) aggregate information regarding the make, model, model year, and manufacturing location of vehicles traded in under the Program; and

"(iii) the location of sale or lease;

"(B) an estimate of the overall increase in fuel efficiency in terms of miles per gallon, total annual oil savings, and total annual greenhouse gas reductions, as a result of the Program; and

"(C) an estimate of the overall economic and employment effects of the Program.

"(3)

"(h)

"(1)

"(2)

"(i)

"(1) the term 'passenger automobile' means a passenger automobile, as defined in section 32901(a)(18) of title 49, United States Code, that has a combined fuel economy value of at least 22 miles per gallon;

"(2) the term 'category 1 truck' means a nonpassenger automobile, as defined in section 32901(a)(17) of title 49, United States Code, that has a combined fuel economy value of at least 18 miles per gallon, except that such term does not include a category 2 truck;

"(3) the term 'category 2 truck' means a large van or a large pickup, as categorized by the Secretary using the method used by the Environmental Protection Agency and described in the report entitled 'Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 through 2008';

"(4) the term 'category 3 truck' means a work truck, as defined in section 32901(a)(19) of title 49, United States Code;

"(5) the term 'combined fuel economy value' means—

"(A) with respect to a new fuel efficient automobile, the number, expressed in miles per gallon, centered below the words 'Combined Fuel Economy' on the label required to be affixed or caused to be affixed on a new automobile pursuant to subpart D of part 600 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations;

"(B) with respect to an eligible trade-in vehicle, the equivalent of the number described in subparagraph (A), and posted under the words 'Estimated New EPA MPG' and above the word 'Combined' for vehicles of model year 1984 through 2007, or posted under the words 'New EPA MPG' and above the word 'Combined' for vehicles of model year 2008 or later on the fueleconomy.gov website of the Environmental Protection Agency for the make, model, and year of such vehicle; or

"(C) with respect to an eligible trade-in vehicle manufactured between model years 1978 through 1985, the equivalent of the number described in subparagraph (A) as determined by the Secretary (and posted on the website of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) using data maintained by the Environmental Protection Agency for the make, model, and year of such vehicle.

"(6) the term 'dealer' means a person licensed by a State who engages in the sale of new automobiles to ultimate purchasers;

"(7) the term 'eligible trade-in vehicle' means an automobile or a work truck (as such terms are defined in section 32901(a) of title 49, United States Code) that, at the time it is presented for trade-in under this section—

"(A) is in drivable condition;

"(B) has been continuously insured consistent with the applicable State law and registered to the same owner for a period of not less than 1 year immediately prior to such trade-in;

"(C) was manufactured less than 25 years before the date of the trade-in; and

"(D) in the case of an automobile, has a combined fuel economy value of 18 miles per gallon or less;

"(8) the term 'new fuel efficient automobile' means an automobile described in paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4)—

"(A) the equitable or legal title of which has not been transferred to any person other than the ultimate purchaser;

"(B) that carries a manufacturer's suggested retail price of $45,000 or less;

"(C) that—

"(i) in the case of passenger automobiles, category 1 trucks, or category 2 trucks, is certified to applicable standards under section 86.1811–04 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations; or

"(ii) in the case of category 3 trucks, is certified to the applicable vehicle or engine standards under section 86.1816–08, 86–007–11 [probably means 86.007–11], or 86.008–10 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations; and

"(D) that has the combined fuel economy value of at least—

"(i) 22 miles per gallon for a passenger automobile;

"(ii) 18 miles per gallon for a category 1 truck; or

"(iii) 15 miles per gallon for a category 2 truck;

"(9) the term 'Program' means the Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save Program established by this section;

"(10) the term 'qualifying lease' means a lease of an automobile for a period of not less than 5 years;

"(11) the term 'scrappage value' means the amount received by the dealer for a vehicle upon transferring title of such vehicle to the person responsible for ensuring the dismantling and destroying of the vehicle;

"(12) the term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of Transportation acting through the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration;

"(13) the term 'ultimate purchaser' means, with respect to any new automobile, the first person who in good faith purchases such automobile for purposes other than resale;

"(14) the term 'vehicle identification number' means the 17 character number used by the automobile industry to identify individual automobiles; and

"(15) the term 'voucher' means an electronic transfer of funds to a dealer based on an eligible transaction under this program.

"(j)

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A) passenger automobiles manufactured by manufacturers in each model year beginning with model year 2011 in accordance with this subsection;

(B) non-passenger automobiles manufactured by manufacturers in each model year beginning with model year 2011 in accordance with this subsection; and

(C) work trucks and commercial medium-duty or heavy-duty on-highway vehicles in accordance with subsection (k).

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(3)

(A) prescribe by regulation separate average fuel economy standards for passenger and non-passenger automobiles based on 1 or more vehicle attributes related to fuel economy and express each standard in the form of a mathematical function; and

(B) issue regulations under this title prescribing average fuel economy standards for at least 1, but not more than 5, model years.

(4)

(A) 27.5 miles per gallon; or

(B) 92 percent of the average fuel economy projected by the Secretary for the combined domestic and non-domestic passenger automobile fleets manufactured for sale in the United States by all manufacturers in the model year, which projection shall be published in the Federal Register when the standard for that model year is promulgated in accordance with this section.

(c)

(d)

(A) finds that the applicable standard under those subsections is more stringent than the maximum feasible average fuel economy level that the manufacturer can achieve; and

(B) prescribes by regulation an alternative average fuel economy standard for the passenger automobiles manufactured by the exempted manufacturer that the Secretary decides is the maximum feasible average fuel economy level for the manufacturers to which the alternative standard applies.

(2) An alternative average fuel economy standard the Secretary of Transportation prescribes under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection may apply to an individually exempted manufacturer, to all automobiles to which this subsection applies, or to classes of passenger automobiles, as defined under regulations of the Secretary, manufactured by exempted manufacturers.

(3) Notwithstanding paragraph (1) of this subsection, an importer registered under section 30141(c) of this title may not be exempted as a manufacturer under paragraph (1) for a motor vehicle that the importer—

(A) imports; or

(B) brings into compliance with applicable motor vehicle safety standards prescribed under chapter 301 of this title for an individual under section 30142 of this title.

(4) The Secretary of Transportation may prescribe the contents of an application for an exemption.

(e)

(A) as an ambulance or combination ambulance-hearse;

(B) by the United States Government or a State or local government for law enforcement; or

(C) for other emergency uses prescribed by regulation by the Secretary of Transportation.

(2) A manufacturer may elect to have the fuel economy of an emergency vehicle excluded in applying a fuel economy standard under subsection (a), (b), (c), or (d) of this section. The election is made by providing written notice to the Secretary of Transportation and to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.

(f)

(g)

(2) When the Secretary of Transportation prescribes an amendment under this section that makes an average fuel economy standard more stringent, the Secretary shall prescribe the amendment (and submit the amendment to Congress when required under subsection (c)(2) of this section) at least 18 months before the beginning of the model year to which the amendment applies.

(h)

(1) may not consider the fuel economy of dedicated automobiles;

(2) shall consider dual fueled automobiles to be operated only on gasoline or diesel fuel; and

(3) may not consider, when prescribing a fuel economy standard, the trading, transferring, or availability of credits under section 32903.

(i)

(j)

(2) Before taking final action on a standard or an exemption from a standard under this section, the Secretary of Transportation shall notify the Secretary of Energy and provide the Secretary of Energy a reasonable time to comment.

(k)

(1)

(A) the appropriate test procedures and methodologies for measuring the fuel efficiency of such vehicles and work trucks;

(B) the appropriate metric for measuring and expressing commercial medium- and heavy-duty on-highway vehicle and work truck fuel efficiency performance, taking into consideration, among other things, the work performed by such on-highway vehicles and work trucks and types of operations in which they are used;

(C) the range of factors, including, without limitation, design, functionality, use, duty cycle, infrastructure, and total overall energy consumption and operating costs that affect commercial medium- and heavy-duty on-highway vehicle and work truck fuel efficiency; and

(D) such other factors and conditions that could have an impact on a program to improve commercial medium- and heavy-duty on-highway vehicle and work truck fuel efficiency.

(2)

(3)

(A) 4 full model years of regulatory lead-time; and

(B) 3 full model years of regulatory stability.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1059; Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §§102, 104(b)(1), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1498, 1503.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32902(a) | 15:2002(b). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §502(a)(1), (3)–(c), (e) (1st sentence), (f), (h); added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 902, 903, 905; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, §§3(a)(1), 7, 8(c), 94 Stat. 1821, 1828. |

32902(b) | 15:2002(a)(1), (3). | |

32902(c)(1) | 15:2002(a)(4) (words before 5th comma), (h). | |

32902(c)(2) | 15:2002(a)(4) (words after 5th comma), (5). | |

32902(d) | 15:1397 (note). | Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–562, §2(f), 102 Stat. 2825. |

15:2002(c). | ||

32902(e) | 15:2002(g). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §502(g); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, §7, 94 Stat. 1828. |

32902(f) | 15:2002(e) (1st sentence). | |

32902(g) | 15:2002(f). | |

32902(h) | 15:2002(e) (last sentence). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §§502(e) (last sentence), 513(g)(2)(B); added Oct. 14, 1988, Pub. L. 100–494, §6(a), (c), 102 Stat. 2450, 2452; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–486, §403(2), (5)(G)(ii)(II), (III), 106 Stat. 2876, 2878. |

15:2013(g)(2)(B). | ||

32902(i) | 15:2002(i) (1st sentence). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §502(i), (j); added Aug. 4, 1977, Pub. L. 95–91, §305, 91 Stat. 580; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, §7, 94 Stat. 1828. |

32902(j) | 15:2002(i) (2d, last sentences), (j). |


In subsection (a), the words "Any standard applicable to a model year under this subsection shall be prescribed" are omitted as surplus. The words "which begins more than 30 months after December 22, 1975" are omitted as executed.

In subsection (b), the text of 15:2002(a)(1) (related to model years before 1985) and (3) is omitted as expired. The words "at least" are omitted as unnecessary because of the source provisions restated in subsection (c) of this section.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "Subject to paragraph (2) of this subsection" are added for clarity. The words "may prescribe regulations amending" are substituted for "may, by rule, amend" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and because "rule" is synonymous with "regulation". The words "for a model year" are substituted for "for model year 1985, or for any subsequent model year" to eliminate the expired limitation. The reference in 15:2002(h) to 15:2002(d) is omitted because 15:2002(d) is omitted from the revised title as executed. The words "as well as written" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "If an amendment increases the standard . . . or decreases the standard" are substituted for "except that any amendment that has the effect of increasing . . . a standard . . ., or of decreasing . . . a standard" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "For purposes of considering any modification which is submitted to the Congress under paragraph (4)" are omitted as surplus. The words "are deemed to be" are substituted for "shall be lengthened to" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words "Except as provided in paragraph (3) of this subsection" are added because of the restatement. The words "in the model year 2 years before" are substituted for "in the second model year preceding" for clarity. The words "The Secretary may exempt a manufacturer only if the Secretary" are substituted for "Such exemption may only be granted if the Secretary" and "The Secretary may not issue exemptions with respect to a model year unless he" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "each such standard shall be set at a level which" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(3), before clause (A), the words "Notwithstanding paragraph (1) of this subsection" are substituted for "Notwithstanding any provision of law authorizing exemptions from energy conservation requirements for manufacturers of fewer than 10,000 motor vehicles" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the word "compliance" is substituted for "conformity" for consistency with chapter 301 of the revised title. The words "prescribed under chapter 301 of this title" are substituted for "Federal" for consistency in the revised title.

Subsection (d)(4) is substituted for 15:2002(c)(1) (2d sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 15:2002(c)(2) is omitted as expired.

In subsection (e)(1)(B), the words "police or other" are omitted as unnecessary because the authority to prescribe standards includes the authority to amend those standards.

In subsection (g)(1), the words "from time to time" are omitted as unnecessary. The cross-reference to 15:2002(a)(3) is omitted as executed because 15:2002(a)(3) applied to model years 1981–1984.

In subsection (g)(2), the words "that makes" are substituted for "has the effect of making" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (i), the words "his responsibilities under" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (j), the reference to 15:2002(d) and the words "or any modification of" are omitted because 15:2002(d) is omitted from the revised title as executed.

In subsection (j)(1), the words "to prescribe or amend" are substituted for "to establish, reduce, or amend" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "adverse impact" are substituted for "level" for clarity and consistency. The words "those comments" are substituted for "unaccommodated comments" for clarity.

Section 108 of the Ten-in-Ten Fuel Economy Act, referred to in subsec. (k)(1), is section 108 of Pub. L. 110–140, title I, Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1505, which is not classified to the Code.

**2007**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–140, §102(a)(1), in heading, substituted "Prescription of Standards by Regulation" for "Non-Passenger Automobiles", and, in text, struck out "(except passenger automobiles)" after "for automobiles" and "The Secretary may prescribe separate standards for different classes of automobiles." at end.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–140, §102(a)(2), added subsec. (b) and struck out former subsec. (b). Prior to amendment, text of subsec. (b) read as follows: "Except as provided in this section, the average fuel economy standard for passenger automobiles manufactured by a manufacturer in a model year after model year 1984 shall be 27.5 miles a gallon."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–140, §102(a)(3), substituted "The Secretary" for "(1) Subject to paragraph (2) of this subsection, the Secretary" and struck out par. (2) which read as follows: "If an amendment increases the standard above 27.5 miles a gallon or decreases the standard below 26.0 miles a gallon, the Secretary of Transportation shall submit the amendment to Congress. The procedures of section 551 of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (42 U.S.C. 6421) apply to an amendment, except that the 15 calendar days referred to in section 551(c) and (d) of the Act (42 U.S.C. 6421(c), (d)) are deemed to be 60 calendar days, and the 5 calendar days referred to in section 551(f)(4)(A) of the Act (42 U.S.C. 6421(f)(4)(A)) are deemed to be 20 calendar days. If either House of Congress disapproves the amendment under those procedures, the amendment does not take effect."

Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 110–140, §104(b)(1), added par. (3).

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 110–140, §102(b), added subsec. (k).

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §106, Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1504, provided that: "Nothing in this subtitle [subtitle A (§§101–113) of title I of Pub. L. 110–140, see Short Title of 2007 Amendment note set out under section 30101 of this title], or the amendments made by this subtitle, shall be construed to affect the application of section 32902 of title 49, United States Code, to passenger automobiles or non-passenger automobiles manufactured before model year 2011."

Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §107, Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1504, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) an assessment of automotive technologies and costs to reflect developments since the Academy's 2002 report evaluating the corporate average fuel economy standards was conducted;

"(2) an analysis of existing and potential technologies that may be used practically to improve automobile and medium-duty and heavy-duty truck fuel economy;

"(3) an analysis of how such technologies may be practically integrated into the automotive and medium-duty and heavy-duty truck manufacturing process; and

"(4) an assessment of how such technologies may be used to meet the new fuel economy standards under chapter 329 of title 49, United States Code, as amended by this subtitle [subtitle A (§§101–113) of title I of Pub. L. 110–140, see Short Title of 2007 Amendment note set out under section 30101 of this title].

"(b)

"(c)

Memorandum of President of the United States, Jan. 26, 2009, 74 F.R. 4907, provided:

Memorandum for the Secretary of Transportation [and] the Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

In 2007, the Congress passed the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA). This law mandates that, as part of the Nation's efforts to achieve energy independence, the Secretary of Transportation prescribe annual fuel economy increases for automobiles, beginning with model year 2011, resulting in a combined fuel economy fleet average of at least 35 miles per gallon by model year 2020. On May 2, 2008, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking entitled *Average Fuel Economy Standards, Passenger Cars and Light Trucks; Model Years 2011–2015, 73 Fed. Reg.* 24352. In the notice and comment period, the NHTSA received numerous comments, some of them contending that certain aspects of the proposed rule, including appendices providing for preemption of State laws, were inconsistent with provisions of EISA and the Supreme Court's decision in *Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency*, 549 U.S. 497 (2007).

Federal law requires that the final rule regarding fuel economy standards be adopted at least 18 months before the beginning of the model year (49 U.S.C. 32902(g)(2)). In order for the model year 2011 standards to meet this requirement, the NHTSA must publish the final rule in the Federal Register by March 30, 2009. To date, the NHTSA has not published a final rule.

Therefore, I request that:

(a) in order to comply with the EISA requirement that fuel economy increases begin with model year 2011, you take all measures consistent with law, and in coordination with the Environmental Protection Agency, to publish in the Federal Register by March 30, 2009, a final rule prescribing increased fuel economy for model year 2011;

(b) before promulgating a final rule concerning model years after model year 2011, you consider the appropriate legal factors under the EISA, the comments filed in response to the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, the relevant technological and scientific considerations, and to the extent feasible, the forthcoming report by the National Academy of Sciences mandated under section 107 of EISA; and

(c) in adopting the final rules in paragraphs (a) and (b) above, you consider whether any provisions regarding preemption are consistent with the EISA, the Supreme Court's decision in *Massachusetts v. EPA* and other relevant provisions of law and the policies underlying them.

This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

The Secretary of Transportation is hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.

Barack Obama.

Memorandum of President of the United States, May 21, 2010, 75 F.R. 29399, provided:

Memorandum for the Secretary of Transportation[,] the Secretary of Energy[,] the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency[, and] the Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

America has the opportunity to lead the world in the development of a new generation of clean cars and trucks through innovative technologies and manufacturing that will spur economic growth and create high-quality domestic jobs, enhance our energy security, and improve our environment. We already have made significant strides toward reducing greenhouse gas pollution and enhancing fuel efficiency from motor vehicles with the joint rulemaking issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on April 1, 2010, which regulates these attributes of passenger cars and light-duty trucks for model years 2012–2016. In this memorandum, I request that additional coordinated steps be taken to produce a new generation of clean vehicles.

*Medium- and Heavy-Duty Trucks.*

While the Federal Government and many States have now created a harmonized framework for addressing the fuel economy of and greenhouse gas emissions from cars and light-duty trucks, medium- and heavy-duty trucks and buses continue to be a major source of fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas pollution. I therefore request that the Administrators of the EPA and the NHTSA immediately begin work on a joint rulemaking under the Clean Air Act (CAA) and the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) to establish fuel efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions standards for commercial medium- and heavy-duty vehicles beginning with model year 2014, with the aim of issuing a final rule by July 30, 2011. As part of this rule development process, I request that the Administrators of the EPA and the NHTSA:

(a) Propose and take comment on strategies, including those designed to increase the use of existing technologies, to achieve substantial annual progress in reducing transportation sector emissions and fossil fuel consumption consistent with my Administration's overall energy and climate security goals. These strategies should consider whether particular segments of the diverse heavy-duty vehicle sector present special opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase fuel economy. For example, preliminary estimates indicate that large tractor trailers, representing half of all greenhouse gas emissions from this sector, can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 20 percent and increase their fuel efficiency by as much as 25 percent with the use of existing technologies;

(b) Include fuel efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions standards that take into account the market structure of the trucking industry and the unique demands of heavy-duty vehicle applications; seek harmonization with applicable State standards; consider the findings and recommendations published in the National Academy of Science report on medium- and heavy-duty truck regulation; strengthen the industry and enhance job creation in the United States; and

(c) Seek input from all stakeholders, while recognizing the continued leadership role of California and other States.

*Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks.*

Building on the earlier joint rulemaking, and in order to provide greater certainty and incentives for long-term innovation by automobile and light-duty vehicle manufacturers, I request that the Administrators of the EPA and the NHTSA develop, through notice and comment rulemaking, a coordinated national program under the CAA and the EISA to improve fuel efficiency and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of passenger cars and light-duty trucks of model years 2017–2025. The national program should seek to produce joint Federal standards that are harmonized with applicable State standards, with the goal of ensuring that automobile manufacturers will be able to build a single, light-duty national fleet. The program should also seek to achieve substantial annual progress in reducing transportation sector greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel consumption, consistent with my Administration's overall energy and climate security goals, through the increased domestic production and use of existing, advanced, and emerging technologies, and should strengthen the industry and enhance job creation in the United States. As part of implementing the national program, I request that the Administrators of the EPA and the NHTSA:

(a) Work with the State of California to develop by September 1, 2010, a technical assessment to inform the rulemaking process, reflecting input from an array of stakeholders on relevant factors, including viable technologies, costs, benefits, lead time to develop and deploy new and emerging technologies, incentives and other flexibilities to encourage development and deployment of new and emerging technologies, impacts on jobs and the automotive manufacturing base in the United States, and infrastructure for advanced vehicle technologies; and

(b) Take all measures consistent with law to issue by September 30, 2010, a Notice of Intent to Issue a Proposed Rule that announces plans for setting stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emissions standards for light-duty vehicles of model year 2017 and beyond, including plans for initiating joint rulemaking and gathering any additional information needed to support regulatory action. The Notice should describe the key elements of the program that the EPA and the NHTSA intend jointly to propose, under their respective statutory authorities, including potential standards that could be practicably implemented nationally for the 2017–2025 model years and a schedule for setting those standards as expeditiously as possible, consistent with providing sufficient lead time to vehicle manufacturers.

*Cleaner Vehicles and Fuels and Necessary Infrastructure.*

The success of our efforts to achieve enhanced energy security and to protect the environment also depends upon the development of infrastructure and promotion of fuels, including biofuels, which will enable the development and widespread deployment of advanced technologies. Therefore, I further request that:

(a) The Administrator of the EPA review for adequacy the current nongreenhouse gas emissions regulations for new motor vehicles, new motor vehicle engines, and motor vehicle fuels, including tailpipe emissions standards for nitrogen oxides and air toxics, and sulfur standards for gasoline. If the Administrator of the EPA finds that new emissions regulations are required, then I request that the Administrator of the EPA promulgate such regulations as part of a comprehensive approach toward regulating motor vehicles; and [sic]

(b) The Secretary of Energy promote the deployment of advanced technology vehicles by providing technical assistance to cities preparing for deployment of electric vehicles, including plug-in hybrids and all-electric vehicles; and

(c) The Department of Energy work with stakeholders on the development of voluntary standards to facilitate the robust deployment of advanced vehicle technologies and coordinate its efforts with the Department of Transportation, the NHTSA, and the EPA.

*General Provisions.*

(a) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law, including international trade obligations, and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(b) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

(c) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(1) authority granted by law to a department, agency, or the head thereof; or

(2) functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

*Publication.*

The Secretary of Transportation is hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.

Barack Obama.

(a)

(1) any of the 3 consecutive model years immediately before the model year for which the credits are earned; and

(2) to the extent not used under paragraph (1) 1 any of the 5 consecutive model years immediately after the model year for which the credits are earned.

(b)

(2)(A) Before the end of a model year, if a manufacturer has reason to believe that its average fuel economy for passenger automobiles will be less than the applicable standard for that model year, the manufacturer may submit a plan to the Secretary of Transportation demonstrating that the manufacturer will earn sufficient credits under this section within the next 3 model years to allow the manufacturer to meet that standard for the model year involved. Unless the Secretary finds that the manufacturer is unlikely to earn sufficient credits under the plan, the Secretary shall approve the plan. Those credits are available for the model year involved if—

(i) the Secretary approves the plan; and

(ii) the manufacturer earns those credits as provided by the plan.

(B) If the average fuel economy of a manufacturer is less than the applicable standard under subsections (a) through (d) of section 32902 after applying credits under subsection (a)(1) of this section, the Secretary of Transportation shall notify the manufacturer and give the manufacturer a reasonable time (of at least 60 days) to submit a plan.

(c)

(1) the number of tenths of a mile a gallon by which the average fuel economy of the passenger automobiles manufactured by the manufacturer in the model year in which the credits are earned exceeds the applicable average fuel economy standard under subsections (a) through (d) of section 32902; times

(2) the number of passenger automobiles manufactured by the manufacturer during that model year.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1)

(2)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) for model years 2011 through 2013, 1.0 mile per gallon;

(B) for model years 2014 through 2017, 1.5 miles per gallon; and

(C) for model year 2018 and subsequent model years, 2.0 miles per gallon.

(4)

(5)

(6)

(A)

(B)

(i) Passenger automobiles manufactured domestically.

(ii) Passenger automobiles not manufactured domestically.

(iii) Non-passenger automobiles.

(h)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1061; Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §104(a), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1501.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32903(a) | 15:2002(l)(1)(B), (4). |
Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §502(l); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, §6(b), 94 Stat. 1826. |

32903(b)(1) | 15:2002(l)(1)(A). |
|

32903(b)(2) | 15:2002(l)(1)(C). |
|

32903(c) | 15:2002(l)(1)(D). |
|

32903(d) | 15:2002(l)(1)(E). |
|

32903(e) | 15:2002(l)(2). |
|

32903(f) | 15:2002(l)(3). |


In this section, various forms of the words "apply credits" are substituted for various forms of "credits are available to be taken into account" to be more concise and to make more clear the distinction between when credits are available and to what years they may be applied.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the text of 15:2002(l)(4) is omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). The words "any adjustment under subsection (d) of this section" are omitted because 15:2002(d) is omitted from the revised title as executed. The words "calculated under subparagraph (C)" (which apparently should be "calculated under subparagraph (D)") are omitted as surplus. In clauses (1) and (2), the words "with respect to the average fuel economy of that manufacturer" are omitted as surplus. The words "year for which the credits are earned" are substituted for "year in which such manufacturer exceeds such applicable average fuel economy standard" to eliminate unnecessary words.

Subsection (b)(1) is substituted for 15:2002(l)(1)(A) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(2)(A) is substituted for 15:2002(l)(1)(C)(i)–(iii) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e), the words "as provided in this section for passenger automobiles" are substituted for "as provided for under paragraph (1)" for clarity. The text of 15:2002(l)(2) (last sentence) is omitted as expired.

**2007**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–140, §104(a)(1), substituted "subsections (a) through (d) of section 32902" for "section 32902(b)–(d) of this title" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 110–140, §104(a)(2), substituted "paragraph (1)" for "clause (1) of this subsection," and "5 consecutive" for "3 consecutive".

Subsecs. (b)(2)(B), (c)(1). Pub. L. 110–140, §104(a)(1), substituted "subsections (a) through (d) of section 32902" for "section 32902(b)–(d) of this title".

Subsecs. (f) to (h). Pub. L. 110–140, §104(a)(3), (4), added subsecs. (f) and (g) and redesignated former subsec. (f) as (h).

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma.

(a)

(A) section 32902(a) of this title in a way prescribed by the Administrator; and

(B) section 32902(b)–(d) of this title by dividing—

(i) the number of passenger automobiles manufactured by the manufacturer in a model year; by

(ii) the sum of the fractions obtained by dividing the number of passenger automobiles of each model manufactured by the manufacturer in that model year by the fuel economy measured for that model.

(2)(A) In this paragraph, "electric vehicle" means a vehicle powered primarily by an electric motor drawing electrical current from a portable source.

(B) If a manufacturer manufactures an electric vehicle, the Administrator shall include in the calculation of average fuel economy under paragraph (1) of this subsection equivalent petroleum based fuel economy values determined by the Secretary of Energy for various classes of electric vehicles. The Secretary shall review those values each year and determine and propose necessary revisions based on the following factors:

(i) the approximate electrical energy efficiency of the vehicle, considering the kind of vehicle and the mission and weight of the vehicle.

(ii) the national average electrical generation and transmission efficiencies.

(iii) the need of the United States to conserve all forms of energy and the relative scarcity and value to the United States of all fuel used to generate electricity.

(iv) the specific patterns of use of electric vehicles compared to petroleum-fueled vehicles.

(b)

(i) passenger automobiles manufactured domestically by a manufacturer (or included in this category under paragraph (5) of this subsection); and

(ii) passenger automobiles not manufactured domestically by that manufacturer (or excluded from this category under paragraph (5) of this subsection).

(B) Passenger automobiles described in subparagraph (A)(i) and (ii) of this paragraph are deemed to be manufactured by separate manufacturers under this chapter, except for the purposes of section 32903.

(2) In this subsection (except as provided in paragraph (3)), a passenger automobile is deemed to be manufactured domestically in a model year if at least 75 percent of the cost to the manufacturer is attributable to value added in the United States or Canada, unless the assembly of the automobile is completed in Canada and the automobile is imported into the United States more than 30 days after the end of the model year.

(3)(A) In this subsection, a passenger automobile is deemed to be manufactured domestically in a model year, as provided in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, if at least 75 percent of the cost to the manufacturer is attributable to value added in the United States, Canada, or Mexico, unless the assembly of the automobile is completed in Canada or Mexico and the automobile is imported into the United States more than 30 days after the end of the model year.

(B) Subparagraph (A) of this paragraph applies to automobiles manufactured by a manufacturer and sold in the United States, regardless of the place of assembly, as follows:

(i) A manufacturer that began assembling automobiles in Mexico before model year 1992 may elect, during the period from January 1, 1997, through January 1, 2004, to have subparagraph (A) of this paragraph apply to all automobiles manufactured by that manufacturer beginning with the model year that begins after the date of the election.

(ii) For a manufacturer that began assembling automobiles in Mexico after model year 1991, subparagraph (A) of this paragraph applies to all automobiles manufactured by that manufacturer beginning with the model year that begins after January 1, 1994, or the model year beginning after the date the manufacturer begins assembling automobiles in Mexico, whichever is later.

(iii) A manufacturer not described in clause (i) or (ii) of this subparagraph that assembles automobiles in the United States or Canada, but not in Mexico, may elect, during the period from January 1, 1997, through January 1, 2004, to have subparagraph (A) of this paragraph apply to all automobiles manufactured by that manufacturer beginning with the model year that begins after the date of the election. However, if the manufacturer begins assembling automobiles in Mexico before making an election under this subparagraph, this clause does not apply, and the manufacturer is subject to clause (ii) of this subparagraph.

(iv) For a manufacturer that does not assemble automobiles in the United States, Canada, or Mexico, subparagraph (A) of this paragraph applies to all automobiles manufactured by that manufacturer beginning with the model year that begins after January 1, 1994.

(v) For a manufacturer described in clause (i) or (iii) of this subparagraph that does not make an election within the specified period, subparagraph (A) of this paragraph applies to all automobiles manufactured by that manufacturer beginning with the model year that begins after January 1, 2004.

(C) The Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe reasonable procedures for elections under subparagraph (B) of this paragraph.

(4) In this subsection, the fuel economy of a passenger automobile that is not manufactured domestically is deemed to be equal to the average fuel economy of all passenger automobiles manufactured by the same manufacturer that are not manufactured domestically.

(5)(A) A manufacturer may submit to the Secretary of Transportation for approval a plan, including supporting material, stating the actions and the deadlines for taking the actions, that will ensure that the model or models referred to in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph will be manufactured domestically before the end of the 4th model year covered by the plan. The Secretary promptly shall consider and act on the plan. The Secretary shall approve the plan unless—

(i) the Secretary finds that the plan is inadequate to meet the requirements of this paragraph; or

(ii) the manufacturer previously has submitted a plan approved by the Secretary under this paragraph.

(B) If the plan is approved, the Administrator shall include under paragraph (1)(A)(i) and exclude under paragraph (1)(A)(ii) of this subsection, for each of the 4 model years covered by the plan, not more than 150,000 passenger automobiles manufactured by that manufacturer but not qualifying as domestically manufactured if—

(i) the model or models involved previously have not been manufactured domestically;

(ii) at least 50 percent of the cost to the manufacturer of each of the automobiles is attributable to value added in the United States or Canada;

(iii) the automobiles, if their assembly was completed in Canada, are imported into the United States not later than 30 days after the end of the model year; and

(iv) the model or models are manufactured domestically before the end of the 4th model year covered by the plan.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1062; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(36), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4380; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(63), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3395; Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §§104(b)(2), 113(a), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1503, 1508.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32904(a)(1) | 15:2003(a)(1), (2). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §503(a)(1), (2), (d)–(f); added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 906, 907. |

32904(a)(2) | 15:2003(a)(3). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §503(a)(3); added Jan. 7, 1980, Pub. L. 96–185, §18 (related to §503(a)(3) of Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act), 93 Stat. 1336. |

32904(b)(1) | 15:2003(b)(2). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §503(b)(1), (2); added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 906; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, §§4(c)(2), (3), 8(e), 94 Stat. 1824, 1829. |

32904(b)(2) | 15:2003(b)(1). | |

32904(b)(3) | 15:2003(b)(4). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §503(b)(4); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, §4(b), 94 Stat. 1824. |

32904(b) (4)–(6) | 15:2003(b)(3). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §503(b)(3); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, §4(a)(1), 94 Stat. 1822; Nov. 8, 1984, Pub. L. 98–620, §402(18), 98 Stat. 3358. |

32904(c) | 15:2003(d)(1) (1st–3d sentences), (2), (e). | |

32904(d) | 15:2003(d)(3). | |

32904(e) | 15:2003(d)(1) (last sentence), (f). |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "of a manufacturer subject to" are substituted for "for the purposes of" for clarity. In clause (B)(ii), the words "the sum of the fractions obtained by" are substituted for "a sum of terms, each term of which is a fraction created by" to eliminate unnecessary words.

Subsection (a)(2)(A) is substituted for "as defined in section 2012(b)(2) of this title" for clarity.

In subsection (a)(2)(B), before clause (i), the words "the Administrator shall include in the calculation of average fuel economy" are substituted for "the average fuel economy will be calculated . . . to include" for clarity. The text of 15:2003(a)(3)(B) is omitted as executed. The words "determine and propose" are substituted for "propose" for clarity and consistency with the authority of the Secretary under the source provisions. The words "based on the following factors" are substituted for "Determination of these fuel economy values will take into account the following parameters" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The factors in clauses (i)–(iv) are applied to revisions in fuel economy values for clarity and consistency with the authority of the Secretary under the source provisions. In clause (iv), the words "patterns of use" are substituted for "driving patterns" for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the text of 15:2003(b)(2)(A)–(D) is omitted as executed. In clause (A), the words "is imported . . . more than 30 days after" are substituted for "is not imported . . . prior to the expiration of 30 days following" for clarity and for consistency in the revised chapter. The words "The EPA Administrator may prescribe rules for purposes of carrying out this subparagraph" are omitted as surplus because of the authority of the Administrator to prescribe regulations under section 32910(d) of the revised title. The term "regulations" is used in section 32910(d) instead of "rules" for consistency in the revised title and because the terms are synonymous. In clause (B), the words "which is imported by a manufacturer in model year 1978 or any subsequent year, as the case may be, and" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2)(A), before clause (i), the words "Except as provided in paragraphs (4) and (5) of this subsection" are added for clarity. The words "the Administrator shall make separate calculations" are substituted for "In calculating average fuel economy . . . the EPA Administrator shall separate the total number of passenger automobiles manufactured by a manufacturer into the following two categories" and "The EPA Administrator shall calculate the average fuel economy of each such separate category" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clauses (i) and (ii), the reference in the parenthetical to paragraph (3) is substituted for the reference in the source to paragraph (3), which apparently should have been a reference to paragraph (4). The text of 15:2003(b)(1)(A) (words in parentheses) and (B) (words in parentheses) is omitted as executed.

Subsection (b)(2)(B) is substituted for 15:2003(b)(1) (words after last comma) because of the restatement.

In subsection (b)(3)(A), before clause (i), the word "deadlines" is substituted for "dates" for clarity. The text of 15:2003(b)(4)(C) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (b)(4)(A), before clause (i), the words "A manufacturer may file with the Secretary of Transportation a petition for an exemption from the requirement of separate calculations under paragraph (2)(A) of this subsection" are substituted for "petition . . . for an exemption from the provisions of paragraph (1) filed by a manufacturer, the Secretary" for clarity.

In subsection (b)(5)(B), the words "judgment of the court under this subparagraph may be reviewed" are substituted for "judgment of the court affirming, remanding, or setting aside, in whole or in part, any such decision shall be final, subject to review" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(5)(C), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law" are omitted as surplus. The words "a petition for" are added for consistency.

In subsection (c), the words "of a model type" and "of a manufacturer" are omitted as surplus. The words "by rule" are omitted as surplus because of the authority of the Administrator to prescribe regulations under section 32910(d) of the revised title. The term "regulations" is used in section 32910(d) instead of "rules" for consistency in the revised title and because the terms are synonymous. The words "However . . . the Administrator shall use the same procedures for passenger automobiles the Administrator used" are substituted for "Procedures so established with respect to passenger automobiles . . . shall be the procedures utilized by the EPA Administrator" for clarity. The words "(in accordance with rules of the EPA Administrator)" are omitted as surplus. The words "fuel economy tests shall be carried out with" are substituted for "Procedures under this subsection . . . shall require that fuel economy tests be conducted in conjunction with" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d), the words "The Administrator shall prescribe a procedure under this section, or an amendment . . . at least" are substituted for "Testing and calculation procedures applicable to a model year and any amendment to such procedures . . . shall be promulgated not less than" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e), the words "his duties under" are omitted as surplus.

This makes conforming amendments necessary because of the restatement of 15:2003(b)(2)(G) as 49:32904(b)(3) by section 6(36)(B) of the bill.

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32904(b) | 15:2003(b)(2)(E), (G). | Oct. 20, 1972, Public Law 92–513, §503(b)(2)(E), (G), as amended Dec. 8, 1993, Pub. L. 103–182, §371, 107 Stat. 2127. |


The text of 49:32904(b)(1) is the text of 49:32904(b)(2), as enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1063), with conforming changes made in the cited cross-references.

The text of subsection (b)(2) is the text of 49:32904(b)(1)(A), as enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1063), with the amendments of the underlying source provisions of 49:32904(b)(1)(A) made by section 371(b)(1) of the North American Free Trade Implementation Act (Public Law 103–182, 107 Stat. 2128). The words "(except as provided in paragraph (3))" are substituted for "Except as provided in subparagraph (G)" because of the restatement of 15:2003(b)(2)(G) as 49:32904(b)(3).

In subsection (b)(3)(A), the words "is imported . . . more than 30 days after" are substituted for "is not imported . . . prior to the expiration of 30 days following" for clarity and consistency with title 49, United States Code.

In subsection (b)(3)(C), the words "and the EPA Administrator may prescribe rules for purposes of carrying out this subparagraph" are omitted as surplus because of the authority of the Administrator to prescribe regulations under 49:32910(d). The amendment made by section 371(b)(2) of the North American Free Trade Implementation Act (Public Law 103–182, 107 Stat. 2128) is not given effect because the last sentence of section 503(b)(2)(E) of the Motor Vehicle and Cost Savings Act (Public Law 92–513, 86 Stat. 947) was omitted in the restatement of title 49 because of the authority of the Administrator to prescribe regulations under 49:32910(d).

The text of subsection (b)(4) is the text of 49:32904(b)(1)(B), as enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1063).

This makes conforming amendments necessary because of the restatement of 15:2003(b)(2)(G) as 49:32904(b)(3) by section 6(36)(B) of the bill.

**2007**—Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 110–140, §104(b)(2), inserted ", except for the purposes of section 32903" before period at end.

Subsec. (b)(6) to (8). Pub. L. 110–140, §113(a), struck out pars. (6) to (8) which related to exemption from separate calculations requirement, judicial review of denial of petition, and unavailability of section 32903(a) and (b)(2) credits during model year when exemption is effective, respectively.

**1996**—Subsec. (b)(6)(C). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "Committee on Commerce" for "Committee on Energy and Commerce".

**1994**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(36)(B), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: "In this subsection—

"(A) a passenger automobile is deemed to be manufactured domestically in a model year if at least 75 percent of the cost to the manufacturer is attributable to value added in the United States or Canada, unless the assembly of the automobile is completed in Canada and the automobile is imported into the United States more than 30 days after the end of the model year; and

"(B) the fuel economy of a passenger automobile that is not manufactured domestically is deemed to be equal to the average fuel economy of all passenger automobiles manufactured by the same manufacturer that are not manufactured domestically."

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(36)(B), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows:

"(2)(A) Except as provided in paragraphs (4) and (5) of this subsection, the Administrator shall make separate calculations under subsection (a)(1)(B) of this section for—

"(i) passenger automobiles manufactured domestically by a manufacturer (or included in this category under paragraph (3) of this subsection); and

"(ii) passenger automobiles not manufactured domestically by that manufacturer (or excluded from this category under paragraph (3) of this subsection).

"(B) Passenger automobiles described in subparagraph (A)(i) and (ii) of this paragraph are deemed to be manufactured by separate manufacturers under this chapter."

Subsec. (b)(3), (4). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(36)(B), added pars. (3) and (4). Former pars. (3) and (4) redesignated (5) and (6), respectively.

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(36)(A), redesignated par. (3) as (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (7).

Subsec. (b)(5)(B). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(36)(C), substituted "paragraph (1)(A)(i) and exclude under paragraph (1)(A)(ii)" for "paragraph (2)(A)(i) and exclude under paragraph (2)(A)(ii)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(36)(A), redesignated par. (4) as (6). Former par. (6) redesignated (8).

Subsec. (b)(6)(A). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(36)(D), substituted "paragraph (1)(A)" for "paragraph (2)(A)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(7), (8). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(36)(A), redesignated pars. (5) and (6) as (7) and (8), respectively.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §113(b), (c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1508, provided that:

"(b)

"(c)

(a)

(b)

(1) .5 divided by the fuel economy measured under section 32904(c) of this title when operating the model on gasoline or diesel fuel; and

(2) .5 divided by the fuel economy—

(A) measured under subsection (a) when operating the model on alternative fuel; or

(B) measured based on the fuel content of B20 when operating the model on B20, which is deemed to contain 0.15 gallon of fuel.

(c)

(d)

(1) .5 divided by the fuel economy measured under section 32904(c) of this title when operating the model on gasoline or diesel fuel; and

(2) .5 divided by the fuel economy measured under subsection (c) of this section when operating the model on gaseous fuel.

(e)

(1)

(A) the percentage utilization of the model on gasoline or diesel fuel, as determined by a formula based on the model's alternative fuel range, divided by the fuel economy measured under section 32904(c); and

(B) the percentage utilization of the model on electricity, as determined by a formula based on the model's alternative fuel range, divided by the fuel economy measured under section 32904(a)(2).

(2)

(f)

(g)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1065; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(63), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3395; Pub. L. 109–58, title VII, §§759, 772(a), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 833, 834; Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §109(b), (c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1506; Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title III, §318(c), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3341.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32905(a) | 15:2013(a), (f)(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §513(a)–(f); added Oct. 14, 1988, Pub. L. 100–494, §6(a), 102 Stat. 2448; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–486, §403(5)(A)–(F), 106 Stat. 2876. |

32905(b) | 15:2013(b), (f)(1). | |

32905(c) | 15:2013(c), (f)(1). | |

32905(d) | 15:2013(d), (f)(1). | |

32905(e) | 15:2013(e). | |

32905(f) | 15:2013(f)(2)(B). | |

32905(g) | 15:2013(f)(2)(A). |


In subsections (a) and (c), the words "after model year 1992" are substituted for "Subsections (a) and (c) shall apply only to automobiles manufactured after model year 1992" because of the restatement.

In subsections (b) and (d), before each clause (1), the words "in model years 1993–2004" are substituted for "Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, subsections (b) and (d) shall apply only to automobiles manufactured in model year 1993 through model year 2004" to eliminate unnecessary words and because of the restatement.

In subsection (c), the words "For purposes of this section" and "than natural gas" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The words "a gallon equivalent of natural gas" are omitted as being included in "A gallon equivalent of any gaseous fuel".

In subsection (e), the words "subject to the provisions of this section" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The words "for each model described under subsections (a)–(d) of this section" are substituted for "for each model type of dedicated automobile or dual fueled automobile" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "by using as the denominator" are substituted for "by including as the denominator of the term" for clarity.

**2014**—Subsecs. (e) to (g). Pub. L. 113–291 added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsecs. (e) and (f) as (f) and (g), respectively.

**2007**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–140, §109(b)(1), substituted "1993 through 2019" for "1993–2010" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 110–140, §109(c), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: ".5 divided by the fuel economy measured under subsection (a) of this section when operating the model on alternative fuel."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–140, §109(b)(2), substituted "1993 through 2019" for "1993–2010" in introductory provisions.

Subsecs. (f) to (h). Pub. L. 110–140, §109(b)(3), (4), redesignated subsec. (h) as (f) and struck out former subsecs. (f) and (g) which related to temporary extension of application of subsecs. (b) and (d) and study and report on success of the policy of subsecs. (b) and (d), respectively.

**2005**—Subsecs. (b), (d). Pub. L. 109–58, §772(a)(1), substituted "1993–2010" for "1993–2004" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–58, §772(a)(2), substituted "2007" for "2001" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 109–58, §772(a)(3), substituted "2010" for "2004".

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 109–58, §759, added subsec. (h).

**1996**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "Committee on Commerce" for "Committee on Energy and Commerce".

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

(a)

(1) 1.2 miles a gallon for each of model years 1993 through 2014;

(2) 1.0 miles per gallon for model year 2015;

(3) 0.8 miles per gallon for model year 2016;

(4) 0.6 miles per gallon for model year 2017;

(5) 0.4 miles per gallon for model year 2018;

(6) 0.2 miles per gallon for model year 2019; and

(7) 0 miles per gallon for model years after 2019.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1067; Pub. L. 109–58, title VII, §772(b), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 834; Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §109(a), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1505; Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title III, §318(a), (d), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3341, 3342.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32906(a) | 15:2013(g)(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §513(g)(1), (2)(A); added Oct. 14, 1988, Pub. L. 100–494, §6(a), 102 Stat. 2449; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–486, §403(5) (G)(i), (ii)(I), 106 Stat. 2877. |

32906(b) | 15:2013(g)(2)(A). |


**2014**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–291, §318(a), substituted "(except an electric automobile or, beginning with model year 2016, an alternative fueled automobile that uses a fuel described in subparagraph (E) of section 32901(a)(1))" for "(except an electric automobile)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–291, §318(d), substituted "section 32905(f)" for "section 32905(e)".

**2007**—Pub. L. 110–140 amended section generally, substituting provisions relating to maximum increase in average fuel economy for each of model years 1993 through 2019 and calculation of each such increase for provisions relating to maximum increase for each of model years 1993 through 2010 and authorizing offsets if the Secretary of Transportation reduced the average fuel economy standard for passenger automobiles for any model year below 27.5 miles per gallon.

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 109–58, §772(b)(1), substituted "model years 1993–2010" for "the model years 1993–2004".

Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 109–58, §772(b)(2), substituted "model years 2011–2014" for "the model years 2005–2008".

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

(a)

(A) whether the manufacturer will comply with an applicable average fuel economy standard under section 32902 of this title for the model year for which the report is made;

(B) the actions the manufacturer has taken or intends to take to comply with the standard; and

(C) other information the Secretary requires by regulation.

(2) A manufacturer shall submit a report under paragraph (1) of this subsection during the 30 days—

(A) before the beginning of each model year; and

(B) beginning on the 180th day of the model year.

(3) When a manufacturer decides that actions reported under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection are not sufficient to ensure compliance with that standard, the manufacturer shall report to the Secretary additional actions the manufacturer intends to take to comply with the standard and include a statement about whether those actions are sufficient to ensure compliance.

(4) This subsection does not apply to a manufacturer for a model year for which the manufacturer is subject to an alternative average fuel economy standard under section 32902(d) of this title.

(b)

(2) The district courts of the United States may—

(A) issue an order enforcing a requirement or request under paragraph (1) of this subsection; and

(B) punish a failure to obey the order as a contempt of court.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1067.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32907(a) | 15:2005(a)(1)–(3). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §505(a)(1)–(3), (c); added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 908, 909. |

15:2005(a)(4). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §505(a)(4); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, §3(b), 94 Stat. 1822. | |

32907(b) | 15:2005(c). |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "shall report to the Secretary of Transportation on" are substituted for "shall submit a report to the Secretary . . . Each such report shall contain (A) a statement as to" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the words "the actions" are substituted for "a plan which describes the steps" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(2)(A), the words "after model year 1977" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "actions reported . . . are not sufficient to ensure compliance with that standard" are substituted for "a plan submitted . . . which he stated was sufficient to insure compliance with applicable average fuel economy standards is not sufficient to insure such compliance" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the section. The words "additional actions" are substituted for "a revised plan which specifies any additional measures" for consistency in the section. The text of 15:2005(a)(3) is omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a).

In subsection (b)(1), the words "Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary or the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to carry out this chapter" are substituted for "as the Secretary or the EPA Administrator may, by rule, reasonably require to enable the Secretary or the EPA Administrator to carry out their duties under this subchapter and under any rules prescribed pursuant to this subchapter" to eliminate unnecessary words, for consistency in the revised title, and because "rules" and "regulations" are synonymous. The words "establish and" are omitted as surplus. The 2d sentence is substituted for 15:2005(c) (2d sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency. The text of 15:2005(c)(1) (last sentence) is omitted as surplus because of section 32910(d) of the revised title and 49:322(a).

Subsection (b)(2)(A) is substituted for "if a manufacturer refuses to accede to any rule or reasonable request made under paragraph (1), issue an order requiring compliance with such requirement or request" to eliminate unnecessary words.

Subsection (b)(2)(B) is substituted for 15:2005(c) (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words.

(a)

(1) "automobile" includes an automobile rated at not more than 8,500 pounds gross vehicle weight regardless of whether the Secretary of Transportation has applied this chapter to the automobile under section 32901(a)(3)(B) of this title.

(2) "dealer" means a person residing or located in a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States, and engaged in the sale or distribution of new automobiles to the first person (except a dealer buying as a dealer) that buys the automobile in good faith other than for resale.

(b)

(A) the fuel economy of the automobile.

(B) the estimated annual fuel cost of operating the automobile.

(C) the range of fuel economy of comparable automobiles of all manufacturers.

(D) a statement that a booklet is available from the dealer to assist in making a comparison of fuel economy of other automobiles manufactured by all manufacturers in that model year.

(E) the amount of the automobile fuel efficiency tax imposed on the sale of the automobile under section 4064 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 4064).

(F) other information required or authorized by the Administrator that is related to the information required by clauses (A)–(D) of this paragraph.

(2) The Administrator may allow a manufacturer to comply with this subsection by—

(A) disclosing the information on the label required under section 3 of the Automobile Information Disclosure Act (15 U.S.C. 1232); and

(B) including the statement required by paragraph (1)(E) of this subsection at a time and in a way that takes into account special circumstances or characteristics.

(3) For dedicated automobiles manufactured after model year 1992, the fuel economy of those automobiles under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection is the fuel economy for those automobiles when operated on alternative fuel, measured under section 32905(a) or (c) of this title, multiplied by .15. Each label required under paragraph (1) of this subsection for dual fueled automobiles shall—

(A) indicate the fuel economy of the automobile when operated on gasoline or diesel fuel;

(B) clearly identify the automobile as a dual fueled automobile;

(C) clearly identify the fuels on which the automobile may be operated; and

(D) contain a statement informing the consumer that the additional information required by subsection (c)(2) of this section is published and distributed by the Secretary of Energy.

(c)

(A) shall be simple and readily understandable;

(B) shall contain information on fuel economy and estimated annual fuel costs of operating automobiles manufactured in each model year; and

(C) may contain information on geographical or other differences in estimated annual fuel costs.

(2)(A) For dual fueled automobiles manufactured after model year 1992, the booklet published under paragraph (1) shall contain additional information on—

(i) the energy efficiency and cost of operation of those automobiles when operated on gasoline or diesel fuel as compared to those automobiles when operated on alternative fuel; and

(ii) the driving range of those automobiles when operated on gasoline or diesel fuel as compared to those automobiles when operated on alternative fuel.

(B) For dual fueled automobiles, the booklet published under paragraph (1) also shall contain—

(i) information on the miles a gallon achieved by the automobiles when operated on alternative fuel; and

(ii) a statement explaining how the information made available under this paragraph can be expected to change when the automobile is operated on mixtures of alternative fuel and gasoline or diesel fuel.

(3) The Secretary of Energy shall publish and distribute the booklet. The Administrator shall prescribe regulations requiring dealers to make the booklet available to prospective buyers.

(d)

(e)

(1) a violation of section 3 of the Automobile Information Disclosure Act (15 U.S.C. 1232); and

(2) an unfair or deceptive act or practice in or affecting commerce under the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.), except sections 5(m) and 18 (15 U.S.C. 45(m), 57a).

(f)

(g)

(1)

(A) to label new automobiles sold in the United States with—

(i) information reflecting an automobile's performance on the basis of criteria that the Administrator shall develop, not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of the Ten-in-Ten Fuel Economy Act, to reflect fuel economy and greenhouse gas and other emissions over the useful life of the automobile;

(ii) a rating system that would make it easy for consumers to compare the fuel economy and greenhouse gas and other emissions of automobiles at the point of purchase, including a designation of automobiles—

(I) with the lowest greenhouse gas emissions over the useful life of the vehicles; and

(II) the highest fuel economy; and

(iii) a permanent and prominent display that an automobile is capable of operating on an alternative fuel; and

(B) to include in the owner's manual for vehicles capable of operating on alternative fuels information that describes that capability and the benefits of using alternative fuels, including the renewable nature and environmental benefits of using alternative fuels.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3) 1 is deemed to meet the requirements of this paragraph.

(4)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1068; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(37), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4382; Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §105, Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1503.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32908(a) | 15:2006(c)(2). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §506(a)(1)–(3), (b)(1), (2), (c)(1), (2), (d), (e); added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 910; Nov. 9, 1978, Pub. L. 95–619, §§401(a)(2), 403(a), (b), 92 Stat. 3254, 3256. |

15:2006(c)(3). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §506(c)(3); added Nov. 9, 1978, Pub. L. 95–619, §401(a)(1), 92 Stat. 3254. | |

32908(b)(1), (2) | 15:2006(a)(1)–(3). | |

32908(b)(3) | 15:2006(a)(4). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–516, 86 Stat. 947, §506(a)(4), (b)(3); added Oct. 14, 1988, Pub. L. 100–494, §8(a), 102 Stat. 2452; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–486, §403(3), (4), 106 Stat. 2876. |

15:2006 (note). | Oct. 14, 1988, Pub. L. 100–494, §8(b), 102 Stat. 2453. | |

32908(c)(1) | 15:2006(b)(1) (1st sentence). | |

32908(c)(2) | 15:2006(b)(3). | |

15:2006 (note). | ||

32908(c)(3) | 15:2006(b)(1) (last sentence), (2). | |

32908(d) | 15:2006(d). | |

32908(e) | 15:2006(c)(1). | |

32908(f) | 15:2006(e). |


In this section, references to the Secretary of Energy are substituted for references to the Administrator of the Federal Energy Administration because of 42:7151.

In subsection (a)(1), the words "regardless of whether the Secretary of Transportation has applied this chapter to the automobile" are substituted for "notwithstanding any lack of determination required of the Secretary" for consistency with section 32901(b) of the revised title.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "means a person residing or located in a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States, and engaged in the sale or distribution of new automobiles to the first person (except a dealer buying as a dealer) that buys the automobile in good faith other than for resale" are substituted for "has the same meaning as such term has in section 2(e) of the Automobile Information Disclosure Act (15 U.S.C. 1231(e))" to include the words of 15:1231(e) and (g) in the subsection for clarity. The words "territory or possession" are substituted for "Territory" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "except that in applying such term to this section, the term 'automobile' has the same meaning as such term has in section 2001(1) of this title (taking into account paragraph (3) of this subsection)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the text of 15:2006(a)(2) is omitted as executed. The words "Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (2)" are omitted as surplus because 15:2006(a)(2) is executed and is not part of the revised title. The words "Under regulations of the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency" are substituted for "as determined in accordance with rules of the EPA Administrator" and the text of 15:2006(a)(3) (1st, 2d sentences) to eliminate unnecessary words, for consistency in the revised title, and because "rules" is synonymous with "regulations". The word "attach" is substituted for "cause to be affixed", to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "after model year 1976" are omitted as executed. The words "The label shall contain the following information" are substituted for "indicating" and "containing" for clarity. In clause (C), the words "of all manufacturers" are substituted for "(whether or not manufactured by such manufacturer)" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (D), the words "a booklet is available from the dealer to assist in making a comparison of fuel economy of other automobiles manufactured by all manufacturers in that model year" are substituted for "written information (as described in subsection (b)(1) of this section) with respect to the fuel economy of other automobiles manufactured in such model year (whether or not manufactured by such manufacturer) is available from the dealer in order to facilitate comparison among the various model types" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (E), the words "automobile fuel efficiency tax imposed on the sale of the automobile under section 4064 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 4064)" are substituted for "in the case of any automobile, the sale of which is subject to any Federal tax imposed with respect to automobile fuel efficiency, a statement indicating the amount of such tax" for clarity.

In subsection (b)(3)(D), the words "Secretary of Energy" are substituted for "Department of Energy" because of 42:7131.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "compile and" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "not later than July 31, 1976" are omitted as executed. The words "make the booklet available to prospective buyers" are substituted for "make available to prospective purchasers information compiled by the EPA Administrator under paragraph (1)" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d), the words "which is required to be made", "an express or implied", and "that such fuel economy will be achieved, or that such cost will not be exceeded, under conditions of actual use" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), the words "his duties under" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:32908(b)(1) to clarify the restatement of 15:2006(a)(1) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1068).

The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(2), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, which is classified generally to subchapter I (§41 et seq.) of chapter 2 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of Title 15 and Tables.

The date of the enactment of the Ten-in-Ten Fuel Economy Act, referred to in subsec. (g)(1)(A)(i), (4), is the date of enactment of subtitle A (§§101–113) of title I of Pub. L. 110–140, which was approved Dec. 19, 2007.

Subsection (h) of section 32905 of this title, referred to in subsec. (g)(3), was redesignated subsec. (f) by Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §109(b)(4), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1506, and subsequently was redesignated subsec. (g) by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title III, §318(c)(1), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3341.

**2007**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 110–140 added subsec. (g).

**1994**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 103–429 inserted "on the automobile" after "maintain the label" in introductory provisions.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §110, Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1506, provided that: "Beginning in December 2009, and not less often than every 5 years thereafter, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, shall—

"(1) reevaluate the fuel economy labeling procedures described in the final rule published in the Federal Register on December 27, 2006 (71 Fed. Reg. 77,872; 40 CFR parts 86 and 600) to determine whether changes in the factors used to establish the labeling procedures warrant a revision of that process; and

"(2) submit a report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives that describes the results of the reevaluation process."

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(2) A person adversely affected by a regulation prescribed under section 32912(c)(1) of this title may apply for review of the regulation by filing a petition for review in the court of appeals of the United States for the circuit in which the person resides or has its principal place of business.

(b)

(c)

(2) The Secretary or the Administrator may amend or set aside the regulation, or prescribe a new regulation because of the additional submissions presented. The Secretary or Administrator shall file an amended or new regulation and the additional submissions with the court. The court shall review a changed or new regulation.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1070; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(38), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4382.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32909(a)(1) | 15:2004(a) (1st sentence words before 4th and after 6th commas, last sentence). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §504; added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 908. |

32909(a)(2) | 15:2004(a) (4th sentence). | |

15:2008(e)(3)(A) (1st sentence less 15th–31st words), (B). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §508(e)(3); added Nov. 9, 1978, Pub. L. 95–619, §402, 92 Stat. 3256. | |

32909(b) | 15:2004(a) (1st sentence words between 4th and 6th commas, 2d, 3d sentences). | |

15:2008(e)(3)(A) (1st sentence 15th–31st words, 2d, last sentences). | ||

32909(c) | 15:2004(b). | |

32909(d) | 15:2004(c), (d). | |

15:2008(e)(3)(C). |


In this section, the word "regulation" is substituted for "rule" for consistency in the revised title and because the terms are synonymous.

In subsection (a)(1) and (2), the words "apply for review" are added for clarity.

In subsection (a)(1), the text of 15:2004(a) (last sentence) is omitted because 15:2002(d) is executed and is not a part of the revised title.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "adversely affected" are substituted for "aggrieved", and the words "regulation prescribed" are substituted for "final rule", for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The text of 15:2004(a) (4th sentence) and 2008(e)(3)(B) is omitted because 5:ch. 7 applies unless otherwise stated.

In subsection (b), the words "a regulation prescribing an amendment of a standard submitted to Congress" are substituted for "or in the case of an amendment submitted to each House of Congress" in 15:2004(a), and the words "the Secretary of Transportation or the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, whoever prescribed the regulation" are substituted for "the officer who prescribed the rule", for clarity. The words "a record of the proceeding in which the regulation was prescribed" are substituted for "the written submissions and other materials in the proceeding upon which such rule was based" in 15:2004(a) and "the written submissions to, and transcript of, the written and oral proceedings on which the rule was based, as provided in section 2112 of title 28, United States Code" in 15:2008(e)(3) for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "on request of the petitioner" are substituted for "If the petitioner applies to the court in a proceeding under subsection (a) of this section for leave to make additional submissions", and the words "to receive additional submissions" are substituted for "to provide additional opportunity to make such submissions", for clarity.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "amend . . . the regulation" and "amended . . . regulation" are substituted for "modify . . . the rule" and "modified . . . rule", respectively, for consistency in the chapter and because "regulation" is synonymous with "rule".

In subsection (d), the words "affirming or setting aside, in whole or in part" are omitted as surplus. The words "and not in lieu of" in 15:2004(d) are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:32909(a)(1) to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "any of sections 32901–32904" for "section 32901–32904".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(A) inspect and copy records of any person at reasonable times;

(B) order a person to file written reports or answers to specific questions, including reports or answers under oath; and

(C) conduct hearings, administer oaths, take testimony, and subpena witnesses and records the Secretary or Administrator considers advisable.

(2) A witness summoned under paragraph (1)(C) of this subsection is entitled to the same fee and mileage the witness would have been paid in a court of the United States.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1070; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(39), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4382.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32910(a) | 15:2005(b)(1), (3). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §505(b), (d); added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 909. |

32910(b) | 15:2005(b)(2). | |

32910(c) | 15:2005(d). | |

32910(d) | (no source). |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "or their duly designated agents" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(b) and section 3 of Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 (eff. Dec. 2, 1970, 84 Stat. 2089). In clause (A), the words "inspect and copy records of any person" are substituted for "require, by general or special orders, that any person . . . (B) provide . . . access to (and for the purpose of examination, the right to copy) any documentary evidence of such person" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "which is relevant to any functions of the Secretary or the EPA Administrator under this subchapter" are omitted as covered by "In carrying out this chapter". In clause (B), the word "order" is substituted for "require, by general or special orders", and the words "including reports or answers under oath" are substituted for "Such reports and answers shall be made under oath or otherwise", to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "in such form as the Secretary or EPA Administrator may prescribe" and "shall be filed with the Secretary or the EPA Administrator within such reasonable period as either may prescribe" are omitted as surplus because of subsection (d) of this section and 49:322(a). The words "relating to any function of the Secretary or the EPA Administrator under this subchapter" are omitted as surplus. In clause (C), the words "sit and act at such times and places" are omitted as being included in "conduct hearings". The words "subpena witnesses" are substituted for "require, by subpena, the attendance and testimony of such witnesses" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), the words "A civil action to enforce a subpena or order of the Secretary or Administrator under subsection (a) of this section may be brought in the district court of the United States for the judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary or Administrator was conducted" are substituted for 15:2005(b)(2) (1st sentence) for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c), the words "to the public" are omitted as surplus. The words "However, the Secretary or the Administrator may withhold information" are substituted for "except that information may be withheld from disclosure" for clarity.

Subsection (d) is added for convenience because throughout the chapter the Administrator is given authority to prescribe regulations to carry out duties of the Administrator.

This amends 49:32910(b) to clarify the restatement of 15:2005(b)(2) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1071).

**1994**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "any judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary or Administrator is conducted" for "the judicial district in which the proceeding by the Secretary or Administrator was conducted".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1071; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(40), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4382.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32911(a) | 15:2007(a)(3). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §§507(a), 508(a); added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 911; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, §6(a)(1), (c)(1), (2), 94 Stat. 1826, 1827. |

15:2008(a)(2). | ||

32911(b) | 15:2007(a)(1), (2). | |

15:2007(b). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §507(b); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, §6(a)(2), 94 Stat. 1826. | |

15:2008(a). |


In this section, the words "commits a violation if the . . . fails" are substituted for "the following conduct is unlawful . . . the failure of any person" for clarity and consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a), the reference to 15:2011 is omitted because that provision is not restated in this chapter. The words "The Secretary of Transportation shall conduct a proceeding, with an opportunity for a hearing on the record, to decide" are substituted for "If, on the record after opportunity for agency hearing, the Secretary determines" in 15:2008 for clarity. The words "the Secretary shall assess the penalties provided for under subsection (b) of this section" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "Compliance is determined after considering credits available to the manufacturer under section 32903 of this title" are substituted for 15:2007(b) to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the Secretary shall conduct a proceeding, with an opportunity for a hearing on the record, to decide" are substituted for "the Secretary shall commence a proceeding under paragraph (2) of this subsection" in 15:2008(a)(1) and "If, on the record after opportunity for agency hearing, the Secretary determines" in 15:2008(a)(2) for clarity. The words "may not conduct" are substituted for "(unless" in 15:2008(a)(1) for clarity.

This makes a conforming amendment necessary because of the restatement of 15:2011 as 49:32918 by section 6(43)(A) of the bill.

**1994**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted ", 32917(b), and 32918" for ", and 32917(b)".

(a)

(b)

(1) calculated under section 32904(a)(1)(A) or (B) of this title for automobiles to which the standard applies manufactured by the manufacturer during the model year;

(2) multiplied by the number of those automobiles; and

(3) reduced by the credits available to the manufacturer under section 32903 of this title for the model year.

(c)

(i) will result in, or substantially further, substantial energy conservation for automobiles in model years in which the increased penalty may be imposed; and

(ii) will not have a substantial deleterious impact on the economy of the United States, a State, or a region of a State.

(B) The amount prescribed under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph may not be more than $10 for each .1 of a mile a gallon.

(C) The Secretary may make a decision under subparagraph (A)(ii) of this paragraph only when the Secretary decides that it is likely that the increase in the penalty will not—

(i) cause a significant increase in unemployment in a State or a region of a State;

(ii) adversely affect competition; or

(iii) cause a significant increase in automobile imports.

(D) A higher amount prescribed under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph is effective for the model year beginning at least 18 months after the regulation stating the higher amount becomes final.

(2) The Secretary shall publish in the Federal Register a proposed regulation under this subsection and a statement of the basis for the regulation and provide each manufacturer of automobiles a copy of the proposed regulation and the statement. The Secretary shall provide a period of at least 45 days for written public comments on the proposed regulation. The Secretary shall submit a copy of the proposed regulation to the Federal Trade Commission and request the Commission to comment on the proposed regulation within that period. After that period, the Secretary shall give interested persons and the Commission an opportunity at a public hearing to present oral information, views, and arguments and to direct questions about disputed issues of material fact to—

(A) other interested persons making oral presentations;

(B) employees and contractors of the Government that made written comments or an oral presentation or participated in the development or consideration of the proposed regulation; and

(C) experts and consultants that provided information to a person that the person includes, or refers to, in an oral presentation.

(3) The Secretary may restrict the questions of an interested person and the Commission when the Secretary decides that the questions are duplicative or not likely to result in a timely and effective resolution of the issues. A transcript shall be kept of a public hearing under this subsection. A copy of the transcript and written comments shall be available to the public at the cost of reproduction.

(4) The Secretary shall publish a regulation prescribed under this subsection in the Federal Register with the decisions required under paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(5) An officer or employee of a department, agency, or instrumentality of the Government violates section 1905 of title 18 by disclosing, except in an in camera proceeding by the Secretary or a court, information—

(A) provided to the Secretary or the court during consideration or review of a regulation prescribed under this subsection; and

(B) decided by the Secretary to be confidential under section 11(d) of the Energy Supply and Environmental Coordination Act of 1974 (15 U.S.C. 796(d)).

(d)

(e)

(1) transfer 50 percent of such total amount to the account providing appropriations to the Secretary of Transportation for the administration of this chapter, which shall be used by the Secretary to support rulemaking under this chapter; and

(2) transfer 50 percent of such total amount to the account providing appropriations to the Secretary of Transportation for the administration of this chapter, which shall be used by the Secretary to carry out a program to make grants to manufacturers for retooling, reequipping, or expanding existing manufacturing facilities in the United States to produce advanced technology vehicles and components.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1072; Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §112, Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1508.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32912(a) | 15:2008(b)(2). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §508(b)(1)–(3) (1st sentence); added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 913; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, §§6(c)(1), (3), 8(f), 94 Stat. 1827, 1828, 1829. |

32912(b) | 15:2008(b)(1). | |

32912(c)(1) | 15:2008(d). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §508(d), (e)(1), (2), (4); added Nov. 9, 1978, Pub. L. 95–619, §402, 92 Stat. 3255, 3256. |

32912(c)(2), (3) | 15:2008(e)(1). | |

32912(c)(4) | 15:2008(e)(2). | |

32912(c)(5) | 15:2008(e)(4). | |

32912(d) | 15:2008(b)(3) (1st sentence). |


In this section, the words "whom the Secretary determines under subsection (a) of this section" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), before clause (1)(A), the words "Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section" are added for clarity. The words "that violates a standard prescribed for a model year under section 32902 of this title" are substituted for "to have violated a provision of section 2007(a)(1) of this title with respect to any model year" and "to have violated section 2007(a)(2) of this title" to avoid referring, as in the source, to one provision that in turn refers to another provision. In clause (1), the words "calculated under" are substituted for "established under" for clarity. The reference to section 32904(a)(1)(A), which is a reference to the provision under which average fuel economy for nonpassenger automobiles is calculated, is added for clarity. The reference to section 32904(a)(1)(B), which is a reference to the provision under which average fuel economy for passenger automobiles is calculated, is substituted for the reference in the source to 15:2002(a) and (c), which is a reference to the provision under which the average fuel economy standard for those automobiles is established, for clarity. The words "in which the violation occurs" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1)(A), before clause (i), the words "shall prescribe by regulation" are substituted for "shall, by rule . . . substitute" for consistency in the revised title and because "rule" and "regulation" are synonymous. The words "in accordance with the provisions of this subsection and subsection (e)" are omitted as surplus. The words "be less than $5.00" are omitted as surplus because under the subsection the Secretary may only raise the amount imposed to $10, or a $5 increase. The words "in the absence of such rule" are omitted as surplus. The words "increase in the penalty" are substituted for "additional amount of the civil penalty" for clarity. In clause (ii), the words "subject to subparagraph (B)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1)(C), the words "the later of" and the text of 15:2008(d)(3)(A) are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (c)(2), before clause (A), the words "After the Secretary of Transportation develops a proposed rule pursuant to subsection (d) of this section" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "written comments or an oral presentation" are substituted for "written or oral presentations" for consistency in the section. The text of 15:2008(e)(1)(B) (last sentence) and (C) is omitted as surplus because of 5:556(d).

In subsection (c)(5), before clause (A), the words "department, agency, or instrumentality" are substituted for "department or agency" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

**2007**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 110–140 added subsec. (e).

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–140 effective on the date that is 1 day after Dec. 19, 2007, see section 1601 of Pub. L. 110–140, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1824 of Title 2, The Congress.

(a)

(1) necessary to prevent the insolvency or bankruptcy of the manufacturer of automobiles;

(2) the manufacturer shows that the violation was caused by an act of God, a strike, or a fire; or

(3) the Federal Trade Commission certifies under subsection (b)(1) of this section that a reduction in the penalty is necessary to prevent a substantial lessening of competition.

(b)

(2) An application under this subsection must be made not later than 30 days after the Secretary decides that the manufacturer has violated section 32911(b) of this title. To the maximum extent practicable, the Commission shall make a decision on an application by the 90th day after the application is filed. A proceeding under this subsection may not delay the manufacturer's liability for the penalty for more than 90 days after the application is filed.

(3) When a civil penalty is collected in a civil action under this chapter before a decision of the Commission under this subsection is final, the payment shall be paid to the court in which the action was brought. The court shall deposit the payment in the general fund of the Treasury on the 90th day after the decision of the Commission becomes final. When the court is holding payment of a penalty reduced under subsection (a)(3) of this section, the Secretary shall direct the court to remit the appropriate amount of the penalty to the manufacturer.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1073; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(41), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4382; Pub. L. 104–287, §6(d)(1)(A), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3399.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32913(a) | 15:2008(b)(3) (2d sentence). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §508(b)(3) (2d sentence), (4), (5); added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 913; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, §6(c)(1), 94 Stat. 1827. |

32913(b) | 15:2008(b)(4), (5). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "compromise or remit" are substituted for "compromise, modify, or remit, with or without conditions" for consistency in the revised title. The words "against any person" are omitted as surplus. The reference to section 32912(b) (a restatement of 15:2008(b)(1)) is used rather than a reference to 32911(b) (a restatement of 15:2007(a)(1) or (2)) to avoid referring, as in the source, to one provision that in turn refers to another provision. In clause (3), the word "reduction" is substituted for "modification" for clarity. The words "as determined under paragraph (4)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "the standard that was violated" are substituted for "the standard with respect to which such penalty was assessed", and the words "The Commission shall make the certification when it finds that reduction" are substituted for "If the manufacturer shows and the Federal Trade Commission determines that modification of the civil penalty for which such manufacturer is otherwise liable . . . the Commission shall so certify", to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(3), the words "When a civil penalty is collected in a civil action under this chapter" are substituted for "but any payment made" for clarity. The words "action was brought" are substituted for "the penalty is collected" for consistency. The words "and shall (except as otherwise provided in paragraph (5)), be held by such court" are omitted as surplus. The words "When the court is holding payment of a penalty reduced under subsection (a)(3) of this section" are substituted for "Whenever a civil penalty has been assessed and collected from a manufacturer under this section, and is being held by a court in accordance with paragraph (4), and the Secretary subsequently determines to modify such civil penalty pursuant to paragraph (3)(C)" to eliminate unnecessary words.

This amends 49:32913(b)(1) to clarify the restatement of 15:2008(b)(4) and (5) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1073).

**1996**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–287 made technical amendment to directory language of Pub. L. 103–429, §6(41). See 1994 Amendment notes below.

**1994**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(41)(A), as amended by Pub. L. 104–287, substituted "Certification" for "Penalty Reduction" in heading.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(41)(B), as amended by Pub. L. 104–287, substituted "a reduction in the penalty is necessary" for "the penalty should be reduced".

Pub. L. 104–287, §6(d), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3398, provided that the amendment made by section 6(d)(1)(A) is effective Oct. 31, 1994.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1074.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32914(a) | 15:2008(b)(3) (last sentence), (c)(2). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §508(b)(3) (last sentence), (6), (c)(2); added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 913, 914. |

32914(b) | 15:2008(b)(6). |


In subsection (a), the text of 15:2008(b)(3) (last sentence) is omitted as surplus because of 28:516 and 2461(a). The words "an assessment of" and "and unappealable" are omitted as surplus. The words "of the Secretary of Transportation" are added for clarity. The words "for a circuit" are added for consistency. The words "in favor of the Secretary" are omitted as surplus. The words "shall bring a civil action . . . to collect the penalty" are substituted for "shall recover the amount for which the manufacturer is liable" for consistency.

In subsection (b), the words "A claim of a creditor against a bankrupt or insolvent manufacturer of automobiles has priority over a claim of the United States Government against the manufacturer" are substituted for "A claim of the United States . . . against a manufacturer . . . shall, in the case of the bankruptcy or insolvency of such manufacturer, be subordinate to any claim of a creditor of such manufacturer" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the date on which" are omitted as surplus.

Any interested person may appeal a decision of the Secretary of Transportation to impose a civil penalty under section 32912(a) or (b) of this title, or of the Federal Trade Commission under section 32913(b)(1) of this title, in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit or in the court of appeals of the United States for the circuit in which the person resides or has its principal place of business. A person appealing a decision must file a notice of appeal with the court not later than 30 days after the decision and, at the same time, send a copy of the notice by certified mail to the Secretary or the Commission. The Secretary or the Commission promptly shall file with the court a certified copy of the record of the proceeding in which the decision was made.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1074.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32915 | 15:2008(c)(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §508(c)(1); added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 914. |


The words "as the case may be" are omitted as surplus. The text of 15:2008(c)(1) (last sentence) is omitted as surplus because 5:ch. 7 applies unless otherwise stated.

(a)

(b) 1 of this title, the Secretaries of Transportation and Labor shall conduct annually a joint examination of the extent to which section 32904(b)(6)—1

(A) achieves the purposes of this chapter;

(B) improves fuel efficiency (thereby facilitating conservation of petroleum and reducing petroleum imports);

(C) has promoted employment in the United States related to automobile manufacturing;

(D) has not caused unreasonable harm to the automobile manufacturing sector in the United States; and

(E) has permitted manufacturers that have assembled passenger automobiles deemed to be manufactured domestically under section 32904(b)(2) of this title thereafter to assemble in the United States passenger automobiles of the same model that have less than 75 percent of their value added in the United States or Canada, together with the reasons.

(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall include the results of the examination under paragraph (1) of this subsection in each report submitted under subsection (a) of this section more than 180 days after an exemption has been granted under section 32904(b)(6) of this title, or submit the results of the examination directly to Congress before the report is submitted when circumstances warrant.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1074; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(42), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4382.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32916(a) | 15:2002(a)(2). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §502(a)(2); added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 902. |

32916(b)(1) | 15:2012(c)(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §512(c); added Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–425, §4(a)(2), 94 Stat. 1823. |

32916(b)(2) | 15:2012(c)(2). |


In subsection (a), the words "a report on the review by the Secretary" are substituted for "a review" for clarity. The words "beginning in 1977" and the text of 15:2002(a) (2d, last sentences) are omitted as executed.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), reference to section 32904(b)(4) the 2d time it appears is substituted for "the amendment made to section 2003(b) of this title by section 4(a)(1) of the Automobile Fuel Efficiency Act of 1980" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. Clause (B) is substituted for "achieves the purposes of that Act" for clarity.

In subsection (b)(2), the reference to "subsection (a) of this section" is restated to refer to 15:2002(a) rather than 15:2012(a) to reflect the apparent intent of Congress. Although 15:2012(c)(2) refers to an annual report under 15:2012(a), that provision does not provide for an annual report.

This makes conforming amendments necessary because of the restatement of 15:2003(b)(2)(G) as 49:32904(b)(3) by section 6(36)(B) of the bill.

Paragraph (6) of section 32904(b) of this title, referred to in subsec. (b), was repealed by Pub. L. 110–140, title I, §113(a), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1508.

**1994**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–429, in par. (1), introductory provisions, substituted "32904(b)(6)" for "32904(b)(4)" in two places, in par. (1)(E), substituted "32904(b)(2)" for "32904(b)(1)(A)", and in par. (2), substituted "32904(b)(6)" for "32904(b)(4)".

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(b)

(A) 18 miles a gallon; or

(B) the applicable average fuel economy standard under section 32902(b) or (c) of this title for the model year that includes January 1 of that fiscal year.

(2) Fleet average fuel economy is—

(A) the total number of passenger automobiles leased for at least 60 consecutive days or bought by executive agencies in a fiscal year (except automobiles designed for combat-related missions, law enforcement work, or emergency rescue work); divided by

(B) the sum of the fractions obtained by dividing the number of automobiles of each model leased or bought by the fuel economy of that model.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1075.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32917(a) | 15:2010(b)(2). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §510; added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 915. |

32917(b) | 15:2010(a), (b)(1), (3). |


In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "within 120 days after December 22, 1975" and "which begins after December 22, 1975" are omitted as executed. The words "(determined under paragraph (2) of this subsection)" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b)(2), before clause (A), the words "As used in this section: (1) The term" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the words "to which this section applies" and "for the Armed Forces" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "the sum of the fractions obtained" are substituted for "a sum of terms, each term of which is a fraction created" to eliminate unnecessary words.

(a)

(1) that is designed to be installed in or on an automobile (as an addition to, as a replacement for, or through alteration or modification of, any original component, equipment, or other device); and

(2) that any manufacturer, dealer, or distributor of the device represents will provide higher fuel economy than would have resulted with the automobile as originally equipped,

as determined under regulations of the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. The term also includes a fuel additive for use in an automobile.

(b)

(c)

(2) If under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Administrator tests, or causes to be tested, any retrofit device on the application of a manufacturer of the device, the manufacturer shall supply, at the manufacturer's expense, one or more samples of the device to the Administrator and shall be liable for the costs of testing incurred by the Administrator. The procedures for testing retrofit devices so supplied may include a requirement for preliminary testing by a qualified independent testing laboratory, at the expense of the manufacturer of the device.

(d)

(A) the effect of any retrofit device on fuel economy;

(B) the effect of the device on emissions of air pollutants; and

(C) any other information the Administrator determines to be relevant in evaluating the device.

(2) The summary and conclusions shall also be submitted to the Secretary of Transportation and the Commission.

(e)

(1) testing and other procedures for evaluating the extent to which retrofit devices affect fuel economy and emissions of air pollutants; and

(2) criteria for evaluating the accuracy of fuel economy representations made with respect to retrofit devices.

(Pub. L. 103–429, §6(43)(B), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4382.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32918 | 15:2011. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §511, as added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 915, and amended July 5, 1994, Pub. L. 103–272, §4(c), 108 Stat. 1361. |


This restates 15:2011 to include 15:2011 in the scope of the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 745).

In subsection (a), the words "Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency" are substituted for "Administrator" for clarity and to conform to the style of the codification which is to state the complete title the first time a descriptive title is used, and thereafter, to use a shorter title unless the context requires the complete title to be used.

In subsections (c) and (e), the word "regulations" is substituted for "rules" and "by rule" for consistency with the restatement of title 49.

In subsection (e)(1), the words "The Administrator shall prescribe regulations establishing" are substituted for "Within 180 days after December 22, 1975, the Administrator shall, by rule, establish" to eliminate executed words.

A prior section 32918 was renumbered section 32919 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1075, §32918; renumbered §32919, Pub. L. 103–429, §6(43)(A), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4382.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

32918 | 15:2009. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §509; added Dec. 22, 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, §301, 89 Stat. 914. |


In subsection (a), the word "prescribed" is substituted for "established" for consistency.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–429 renumbered section 32918 of this title as this section.


**2012**—Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31313(1), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 772, struck out item 33112 "Insurance reports and information".

In this chapter—

(1) "chop shop" means a building, lot, facility, or other structure or premise at which at least one person engages in receiving, concealing, destroying, disassembling, dismantling, reassembling, or storing a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle part that has been unlawfully obtained—

(A) to alter, counterfeit, deface, destroy, disguise, falsify, forge, obliterate, or remove the identity of the vehicle or part, including the vehicle identification number or a derivative of that number; and

(B) to distribute, sell, or dispose of the vehicle or part in interstate or foreign commerce.

(2) "covered major part" means a major part selected under section 33104 of this title for coverage by the vehicle theft prevention standard prescribed under section 33102 or 33103 of this title.

(3) "existing line" means a line introduced into commerce before January 1, 1990.

(4) "first purchaser" means the person making the first purchase other than for resale.

(5) "line" means a name that a manufacturer of motor vehicles applies to a group of motor vehicle models of the same make that have the same body or chassis, or otherwise are similar in construction or design.

(6) "major part" means—

(A) the engine;

(B) the transmission;

(C) each door to the passenger compartment;

(D) the hood;

(E) the grille;

(F) each bumper;

(G) each front fender;

(H) the deck lid, tailgate, or hatchback;

(I) each rear quarter panel;

(J) the trunk floor pan;

(K) the frame or, for a unitized body, the supporting structure serving as the frame; and

(L) any other part of a passenger motor vehicle that the Secretary of Transportation by regulation specifies as comparable in design or function to any of the parts listed in subclauses (A)–(K) of this clause.

(7) "major replacement part" means a major part that is—

(A) an original major part in or on a completed motor vehicle and customized or modified after manufacture of the vehicle but before the time of its delivery to the first purchaser; or

(B) not installed in or on a motor vehicle at the time of its delivery to the first purchaser and the equitable or legal title to the vehicle has not been transferred to a first purchaser.

(8) "model year" has the same meaning given that term in section 32901(a) of this title.

(9) "new line" means a line introduced into commerce after December 31, 1989.

(10) "passenger motor vehicle" includes a multipurpose passenger vehicle or light duty truck when that vehicle or truck is rated at not more than 6,000 pounds gross vehicle weight.

(11) "vehicle theft prevention standard" means a minimum performance standard for identifying major parts of new motor vehicles and major replacement parts by inscribing or affixing numbers or symbols on those parts.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1076; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(44), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4383; Pub. L. 104–287, §6(d)(1)(B), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3399.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

33101(1) | 15:2021(11). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §601(11); added Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §301(b), 106 Stat. 3394. |

33101(2) | 15:2021(6). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §601(2)–(7), (9), (10); added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2755, 2756. |

33101(3) | 15:2021(3). | |

33101(4) | 15:2021(5). | |

33101(5) | 15:2021(2). | |

33101(6) | 15:2021(7). | |

33101(7) | 15:2021(8). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §601(1), (8); added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2755; restated Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §301(a), (c), 106 Stat. 3393, 3394. |

33101(8) | 15:2021(9). | |

33101(9) | 15:2021(4). | |

33101(10) | 15:2021(1). | |

33101(11) | 15:2021(10). |


In clause (2), the words "section 33102(c)(1)" are substituted for "section 2022(d)(1)(B)" to correct an erroneous cross-reference. Section 302(1) of the Act of October 25, 1992 (Public Law 102–519, 106 Stat. 3394), restated section 602(d)(1)(A) and (B) of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (Public Law 92–513, 86 Stat. 947) as section 602(d)(1) without making a corresponding change in the cross-reference restated in this section.

In clause (3), the words "before January 1, 1990" are substituted for "before the beginning of the 2-year period specified in section 2023(a)(1)(A) of this title" for clarity. See the revision notes for section 33104 of the revised title.

In clause (5), the words "of motor vehicles" are added for consistency in this chapter.

Clause (6)(I) is substituted for "rear quarter panels" for clarity and consistency.

In clause (7)(A), the word "completed" is omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

In clause (9), the words "after December 31, 1989" are substituted for "on or after the beginning of the 2-year period specified in section 2023(a)(1)(A) of this title" for clarity and consistency.

This corrects a cross-reference in 49:33101(2) by eliminating the reference to 49:33102(c)(1). Section 302(1) of the Anti Car Theft Act of 1992 (Public Law 102–519, 106 Stat. 3394) restated section 602(d)(1)(A) and (B) of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (Public Law 92–513, 86 Stat. 947) as section 602(d)(1) without making a change in the cross-reference in section 601(6) to section 602(d)(1)(B).

This makes a conforming amendment for consistency with the style of title 49.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287 made technical amendment to directory language of Pub. L. 103–429, §6(44)(B). See 1994 Amendment note below.

**1994**—Par. (2). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(44)(B), as amended by Pub. L. 104–287, inserted "of this title" before period at end.

Pub. L. 103–429, §6(44)(A), substituted "section 33104" for "sections 33102(c)(1) and 33104".

Pub. L. 104–287, §6(d), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3398, provided that the amendment made by section 6(d)(1)(B) is effective Oct. 31, 1994.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(A) covered major parts that manufacturers install in passenger motor vehicles in lines designated under section 33104 of this title as high theft lines; and

(B) major replacement parts for the major parts described in clause (A) of this paragraph.

(2) The standard may apply only to—

(A) major parts that manufacturers install in passenger motor vehicles having a model year designation later than the calendar year in which the standard takes effect; and

(B) major replacement parts manufactured after the standard takes effect.

(b)

(c)

(2) For a major replacement part, the standard may not require—

(A) identification of a part not designed as a replacement for a major part required to be identified under the standard; or

(B) the inscribing or affixing of identification except a symbol identifying the manufacturer and a common symbol identifying the part as a major replacement part.

(d) 1 of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1077.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

33102(a)(1) | 15:2022(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §602(a), (b), (c)(1)–(3), (5), (d)(2); added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2756. |

33102(a)(2) | 15:2022(c)(1)–(3), (5). | |

33102(b) | 15:2022(b). | |

33102(c) | 15:2022(d)(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §602(d)(1); added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2756; restated Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §302(1), 106 Stat. 3394. |

33102(d) | 15:2022(e). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §602(e); added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2756; Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §306(a), 106 Stat. 3397. |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "in accordance with this section" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the text of 15:2022(c)(1)–(3) is omitted as obsolete because the standard has already been prescribed. See 49 C.F.R. part 541.

Section 33112 of this title, referred to in subsec. (d), was repealed by Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31313(2), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 772.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(b)

(A) not designated under section 33104 of this title as high theft lines; and

(B) not covered by the standard prescribed under subsection (a) of this section.

(2) The Secretary shall include as part of the regulatory proceeding under this subsection the finding of, and the record developed by, the Attorney General under subsection (c) of this section.

(c) 1 of this title and other information the Attorney General develops after providing notice and an opportunity for a public hearing, that applying the standard prescribed in subsection (a) to the remaining lines of passenger motor vehicles (except light duty trucks) not covered by that standard would not substantially inhibit chop shop operations and motor vehicle thefts. The Attorney General also shall consider and include in the record additional costs, effectiveness, competition, and available alternative factors. The Attorney General shall submit to the Secretary the finding and record on which the finding is based.

(d)

(A) whether the application of the standard under subsection (a) or (b) of this subsection, or both, have been effective in substantially inhibiting the operation of chop shops and motor vehicle theft.

(B) whether the anti-theft devices for which the Secretary has granted exemptions under section 33106 of this title are an effective substitute for parts marking in substantially inhibiting motor vehicle theft.

(2)(A) In making the finding under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection, the Attorney General shall—

(i) consider the additional cost, competition, and available alternatives;

(ii) base that finding on information collected and analyzed under section 33112 1 of this title;

(iii) consider the effectiveness, the extent of use, and the extent to which civil and criminal penalties under section 33115(b) of this title and section 2322 of title 18 on chop shops have been effective in substantially inhibiting operation of chop shops and motor vehicle theft;

(iv) base that finding on the 3-year and 5-year reports issued by the Secretary under section 33113 of this title; and

(v) base that finding on other information the Attorney General develops and includes in the public record.

(B) The Attorney General shall submit a finding under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection promptly to the Secretary. If the Attorney General finds that the application of the standard under subsection (a) or (b) of this section, or both, has not been effective, the Secretary shall issue, not later than 180 days after receiving that finding, an order terminating the standard the Attorney General found was ineffective. The termination is effective for the model year beginning after the order is issued.

(3) In making a finding under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection, the Secretary shall consider the additional cost, competition, and available alternatives. If the Attorney General finds that the anti-theft devices are an effective substitute, the Secretary shall continue to grant exemptions under section 33106 of this title for the model years after model year 2000 at one of the following levels that the Attorney General decides: at the level authorized before October 25, 1992, or at the level provided in section 33106(b)(2)(C) of this title for model year 2000.

(e)

(1) decides with good cause that the earlier date is in the public interest; and

(2) publishes the reasons for the decision.

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1078.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

33103(a) | 15:2022(f)(1) (1st sentence). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §602(f); added Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §302(2), 106 Stat. 3394. |

33103(b) | 15:2022(f)(2) (1st, 2d sentences), (3) (last sentence). | |

33103(c) | 15:2022(f)(3) (1st–3d sentences). | |

33103(d) | 15:2022(f)(4), (5). | |

33103(e) | 15:2022(c)(4). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §602(c)(4); added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2756. |

15:2022(f)(1) (last sentence), (2) (last sentence). | ||

33103(f) | 15:2022(f)(6). |


In subsection (a), the words "foreign and domestic" are omitted as unnecessary. The words "as high theft lines" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "to apply the standard" are added for clarity. The words "shall apply that standard to covered major parts and major replacement parts for covered parts that manufacturers install in the lines of passenger motor vehicles (except light duty trucks) . . . not designated under section 33104 of this title as high theft lines; and . . . not covered by the standard prescribed under subsection (a) of this section" are substituted for "the Secretary . . . shall designate all the remaining such lines of such passenger motor vehicles (other than light-duty trucks) and apply such standard to such lines in conformance with the requirements of this subchapter" for clarity and because of the restatement.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "The Secretary shall include as part of the regulatory proceeding under this subsection . . . developed by the Attorney General under subsection (c) of this section" are substituted for "shall be a part of the Secretary's rulemaking record" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "Before the Secretary begins a regulatory proceeding under subsection (b) of this section" are substituted for "prior to the Secretary's initiation and promulgation of a rule" for clarity. The words "applying the standard prescribed in subsection (a) to the remaining lines of passenger motor vehicles (except light duty trucks) not covered by that standard" are substituted for "requiring such additional parts marking for all of the applicable passenger motor vehicles" for clarity and because of the restatement.

In subsection (d)(1)(A), the words "whether the application of the standard under subsection (a) or (b) of this subsection, or both" are substituted for "whether one or both rules promulgated under this subsection" for clarity.

In subsection (d)(2)(A)(iii), the words "civil . . . penalties under section 33115(b) of this title" are substituted for "civil . . . penalties under section 2027(b) of this title" to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

In subsection (d)(3), the words "for the model years after model year 2000" are substituted for "Nothing in this paragraph affects exemptions granted in model year 2000 or earlier to any manufacturer" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "at one of the following levels that the Attorney General decides" are substituted for "as determined by the Attorney General" for clarity.

In subsection (e), the text of 15:2022(c)(4) (related to the standard under 15:2022(c)(1)) is omitted as obsolete because the standard under 15:2022(c)(1) has already been prescribed. See 49 C.F.R. 541.

Section 33112 of this title, referred to in subsecs. (c) and (d)(2)(A)(ii), was repealed by Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, §31313(2), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 772.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(A) a passenger motor vehicle line determined under subsection (b) of this section to have had a new passenger motor vehicle theft rate in the 2-year period covering calendar years 1990 and 1991 greater than the median theft rate for all new passenger motor vehicle thefts in that 2-year period.

(B) a passenger motor vehicle line initially introduced into commerce in the United States after December 31, 1989, that is selected under paragraph (3) of this subsection as likely to have a theft rate greater than the median theft rate referred to in clause (A) of this paragraph.

(C) subject to paragraph (2) of this subsection, a passenger motor vehicle line having (for existing lines) or likely to have (for new lines) a theft rate below the median theft rate referred to in clause (A) of this paragraph, if the major parts in the vehicles are selected under paragraph (3) of this subsection as interchangeable with the majority of the major parts that are subject to the standard and are contained in the motor vehicles of a line described in clause (A) or (B) of this paragraph.

(2) The standard may not apply to any major part of a line described in paragraph (1)(C) of this subsection if all the passenger motor vehicles of lines that are, or are likely to be, below the median theft rate, and that contain parts interchangeable with the major parts of the line involved, account (for existing lines), or the Secretary of Transportation determines they are likely to account (for new lines), for more than 90 percent of the total annual production of all lines of that manufacturer containing those interchangeable parts.

(3) The lines, and the major parts of the passenger motor vehicles in those lines, that are to be subject to the standard may be selected by agreement between the manufacturer and the Secretary. If the manufacturer and the Secretary disagree on the selection, the Secretary shall select the lines and parts, after notice to the manufacturer and opportunity for written comment, and subject to the confidentiality requirements of this chapter.

(4) To the maximum extent practicable, the Secretary shall prescribe reasonable procedures designed to ensure that a selection under paragraph (3) of this subsection is made at least 6 months before the first applicable model year beginning after the selection.

(5) A manufacturer may not be required to comply with the standard under a selection under paragraph (3) of this subsection for a model year beginning earlier than 6 months after the date of the selection.

(6) A passenger motor vehicle line subject on October 25, 1992, to parts marking requirements under sections 602 and 603 of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (Public Law 92–513, 86 Stat. 947), as added by section 101(a) of the Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984 (Public Law 98–547, 98 Stat. 2756), continues to be subject to the requirements of this section and section 33102 of this title unless the line is exempted under section 33106 of this title.

(b)

(2) Under subsection (a) of this section, the theft rate for passenger motor vehicles of a line shall be determined by a fraction—

(A) the numerator of which is the number of new passenger motor vehicle thefts for that line during the 2-year period referred to in subsection (a)(1)(A) of this section; and

(B) the denominator of which is the sum of the respective production volumes of all passenger motor vehicles of that line (as reported to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency under chapter 329 of this title) that are of model years 1990 and 1991 and are distributed for sale in commerce in the United States.

(3) Under subsection (a) of this section, the median theft rate for all new passenger motor vehicle thefts during that 2-year period is the theft rate midway between the highest and the lowest theft rates determined under paragraph (2) of this subsection. If there is an even number of theft rates determined under paragraph (2), the median theft rate is the arithmetic average of the 2 adjoining theft rates midway between the highest and the lowest of those theft rates.

(4) In consultation with the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Secretary periodically shall obtain from the most reliable source accurate and timely theft and recovery information and publish the information for review and comment. To the greatest extent possible, the Secretary shall use theft information reported by United States Government, State, and local police. After publication and opportunity for comment, the Secretary shall use the theft information to determine the median theft rate under this subsection. The Secretary and the Director shall take any necessary actions to improve the accuracy, reliability, and timeliness of the information, including ensuring that vehicles represented as stolen are really stolen.

(5) The Secretary periodically (but not more often than once every 2 years) may redetermine and prescribe by regulation the median theft rate under this subsection.

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1079.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

33104(a) | 15:2023(a)(1)–(4). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §603(a)(1)–(4), (b)–(d); added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2757; Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §303(1)–(3), (5), 106 Stat. 3396. |

15:2023(a)(5). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §§602(g), 603(a)(5); added Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §§302(2), 303(4), 106 Stat. 3395, 3396. | |

33104(b) | 15:2022(g). | |

15:2023(b). | ||

33104(c) | 15:2023(c). | |

33104(d) | 15:2023(d). |


In subsection (a)(1)(A), the words "the 2-year period covering calendar years 1990 and 1991" are substituted for "the 2 calendar years immediately preceding the year in which the Anti Car Theft Act of 1992 is enacted" because that Act was enacted on October 25, 1992. The substitution also makes it clear that the 2-year period is to be treated as a single period.

In subsection (a)(1)(B), the words "after December 31, 1989," are substituted for "after the beginning of the 2-year period specified in subparagraph (A)" for consistency with clause (A).

In subsection (a)(6), the word "passenger" is added because the source provisions in the revised chapter apply to passenger motor vehicles.

In subsection (b)(2)(B), the words "Administrator of the" are added for clarity and consistency because of section 1(b) of Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 (eff. Dec. 2, 1970, 84 Stat. 2086). The words "model years 1983 and 1984" are substituted for "the 2 model years having the same model-year designations as the 2 calendar years specified in subsection (a)(1)(A) of this section" because the particular years are now known.

In subsection (b)(4), the words "Immediately upon enactment of this subchapter" are omitted as executed. The words "or sources" are omitted because of 1:1.

Sections 602 and 603 of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(6), are sections 602 and 603 of Pub. L. 92–513, which were classified to sections 2022 and 2023, respectively, of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and were repealed and reenacted as sections 33102 to 33104 of this title by Pub. L. 103–272, §§1(e), 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1077, 1379.

(a)

(1) on a manufacturer of motor vehicles, compliance costs of more than $15 a motor vehicle; or

(2) on a manufacturer of major replacement parts, compliance costs for each part of more than the reasonable amount (but less than $15) that the Secretary of Transportation specifies in the standard.

(b)

(1) the costs of identifying engines and transmissions may not be considered in calculating the manufacturer's costs under subsection (a) of this section; and

(2) the manufacturer may not be required under the standard to conform to any identification system for engines and transmissions that imposes greater costs on the manufacturer than are incurred under the identification system used by the manufacturer on October 25, 1984.

(c)

(A) "base period" means calendar year 1984.

(B) "price index" means the average over a calendar year of the Consumer Price Index (all items—United States city average) published monthly by the Secretary of Labor.

(2) At the beginning of each calendar year, as necessary data become available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Secretary of Labor shall certify to the Secretary of Transportation and publish in the Federal Register the percentage difference between the price index for the 12 months before the beginning of the calendar year and the price index for the base period. For model years beginning in that calendar year, the amounts specified in subsection (a) of this section shall be adjusted by the percentage difference.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1081.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

33105 | 15:2024. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §604; added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2758. |


In subsection (a)(1) and (2), the words "compliance costs" are substituted for "costs . . . to comply with such standard" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (2), the words "reasonable amount (but less than $15)" are substituted for "reasonable lesser amount" for clarity.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "commencing on or after January 1, 1985" are omitted as obsolete.

(a)

(1) "anti-theft device" means a device to reduce or deter theft that—

(A) is in addition to the theft-deterrent devices required by motor vehicle safety standard numbered 114 in section 571.114 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations;

(B) the manufacturer believes will be effective in reducing or deterring theft of motor vehicles; and

(C) does not use a signaling device reserved by State law for use on police, emergency, or official vehicles, or on schoolbuses.

(2) "standard equipment" means equipment already installed in a motor vehicle when it is delivered from the manufacturer and not an accessory or other item that the first purchaser customarily has the option to have installed.

(b)

(2) The Secretary may grant an exemption—

(A) for model year 1987, for not more than 2 lines of a manufacturer;

(B) for each of the model years 1988–1996, for not more than 2 additional lines of a manufacturer;

(C) for each of the model years 1997–2000, for not more than one additional line of a manufacturer; and

(D) for each of the model years after model year 2000, for the number of lines that the Attorney General decides under section 33103(d)(3) of this title.

(3) An additional exemption granted under paragraph (2)(B) or (C) of this subsection does not affect an exemption previously granted.

(c)

(1) a detailed description of the device;

(2) the reasons for the manufacturer's conclusion that the device will be effective in reducing and deterring theft of motor vehicles; and

(3) additional information the Secretary reasonably may require to make the decision described in subsection (b)(1) of this section.

(d)

(e)

(1) for a model year after the model year in which the rescission occurs; and

(2) at least 6 months after the manufacturer receives written notice of the rescission from the Secretary.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1082; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(45), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4383.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

33106(a)(1) | 15:2025(e). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §605(a)(1), (3), (b)–(e); added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2759. |

33106(a)(2) | 15:2025(a)(3). | |

33106(b) | 15:2025(a)(1), (2). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §605(a)(2); added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2759; Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §304, 106 Stat. 3396. |

33106(c) | 15:2025(b). | |

33106(d) | 15:2025(c). | |

33106(e) | 15:2025(d). |


In subsection (b)(1), the words "the application of any of" are omitted as surplus. The words "or lines" are omitted because of 1:1.

In subsection (b)(2)(A), the words "for model year 1987" are substituted for "For the initial model year to which such standard applies" for clarity. See 50 Fed. Reg. 43166 (1985). In clause (D), the words "that the Attorney General decides" are substituted for "for which the Secretary may grant such an exemption (if any) shall be determined" for clarity and because of the restatement.

In subsection (d), the words "for the line covered by the petition" are added for clarity.

Subsection (e) is substituted for 15:2025(d) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

This amends 49:33106(b)(3) to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1082).

**1994**—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "paragraph (2)(B) or (C) of this subsection" for "subparagraph (2)(B) or (C) of this paragraph".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1083.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

33107 | 15:2033. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §616; added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2765; Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §306(a), 106 Stat. 3397. |


(a)

(1) keep records;

(2) make reports;

(3) provide items and information; and

(4) allow an officer or employee designated by the Secretary to inspect the vehicles and parts and relevant records of the manufacturer.

(b)

(c)

(2) This subsection does not apply to a motor vehicle or major replacement part that is—

(A) intended only for export;

(B) labeled only for export on the vehicle or replacement part and the outside of any container until exported; and

(C) exported.

(d)

(1) there is an error in the identification (required by the standard) applied to a major part installed by the manufacturer in a motor vehicle during its assembly, or to a major replacement part manufactured by the manufacturer; and

(2) the motor vehicle or major replacement part has entered interstate commerce.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1083.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

33108(a) | 15:2026(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §606; added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2760. |

33108(b) | 15:2026(b). | |

33108(c) | 15:2026(c). | |

33108(d) | 15:2026(d). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "is complying" are substituted for "has acted or is acting in compliance" and "determining whether such manufacturer has acted or is acting in compliance" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "reasonably" is omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the word "keep" is substituted for "establish and maintain" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (4), the words "upon request", "duly", and "such manufacturer shall make available all such items and information in accordance with such reasonable rules as the Secretary may prescribe" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "duly" and "enter and" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2)(B), the words "or tagged" and "if any" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (d) is substituted for 15:2026(d) for clarity.

(a)

(A) the vehicle identification number.

(B) the make and model year.

(C) the date on which the vehicle was reported as stolen.

(D) the location of the law enforcement authority that received the report of the theft of the vehicle.

(E) the identification numbers of the vehicle parts (or derivatives of those numbers), at the time of the theft, if those numbers are different from the vehicle identification number of the vehicle.

(2) In establishing the System, the Attorney General shall consult with—

(A) State and local law enforcement authorities; and

(B) the National Crime Information Center Policy Advisory Board to ensure the security of the information in the System and that the System will not compromise the security of stolen passenger motor vehicle and passenger motor vehicle parts information in the System.

(3) If the Attorney General decides that the Center is not able to perform the functions of the System, the Attorney General shall make an agreement for the operation of the System separate from the Center.

(4) The Attorney General shall prescribe by regulation the effective date of the System.

(b)

(2) On request of an insurance carrier, a person lawfully selling or distributing passenger motor vehicle parts in interstate commerce, or an individual or enterprise engaged in the business of repairing passenger motor vehicles, the Attorney General (or the entity the Attorney General designates) immediately shall inform the insurance carrier, person, individual, or enterprise whether the System has a record of a vehicle or vehicle part with a particular vehicle identification number (or derivative of that number) being reported as stolen. The Attorney General may require appropriate verification to ensure that the request is legitimate and will not compromise the security of the System.

(c)

(2)(A) The committee is composed of the following 10 members:

(i) the Attorney General.

(ii) the Secretary of Transportation.

(iii) one individual who is qualified to represent the interests of the law enforcement community at the State level.

(iv) one individual who is qualified to represent the interests of the law enforcement community at the local level.

(v) one individual who is qualified to represent the interests of the automotive recycling industry.

(vi) one individual who is qualified to represent the interests of the automotive repair industry.

(vii) one individual who is qualified to represent the interests of the automotive rebuilders industry.

(viii) one individual who is qualified to represent the interests of the automotive parts suppliers industry.

(ix) one individual who is qualified to represent the interests of the insurance industry.

(x) one individual who is qualified to represent the interests of consumers.

(B) The Attorney General shall appoint the individuals described in subparagraph (A)(iii)–(x) of this paragraph and shall serve as chairman of the committee.

(3) The committee shall make recommendations on developing and carrying out—

(A) the National Stolen Passenger Motor Vehicle Information System; and

(B) the verification system under section 33110 of this title.

(4) Not later than April 25, 1993, the committee shall submit to the Attorney General, the Secretary, and Congress a report including the recommendations of the committee.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1084; Pub. L. 104–152, §5, July 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 1385.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

33109(a) | 15:2026c(a), (b) (last sentence), (c), (f). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §609; added Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §306(e), 106 Stat. 3398. |

33109(b) | 15:2026c(b) (1st sentence), (e). | |

33109(c) | 15:2026c(d). |


In the section, the words "National Stolen Passenger Motor Vehicle Information System" are substituted for "National Stolen Auto Part Information System" for consistency with the terminology used and with the source provisions restated in the revised chapter.

In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "establish, and thereafter maintain" are substituted for "maintain" for clarity. The words "shall be located" are added for clarity.

In subsection (a)(2)(B), the words "stolen passenger motor vehicle and passenger motor vehicle parts information" are substituted for "stolen vehicle and vehicle parts information" for consistency with the terminology used in the revised chapter.

In subsection (a)(4), the text of 15:2026c(f) (1st sentence) is omitted as surplus. The words "the effective date of the System" are substituted for "shall be effective as provided" because of the restatement.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "intending to transfer" are substituted for "seeking to transfer" for clarity. The words "passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle part" are substituted for "a vehicle or vehicle parts" for consistency with the terminology used in the revised chapter. The words "whether the vehicle or part" are substituted for "whether a part" for consistency with source provisions restated in the revised section.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "shall inform the insurance carrier, person, individual, or enterprise whether" are substituted for "provide such insurance carrier or person with a determination as to whether" for clarity and consistency in the revised subsection. The words "may require appropriate verification" are substituted for "may require such verification as the Attorney General deems appropriate" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "and appoint" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

**1996**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–152 added subsec. (d).

Advisory committees established after Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of 2-year period beginning on date of their establishment, unless, in the case of a committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a committee established by Congress, its duration is otherwise provided for by law. See section 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(b)

(A) under procedures the Attorney General prescribes by regulation under section 33109 of this title in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, verify whether the vehicle is reported as stolen; and

(B) provide the purchaser or transferee of the vehicle from the insurance carrier verification identifying the vehicle identification number and verifying that the vehicle has not been reported as stolen or, if reported as stolen, that the carrier has recovered the vehicle and has proper legal title to the vehicle.

(2)(A) This subsection does not prohibit an insurance carrier from transferring a motor vehicle if, within a reasonable period of time during normal business operations (as decided by the Attorney General under section 33109 of this title) using reasonable efforts, the carrier—

(i) has not been informed under the procedures prescribed in section 33109 of this title that the vehicle has not been reported as stolen; or

(ii) has not otherwise established whether the vehicle has been reported as stolen.

(B) When a carrier transfers a motor vehicle for which the carrier has not established whether the vehicle has been reported as stolen, the carrier shall provide written certification to the transferee that the carrier has not established whether the vehicle has been reported as stolen.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1086.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

33110(a) | 15:2026a(a) (2d sentence). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §607; added Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §306(a), 106 Stat. 3397. |

33110(b) | 15:2026a(a) (1st, last sentences). | |

33110(c) | 15:2026a(b). |


In subsection (b)(1)(B), the words "or derivative thereof" are omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of "vehicle identification number" in subsection (a) of the revised section.

In subsection (b)(2)(A)(i), the words "has not been informed under the procedures prescribed" are substituted for "has not received a determination under" for clarity and consistency in the revised chapter. In clause (ii), the words "has not otherwise established whether" are substituted for "to otherwise determine whether" for clarity.

In subsection (b)(2)(B), the words "When a carrier transfers a motor vehicle for which the carrier has not established whether the vehicle has been reported as stolen, the carrier shall provide written certification to the transferee that the carrier has not established whether the vehicle has been reported as stolen" are substituted for "except that such carrier shall provide a written certification of such lack of determination" for clarity and because of the restatement.

Pub. L. 103–272, §4(u), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1372, provided that: "Not later than April 25, 1993, the Attorney General shall prescribe the regulations required under section 33110(c) of title 49, United States Code, as enacted by section 1 of this Act. Section 33110(b) of title 49 is effective not later than 3 months after those regulations are prescribed but not before the date on which the National Stolen Passenger Motor Vehicle Information System established under section 33109 of title 49 is operational."

(a)

(1) first establishing, through a procedure the Attorney General by regulation prescribes in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation under section 33109 of this title, that the major part has not been reported as stolen; and

(2) providing the purchaser or transferee with a verification—

(A) identifying the vehicle identification number (or derivative of that number) of that major part; and

(B) verifying that the major part has not been reported as stolen.

(b)

(A) is the manufacturer of the major part;

(B) has purchased the major part directly from the manufacturer; or

(C) has received a verification from an insurance carrier under section 33110 of this title that the motor vehicle from which the major part is derived has not been reported as stolen, or that the carrier has not established whether that vehicle has been stolen.

(2) A person described under paragraph (1)(C) of this subsection that subsequently transfers or sells in commerce the motor vehicle or a major part of the vehicle shall provide the verification received from the carrier to the person to whom the vehicle or part is transferred or sold.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1086.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

33111(a) | 15:2026b(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §608; added Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §306(c), 106 Stat. 3397. |

33111(b) | 15:2026b(c) (1st, 2d sentences). | |

33111(c) | 15:2026b(b), (c) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the word "distribute" is omitted as being included in "sell". In clause (1), the word "establishing" is substituted for "determining" for clarity and consistency in the revised title.

Subsection (b)(2) is substituted for 15:2026b(c) (2d sentence) for clarity.

Pub. L. 103–272, §4(v), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1373, provided that: "Section 33111 of title 49, United States Code, as enacted by section 1 of this Act, is effective on the date on which the National Stolen Passenger Motor Vehicle Information System is established under section 33109 of title 49."

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1087, related to insurance reports and information.

Repeal effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

(a)

(1) information on the number of trucks, multipurpose passenger vehicles, and motorcycles distributed for sale in interstate commerce that are stolen and recovered annually, compiled by model, make, and line;

(2) information on the extent to which trucks, multipurpose passenger vehicles, and motorcycles stolen annually are dismantled to recover parts or are exported;

(3) a description of the market for the stolen parts;

(4) information on the premiums charged by insurers of comprehensive coverage of trucks, multipurpose passenger vehicles, or motorcycles, including any increase in the premiums charged because any of those motor vehicles is a likely candidate for theft;

(5) an assessment of whether the identification of parts of trucks, multipurpose passenger vehicles, and motorcycles is likely—

(A) to decrease the theft rate of those motor vehicles;

(B) to increase the recovery rate of those motor vehicles;

(C) to decrease the trafficking in stolen parts of those motor vehicles;

(D) to stem the export and import of those stolen motor vehicles or parts; or

(E) to have benefits greater than the costs of the identification; and

(6) recommendations on whether, and to what extent, the identification of trucks, multipurpose passenger vehicles, and motorcycles should be required by law.

(b)

(1) information on—

(A) the methods and procedures used by public and private entities to collect, compile, and disseminate information on the theft and recovery of motor vehicles, including classes of motor vehicles; and

(B) the reliability and timeliness of the information and how the information can be improved;

(2) information on the number of motor vehicles distributed for sale in interstate commerce that are stolen and recovered annually, compiled by class, model, make, and line;

(3) information on the extent to which motor vehicles stolen annually are dismantled to recover parts or are exported;

(4) a description of the market for the stolen parts;

(5) information on—

(A) the costs to manufacturers and purchasers of passenger motor vehicles of compliance with the standards prescribed under this chapter;

(B) the beneficial impacts of the standards and the monetary value of the impacts; and

(C) the extent to which the monetary value is greater than the costs;

(6) information on the experience of officials of the United States Government, States, and localities in—

(A) making arrests and successfully prosecuting persons for violating a law set forth in title II or III of the Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984;

(B) preventing or reducing the number and rate of thefts of motor vehicles that are dismantled for parts subject to this chapter; and

(C) preventing or reducing the availability of used parts that are stolen from motor vehicles subject to this chapter;

(7) information on the premiums charged by insurers of comprehensive coverage of motor vehicles subject to this chapter, including any increase in the premiums charged because a motor vehicle is a likely candidate for theft, and the extent to which the insurers have reduced for the benefit of consumers the premiums, or foregone premium increases, because of this chapter;

(8) information on the adequacy and effectiveness of laws of the United States and the States aimed at preventing the distribution and sale of used parts that have been removed from stolen motor vehicles and the adequacy of systems available to enforcement personnel for tracing parts to determine if they have been stolen from a motor vehicle;

(9) an assessment of whether the identification of parts of other classes of motor vehicles is likely—

(A) to decrease the theft rate of those vehicles;

(B) to increase the recovery rate of those vehicles;

(C) to decrease the trafficking in stolen parts of those vehicles;

(D) to stem the export and import of those stolen vehicles, parts, or components; or

(E) to have benefits greater than the costs of the identification; and

(10) other relevant and reliable information available to the Secretary about the impact, including the beneficial impact, of the laws set forth in titles II and III of the Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984 on law enforcement, consumers, and manufacturers; and

(11) recommendations (including, as appropriate, legislative and administrative recommendations) for—

(A) continuing without change the standards prescribed under this chapter;

(B) amending this chapter to cover more or fewer lines of passenger motor vehicles;

(C) amending this chapter to cover other classes of motor vehicles; or

(D) ending the standards for all future motor vehicles.

(c)

(A) information reported under this chapter by insurers of motor vehicles and manufacturers of motor vehicles and major replacement parts;

(B) information provided by the Federal Bureau of Investigation;

(C) experience obtained in carrying out this chapter;

(D) experience of the Government under the laws set forth in titles II and III of the Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984; and

(E) other relevant and reliable information available to the Secretary.

(2) In preparing each report, the Secretary shall consult with the Attorney General and State and local law enforcement officials, as appropriate.

(3) The report under subsection (b) of this section shall—

(A) cover a period of at least 4 years after the standards required by this chapter are prescribed; and

(B) reflect any information, as appropriate, from the report under subsection (a) of this section, updated from the date of the report.

(4) At least 90 days before submitting each report to Congress, the Secretary shall publish a proposed report for public review and an opportunity of at least 45 days for written comment. The Secretary shall consider those comments in preparing the report to be submitted and include a summary of the comments with the submitted report.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1089.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

33113 | 15:2034. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §617; added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2765; Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §306(a), (e), 106 Stat. 3397, 3400. |


In this section, the word "information" is substituted for "data" for consistency in the revised title. The word "standards" is substituted for "standard" because there is more than one standard prescribed under this chapter.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "October 25, 1995" are substituted for "3 years after October 25, 1992" (the date of enactment of the Anti-Car Theft Act of 1992) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the words "distributed for sale in interstate commerce that are" are substituted for "for all such motor vehicles distributed for sale in interstate commerce" for clarity. In clause (5)(A), the word "decrease" is substituted for "have . . . a beneficial impact in decreasing" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "October 25, 1997" are substituted for "5 years after October 25, 1992" (the date of enactment of the Anti-Car Theft Act of 1992) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1)(B), the word "accuracy" is omitted as redundant. In clause (2), the words "distributed for sale in interstate commerce that are" are substituted for "for all such motor vehicles distributed for sale in interstate commerce" for clarity. In clause (9)(A), the word "decrease" is substituted for "have . . . a beneficial impact in decreasing" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1)(C), the words "carrying out" are substituted for "the implementation, administration, and enforcement" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.

The Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984, referred to in subsecs. (b)(6)(A), (10) and (c)(1)(D), is Pub. L. 98–547, Oct. 25, 1984, 98 Stat. 2754. Titles II and III of that act enacted sections 511, 512, 553, and 2320 [now 2321] of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and section 1627 of Title 19, Customs Duties, and amended sections 1961, 2311, and 2313 of Title 18. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1984 Amendment note set out under section 1901 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and Tables.

(a)

(1) manufacture for sale, sell, offer for sale, introduce or deliver for introduction in interstate commerce, or import into the United States, a motor vehicle or major replacement part subject to a standard prescribed under section 33102 or 33103 of this title, unless it conforms to the standard;

(2) fail to comply with a regulation prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation or Attorney General under this chapter;

(3) fail to keep specified records, refuse access to or copying of records, fail to make reports or provide items or information, or fail or refuse to allow entry or inspection, as required by this chapter;

(4) fail to provide the certification required by section 33108(c) of this title, or provide a certification that the person knows, or in the exercise of reasonable care has reason to know, is false or misleading in a material respect; or

(5) knowingly—

(A) own, operate, maintain, or control a chop shop;

(B) conduct operations in a chop shop; or

(C) transport a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle part to or from a chop shop.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1091.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

33114 | 15:2027(a), (b). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §610(a), (b); added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2761; Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §§305(a), 306(a), 106 Stat. 3396, 3397. |

15:2027(c)(1). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §610(c)(1); added Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §§305(b), 306(a), 106 Stat. 3396, 3397. |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "which is manufactured on or after the date the standard under section 2022 of this title takes effect under this subchapter for such vehicle or major replacement part" are omitted as obsolete because the standard applies to passenger motor vehicles and major replacement parts starting with the 1987 model year. See 50 Fed. Reg. 43166 (1985).

In subsection (a)(5)(A), the words "of any kind" are omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of "chop shop" in section 33101 of the revised title.

(a)

(2) The Secretary of Transportation imposes a civil penalty under this subsection. The Secretary may compromise the amount of a penalty.

(3) In determining the amount of a civil penalty or compromise under this subsection, the Secretary shall consider the size of the person's business and the gravity of the violation.

(4) The Attorney General shall bring a civil action in a United States district court to collect a civil penalty imposed under this subsection.

(5) The Government may deduct the amount of a civil penalty imposed or compromised under this subsection from amounts it owes the person liable for the penalty.

(b)

(2) As appropriate and in consultation with the Attorney General, the Secretary shall—

(A) bring a civil action for a temporary or permanent injunction to restrain a person violating section 33114(a)(5) of this section;

(B) impose and recover the penalty described in paragraph (1) of this subsection; or

(C) take both the actions described in clauses (A) and (B) of this paragraph.

(c)

(2)(A) When practicable, the Secretary—

(i) shall notify a person against whom an action under this subsection is planned;

(ii) shall give the person an opportunity to present that person's views; and

(iii) except for a knowing and willful violation, shall give the person a reasonable opportunity to comply.

(B) The failure of the Secretary to comply with subparagraph (A) of this paragraph does not prevent a court from granting appropriate relief.

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1091.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

33115(a) | 15:2028(a). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §611; added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2762; Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §306(a), 106 Stat. 3397. |

33115(b) | 15:2027(c)(2). | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, §86 Stat. 947, §610(c)(2); added Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §§305(b), 306(a), 106 Stat. 3396, 3397. |

33115(c)(1) | 15:2028(b)(1) (1st sentence). | |

33115(c)(2) | 15:2028(b)(1) (2d, last sentences). | |

33115(d) | 15:2028(b)(2). | |

33115(e) | 15:2028(b)(3), (4). |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "section 33114(a)(1)–(4)" are used to correct an erroneous cross-reference in section 611(a)(1) of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (Public Law 92–513, 86 Stat. 947) to section 607 of that Act. Sections 607 and 611 were redesignated by section 306(a) of the Anti Car Theft Act of 1992 (Public Law 102–519, 106 Stat. 3397). The words "is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty" are substituted for "may be assessed a civil penalty" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a)(2), the word "imposes" is substituted for "assessed" for consistency.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "the appropriateness of such penalty to" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(5), the words "United States district court" are added for clarity and consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "The Attorney General may bring a civil action" are substituted for "Upon petition by the Attorney General" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words "on behalf of the United States" are omitted as surplus. The words "shall have jurisdiction" are omitted because of 28:1331. The words "for cause shown and subject to the provisions of rule 65(a) and (b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure" are omitted as surplus because the rules apply in the absence of an exception from them. The word "enjoin" is substituted for "restrain" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (d), the words "the defendant may demand a jury trial" are substituted for "trial shall be by the court, or, upon demand of the accused, by a jury" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised title.

(a)

(1) to another officer or employee of the United States Government for use in carrying out this chapter; or

(2) in a proceeding under this chapter (except a proceeding under section 33104(a)(3)).

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1093.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

33116 | 15:2029. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §612; added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2763; Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §306(a), 106 Stat. 3397. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "reported to, or otherwise" and "or the Secretary's representative" are omitted as surplus. The words "related to a confidential matter referred to" are substituted for "contains or relates to a trade secret or other matter referred to" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised title. The words "or in section 552(b)(4) of title 5" are omitted as surplus because the language in 18:1905 is broader than the language in 5:552(b)(4) and for consistency with similar provisions in other chapters in this part. The words "shall be considered confidential for the purpose of the applicable section of this subchapter" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "for use in carrying out" are substituted for "concerned with carrying out" for consistency with similar provisions in other chapters in this part. In clause (2), the words "when relevant" are omitted as surplus. The cross-reference to 15:2023(a)(3) is omitted. The text of 15:2023(a)(3), originally enacted as section 603(a)(3) of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (Public Law 92–513, 86 Stat. 947), was repealed by section 303(2) of the Anti Car Theft Act of 1992 (Public Law 102–519, 106 Stat. 3396). Section 303(2) also redesignated subsection (a)(4) as subsection (a)(3). However, a corresponding amendment to correct the cross-reference in the source provisions restated in this section was not made.

In subsection (b), the words "authorized to have the information" are added for clarity and consistency with similar provisions in other chapters in this part.

A person that may be adversely affected by a regulation prescribed under this chapter may obtain judicial review of the regulation under section 32909 of this title. A remedy under this section is in addition to any other remedies provided by law.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1093.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

33117 | 15:2030. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §613; added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2763; Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §306(a), 106 Stat. 3397. |


The words "regulation prescribed" are substituted for "any provision of any standard or other rule" to eliminate unnecessary words and because "rule" and "regulation" are synonymous. The words "in the case of any standard, rule, or other action under this subchapter" are omitted as surplus.

When a motor vehicle theft prevention standard prescribed under section 33102 or 33103 of this title is in effect, a State or political subdivision of a State may not have a different motor vehicle theft prevention standard for a motor vehicle or major replacement part.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1093.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

33118 | 15:2031. | Oct. 20, 1972, Pub. L. 92–513, 86 Stat. 947, §614; added Oct. 25, 1984, Pub. L. 98–547, §101(a), 98 Stat. 2763; Oct. 25, 1992, Pub. L. 102–519, §306(a), 106 Stat. 3397. |


The words "may not have" are substituted for "no . . . shall have any authority either to establish, or to continue in effect" to eliminate unnecessary words.










**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(i)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3645, which directed amendment of this analysis by striking item for chapter 483 "Aviation security funding", was executed by striking item for chapter 483 "Aviation Security Funding" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §341(b)(1), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3287, added item for chapter 448.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §415(d), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 96, added item for chapter 423.

**2001**—Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §118(c)(2), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 628, added item for chapter 483.

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–102, §2(20), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205, substituted "PUBLIC AIRPORTS" for "RESERVED" in item for part D and added item for chapter 491.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(64), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3395, substituted "RESERVED" for "MISCELLANEOUS" in item for part D, struck out item for chapter 491 "Buy-American Preferences", and added items for part E and chapter 501.

Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §277(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3248, added item for chapter 482.

1 So in original. Probably should be "Unmanned Aircraft Systems".


**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(c)(4), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3627, substituted "[Reserved]" for "Security and research and development activities" in item 40119.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §111(c)(3), title VIII, §802(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 18, 119, substituted "Passenger facility charges" for "Passenger facility fees" in item 40117 and added item 40130.

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §423(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2554, added item 40129.

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §§702(b)(2), 705(b), 706(b), title VIII, §803(b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 156–158, 192, added items 40125 to 40128.

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–102, §3(d)(1)(B), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(69)(B). See 1996 Amendment note below.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(69)(B), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3396, as amended by Pub. L. 105–102, §3(d)(1)(B), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, added item 40124.

Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §254, title IV, §§401(b)(2), 402(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3238, 3255, 3256, inserted "safety of" before "air commerce" in item 40104 and added item 40121 "Air traffic control modernization reviews" and items 40122 and 40123.

(a)

(1) assigning and maintaining safety as the highest priority in air commerce.

(2) before authorizing new air transportation services, evaluating the safety implications of those services.

(3) preventing deterioration in established safety procedures, recognizing the clear intent, encouragement, and dedication of Congress to further the highest degree of safety in air transportation and air commerce, and to maintain the safety vigilance that has evolved in air transportation and air commerce and has come to be expected by the traveling and shipping public.

(4) the availability of a variety of adequate, economic, efficient, and low-priced services without unreasonable discrimination or unfair or deceptive practices.

(5) coordinating transportation by, and improving relations among, air carriers, and encouraging fair wages and working conditions.

(6) placing maximum reliance on competitive market forces and on actual and potential competition—

(A) to provide the needed air transportation system; and

(B) to encourage efficient and well-managed air carriers to earn adequate profits and attract capital, considering any material differences between interstate air transportation and foreign air transportation.

(7) developing and maintaining a sound regulatory system that is responsive to the needs of the public and in which decisions are reached promptly to make it easier to adapt the air transportation system to the present and future needs of—

(A) the commerce of the United States;

(B) the United States Postal Service; and

(C) the national defense.

(8) encouraging air transportation at major urban areas through secondary or satellite airports if consistent with regional airport plans of regional and local authorities, and if endorsed by appropriate State authorities—

(A) encouraging the transportation by air carriers that provide, in a specific market, transportation exclusively at those airports; and

(B) fostering an environment that allows those carriers to establish themselves and develop secondary or satellite airport services.

(9) preventing unfair, deceptive, predatory, or anticompetitive practices in air transportation.

(10) avoiding unreasonable industry concentration, excessive market domination, monopoly powers, and other conditions that would tend to allow at least one air carrier or foreign air carrier unreasonably to increase prices, reduce services, or exclude competition in air transportation.

(11) maintaining a complete and convenient system of continuous scheduled interstate air transportation for small communities and isolated areas with direct financial assistance from the United States Government when appropriate.

(12) encouraging, developing, and maintaining an air transportation system relying on actual and potential competition—

(A) to provide efficiency, innovation, and low prices; and

(B) to decide on the variety and quality of, and determine prices for, air transportation services.

(13) encouraging entry into air transportation markets by new and existing air carriers and the continued strengthening of small air carriers to ensure a more effective and competitive airline industry.

(14) promoting, encouraging, and developing civil aeronautics and a viable, privately-owned United States air transport industry.

(15) strengthening the competitive position of air carriers to at least ensure equality with foreign air carriers, including the attainment of the opportunity for air carriers to maintain and increase their profitability in foreign air transportation.

(16) ensuring that consumers in all regions of the United States, including those in small communities and rural and remote areas, have access to affordable, regularly scheduled air service.

(b)

(1) encouraging and developing an expedited all-cargo air transportation system provided by private enterprise and responsive to—

(A) the present and future needs of shippers;

(B) the commerce of the United States; and

(C) the national defense.

(2) encouraging and developing an integrated transportation system relying on competitive market forces to decide the extent, variety, quality, and price of services provided.

(3) providing services without unreasonable discrimination, unfair or deceptive practices, or predatory pricing.

(c)

(1) the requirements of national defense and commercial and general aviation.

(2) the public right of freedom of transit through the navigable airspace.

(d)

(1) assigning, maintaining, and enhancing safety and security as the highest priorities in air commerce.

(2) regulating air commerce in a way that best promotes safety and fulfills national defense requirements.

(3) encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology.

(4) controlling the use of the navigable airspace and regulating civil and military operations in that airspace in the interest of the safety and efficiency of both of those operations.

(5) consolidating research and development for air navigation facilities and the installation and operation of those facilities.

(6) developing and operating a common system of air traffic control and navigation for military and civil aircraft.

(7) providing assistance to law enforcement agencies in the enforcement of laws related to regulation of controlled substances, to the extent consistent with aviation safety.

(e)

(1) strengthening the competitive position of air carriers to ensure at least equality with foreign air carriers, including the attainment of the opportunity for air carriers to maintain and increase their profitability in foreign air transportation.

(2) freedom of air carriers and foreign air carriers to offer prices that correspond to consumer demand.

(3) the fewest possible restrictions on charter air transportation.

(4) the maximum degree of multiple and permissive international authority for air carriers so that they will be able to respond quickly to a shift in market demand.

(5) eliminating operational and marketing restrictions to the greatest extent possible.

(6) integrating domestic and international air transportation.

(7) increasing the number of nonstop United States gateway cities.

(8) opportunities for carriers of foreign countries to increase their access to places in the United States if exchanged for benefits of similar magnitude for air carriers or the traveling public with permanent linkage between rights granted and rights given away.

(9) eliminating discrimination and unfair competitive practices faced by United States airlines in foreign air transportation, including—

(A) excessive landing and user fees;

(B) unreasonable ground handling requirements;

(C) unreasonable restrictions on operations;

(D) prohibitions against change of gauge; and

(E) similar restrictive practices.

(10) promoting, encouraging, and developing civil aeronautics and a viable, privately-owned United States air transport industry.

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1094; Pub. L. 104–264, title IV, §401(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3255; Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §201, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 91.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40101(a) | 49 App.:1302(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §102(a), 72 Stat. 740; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §16(b)(1), (2), 91 Stat. 1284; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §3(a), 92 Stat. 1705; restated Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §2, 94 Stat. 35. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

40101(b) | 49 App.:1302(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §102(b); added Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §16(b)(3), 91 Stat. 1284. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

40101(c) | 49 App.:1347. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §306, 72 Stat. 749. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

40101(d) | 49 App.:1303. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §103, 72 Stat. 740; Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7202(b), 102 Stat. 4424. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

40101(e) | 49 App.:1502(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1102(b); added Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §17, 94 Stat. 42. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

40101(f) | 49 App.:1302(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §102(c); added Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §205, 106 Stat. 4894. |


In this part, the words "overseas air commerce" and "overseas air transportation" are omitted as obsolete because there no longer is a distinction in economic or safety regulation between "interstate" and "overseas" air commerce or air transportation.

In this section, the words "In carrying out . . . this part" are substituted for "In the exercise and performance of its powers and duties under this chapter" in 49 App.:1302(a), "In the exercise and performance of his powers and duties under this chapter" in 49 App.:1303, and "In exercising the authority granted in, and discharging the duties imposed by, this chapter" in 49 App.:1347 for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsections (a) and (b), the reference to subpart II is added because the policy applies only to economic issues, and under the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 731), the Civil Aeronautics Board was given responsibility for economic issues.

In subsection (a)(2), the word "full" is omitted as surplus. The words "the recommendations of the Secretary of Transportation on" are omitted as obsolete because the Secretary carries out 49 App.:1302(a). The words "and full evaluation of any report or recommendation submitted under section 1307 of this Appendix" are omitted as obsolete because the report and recommendations are no longer required.

In subsection (a)(4), the words "by air carriers and foreign air carriers" are omitted as surplus. The words "unreasonable discrimination" are substituted for "unjust discriminations, undue preferences or advantages" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(6)(B), the words "nevertheless", "on the one hand", and "on the other" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(8), before subclause (A), the word "authorities" is substituted for "entities" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In subclause (A), the words "sole responsibility" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

In subsection (a)(15), the words "United States" are omitted as surplus because of the definition of "air carrier" in section 40102(a) of the revised title.

In subsection (b)(3), the words "unreasonable discrimination" are substituted for "unjust discriminations, undue preferences or advantages" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsections (c) and (d), the reference to subpart III is added because the policies apply only to safety issues, and under the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 731), the Federal Aviation Administration was given responsibility for safety issues.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the word "Administrator" in section 306 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 749) is retained on authority of 49:106(g). The words "consider the following matters" are substituted for "give full consideration to" for consistency in this section.

In subsection (d)(3), the word "both" in 49 App.:1303(c) is omitted as surplus the first time it appears. The words "of the United States" are omitted for consistency in the revised title and because of the definition of "navigable airspace" in section 40102(a) of the revised title. The words "of those operations" are added for clarity.

In subsection (d)(5), the word "both" in 49 App.:1303(e) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "the Congress intends that" are omitted as surplus. In clauses (1) and (4), the words "United States" are omitted as surplus because of the definition of "air carrier" in section 40102(a) of the revised title. In clause (2), the word "prices" is substituted for "fares and rates" because of the definition of "price" in section 40102(a). In clause (8), the words "places in the United States" are substituted for "United States points" for consistency in this chapter. The word "air" is added for clarity and consistency in this subtitle. In clause (9)(C), the word "unreasonable" is substituted for "undue" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

**2000**—Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 106–181 added par. (16).

**1996**—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 104–264, §401(a)(1)(B), added par. (1). Former par. (1) redesignated (2).

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 104–264, §401(a)(1)(A), (2)(A), redesignated par. (1) as (2) and struck out "its development and" after "best promotes". Former par. (2) redesignated (3).

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 104–264, §401(a)(1)(A), (2)(B), redesignated par. (2) as (3) and substituted "encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology" for "promoting, encouraging, and developing civil aeronautics". Former par. (3) redesignated (4).

Subsec. (d)(4) to (7). Pub. L. 104–264, §401(a)(1)(A), redesignated pars. (3) to (6) as (4) to (7), respectively.

Pub. L. 117–328, div. Q, §102(c), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5250, provided that: "On and after the date of enactment of this section [Dec. 29, 2022], any reference in a law, regulation, document, paper, or other record of the United States to the 'National Air Grant Fellowship Program' shall be deemed to be a reference to the 'Samya Rose Stumo National Air Grant Fellowship Program'."

Pub. L. 112–95, §3, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 15, provided that: "Except as otherwise expressly provided, this Act [see Tables for classification] and the amendments made by this Act shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012]."

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 117–328, div. Q, §102(a), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5250, provided that: "This section [enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the 'Samya Rose Stumo National Air Grant Fellowship Program Act of 2022'."

Pub. L. 117–254, §1, Dec. 20, 2022, 136 Stat. 2361, provided that: "This Act [amending section 47109 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 47109 of this title] may be cited as the 'Preventing PFAS Runoff at Airports Act'."

Pub. L. 117–203, §1, Oct. 17, 2022, 136 Stat. 2227, provided that: "This Act [enacting provisions set out as a note below] may be cited as the 'Advanced Air Mobility Coordination and Leadership Act'[.]"

Pub. L. 117–186, §1, Oct. 10, 2022, 136 Stat. 2199, provided that: "This Act [amending section 47110 of this title] may be cited as the 'Expedited Delivery of Airport Infrastructure Act of 2021'."

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §101(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2309, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Aircraft Certification, Safety, and Accountability Act'."

Pub. L. 116–190, §1, Oct. 30, 2020, 134 Stat. 974, provided that: "This Act [amending section 47107 of this title] may be cited as the 'Friendly Airports for Mothers Improvement Act'."

Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title XI, §1131(a), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1615, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle C (§§1131–1135) of title XI of div. A of Pub. L. 116–92, amending section 44506 of this title] may be cited as the 'ATC Hiring Reform Act'."

Pub. L. 116–34, §1, July 29, 2019, 133 Stat. 1040, provided that: "This Act [amending provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the 'Never Forget the Heroes: James Zadroga, Ray Pfeifer, and Luis Alvarez Permanent Authorization of the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund Act'."

Pub. L. 115–254, §1(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3186, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §391, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3323, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle C (§§391–396) of title III of div. B of Pub. L. 115–254, enacting section 47124a of this title, amending section 44709 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 44701 and 46101 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 44701 and 44703 of this title] may be cited as the 'Fairness for Pilots Act'."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title VII, §701, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3409, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 44518 and 47511 of this title and sections 2801 to 2811 of Title 43, Public Lands, amending sections 44508 and 48102 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 106, 44505, and 44802 of this title and section 2801 of Title 43] may be cited as the 'FAA Leadership in Groundbreaking High-Tech Research and Development Act' or the 'FLIGHT R&D Act'."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §1101, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3429, provided that: "This division [enacting section 1140 of this title, amending sections 1111, 1113, 1114, 1116 to 1118, 1131, 1134, 1136, 1138, 1139, 1154, 41113, and 41313 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1101, 1116, and 1119 of this title] may be cited as the 'National Transportation Safety Board Reauthorization Act'."

Pub. L. 114–242, §1, Oct. 7, 2016, 130 Stat. 978, provided that: "This Act [amending section 40122 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 40122 of this title] may be cited as the 'Federal Aviation Administration Veteran Transition Improvement Act of 2016'."

Pub. L. 114–190, §1(a), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 615, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016'."

Pub. L. 114–113, div. O, title IV, §401, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3000, provided that: "This title [enacting section 10609 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending section 905 of Title 2, The Congress, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 905 of Title 2, and amending provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the 'James Zadroga 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund Reauthorization Act'."

Pub. L. 113–238, §1, Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 2842, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 44946 of this title] may be cited as the 'Aviation Security Stakeholder Participation Act of 2014'."

Pub. L. 113–221, §1, Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2094, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 44928 of this title] may be cited as the 'Honor Flight Act'."

Pub. L. 113–27, §1, Aug. 9, 2013, 127 Stat. 503, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 44927 of this title] may be cited as the 'Helping Heroes Fly Act'."

Pub. L. 112–271, §1, Jan. 14, 2013, 126 Stat. 2446, provided that: "This Act [amending section 44945 of this title] may be cited as the 'Clothe a Homeless Hero Act'."

Pub. L. 112–218, §1, Dec. 20, 2012, 126 Stat. 1593, provided that: "This Act [amending section 44901 of this title] may be cited as the 'No-Hassle Flying Act of 2012'."

Pub. L. 112–153, §1, Aug. 3, 2012, 126 Stat. 1159, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 44703, 44709, and 44710 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 44701 and 44703 of this title] may be cited as the 'Pilot's Bill of Rights'."

Pub. L. 112–95, §1(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 11, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012'."

Pub. L. 112–86, §1, Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1874, provided that: "This Act [amending section 44903 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 44903 of this title] may be cited as the 'Risk-Based Security Screening for Members of the Armed Forces Act'."

Pub. L. 111–216, §1, Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2348, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 106, 1135, 40117, 41712, 44302, 44303, 44703, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48101, 48102, and 49108 of this title and sections 4081, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 40117 and 44701 of this title and sections 4081 and 9502 of Title 26, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of this title] may be cited as the 'Airline Safety and Federal Aviation Administration Extension Act of 2010'."

Pub. L. 110–135, §1, Dec. 13, 2007, 121 Stat. 1450, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 44729 of this title] may be cited as the 'Fair Treatment for Experienced Pilots Act'."

Pub. L. 110–113, §1, Nov. 8, 2007, 121 Stat. 1039, provided that: "This Act [enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the 'Procedural Fairness for September 11 Victims Act of 2007'."

Pub. L. 108–297, §1, Aug. 9, 2004, 118 Stat. 1095, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 44113 of this title, amending sections 44107 and 44108 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 44101 of this title] may be cited as 'Cape Town Treaty Implementation Act of 2004'."

Pub. L. 108–176, §1(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2490, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act'."

Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §301, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2533, provided that: "This title [enacting subchapter III of chapter 471 of this title, amending sections 40104, 40128, 47106, 47503, and 47504 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 40128, 47171, 47503, and 47508 of this title] may be cited as 'Aviation Streamlining Approval Process Act of 2003'."

Pub. L. 107–296, title XIV, §1401, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2300, provided that: "This title [enacting section 44921 of this title and section 513 of Title 6, Domestic Security, amending sections 44903 and 44918 of this title, amending provisions set out as a note under section 114 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 44903 of this title] may be cited as the 'Arming Pilots Against Terrorism Act'."

Pub. L. 107–71, §1, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 597, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Aviation and Transportation Security Act'."

Pub. L. 106–528, §1, Nov. 22, 2000, 114 Stat. 2517, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 106, 41104, 44903, 44935, and 44936 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 106, 44903, and 44936 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 40128 and 47501 of this title] may be cited as the 'Airport Security Improvement Act of 2000'."

Pub. L. 106–181, §1(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 61, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century'."

Pub. L. 106–6, §1, Mar. 31, 1999, 113 Stat. 10, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 106, 44310, 47104, 47115 to 47117, 48101, and 48103 of this title] may be cited as the 'Interim Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act'."

Pub. L. 105–155, §1, Feb. 11, 1998, 112 Stat. 5, provided that: "This Act [amending section 48102 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 48102 of this title] may be cited as the 'FAA Research, Engineering, and Development Authorization Act of 1998'."

Pub. L. 105–137, §1, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2640, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 40102, 44302, 44305, 44306, 44308, and 44310 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 44310 of this title] may be cited as the 'Aviation Insurance Reauthorization Act of 1997'."

Pub. L. 104–264, §1(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3213, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Federal Aviation Reauthorization Act of 1996'."

Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §201, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3227, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 40121, 40122, 45301, 45303, 48111, and 48201 of this title, amending sections 106 and 41742 of this title, renumbering section 45303 of this title as section 45304, repealing former section 45301 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 106, 40110, and 41742 of this title] may be cited as the 'Air Traffic Management System Performance Improvement Act of 1996'."

Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §278(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3249, provided that: "This section [amending section 41742 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 41742 of this title] may be cited as the 'Rural Air Service Survival Act'."

Pub. L. 104–264, title V, §501, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3259, provided that: "This title [amending sections 30305, 44936, and 46301 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 30305 and 44935 of this title] may be cited as the 'Pilot Records Improvement Act of 1996'."

Pub. L. 104–264, title VI, §601, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3263, provided that: "This title [enacting section 44724 of this title] may be cited as the 'Child Pilot Safety Act'."

Pub. L. 104–264, title VII, §701, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3264, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 1136 and 41113 of this title and provisions set out as notes under section 41113 of this title] may be cited as the 'Aviation Disaster Family Assistance Act of 1996'."

Pub. L. 104–264, title VIII, §801, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3269, provided that: "This title [enacting section 47133 of this title, amending sections 46301 and 47107 of this title and section 9502 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 47107 of this title] may be cited as the 'Airport Revenue Protection Act of 1996'."

Pub. L. 104–264, title XI, §1101, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3278, provided that: "This title [amending sections 44501, 44508, and 48102 of this title] may be cited as the 'FAA Research, Engineering, and Development Management Reform Act of 1996'."

Pub. L. 103–305, §1(a), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1569, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 41311, 41714, 41715, 47129, 47130, and 47509 of this title, amending sections 106, 10521, 11501, 40102, 40113, 40116, 40117, 41713, 41734, 44502, 44505, 44938, 45301, 46301, 47101, 47102, 47104 to 47107, 47109 to 47111, 47115, 47117 to 47119, 47504, 48101 to 48104, and 48108 of this title and section 9502 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, renumbering former section 47129 of this title as section 47131 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 10521, 11501, 40102, 40105, 40117, 41311, 41715, 44502, 45102, 47101, 47107, 47124, and 49101 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 1348 of former Title 49, Transportation] may be cited as the 'Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994'."

Pub. L. 103–305, title III, §301, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1589, provided that: "This title [enacting section 47509 of this title, amending sections 44505 and 48102 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 49101 of this title] may be cited as the 'Federal Aviation Administration Research, Engineering, and Development Authorization Act of 1994'."

Pub. L. 117–328, div. Q, §101, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5246, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) The identification of planned or potential public use and private-owned vertiport locations.

"(ii) A description of infrastructure necessary to support AAM operations.

"(iii) A description of types of planned or potential AAM operations and a forecast for proposed vertiport operations, including estimates for initial operations and future growth.

"(iv) The identification of physical and digital infrastructure required to meet any standards for vertiport design and performance characteristics established by the Federal Aviation Administration (as in effect on the date on which the Secretary issues a grant to an eligible entity), including modifications to existing infrastructure and ground sensors, electric charging or other fueling requirements, electric utility requirements, wireless and cybersecurity requirements, fire safety, perimeter security, and other necessary hardware or software.

"(v) A description of any hazard associated with planned or potential vertiport infrastructure, such as handling of hazardous materials, batteries, or other fuel cells, charging or fueling of aircraft, aircraft rescue and firefighting response, and emergency planning.

"(vi) A description of potential environmental effects of planned or potential construction or siting of vertiports, including efforts to reduce potential aviation noise.

"(vii) A description of how planned or potential vertiport locations, including new or repurposed infrastructure, fit into State and local transportation systems and networks, including—

"(I) connectivity to existing public transportation hubs and intermodal and multimodal facilities for AAM operations;

"(II) opportunities to create new service to rural areas and areas underserved by air transportation; or

"(III) any potential conflict with existing aviation infrastructure that may arise from the planned or potential location of the vertiport.

"(viii) A description of how vertiport planning will be incorporated in State or metropolitan planning documents.

"(ix) The identification of the process an eligible entity will undertake to ensure an adequate level of engagement with any potentially impacted community for each planned or potential vertiport location and planned or potential AAM operations, such as engagement with communities in rural areas, underserved communities, Tribal communities, individuals with disabilities, or racial and ethnic minorities to address equity of access.

"(x) The identification of State, local, or private sources of funding an eligible entity may use to assist with the construction or operation of a vertiport.

"(xi) The identification of existing Federal aeronautical and airspace requirements that must be met for the eligible entity's planned or potential vertiport location.

"(xii) The identification of the actions necessary for an eligible entity to undertake the construction of a vertiport, such as planning studies to assess existing infrastructure, environmental studies, studies of projected economic benefit to the community, lease or acquisition of an easement or land for new infrastructure, and activities related to other capital costs.

"(3)

"(4)

"(A)

"(i) Geographic diversity.

"(ii) Diversity of the proposed models of infrastructure financing and management.

"(iii) Diversity of proposed or planned AAM operations.

"(iv) The need for comprehensive plans that—

"(I) ensure the safe and efficient integration of AAM operations into the National Airspace System;

"(II) improve transportation safety, connectivity, access, and equity in both rural and urban regions in the United States;

"(III) leverage existing public transportation systems and intermodal and multimodal facilities;

"(IV) reduce surface congestion and the environmental impacts of transportation;

"(V) grow the economy and create jobs in the United States; and

"(VI) encourage community engagement when planning for AAM-related infrastructure.

"(B)

"(C)

"(5)

"(6)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) an evaluation of all planned or potential vertiport locations included in the comprehensive plans submitted under paragraph (2) and how such planned or potential vertiport locations may fit into the overall United States transportation system and network; and

"(ii) a description of lessons or best practices learned through the review of comprehensive plans and how the Secretary will incorporate any such lessons or best practices into Federal standards or guidance for the design and operation of AAM infrastructure and facilities.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) for grants awarded prior to September 30, 2024; and

"(B) for administrative expenses.

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) manufacturers of aircraft, avionics, propulsion systems, and air traffic management systems related to AAM;

"(B) intended commercial operators of AAM aircraft and systems; and

"(C) intended commercial operators and developers of vertiports.

"(4)

"(A) a State, local, or Tribal government, including a political subdivision thereof;

"(B) an airport sponsor;

"(C) a transit agency;

"(D) a port authority;

"(E) a metropolitan planning organization; or

"(F) any combination or consortium of the entities described in subparagraphs (A) through (E).

"(5)

"(6)

"(7)

"(8)

"(9)

"(10)

"(f)

Pub. L. 117–328, div. Q, §105, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5253, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) provide airports and air carriers with an adaptable and scalable framework with which to align the individual plans, including the emergency response plans, of such airports and air carriers and provide guidance as to each individual plan;

"(2) improve coordination among airports, air carriers, the Transportation Security Administration, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, other appropriate Federal entities, and State and local governments and health agencies with respect to preparing for and responding to communicable disease outbreaks;

"(3) to the extent practicable, improve coordination among relevant international entities;

"(4) create a process to identify appropriate personal protective equipment, if any, for covered employees to reduce the likelihood of exposure to a covered communicable disease, and thereafter issue recommendations for the equipage of such employees;

"(5) create a process to identify appropriate techniques, strategies, and protective infrastructure, if any, for the cleaning, disinfecting, and sanitization of aircraft and enclosed facilities owned, operated, or used by an air carrier or airport, and thereafter issue recommendations pertaining to such techniques, strategies, and protective infrastructure;

"(6) create a process to evaluate technologies and develop procedures to effectively screen passengers for communicable diseases, including through the use of temperature checks if appropriate, for domestic and international passengers, crew members, and other individuals passing through airport security checkpoints;

"(7) identify and assign Federal agency roles in the deployment of emerging and existing technologies and solutions to reduce covered communicable diseases in the aviation ecosystem;

"(8) clearly delineate the responsibilities of the sponsors and operators of airports, air carriers, and Federal agencies in responding to a covered communicable disease;

"(9) incorporate, as appropriate, the recommendations made by the Comptroller General of the United States to the Secretary of Transportation contained in the report titled 'Air Travel and Communicable Diseases: Comprehensive Federal Plan Needed for U.S. Aviation System's Preparedness', issued in December 2015 (GAO-16-127);

"(10) consider the latest peer-reviewed scientific studies that address communicable disease with respect to air transportation; and

"(11) consider funding constraints.

"(c)

"(1) air carriers, which shall include domestic air carriers consisting of major air carriers, low-cost carriers, regional air carriers and cargo carriers;

"(2) airport operators, including with respect to large hub, medium hub, small hub, and nonhub commercial service airports;

"(3) labor organizations that represent airline pilots, flight attendants, air carrier airport customer service representatives, and air carrier maintenance, repair, and overhaul workers;

"(4) the labor organization certified under section 7111 of title 5, United States Code, as the exclusive bargaining representative of air traffic controllers of the Federal Aviation Administration;

"(5) the labor organization certified under such section as the exclusive bargaining representative of airway transportation systems specialists and aviation safety inspectors of the Federal Aviation Administration;

"(6) trade associations representing air carriers and airports;

"(7) aircraft manufacturing companies;

"(8) general aviation; and

"(9) such other stakeholders as the Secretary considers appropriate.

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(1) whether such plan—

"(A) is responsive to any previous recommendations relating to aviation preparedness with respect to an outbreak of a covered communicable disease or global health emergency made by the Comptroller General; and

"(B) meets the obligations of the United States under international conventions and treaties; and

"(2) the extent to which the United States aviation system is prepared to respond to an outbreak of a covered communicable disease.

"(g)

"(1)

"(A) an individual whose job duties require interaction with air carrier passengers on a regular and continuing basis and who is an employee of—

"(i) an air carrier;

"(ii) an air carrier contractor;

"(iii) an airport; or

"(iv) the Federal Government; or

"(B) an air traffic controller or systems safety specialist of the Federal Aviation Administration.

"(2)

"(3)

Pub. L. 117–203, §2, Oct. 17, 2022, 136 Stat. 2227, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) grow new transportation options;

"(2) amplify economic activity and jobs;

"(3) advance environmental sustainability and new technologies; and

"(4) support emergency preparedness and competitiveness.

"(c)

"(1) appoint the Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy to chair the working group;

"(2) designate not less than 1 additional representative to participate on the working group from each of—

"(A) the Department of Transportation; and

"(B) the Federal Aviation Administration; and

"(3) invite the heads of each of the following departments or agencies to designate not less than 1 representative to participate on the working group, including—

"(A) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration;

"(B) the Department of Commerce;

"(C) the Department of Defense;

"(D) the Department of Energy;

"(E) the Department of Homeland Security;

"(F) the Department of Agriculture;

"(G) the Department of Labor;

"(H) the Federal Communications Commission; and

"(I) such other departments or agencies as the Secretary of Transportation determines appropriate.

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) manufacturers of aircraft, avionics, propulsion systems, structures, and air traffic management systems;

"(B) commercial air carriers, commercial operators, unmanned aircraft system operators, and general aviation operators, including helicopter operators;

"(C) intended operators of AAM aircraft;

"(D) airports, heliports, fixed-base operators;

"(E) certified labor representatives for pilots associations, air traffic control specialists employed by the Federal Aviation Administration, aircraft mechanics, and aviation safety inspectors;

"(F) State, local, and Tribal officials or public agencies, with representation from both urban and rural areas;

"(G) first responders;

"(H) groups representing environmental interests;

"(I) electric utilities, energy providers and energy market operators;

"(J) academia with experience working with industry on new technology and commercialization;

"(K) groups representing the telecommunications industry; and

"(L) aviation training and maintenance providers.

"(2)

"(e)

"(1) the steps that will mature AAM aircraft operations, concepts, and regulatory frameworks beyond initial operations;

"(2) the air traffic management and safety concepts that might be considered as part of evolving AAM to higher levels of traffic density;

"(3) current Federal programs and policies that could be leveraged to advance the maturation of the AAM industry;

"(4) infrastructure, including aviation, cybersecurity, telecommunication, multimodal, and utility infrastructure, necessary to accommodate and support expanded operations of AAM after initial implementation;

"(5) steps needed to ensure a robust and secure domestic supply chain;

"(6) anticipated benefits associated with AAM aircraft operations, including economic, environmental, emergency and natural disaster response, and transportation benefits;

"(7) the interests, roles, and responsibilities of Federal, State, local, and Tribal governments affected by AAM aircraft operations; and

"(8) other factors that may limit the full potential of the AAM industry, including community acceptance or restrictions of such operations.

"(f)

"(1) recommendations regarding the safety, operations, security, infrastructure, air traffic concepts, and other Federal investment or actions necessary to support the evolution of early AAM to higher levels of activity and societal benefit; and

"(2) a comprehensive plan detailing the roles and responsibilities of each Federal department and agency, and of State, local, and Tribal governments, necessary to facilitate or implement the recommendations developed under paragraph (1).

"(g)

"(1) detailing findings from the review and examination performed under subsection (e); and

"(2) providing the AAM National Strategy, including the plan and associated recommendations developed under subsection (f).

"(h)

"(i)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and

"(B) the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives.

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(6)

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §131, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2350, as amended by Pub. L. 117–328, div. Q, §102(b)(1), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5250, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(i) appoint, assign the duties, transfer, and fix the compensation of such personnel as may be necessary, in accordance with civil service laws;

"(ii) make appointments with respect to temporary and intermittent services to the extent authorized by section 3109 of title 5, United States Code;

"(iii) enter into contracts, cooperative agreements, and other transactions without regard to section 6101 of title 41, United States Code;

"(iv) notwithstanding section 1342 of title 31, United States Code, accept donations and voluntary and uncompensated services;

"(v) accept funds from other Federal departments and agencies, including agencies within the FAA, to pay for and add to activities authorized by this section; and

"(vi) promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary and appropriate.

"(4)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) cooperate with institutions of higher education that offer degrees in fields related to aerospace;

"(ii) encourage the participation of graduate and post-graduate students in the Samya Rose Stumo National Air Grant Fellowship Program; and

"(iii) cooperate and coordinate with other Federal activities in fields related to aerospace.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(i) the executive branch of the United States Government; and

"(ii) the legislative branch of the United States Government.

"(B)

"(i)

"(I) Positions in offices of, or with Members on, committees of Congress that have jurisdiction over the FAA.

"(II) Positions in offices of Members of Congress that have a demonstrated interest in aerospace policy.

"(ii)

"(C)

"(3)

"(c)

"(1) may, upon a written request from the Administrator, make available, on a reimbursable basis or otherwise, any personnel (with their consent and without prejudice to their position and rating), service, or facility that the Administrator deems necessary to carry out any provision of this section;

"(2) shall, upon a written request from the Administrator, furnish any available data or other information that the Administrator deems necessary to carry out any provision of this section; and

"(3) shall cooperate with the FAA and duly authorized officials thereof.

"(d)

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) Aerospace engineering.

"(B) Aerospace physiology.

"(C) Aeronautical engineering.

"(D) Airworthiness engineering.

"(E) Electrical engineering.

"(F) Human factors.

"(G) Software engineering.

"(H) Systems engineering."

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §132, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2352, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) The National Transportation Safety Board's investigation of accidents under section 1132 of title 49, United States Code.

"(2) The Administrator's investigations of accidents and incidents under section 40113 of title 49, United States Code.

"(3) Information provided by air operators pursuant to safety management systems.

"(4) International investigations of accidents and incidents, including reports, data, and information from foreign authorities and ICAO.

"(5) Other sources deemed appropriate for establishing emerging safety trends in the aviation sector, including the FAA's annual safety culture assessment required under subsection (c).

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

[For definitions of terms used in section 132 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out above, see section 137 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note below.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §181, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3230, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) consider the needs of the aerospace industry and other stakeholders when creating policies, regulations, and standards that enable the safe commercial deployment of civil supersonic aircraft technology and the safe and efficient operation of civil supersonic aircraft; and

"(2) obtain the input of aerospace industry stakeholders regarding—

"(A) the appropriate regulatory framework and timeline for permitting the safe and efficient operation of civil supersonic aircraft within United States airspace, including updating or modifying existing regulations on such operation;

"(B) issues related to standards and regulations for the type certification and safe operation of civil supersonic aircraft, including noise certification, including—

"(i) the operational differences between subsonic aircraft and supersonic aircraft;

"(ii) costs and benefits associated with landing and takeoff noise requirements for civil supersonic aircraft, including impacts on aircraft emissions;

"(iii) public and economic benefits of the operation of civil supersonic aircraft and associated aerospace industry activity; and

"(iv) challenges relating to ensuring that standards and regulations aimed at relieving and protecting the public health and welfare from aircraft noise and sonic booms are economically reasonable, technologically practicable, and appropriate for civil supersonic aircraft; and

"(C) other issues identified by the Administrator or the aerospace industry that must be addressed to enable the safe commercial deployment and safe and efficient operation of civil supersonic aircraft.

"(c)

"(1) demonstrate global leadership under subsection (a);

"(2) address the needs of the aerospace industry identified under subsection (b); and

"(3) protect the public health and welfare.

"(d)

"(1) the Administrator's actions to exercise leadership in the creation of Federal and international policies, regulations, and standards relating to the certification and safe and efficient operation of civil supersonic aircraft;

"(2) planned, proposed, and anticipated actions to update or modify existing policies and regulations related to civil supersonic aircraft, including those identified as a result of industry consultation and feedback; and

"(3) a timeline for any actions to be taken to update or modify existing policies and regulations related to civil supersonic aircraft.

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) address safe operation of the aircraft type, including development and flight testing prior to type certification;

"(B) address manufacturing of the aircraft;

"(C) address continuing airworthiness of the aircraft;

"(D) specify landing and takeoff noise standards for that aircraft type that the Administrator considers appropriate, practicable, and consistent with section 44715 of title 49, United States Code; and

"(E) consider differences between subsonic and supersonic aircraft including differences in thrust requirements at equivalent gross weight, engine requirements, aerodynamic characteristics, operational characteristics, and other physical properties.

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(6)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §326, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3271, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) to identify and measure the constituents and levels of constituents resulting from bleed air in the cabins of a representative set of commercial aircraft in operation of the United States;

"(2) to assess the potential health effects of such constituents on passengers and cabin and flight deck crew;

"(3) to identify technologies suitable to provide reliable and accurate warning of bleed air contamination, including technologies to effectively monitor the aircraft air supply system when the aircraft is in flight; and

"(4) to identify potential techniques to prevent fume events.

"(d)

"(e)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §329, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3272, provided that: "The Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall, to the maximum extent possible and consistent with Federal law, and based on input by the public, ensure that regulations, guidance, and policies issued by the FAA on and after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018] are issued in the form of performance-based standards, providing an equal or higher level of safety."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §503(a)–(d), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3352, 3353, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) an estimate of the date the program will have a positive return on investment;

"(2) an explanation for any delay in the delivery of expected benefits from previously published estimates on delivery of such benefits, in implementing or utilizing the program;

"(3) an estimate of the completion date;

"(4) an assessment of the long-term and near-term user benefits of the program for—

"(A) the Federal Government; and

"(B) the users of the national airspace system; and

"(5) a description of how the program directly contributes to a safer and more efficient air traffic control system.

"(c)

"(1) develop, in coordination with the NextGen Advisory Committee and considering the need for a balance between long-term and near-term user benefits, a prioritization of the NextGen programs;

"(2) annually update the priority list under paragraph (1); and

"(3) prepare budget submissions to reflect the current status of NextGen programs and projected returns on investment for each NextGen program.

"(d)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §507, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3354, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) recognize and incorporate, in early design phases of all relevant NextGen programs, the human factors and procedural and airspace implications of stated goals and associated technical changes; and

"(2) ensure that a human factors specialist, separate from the research and certification groups, is directly involved with the NextGen approval process.

"(b)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §508, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3355, provided that: "To better inform the [Federal Aviation] Administration's decisions regarding the prioritization of efforts and allocation of resources for NextGen [Next Generation Air Transportation System], the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall—

"(1) solicit input from specialists in probability and statistics to identify and prioritize the programmatic and implementation risks to NextGen; and

"(2) develop a method to manage and mitigate the risks identified in paragraph (1)."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §513, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3357, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) conduct an assessment of the FAA oversight and authorization processes and requirements for aircraft under part 91; and

"(2) make recommendations to streamline the applicable authorization and approval processes, improve safety, and reduce regulatory cost burdens and delays for the FAA and aircraft owners and operators who operate pursuant to part 91.

"(b)

"(1) process reforms and improvements to allow the FAA to review and approve applications in a fair and timely fashion;

"(2) the appropriateness of requiring an authorization for each experimental aircraft rather than using a broader all-makes-and-models approach;

"(3) ways to improve the timely response to letters of authorization applications for aircraft owners and operators who operate pursuant to part 91, including setting deadlines and granting temporary or automatic authorizations if deadlines are missed by the FAA;

"(4) methods for enhancing the effective use of delegation systems;

"(5) methods for training the FAA's field office employees in risk-based and safety management system oversight; and

"(6) such other matters related to streamlining part 91 authorization and approval processes as the task force considers appropriate.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) implement the recommendations of the task force;

"(B) measure progress in implementing the recommendations; and

"(C) measure the effectiveness of the implemented recommendations.

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(g)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §515, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3358, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) flights for which pilots and passengers may share expenses;

"(B) flights for which pilots and passengers may not share expenses;

"(C) the methods of communication that pilots and passengers may use to arrange flights for which expenses are shared; and

"(D) the methods of communication that pilots and passengers may not use to arrange flights for which expenses are shared.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the rationale for such Federal policy;

"(B) safety and other concerns related to pilots sharing flight expenses with passengers; and

"(C) benefits related to pilots sharing flight expenses with passengers."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §525, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3364, provided that: "The Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration], to the extent practicable, shall encourage the use of durable, resilient, and sustainable materials and practices, including the use of geosynthetic materials and other innovative technologies, in carrying out the activities of the Federal Aviation Administration."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §550, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3378, provided that: "The Secretary of Transportation shall revise such regulations as may be necessary to ensure that multiyear lessees and owners of large and turbine-powered multiengine aircraft are treated equally for purposes of joint ownership policies of the FAA."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §562, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3384, provided that: "Not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall identify and implement a strategy to—

"(1) advance near-term and long-term uses of enhanced surveillance systems, such as space-based ADS–B [automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast], within United States airspace or international airspace delegated to the United States;

"(2) exercise leadership on setting global standards for the separation of aircraft in oceanic airspace by working with—

"(A) foreign counterparts of the Administrator in the International Civil Aviation Organization and its subsidiary organizations;

"(B) other international organizations and fora; and

"(C) the private sector; and

"(3) ensure the participation of the [Federal Aviation] Administration in the analysis of trials of enhanced surveillance systems, such as space-based ADS–B, performed by foreign air navigation service providers in North Atlantic airspace."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title VI, §625, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3405, as amended by Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title XVII, §1743(a), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1842, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) a program to provide grants for eligible projects to support the education of future aircraft pilots and the development of the aircraft pilot workforce; and

"(2) a program to provide grants for eligible projects to support the education and recruitment of aviation maintenance technical workers and the development of the aviation maintenance workforce.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(c)

"(1) An application for a grant under the program established under subsection (a)(1) shall be submitted, in such form as the Secretary may specify, by—

"(A) an air carrier, as defined in section 40102 of title 49, United States Code, or a labor organization representing aircraft pilots;

"(B) an accredited institution of higher education (as defined in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001)) or a high school or secondary school (as defined in section 7801 [probably should be "8101"] of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7801));

"(C) a flight school that provides flight training, as defined in part 61 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, or that holds a pilot school certificate under part 141 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations;

"(D) a State or local governmental entity; or

"(E) an organization representing aircraft users, aircraft owners, or aircraft pilots.

"(2) An application for a grant under the pilot program established under subsection (a)(2) shall be submitted, in such form as the Secretary may specify, by—

"(A) a holder of a certificate issued under part 21, 121, 135, or 145 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations or a labor organization representing aviation maintenance workers;

"(B) an accredited institution of higher education (as defined in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001)) or a high school or secondary school (as defined in section 7801 [8101] of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7801); and [sic]

"(C) a State or local governmental entity.

"(d)

"(1) For purposes of the program established under subsection (a)(1), an eligible project is a project—

"(A) to create and deliver curriculum designed to provide high school students with meaningful aviation education that is designed to prepare the students to become aircraft pilots, aerospace engineers, or unmanned aircraft systems operators; or

"(B) to support the professional development of teachers using the curriculum described in subparagraph (A).

"(2) For purposes of the pilot program established under subsection (a)(2), an eligible project is a project—

"(A) to establish new educational programs that teach technical skills used in aviation maintenance, including purchasing equipment, or to improve existing such programs;

"(B) to establish scholarships or apprenticeships for individuals pursuing employment in the aviation maintenance industry;

"(C) to support outreach about careers in the aviation maintenance industry to—

"(i) primary, secondary, and post-secondary school students; or

"(ii) to [sic] communities underrepresented in the industry;

"(D) to support educational opportunities related to aviation maintenance in economically disadvantaged geographic areas;

"(E) to support transition to careers in aviation maintenance, including for members of the Armed Forces; or

"(F) to otherwise enhance aviation maintenance technical education or the aviation maintenance industry workforce.

"(e)

"(1) prior to selecting among competing applications, consult, as appropriate, with representatives of aircraft repair stations, design and production approval holders, air carriers, labor organizations, business aviation, general aviation, educational institutions, and other relevant aviation sectors; and

"(2) ensure that the applications selected for projects established under subsection (a)(1) will allow participation from a diverse collection of public and private schools in rural, suburban, and urban areas."

[Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title XVII, §1743(b), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1842, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending section 625 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above] shall take effect as if included in the enactment of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 (Public Law 115–254)."]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title VI, §631, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3407, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) multirotor and fixed-wing small unmanned aircraft;

"(2) flight systems, radio controllers, components, and characteristics of such aircraft;

"(3) routine maintenance, uses and applications, privacy concerns, safety, and insurance for such aircraft;

"(4) hands-on flight practice using small unmanned aircraft systems and computer simulator training;

"(5) use of small unmanned aircraft systems in various industry applications and local, State, and Federal government programs and services, including in agriculture, law enforcement, monitoring oil and gas pipelines, natural disaster response and recovery, fire and emergency services, and other emerging areas;

"(6) Federal policies concerning small unmanned aircraft;

"(7) dual credit programs to deliver small unmanned aircraft training opportunities to secondary school students; or

"(8) training with respect to sensors and the processing, analyzing, and visualizing of data collected by small unmanned aircraft.

"(d)

"(e)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title VI, §632, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3408, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title VII, §731, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3411, provided that: "Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall develop an integrated Cyber Testbed for research, development, evaluation, and validation of air traffic control modernization technologies, before they enter the national airspace system, as being compliant with FAA data security regulations. The Cyber Testbed shall be part of an integrated research and development test environment capable of creating, identifying, defending, and solving cybersecurity-related problems for the national airspace system. This integrated test environment shall incorporate integrated test capacities within the FAA related to the national airspace system and NextGen."

Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title X, §1046, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1959, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) directly or indirectly require the installation of automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (hereinafter in this section referred to as 'ADS-B') equipment on fighter aircraft, bomber aircraft, or other special mission aircraft owned or operated by the Department of Defense;

"(2) deny or reduce air traffic control services in United States airspace or international airspace delegated to the United States to any aircraft described in paragraph (1) on the basis that such aircraft is not equipped with ADS-B equipment; or

"(3) restrict or limit airspace access for aircraft described in paragraph (1) on the basis such aircraft are not equipped with ADS-B equipment.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) vest in the Secretary of Defense any authority of the Secretary of Transportation or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration under title 49, United States Code, or any other provision of law;

"(2) vest in the Secretary of Transportation or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration any authority of the Secretary of Defense under title 10, United States Code, or any other provision of law; or

"(3) limit the authority or discretion of the Secretary of Transportation or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to operate air traffic control services to ensure the safe minimum separation of aircraft in flight and the efficient use of airspace.

"(d)

"(e)

"(1) The term 'appropriate congressional committees' means the congressional defense committees, the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate.

"(2) The term 'air traffic control services' means services used for the monitoring, directing, control, and guidance of aircraft or flows of aircraft and for the safe conduct of flight, including communications, navigation, and surveillance services and provision of aeronautical information.

"(3) The term 'special mission aircraft' means an aircraft the Secretary of Defense designates for a unique mission to which ADS-B equipment creates a unique risk."

Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1092, Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1610, formerly set out as a note under this section, was transferred and is set out as a note under section 44802 of this title.

Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title X, §1075(a), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 870, formerly set out as a note under this section, was transferred and is set out as a note under section 44802 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, §1052(b), (c), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1935, 1936, formerly set out as a note under this section, was transferred and is set out as a note under section 44802 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–200, Nov. 27, 2012, 126 Stat. 1477, provided that:

"This Act may be cited as the 'European Union Emissions Trading Scheme Prohibition Act of 2011'.

"(a)

"(1) the impacts on U.S. consumers, U.S. carriers, and U.S. operators;

"(2) the impacts on the economic, energy, and environmental security of the United States; and

"(3) the impacts on U.S. foreign relations, including existing international commitments.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) may reassess a determination under subsection (a) that a prohibition under that subsection is in the public interest at any time after making such a determination; and

"(2) shall reassess such a determination after—

"(A) any amendment by the European Union to the EU Directive referred to in subsection (a); or

"(B) the adoption of any international agreement pursuant to section 3(1). [sic]

"(C) enactment of a public law or issuance of a final rule after formal agency rulemaking, in the United State[s] to address aircraft emissions.

"(a)

"(1) should, as appropriate, use their authority to conduct international negotiations, including using their authority to conduct international negotiations to pursue a worldwide approach to address aircraft emissions, including the environmental impact of aircraft emissions; and

"(2) shall, as appropriate and except as provided in subsection (b), take other actions under existing authorities that are in the public interest necessary to hold operators of civil aircraft of the United States harmless from the emissions trading scheme referred to under section 2.

"(b)

"In this Act, the term 'civil aircraft of the United States' has the meaning given the term under section 40102(a) of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 112–95, title II, §§201, 202, 211–222, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 36, 44–54, as amended by Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title III, §341(b), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2081; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §§503(e), 522(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3353, 3363, provided that:

"In this title [amending sections 106, 40102, 40110, and 40113 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 106 and 44506 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under this section], the following definitions apply:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(6)

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) an examination of how the Administration manages program risks;

"(B) an assessment of expected benefits attributable to the deployment of ADS–B services, including the Administration's plans for implementation of advanced operational procedures and air-to-air applications, as well as the extent to which ground radar will be retained;

"(C) an assessment of the Administration's analysis of specific operational benefits, and benefit/costs analyses of planned operational benefits conducted by the Administration, for ADS–B In and ADS–B Out avionics equipage for airspace users;

"(D) a determination of whether the Administration has established sufficient mechanisms to ensure that all design, acquisition, operation, and maintenance requirements have been met by the contractor;

"(E) an assessment of whether the Administration and any contractors are meeting cost, schedule, and performance milestones, as measured against the original baseline of the Administration's program for providing ADS–B services;

"(F) an assessment of how security issues are being addressed in the overall design and implementation of the ADS–B system;

"(G) identification of any potential operational or workforce changes resulting from deployment of ADS–B; and

"(H) any other matters or aspects relating to contract implementation and oversight that the Inspector General determines merit attention.

"(3)

"[(b) Repealed. Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §522(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3363.]

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) include provisions to test the use of ADS–B technology for surveillance and active air traffic control in specific regions of the United States with the most congested airspace;

"(B) identify the equipment required at air traffic control facilities and the training required for air traffic controllers;

"(C) identify procedures, to be developed in consultation with appropriate employee and industry groups, to conduct air traffic management in mixed equipage environments; and

"(D) establish a policy in test regions referred to in subparagraph (A), in consultation with appropriate employee and industry groups, to provide incentives for equipage with ADS–B technology, including giving priority to aircraft equipped with such technology before the 2020 equipage deadline.

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) highlight the technical activities, including human-system design, organizational design, and other safety and human factor aspects of the system, that will be necessary to successfully transition current and planned modernization programs to the future system envisioned by the Joint Planning and Development Office of the Administration;

"(2) assess technical, cost, and schedule risk for the software development that will be necessary to achieve the expected benefits from a highly automated air traffic management system and the implications for ongoing modernization projects; and

"(3) determine how risks with automation efforts for the NextGen can be mitigated based on the experiences of other public or private entities in developing complex, software-intensive systems.

"(c)

"(a)

"(1)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(i) clearly defined budget, schedule, project organization, and leadership requirements;

"(ii) specific implementation and transition steps;

"(iii) baseline and performance metrics for—

"(I) measuring the Administration's progress in implementing the plan, including the percentage utilization of required navigation performance in the national airspace system; and

"(II) achieving measurable fuel burn and carbon dioxide emissions reductions compared to current performance;

"(iv) expedited environmental review procedures and processes for timely environmental approval of area navigation and required navigation performance that offer significant efficiency improvements as determined by baseline and performance metrics under clause (iii);

"(v) coordination and communication mechanisms with qualified third parties, if applicable;

"(vi) plans to address human factors, training, and other issues for air traffic controllers surrounding the adoption of RNP procedures in the en route and terminal environments, including in a mixed operational environment; and

"(vii) a lifecycle management strategy for RNP procedures to be developed by qualified third parties, if applicable.

"(D)

"(2)

"(A) not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012], 30 percent of the required procedures at OEP airports;

"(B) not later than 36 months after the date of enactment of this Act, 60 percent of the required procedures at OEP airports; and

"(C) before June 30, 2015, 100 percent of the required procedures at OEP airports.

"(b)

"(1)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(i) clearly defined budget, schedule, project organization, and leadership requirements;

"(ii) specific implementation and transition steps;

"(iii) coordination and communications mechanisms with qualified third parties;

"(iv) plans to address human factors, training, and other issues for air traffic controllers surrounding the adoption of RNP procedures in the en route and terminal environments, including in a mixed operational environment;

"(v) baseline and performance metrics for—

"(I) measuring the Administration's progress in implementing the plan, including the percentage utilization of required navigation performance in the national airspace system; and

"(II) achieving measurable fuel burn and carbon dioxide emissions reduction compared to current performance;

"(vi) expedited environmental review procedures and processes for timely environmental approval of area navigation and required navigation performance that offer significant efficiency improvements as determined by baseline and performance metrics established under clause (v);

"(vii) a description of the software and database information, such as a current version of the Noise Integrated Routing System or the Integrated Noise Model that the Administration will need to make available to qualified third parties to enable those third parties to design procedures that will meet the broad range of requirements of the Administration; and

"(viii) lifecycle management strategy for RNP procedures to be developed by qualified third parties, if applicable.

"(D)

"(2)

"(A) not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012], 25 percent of the required procedures for non-OEP airports;

"(B) not later than 36 months after the date of enactment of this Act, 50 percent of the required procedures for non-OEP airports; and

"(C) before June 30, 2016, 100 percent of the required procedures for non-OEP airports.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) notify and consult with the operator of the airport at which the procedure would be implemented; and

"(B) consider consultations or other engagement with the community in the [sic] which the airport is located to inform the public of the procedure.

"(4)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) consult with the operator of the airport to identify measures to mitigate the effect of the procedure on the human environment; and

"(ii) in conducting such consultations, consider the use of alternative flight paths that do not substantially degrade the efficiencies achieved by the implementation of the procedure being reviewed.

"(C)

"(d)

"(1) clearly defined budget, schedule, project organization, and leadership requirements;

"(2) specific implementation and transition steps; and

"(3) baseline and performance metrics for measuring the Administration's progress in implementing the plan.

"(e)

"(1)

"(A) whether utilization of ADS–B, RNP, and other technologies as part of NextGen implementation will display the position of aircraft more accurately and frequently to enable a more efficient use of existing airspace and result in reduced consumption of aviation fuel and aircraft engine emissions; and

"(B) the feasibility of reducing aircraft separation standards in a safe manner as a result of the implementation of such technologies.

"(2)

"(f)

"(a)

"(1) actual arrival and departure rates per hour measured against the currently published aircraft arrival rate and aircraft departure rate for the 35 operational evolution partnership airports;

"(2) average gate-to-gate times;

"(3) fuel burned between key city pairs;

"(4) operations using the advanced navigation procedures, including performance based navigation procedures;

"(5) the average distance flown between key city pairs;

"(6) the time between pushing back from the gate and taking off;

"(7) continuous climb or descent;

"(8) average gate arrival delay for all arrivals;

"(9) flown versus filed flight times for key city pairs;

"(10) implementation of NextGen Implementation Plan, or any successor document, capabilities designed to reduce emissions and fuel consumption;

"(11) the Administration's unit cost of providing air traffic control services; and

"(12) runway safety, including runway incursions, operational errors, and loss of standard separation events.

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(1) a description of the metrics that will be used to measure the Administration's progress in implementing NextGen capabilities and operational results;

"(2) information on any additional metrics developed; and

"(3) a process for holding the Administration accountable for meeting or exceeding the metrics baselines identified in subsection (b).

"(a)

"(1) establishment of updated project plans and timelines;

"(2) identification of the specific activities needed to certify NextGen technologies, including the establishment of NextGen technical requirements for the manufacture of equipage, installation of equipage, airline operational procedures, pilot training standards, air traffic control procedures, and air traffic controller training;

"(3) identification of staffing requirements for the Air Certification Service and the Flight Standards Service, taking into consideration the leveraging of assistance from third parties and designees;

"(4) establishment of a program under which the Administration will use third parties in the certification process; and

"(5) establishment of performance metrics to measure the Administration's progress.

"(b)

"(a)

"(1) evaluate the Airport Surface Detection Equipment-Model X program for its potential contribution to implementation of the NextGen initiative;

"(2) evaluate airport surveillance technologies and associated collaborative surface management software for potential contributions to implementation of NextGen surface management;

"(3) accelerate implementation of the program referred to in paragraph (1); and

"(4) carry out such additional duties as the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may require.

"(b)

"(1) consider options for expediting the certification of Ground-Based Augmentation System technology; and

"(2) develop a plan to utilize such a system at the 35 operational evolution partnership airports by December 31, 2012.

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) serve as a waiver of any bargaining obligations or rights;

"(2) entitle the employee to any additional compensation or benefits with the exception of a per diem, if appropriate; or

"(3) entitle the employee to prevent or unduly delay the exercise of management prerogatives.

"(d)

"(e)

"(a)

"(1) The airspace redesign efforts of the Federal Aviation Administration will play a critical near-term role in enhancing capacity, reducing delays, transitioning to more flexible routing, and ultimately saving money in fuel costs for airlines and airspace users.

"(2) The critical importance of airspace redesign efforts is underscored by the fact that they are highlighted in strategic plans of the Administration, including Flight Plan 2009–2013 and the NextGen Implementation Plan.

"(3) Funding cuts have led to delays and deferrals of critical capacity enhancing airspace redesign efforts.

"(4) New runways planned for the period of fiscal years 2011 and 2012 will not provide estimated capacity benefits without additional funds.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) leverages resources and partnerships, including appropriate programs of the Administration, to enhance the research and development of NextGen technologies by academia and industry; and

"(2) provides educational, technical, and analytical assistance to the Administration and other Federal departments and agencies with responsibilities to research and develop NextGen technologies.

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) be based on public-private partnership principles; and

"(2) leverage and maximize the use of private sector capital.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(e)

"(a)

"(1) identifies incentive options to encourage the equipage of aircraft with NextGen technologies, including a policy that gives priority to aircraft equipped with ADS–B technology;

"(2) identifies the costs and benefits of each option; and

"(3) includes input from industry stakeholders, including passenger and cargo air carriers, aerospace manufacturers, and general aviation aircraft operators.

"(b)

"(1) the date that is 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012]; or

"(2) the date on which aircraft are required to be equipped with ADS–B technology pursuant to the rulemaking under [former] section 211(b)."

[Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §522(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3363, provided that: "The Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall ensure that any regulation issued pursuant to such subsection [subsec. (b) of section 211 of Pub. L. 112–95, formerly set out above] has no force or effect."]

Pub. L. 112–95, title II, §208(d), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 43, provided that: "The Associate Administrator for Next Generation Air Transportation System Planning, Development, and Interagency Coordination shall, as part of the design of the System, develop contingency plans for dealing with the degradation of the System in the event of a natural disaster, major equipment failure, or act of terrorism."

Pub. L. 112–95, title II, §225, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 55, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) A timeline for full implementation of the strategy described in the report submitted under subsection (a).

"(B) A description of the progress made in carrying out such strategy.

"(C) A description of the challenges, if any, encountered by the Administrator in carrying out such strategy."

[For definition of "NextGen" as used in section 225 of Pub. L. 112–95, set out above, see section 201 of Pub. L. 112–95, set out as a note above.]

Pub. L. 114–190, title II, subtitle B, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 628, as amended, formerly set out as a note under this section, was transferred and is set out as a note under section 44802 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–95, title III, subtitle B, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 72, as amended, formerly set out as a note under this section, was transferred and is set out as a note under section 44802 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, §821, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 128, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) volunteered to provide such transportation; and

"(2) notified any individual that will be on the flight, at the time of inquiry about the flight, that the flight operation is for charitable purposes and is not subject to the same requirements as a commercial flight.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) is described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 501(c)(3)] and is exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of such Code; and

"(2) is organized for the primary purpose of providing, arranging, or otherwise fostering charitable medical transportation."

Pub. L. 112–95, title IX, §909, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 141, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) shall be completed not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012];

"(B) shall be submitted to Congress for review; and

"(C) shall be updated, as appropriate, every 3 years after the initial submission."

Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title X, §1097, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1608, formerly set out as a note under this section, was transferred and is set out as a note under section 44802 of this title.

Pub. L. 110–113, §2, Nov. 8, 2007, 121 Stat. 1039, provided that: "Congress finds the following:

"(1) The September 11th Victims Compensation Fund of 2001 [title IV of Pub. L. 107–42] (49 U.S.C. 40101 note) establishes a Federal cause of action in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York as the exclusive remedy for damages arising out of the hijacking and subsequent crash of American Airlines flights 11 and 77, and United Airlines flights 93 and 175, on September 11, 2001.

"(2) Rules 45(b)(2) and 45(c)(3)(A)(ii) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure [28 U.S.C. App.] effectively limit service of a subpoena to any place within, or within 100 miles of, the district of the court by which it is issued, unless a statute of the United States expressly provides that the court, upon proper application and cause shown, may authorize the service of a subpoena at any other place.

"(3) Litigating a Federal cause of action under the September 11 Victims Compensation Fund of 2001 is likely to involve the testimony and the production of other documents and tangible things by a substantial number of witnesses, many of whom may not reside, be employed, or regularly transact business in, or within 100 miles of, the Southern District of New York."

Pub. L. 108–176, §4, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2493, provided that: "Congress finds the following:

"(1) The United States has revolutionized the way people travel, developing new technologies and aircraft to move people more efficiently and more safely.

"(2) Past Federal investment in aeronautics research and development has benefited the economy and national security of the United States and the quality of life of its citizens.

"(3) The total impact of civil aviation on the United States economy exceeds $900,000,000,000 annually and accounts for 9 percent of the gross national product and 11,000,000 jobs in the national workforce. Civil aviation products and services generate a significant surplus for United States trade accounts, and amount to significant numbers of the Nation's highly skilled, technologically qualified work force.

"(4) Aerospace technologies, products, and services underpin the advanced capabilities of our men and women in uniform and those charged with homeland security.

"(5) Future growth in civil aviation increasingly will be constrained by concerns related to aviation system safety and security, aviation system capabilities, aircraft noise, emissions, and fuel consumption.

"(6) Revitalization and coordination of the United States efforts to maintain its leadership in aviation and aeronautics are critical and must begin now.

"(7) A recent report by the Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry outlined the scope of the problems confronting the aerospace and aviation industries in the United States and found that—

"(A) aerospace will be at the core of the Nation's leadership and strength throughout the 21st century;

"(B) aerospace will play an integral role in the Nation's economy, security, and mobility; and

"(C) global leadership in aerospace is a national imperative.

"(8) Despite the downturn in the global economy, projections of the Federal Aviation Administration indicate that upwards of 1,000,000,000 people will fly annually by 2013. Efforts must begin now to prepare for future growth in the number of airline passengers.

"(9) The United States must increase its investment in research and development to revitalize the aviation and aerospace industries, to create jobs, and to provide educational assistance and training to prepare workers in those industries for the future."

Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §321, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2540, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) explore new operational procedures for aircraft to achieve those goals;

"(2) identify both near-term and long-term options to achieve those goals;

"(3) identify infrastructure changes that would contribute to attainment of those goals;

"(4) identify emerging technologies that might contribute to attainment of those goals;

"(5) develop a research plan for application of such emerging technologies, including new combustor and engine design concepts and methodologies for designing high bypass ratio turbofan engines so as to minimize the effects on climate change per unit of production of thrust and flight speed; and

"(6) develop an implementation plan for exploiting such emerging technologies to attain those goals.

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §326, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2542, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 108–176, title VII, §709, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2582, as amended by Pub. L. 112–95, title II, §208(a)–(c), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 40–43; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §545(b)(1), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3376, provided that:

"(a)

"(2) The head of the Office shall be the Associate Administrator for Next Generation Air Transportation System Planning, Development, and Interagency Coordination, who shall be appointed by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, with the approval of the Secretary. The Administrator shall appoint the Associate Administrator after consulting with the Chairman of the Next Generation Senior Policy Committee and providing advanced notice to the other members of that Committee.

"(3) The responsibilities of the Office shall include—

"(A) creating and carrying out an integrated plan for a Next Generation Air Transportation System pursuant to subsection (b);

"(B) overseeing research and development on that system;

"(C) creating a transition plan for the implementation of that system;

"(D) coordinating aviation and aeronautics research programs to achieve the goal of more effective and directed programs that will result in applicable research;

"(E) coordinating goals and priorities and coordinating research activities within the Federal Government with United States aviation and aeronautical firms;

"(F) coordinating the development and utilization of new technologies to ensure that when available, they may be used to their fullest potential in aircraft and in the air traffic control system;

"(G) facilitating the transfer of technology from research programs such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration program and the Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency program to Federal agencies with operational responsibilities and to the private sector;

"(H) reviewing activities relating to noise, emissions, fuel consumption, and safety conducted by Federal agencies, including the Federal Aviation Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Commerce, and the Department of Defense;

"(I) establishing specific quantitative goals for the safety, capacity, efficiency, performance, and environmental impacts of each phase of Next Generation Air Transportation System planning and development activities and measuring actual operational experience against those goals, taking into account noise pollution reduction concerns of affected communities to the extent practicable in establishing the environmental goals;

"(J) working to ensure global interoperability of the Next Generation Air Transportation System;

"(K) working to ensure the use of weather information and space weather information in the Next Generation Air Transportation System as soon as possible;

"(L) overseeing, with the Administrator and in consultation with the Chief Technology Officer, the selection of products or outcomes of research and development activities that should be moved to a demonstration phase; and

"(M) maintaining a baseline modeling and simulation environment for testing and evaluating alternative concepts to satisfy Next Generation Air Transportation System enterprise architecture requirements.

"(4)(A) The Office shall operate in conjunction with relevant programs in the Department of Defense, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Commerce and the Department of Homeland Security. The Secretary of Transportation may request assistance from staff from those Departments and other Federal agencies.

"(B) The Secretary of Defense, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the head of any other Federal agency from which the Secretary of Transportation requests assistance under subparagraph (A) shall designate a senior official in the agency to be responsible for—

"(i) carrying out the activities of the agency relating to the Next Generation Air Transportation System in coordination with the Office, including the execution of all aspects of the work of the agency in developing and implementing the integrated work plan described in subsection (b)(5);

"(ii) serving as a liaison for the agency in activities of the agency relating to the Next Generation Air Transportation System and coordinating with other Federal agencies involved in activities relating to the System; and

"(iii) ensuring that the agency meets its obligations as set forth in any memorandum of understanding executed by or on behalf of the agency relating to the Next Generation Air Transportation System.

"(C) The head of a Federal agency referred to in subparagraph (B) shall—

"(i) ensure that the responsibilities of the agency relating to the Next Generation Air Transportation System are clearly communicated to the senior official of the agency designated under subparagraph (B);

"(ii) ensure that the performance of the senior official in carrying out the responsibilities of the agency relating to the Next Generation Air Transportation System is reflected in the official's annual performance evaluations and compensation;

"(iii) establish or designate an office within the agency to carry out its responsibilities under the memorandum of understanding under the supervision of the designated official; and

"(iv) ensure that the designated official has sufficient budgetary authority and staff resources to carry out the agency's Next Generation Air Transportation System responsibilities as set forth in the integrated plan under subsection (b).

"(D) Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this subparagraph [Feb. 14, 2012], the head of each Federal agency that has responsibility for carrying out any activity under the integrated plan under subsection (b) shall execute a memorandum of understanding with the Office obligating that agency to carry out the activity.

"(5) In developing and carrying out its plans, the Office shall consult with the public and ensure the participation of experts from the private sector including representatives of commercial aviation, general aviation, aviation labor groups, aviation research and development entities, aircraft and air traffic control suppliers, and the space industry.

"(6)(A) The Office shall work with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget to develop a process whereby the Director will identify projects related to the Next Generation Air Transportation System across the agencies referred to in paragraph (4)(A) and consider the Next Generation Air Transportation System as a unified, cross-agency program.

"(B) The Director of the Office of Management and Budget, to the extent practicable, shall—

"(i) ensure that—

"(I) each Federal agency covered by the plan has sufficient funds requested in the President's budget, as submitted under section 1105(a) of title 31, United States Code, for each fiscal year covered by the plan to carry out its responsibilities under the plan; and

"(II) the development and implementation of the Next Generation Air Transportation System remains on schedule;

"(ii) include, in the President's budget, a statement of the portion of the estimated budget of each Federal agency covered by the plan that relates to the activities of the agency under the Next Generation Air Transportation System; and

"(iii) identify and justify as part of the President's budget submission any inconsistencies between the plan and amounts requested in the budget.

"(7) The Associate Administrator for Next Generation Air Transportation System Planning, Development, and Interagency Coordination shall be a voting member of the Joint Resources Council of the Federal Aviation Administration.

"(b)

"(1) a national vision statement for an air transportation system capable of meeting potential air traffic demand by 2025;

"(2) a description of the demand and the performance characteristics that will be required of the Nation's future air transportation system, and an explanation of how those characteristics were derived, including the national goals, objectives, and policies the system is designed to further, and the underlying socioeconomic determinants, and associated models and analyses;

"(3) a multiagency research and development roadmap for creating the Next Generation Air Transportation System with the characteristics outlined under clause (ii) [(2)], including—

"(A) the most significant technical obstacles and the research and development activities necessary to overcome them, including for each project, the role of each Federal agency, corporations, and universities;

"(B) the annual anticipated cost of carrying out the research and development activities; and

"(C) the technical milestones that will be used to evaluate the activities;

"(4) a description of the operational concepts to meet the system performance requirements for all system users and a timeline and anticipated expenditures needed to develop and deploy the system to meet the vision for 2025; and

"(5) a multiagency integrated work plan for the Next Generation Air Transportation System that includes—

"(A) an outline of the activities required to achieve the end-state architecture, as expressed in the concept of operations and enterprise architecture documents, that identifies each Federal agency or other entity responsible for each activity in the outline;

"(B) details on a year-by-year basis of specific accomplishments, activities, research requirements, rulemakings, policy decisions, and other milestones of progress for each Federal agency or entity conducting activities relating to the Next Generation Air Transportation System;

"(C) for each element of the Next Generation Air Transportation System, an outline, on a year-by-year basis, of what is to be accomplished in that year toward meeting the Next Generation Air Transportation System's end-state architecture, as expressed in the concept of operations and enterprise architecture documents, as well as identifying each Federal agency or other entity that will be responsible for each component of any research, development, or implementation program;

"(D) an estimate of all necessary expenditures on a year-by-year basis, including a statement of each Federal agency or entity's responsibility for costs and available resources, for each stage of development from the basic research stage through the demonstration and implementation phase;

"(E) a clear explanation of how each step in the development of the Next Generation Air Transportation System will lead to the following step and of the implications of not successfully completing a step in the time period described in the integrated work plan;

"(F) a transition plan for the implementation of the Next Generation Air Transportation System that includes date-specific milestones for the implementation of new capabilities into the national airspace system;

"(G) date-specific timetables for meeting the environmental goals identified in subsection (a)(3)(I); and

"(H) a description of potentially significant operational or workforce changes resulting from deployment of the Next Generation Air Transportation System.

"(c)

"(1) improve the level of safety, security, efficiency, quality, and affordability of the National Airspace System and aviation services;

"(2) take advantage of data from emerging ground-based and space-based communications, navigation, and surveillance technologies;

"(3) integrate data streams from multiple agencies and sources to enable situational awareness and seamless global operations for all appropriate users of the system, including users responsible for civil aviation, homeland security, and national security;

"(4) leverage investments in civil aviation, homeland security, and national security and build upon current air traffic management and infrastructure initiatives to meet system performance requirements for all system users;

"(5) be scalable to accommodate and encourage substantial growth in domestic and international transportation and anticipate and accommodate continuing technology upgrades and advances;

"(6) accommodate a wide range of aircraft operations, including airlines, air taxis, helicopters, general aviation, and unmanned aerial vehicles; and

"(7) take into consideration, to the greatest extent practicable, design of airport approach and departure flight paths to reduce exposure of noise and emissions pollution on affected residents.

"(d)

"(e)

Pub. L. 108–176, title VII, §710, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2584, as amended by Pub. L. 112–95, title II, §209, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 43, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration (or the Administrator's designee);

"(2) the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (or the Administrator's designee);

"(3) the Secretary of Defense (or the Secretary's designee);

"(4) the Secretary of Homeland Security (or the Secretary's designee);

"(5) the Secretary of Commerce (or the Secretary's designee);

"(6) the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (or the Director's designee); and

"(7) designees from other Federal agencies determined by the Secretary of Transportation to have an important interest in, or responsibility for, other aspects of the system.

"(c)

"(1) advise the Secretary of Transportation regarding the national goals and strategic objectives for the transformation of the Nation's air transportation system to meet its future needs;

"(2) provide policy guidance for the integrated plan for the air transportation system to be developed by the Next Generation Air Transportation System Joint Planning and Development Office;

"(3) provide ongoing policy review for the transformation of the air transportation system;

"(4) identify resource needs and make recommendations to their respective agencies for necessary funding for planning, research, and development activities; and

"(5) make legislative recommendations, as appropriate, for the future air transportation system.

"(d)

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) a copy of the updated integrated work plan;

"(B) a description of the progress made in carrying out the integrated work plan and any changes in that plan, including any changes based on funding shortfalls and limitations set by the Office of Management and Budget;

"(C) a detailed description of—

"(i) the success or failure of each item of the integrated work plan for the previous year and relevant information as to why any milestone was not met; and

"(ii) the impact of not meeting the milestone and what actions will be taken in the future to account for the failure to complete the milestone;

"(D) an explanation of any change to future years in the integrated work plan and the reasons for such change; and

"(E) an identification of the levels of funding for each agency participating in the integrated work plan devoted to programs and activities under the plan for the previous fiscal year and in the President's budget request."

*[Next Generation Air Transportation System Senior Policy Committee to terminate on date of initial appointment of the members of the advisory committee established under section 439 of Pub. L. 115–254, see section 439(h) of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a note under section 41705 of this title.]*

Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §817, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2592, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) General aviation entities that operate at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport.

"(2) Airports that are located within 15 miles of Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport and were operating under security restrictions on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2003] and general aviation entities operating at those airports.

"(3) General aviation entities affected by implementation of section 44939 of title 49, United States Code.

"(4) General aviation entities that were affected by Federal Aviation Administration Notices to Airmen FDC 2/1099 and 3/1862 or section 352 of the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2003 (Public Law 108–7, division I) [117 Stat. 420], or both.

"(5) Sightseeing operations that were not authorized to resume in enhanced class B air space under Federal Aviation Administration notice to airmen 1/1225.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) operates nonmilitary aircraft under part 91 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, for the purpose of conducting its primary business;

"(2) manufactures nonmilitary aircraft with a maximum seating capacity of fewer than 20 passengers or aircraft parts to be used in such aircraft;

"(3) provides services necessary for nonmilitary operations under such part 91; or

"(4) operates an airport, other than a primary airport (as such terms are defined in such section 40102), that—

"(A) is listed in the national plan of integrated airport systems developed by the Federal Aviation Administration under section 47103 of such title; or

"(B) is normally open to the public, is located within the confines of enhanced class B airspace (as defined by the Federal Aviation Administration in Notice to Airmen FDC 1/0618), and was closed as a result of an order issued by the Federal Aviation Administration in the period beginning September 11, 2001, and ending January 1, 2002, and remained closed as a result of that order on January 1, 2002.

Such term includes fixed based operators, flight schools, manufacturers of general aviation aircraft and products, persons engaged in nonscheduled aviation enterprises, and general aviation independent contractors.

"(d)

Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §826, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2596, provided that:

"(a)

"(b) GAO

"(c) GAO

"(d)

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §127, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 632, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) extraordinary air transportation needs or concerns exist; and

"(2) the waiver is in the public interest, taking into consideration the isolation of and dependence on air transportation of the State.

"(b)

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §145, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 645, as amended by Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §372, Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 427; Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §428, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2556; Pub. L. 108–458, title VIII, §8404, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3872; Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title I, §178, Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2427, required each air carrier providing scheduled air transportation on a route to provide, to the extent practicable, air transportation to passengers ticketed for air transportation on that route by any other air carrier that suspended, interrupted, or discontinued air passenger service on the route by reason of insolvency or bankruptcy of the other air carrier occurring on or before Nov. 30, 2006.

Pub. L. 107–56, title VI, §622(e)(2), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 372, provided that: "With respect to any compensation payable under title IV of Public Law 107–42 [set out as a note below], the failure of a crime victim compensation program, after the effective date of final regulations issued pursuant to section 407 of Public Law 107–42, to provide compensation otherwise required pursuant to section 1403 of the Victims of Crime Act of 1984 (42 U.S.C. 10602) [now 34 U.S.C. 20102] shall not render that program ineligible for future grants under the Victims of Crime Act of 1984 [34 U.S.C. 20101 et seq.]."

Pub. L. 112–10, div. B, title III, §1347, Apr. 15, 2011, 125 Stat. 124, as amended by Pub. L. 114–113, div. O, title IV, §402(h), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3007, provided that: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in fiscal year 2012 and thereafter payments for costs described in subsection (a) of section 404 of Public Law 107–42, as amended [set out below], shall be considered to be, and included in, payments for compensation for the purposes of sections 406(b) and (d)(1) and (2) of such Act. Costs for payments for compensation for claims in Group A, as described in section 405(a)(3)(C)(ii) of such Act, shall be paid from amounts made available under section 406 of such Act. Costs for payments for compensation for claims in Group B, as described in section 405(a)(3)(C)(iii) of such Act, shall be paid from amounts in the Victims Compensation Fund established under section 410 of such Act."

Pub. L. 107–42, Sept. 22, 2001, 115 Stat. 230, as amended by Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §124(a), (c), (d), title II, §201, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 631, 645; Pub. L. 107–134, title I, §114(a), Jan. 23, 2002, 115 Stat. 2435; Pub. L. 107–296, title VIII, §890, title XII, §1201(2), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2251, 2286; Pub. L. 110–113, §3, Nov. 8, 2007, 121 Stat. 1039; Pub. L. 110–161, div. D, title I, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 1974; Pub. L. 111–347, title II, Jan. 2, 2011, 124 Stat. 3659; Pub. L. 114–113, div. O, title IV, §402(a)–(g), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3000–3006; Pub. L. 115–123, div. C, title II, §30203(b), Feb. 9, 2018, 132 Stat. 126; Pub. L. 116–34, §§2, 3, July 29, 2019, 133 Stat. 1040, 1042, provided that:

"This Act may be cited as the 'Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act'.

"(a)

"[(1) Repealed. Pub. L. 110–161, div. D, title I, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 1974.]

"(2) Compensate air carriers in an aggregate amount equal to $5,000,000,000 for—

"(A) direct losses incurred beginning on September 11, 2001, by air carriers as a result of any Federal ground stop order issued by the Secretary of Transportation or any subsequent order which continues or renews such a stoppage; and

"(B) the incremental losses incurred beginning September 11, 2001, and ending December 31, 2001, by air carriers as a direct result of such attacks.

"(b)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the amount of such air carrier's direct and incremental losses described in section 101(a)(2); or

"(2) in the case of—

"(A) flights involving passenger-only or combined passenger and cargo transportation, the product of—

"(i) $4,500,000,000; and

"(ii) the ratio of—

"(I) the available seat miles of the air carrier for the month of August 2001 as reported to the Secretary; to

"(II) the total available seat miles of all such air carriers for such month as reported to the Secretary; and

"(B) flights involving cargo-only transportation, the product of—

"(i) $500,000,000; and

"(ii) the ratio of—

"(I) the revenue ton miles or other auditable measure of the air carrier for cargo for the latest quarter for which data is available as reported to the Secretary; to

"(II) the total revenue ton miles or other auditable measure of all such air carriers for cargo for such quarter as reported to the Secretary.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(a)

"(b)

"In this title, the following definitions apply:

"(1)

"[(2) Repealed. Pub. L. 110–161, div. D, title I, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 1974.]

"(3)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2) [Transferred to section 44303(b) of this title.]

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, the Secretary may extend any provision of chapter 443 of title 49, United States Code, as amended by this title, and the provisions of this title, to vendors, agents, and subcontractors of air carriers. For the 180-day period beginning on the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 22, 2001], the Secretary may extend or amend any such provisions so as to ensure that the entities referred to in the preceding sentence are not responsible in cases of acts of terrorism for losses suffered by third parties that exceed the amount of such entities' liability coverage, as determined by the Secretary.

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) 'January 15, 2002'; or

"(B) such earlier date after November 15, 2001, as such Secretary may prescribe.

"(2)

"(3)

"(b)

"This title may be cited as the 'September 11th Victim Compensation Fund of 2001'.

"In this title, the following definitions apply:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(6)

"(7)

"(8)

"(9)

"(10)

"(11)

"(12)

"(13)

"(14)

"(15)

"(A) means, subject to subparagraph (B), a WTC-related health condition as defined by section 3312(a) of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 300mm–22(a)), including the conditions listed in section 3322(b) of such Act (42 U.S.C. 300mm–32(b)); and

"(B) does not include—

"(i) a mental health condition described in paragraph (1)(A)(ii) or (3)(B) of section 3312(a) of such Act (42 U.S.C. 300mm–22(a));

"(ii) any mental health condition certified under section 3312(b)(2)(B)(iii) of such Act (42 U.S.C. 300mm–22(b)(2)(B)(iii)) (including such certification as applied under section 3322(a) of such Act (42 U.S.C. 300mm–32(a));

"(iii) a mental health condition described in section 3322(b)(2) of such Act (42 U.S.C. 300mm–32(b)(2)); or

"(iv) any other mental health condition.

"(16) 9/11

"(A) the World Trade Center site, Pentagon site, and Shanksville, Pennsylvania site;

"(B) the buildings or portions of buildings that were destroyed as a result of the terrorist-related aircraft crashes of September 11, 2001;

"(C) the area in Manhattan that is south of the line that runs along Canal Street from the Hudson River to the intersection of Canal Street and East Broadway, north on East Broadway to Clinton Street, and east on Clinton Street to the East River;

"(D) any area related to, or along, routes of debris removal, such as barges and Fresh Kills.

"It is the purpose of this title to provide full compensation to any individual (or relatives of a deceased individual) who was physically injured or killed as a result of the terrorist-related aircraft crashes of September 11, 2001, or the rescue and recovery efforts during the immediate aftermath of such crashes.

"(a)

"(1) administer the compensation program established under this title;

"(2) promulgate all procedural and substantive rules for the administration of this title; and

"(3) employ and supervise hearing officers and other administrative personnel to perform the duties of the Special Master under this title.

"(b)

"(c)

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) information from the claimant concerning the physical harm that the claimant suffered, or in the case of a claim filed on behalf of a decedent information confirming the decedent's death, as a result of the terrorist-related aircraft crashes of September 11, 2001, or debris removal during the immediate aftermath;

"(ii) information from the claimant concerning any possible economic and noneconomic losses that the claimant suffered as a result of such crashes or debris removal during the immediate aftermath; and

"(iii) information regarding collateral sources of compensation the claimant has received or is entitled to receive as a result of such crashes or debris removal during the immediate aftermath.

"(3)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(i)

"(I) a claim in Group A, as described in clause (ii); or

"(II) a claim in Group B, as described in clause (iii).

"(ii)

"(I) the claim is filed under this title during the period described in subparagraph (B); and

"(II) on or before the day before the date of enactment of the James Zadroga 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund Reauthorization Act, the Special Master postmarks and transmits a final award determination to the claimant filing such claim.

"(iii)

"(I) is filed under this title during the period described in subparagraph (B); and

"(II) is not a claim described in clause (ii).

"(iv)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) whether the claimant is an eligible individual under subsection (c);

"(B) with respect to a claimant determined to be an eligible individual—

"(i) the extent of the harm to the claimant, including any economic and noneconomic losses; and

"(ii) subject to paragraph (7), the amount of compensation to which the claimant is entitled based on the harm to the claimant, the facts of the claim, and the individual circumstances of the claimant.

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(A) the right to be represented by an attorney;

"(B) the right to present evidence, including the presentation of witnesses and documents; and

"(C) any other due process rights determined appropriate by the Special Master.

"(5)

"(6)

"(A)

"(B)

"(7)

"(A)

"(i)

"(I) that results from any type of cancer shall not exceed $250,000; and

"(II) that does not result from any type of cancer shall not exceed $90,000.

"(ii)

"(B)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(C)

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) is an individual described in paragraph (2); and

"(B) meets the requirements of paragraph (3).

"(2)

"(A) an individual who—

"(i) was present at the World Trade Center, (New York, New York), the Pentagon (Arlington, Virginia), the site of the aircraft crash at Shanksville, Pennsylvania, or any other 9/11 crash site at the time, or in the immediate aftermath, of the terrorist-related aircraft crashes of September 11, 2001; and

"(ii) suffered physical harm or death as a result of such an air crash or debris removal;

"(B) an individual who was a member of the flight crew or a passenger on American Airlines flight 11 or 77 or United Airlines flight 93 or 175, except that an individual identified by the Attorney General to have been a participant or conspirator in the terrorist-related aircraft crashes of September 11, 2001, or a representative of such individual shall not be eligible to receive compensation under this title; or

"(C) in the case of a decedent who is an individual described in subparagraph (A) or (B), the personal representative of the decedent who files a claim on behalf of the decedent.

"(3)

"(A)

"(i)

"(I) In the case that the Special Master determines the individual knew (or reasonably should have known) before the date specified in clause (iii) that the individual suffered a physical harm at a 9/11 crash site as a result of the terrorist-related aircraft crashes of September 11, 2001, or as a result of debris removal, and that the individual knew (or should have known) before such specified date that the individual was eligible to file a claim under this title, the individual may file a claim not later than the date that is 2 years after such specified date.

"(II) In the case that the Special Master determines the individual first knew (or reasonably should have known) on or after the date specified in clause (iii) that the individual suffered such a physical harm or that the individual first knew (or should have known) on or after such specified date that the individual was eligible to file a claim under this title, the individual may file a claim not later than the last day of the 2-year period beginning on the date the Special Master determines the individual first knew (or should have known) that the individual both suffered from such harm and was eligible to file a claim under this title.

"(ii)

"(I) the individual was treated by a medical professional for suffering from a physical harm described in clause (i)(I) within a reasonable time from the date of discovering such harm; and

"(II) the individual's physical harm is verified by contemporaneous medical records created by or at the direction of the medical professional who provided the medical care.

"(iii)

"(iv)

"(I)

"(II)

"(B) Single claim.—Not more than one claim may be submitted under this title by an individual or on behalf of a deceased individual.

"(C) Limitation on civil action.—

"(i)

"(ii)

"(I) during the period described in subsection (a)(3)(A) unless such individual withdraws from such action by the date that is 90 days after the date on which regulations are promulgated under section 407(a); and

"(II) during the period described in subsection (a)(3)(B) unless such individual withdraws from such action by the date that is 90 days after the date on which the regulations are updated under section 407(b)(1).

"(iii)

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(d)

"(1)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) the amount of compensation that the claimant would have been paid under this title for such claim without regard to the limitation under the second sentence of paragraph (1) of this subsection, as this subsection was in effect on the day before the date of enactment of the James Zadroga 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund Reauthorization Act; and

"(ii) the amount of compensation the claimant was paid under this title for such claim prior to the date of enactment of such Act.

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(i)

"(I)

"(II)

"(III)

"(ii)

"(D)

"(i)

"(I) the amount the claimant would have been paid under this title if sufficient funding was available to the Special Master at the time the Special Master determined the amount due the claimant under this title; and

"(II) the amount the claimant was paid under this title.

"(ii)

"(I)

"(aa) that is available to the Special Master under section 410(c) on the day before the date of enactment of the Never Forget the Heroes: James Zadroga, Ray Pfeifer, and Luis Alvarez Permanent Authorization of the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund Act for purposes of compensating claims in Group B as described in section 405(a)(3)(C)(iii); and

"(bb) that the Special Master determines is insufficient for purposes of compensating all such claims and complying with subparagraph (A).

"(II)

"(aa) made available to the Special Master for purposes of compensating claims in Group B as described in section 405(a)(3)(C)(iii) through an Act of Congress that is enacted after the date on which the amount of the claim described in clause (i) has been reduced; and

"(bb) that the Special Master determines is sufficient for purposes of compensating all claims in such Group B.

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) 10 percent of such aggregate amount through the settlement, minus

"(ii) the total amount of all legal fees charged for services rendered in connection with such settlement.

"(3)

"(a)

"(1) forms to be used in submitting claims under this title;

"(2) the information to be included in such forms;

"(3) procedures for hearing and the presentation of evidence;

"(4) procedures to assist an individual in filing and pursuing claims under this title; and

"(5) other matters determined appropriate by the Attorney General.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(A) The amount of funds of the WTC Captive Insurance Company, including the cumulative interest.

"(B) The amount of all available insurance identified in schedule 2 of the WTC Captive Insurance Company insurance policy.

"(C) As it relates to the limitation of liability of the City of New York, the amount that is the greater of the City of New York's insurance coverage or $350,000,000. In determining the amount of the City's insurance coverage for purposes of the previous sentence, any amount described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) shall not be included.

"(D) As it relates to the limitation of liability of any entity, including the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, with a property interest in the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 (whether fee simple, leasehold or easement, or direct or indirect), the amount of all available liability insurance coverage maintained by any such entity.

"(E) As it relates to the limitation of liability of any individual contractor or subcontractor, the amount of all available liability insurance coverage maintained by such contractor or subcontractor on September 11, 2001.

"(5)

"(A) The funds described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (4).

"(B) If there are no funds available as described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (4), the funds described in subparagraph (C) of such paragraph.

"(C) If there are no funds available as described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of paragraph (4), the funds described in subparagraph (D) of such paragraph.

"(D) If there are no funds available as described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (D) of paragraph (4), the funds described in subparagraph (E) of such paragraph.

"(6)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(A)

"(B)

"(c)

"The United States shall have the right of subrogation with respect to any claim paid by the United States under this title, subject to the limitations described in section 408.

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) Effective on the day after the date on which all claimants who file a claim in Group A, as described in section 405(a)(3)(C)(ii), have received the full compensation due such claimants under this title for such claim, any amounts remaining from the total amount made available under section 406 to compensate claims in Group A as described in section 405(a)(3)(C)(ii).

"(2) The amount appropriated under subsection (c).

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(a)

"(b)

"(c) 9-11

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(i) 50 percent shall be deposited in the general fund of the Treasury; and

"(ii) 50 percent shall be deposited as offsetting receipts into the 9–11 Response and Biometric Exit Account, and shall remain available until expended.

"(B)

"(3)

"Congress affirms the President's decision to spend $3,000,000,000 on airline safety and security in conjunction with this Act in order to restore public confidence in the airline industry.

"Congress is committed to act expeditiously, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, to strengthen airport security and take further measures to enhance the security of air travel.

"If any provision of this Act (including any amendment made by this Act [amending sections 44302 to 44306 of this title]) or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of this Act (including any amendment made by this Act) and the application thereof to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby."

[Pub. L. 107–134, title I, §114(b), Jan. 23, 2002, 115 Stat. 2436, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending Pub. L. 107–42, set out above] shall take effect as if included in section 301 of the Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act (Public Law 107–42)."]

[Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 25, 2001, 66 F.R. 49507, delegated to the Secretary of Transportation the authority vested in the President under section 101(a)(2) of Pub. L. 107–42, set out above, to compensate air carriers for direct and incremental losses they incurred from the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, and any resulting ground stop order.]

Pub. L. 106–181, title III, §309, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 127, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) The Administration's cost input data, including the reliability of the Administration's source documents and the integrity and reliability of the Administration's data collection process.

"(ii) The Administration's system for tracking assets.

"(iii) The Administration's bases for establishing asset values and depreciation rates.

"(iv) The Administration's system of internal controls for ensuring the consistency and reliability of reported data.

"(v) The Administration's definition of the services to which the Administration ultimately attributes its costs.

"(vi) The cost pools used by the Administration and the rationale for and reliability of the bases which the Administration proposes to use in allocating costs of services to users.

"(C)

"(i) review costs that cannot reliably be attributed to specific Administration services or activities (called 'common and fixed costs' in the Administration Cost Allocation Study) and consider alternative methods for allocating such costs; and

"(ii) perform appropriate tests to assess relationships between costs in the various cost pools and activities and services to which the costs are attributed by the Administration.

"(3)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(b)

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §735, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 171, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §271, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3238, provided that: "Congress finds the following:

"(1) The Administration [Federal Aviation Administration] is recognized throughout the world as a leader in aviation safety.

"(2) The Administration certifies aircraft, engines, propellers, and other manufactured parts.

"(3) The Administration certifies more than 650 training schools for pilots and nonpilots, more than 4,858 repair stations, and more than 193 maintenance schools.

"(4) The Administration certifies pilot examiners, who are then qualified to determine if a person has the skills necessary to become a pilot.

"(5) The Administration certifies more than 6,000 medical examiners, each of whom is then qualified to medically certify the qualifications of pilots and nonpilots.

"(6) The Administration certifies more than 470 airports, and provides a limited certification for another 205 airports. Other airports in the United States are also reviewed by the Administration.

"(7) The Administration each year performs more than 355,000 inspections.

"(8) The Administration issues more than 655,000 pilot's licenses and more than 560,000 nonpilot's licenses (including mechanics).

"(9) The Administration's certification means that the product meets world-wide recognized standards of safety and reliability.

"(10) The Administration's certification means aviation-related equipment and services meet world-wide recognized standards.

"(11) The Administration's certification is recognized by governments and businesses throughout the world and as such may be a valuable element for any company desiring to sell aviation-related products throughout the world.

"(12) The Administration's certification may constitute a valuable license, franchise, privilege or benefits for the holders.

"(13) The Administration also is a major purchaser of computers, radars, and other systems needed to run the air traffic control system. The Administration's design, acceptance, commissioning, or certification of such equipment enables the private sector to market those products around the world, and as such confers a benefit on the manufacturer.

"(14) The Administration provides extensive services to public use aircraft."

Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §272, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3239, provided that: "The purposes of this subtitle [subtitle C (§§271–278) of title II of Pub. L. 104–264, enacting sections 45301, 45303, 48111, and 48201 of this title, amending section 41742 of this title, renumbering section 45303 of this title as section 45304, repealing former section 45301 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 41742 of this title] are—

"(1) to provide a financial structure for the Administration [Federal Aviation Administration] so that it will be able to support the future growth in the national aviation and airport system;

"(2) to review existing and alternative funding options, including incentive-based fees for services, and establish a program to improve air traffic management system performance and to establish appropriate levels of cost accountability for air traffic management services provided by the Administration;

"(3) to ensure that any funding will be dedicated solely for the use of the Administration;

"(4) to authorize the Administration to recover the costs of its services from those who benefit from, but do not contribute to, the national aviation system and the services provided by the Administration;

"(5) to consider a fee system based on the cost or value of the services provided and other funding alternatives;

"(6) to develop funding options for Congress in order to provide for the long-term efficient and cost-effective support of the Administration and the aviation system; and

"(7) to achieve a more efficient and effective Administration for the benefit of the aviation transportation industry."

Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §274, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3240, as amended by Pub. L. 106–181, title III, §307(c)(3), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 126; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(311), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4340, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) anticipated air traffic forecasts;

"(B) other workload measures;

"(C) estimated productivity gains, if any, which contribute to budgetary requirements;

"(D) the need for programs; and

"(E) the need to provide for continued improvements in all facets of aviation safety, along with operational improvements in air traffic control.

"(4)

"(5)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) 13 members to be appointed by the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, from among individuals who have expertise in the aviation industry and who are able, collectively, to represent a balanced view of the issues important to general aviation, major air carriers, air cargo carriers, regional air carriers, business aviation, airports, aircraft manufacturers, the financial community, aviation industry workers, and airline passengers. At least one member appointed under this subparagraph shall have detailed knowledge of the congressional budgetary process.

"(B) Two members appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

"(C) Two members appointed by the minority leader of the House of Representatives.

"(D) Two members appointed by the majority leader of the Senate.

"(E) Two members appointed by the minority leader of the Senate.

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(6)

"(A)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(I) shall consider the independent assessment under subsection (a);

"(II) shall consider estimated cost savings, if any, resulting from the procurement and personnel reforms included in this Act [see Tables for classification] or in sections 40110(d) and 40122(g) of title 49, United States Code, and additional financial initiatives;

"(III) shall include specific recommendations to Congress on how the Administration can reduce costs, raise additional revenue for the support of agency operations, and accelerate modernization efforts; and

"(IV) shall include a draft bill containing the changes in law necessary to implement its recommendations.

"(B)

"(i) proposals for off-budget treatment of the Airport and Airway Trust Fund;

"(ii) alternative financing and funding proposals, including linked financing proposals;

"(iii) modifications to existing levels of Airport and Airways Trust Fund receipts and taxes for each type of tax;

"(iv) establishment of a cost-based user fee system based on, but not limited to, criteria under subparagraph (F) and methods to ensure that costs are borne by users on a fair and equitable basis;

"(v) methods to ensure that funds collected from the aviation community are able to meet the needs of the agency;

"(vi) methods to ensure that funds collected from the aviation community and passengers are used to support the aviation system;

"(vii) means of meeting the airport infrastructure needs for large, medium, and small airports; and

"(viii) any other matter the task force deems appropriate to address the funding and needs of the Administration and the aviation system.

"(C)

"(i) means of improving productivity by expanding and accelerating the use of automation and other technology;

"(ii) means of contracting out services consistent with this Act, other applicable law, and safety and national defense needs;

"(iii) methods to accelerate air traffic control modernization and improvements in aviation safety and safety services;

"(iv) the elimination of unneeded programs; and

"(v) a limited innovative program based on funding mechanisms such as loan guarantees, financial partnerships with for-profit private sector entities, government-sponsored enterprises, and revolving loan funds, as a means of funding specific facilities and equipment projects, and to provide limited additional funding alternatives for airport capacity development.

"(D)

"(i) safety;

"(ii) administrative costs;

"(iii) the congressional budget process;

"(iv) the economics of the industry (including the proportionate share of all users);

"(v) the ability of the Administration to utilize the sums collected; and

"(vi) the funding needs of the Administration.

"(E)

"(i) state the specific rates for each group affected by the proposed modifications;

"(ii) consider the impact such modifications shall have on specific users and the public (including passengers); and

"(iii) state the basis for the recommendations.

"(F)

"(i) the impact such a recommendation would have on passengers, air fares (including low-fare, high frequency service), service, and competition;

"(ii) existing contributions provided by individual air carriers toward funding the Administration and the air traffic control system through contributions to the Airport and Airways Trust Fund;

"(iii) continuing the promotion of fair and competitive practices;

"(iv) the unique circumstances associated with interisland air carrier service in Hawaii and rural air service in Alaska;

"(v) the impact such a recommendation would have on service to small communities;

"(vi) the impact such a recommendation would have on services provided by regional air carriers;

"(vii) alternative methodologies for calculating fees so as to achieve a fair and reasonable distribution of costs of service among users;

"(viii) the usefulness of phased-in approaches to implementing such a financing system;

"(ix) means of assuring the provision of general fund contributions, as appropriate, toward the support of the Administration; and

"(x) the provision of incentives to encourage greater efficiency in the provision of air traffic services by the Administration and greater efficiency in the use of air traffic services by aircraft operators.

"(7)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) the adequacy of staffing and training resources for safety personnel of the Administration, including safety inspectors;

"(ii) the Administration's processes for ensuring the public safety from fraudulent parts in civil aviation and the extent to which use of suspected unapproved parts requires additional oversight or enforcement action; and

"(iii) the ability of the Administration to anticipate changes in the aviation industry and to develop policies and actions to ensure the highest level of aviation safety in the 21st century.

"(8)

"(9)

"(10)

"(11)

"(c)

"(1)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(i) a copy of the final report of the task force; and

"(ii) a draft bill containing the changes in law necessary to implement the Secretary's recommendations.

"(D)

"(2)

"(d)

"(e)

Pub. L. 103–305, title III, §303, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1590, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) next-generation satellite communications, including global positioning satellites;

"(2) advanced airport and airplane security;

"(3) environmentally compatible technologies, including technologies that limit or reduce noise and air pollution;

"(4) advanced aviation safety programs; and

"(5) technologies and procedures to enhance and improve airport and airway capacity.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) selected programs that jointly enhance public and private aviation technology development;

"(2) an opportunity for private contractors to be involved in such technology research and development; and

"(3) the transfer of Government-developed technologies to the private sector to promote economic strength and competitiveness.

"(d)

Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §815, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2592, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) conduct surveillance to monitor ozone in the cabin on a representative number of flights and aircraft to determine compliance with existing Federal Aviation Regulations for ozone;

"(2) collect pesticide exposure data to determine exposures of passengers and crew;

"(3) analyze samples of residue from aircraft ventilation ducts and filters after air quality incidents to identify the contaminants to which passengers and crew were exposed;

"(4) analyze and study cabin air pressure and altitude; and

"(5) establish an air quality incident reporting system.

"(c)

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §725, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 166, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) Contaminants of concern, as determined by the National Academy of Sciences.

"(B) The systems of air supply on aircraft, including the identification of means by which contaminants may enter such systems.

"(C) The toxicological and health effects of the contaminants of concern, their byproducts, and the products of their degradation.

"(D) Any contaminant used in the maintenance, operation, or treatment of aircraft, if a passenger or a member of the air crew may be directly exposed to the contaminant.

"(E) Actual measurements of the contaminants of concern in the air of passenger cabins during actual flights in air transportation or foreign air transportation, along with comparisons of such measurements to actual measurements taken in public buildings.

"(4)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 103–305, title III, §304, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1591, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) what, if any, aircraft cabin air conditions, including pressure altitude systems, on flights within the United States are harmful to the health of airline passengers and crew, as indicated by physical symptoms such as headaches, nausea, fatigue, and lightheadedness; and

"(2) the risk of airline passengers and crew contracting infectious diseases during flight.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) to determine what, if any, cabin air conditions currently exist on domestic aircraft used for flights within the United States that could be harmful to the health of airline passengers and crew, as indicated by physical symptoms such as headaches, nausea, fatigue, and lightheadedness, and including the risk of infection by bacteria and viruses;

"(2) to determine to what extent, changes in, cabin air pressure, temperature, rate of cabin air circulation, the quantity of fresh air per occupant, and humidity on current domestic aircraft would reduce or eliminate the risk of illness or discomfort to airline passengers and crew; and

"(3) to establish a long-term research program to examine potential health problems to airline passengers and crew that may arise in an airplane cabin on a flight within the United States because of cabin air quality as a result of the conditions and changes described in paragraphs (1) and (2).

"(d)

"(e)

"(2) The Administrator shall annually submit to the Congress a report on the progress made during the year for which the report is submitted toward meeting the goals set forth in subsection (c).

"(f)

Pub. L. 103–305, title V, §507, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1595, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 103–298, Aug. 17, 1994, 108 Stat. 1552, as amended by Pub. L. 105–102, §3(e), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, provided that:

"This Act may be cited as the 'General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1994'.

"(a)

"(1) after the applicable limitation period beginning on—

"(A) the date of delivery of the aircraft to its first purchaser or lessee, if delivered directly from the manufacturer; or

"(B) the date of first delivery of the aircraft to a person engaged in the business of selling or leasing such aircraft; or

"(2) with respect to any new component, system, subassembly, or other part which replaced another component, system, subassembly, or other part originally in, or which was added to, the aircraft, and which is alleged to have caused such death, injury, or damage, after the applicable limitation period beginning on the date of completion of the replacement or addition.

"(b)

"(1) if the claimant pleads with specificity the facts necessary to prove, and proves, that the manufacturer with respect to a type certificate or airworthiness certificate for, or obligations with respect to continuing airworthiness of, an aircraft or a component, system, subassembly, or other part of an aircraft knowingly misrepresented to the Federal Aviation Administration, or concealed or withheld from the Federal Aviation Administration, required information that is material and relevant to the performance or the maintenance or operation of such aircraft, or the component, system, subassembly, or other part, that is causally related to the harm which the claimant allegedly suffered;

"(2) if the person for whose injury or death the claim is being made is a passenger for purposes of receiving treatment for a medical or other emergency;

"(3) if the person for whose injury or death the claim is being made was not aboard the aircraft at the time of the accident; or

"(4) to an action brought under a written warranty enforceable under law but for the operation of this Act.

"(c)

"(d)

"For purposes of this Act—

"(1) the term 'aircraft' has the meaning given such term in section 40102(a)(6) of title 49, United States Code;

"(2) the term 'airworthiness certificate' means an airworthiness certificate issued under section 44704(c)(1) of title 49, United States Code, or under any predecessor Federal statute;

"(3) the term 'limitation period' means 18 years with respect to general aviation aircraft and the components, systems, subassemblies, and other parts of such aircraft; and

"(4) the term 'type certificate' means a type certificate issued under section 44704(a) of title 49, United States Code, or under any predecessor Federal statute.

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 102–581, title II, §204, Oct. 31, 1992, 106 Stat. 4891, as amended Pub. L. 103–13, §1, Apr. 7, 1993, 107 Stat. 43, provided for establishment of National Commission to Ensure a Strong Competitive Airline Industry to make a complete investigation and study of financial condition of the airline industry, adequacy of competition in the airline industry, and legal impediments to a financially strong and competitive airline industry, to report to President and Congress not later than 90 days after the date on which initial appointments of members to the Commission were completed, and to terminate on the 30th day following transmission of report.

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §137, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2360, provided that: "In this title [see Tables for classification]:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(6)

"(7)

"(A) means a type certificate issued pursuant to section 44704(a) of title 49, United States Code, or an amendment to such certificate; and

"(B) does not include a supplemental type certificate issued under section 44704(b) of such section."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, §101, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3199, provided that: "In this division [see Tables for classification], the term 'appropriate committees of Congress' means the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §401, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3328, provided that: "In this title [see Tables for classification]:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §501, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3350, provided that: "In this title [see Tables for classification], the following definitions apply:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(6)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title VII, §702, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3409, provided that: "In this title [see Short Title of 2018 Amendment note set out above], the following definitions apply:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

Pub. L. 114–190, §2, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 617, provided that: "In this Act [see Tables for classification], unless expressly provided otherwise, the term 'appropriate committees of Congress' means the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives."

Pub. L. 112–95, title IX, §902, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 138, provided that: "In this title [amending sections 44504, 44505, 44511, 44513, and 48102 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 44501, 44504, 44505, and 44513 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under section 44504 of this title], the following definitions apply:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

For definitions of terms used in sections 127 and 145 of Pub. L. 107–71, set out above, see section 133 of Pub. L. 107–71, set out as a note under section 40102 of this title.

Ex. Ord. No. 13479, Nov. 18, 2008, 73 F.R. 70241, provided:

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:

*Policy*. It is the policy of the United States to establish and maintain a national air transportation system that meets the present and future civil aviation, homeland security, economic, environmental protection, and national defense needs of the United States, including through effective implementation of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen).

*Definitions*. As used in this order the term "Next Generation Air Transportation System" means the system to which section 709 of the Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act (Public Law 108–176) (Act) refers.

*Functions of the Secretary of Transportation*. Consistent with sections 709 and 710 of the Act and the policy set forth in section 1 of this order, the Secretary of Transportation shall:

(a) take such action within the authority of the Secretary, and recommend as appropriate to the President such action as is within the authority of the President, to implement the policy set forth in section 1 of this order and in particular to implement the NextGen in a safe, secure, timely, environmentally sound, efficient, and effective manner;

(b) convene quarterly, unless the Secretary determines that meeting less often is consistent with effective implementation of the policy set forth in section 1 of this order, the Senior Policy Committee established pursuant to section 710 of the Act (Committee);

(c) not later than 60 days after the date of this order, establish within the Department of Transportation a support staff (Staff), including employees from departments and agencies assigned pursuant to subsection 4(e) of this order, to support, as directed by the Secretary, the Secretary and the Committee in the performance of their duties relating to the policy set forth in section 1 of this order; and

(d) not later than 180 days after the date of this order, establish an advisory committee to provide advice to the Secretary and, through the Secretary, the Committee concerning the implementation of the policy set forth in section 1 of this order, including aviation-related subjects and any related performance measures specified by the Secretary, pursuant to section 710 of the Act.

*Functions of Other Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies*. Consistent with the policy set forth in section 1 of this order:

(a) the Secretary of Defense shall assist the Secretary of Transportation by:

(i) collaborating, as appropriate, and verifying that the NextGen meets the national defense needs of the United States consistent with the policies and plans established under applicable Presidential guidance; and

(ii) furnishing, as appropriate, data streams to integrate national defense capabilities of the United States civil and military systems relating to the national air transportation system, and coordinating the development of requirements and capabilities to address tracking and other activities relating to non-cooperative aircraft in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, as appropriate;

(b) the Secretary of Commerce shall:

(i) develop and make available, as appropriate, the capabilities of the Department of Commerce, including those relating to aviation weather and spectrum management, to support the NextGen; and

(ii) take appropriate account of the needs of the NextGen in the trade, commerce, and other activities of the Department of Commerce, including those relating to the development and setting of standards;

(c) the Secretary of Homeland Security shall assist the Secretary of Transportation by ensuring that:

(i) the NextGen includes the aviation-related security capabilities necessary to ensure the security of persons, property, and activities within the national air transportation system consistent with the policies and plans established under applicable Presidential guidance; and

(ii) the Department of Homeland Security shall continue to carry out all statutory and assigned responsibilities relating to aviation security, border security, and critical infrastructure protection in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, as appropriate;

(d) the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration shall carry out the Administrator's duties under Executive Order 13419 of December 20, 2006, in a manner consistent with that order and the policy set forth in section 1 of this order;

(e) the heads of executive departments and agencies shall provide to the Secretary of Transportation such information and assistance, including personnel and other resources for the Staff to which subsection 3(c) of this order refers, as may be necessary and appropriate to implement this order as agreed to by the heads of the departments and agencies involved; and

(f) the Director of the Office of Management and Budget may issue such instructions as may be necessary to implement subsection 5(b) of this order.

*Additional Functions of the Senior Policy Committee*. In addition to performing the functions specified in section 710 of the Act, the Committee shall:

(a) report not less often than every 2 years to the President, through the Secretary of Transportation, on progress made and projected to implement the policy set forth in section 1 of this order, together with such recommendations including performance measures for administrative or other action as the Committee determines appropriate;

(b) review the proposals by the heads of executive departments and agencies to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget with respect to programs affecting the policy set forth in section 1 of this order, and make recommendations including performance measures thereon, through the Secretary of Transportation, to the Director; and

(c) advise the Secretary of Transportation and, through the Secretary of Transportation, the Secretaries of Defense, Commerce, and Homeland Security, and the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, with respect to the activities of their departments and agencies in the implementation of the policy set forth in section 1 of this order.

*General Provisions*. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) authority granted by law to a department or agency, or the head thereof; or

(ii) functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budget, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity, by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, instrumentalities, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

George W. Bush.

(a)

(1) "aeronautics" means the science and art of flight.

(2) "air carrier" means a citizen of the United States undertaking by any means, directly or indirectly, to provide air transportation.

(3) "air commerce" means foreign air commerce, interstate air commerce, the transportation of mail by aircraft, the operation of aircraft within the limits of a Federal airway, or the operation of aircraft that directly affects, or may endanger safety in, foreign or interstate air commerce.

(4) "air navigation facility" means a facility used, available for use, or designed for use, in aid of air navigation, including—

(A) a landing area;

(B) runway lighting and airport surface visual and other navigation aids;

(C) apparatus, equipment, software, or service for distributing aeronautical and meteorological information to air traffic control facilities or aircraft;

(D) communication, navigation, or surveillance equipment for air-to-ground or air-to-air applications;

(E) any structure, equipment, or mechanism for guiding or controlling flight in the air or the landing and takeoff of aircraft; and

(F) buildings, equipment, and systems dedicated to the national airspace system.

(5) "air transportation" means foreign air transportation, interstate air transportation, or the transportation of mail by aircraft.

(6) "aircraft" means any contrivance invented, used, or designed to navigate, or fly in, the air.

(7) "aircraft engine" means an engine used, or intended to be used, to propel an aircraft, including a part, appurtenance, and accessory of the engine, except a propeller.

(8) "airman" means an individual—

(A) in command, or as pilot, mechanic, or member of the crew, who navigates aircraft when under way;

(B) except to the extent the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may provide otherwise for individuals employed outside the United States, who is directly in charge of inspecting, maintaining, overhauling, or repairing aircraft, aircraft engines, propellers, or appliances; or

(C) who serves as an aircraft dispatcher or air traffic control-tower operator.

(9) "airport" means a landing area used regularly by aircraft for receiving or discharging passengers or cargo.

(10) "all-cargo air transportation" means the transportation by aircraft in interstate air transportation of only property or only mail, or both.

(11) "appliance" means an instrument, equipment, apparatus, a part, an appurtenance, or an accessory used, capable of being used, or intended to be used, in operating or controlling aircraft in flight, including a parachute, communication equipment, and another mechanism installed in or attached to aircraft during flight, and not a part of an aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller.

(12) "cargo" means property, mail, or both.

(13) "charter air carrier" means an air carrier holding a certificate of public convenience and necessity that authorizes it to provide charter air transportation.

(14) "charter air transportation" means charter trips in air transportation authorized under this part.

(15) "citizen of the United States" means—

(A) an individual who is a citizen of the United States;

(B) a partnership each of whose partners is an individual who is a citizen of the United States; or

(C) a corporation or association organized under the laws of the United States or a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States, of which the president and at least two-thirds of the board of directors and other managing officers are citizens of the United States, which is under the actual control of citizens of the United States, and in which at least 75 percent of the voting interest is owned or controlled by persons that are citizens of the United States.

(16) "civil aircraft" means an aircraft except a public aircraft.

(17) "civil aircraft of the United States" means an aircraft registered under chapter 441 of this title.

(18) "conditional sales contract" means a contract—

(A) for the sale of an aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, appliance, or spare part, under which the buyer takes possession of the property but title to the property vests in the buyer at a later time on—

(i) paying any part of the purchase price;

(ii) performing another condition; or

(iii) the happening of a contingency; or

(B) to bail or lease an aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, appliance, or spare part, under which the bailee or lessee—

(i) agrees to pay an amount substantially equal to the value of the property; and

(ii) is to become, or has the option of becoming, the owner of the property on complying with the contract.

(19) "conveyance" means an instrument, including a conditional sales contract, affecting title to, or an interest in, property.

(20) "Federal airway" means a part of the navigable airspace that the Administrator designates as a Federal airway.

(21) "foreign air carrier" means a person, not a citizen of the United States, undertaking by any means, directly or indirectly, to provide foreign air transportation.

(22) "foreign air commerce" means the transportation of passengers or property by aircraft for compensation, the transportation of mail by aircraft, or the operation of aircraft in furthering a business or vocation, between a place in the United States and a place outside the United States when any part of the transportation or operation is by aircraft.

(23) "foreign air transportation" means the transportation of passengers or property by aircraft as a common carrier for compensation, or the transportation of mail by aircraft, between a place in the United States and a place outside the United States when any part of the transportation is by aircraft.

(24) "interstate air commerce" means the transportation of passengers or property by aircraft for compensation, the transportation of mail by aircraft, or the operation of aircraft in furthering a business or vocation—

(A) between a place in—

(i) a State, territory, or possession of the United States and a place in the District of Columbia or another State, territory, or possession of the United States;

(ii) a State and another place in the same State through the airspace over a place outside the State;

(iii) the District of Columbia and another place in the District of Columbia; or

(iv) a territory or possession of the United States and another place in the same territory or possession; and

(B) when any part of the transportation or operation is by aircraft.

(25) "interstate air transportation" means the transportation of passengers or property by aircraft as a common carrier for compensation, or the transportation of mail by aircraft—

(A) between a place in—

(i) a State, territory, or possession of the United States and a place in the District of Columbia or another State, territory, or possession of the United States;

(ii) Hawaii and another place in Hawaii through the airspace over a place outside Hawaii;

(iii) the District of Columbia and another place in the District of Columbia; or

(iv) a territory or possession of the United States and another place in the same territory or possession; and

(B) when any part of the transportation is by aircraft.

(26) "intrastate air carrier" means a citizen of the United States undertaking by any means to provide only intrastate air transportation.

(27) "intrastate air transportation" means the transportation by a common carrier of passengers or property for compensation, entirely in the same State, by turbojet-powered aircraft capable of carrying at least 30 passengers.

(28) "landing area" means a place on land or water, including an airport or intermediate landing field, used, or intended to be used, for the takeoff and landing of aircraft, even when facilities are not provided for sheltering, servicing, or repairing aircraft, or for receiving or discharging passengers or cargo.

(29) "large hub airport" means a commercial service airport (as defined in section 47102) that has at least 1.0 percent of the passenger boardings.

(30) "mail" means United States mail and foreign transit mail.

(31) "medium hub airport" means a commercial service airport (as defined in section 47102) that has at least 0.25 percent but less than 1.0 percent of the passenger boardings.

(32) "navigable airspace" means airspace above the minimum altitudes of flight prescribed by regulations under this subpart and subpart III of this part, including airspace needed to ensure safety in the takeoff and landing of aircraft.

(33) "navigate aircraft" and "navigation of aircraft" include piloting aircraft.

(34) "nonhub airport" means a commercial service airport (as defined in section 47102) that has less than 0.05 percent of the passenger boardings.

(35) "operate aircraft" and "operation of aircraft" mean using aircraft for the purposes of air navigation, including—

(A) the navigation of aircraft; and

(B) causing or authorizing the operation of aircraft with or without the right of legal control of the aircraft.

(36) "passenger boardings"—

(A) means, unless the context indicates otherwise, revenue passenger boardings in the United States in the prior calendar year on an aircraft in service in air commerce, as the Secretary determines under regulations the Secretary prescribes; and

(B) includes passengers who continue on an aircraft in international flight that stops at an airport in the 48 contiguous States, Alaska, or Hawaii for a nontraffic purpose.

(37) "person", in addition to its meaning under section 1 of title 1, includes a governmental authority and a trustee, receiver, assignee, and other similar representative.

(38) "predatory" means a practice that violates the antitrust laws as defined in the first section of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12).

(39) "price" means a rate, fare, or charge.

(40) "propeller" includes a part, appurtenance, and accessory of a propeller.

(41) "public aircraft" means any of the following:

(A) Except with respect to an aircraft described in subparagraph (E), an aircraft used only for the United States Government, except as provided in section 40125(b).

(B) An aircraft owned by the Government and operated by any person for purposes related to crew training, equipment development, or demonstration, except as provided in section 40125(b).

(C) An aircraft owned and operated by the government of a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States or a political subdivision of one of these governments, except as provided in section 40125(b).

(D) An aircraft exclusively leased for at least 90 continuous days by the government of a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States or a political subdivision of one of these governments, except as provided in section 40125(b).

(E) An aircraft owned or operated by the armed forces or chartered to provide transportation or other commercial air service to the armed forces under the conditions specified by section 40125(c). In the preceding sentence, the term "other commercial air service" means an aircraft operation that (i) is within the United States territorial airspace; (ii) the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration determines is available for compensation or hire to the public, and (iii) must comply with all applicable civil aircraft rules under title 14, Code of Federal Regulations.

(F) An unmanned aircraft that is owned and operated by, or exclusively leased for at least 90 continuous days by, an Indian Tribal government, as defined in section 102 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5122), except as provided in section 40125(b).

(42) "small hub airport" means a commercial service airport (as defined in section 47102) that has at least 0.05 percent but less than 0.25 percent of the passenger boardings.

(43) "spare part" means an accessory, appurtenance, or part of an aircraft (except an aircraft engine or propeller), aircraft engine (except a propeller), propeller, or appliance, that is to be installed at a later time in an aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance.

(44) "State authority" means an authority of a State designated under State law—

(A) to receive notice required to be given a State authority under subpart II of this part; or

(B) as the representative of the State before the Secretary of Transportation in any matter about which the Secretary is required to consult with or consider the views of a State authority under subpart II of this part.

(45) "ticket agent" means a person (except an air carrier, a foreign air carrier, or an employee of an air carrier or foreign air carrier) that as a principal or agent sells, offers for sale, negotiates for, or holds itself out as selling, providing, or arranging for, air transportation.

(46) "United States" means the States of the United States, the District of Columbia, and the territories and possessions of the United States, including the territorial sea and the overlying airspace.

(47) "air traffic control system" means the combination of elements used to safely and efficiently monitor, direct, control, and guide aircraft in the United States and United States-assigned airspace, including—

(A) allocated electromagnetic spectrum and physical, real, personal, and intellectual property assets making up facilities, equipment, and systems employed to detect, track, and guide aircraft movement;

(B) laws, regulations, orders, directives, agreements, and licenses;

(C) published procedures that explain required actions, activities, and techniques used to ensure adequate aircraft separation; and

(D) trained personnel with specific technical capabilities to satisfy the operational, engineering, management, and planning requirements for air traffic control.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1097; Pub. L. 103–305, title VI, §601(b)(2)(B), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1606; Pub. L. 103–411, §3(a), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4236; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(46), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4384; Pub. L. 105–137, §6, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2641; Pub. L. 106–181, title III, §301, title VII, §702(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 115, 155; Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §225(a), title VIII, §807, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2528, 2588; Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title X, §1078(a), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 334; Pub. L. 112–95, title II, §205, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 39; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §355(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3305.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40102(a)(1) | 49 App.:1301(2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§101(2), (3) (less proviso), (5)–(10), 413, 72 Stat. 737, 770. |

40102(a)(2) | 49 App.:1301(3) (less proviso). | |

40102(a)(3) | 49 App.:1301(4). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §101(4), 72 Stat. 737; Sept. 5, 1961, Pub. L. 87–197, §3, 75 Stat. 467. |

40102(a)(4) | 49 App.:1301(8). | |

40102(a)(5) | 49 App.:1301(10). | |

40102(a)(6), (7) | 49 App.:1301(5), (6). | |

40102(a)(8) | 49 App.:1301(7). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

40102(a)(9) | 49 App.:1301(9). | |

40102(a)(10) | 49 App.:1301(11). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §101(11); added Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §17(b)(2), 91 Stat. 1286; restated Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(a)(1), 98 Stat. 1706. |

40102(a)(11) | 49 App.:1301(12). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §101(12), (16)–(34), (37), (40), (41), 72 Stat. 737, 739; July 10, 1962, Pub. L. 87–528, §1, 76 Stat. 143; Sept. 26, 1968, Pub. L. 90–514, §1, 82 Stat. 867; Oct. 14, 1970, Pub. L. 91–449, §1(2), 84 Stat. 921; Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §206, 88 Stat. 419; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §17(b)(1), 91 Stat. 1286; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §2(a)(4), (b), 92 Stat. 1705. |

40102(a)(12) | (no source). | |

40102(a)(13) | 49 App.:1301(14) (less certificate). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §101(14) (less certificate), (15); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §2(a)(1), 92 Stat. 1705. |

40102(a)(14) | 49 App.:1301(15). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

40102(a) (15)–(18) | 49 App.:1301(16)–(19). | |

40102(a)(19) | 49 App.:1301(20). | |

40102(a)(20) | 49 App.:1301(21). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

40102(a)(21) | 49 App.:1301(22). | |

40102(a)(22) | 49 App.:1301(23) (related to foreign air commerce). | |

40102(a)(23) | 49 App.:1301(24) (related to foreign air transportation). | |

40102(a)(24) | 49 App.:1301(23) (related to interstate and overseas air commerce). | |

40102(a)(25) | 49 App.:1301(24) (related to interstate and overseas air transportation). | |

49 App.:1305(b)(2), (d) (related to (b)(2)). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §105(b)(2), (d) (related to (b)(2)); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §4(a), 92 Stat. 1708. | |

40102(a) (26)–(32) | 49 App.:1301(25)–(31). | |

40102(a)(33) | 49 App.:1301(32). | |

40102(a)(34) | 49 App.:1301(35). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §101(35), (39); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §2(a)(2), (3), (b), 92 Stat. 1705. |

40102(a)(35) | (no source). | |

40102(a)(36) | 49 App.:1301(33), (34). | |

40102(a)(37) | 49 App.:1301(36). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §101(36), 72 Stat. 739; Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §206, 88 Stat. 419; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §17(b)(1), 91 Stat. 1286; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §2, 92 Stat. 1705; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §207, 101 Stat. 1523. |

40102(a)(38) | 49 App.:1301(37). | |

40102(a)(39) | 49 App.:1301(39). | |

40102(a)(40) | 49 App.:1301(40). | |

40102(a)(41) | 49 App.:1301(41). | |

40102(b) | 49 App.:1383. |


In subsection (a)(2), the words "by any means" are substituted for "whether . . . or by a lease or any other arrangement" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "provide" is substituted for "engage in" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "or navigation" are omitted as being included in the definition of "operation of aircraft" in this subsection.

In subsection (a)(4)(D), the words "having a similar purpose" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(6), the words "now known or hereafter" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(7), the words "of the engine" are substituted for "thereof" for clarity.

In subsection (a)(8)(A), the words "as the person" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(10), the word "transportation" is substituted for "carriage" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(11), the words "of whatever description" are omitted as surplus. The word "navigation" is omitted as being included in the definition of "operate aircraft" in this subsection. The words "or mechanisms" are omitted because of 1:1.

Subsection (a)(12) is added for clarity to distinguish between cargo (which includes mail) and property (which does not include mail).

In subsection (a)(13), the word "provide" is substituted for "engage in" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(14), the words "including inclusive tour charter trips" are omitted as obsolete. The words "authorized under this part" are substituted for "rendered pursuant to authority conferred under this chapter under regulations prescribed by the Board" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(15)(A), the words "or of one of its possessions" are omitted as being included in the definition of "United States" in this subsection.

In subsection (a)(15)(C), the words "created or" are omitted as being included in "organized".

In subsection (a)(17), the words "chapter 441 of this title" are substituted for "this chapter" for clarity because aircraft are registered only under chapter 441.

In subsection (a)(18), the text of 49 App.:1301(19) (last sentence) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(18)(A), before subclause (i), the words "title to" are added for clarity and consistency in this section.

In subsection (a)(18)(B)(i), the words "as compensation" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(18)(B)(ii), the words "it is agreed that", "bound", "full", and "the terms of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(19), the words "bill of sale . . . mortgage, assignment of mortgage, or other" are omitted as being included in "instrument".

In subsection (a)(20), the words "of the United States" are omitted for consistency in the revised title and because of the definition of "navigable airspace" in this subsection.

In subsection (a)(21), the words "by any means" are substituted for "whether . . . or by lease or any other arrangement" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "provide" is substituted for "engage in" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(22)–(25) and (27), the words "transportation" and "passengers" are substituted for "carriage" and "persons", respectively, for consistency in the revised title. The word "compensation" is substituted for, and is coextensive with, "compensation or hire".

In subsection (a)(22) and (24), the words "or navigation" are omitted as being included in the definition of "operation of aircraft" in this subsection. The words "the conduct or" and "in commerce" are omitted as surplus. The words "when any part of the transportation or operation is by aircraft" are substituted for 49 App.:1301(23) (words after last semicolon) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(23) and (25), the words "in commerce" are omitted as surplus. The words "when any part of the transportation is by aircraft" are substituted for 49 App.:1301(24) (words after last semicolon) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(24), (25), and (27), the words "of the United States" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(24)(A)(i) and (25)(A)(i), the words "or the District of Columbia" the first time they appear are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(25)(A)(ii), the text of 49 App.:1301(24)(a) (words between semicolons) is omitted because 49 App.:1305(b)(2) removes the subject matter of the text from the definition. See H. Rept. No. 95–1211, 95th Cong., 2d Sess., p.16 (1978).

In subsection (a)(26), the words "by any means" are substituted for "whether . . . or by a lease or any other arrangement" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "provide" is substituted for "engage" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(28), the word "place" is substituted for "locality" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(32)(B), the words "(in the capacity of owner, lessee, or otherwise)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(33), the words "in addition to its meaning under section 1 of title 1" are substituted for "any individual, firm, copartnership, corporation, company, association, joint stock association" for clarity because 1:1 is applicable to all laws unless otherwise provided. The words "governmental authority" are substituted for "body politic" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

Subsection (a)(35) is added to eliminate repetition of the words "rates, fares, or charges" throughout this part.

In subsection (a)(36), the text of 49 App.:1301(34) (1st sentence) is omitted as obsolete. Reference to the Canal Zone is omitted because of the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977. The text of 49 App.:1301(34) (last sentence) is omitted because of 48:734.

Subsection (a)(37)(A)(i) is substituted for "used exclusively in the service of any government" and "For purposes of this paragraph, 'used exclusively in the service of' means, for other than the Federal Government" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

Subsection (a)(37)(A)(ii) is substituted for "used exclusively in the service of any government or of any political subdivision thereof, including the government of any State, Territory, or possession of the United States, or the District of Columbia" and "For purposes of this paragraph, 'used exclusively in the service of' means, for other than the Federal Government, an aircraft which is owned and operated by a governmental entity for other than commercial purposes or which is exclusively leased by such governmental entity for not less than 90 continuous days" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(37)(B), the words "transporting passengers or property" are substituted for "engaged in carrying persons or property" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(38), the words "that is to be installed at a later time" are substituted for "maintained for installation or use . . . but which at the time are not installed therein or attached thereto" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(39), the word "authority" is substituted for "agency" and "entity" for consistency in the revised title. Before subclause (A), the words "department, agency, officer, or other" are omitted as being included in "authority".

In subsection (a)(40), the words "bona fide" and "by solicitation, advertisement, or otherwise" are omitted as surplus. The words "furnishes, contracts" are omitted as being included in "providing, or arranging".

In subsection (a)(41), the words "States of the United States" are substituted for "several States", and the word "sea" is substituted for "waters", for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

Subsection (b) is substituted for 49 App.:1383 to eliminate unnecessary words.

This makes a conforming amendment for consistency with the style of title 49.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(41)(F). Pub. L. 115–254 added subpar. (F).

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 112–95 added subpars. (B) to (D), redesignated former subpar. (D) as (E) and substituted "any structure, equipment," for "another structure" and "; and" for period at end, added subpar. (F), and struck out former subpars. (B) and (C) which read as follows:

"(B) a light;

"(C) apparatus or equipment for distributing weather information, signaling, radio-directional finding, or radio or other electromagnetic communication; and".

**2008**—Subsec. (a)(41)(E). Pub. L. 110–181 inserted "or other commercial air service" after "transportation" and inserted at end "In the preceding sentence, the term 'other commercial air service' means an aircraft operation that (i) is within the United States territorial airspace; (ii) the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration determines is available for compensation or hire to the public, and (iii) must comply with all applicable civil aircraft rules under title 14, Code of Federal Regulations."

**2003**—Subsec. (a)(15)(C). Pub. L. 108–176, §807, inserted "which is under the actual control of citizens of the United States," before "and in which".

Subsec. (a)(29) to (47). Pub. L. 108–176, §225(a), added pars. (29), (31), (34), (36), and (42) and redesignated former pars. (29), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34), (35), (36), (37), (38), (39), (40), (41), and (42) as (30), (32), (33), (35), (37), (38), (39), (40), (41), (43), (44), (45), (46), and (47), respectively.

**2000**—Subsec. (a)(37). Pub. L. 106–181, §702(a), amended par. (37) generally, revising and restating provisions defining "public aircraft" to include references to qualifications found in section 40125(b) and (c).

Subsec. (a)(42). Pub. L. 106–181, §301, added par. (42).

**1997**—Subsec. (a)(37)(A). Pub. L. 105–137 struck out "or" at end of cl. (i), added cl. (ii), and redesignated former cl. (ii) as (iii).

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(30). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "this subpart and subpart III" for "subparts I and III".

Subsec. (a)(35). Pub. L. 103–305 struck out "for air transportation" after "charge".

Subsec. (a)(37)(B). Pub. L. 103–411 added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "does not include a government-owned aircraft transporting passengers or property for commercial purposes."

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–411 effective on the 180th day following Oct. 25, 1994, see section 3(d) of Pub. L. 103–411, set out as a note under section 1131 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–305 effective Jan. 1, 1995, see section 601(d) of Pub. L. 103–305, set out as a note under section 10521 of this title.

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §133, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 636, provided that: "Except as otherwise explicitly provided, any term used in this title [see Tables for classification] that is defined in section 40102 of title 49, United States Code, has the meaning given that term in that section."

Pub. L. 106–181, §4, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 64, provided that: "Except as otherwise provided in this Act [see Tables for classification], the following definitions apply:

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 103–305, §2, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1570, provided that: "In this Act [see Short Title of 1994 Amendment note set out under section 40101 of this title], the following definitions apply:

"(1)

"(2)

For extension of territorial sea of United States, see Proc. No. 5928, set out as a note under section 1331 of Title 43, Public Lands.

(a)

(2) A citizen of the United States has a public right of transit through the navigable airspace. To further that right, the Secretary of Transportation shall consult with the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board established under section 502 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. 792) before prescribing a regulation or issuing an order or procedure that will have a significant impact on the accessibility of commercial airports or commercial air transportation for handicapped individuals.

(b)

(2) The Administrator shall prescribe air traffic regulations on the flight of aircraft (including regulations on safe altitudes) for—

(A) navigating, protecting, and identifying aircraft;

(B) protecting individuals and property on the ground;

(C) using the navigable airspace efficiently; and

(D) preventing collision between aircraft, between aircraft and land or water vehicles, and between aircraft and airborne objects.

(3) To establish security provisions that will encourage and allow maximum use of the navigable airspace by civil aircraft consistent with national security, the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, shall—

(A) establish areas in the airspace the Administrator decides are necessary in the interest of national defense; and

(B) by regulation or order, restrict or prohibit flight of civil aircraft that the Administrator cannot identify, locate, and control with available facilities in those areas.

(4) Notwithstanding the military exception in section 553(a)(1) of title 5, subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5 applies to a regulation prescribed under this subsection.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1) it is unreasonably costly, burdensome, or impractical for more than one fixed-based operator to provide the services; and

(2) allowing more than one fixed-based operator to provide the services requires a reduction in space leased under an agreement existing on September 3, 1982, between the operator and the airport.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1101.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40103(a)(1) | 49 App.:1508(a) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§307(a), (c), (d), 308(a) (3d sentence), 1108(a), 1201, 1202, 72 Stat. 749, 750, 751, 798, 800. |

40103(a)(2) | 49 App.:1304. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §104, 72 Stat. 740; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §14, 98 Stat. 1711. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 28, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

40103(b)(1) | 49 App.:1348(a). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

40103(b)(2) | 49 App.:1348(c). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

40103(b)(3) | 49 App.:1521. | |

49 App.:1522. | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

40103(b)(4) | 49 App.:1348(d). | |

40103(c) | (no source). | |

40103(d) | 49 App.:1508(a) (last sentence). | |

40103(e) | 49 App.:1349(a) (3d sentence). | |

49 App.:1349(a) (last sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §308(a) (last sentence); added Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §524(a)(1), 96 Stat. 695. |


In subsection (a)(1), the word "has" is substituted for "is declared to possess and exercise complete and" to eliminate surplus words. The word "national" is omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:1508(a) (1st sentence words after 1st comma) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "of the United States" are omitted for consistency in the revised title and because of the definition of "navigable airspace" in section 40102(a) of the revised title. The words "or amending" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the word "Administrator" in section 307(a), (c), and (d) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 749, 750) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

In subsection (b)(1) and (3)(B), the word "rule" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulation".

In subsection (b)(1), the words "under such terms, conditions, and limitations as he may deem" are omitted as surplus. The words "In the exercise of his authority under section 1348(a) of this Appendix" in 49 App.:1522 are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

In subsection (b)(2), before clause (A), the word "shall" is substituted for "is further authorized and directed" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(3), before clause (A), the words "In the exercise of his authority under section 1348(a) of this Appendix" in 49 App.:1522 are omitted as surplus. The word "navigable" is added for clarity and consistency. In clause (A), the words "such zones or" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(4), the words "the military exception" are substituted for "any exception relating to military or naval functions" to eliminate unnecessary words and because "naval" is included in "military". The words "applies to a regulation prescribed under" are substituted for "In the exercise of the rulemaking authority . . . the Secretary of Transportation shall be subject to" to eliminate unnecessary words and because "rules" and "regulations" are synonymous.

Subsection (c) is added for clarity.

In subsection (d), the words "including the Canal Zone" are omitted because of the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977.

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "any landing area" are omitted as being included in the definition of "air navigation facility" in section 40102(a) of the revised title. The word "only" is added for clarity. In clause (2), the words "on September 3, 1982" are added for clarity.

Pub. L. 85–726, title VI, §613(a), (b), as added by Pub. L.101–508, title IX, §9124, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–370, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 117–263, div. A, title X, §1093, Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 2812, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) special activity airspace for use by the Department of Defense for emerging military testing and training requirements of infrequent or limited durations; and

"(B) streamlining the process for the Department of Defense to request the designation of special activity airspace for activities described in subparagraph (A).

"(2)

"(A) the availability of such airspace on an infrequent or limited duration necessary to accommodate the Department of Defense's emerging military testing and training requirements; and

"(B) whether the processes for the Department of Defense to request special activity airspace for infrequent or limited duration military testing and training events meet Department of Defense testing and training requirements.

"(b)

"(1) the public's right of transit consistent with national security;

"(2) the use of airspace necessary to ensure the safety of aircraft within the National Airspace System;

"(3) the use of airspace necessary to ensure the efficient use of the National Airspace System; and

"(4) Department of Defense use of special activity airspace that is established through means other than the pilot program established by subsection (a).

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) How the pilot program established under subsection (a)(1) affected policies on establishing and scheduling special activity airspace with an emphasis on the impact of allocation and utilization policies to other nonparticipating aviation users of the National Airspace System.

"(B) Whether the streamlined processes for dynamic scheduling and management of special activity airspace involved in the pilot program established under subsection (a)(1) contributed to—

"(i) the public's right of transit consistent with national security;

"(ii) the use of airspace necessary to ensure the safety of aircraft within the National Airspace System; and

"(iii) the use of airspace necessary to ensure the efficient use of the National Airspace System.

"(d)

"(e)

"(1) The term 'appropriate committees of Congress' means—

"(A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, the Committee on Armed Services, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and

"(B) the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, the Committee on Armed Services, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.

"(2) The term 'special activity airspace' means the following airspace with defined dimensions within the National Airspace System wherein limitations may be imposed upon aircraft operations:

"(A) Restricted areas.

"(B) Military operations areas.

"(C) Air traffic control assigned airspace.

"(D) Warning areas.

"(3) The term 'use cases' means a compendium of airspace utilization data collected from the development, testing, and assessment conducted under subsection (a)(1), and other test points or metrics as agreed to by the Administrator and the Secretary, within a specific geographic region as determined by the Administrator and Secretary.

"(f)

Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title X, §1085, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3877, provided that: "Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 1, 2021], to the maximum extent practicable, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, in coordination with the Secretary of Defense, shall enable the automated public dissemination of information on the real-time status of the activation or deactivation of military operations areas and restricted areas in a manner that is similar to the manner that temporary flight restrictions are published and disseminated."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §504, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3353, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §512, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3356, provided that: "On an annual basis, the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall work with representatives of [Federal Aviation] Administration-approved air shows, the general aviation community, and stadiums and other large outdoor events and venues to identify and resolve, to the maximum extent practicable, scheduling conflicts between Administration-approved air shows and large outdoor events and venues where—

"(1) flight restrictions will be imposed pursuant to section 521 of title V of division F of Public Law 108–199 (118 Stat. 343) [set out below]; or

"(2) any other restriction will be imposed pursuant to Federal Aviation Administration Flight Data Center Notice to Airmen 4/3621 (or any successor notice to airmen)."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §530, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3365, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) The services and support required to meet levels of activity at prior events, if any, similar to the event.

"(2) The anticipated need for services and support at the event."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §547, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3377, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) lasts at least 2 years; and

"(2) operates in at least 3 suitable airports.

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) prioritizing aircraft equipped with certain NextGen avionics during a Ground Delay Program by assigning them fewer minutes of delay relative to other aircraft based upon principles established after consultation with aircraft operators and manufacturers; or

"(B) sequencing aircraft equipped with certain NextGen avionics ahead of other aircraft in the Traffic Flow Management System to the maximum extent consistent with safety.

"(e)

"(f)

Pub. L. 108–199, div. F, title V, §521, Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 343, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) shall, without regard to any fiscal year limitation, maintain in full force and effect the restrictions imposed under Federal Aviation Administration Notices to Airmen FDC 3/2122, FDC 3/2123, and FDC 2/0199; and

"(2) may not grant any waivers or exemptions from such restrictions, except—

"(A) as authorized by air traffic control for operational or safety purposes;

"(B) with respect to an event, stadium, or other venue—

"(i) for operational purposes;

"(ii) for the transport of team members, officials of the governing body, and immediate family members and guests of such team members and officials to and from such event, stadium, or venue;

"(iii) in the case of a sporting event, for the transport of equipment or parts to and from such sporting event;

"(iv) to permit a broadcast rights holder to provide broadcast coverage of such event, stadium, or venue; and

"(v) for safety and security purposes related to such event, stadium, or venue; and

"(C) to allow the operation of an aircraft in restricted airspace to the extent necessary to arrive at or depart from an airport using standard air traffic control procedures.

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §736, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 171, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) The national airspace, comprising more than 29 million square miles, handles more than 55,000 flights per day.

"(2) Almost 2,000,000 passengers per day traverse the United States through 20 major en route centers, including more than 700 different sectors.

"(3) Redesign and review of the national airspace may produce benefits for the travelling public by increasing the efficiency and capacity of the air traffic control system and reducing delays.

"(4) Redesign of the national airspace should be a high priority for the Federal Aviation Administration and the air transportation industry.

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) in consultation with the Secretary of State, engage bilaterally and multilaterally, including with the International Civil Aviation Organization, on an ongoing basis to bolster international collaboration, data sharing, and harmonization of international aviation safety requirements including through—

(i) sharing of continued operational safety information;

(ii) prioritization of pilot training deficiencies, including manual flying skills and flight crew training, to discourage over reliance on automation, further bolstering the components of airmanship;

(iii) encouraging the consideration of the safety advantages of appropriate Federal regulations, which may include relevant Federal regulations pertaining to flight crew training requirements; and

(iv) prioritizing any other flight crew training areas that the Administrator believes will enhance all international aviation safety; and

(B) seek to expand technical assistance provided by the Federal Aviation Administration in support of enhancing international aviation safety, including by—

(i) promoting and enhancing effective oversight systems, including operational safety enhancements identified through data collection and analysis;

(ii) promoting and encouraging compliance with international safety standards by counterpart civil aviation authorities;

(iii) minimizing cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities across the aviation ecosystem;

(iv) supporting the sharing of safety information, best practices, risk assessments, and mitigations through established international aviation safety groups; and

(v) providing technical assistance on any other aspect of aviation safety that the Administrator determines is likely to enhance international aviation safety.

(c)

(d)

(1) promote United States aerospace-related safety standards abroad;

(2) facilitate and vigorously defend approvals of United States aerospace products and services abroad;

(3) with respect to bilateral partners, utilize bilateral safety agreements and other mechanisms to improve validation of United States certificated aeronautical products, services, and appliances and enhance mutual acceptance in order to eliminate redundancies and unnecessary costs; and

(4) with respect to the aeronautical safety authorities of a foreign country, streamline validation and coordination processes.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1102; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(47), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4384; Pub. L. 104–264, title IV, §401(b)(1), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3255; Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §303, title VIII, §813, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2533, 2590; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title II, §241, title V, §539(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3257, 3370; Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §119(f)(1), (2), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2342.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40104 | 49 App.:1346. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §305, 72 Stat. 749. |

49 App.:1346a. | July 12, 1976, Pub. L. 94–353, §21, 90 Stat. 884. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |


The words "and foster" in 49 App.:1346 are omitted as surplus. The words "In carrying out this section" are substituted for "In furtherance of his mandate to promote civil aviation" in 49 App.:1346a because of the restatement. The word "Administrator" is substituted for "Secretary of Transportation acting through the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for consistency with the source provisions restated in this section. The words "be designed so as to", "various aspects of", and "civil and" are omitted as surplus.

This makes conforming amendments to 49:40104, as enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1102), because of the restatement of 49 App.:1655(c)(1) (words after last comma) as 49:40104(b) by section 6(47)(C) of the bill.

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40104(b) | 49 App.:1655(c)(1) (words after last comma). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1) (words after last comma), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |


**2020**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 116–260 designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added par. (2).

**2018**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §539(a), substituted "section 47175" for "section 47176".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, §241, added subsec. (d).

**2003**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–176, §813, amended heading and text of subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary of Transportation may develop and construct a civil supersonic aircraft."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–176, §303, added subsec. (c).

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–264, §401(b)(1)(A), inserted "safety of" before "air commerce" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–264, §401(b)(1)(B), (C), inserted "

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–429 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, substituted "carrying out this subsection" for "carrying out this section", and added subsec. (b).

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §119(e), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2341, provided that:

"(1)

"(A) monitoring and managing the behavior and performance of automated systems;

"(B) controlling the flightpath of aircraft without autoflight systems engaged;

"(C) effectively utilizing and managing autoflight systems, when appropriate;

"(D) effectively identifying situations in which the use of autoflight systems is appropriate and when such use is not appropriate; and

"(E) recognizing and responding appropriately to non-normal conditions.

"(2)

"(A) foreign counterparts of the Administrator in the ICAO and its subsidiary organizations;

"(B) other international organizations and fora; and

"(C) the private sector.

"(3)

"(A) the latest information relating to human factors;

"(B) aircraft manufacturing trends, including those relating to increased automation in the cockpit;

"(C) the extent to which cockpit automation improves aviation safety and introduces novel risks;

"(D) the availability of opportunities for pilots to practice manual flying skills;

"(E) the need for consistency in maintaining and enhancing manual flying skills worldwide;

"(F) recommended practices of other countries that enhance manual flying skills and automation management; and

"(G) whether a need exists for initial and recurrent training standards for improve pilots' proficiency in manual flight and in effective management of autoflight systems.

"(4)

[For definitions of terms used in section 119(e) of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out above, see section 137 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §304, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3261, provided that: "The Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall exercise leadership on creating a global approach to improving aircraft tracking by working with—

"(1) foreign counterparts of the Administrator in the International Civil Aviation Organization and its subsidiary organizations;

"(2) other international organizations and fora; and

"(3) the private sector."

(a)

(b)

(A) shall act consistently with obligations of the United States Government under an international agreement;

(B) shall consider applicable laws and requirements of a foreign country; and

(C) may not limit compliance by an air carrier with obligations or liabilities imposed by the government of a foreign country when the Secretary takes any action related to a certificate of public convenience and necessity issued under chapter 411 of this title.

(2) This subsection does not apply to an agreement between an air carrier or an officer or representative of an air carrier and the government of a foreign country, if the Secretary of Transportation disapproves the agreement because it is not in the public interest. Section 40106(b)(2) of this title applies to this subsection.

(c)

(1) the Secretaries of Commerce and Defense;

(2) airport operators;

(3) scheduled air carriers;

(4) charter air carriers;

(5) airline labor;

(6) consumer interest groups;

(7) travel agents and tour organizers; and

(8) other groups, institutions, and governmental authorities affected by international aviation policy.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1102.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40105(a) | 49 App.:1462. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §802, 72 Stat. 783. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(B). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(B); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §40(a), 92 Stat. 1745. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat 2444. | |

40105(b) | 49 App.:1502(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1102(a), 72 Stat. 797; Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §17, 94 Stat. 42. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b) (1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

40105(c) | 49 App.:1502(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1102(c), (d); added Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §17, 94 Stat. 43. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

40105(d) | 49 App.:1502(d). |


In subsection (a), the words "government of a foreign country" are substituted for "foreign governments" in 49 App.:1462 and "foreign country" in 49 App.:1502(a) for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "Secretary of Transportation" are substituted for "Department of Transportation" in 49 App.:1551(b)(1)(B) because of 49:102(b). The words "Secretary of State" are substituted for "Department of State" because of 22:2651.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "carrying out" are substituted for "exercising and performing . . . powers and duties" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In clause (A), the words "an international agreement" are substituted for "any treaty, convention, or agreement that may be in force between the United States and any foreign country or foreign countries" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (C), the word "public" is added for consistency in this part.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "obligation, duty, or liability arising out of a contract or other" and "heretofore or hereafter" are omitted as surplus. The words "government of a foreign country" are substituted for "foreign country" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The last sentence is inserted to inform the reader that section 40106(b)(2) of the revised title qualifies this subsection.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "To assist" are omitted as surplus. The words "carrying out" are substituted for "developing and implementing" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The word "both" is omitted as surplus. In clause (8), the word "authorities" is substituted for "agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §812, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2590, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 103–305, title V, §519, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1600, provided that: "The Secretary shall report every other month to the Committee on Public Works and Transportation [now Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure] of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate on the status of all active aviation bilateral and multilateral negotiations and informal government-to-government consultations with United States aviation trade partners."

(a)

(1) give the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration prior notice of the deviation at the earliest practicable time; and

(2) to the extent time and circumstances allow, make every reasonable effort to consult with the Administrator and arrange for the deviation in advance on a mutually agreeable basis.

(b)

(A) an air carrier or foreign air carrier to provide foreign air transportation to and from that foreign country;

(B) a person to operate aircraft in foreign air commerce to and from that foreign country;

(C) a foreign air carrier to provide foreign air transportation between the United States and another country that maintains air service with the foreign country; and

(D) a foreign person to operate aircraft in foreign air commerce between the United States and another country that maintains air service with the foreign country.

(2) The President may act under this subsection without notice or a hearing. The suspension remains in effect for as long as the President decides is necessary to ensure the security of aircraft against unlawful seizure. Notwithstanding section 40105(b) of this title, the authority of the President to suspend rights under this subsection is a condition to a certificate of public convenience and necessity, air carrier operating certificate, foreign air carrier or foreign aircraft permit, or foreign air carrier operating specification issued by the Secretary of Transportation under this part.

(3) An air carrier or foreign air carrier may not provide foreign air transportation, and a person may not operate aircraft in foreign air commerce, in violation of a suspension of authority under this subsection.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1103.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40106(a) | 49 App.:1348(f). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §307(f), 72 Stat. 750. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

40106(b) | 49 App.:1514. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1114; added Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §106, 88 Stat. 413. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "armed forces" are substituted for "national defense forces" because of 10:101. The words "section 40103(b)(1) and (2) of this title" are substituted for "this subchapter" as being more precise. In clauses (1) and (2), the word "Administrator" in section 307(f) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 750) is retained on authority of 49:106(g). In clause (2), the words "fully" and "required" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "government of a foreign country" are substituted for "foreign nation" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. Before clause (A), the words "in a manner" and "in any way" are omitted as surplus. The word "authority" is substituted for "right" as being more precise and for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "deemed to be" are omitted because a legal conclusion is being stated.

In subsection (b)(3), the words "by the President" are omitted as surplus.

The United States is a party to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, signed at The Hague, Dec. 16, 1970, entered into force as to the United States, Oct. 14, 1971, 22 UST 1641.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1104.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40107(a) | 49 App.:1345. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§302(e), 304, 72 Stat. 746, 749. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

40107(b) | 49 App.:1343(c). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In this section, the words "functions (including . . . parts of functions)" are omitted as included in "duty, power, activity, or facility".

In subsection (a), the words "of a department, agency, or instrumentality of the executive branch of the United States Government" are substituted for "the executive departments or agencies of the Government" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The word "unit" is substituted for "organizational entity" for clarity. The words "appropriate" and "civilian and military" are omitted as surplus. The words "officers and employees" are substituted for "personnel" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "to the Administrator" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b), the text of 49 App.:1343(c) (words before proviso) is omitted as obsolete. The words "Secretary of Defense" are substituted for "Department of Defense" because of 10:133(a). The words "prior to enactment of such proposed legislation" are omitted as obsolete because the legislation was not enacted. The word "appropriate" is omitted as surplus. The words "of the Administration to the Department of Defense" are added for clarity.

Ex. Ord. No. 10786, Nov. 1, 1958, 23 F.R. 8573, provided:

Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Ex. Ord. No. 10797, Dec. 24, 1958, 23 F.R. 10391, provided:

Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Ex. Ord. No. 11047, Aug. 28, 1962, 27 F.R. 8665, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12608, Sept. 9, 1987, 52 F.R. 34617, provided:

By the virtue of the authority vested in me by section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, and as President of the United States, it is ordered as follows:

(1) Transfers of balances of appropriations available and necessary to finance and discharge the transferred functions shall be made under the authority of Section 202(b) of the Budget and Accounting Procedures Act of 1950 (31 U.S.C. 581c(b) [see 31 U.S.C. 1531]) as affected by the provisions of section 1(k) of Executive Order No. 10530 of May 10, 1954 [set out as a note under section 301 of Title 3, The President].

(2) Provisions for appropriate transfers of records and property shall be made under the authority of the last sentence of Section 304 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 [see 49 U.S.C. 40107(a)] as affected by the provisions of Section 1 of Executive Order No. 10797 of December 24, 1958 [set out above].

(b) Neither this order nor the said Executive Order No. 10797 shall be deemed to require or authorize the transfer of any civilian or military personnel from the Department of Defense to the Federal Aviation Administration, under authority of the said Section 304 [see 49 U.S.C. 40107(a)], in connection with transfers of functions effected under the provisions of Section 1 of this order.

(b) In connection with any particular action or actions under Section 1 of this order, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget may either waive the requirements of Section 4(a), above, or reduce the 30 day period there prescribed.

Ex. Ord. No. 11161, eff. July 7, 1964, 29 F.R. 9317, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 11382, eff. Nov. 28, 1967, 32 F.R. 16247, provided:

WHEREAS Section 302(e) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 [see 49 U.S.C. 40107(b)] provides, in part, that in the event of war the President by Executive order may transfer to the Department of Defense any functions (including powers, duties, activities, facilities, and parts of functions) of the Federal Aviation Administration; and

WHEREAS it appears that the defense of the United States would require the transfer of the Federal Aviation Administration to the Department of Defense in the event of war; and

WHEREAS if any such transfer were to be made it would be essential to the defense of the United States that the transition be accomplished promptly and with maximum ease and effectiveness; and

WHEREAS these objectives require that the relationships that would obtain in the event of such a transfer as between the Federal Aviation Administration and the Department of Defense be understood in advance by the two agencies concerned and be developed in necessary detail by them in advance of transfer:

NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested in me by Section 302(e) (72 Stat. 746; 49 U.S.C. 1343(c)) [see 49 U.S.C. 40107(b)], and as President of the United States and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, it is hereby ordered as follows:

(A) The Federal Aviation Administration will function as an adjunct of the Department of Defense with the Federal Aviation Administrator being responsible directly to the Secretary of Defense and subject to his authority, direction, and control to the extent deemed by the Secretary to be necessary for the discharge of his responsibilities as Secretary of Defense.

(B) To the extent deemed by the Secretary of Defense to be necessary for the accomplishment of the military mission, he will be empowered to direct the Administrator to place operational elements of the Federal Aviation Administration under the direct operational control of appropriate military commanders.

(C) While functioning as an adjunct of the Department of Defense, the Federal Aviation Administration will remain organizationally intact and the Administrator thereof will retain responsibility for administration of his statutory functions, subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense to the extent deemed by the Secretary to be necessary for the discharge of his responsibilities as Secretary of Defense.

(A) That the functions of the Federal Aviation Administration are performed during any period of national emergency short of war in a manner that will assure that essential national defense requirements will be satisfied during any such period of national emergency.

(B) Consistent with the provisions of paragraphs (A), (B), and (C) of Section 1 of this order, that any transfer of the Federal Aviation Administration to the Department of Defense, in the event of war, will be accomplished smoothly and rapidly and effective operation of the agencies and functions affected by the transfer will be achieved after the transfer.

Lyndon B. Johnson.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1104.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40108(a) | 49 App.:1354(d) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §313(d), 72 Stat. 753. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

40108(b) | 49 App.:1354(d) (2d–last sentences). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In this section, the word "Administrator" in section 313(d) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 753) is retained on authority of 49:106(g). The words "school or" are omitted because of 1:1.

In subsection (a), the words "officers and" are added for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "to carry out duties, powers, and activities of the Administrator" are substituted for "in those subjects necessary for the proper performance of all authorized functions of the Administration" for clarity and consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (b), the words "officers and employees" are substituted for "personnel", the words "departments, agencies, or instrumentalities of the United States Government" are substituted for "governmental", and the words "governments of foreign countries" are substituted for "foreign governments", for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "courses given in", "sufficient", and "appropriate" are omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:1354(d) (3d sentence) is omitted as unnecessary because chapter 41 of title 5, United States Code, applies to all training of employees. The words "or both" are substituted for "(3) in part as provided under clause (1) and in part as provided under clause (2)" to eliminate unnecessary words.

(a)

(A) an air carrier not engaged directly in operating aircraft in air transportation; or

(B) a foreign air carrier not engaged directly in operating aircraft in foreign air transportation.

(2) The exemption is effective to the extent and for periods that the Secretary decides are in the public interest.

(b) 1 40103(b)(1) and (2) of this title when the Administrator decides the exemption is in the public interest.

(c)

(d)

(1) because of the limited extent of, or unusual circumstances affecting, the operation of the air carrier, the enforcement of section 42112(b)(1) and (2) of this title is or would be an unreasonable burden on the air carrier that would obstruct its development and prevent it from beginning or continuing operations; and

(2) the exemption would not affect adversely the public interest.

(e)

(f)

(A)(i) provides passenger transportation only with aircraft having a maximum capacity of 55 passengers; or

(ii) provides the transportation of cargo only with aircraft having a maximum payload of less than 18,000 pounds; and

(B) complies with liability insurance requirements and other regulations the Secretary prescribes.

(2) The Secretary may increase the passenger or payload capacities when the public interest requires.

(3)(A) An exemption under this subsection applies to an air carrier providing air transportation between 2 places in Alaska, or between Alaska and Canada, only if the carrier is authorized by Alaska to provide the transportation.

(B) The Secretary may limit the number or location of places that may be served by an air carrier providing transportation only in Alaska under an exemption from section 41101(a)(1) of this title, or the frequency with which the transportation may be provided, only when the Secretary decides that providing the transportation substantially impairs the ability of an air carrier holding a certificate issued by the Secretary to provide its authorized transportation, including the minimum transportation requirement for Alaska specified under section 41732(b)(1)(B) of this title.

(g)

(A) because of an emergency created by unusual circumstances not arising in the normal course of business, air carriers holding certificates under section 41102 of this title cannot accommodate traffic in those markets;

(B) all possible efforts have been made to accommodate the traffic by using the resources of the air carriers, including the use of—

(i) foreign aircraft, or sections of foreign aircraft, under lease or charter to the air carriers; and

(ii) the air carriers' reservations systems to the extent practicable;

(C) the exemption is necessary to avoid unreasonable hardship for the traffic in the markets that cannot be accommodated by the air carriers; and

(D) granting the exemption will not result in an unreasonable advantage to any party in a labor dispute where the inability to accommodate traffic in a market is a result of the dispute.

(2) When the Secretary grants an exemption to a foreign air carrier under this subsection, the Secretary shall—

(A) ensure that air transportation that the foreign air carrier provides under the exemption is made available on reasonable terms;

(B) monitor continuously the passenger load factor of air carriers in the market that hold certificates under section 41102 of this title; and

(C) review the exemption at least every 30 days (or, in the case of an exemption that is necessary to provide and sustain air transportation in American Samoa between the islands of Tutuila and Manu'a, at least every 180 days) to ensure that the unusual circumstances that established the need for the exemption still exist.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(4)

(h)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1104; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(65), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3395; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §402, div. K, title I, §1991(c)(1), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3328, 3627.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40109(a) | 49 App.:1301(3) (proviso). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§101(3) (proviso), 307(e), 416(b)(2), 72 Stat. 737, 750, 771. |

49 App.:1386(b)(3). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §416(b)(3)–(6); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §§31(b), 32, 92 Stat. 1732. | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

40109(b) | 49 App.:1348(e). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

40109(c) | 49 App.:1386(b)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §416(b)(1), 72 Stat. 771; restated Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §31(a), 92 Stat. 1731. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

40109(d) | 49 App.:1386(b)(2) (less words between 6th and 7th commas, proviso). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

40109(e) | 49 App.:1386(b)(2) (proviso). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

40109(f) | 49 App.:1386(b)(4), (5), (6) (less words between 5th and 6th commas). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

40109(g) | 49 App.:1386(b)(7). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §416(b)(7); added Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §13, 94 Stat. 39. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

40109(h) | 49 App.:1386(b)(2) (words between 6th and 7th commas), (6) (words between 5th and 6th commas). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). |


In this section, the words "requirements of", "term", and "or limitation" are omitted as surplus. The word "rule" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulation". The word "unreasonable" is substituted for "undue" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "by order" are omitted as unnecessary because of 5:ch. 5, subch. II. The word "exempt" is substituted for "relieve" for consistency in this section.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "that the Secretary decides" are added for clarity.

In subsections (b), (c), and (f)(1)(B), the words "from time to time" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (b), the word "Administrator" in section 307(e) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 750) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

In subsection (d), before clause (1), the words "to the extent" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(1), before clause (A), the words "Subject to paragraph (5) of this subsection" and "in air transportation" are omitted as surplus. The words "the Secretary may exempt" are substituted for "as may be prescribed in regulations promulgated by the Board" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (A)(ii), the word "capacity" is omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the word "reasonable" is omitted as surplus. The word "prescribes" is substituted for "adopt" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "in the public interest" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(2), the words "by regulation" are omitted as surplus. The word "payload" is substituted for "property" for consistency in this subsection. The words "specified in this paragraph" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(3), the words "the State of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(3)(A), the words "under this subsection" are substituted for "from section 1371 of this title or any other requirement of this chapter", the words "2 places" are substituted for "points both of which are", and the word "between" is substituted for "one of which is in . . . and the other in", to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (f)(3)(B), the word "only" is added for clarity. The words "promulgated by the Board", "by such air carrier to points within such State", and "but not limited to" are omitted as surplus. The word "Alaska" is substituted for "such State" for clarity. The cross-reference is to section 41732(b)(1)(B) to correct an error in the source provisions. The cross-reference in 49 App.:1386(b)(6) to 49 App.:1389(c)(2) should have been to 49 App.:1389(f)(2). This error was not corrected when 49 App.:1389 was restated by section 202(b) of the Airport and Airway Safety and Capacity Expansion Act of 1987 (Public Law 100–223, 101 Stat. 1508). The comparable provision is 49 App.:1389(k)(1)(A)(ii), restated as section 41732(b)(1)(B).

In subsection (g), the word "exemption" is substituted for "authorization" and "authority" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (g)(1), before clause (A), the words "required", "a period", and "to the extent necessary" are omitted as surplus. The word "mail" is omitted as being included in "cargo". In clause (B), before subclause (i), the words "for example" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g)(3), the words "a period" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (h), the words "The Secretary may act under subsections (d) and (f)(3)(B) of this section" are added because of the restatement. The word "notice" does not appear in 49 App.:1386(b)(6) (words between 5th and 6th commas) but is made applicable to both of the restated source provisions for consistency with subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5, United States Code. The words "opportunity for a" are added for consistency in the revised title.

This amends 49:40109(c) to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1105), to include in the cross-reference sections enacted after the cutoff date for the codification of title 49 as enacted by section 1 of the Act (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 745), and to make it easier to include future sections in the cross-reference by restating it in terms of chapters.

**2018**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(c)(1)(A), struck out ", 40119, 44901, 44903, 44906, and 44935–44937" before "of this title".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(c)(1)(B), substituted "sections 44909(a), 44909(b), and" for "sections 44909 and".

Subsec. (g)(2)(C). Pub. L. 115–254, §402(1), added subpar. (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: "review the exemption at least every 30 days to ensure that the unusual circumstances that established the need for the exemption still exist."

Subsec. (g)(3), (4). Pub. L. 115–254, §402(2), added pars. (3) and (4) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: "The Secretary may renew an exemption (including renewals) under this subsection for not more than 30 days. An exemption may continue for not more than 5 days after the unusual circumstances that established the need for the exemption cease."

**1996**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(65)(B), substituted "sections 44909 and 46301(b)" for "section 46301(b)".

Pub. L. 104–287, §5(65)(A), substituted "chapter 413 (except sections 41307 and 41310(b)–(f)), chapter 415 (except sections 41502, 41505, and 41507–41509), chapter 417 (except sections 41703, 41704, 41710, 41713, and 41714)," for "sections 41301–41306, 41308–41310(a), 41501, 41503, 41504, 41506, 41510, 41511, 41701, 41702, 41705–41709, 41711, 41712, and 41731–41742,".

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

Pub. L. 103–411, §3(b), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4237, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the Administrator finds that granting the exemption is necessary to prevent an undue economic burden on the unit of government; and

"(B) the Administrator certifies that the aviation safety program of the unit of government is effective and appropriate to ensure safe operations of the type of aircraft operated by the unit of government."

1 So in original. Probably should be "section".

(a)

(1) to the extent that amounts are available for obligation, may acquire services or, by condemnation or otherwise, an interest in property, including an interest in airspace immediately adjacent to and needed for airports and other air navigation facilities owned by the United States Government and operated by the Administrator;

(2) may construct and improve laboratories and other test facilities; and

(3) may dispose of any interest in property for adequate compensation, and the amount so received shall—

(A) be credited to the appropriation current when the amount is received;

(B) be merged with and available for the purposes of such appropriation; and

(C) remain available until expended.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) a description of the housing unit and its price;

(B) a certification that the price does not exceed the median price of housing units in the area; and

(C) a certification that purchasing the housing unit is the most cost-beneficial means of providing necessary accommodations in carrying out this part.

(5)

(c)

(1) notwithstanding section 1341(a)(1) of title 31, lease an interest in property for not more than 20 years;

(2) consider the reasonable probable future use of the underlying land in making an award for a condemnation of an interest in airspace;

(3) construct, or acquire an interest in, a public building (as defined in section 3301(a) of title 40) only under a delegation of authority from the Administrator of General Services; and

(4) dispose of property under subsection (a)(2) of this section, except for airport and airway property and technical equipment used for the special purposes of the Administration, only under sections 121, 123, and 126 and chapter 5 of title 40.

(d)

(1)

(A) more timely and cost-effective acquisitions of equipment, services, property, and materials; and

(B) the resolution of bid protests and contract disputes related thereto, using consensual alternative dispute resolution techniques to the maximum extent practicable.

(2)

(A) Division C (except sections 3302, 3501(b), 3509, 3906, 4710, and 4711) of subtitle I of title 41.

(B) Division B (except sections 1704 and 2303) of subtitle I of title 41.

(C) The Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994 (Public Law 103–355). However, section 4705 of title 41 shall apply to the new acquisition management system developed and implemented pursuant to paragraph (1). For the purpose of applying section 4705 of title 41 to the system, the term "executive agency" is deemed to refer to the Federal Aviation Administration.

(D) The Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 631 et seq.), except that all reasonable opportunities to be awarded contracts shall be provided to small business concerns and small business concerns owned and controlled by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals.

(E) The Competition in Contracting Act.

(F) Subchapter V of chapter 35 of title 31, relating to the procurement protest system.

(G) The Federal Acquisition Regulation and any laws not listed in subparagraphs (A) through (F) providing authority to promulgate regulations in the Federal Acquisition Regulation.

(3)

(A) Sections 2101 and 2106 of title 41 shall not apply.

(B) Within 90 days after the date of the enactment of the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century, the Administrator shall adopt definitions for the acquisition management system that are consistent with the purpose and intent of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act.1

(C) After the adoption of those definitions, the criminal, civil, and administrative remedies provided under the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act 1 apply to the acquisition management system.

(D) In the administration of the acquisition management system, the Administrator may take adverse personnel action under section 27(e)(3)(A)(iv) of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act 1 in accordance with the procedures contained in the Administration's personnel management system.

(4)

(5)

(A)

(ii) The report required by clause (i) shall only include acquisitions with total value exceeding the micro-purchase level.

(B)

(i) the dollar value of any articles, materials, or supplies purchased that were manufactured outside of the United States; and

(ii) a summary of the total procurement funds spent on goods manufactured in the United States versus funds spent on goods manufactured outside of the United States.

(C)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1106; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(48), (80), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4384, 4388; Pub. L. 104–264, title XII, §1201, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3279; Pub. L. 106–181, title III, §307(b), title VII, §703, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 125, 156; Pub. L. 107–217, §3(n)(5), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1302; Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §§222, 224(a), (b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2527; Pub. L. 108–178, §4(k), Dec. 15, 2003, 117 Stat. 2642; Pub. L. 111–350, §5(o)(7), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3853; Pub. L. 112–95, title II, §§206, 210, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 39, 44; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §544, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3374.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40110(a) | 49 App.:1344(a)(1) (less term of lease), (2) (words before 1st semicolon), (3). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §303(a)–(d), 72 Stat. 747; May 21, 1970, Pub. L. 91–258, §51(a)(1), 84 Stat. 234; July 12, 1976, Pub. L. 94–353, §16, 90 Stat. 882; Oct. 19, 1980, Pub. L. 96–470, §112(e), 94 Stat. 2240; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444; restated Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9118(a), 104 Stat. 1388–365. |

40110(b)(1) | 49 App.:1344(d). | |

40110(b) (2)(A) | 49 App.:1344(a)(1) (related to term of lease). | |

40110(b) (2)(B) | 49 App.:1344(b)(1). | |

40110(b) (2)(C) | 49 App.:1344(b)(2). | |

40110(b) (2)(D) | 49 App.:1344(c). | |

40110(b) (2)(E) | 49 App.:1344(g). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 747, §303(g); added Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §201(a), 106 Stat. 4890. |

40110(b) (2)(F) | 49 App.:1344(a)(2) (words after 1st semicolon). |


In this section, the word "Administrator" in section 303(a)–(d) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 747) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "In carrying out this part" are added for clarity. The words "on behalf of the United States . . . where appropriate" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "made by the Congress", "by purchase, condemnation . . . or otherwise", and "easements through or other" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "by sale, lease, or otherwise" and "real or personal" are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the word "renovate" is omitted as surplus. The words "and to purchase or otherwise acquire real property required therefor" are omitted as surplus because of the authority of the Administrator to acquire real property under clause (1) of this subsection.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "procedures other than competitive procedures" are substituted for "noncompetitive procedures" for consistency with subsection (b)(2)(D) of this section and 41:253(f).

In subsection (b)(2)(B), the text of 49 App.:1344(b)(1) (words before semicolon) and the words "easements through or other" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2)(C), the words "by purchase, condemnation, or lease" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (b)(2)(E) is substituted for 49 App.:1344(g) to eliminate the cross-references to other laws and for clarity and is based on the text of 10:2304(c)(1).

This amends 49:40110(a) to clarify the restatement of 49 App.:1344(a)(1)–(3) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1106).

The Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(C), is Pub. L. 103–355, Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3243. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1994 Act note set out under section 101 of Title 41, Public Contracts, and Tables.

The Small Business Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(D), is Pub. L. 85–536, §2(1 et seq.), July 18, 1958, 72 Stat. 384, which is classified generally to chapter 14A (§631 et seq.) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 631 of Title 15 and Tables.

The Competition in Contracting Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(E), probably means the Competition in Contracting Act of 1984, which is title VII of Pub. L. 98–369, div. B, July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1175. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1984 Act note set out under section 101 of Title 41, Public Contracts, and Tables.

The date of the enactment of the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century, referred to in subsec. (d)(3)(B), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–181, which was approved Apr. 5, 2000.

The Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(3)(B)–(D), is Pub. L. 93–400, Aug. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 796, which was classified principally to chapter 7 (§401 et seq.) of former Title 41, Public Contracts, and was substantially repealed and restated in division B (§1101 et seq.) of subtitle I of Title 41, Public Contracts, by Pub. L. 111–350, §§3, 7(b), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3677, 3855. Section 27(e)(3)(A)(iv) of the Act was repealed and restated as section 2105(c)(1)(D) of Title 41. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1974 Act note set out under section 101 of Title 41 and Tables. For disposition of sections of former Title 41, see Disposition Table preceding section 101 of Title 41.

The Buy American Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(5)(A), is title III of act Mar. 3, 1933, ch. 212, 47 Stat. 1520, which was classified generally to sections 10a, 10b, and 10c of former Title 41, Public Contracts, and was substantially repealed and restated in chapter 83 (§8301 et seq.) of Title 41, Public Contracts, by Pub. L. 111–350, §§3, 7(b), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3677, 3855. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1933 Act note set out under section 101 of Title 41 and Tables. For disposition of sections of former Title 41, see Disposition Table preceding section 101 of Title 41.

**2018**—Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 115–254 added par. (5).

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 112–95, §210, added pars. (2) and (3) and struck out former pars. (2) and (3) which read as follows:

"(2) may dispose of an interest in property for adequate compensation; and

"(3) may construct and improve laboratories and other test facilities."

Subsec. (c)(3) to (5). Pub. L. 112–95, §206, inserted "and" at end of par. (3), redesignated par. (5) as (4), and struck out former par. (4) which read as follows: "use procedures other than competitive procedures only when the property or services needed by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration are available from only one responsible source or only from a limited number of responsible sources and no other type of property or services will satisfy the needs of the Administrator; and".

**2011**—Subsec. (d)(2)(A). Pub. L. 111–350, §5(o)(7)(A), substituted "Division C (except sections 3302, 3501(b), 3509, 3906, 4710, and 4711) of subtitle I of title 41" for "Title III of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 252–266)".

Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 111–350, §5(o)(7)(B), substituted "Division B (except sections 1704 and 2303) of subtitle I of title 41" for "The Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 401 et seq.)".

Subsec. (d)(2)(C). Pub. L. 111–350, §5(o)(7)(C), substituted "(Public Law 103–355). However, section 4705 of title 41 shall apply to the new acquisition management system developed and implemented pursuant to paragraph (1). For the purpose of applying section 4705 of title 41 to the system," for "(Public Law 103–355), except for section 315 (41 U.S.C. 265). For the purpose of applying section 315 of that Act to the system,".

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 111–350, §5(o)(7)(D)(i), (ii), substituted "division b (except sections 1704 and 2303) of subtitle i of title 41" for "the office of federal procurement policy act" in heading and "chapter 21 of title 41" for "section 27 of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 423)" in text.

Subsec. (d)(3)(A). Pub. L. 111–350, §5(o)(7)(D)(iii), substituted "Sections 2101 and 2106 of title 41" for "Subsections (f) and (g)".

**2003**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–176, §224(a), struck out par. (1), which related to the senior procurement executive, par. (2) designation before "may—", and subpar. (D) of par. (2), which related to use procedures other than competitive procedures, redesignated subpars. (A), (B), (C), (E), and (F) of par. (2) as pars. (1) to (5), respectively, and realigned margins.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 108–176, §224(b)(1), struck out ", not later than January 1, 1996," after "shall develop and implement", substituted "provides for—" for "provides for more timely and cost-effective acquisitions of equipment and materials.", and added subpars. (A) and (B).

Subsec. (d)(2)(C). Pub. L. 108–176, §222, substituted "(Public Law 103–355), except for section 315 (41 U.S.C. 265). For the purpose of applying section 315 of that Act to the system, the term 'executive agency' is deemed to refer to the Federal Aviation Administration." for "(Public Law 103–355)."

Subsec. (d)(2)(G). Pub. L. 108–178, §4(k)(3), substituted "subparagraphs (A) through (F)" for "subparagraphs (A) through (G)".

Pub. L. 108–178, §4(k)(1), (2), redesignated subpar. (H) as (G) and struck out former subpar. (G) which read as follows: "The Brooks Automatic Data Processing Act (40 U.S.C. 759)."

Subsec. (d)(2)(H). Pub. L. 108–178, §4(k)(2), redesignated subpar. (H) as (G).

Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 108–176, §224(b)(2), added par. (4) and struck out heading and text of former par. (4). Text read as follows: "This subsection shall take effect on April 1, 1996."

**2002**—Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 107–217, §3(n)(5)(A), substituted "(as defined in section 3301(a) of title 40)" for "(as defined in section 13 of the Public Buildings Act of 1959 (40 U.S.C. 612))".

Subsec. (c)(2)(F). Pub. L. 107–217, §3(n)(5)(B), substituted "sections 121, 123, and 126 and chapter 5 of title 40" for "title II of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 481 et seq.)".

**2000**—Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 106–181 added subsecs. (d) and (e).

**1996**—Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 104–264 added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsec. (b) as (c).

**1994**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(48), in introductory provisions, struck out "may" after "Administration", in par. (1), struck out "acquire," before "to the extent" and substituted "may acquire services or, by condemnation or otherwise," for "services or", and in pars. (2) and (3), inserted "may" after par. designation.

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(80), inserted "notwithstanding section 1341(a)(1) of title 31," before "lease".

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–178 effective Aug. 21, 2002, see section 5 of Pub. L. 108–178, set out as a note under section 5334 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, §814, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 125, provided that: "When drafting contract proposals for training facilities under the general contracting authority of the Federal Aviation Administration, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall ensure—

"(1) the proposal is drafted so that all parties can fairly compete; and

"(2) the proposal takes into consideration the most cost-effective location, accessibility, and services options."

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §704, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 157, authorized the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to carry out a pilot program in fiscal years 2001 through 2003 to test and evaluate the benefits of long-term contracts for the leasing of aviation equipment and facilities and to enter into certain types of contracts for this purpose.

Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §251, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3236, provided that: "Not later than April 1, 1999, the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall employ outside experts to provide an independent evaluation of the effectiveness of the Administration's [Federal Aviation Administration] acquisition management system within 3 months after such date. The Administrator shall transmit a copy of the evaluation to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives."

Pub. L. 104–205, title III, §351, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 2979, provided that: "Not later than December 31, 1997, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall—

"(a) take such action as may be necessary to provide for an independent assessment of the acquisition management system of the Federal Aviation Administration that includes a review of any efforts of the Administrator in promoting and encouraging the use of full and open competition as the preferred method of procurement with respect to any contract that involves an amount greater than $50,000,000; and

"(b) submit to the Congress a report on the findings of that independent assessment: *Provided*, That for purposes of this section, the term 'full and open competition' has the meaning provided that term in section 4(6) of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 403(6))."

Pub. L. 104–50, title III, §348, Nov. 15, 1995, 109 Stat. 460, required the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to develop and implement, not later than Jan. 1, 1996, an acquisition management system, exempt from specified federal procurement and acquisition laws, to provide for more timely and cost-effective acquisitions of equipment and materials, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 106–181, title III, §307(d), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 126.

Pub. L. 103–355, title V, §5063, Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3356, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(2) Not later than 45 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 13, 1994], the Secretary of Transportation shall identify for the pilot program quantitative measures and goals for reducing acquisition management costs.

"(3) The Secretary of Transportation shall establish for the pilot program a review process that provides senior acquisition officials with reports on the minimum necessary data items required to ensure the appropriate expenditure of funds appropriated for the program and that—

"(A) contain essential information on program results at appropriate intervals, including the criteria to be used in measuring the success of the program; and

"(B) reduce data requirements from the current program review reporting requirements.

"(c)

"(1) to apply any amendment or repeal of a provision of law made in this Act [see Short Title of 1994 Amendment note set out under section 251 of Title 41, Public Contracts] to the pilot program before the effective date of such amendment or repeal; and

"(2) to apply to a procurement of items other than commercial items under such program—

"(A) any authority provided in this Act (or in an amendment made by a provision of this Act) to waive a provision of law in the case of commercial items, and

"(B) any exception applicable under this Act (or an amendment made by a provision of this Act) in the case of commercial items,

before the effective date of such provision (or amendment) to the extent that the Secretary determines necessary to test the application of such waiver or exception to procurements of items other than commercial items.

"(d)

"(1) a contract that is awarded or modified after the date occurring 45 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 13, 1994]; and

"(2) a contract that is awarded before such date and is to be performed (or may be performed), in whole or in part, after such date.

"(e)

"(1) Restriction of competitions to sources determined capable in a precompetition screening process, provided that the screening process affords all interested sources a fair opportunity to be considered.

"(2) Restriction of competitions to sources of preevaluated products, provided that the preevaluation process affords all interested sources a fair opportunity to be considered.

"(3) Alternative notice and publication requirements.

"(4) A process in which—

"(A) the competitive process is initiated by publication in the Commerce Business Daily, or by dissemination through FACNET, of a notice that—

"(i) contains a synopsis of the functional and performance needs of the executive agency conducting the test, and, for purposes of guidance only, other specifications; and

"(ii) invites any interested source to submit information or samples showing the suitability of its product for meeting those needs, together with a price quotation, or, if appropriate, showing the source's technical capability, past performance, product supportability, or other qualifications (including, as appropriate, information regarding rates and other cost-related factors);

"(B) contracting officials develop a request for proposals (including appropriate specifications and evaluation criteria) after reviewing the submissions of interested sources and, if the officials determine necessary, after consultation with those sources; and

"(C) a contract is awarded after a streamlined competition that is limited to all sources that timely provided product information in response to the notice or, if appropriate, to those sources determined most capable based on the qualification-based factors included in an invitation to submit information pursuant to subparagraph (A).

"(f)

"(A) any provision of the Federal Acquisition Regulation that is not required by statute; and

"(B) any provision of the Federal Acquisition Regulation that is required by a provision of law described in paragraph (2), the waiver of which the Administrator determines in writing to be necessary to test procedures authorized by subsection (e).

"(2) The provisions of law referred to in paragraph (1) are as follows:

"(A) Subsections (e), (f), and (g) of section 8 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 637).

"(B) The following provisions of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949:

"(i) Section 303 ([former] 41 U.S.C. 253) [see 41 U.S.C. 3105, 3301, 3303 to 3305].

"(ii) Section 303A ([former] 41 U.S.C. 253a) [see 41 U.S.C. 3306].

"(iii) Section 303B ([former] 41 U.S.C. 253b) [now 41 U.S.C. 3308, 3701 to 3708, 4702].

"(iv) Section 303C [former] (41 U.S.C. 253c) [now 41 U.S.C. 3311].

"(C) The following provisions of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act:

"(i) Section 4(6) ([former] 41 U.S.C. 403(6)) [see 41 U.S.C. 107].

"(ii) Section 18 ([former] 41 U.S.C. 416) [see 41 U.S.C. 1708].

"(g)

"(h)

"(i)

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1) operation, maintenance, and support of facilities and installations.

(2) operation, maintenance, and modification of aircraft, vehicles, and other highly complex equipment.

(3) specialized training requiring high quality instructor skills, including training of pilots and aircrew members and foreign language training.

(4) base services, including ground maintenance, aircraft refueling, bus transportation, and refuse collection and disposal.

(b)

(1) there will be a continuing requirement for the service consistent with current plans for the proposed contract period;

(2) providing the service will require a substantial initial investment in plant or equipment, or will incur a substantial contingent liability for assembling, training, or transporting a specialized workforce; and

(3) the contract will promote the best interests of the United States by encouraging effective competition and promoting economies in operation.

(c)

(1) The part of the cost of a plant or equipment amortized as a cost of contract performance may not be more than the ratio between the period of contract performance and the anticipated useful commercial life (instead of physical life) of the plant or equipment, considering the location and specialized nature of the plant or equipment, obsolescence, and other similar factors.

(2) The Administrator shall consider the desirability of—

(A) obtaining an option to renew the contract for a reasonable period of not more than 3 years, at a price that does not include charges for nonrecurring costs already amortized; and

(B) reserving in the Administrator the right, on payment of the unamortized part of the cost of the plant or equipment, to take title to the plant or equipment under appropriate circumstances.

(d)

(1) an appropriation originally available for carrying out the contract;

(2) an appropriation currently available for procuring the type of service concerned and not otherwise obligated; or

(3) amounts appropriated for payments to end the contract.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1107.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40111(a) | 49 App.:1344(e)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §303(e), 72 Stat. 747; May 21, 1970, Pub. L. 91–258, §51(a)(1), 84 Stat. 234; July 12, 1976, Pub. L. 94–353, §16, 90 Stat. 882; Oct. 19, 1980, Pub. L. 96–470, §112(e), 94 Stat. 2240; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444; restated Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9118(a), 104 Stat. 1388–366. |

40111(b) | 49 App.:1344(e)(2). | |

40111(c) | 49 App.:1344(e)(3). | |

40111(d) | 49 App.:1344(e)(4). |


In this section, the word "Administrator" in section 303(e) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 747) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "periods of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the words "training of" are added for clarity. In clause (4), the word "aircraft" is substituted for "in-plane" for clarity.

In subsection (c)(2)(A), the words "plant, equipment, and other" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "canceled or" and "cancellation or" are omitted as being included in "ended" and "ending", respectively.

(a)

(b)

(1) the contract will promote the safety or efficiency of the national airspace system and will result in reduced total contract costs;

(2) the minimum need for the property to be purchased is expected to remain substantially unchanged during the proposed contract period in terms of production rate, procurement rate, and total quantities;

(3) there is a reasonable expectation that throughout the proposed contract period the Administrator will request appropriations for the contract at the level required to avoid cancellation;

(4) there is a stable design for the property to be acquired and the technical risks associated with the property are not excessive; and

(5) the estimates of the contract costs and the anticipated savings from the contract are realistic.

(c)

(1) to broaden the aviation industrial base—

(A) a contract under this section shall be used to seek, retain, and promote the use under that contract of subcontractors, vendors, or suppliers; and

(B) on accrual of a payment or other benefit accruing on a contract under this section to a subcontractor, vendor, or supplier participating in the contract, the payment or benefit shall be delivered in the most expeditious way practicable; and

(2) this section and regulations prescribed under this section may not be carried out in a way that precludes or curtails the existing ability of the Administrator to provide for—

(A) competition in producing items to be delivered under a contract under this section; or

(B) ending a prime contract when performance is deficient with respect to cost, quality, or schedule.

(d)

(A) be used for the advance procurement of components, parts, and material necessary to manufacture equipment to be used in the national airspace system;

(B) provide that performance under the contract after the first year is subject to amounts being appropriated; and

(C) contain a negotiated priced option for varying the number of end items to be procured over the period of the contract.

(2) If feasible and practicable, an advance procurement contract may be made to achieve economic-lot purchases and more efficient production rates.

(e)

(2) Before awarding a contract under this section containing a cancellation ceiling of more than $100,000,000, the Administrator shall give written notice of the proposed contract and cancellation ceiling to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives. The contract may not be awarded until the end of the 30-day period beginning on the date of the notice.

(f)

(1) an appropriation originally available for carrying out the contract;

(2) an appropriation currently available for procuring the type of property concerned and not otherwise obligated; or

(3) amounts appropriated for payments to end the contract.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1108; Pub. L. 104–106, div. E, title LVI, §5606, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 700; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40112(a) | 49 App.:1344(f)(1) (words before 4th comma), (6), (7) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §303(f), 72 Stat. 747; May 21, 1970, Pub. L. 91–258, §51(a)(1), 84 Stat. 234; July 12, 1976, Pub. L. 94–353, §16, 90 Stat. 882; Oct. 19, 1980, Pub. L. 96–470, §112(e), 94 Stat. 2240; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444; restated Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9118(a), 104 Stat. 1388–367. |

40112(b) | 49 App.:1344(f)(1) (words after 4th comma). | |

40112(c) | 49 App.:1344(f)(2). | |

40112(d) (1)(A) | 49 App.:1344(f)(4) (words before 3d comma). | |

40112(d) (1)(B) | 49 App.:1344(f)(7) (last sentence words before "and (if"). | |

40112(d) (1)(C) | 49 App.:1344(f)(8). | |

40112(d)(2) | 49 App.:1344(f)(4) (words after 3d comma). | |

40112(e)(1) | 49 App.:1344(f)(7) (last sentence words after "of funds"). | |

40112(e)(2) | 49 App.:1344(f)(3). | |

40112(f) | 49 App.:1344(f)(5). |


In this section, the word "Administrator" in section 303(f) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 747) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

In subsection (a), the reference in 49 App.:1344(f)(7) to a contract for the purchase of services is omitted as surplus because 49 App.:1344(f)(1) states that the subsection is concerned only with contracts for the purchase of property.

In subsection (b)(5), the word "savings" is substituted for "cost avoidance" for clarity.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the word "both" is omitted as surplus. In clause (1)(A), the words "in such a manner as" and "companies that are" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1)(B), the words "accruing on" are substituted for "under" for clarity. The words "subcontractor" and "contract" are substituted for "subcontract" and "contractor", respectively, to correct errors in the source provisions being restated.

In subsection (d)(1)(B), the words "after the first year" are substituted for "during the second and subsequent years of the contract" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e)(2), the words "a clause setting forth" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), the words "canceled or" and "cancellation or" are omitted as being included in "ended" and "ending", respectively.

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–106 struck out "or a contract to purchase property to which section 111 of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 759) applies" after "improvement to real property".

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Public Works and Transportation".

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–106 effective 180 days after Feb. 10, 1996, see section 5701 of Pub. L. 104–106, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 702.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) be credited to the appropriation current when the amount is received;

(B) be merged with and available for the purposes of such appropriation; and

(C) remain available until expended.

(4)

(5)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1110; Pub. L. 103–305, title II, §202, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1582; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §156(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 89; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §140(c), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 641; Pub. L. 112–95, title II, §207, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 39; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(c)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3627; Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §119(g), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2342.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40113(a) | 49 App.:1324(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§204(a), 313(a), 72 Stat. 743, 752. |

49 App.:1354(a). | ||

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

40113(b) | 49 App.:1472(h)(1), (3). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §902(h)(1), (3), 72 Stat. 785; restated Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §113(c), 88 Stat. 2162, 2163. |

40113(c) | 49 App.:1505. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1105, 72 Stat. 798; Oct. 15, 1962, Pub. L. 87–810, §3, 76 Stat. 921. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

40113(d) | 49 App.:1354(e). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §313(e); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §205, 101 Stat. 1521. |


In subsections (a), (c), and (d), the word "Administrator" in sections 313(a) and (e) and 1105 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 752, 798) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

Subsection (a) is substituted for 49 App.:1324(a) and 1354(a) to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "standards" is added for consistency.

In subsection (b), the words "his responsibilities under" and "safe" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "department, agency, and instrumentality" are substituted for "agency" and "governmental agency" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The text of 49 App.:1505 (2d, 3d sentences) is omitted as superseded by 49 App.:1903(b), restated in sections 1105, 1110, and 1111 of the revised title. The word "existing" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the text of 49 App.:1354(e) (last sentence) is omitted because of 49:322(a).

**2020**—Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 116–260, §119(g)(1), inserted "The Administrator may also provide technical assistance related to all aviation safety-related training and operational services in connection with bilateral and multilateral agreements, including further bolstering the components of airmanship." after "safety or efficiency."

Subsec. (e)(5). Pub. L. 116–260, §119(g)(2), added par. (5).

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(c)(2)(A), substituted "the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by that Administrator or" for "the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary or", "carried out by that Administrator" for "carried out by the Administrator", and ", Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration," for ", Under Secretary, or Administrator,".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(c)(2)(B), struck out "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security or the" before "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" and substituted "employee of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "employee of the Transportation Security Administration or Federal Aviation Administration, as the case may be," and "that the Administrator" for "that the Under Secretary or Administrator, as the case may be,".

**2012**—Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 112–95, §207(1), inserted "(whether public or private)" after "authorities" and substituted "safety or efficiency. The Administrator is authorized to participate in, and submit offers in response to, competitions to provide these services, and to contract with foreign aviation authorities to provide these services consistent with section 106(l)(6)." for "safety."

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 112–95, §207(2), inserted at end "The Administrator is authorized, notwithstanding any other provision of law or policy, to accept payments for services provided under this subsection in arrears."

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 112–95, §207(3), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Funds received by the Administrator pursuant to this section shall be credited to the appropriation from which the expenses were incurred in providing such services."

**2001**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(c)(1), inserted "the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary or" before "the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" and substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(c)(2), inserted "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security or the" after "The" and substituted "employee of the Transportation Security Administration or Federal Aviation Administration, as the case may be," for "employee of the Administration" and "the Under Secretary or Administrator, as the case may be, decides" for "the Administrator decides".

**2000**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 106–181 added subsec. (f).

**1994**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–305 added subsec. (e).

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the Transportation Security Administration of the Department of Transportation, including the functions of the Secretary of Transportation, and of the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security, relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 203(2), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §520, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3362, provided that: "Not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall implement a policy that—

"(1) designates the Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation as the primary liaison between the commercial space transportation industry and the [Federal Aviation] Administration;

"(2) recognizes the necessity of, and set [sic] forth processes for, launch license and permit holder coordination with the Air Traffic Organization on matters including—

"(A) the use of air navigation facilities;

"(B) airspace safety; and

"(C) planning of commercial space launch and launch support activities;

"(3) designates a single point of contact within the Air Traffic Organization who is responsible for—

"(A) maintaining letters of agreement between a launch license or permit holder and a Federal Aviation Administration facility;

"(B) making such letters of agreement available to the Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation;

"(C) ensuring that a facility that has entered into such a letter of agreement is aware of and fulfills its responsibilities under the letter; and

"(D) liaising between the Air Traffic Organization and the Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation on any matter relating to such a letter of agreement; and

"(4) requires the Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation to facilitate, upon the request of a launch license or permit holder—

"(A) coordination between a launch license and permit holder and the Air Traffic Organization; and

"(B) the negotiation of letters of agreement between a launch license or permit holder and a Federal Aviation Administration facility or the Air Traffic Organization."

Pub. L. 104–205, title I, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 2957, provided in part that: "There is hereby established in the Treasury a fund, to be available without fiscal year limitation, for the costs of capitalizing and operating such administrative services as the FAA Administrator determines may be performed more advantageously as centralized services, including accounting, international training, payroll, travel, duplicating, multimedia and information technology services: *Provided*, That any inventories, equipment, and other assets pertaining to the services to be provided by such fund, either on hand or on order, less the related liabilities or unpaid obligations, and any appropriations made prior to the current year for the purpose of providing capital shall be used to capitalize such fund: *Provided further*, That such fund shall be paid in advance from funds available to the FAA and other Federal agencies for which such centralized services are performed, at rates which will return in full all expenses of operation, including accrued leave, depreciation of fund plant and equipment, amortization of Automated Data Processing (ADP) software and systems (either required or donated), and an amount necessary to maintain a reasonable operating reserve, as determined by the FAA Administrator: *Provided further*, That such fund shall provide services on a competitive basis: *Provided further*, That an amount not to exceed four percent of the total annual income to such fund may be retained in the fund for fiscal year 1997 and each year thereafter, to remain available until expended, to be used for the acquisition of capital equipment and for the improvement and implementation of FAA financial management, ADP, and support systems: *Provided further*, That no later than thirty days after the end of each fiscal year, amounts in excess of this reserve limitation shall be transferred to miscellaneous receipts in the Treasury."

Pub. L. 106–69, title III, §337, Oct. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1022, which provided that none of the funds in Pub. L. 106–69 were to be available for activities under the Aircraft Purchase Loan Guarantee Program during fiscal year 2000, was from the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2000, and was not repeated in subsequent appropriations acts. Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(g) [title I], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–439, 2681–446.

Pub. L. 105–66, title I, Oct. 27, 1997, 111 Stat. 1431.

Pub. L. 104–205, title I, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 2957.

Pub. L. 104–50, title I, Nov. 15, 1995, 109 Stat. 442.

Pub. L. 103–331, title I, Sept. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 2476.

Pub. L. 103–122, title I, Oct. 27, 1993, 107 Stat. 1205.

Pub. L. 102–388, title I, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1527.

Pub. L. 102–143, title I, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 924.

Pub. L. 101–516, title I, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2161.

Pub. L. 101–164, title I, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1076.

Pub. L. 100–457, title I, Sept. 30, 1988, 102 Stat. 2131.

Pub. L. 100–202, §101(l) [title I], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–358, 1329–363.

Pub. L. 99–500, §101(l) [H.R. 5205, title I], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–308, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(l) [H.R. 5205, title I], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–308.

Pub. L. 99–190, §101(e) [title I], Dec. 19, 1985, 99 Stat. 1267, 1273.

Pub. L. 98–473, title I, §3101(i) [title I], Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1944, 1950.

Pub. L. 98–78, title I, Aug. 15, 1983, 97 Stat. 458.

Pub. L. 98–63, title I, July 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 339.

(a)

(2) The Secretary (or the Administrator with respect to aviation safety duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator) shall have all reports, orders, decisions, and regulations the Secretary or Administrator, as appropriate, issues or prescribes published in the form and way best adapted for public use. A publication of the Secretary or Administrator is competent evidence of its contents.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1110.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40114(a)(1) | 49 App.:1324(d) (1st, 2d sentences). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§204(d), 313(b), 1103, 72 Stat. 743, 753, 797. |

49 App.:1354(b) (1st, 2d sentences). | ||

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

40114(a)(2) | 49 App.:1324(d) (3d, last sentences). | |

49 App.:1354(b) (3d, last sentences). | ||

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

40114(b) | 49 App.:1503. | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). |


In subsection (a), the word "Administrator" in section 313(b) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 753) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

In subsection (a)(1), the words "otherwise", "requirement in the premises", and "shall be entered of record" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the word "rules" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulations". The word "prescribes" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "under this chapter" and "information and" are omitted as surplus. The words "A publication of the Secretary or Administrator is competent evidence of its contents" is substituted for 49 App.:1324(d) (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency.

In subsection (b), the words "otherwise", "all contracts, agreements, understandings, and", "annual or other", "of air carriers and other persons", and "preserved as" are omitted as surplus. The last sentence is substituted for 49 App.:1503 (words after 7th comma) to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency.

Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, §806, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 121, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) a list of obsolete, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary reports the Administration is required by law to submit to Congress or publish that the Administrator recommends eliminating or consolidating with other reports; and

"(2) an estimate of the cost savings that would result from the elimination or consolidation of those reports.

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) may not publish any report required or authorized by law in a printed format; and

"(B) shall publish any such report by posting it on the Administration's Internet Web site in an easily accessible and downloadable electronic format.

"(2)

"(A) its publication in a printed format is essential to the mission of the Administration; or

"(B) its publication in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (1) would disclose matter—

"(i) described in section 552(b) of title 5, United States Code; or

"(ii) the disclosure of which would have an adverse impact on aviation safety or security, as determined by the Administrator."

(a)

(A) in a record filed under this part; or

(B) obtained under this part by the Secretary of Transportation or State or the United States Postal Service.

(2) An objection must be in writing and must state the reasons for the objection. The Secretary of Transportation or State or the Postal Service shall order the information withheld from public disclosure when the appropriate Secretary or the Postal Service decides that disclosure of the information would—

(A) prejudice the United States Government in preparing and presenting its position in international negotiations; or

(B) have an adverse effect on the competitive position of an air carrier in foreign air transportation.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1111.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40115 | 49 App.:1504. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1104, 72 Stat. 797; restated Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §39, 92 Stat. 1743; Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §19, 94 Stat. 43. |


In subsection (a)(1)(B), the words "the Secretary of Transportation or State or the United States Postal Service" are substituted for "the Board, the Secretary of State, or the Secretary of Transportation" because under 49 App.:1551 the duties of the Civil Aeronautics Board were transferred to the Secretary of Transportation and the Postal Service.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "shall order the information withheld from public disclosure when the appropriate Secretary or the Postal Service decides that disclosure of the information" are substituted for "shall be withheld from public disclosure by the Board, the Secretary of State or the Secretary of Transportation" for clarity and because of the restatement.

In subsection (b), the words "The Board, the Secretary of State, or the Secretary of Transportation, as the case may be, shall be responsible for classified information in accordance with appropriate law" are omitted as surplus.

(a)

(b)

(1) an individual traveling in air commerce;

(2) the transportation of an individual traveling in air commerce;

(3) the sale of air transportation; or

(4) the gross receipts from that air commerce or transportation.

(c)

(d)

(A) "air carrier transportation property" means property (as defined by the Secretary of Transportation) that an air carrier providing air transportation owns or uses.

(B) "assessment" means valuation for a property tax levied by a taxing district.

(C) "assessment jurisdiction" means a geographical area in a State used in determining the assessed value of property for ad valorem taxation.

(D) "commercial and industrial property" means property (except transportation property and land used primarily for agriculture or timber growing) devoted to a commercial or industrial use and subject to a property tax levy.

(2)(A) A State, political subdivision of a State, or authority acting for a State or political subdivision may not do any of the following acts because those acts unreasonably burden and discriminate against interstate commerce:

(i) assess air carrier transportation property at a value that has a higher ratio to the true market value of the property than the ratio that the assessed value of other commercial and industrial property of the same type in the same assessment jurisdiction has to the true market value of the other commercial and industrial property.

(ii) levy or collect a tax on an assessment that may not be made under clause (i) of this subparagraph.

(iii) levy or collect an ad valorem property tax on air carrier transportation property at a tax rate greater than the tax rate applicable to commercial and industrial property in the same assessment jurisdiction.

(iv) levy or collect a tax, fee, or charge, first taking effect after August 23, 1994, exclusively upon any business located at a commercial service airport or operating as a permittee of such an airport other than a tax, fee, or charge wholly utilized for airport or aeronautical purposes.

(v) except as otherwise provided under section 47133, levy or collect a tax, fee, or charge, first taking effect after the date of enactment of this clause, upon any business located at a commercial service airport or operating as a permittee of such an airport that is not generally imposed on sales or services by that State, political subdivision, or authority unless wholly utilized for airport or aeronautical purposes.

(B) Subparagraph (A) of this paragraph does not apply to an in lieu tax completely used for airport and aeronautical purposes.

(e)

(1) taxes (except those taxes enumerated in subsection (b) of this section), including property taxes, net income taxes, franchise taxes, and sales or use taxes on the sale of goods or services; and

(2) reasonable rental charges, landing fees, and other service charges from aircraft operators for using airport facilities of an airport owned or operated by that State or subdivision.

(f)

(A) "pay" means money received by an employee for services.

(B) "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and a territory or possession of the United States.

(C) an employee is deemed to have earned 50 percent of the employee's pay in a State or political subdivision of a State in which the scheduled flight time of the employee in the State or subdivision is more than 50 percent of the total scheduled flight time of the employee when employed during the calendar year.

(2) The pay of an employee of an air carrier having regularly assigned duties on aircraft in at least 2 States is subject to the income tax laws of only the following:

(A) the State or political subdivision of the State that is the residence of the employee.

(B) the State or political subdivision of the State in which the employee earns more than 50 percent of the pay received by the employee from the carrier.

(3) Compensation paid by an air carrier to an employee described in subsection (a) in connection with such employee's authorized leave or other authorized absence from regular duties on the carrier's aircraft in order to perform services on behalf of the employee's airline union shall be subject to the income tax laws of only the following:

(A) The State or political subdivision of the State that is the residence of the employee.

(B) The State or political subdivision of the State in which the employee's scheduled flight time would have been more than 50 percent of the employee's total scheduled flight time for the calendar year had the employee been engaged full time in the performance of regularly assigned duties on the carrier's aircraft.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1111; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §112(e), title II, §208, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1576, 1588; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §149(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3226; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(66), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3395; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §159(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3220.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40116(a) | 49 App.:1513(d)(2)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1113(d); added Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §532(b), 96 Stat. 701. |

49 App.:1513(f) (words in parentheses). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1113(f); added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9125, 104 Stat. 1388–370. | |

40116(b) | 49 App.:1513(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1113(a); added June 18, 1973, Pub. L. 93–44, §7(a), 87 Stat. 90; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9110(1), 104 Stat. 1388–357. |

40116(c) | 49 App.:1513(f) (less words in parentheses). | |

40116(d) | 49 App.:1513(d)(1), (2)(A)–(D), (3). | |

40116(e) | 49 App.:1513(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1113(b); added June 18, 1973, Pub. L. 93–44, §7(a), 87 Stat. 90; Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §532(a), 96 Stat. 701. |

40116(f) (1)(A), (B) | 49 App.:1512(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1112; added Dec. 23, 1970, Pub. L. 91–569, §4(a), 84 Stat. 1502; restated Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §402, 94 Stat. 57. |

40116(f) (1)(C) | 49 App.:1512(b). | |

40116(f)(2) | 49 App.:1512(a). |


Subsection (a) is made applicable to subsections (b) and (e) of this section to avoid having to repeat the term being defined. In subsection (a), the words "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam" are omitted as surplus because of the definition of "territory or possession of the United States" in section 40102(a) of the revised title. The word "authority" is substituted for "agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), reference to 49 App.:1513(f), restated as subsection (c) of this section, is added for clarity. The words "directly or indirectly" are omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:1513(a) (words after "subsection (e) and") is omitted as surplus.

In subsections (d)(2)(A), before clause (i), and (f)(1)(C) and (2), the word "political" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (f)(1)(A), the word "pay" is substituted for "compensation" for consistency in the revised title and with chapter 55 of title 5, United States Code. The words "rendered by the employee in the performance of his duties and shall include wages and salary" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(1)(B), the words "means a State of the United States" are substituted for "also means" for clarity.

In subsection (f)(1)(C), the words "of a State" are added for clarity.

In subsection (f)(2), before clause (A), the words "as such an employee" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:40116(d)(2)(A)(iv) to conform to the style of title 49 and to set out the effective date for this clause.

The date of enactment of this clause, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(A)(v), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

**2018**—Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(v). Pub. L. 115–254 added cl. (v).

**1996**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–264, in introductory provisions, substituted "a State, a" for "a State or" and inserted ", and any person that has purchased or leased an airport under section 47134 of this title" after "of a State".

Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 104–287, which directed substitution of "August 23, 1994" for "the date of enactment of this clause", was executed by making the substitution for "the date of the enactment of this clause" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "levy" for "Levy".

**1994**—Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 103–305, §112(e), added cl. (iv).

Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 103–305, §208, added par. (3).

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §159(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3220, provided that: "Nothing in this section [amending this section] or an amendment made by this section shall affect a change to a rate or other provision of a tax, fee, or charge under section 40116 of title 49, United States Code, that was enacted prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018]. Such provision of a tax, fee, or charge shall continue to be subject to the requirements to which such provision was subject under that section as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act."

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) A project for airport development or airport planning under subchapter I of chapter 471.

(B) A project for terminal development described in section 47119(a).

(C) A project for costs of terminal development referred to in subparagraph (B) incurred after August 1, 1986, at an airport that did not have more than .25 percent of the total annual passenger boardings in the United States in the most recent calendar year for which data is available and at which total passenger boardings declined by at least 16 percent between calendar year 1989 and calendar year 1997.

(D) A project for airport noise capability planning under section 47505.

(E) A project to carry out noise compatibility measures eligible for assistance under section 47504, whether or not a program for those measures has been approved under section 47504.

(F) A project for constructing gates and related areas at which passengers board or exit aircraft. In the case of a project required to enable additional air service by an air carrier with less than 50 percent of the annual passenger boardings at an airport, the project for constructing gates and related areas may include structural foundations and floor systems, exterior building walls and load-bearing interior columns or walls, windows, door and roof systems, building utilities (including heating, air conditioning, ventilation, plumbing, and electrical service), and aircraft fueling facilities adjacent to the gate.

(G) A project for converting vehicles and ground support equipment used at a commercial service airport to low-emission technology (as defined in section 47102) or to use cleaner burning conventional fuels, retrofitting of any such vehicles or equipment that are powered by a diesel or gasoline engine with emission control technologies certified or verified by the Environmental Protection Agency to reduce emissions, or acquiring for use at a commercial service airport vehicles and ground support equipment that include low-emission technology or use cleaner burning fuels if the airport is located in an air quality nonattainment area (as defined in section 171(2) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7501(2))) or a maintenance area referred to in section 175A of such Act (42 U.S.C. 7505a) and if such project will result in an airport receiving appropriate emission credits as described in section 47139.

(4)

(5)

(6)

(b)

(2) A State, political subdivision of a State, or authority of a State or political subdivision that is not the eligible agency may not regulate or prohibit the imposition or collection of a passenger facility charge or the use of the passenger facility revenue.

(3) A passenger facility charge may be imposed on a passenger of an air carrier or foreign air carrier originating or connecting at the commercial service airport that the agency controls.

(4) In lieu of authorizing a charge under paragraph (1), the Secretary may authorize under this section an eligible agency to impose a passenger facility charge of $4.00 or $4.50 on each paying passenger of an air carrier or foreign air carrier boarding an aircraft at an airport the agency controls to finance an eligible airport-related project, including making payments for debt service on indebtedness incurred to carry out the project.

(5)

(6)

(7)

(A)

(i) the Secretary determines that the building is adversely affected by airport noise;

(ii) the building is owned or chartered by the school district that was the plaintiff in case number 986,442 or 986,446, which was resolved by such judgment and final order;

(iii) the project is for a school identified in 1 of the settlement agreements effective February 16, 2005, between the airport and each of the school districts;

(iv) in the case of a project to replace a relocatable building with a permanent building, the eligible project costs are limited to the actual structural construction costs necessary to mitigate aircraft noise in instructional classrooms to an interior noise level meeting current standards of the Federal Aviation Administration; and

(v) the project otherwise meets the requirements of this section for authorization of a passenger facility charge.

(B)

(c)

(2) Before submitting an application, the eligible agency must provide reasonable notice to, and an opportunity for consultation with, air carriers and foreign air carriers operating at the airport. The Secretary shall prescribe regulations that define reasonable notice and contain at least the following requirements:

(A) The agency must provide written notice of individual projects being considered for financing by a passenger facility charge and the date and location of a meeting to present the projects to air carriers and foreign air carriers operating at the airport.

(B) Not later than 30 days after written notice is provided under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, each air carrier and foreign air carrier operating at the airport must provide to the agency written notice of receipt of the notice. Failure of a carrier to provide the notice may be deemed certification of agreement with the project by the carrier under subparagraph (D) of this paragraph.

(C) Not later than 45 days after written notice is provided under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, the agency must conduct a meeting to provide air carriers and foreign air carriers with descriptions of projects and justifications and a detailed financial plan for projects.

(D) Not later than 30 days after the meeting, each air carrier and foreign air carrier must provide to the agency certification of agreement or disagreement with projects (or total plan for the projects). Failure to provide the certification is deemed certification of agreement with the project by the carrier. A certification of disagreement is void if it does not contain the reasons for the disagreement.

(E) The agency must include in its application or notice submitted under subparagraph (A) copies of all certifications of agreement or disagreement received under subparagraph (D).

(F) For the purpose of this section, an eligible agency providing notice and an opportunity for consultation to an air carrier or foreign air carrier is deemed to have satisfied the requirements of this paragraph if the eligible agency limits such notices and consultations to air carriers and foreign air carriers that have a significant business interest at the airport. In the subparagraph, the term "significant business interest" means an air carrier or foreign air carrier that had no less than 1.0 percent of passenger boardings at the airport in the prior calendar year, had at least 25,000 passenger boardings at the airport in the prior calendar year, or provides scheduled service at the airport.

(3) Before submitting an application, the eligible agency must provide reasonable notice and an opportunity for public comment. The Secretary shall prescribe regulations that define reasonable notice and provide for at least the following under this paragraph:

(A) A requirement that the eligible agency provide public notice of intent to collect a passenger facility charge so as to inform those interested persons and agencies that may be affected. The public notice may include—

(i) publication in local newspapers of general circulation;

(ii) publication in other local media; and

(iii) posting the notice on the agency's Internet website.

(B) A requirement for submission of public comments no sooner than 30 days, and no later than 45 days, after the date of the publication of the notice.

(C) A requirement that the agency include in its application or notice submitted under subparagraph (A) copies of all comments received under subparagraph (B).

(4) After receiving an application, the Secretary may provide notice and an opportunity to air carriers, foreign air carriers, and other interested persons to comment on the application. The Secretary shall make a final decision on the application not later than 120 days after receiving it.

(d)

(1) the amount and duration of the proposed passenger facility charge will result in revenue (including interest and other returns on the revenue) that is not more than the amount necessary to finance the specific project;

(2) each project is an eligible airport-related project that will—

(A) preserve or enhance capacity, safety, or security of the national air transportation system;

(B) reduce noise resulting from an airport that is part of the system; or

(C) provide an opportunity for enhanced competition between or among air carriers and foreign air carriers;

(3) the application includes adequate justification for each of the specific projects; and

(4) in the case of an application to impose a charge of more than $3.00 for an eligible surface transportation or terminal project, the agency has made adequate provision for financing the airside needs of the airport, including runways, taxiways, aprons, and aircraft gates.

(e)

(A) if the Secretary approves an application that the agency has submitted under subsection (c) of this section; and

(B) subject to terms the Secretary may prescribe to carry out the objectives of this section.

(2) A passenger facility charge may not be collected from a passenger—

(A) for more than 2 boardings on a one-way trip or a trip in each direction of a round trip;

(B) for the boarding to an eligible place under subchapter II of chapter 417 of this title for which essential air service compensation is paid under subchapter II;

(C) enplaning at an airport if the passenger did not pay for the air transportation which resulted in such enplanement, including any case in which the passenger obtained the ticket for the air transportation with a frequent flier award coupon without monetary payment;

(D) on flights, including flight segments, between 2 or more points in Hawaii;

(E) in Alaska aboard an aircraft having a seating capacity of less than 60 passengers; and

(F) enplaning at an airport if the passenger did not pay for the air transportation which resulted in such enplanement due to charter arrangements and payment by the Department of Defense.

(f)

(2) A project financed with a passenger facility charge may not be subject to an exclusive long-term lease or use agreement of an air carrier or foreign air carrier, as defined by regulations of the Secretary.

(3) A lease or use agreement of an air carrier or foreign air carrier related to a project whose construction or expansion was financed with a passenger facility charge may not restrict the eligible agency from financing, developing, or assigning new capacity at the airport with passenger facility revenue.

(g)

(2) An eligible agency may not include in its price base the part of the capital costs of a project paid for by using passenger facility revenue to establish a price under a contract between the agency and an air carrier or foreign air carrier.

(3) For a project for terminal development, gates and related areas, or a facility occupied or used by at least one air carrier or foreign air carrier on an exclusive or preferential basis, a price payable by an air carrier or foreign air carrier using the facilities must at least equal the price paid by an air carrier or foreign air carrier using a similar facility at the airport that was not financed with passenger facility revenue.

(4) Passenger facility revenues that are held by an air carrier or an agent of the carrier after collection of a passenger facility charge constitute a trust fund that is held by the air carrier or agent for the beneficial interest of the eligible agency imposing the charge. Such carrier or agent holds neither legal nor equitable interest in the passenger facility revenues except for any handling fee or retention of interest collected on unremitted proceeds as may be allowed by the Secretary.

(h)

(2) The Secretary periodically shall audit and review the use by an eligible agency of passenger facility revenue. After review and a public hearing, the Secretary may end any part of the authority of the agency to impose a passenger facility charge to the extent the Secretary decides that the revenue is not being used as provided in this section.

(3) The Secretary may set off amounts necessary to ensure compliance with this section against amounts otherwise payable to an eligible agency under subchapter I of chapter 471 of this title if the Secretary decides a passenger facility charge is excessive or that passenger facility revenue is not being used as provided in this section.

(i)

(1) may prescribe the time and form by which a passenger facility charge takes effect;

(2) shall—

(A) require an air carrier or foreign air carrier and its agent to collect a passenger facility charge that an eligible agency imposes under this section;

(B) establish procedures for handling and remitting money collected;

(C) ensure that the money, less a uniform amount the Secretary determines reflects the average necessary and reasonable expenses (net of interest accruing to the carrier and agent after collection and before remittance) incurred in collecting and handling the charge, is paid promptly to the eligible agency for which they are collected; and

(D) require that the amount collected for any air transportation be noted on the ticket for that air transportation; and

(3) may permit an eligible agency to request that collection of a passenger facility charge be waived for—

(A) passengers enplaned by any class of air carrier or foreign air carrier if the number of passengers enplaned by the carriers in the class constitutes not more than one percent of the total number of passengers enplaned annually at the airport at which the charge is imposed; or

(B) passengers enplaned on a flight to an airport—

(i) that has fewer than 2,500 passenger boardings each year and receives scheduled passenger service; or

(ii) in a community which has a population of less than 10,000 and is not connected by a land highway or vehicular way to the land-connected National Highway System within a State.

(j)

(k)

(1)

(2)

(l)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) information that the Secretary may require by regulation on each project for which authority to impose a passenger facility charge is sought;

(B) the amount of revenue from passenger facility charges that is proposed to be collected for each project; and

(C) the level of the passenger facility charge that is proposed.

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(m)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(n)

(1) the eligible agency seeking to impose the new charge controls an airport where a $2.00 passenger facility charge became effective on January 1, 2013; and

(2) the location of the project to be financed by the new charge is at an airport that was under the control of the same eligible agency that had controlled the airport described in paragraph (1).

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1113; Pub. L. 103–305, title II, §§203, 204(a)(1), (b), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1582, 1583; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §142(b)(2), title XII, §1202, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3221, 3280; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(67), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3395; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §§105(a), (b), 135(a), (b), 151, 152(a), 155(c), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 71, 83, 86–88; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §§121(a)–(c), 122–123(d), 124, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2499–2502; Pub. L. 110–253, §3(c)(1), June 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2417; Pub. L. 110–330, §5(a), Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3718; Pub. L. 110–337, §1, Oct. 2, 2008, 122 Stat. 3729; Pub. L. 111–12, §5(a), Mar. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 1458; Pub. L. 111–69, §5(a), Oct. 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 2055; Pub. L. 111–116, §5(a), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3032; Pub. L. 111–153, §5(a), Mar. 31, 2010, 124 Stat. 1085; Pub. L. 111–161, §5(a), Apr. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1127; Pub. L. 111–197, §5(a), July 2, 2010, 124 Stat. 1354; Pub. L. 111–216, title I, §104(a), Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2349; Pub. L. 111–249, §5(a), Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2628; Pub. L. 111–329, §5(a), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3567; Pub. L. 112–7, §5(a), Mar. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 32; Pub. L. 112–16, §5(a), May 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 219; Pub. L. 112–21, §5(a), June 29, 2011, 125 Stat. 234; Pub. L. 112–27, §5(a), Aug. 5, 2011, 125 Stat. 271; Pub. L. 112–30, title II, §205(a), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 358; Pub. L. 112–91, §5(a), Jan. 31, 2012, 126 Stat. 4; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §§111(a)–(c)(1), 152(e)(1), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 17, 18, 34; Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2302, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 638; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §121, div. B, title V, §539(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3201, 3370.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40117(a)(1) | 49 App.:1513(e) (15)(A), (B), (D). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1113(e)(1)–(3), (5)–(15); added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9110(2), 104 Stat. 1388–357. |

40117(a)(2) | (no source). | |

40117(a)(3) | 49 App.:1513(e) (15)(C). | |

40117(a)(4), (5) | (no source). | |

40117(b)(1) | 49 App.:1513(e)(1). | |

40117(b)(2) | 49 App.:1513(e)(8) (1st sentence). | |

40117(b)(3) | 49 App.:1513(e)(6) (1st sentence). | |

40117(c)(1), (2) | 49 App.:1513(e) (11)(A)–(C). | |

40117(c)(3) | 49 App.:1513(e) (11)(D), (E) (last sentence). | |

40117(d) | 49 App.:1513(e)(2), (5). | |

40117(e) (1)(A) | 49 App.:1513(e) (11)(E) (1st sentence). | |

40117(e) (1)(B) | 49 App.:1513(e)(13). | |

40117(e) (2)(A) | 49 App.:1513(e)(6) (last sentence). | |

40117(e) (2)(B) | 49 App.:1513(e)(3). | |

40117(e) (2)(C) | 49 App.:1513(e)(4). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1113(e)(4); added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9110(2), 104 Stat. 1388–357; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §105, 106 Stat. 4877. |

40117(f)(1) | 49 App.:1513(e)(8) (last sentence). | |

40117(f)(2), (3) | 49 App.:1513(e)(9). | |

40117(g) | 49 App.:1513(e)(7). | |

40117(h) | 49 App.:1513(e)(12). | |

40117(i) | 49 App.:1513(e)(10), (14). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the text of 49 App.:1513(e)(15)(A) is omitted for clarity and because the terms "air carrier" and "foreign air carrier" are used the first time they appear in each subsection. The text of 49 App.:1513(e)(15)(D) is omitted because the complete name of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in this section. Clauses (2), (4), and (5) are added to avoid repeating the source provisions throughout this section. In clause (3)(D), the words "without regard to" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "bonds and other" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the word "limit" is omitted as being included in "regulate".

In subsection (d), before clause (1), the text of 49 App.:1513(e)(5) is omitted as executed. The words "approve an application that an eligible agency has submitted under subsection (c) of this section" are substituted for "grant a public agency which controls a commercial service airport authority to impose a fee under this subsection" for clarity.

In subsection (e)(1)(B), the words "and conditions" are omitted as being included in "terms".

Subsection (e)(2)(A) is substituted for 49 App.:1513(e)(6) (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e)(2)(B), the words "a public agency which controls any other airport", "If a passenger of an air carrier is being provided air service", and "with respect to such air service" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(3), the words "financed with" are substituted for "carried out through the use of" for consistency in this section and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (g), the word "price" is substituted for "rate, fee, or charge" and "rates, fees, and charges" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (g)(2), the words "Except as provided by subparagraph (C)" and "by means of depreciation, amortization, or any other method" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (h)(1), the word "agent" is substituted for "agency" to correct an error in the source provisions.

In subsection (i), before clause (1), the words "Not later than May 4, 1991" are omitted as obsolete.

This repeals 49:40117(e)(2)(C) to eliminate an executed provision and makes conforming amendments.

The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (k)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–181, which was approved Apr. 5, 2000.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (m)(7), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 108–176, which was approved Dec. 12, 2003.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 115–254, §539(b), substituted "charge imposed" for "charge or charge imposed".

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, §121(a), substituted "project." for "project, if the Secretary finds—" and struck out subpars. (A) and (B) which read as follows:

"(A) in the case of an airport that has more than .25 percent of the total number of annual boardings in the United States, that the project will make a significant contribution to improving air safety and security, increasing competition among air carriers, reducing current or anticipated congestion, or reducing the impact of aviation noise on people living near the airport; and

"(B) that the project cannot be paid for from funds reasonably expected to be available for the programs referred to in section 48103."

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 115–254, §121(b)(1), struck out "at Nonhub Airports" after "Authorizations" in heading.

Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §121(b)(2), struck out "nonhub" before "airports".

Subsec. (l)(6). Pub. L. 115–254, §121(b)(3), substituted "The" for "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this subsection, the".

**2016**—Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 114–190 added subsec. (n).

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–95, §111(c)(1)(H), substituted "charges" for "fees" wherever appearing in text.

Pub. L. 112–95, §111(c)(1)(G), substituted "charge" for "fee" wherever appearing in text other than the second sentence of subsec. (g)(4).

Pub. L. 112–95, §111(c)(1)(A), substituted "charges" for "fees" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(3)(B). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(e)(1), substituted "section 47119(a)" for "section 47110(d)".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 112–95, §111(a), amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'passenger facility fee' means a fee imposed under this section."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–95, §111(c)(1)(B), substituted "Charges" for "Fees" in heading.

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 112–95, §111(c)(1)(C), substituted "Charge" for "Fee" in heading.

Subsec. (l)(5). Pub. L. 112–95, §111(c)(1)(D), substituted "charge" for "fee" in heading.

Subsec. (l)(7). Pub. L. 112–95, §111(b), redesignated par. (8) as (7) and struck out former par. (7). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "This subsection shall cease to be effective beginning on February 18, 2012."

Pub. L. 112–91 substituted "February 18, 2012." for "February 1, 2012."

Subsec. (l)(8). Pub. L. 112–95, §111(b), redesignated par. (8) as (7).

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 112–95, §111(c)(1)(E), substituted "Charges" for "Fees" in heading.

Subsec. (m)(1). Pub. L. 112–95, §111(c)(1)(F), substituted "charges" for "fees" in heading.

**2011**—Subsec. (l)(7). Pub. L. 112–30 substituted "February 1, 2012." for "September 17, 2011."

Pub. L. 112–27 substituted "September 17, 2011." for "July 23, 2011."

Pub. L. 112–21 substituted "July 23, 2011." for "July 1, 2011."

Pub. L. 112–16 substituted "July 1, 2011." for "June 1, 2011."

Pub. L. 112–7 substituted "June 1, 2011." for "April 1, 2011."

**2010**—Subsec. (l)(7). Pub. L. 111–329 substituted "April 1, 2011." for "January 1, 2011."

Pub. L. 111–249 substituted "January 1, 2011." for "October 1, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–216 substituted "October 1, 2010." for "August 2, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–197 substituted "August 2, 2010." for "July 4, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–161 substituted "July 4, 2010." for "May 1, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–153 substituted "May 1, 2010." for "April 1, 2010."

**2009**—Subsec. (l)(7). Pub. L. 111–116 substituted "April 1, 2010." for "January 1, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–69 substituted "January 1, 2010." for "October 1, 2009."

Pub. L. 111–12 substituted "October 1, 2009." for "April 1, 2009."

**2008**—Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 110–337 added par. (7).

Subsec. (l)(7). Pub. L. 110–330 substituted "April 1, 2009" for "September 30, 2008".

Pub. L. 110–253 substituted "September 30, 2008" for "the date that is 3 years after the date of issuance of regulations to carry out this subsection".

**2003**—Subsec. (a)(3)(C). Pub. L. 108–176, §123(d), substituted "A project for costs" for "for costs" and a period for the semicolon at end.

Subsec. (a)(3)(G). Pub. L. 108–176, §121(a), added subpar. (G).

Subsec. (a)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 108–176, §121(c), added par. (4) and redesignated former pars. (4) and (5) as (5) and (6), respectively.

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 108–176, §121(b), added par. (5).

Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 108–176, §122, added par. (6).

Subsec. (c)(2)(E), (F). Pub. L. 108–176, §123(a)(1), added subpars. (E) and (F).

Subsec. (c)(3), (4). Pub. L. 108–176, §123(a)(2)–(4), added par. (3), redesignated former par. (3) as (4), and substituted "may" for "shall" in first sentence of par. (4).

Subsec. (e)(2)(C). Pub. L. 108–176, §123(c)(1), substituted a semicolon for period at end.

Subsec. (e)(2)(F). Pub. L. 108–176, §123(c)(2)–(4), added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 108–176, §123(b), added subsec. (l).

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 108–176, §124, added subsec. (m).

**2000**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–181, §151, amended heading and text of subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "In this section—

"(1) 'airport', 'commercial service airport', and 'public agency' have the same meanings given those terms in section 47102 of this title.

"(2) 'eligible agency' means a public agency that controls a commercial service airport.

"(3) 'eligible airport-related project' means a project—

"(A) for airport development or airport planning under subchapter I of chapter 471 of this title;

"(B) for terminal development described in section 47110(d) of this title;

"(C) for airport noise capability planning under section 47505 of this title;

"(D) to carry out noise compatibility measures eligible for assistance under section 47504 of this title, whether or not a program for those measures has been approved under section 47504; and

"(E) for constructing gates and related areas at which passengers board or exit aircraft.

"(4) 'passenger facility fee' means a fee imposed under this section.

"(5) 'passenger facility revenue' means revenue derived from a passenger facility fee."

Subsec. (a)(3)(C) to (F). Pub. L. 106–181, §152(a), added subpar. (C) and redesignated former subpars. (C) to (E) as (D) to (F), respectively.

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 106–181, §105(a), added par. (4).

Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 106–181, §105(b), added par. (4).

Subsec. (e)(2)(D), (E). Pub. L. 106–181, §135(a), added subpars. (D) and (E).

Subsec. (i)(3). Pub. L. 106–181, §135(b)(1)–(3), added par. (3).

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 106–181, §135(b)(4), added subsec. (j).

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 106–181, §155(c), added subsec. (k).

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(3)(D) to (F). Pub. L. 104–264, §142(b)(2), inserted "and" at end of subpar. (D), substituted a period for "; and" at end of subpar. (E), and struck out subpar. (F) which read as follows: "in addition to projects eligible under subparagraph (A), the construction, reconstruction, repair, or improvement of areas of an airport used for the operation of aircraft or actions to mitigate the environmental effects of such construction, reconstruction, repair, or improvement when the construction, reconstruction, repair, improvement, or action is necessary for compliance with the responsibilities of the operator or owner of the airport under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Clean Air Act, or the Federal Water Pollution Control Act with respect to the airport."

Subsec. (e)(2)(B) to (D). Pub. L. 104–287 inserted "and" at end of subpar. (B), redesignated subpar. (D) as (C), and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: "for a project the Secretary does not approve under this section before October 1, 1993, if, during the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993, the amount available for obligation under subchapter II of chapter 417 of this title is less than $38,600,000, except that this clause—

"(i) does not apply if the amount available for obligation under subchapter II of chapter 417 of this title is less than $38,600,000 because of sequestration or other general appropriations reductions applied proportionately to appropriations accounts throughout an appropriation law; and

"(ii) does not affect the authority of the Secretary to approve the imposition of a fee or the use of revenues, derived from a fee imposed under an approval made under this section, by a public agency that has received an approval to impose a fee under this section before September 30, 1993, regardless of whether the fee is being imposed on September 30, 1993; and".

Subsec. (g)(4). Pub. L. 104–264, §1202, added par. (4).

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(3)(F). Pub. L. 103–305, §203, added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 103–305, §204(b), added par. (3).

Subsec. (e)(2)(D). Pub. L. 103–305, §204(a)(1), added subpar. (D).

Pub. L. 112–27, §5(j), Aug. 5, 2011, 125 Stat. 271, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 44302, 44303, 47107, 47115, 47141, and 49108 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of this title] shall take effect on July 23, 2011."

Pub. L. 112–21, §5(j), June 29, 2011, 125 Stat. 235, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 44302, 44303, 47107, 47115, 47141, and 49108 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of this title] shall take effect on July 1, 2011."

Pub. L. 112–16, §5(j), May 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 220, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 44302, 44303, 47107, 47115, 47141, and 49108 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of this title] shall take effect on June 1, 2011."

Pub. L. 112–7, §5(j), Mar. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 33, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 44302, 44303, 47107, 47115, 47141, and 49108 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of this title] shall take effect on April 1, 2011."

Pub. L. 111–329, §5(j), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3568, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 44302, 44303, 47107, 47115, 47141, and 49108 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of this title] shall take effect on January 1, 2011."

Pub. L. 111–249, §5(l), Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2628, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 41743, 44302, 44303, 47107, 47115, 47141, and 49108 of this title, and provisions set out as notes under sections 41731 and 47109 of this title] shall take effect on October 1, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–216, title I, §104(j), Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2350, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 44302, 44303, 47107, 47115, 47141, and 49108 of this title, and provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of this title] shall take effect on August 2, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–197, §5(j), July 2, 2010, 124 Stat. 1354, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 44302, 44303, 47107, 47115, 47141, and 49108 of this title, and provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of this title] shall take effect on July 4, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–161, §5(j), Apr. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1127, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 44302, 44303, 47107, 47115, 47141, and 49108 of this title, and provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of this title] shall take effect on May 1, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–153, §5(j), Mar. 31, 2010, 124 Stat. 1085, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 44302, 44303, 47107, 47115, 47141, and 49108 of this title, and provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of this title] shall take effect on April 1, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–116, §5(j), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3032, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 44302, 44303, 47107, 47115, 47141, and 49108 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of this title] shall take effect on January 1, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–69, §5(l), Oct. 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 2055, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 41743, 44302, 44303, 47107, 47115, 47141, and 49108 of this title and provisions set out as notes under sections 41731 and 47109 of this title] shall take effect on October 1, 2009."

Pub. L. 111–12, §5(j), Mar. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 1458, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 44302, 44303, 47107, 47115, 47141, and 49108 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of this title] shall take effect on April 1, 2009."

Pub. L. 110–330, §5(l), Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3719, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 41743, 44302, 44303, 47107, 47115, 47141, and 49108 of this title, and provisions set out as notes under sections 41731 and 47109 of this title] shall take effect on October 1, 2008."

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–253 effective July 1, 2008, see section 3(d) of Pub. L. 110–253, set out as a note under section 9502 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §121(d), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2500, provided that: "The Secretary, in consultation with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, shall issue guidance determining eligibility of projects, and how benefits to air quality must be demonstrated, under the amendments made by this section [amending this section]."

Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §123(e), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2502, provided that: "Not later than 60 days after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2003], the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall publish in the Federal Register the current policy of the Administration, consistent with current law, with respect to the eligibility of airport ground access transportation projects for the use of passenger facility fees under section 40117 of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §155(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 88, provided that: "The Congress makes the following findings:

"(1) Major airports must be available on a reasonable basis to all air carriers wishing to serve those airports.

"(2) 15 large hub airports today are each dominated by one air carrier, with each such carrier controlling more than 50 percent of the traffic at the hub.

"(3) The General Accounting Office [now Government Accountability Office] has found that such levels of concentration lead to higher air fares.

"(4) The United States Government must take every step necessary to reduce those levels of concentration.

"(5) Consistent with air safety, spending at these airports must be directed at providing opportunities for carriers wishing to serve such facilities on a commercially viable basis."

Pub. L. 103–305, title II, §204(a)(2), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1583, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall not be construed as requiring any person to refund any fee paid before the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 23, 1994]."

(a)

(1) the department, agency, or instrumentality—

(A) obtains the transportation for itself or in carrying out an arrangement under which payment is made by the Government or payment is made from amounts provided for the use of the Government; or

(B) provides the transportation to or for a foreign country or international or other organization without reimbursement;

(2) the transportation is authorized by the certificate or by regulation or exemption of the Secretary of Transportation; and

(3) the air carrier is—

(A) available, if the transportation is between a place in the United States and a place outside the United States; or

(B) reasonably available, if the transportation is between 2 places outside the United States.

(b)

(1) is consistent with the goals for international aviation policy of section 40101(e) of this title; and

(2) provides for the exchange of rights or benefits of similar magnitude.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(2) In paragraph (1), the term "commercial product" has the meaning given such term in section 103 of title 41, except that it shall not include a contract for the transportation by air of passengers.

(g)

(1) the number of personnel trained in the detection and reporting of potential human trafficking (as described in paragraphs (9) and (10) 1 of section 103 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (22 U.S.C. 7102)), including the training required under section 44734(a)(4);

(2) the number of notifications of potential human trafficking victims received from staff or other passengers; and

(3) whether the air carrier notified the National Human Trafficking Hotline or law enforcement at the relevant airport of the potential human trafficking victim for each such notification of potential human trafficking, and if so, when the notification was made.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1116; Pub. L. 103–355, title VIII, §8301(h), Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3398; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(68), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3395; Pub. L. 104–316, title I, §127(d), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3840; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XII, §1225(h), title XIII, §1335(p), title XIV, §1422(b)(6), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–775, 2681–789, 2681–793; Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §806, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2588; Pub. L. 111–350, §5(o)(8), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3854; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §836(g)(9), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1874; Pub. L. 115–425, title I, §111(a), Jan. 8, 2019, 132 Stat. 5475.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40118(a) | 49 App.:1517(a), (b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1117; added Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–623, §5(a), 88 Stat. 2104; restated Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §21, 94 Stat. 43. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

40118(b) | 49 App.:1517(c). | |

40118(c) | 49 App.:1517(d) (1st sentence). | |

40118(d) | 49 App.:1518. | Oct. 7, 1978, Pub. L. 95–426, §706, 92 Stat. 992. |

40118(e) | 49 App.:1517(d) (last sentence). |


In this section, the word "passengers" is substituted for "persons" for consistency in the revised title. The words "(and their personal effects)" are omitted as being included in "property".

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section" are omitted as surplus. The words "department, agency, or instrumentality" are substituted for "agency" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "or agencies" are omitted because of 1:1. In clause (1), before subclause (A), the words "executive" and "other" are omitted as surplus. In subclause (A), the words "procure, contract for, or otherwise" are omitted as surplus. The words "for itself or in carrying out an arrangement under which payment is made by the Government or payment is made from amounts provided for the use of the Government" are substituted for "in furtherance of the purposes or pursuant to the terms of any contract, agreement, or other special arrangement made or entered into under which payment is made by the United States or payment is made from funds appropriated, owned, controlled, granted, or conditionally granted or utilized by or otherwise" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In subclause (B), the word "country" is substituted for "nation" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "international or other organization" are substituted for "international agency, or other organization, of whatever nationality" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "provisions for" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "government of a foreign country" are substituted for "foreign government" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "or governments" are omitted because of 1:1.

In subsection (c), the words "for payment for personnel or cargo transportation" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "the limitations established by" are omitted as surplus. The words "after October 7, 1978" are omitted as executed. The words "Secretary of State" are substituted for "Department of State" because of 22:2651. The words "Director of the United States Information Agency" are substituted for "International Communication Agency" in section 706 of the Act of October 7, 1978 (Public Law 95–426, 92 Stat. 992), because of section 2 of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1977 (eff. July 1, 1978, 91 Stat. 1636) and section 303(b) of the United States Information Agency Authorization Act, Fiscals Year 1982 and 1983 (Public Law 97–241, 96 Stat. 291). The words "Director of the United States International Development Cooperation Agency" are substituted for "Agency for International Development (or any successor agency)" in section 706 because of section 6(a)(3) of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1979 (eff. October 1, 1979, 93 Stat. 1379). The words "a foreign air carrier" are substituted for "air carriers which do not hold certificates under section 1371 of this Appendix" for clarity. See H. Conf. Rept. No. 95–1535, 95th Cong., 2d Sess., p. 45 (1978).

In subsection (e), the word "affect" is substituted for "prevent" for clarity. The words "to such traffic" are omitted as surplus.

This amends the catchline for 49:40118(d) to make a clarifying amendment.

This amends 49:40118(f)(1) to make a clarifying amendment.

Paragraphs (9) and (10) of section 103 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, referred to in subsec. (g)(1), were redesignated pars. (11) and (12), respectively, of section 103 of that Act by Pub. L. 115–427, §2(1), Jan. 9, 2019, 132 Stat. 5503, and are classified to section 7102(11) and (12) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.

**2019**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 115–425 added subsec. (g).

**2018**—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 115–232, §836(g)(9)(A), substituted "commercial products" for "commercial items".

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 115–232, §836(g)(9)(B), substituted "commercial product" for "commercial item".

**2011**—Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 111–350 substituted "section 103 of title 41" for "section 4(12) of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 403(12))".

**2003**—Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 108–176 inserted ", except that it shall not include a contract for the transportation by air of passengers" before period at end.

**1998**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–277, §1422(b)(6), substituted "or the Administrator of the Agency for International Development" for "the Director of the United States International Development Cooperation Agency".

Pub. L. 105–277, §1335(p), struck out ", the Director of the United States Information Agency," after "Secretary of State".

Pub. L. 105–277, §1225(h), struck out ", or the Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency" before "may be used to pay".

**1996**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–316 substituted "Administrator of General Services shall prescribe regulations under which agencies may" for "Comptroller General shall".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(68)(A), substituted "

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(68)(B), inserted heading.

**1994**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 103–355 added subsec. (f).

Pub. L. 115–425, title I, §111(b), Jan. 8, 2019, 132 Stat. 5475, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to any contract entered into after the date of enactment of this Act [Jan. 8, 2019] except for contracts entered into by the Secretary of Defense."

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Jan. 1, 2020, subject to a savings provision, see section 836(h) of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as an Effective Date of 2018 Amendment; Savings Provision note under section 453b of Title 6, Domestic Security.

For effective date and applicability of amendment by Pub. L. 103–355, see section 10001 of Pub. L. 103–355, set out as a note under section 8752 of Title 10, Armed Forces.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by section 1225(h) of Pub. L. 105–277 effective on earlier of Apr. 1, 1999, or date of abolition of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency pursuant to reorganization plan described in section 6601 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, see section 1201 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6511 of Title 22.

Amendment by section 1335(p) of Pub. L. 105–277 effective on earlier of Oct. 1, 1999, or date of abolition of the United States Information Agency pursuant to reorganization plan described in section 6601 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6531 of Title 22.

Amendment by section 1422(b)(6) of Pub. L. 105–277 effective on earlier of Apr. 1, 1999, or date of abolition of the United States International Development Cooperation Agency pursuant to reorganization plan described in section 6601 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, see section 1401 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6561 of Title 22.

For effective date and applicability of amendment by Pub. L. 103–355, see section 10001 of Pub. L. 103–355, set out as a note under section 251 of Title 41, Public Contracts.

1 See References in Text note below.

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1117; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §101(e), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 107–296, title XVI, §1601(a), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2312; Pub. L. 111–83, title V, §561(c)(2), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2182; Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, §801, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 118, related to research and development activities to protect passengers and property against acts of criminal violence, aircraft piracy, and terrorism and to ensure security and regulations prohibiting disclosure of information obtained or developed in ensuring security under this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) an international arrangement gives the United States Government authority to make the extension; and

(2) the President decides the extension is in the national interest.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1117.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

40120(a) | 49 App.:1509(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§1106, 1109(a), 1110, 72 Stat. 798, 799, 800. |

40120(b) | 49 App.:1510. | |

40120(c) | 49 App.:1506. |


In subsection (a), the words "International Navigational Rules Act of 1977 (33 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.)" are substituted for "sections 143 to 147d of title 33" because those sections were repealed by section 3 of the Act of September 24, 1963 (Public Law 88–131, 77 Stat. 194), and replaced by 33:ch. 21. Chapter 21 was repealed by section 10 of the International Navigational Rules Act of 1977 (Public Law 95–75, 91 Stat. 311) and replaced by 33:1601–1608. The words "including any definition of 'vessel' or 'vehicle' found therein" and "be construed to" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "to the extent", "of time", and "any areas of land or water" are omitted as surplus. The words "and the overlying airspace thereof" are omitted as being included in "outside the United States". In clause (1), the words "treaty, agreement or other lawful" and "necessary legal" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (c) is substituted for 49 App.:1506 to eliminate unnecessary words and for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

The International Navigational Rules Act of 1977, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 95–75, July 27, 1977, 91 Stat. 308, which is classified principally to chapter 30 (§1601 et seq.) of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1601 of Title 33 and Tables.

Ex. Ord. No. 10854, Nov. 27, 1959, 24 F.R. 9565, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 11382, Nov. 28, 1967, 32 F.R. 16247, provided:

The application of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (72 Stat. 731; 49 U.S.C.A. §1301 et seq. [see 49 U.S.C. 40101 et seq.]), to the extent necessary to permit the Secretary of Transportation to accomplish the purposes and objectives of Titles III [former 49 U.S.C. 1341 et seq., see Disposition Table at beginning of this title] and XII [see 49 U.S.C. 40103(b)(3), 46307] thereof, is hereby extended to those areas of land or water outside the United States and the overlying airspace thereof over or in which the Federal Government of the United States, under international treaty, agreement or other lawful arrangement, has appropriate jurisdiction or control: *Provided*, That the Secretary of Transportation, prior to taking any action under the authority hereby conferred, shall first consult with the Secretary of State on matters affecting foreign relations, and with the Secretary of Defense on matters affecting national-defense interests, and shall not take any action which the Secretary of State determines to be in conflict with any international treaty or agreement to which the United States is a party, or to be inconsistent with the successful conduct of the foreign relations of the United States, or which the Secretary of Defense determines to be inconsistent with the requirements of national defense.

(a)

(1) is more than 50 percent over the cost goal established for the program;

(2) fails to achieve at least 50 percent of the performance goals established for the program; or

(3) is more than 50 percent behind schedule as determined in accordance with the schedule goal established for the program.

(b)

(1) is more than 10 percent over the cost goal established for the program;

(2) fails to achieve at least 90 percent of the performance goals established for the program; or

(3) is more than 10 percent behind schedule as determined in accordance with the schedule goal established for the program.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §252, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3236; amended Pub. L. 106–181, title III, §307(c)(2), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 126.)

The date of the enactment of the Air Traffic Management System Performance Improvement Act of 1996, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 104–264, which was approved Oct. 9, 1996.

Another section 40121 was renumbered section 40124 of this title.

**2000**—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 106–181 substituted "section 40110(d)(2) of this title" for "section 348(b) of Public Law 104–50".

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Section effective on date that is 30 days after Oct. 9, 1996, see section 203 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) shall use the services of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service to attempt to reach such agreement in accordance with part 1425 of title 29, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on the date of enactment of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012); or

(ii) may by mutual agreement adopt alternative procedures for the resolution of disputes or impasses arising in the negotiation of the collective-bargaining agreement.

(B)

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(I) the effect of its arbitration decisions on the Federal Aviation Administration's ability to attract and retain a qualified workforce;

(II) the effect of its arbitration decisions on the Federal Aviation Administration's budget; and

(III) any other factors whose consideration would assist the board in fashioning a fair and equitable award.

(vii)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(A) section 2302(b), relating to whistleblower protection, including the provisions for investigation and enforcement as provided in chapter 12 of title 5;

(B) sections 3304(f), to the extent consistent with the Federal Aviation Administration's status as an excepted service agency, 3308–3320, 3330a, 3330b, 3330c, and 3330d, relating to veterans' preference;

(C) chapter 71, relating to labor-management relations;

(D) section 7204, relating to antidiscrimination;

(E) chapter 73, relating to suitability, security, and conduct;

(F) chapter 81, relating to compensation for work injury;

(G) chapters 83–85, 87, and 89, relating to retirement, unemployment compensation, and insurance coverage;

(H) sections 1204, 1211–1218, 1221, and 7701–7703, relating to the Merit Systems Protection Board;

(I) subsections (b), (c), and (d) of section 4507 (relating to Meritorious Executive or Distinguished Executive rank awards) and subsections (b) and (c) of section 4507a (relating to Meritorious Senior Professional or Distinguished Senior Professional rank awards), except that—

(i) for purposes of applying such provisions to the personnel management system—

(I) the term "agency" means the Department of Transportation;

(II) the term "senior executive" means a Federal Aviation Administration executive;

(III) the term "career appointee" means a Federal Aviation Administration career executive; and

(IV) the term "senior career employee" means a Federal Aviation Administration career senior professional;

(ii) receipt by a career appointee or a senior career employee of the rank of Meritorious Executive or Meritorious Senior Professional entitles the individual to a lump-sum payment of an amount equal to 20 percent of annual basic pay, which shall be in addition to the basic pay paid under the Federal Aviation Administration Executive Compensation Plan; and

(iii) receipt by a career appointee or a senior career employee of the rank of Distinguished Executive or Distinguished Senior Professional entitles the individual to a lump-sum payment of an amount equal to 35 percent of annual basic pay, which shall be in addition to the basic pay paid under the Federal Aviation Administration Executive Compensation Plan; and

(J) subject to paragraph (4) of this subsection, section 6329, relating to disabled veteran leave.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(Added Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §253, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3237; amended Pub. L. 106–181, title III, §§307(a), 308, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 124, 126; Pub. L. 112–95, title VI, §§601, 602, 611, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 109, 111, 117; Pub. L. 114–242, §2(a), (b), Oct. 7, 2016, 130 Stat. 978; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §531, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3366; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XI, §1103(c)(1), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3887.)

The date of enactment of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A)(i), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–95, which was approved Feb. 14, 2012.

Executive Order No. 12674, referred to in subsec. (d), is set out as a note under section 7301 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

The effective date of the Air Traffic Management System Performance Improvement Act of 1996, referred to in subsec. (f), is the date that is 30 days after Oct. 9, 1996. See section 203 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

**2021**—Subsec. (g)(5), (6). Pub. L. 116–283 added par. (5) and redesignated former par. (5) as (6).

**2018**—Subsec. (g)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–254 inserted "3304(f), to the extent consistent with the Federal Aviation Administration's status as an excepted service agency," before "3308–3320" and "3330a, 3330b, 3330c, and 3330d," before "relating".

**2016**—Subsec. (g)(2)(J). Pub. L. 114–242, §2(a), added subpar. (J).

Subsec. (g)(4), (5). Pub. L. 114–242, §2(b), added par. (4) and redesignated former par. (4) as (5).

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(2) to (5). Pub. L. 112–95, §601, added pars. (2) and (3), redesignated former pars. (3) and (4) as (4) and (5), respectively, and struck out former par. (2). Prior to amendment, text of par. (2) read as follows: "If the Administrator does not reach an agreement under paragraph (1) with the exclusive bargaining representatives, the services of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service shall be used to attempt to reach such agreement. If the services of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service do not lead to an agreement, the Administrator's proposed change to the personnel management system shall not take effect until 60 days have elapsed after the Administrator has transmitted the proposed change, along with the objections of the exclusive bargaining representatives to the change, and the reasons for such objections, to Congress. The 60-day period shall not include any period during which Congress has adjourned sine die."

Subsec. (g)(2)(I). Pub. L. 112–95, §602, added subpar. (I).

Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 112–95, §611, inserted at end "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, retroactive to April 1, 1996, the Board shall have the same remedial authority over such employee appeals that it had as of March 31, 1996."

**2000**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 106–181, §308(a), inserted at end "The 60-day period shall not include any period during which Congress has adjourned sine die."

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 106–181, §307(a), added subsec. (g).

Subsecs. (h) to (j). Pub. L. 106–181, §308(b), added subsecs. (h) to (j).

Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XI, §1103(c)(2), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3887, provided that: "The amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to any birth or placement occurring on or after October 1, 2020."

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Section effective on date that is 30 days after Oct. 9, 1996, see section 203 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XI, §1103(c)(3), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3887, provided that: "Nothing in this subsection, or any amendment made by this subsection [amending this section], may be construed to affect leave provided to an employee of the Transportation Security Administration before October 1, 2020."

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §133(c), (d), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2355, provided that:

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) the utilization of investigative best practices to ensure independent and objective investigation and accurate recording and reporting of such investigation;

"(B) the management of case files to ensure the integrity of the information contained in such case files;

"(C) interviews be conducted in a manner that ensures, to the greatest extent possible, truthful answers and accurate records of such interviews;

"(D) coordination with the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Transportation, the Office of the Special Counsel, and the Attorney General, as appropriate; and

"(E) the completion of investigations in a timely manner.

"(4)

[For definitions of terms used in section 133(c), (d) of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out above, see section 137 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 114–242, §2(c), Oct. 7, 2016, 130 Stat. 978, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to any employee of the Federal Aviation Administration hired on or after the date that is one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 7, 2016]."

Pub. L. 114–242, §2(d), Oct. 7, 2016, 130 Stat. 978, provided that: "Not later than 270 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 7, 2016], the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall prescribe policies and procedures to carry out the amendments made by this section [amending this section] that are comparable, to the maximum extent practicable, to the regulations prescribed by the Office of Personnel Management under section 6329 of title 5, United States Code."

(a)

(1) the disclosure of the information would inhibit the voluntary provision of that type of information and that the receipt of that type of information aids in fulfilling the Administrator's safety and security responsibilities; and

(2) withholding such information from disclosure would be consistent with the Administrator's safety and security responsibilities.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–264, title IV, §402(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3255.)

Except as otherwise specifically provided, section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §344, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 81, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) verify that air carriers are implementing comprehensive solutions to correct the underlying causes of the violations voluntarily disclosed by such air carriers; and

"(2) confirm, before approving a final report of a violation, that a violation with the same root causes, has not been previously discovered by an inspector or self-disclosed by the air carrier.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) conducts comprehensive reviews of voluntary disclosure reports before closing a voluntary disclosure report under the provisions of the program;

"(B) evaluates the effectiveness of corrective actions taken by air carriers; and

"(C) effectively prevents abuse of the voluntary disclosure reporting program through its secondary review of self-disclosures before they are accepted and closed by the Administration.

"(3)

Congress consents to a State making an agreement, not in conflict with a law of the United States, with another State to develop or operate an airport facility.

(Added Pub. L. 104–287, §5(69)(A), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3395, §40121; renumbered §40124, Pub. L. 105–102, §3(d)(1)(B), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215.)

This restates 49:44502(e) as 49:40121 [now 40124] to provide a more appropriate place in title 49.

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–102 amended Pub. L. 104–287, renumbering section 40121 of this title as this section.

Pub. L. 105–102, §3(d), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, provided that the amendment made by section 3(d)(1)(B) is effective Oct. 11, 1996.

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–102 effective as if included in the provisions of the Act to which the amendment relates, see section 3(f) of Pub. L. 105–102, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) operated by the armed forces or an intelligence agency of the United States Government; or

(B) whose presence is required to perform, or is associated with the performance of, a governmental function.

(4)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(A) the aircraft is operated in accordance with title 10;

(B) the aircraft is operated in the performance of a governmental function under title 14, 31, 32, or 50 and the aircraft is not used for commercial purposes; or

(C) the aircraft is chartered to provide transportation or other commercial air service to the armed forces and the Secretary of Defense (or the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating) designates the operation of the aircraft as being required in the national interest.

(2)

(d)

(1) there are extraordinary circumstances;

(2) the aircraft will be used for the performance of search and rescue missions;

(3) a community would not otherwise have access to search and rescue services; and

(4) a government entity demonstrates that granting the waiver is necessary to prevent an undue economic burden on that government.

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §702(b)(1), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 155; amended Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title X, §1078(b), (c), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 334; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title V, §35003, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 843; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §355(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3305.)

**2018**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "(D), or (F)" for "or (D)".

**2012**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–141 added subsec. (d).

**2008**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–181, §1078(c)(1), substituted "section 40102(a)(41)" for "section 40102(a)(37)".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 110–181, §1078(c)(2), substituted "section 40102(a)(41)(E)" for "section 40102(a)(37)(E)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 110–181, §1078(b), inserted "or other commercial air service" after "transportation".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §705(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 157.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §706(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 157.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §407, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3330, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) each air carrier's training policy for its employees and contractors regarding racial, ethnic, and religious nondiscrimination; and

"(2) how frequently an air carrier is required to train new employees and contractors because of turnover in positions that require such training.

"(b)

"(1) passengers of diverse racial, ethnic, and religious backgrounds;

"(2) national organizations that represent impacted communities;

"(3) air carriers;

"(4) airport operators; and

"(5) contract service providers."

(a)

(1)

(A) in accordance with this section;

(B) in accordance with conditions and limitations prescribed for that operator by the Administrator; and

(C) in accordance with any applicable air tour management plan or voluntary agreement under subsection (b)(7) for the park or tribal lands.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) the safety record of the person submitting the proposal or pilots employed by the person;

(ii) any quiet aircraft technology proposed to be used by the person submitting the proposal;

(iii) the experience of the person submitting the proposal with commercial air tour operations over other national parks or scenic areas;

(iv) the financial capability of the person submitting the proposal;

(v) any training programs for pilots provided by the person submitting the proposal; and

(vi) responsiveness of the person submitting the proposal to any relevant criteria developed by the National Park Service for the affected park.

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)

(3)

(A) such activity is permitted under part 119 of such title;

(B) the operator secures a letter of agreement from the Administrator and the national park superintendent for that national park describing the conditions under which the operations will be conducted; and

(C) the total number of operations under this exception is limited to not more than five flights in any 30-day period over a particular park.

(4)

(5)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(D)

(b)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(2)

(3)

(A) may prohibit commercial air tour operations over a national park in whole or in part;

(B) may establish conditions for the conduct of commercial air tour operations over a national park, including commercial air tour routes, maximum or minimum altitudes, time-of-day restrictions, restrictions for particular events, maximum number of flights per unit of time, intrusions on privacy on tribal lands, and mitigation of noise, visual, or other impacts;

(C) shall apply to all commercial air tour operations over a national park that are also within ½ mile outside the boundary of a national park;

(D) shall include incentives (such as preferred commercial air tour routes and altitudes, relief from caps and curfews) for the adoption of quiet aircraft technology by commercial air tour operators conducting commercial air tour operations over a national park;

(E) shall provide for the initial allocation of opportunities to conduct commercial air tour operations over a national park if the plan includes a limitation on the number of commercial air tour operations for any time period; and

(F) shall justify and document the need for measures taken pursuant to subparagraphs (A) through (E) and include such justifications in the record of decision.

(4)

(A) hold at least one public meeting with interested parties to develop the air tour management plan;

(B) publish the proposed plan in the Federal Register for notice and comment and make copies of the proposed plan available to the public;

(C) comply with the regulations set forth in sections 1501.3 and 1501.5 through 1501.8 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations (for purposes of complying with the regulations, the Federal Aviation Administration shall be the lead agency and the National Park Service is a cooperating agency); and

(D) solicit the participation of any Indian tribe whose tribal lands are, or may be, overflown by aircraft involved in a commercial air tour operation over the park or tribal lands to which the plan applies, as a cooperating agency under the regulations referred to in subparagraph (C).

(5)

(6)

(7)

(A)

(B)

(i) include provisions such as those described in subparagraphs (B) through (E) of paragraph (3);

(ii) include provisions to ensure the stability of, and compliance with, the voluntary agreement; and

(iii) provide for fees for such operations.

(C)

(D)

(i)

(I) the Director, if the Director determines that the agreement is not adequately protecting park resources or visitor experiences; or

(II) the Administrator, if the Administrator determines that the agreement is adversely affecting aviation safety or the national aviation system.

(ii)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) shall provide annual authorization only for the greater of—

(i) the number of flights used by the operator to provide the commercial air tour operations over a national park within the 12-month period prior to the date of the enactment of this section; or

(ii) the average number of flights per 12-month period used by the operator to provide such operations within the 36-month period prior to such date of enactment, and, for seasonal operations, the number of flights so used during the season or seasons covered by that 12-month period;

(B) may not provide for an increase in the number of commercial air tour operations over a national park conducted during any time period by the commercial air tour operator above the number that the air tour operator was originally granted unless such an increase is agreed to by the Administrator and the Director;

(C) shall be published in the Federal Register to provide notice and opportunity for comment;

(D) may be revoked by the Administrator for cause;

(E) shall terminate 180 days after the date on which an air tour management plan is established for the park or tribal lands;

(F) shall promote protection of national park resources, visitor experiences, and tribal lands;

(G) shall promote safe commercial air tour operations;

(H) shall promote the adoption of quiet technology, as appropriate; and

(I) may allow for modifications of the interim operating authority without further environmental review beyond that described in this subsection, if—

(i) adequate information regarding the existing and proposed operations of the operator under the interim operating authority is provided to the Administrator and the Director;

(ii) the Administrator determines that there would be no adverse impact on aviation safety or the air traffic control system; and

(iii) the Director agrees with the modification, based on the professional expertise of the Director regarding the protection of the resources, values, and visitor use and enjoyment of the park.

(3)

(A)

(i) adequate information on the proposed operations of the operator is provided to the Administrator and the Director by the operator making the request;

(ii) the Administrator agrees that there would be no adverse impact on aviation safety or the air traffic control system; and

(iii) the Director agrees, based on the Director's professional expertise regarding the protection of park resources and values and visitor use and enjoyment.

(B)

(C)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(e)

(1) the Grand Canyon National Park; or

(2) tribal lands within or abutting the Grand Canyon National Park.

(f)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) applies for operating authority as a commercial air tour operator for a national park or tribal lands; and

(B) has not engaged in the business of providing commercial air tour operations over the national park or tribal lands in the 12-month period preceding the application.

(4)

(A)

(i) below a minimum altitude, determined by the Administrator in cooperation with the Director, above ground level (except solely for purposes of takeoff or landing, or necessary for safe operation of an aircraft as determined under the rules and regulations of the Federal Aviation Administration requiring the pilot-in-command to take action to ensure the safe operation of the aircraft); or

(ii) less than 1 mile laterally from any geographic feature within the park (unless more than ½ mile outside the boundary).

(B)

(i) whether there was a holding out to the public of willingness to conduct a sightseeing flight for compensation or hire;

(ii) whether a narrative that referred to areas or points of interest on the surface below the route of the flight was provided by the person offering the flight;

(iii) the area of operation;

(iv) the frequency of flights conducted by the person offering the flight;

(v) the route of flight;

(vi) the inclusion of sightseeing flights as part of any travel arrangement package offered by the person offering the flight;

(vii) whether the flight would have been canceled based on poor visibility of the surface below the route of the flight; and

(viii) any other factors that the Administrator and the Director consider appropriate.

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title VIII, §803(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 186; amended Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §323(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2541; Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title I, §177, Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2427; Pub. L. 112–95, title V, §501, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 100; Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title V, §35002, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 843; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §539(c), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3370.)

The date of the enactment of this section, referred to in subsecs. (a)(4), (c)(2)(A), (3)(C), and (g)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–181, which was approved Apr. 5, 2000.

The date of enactment of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–95, which was approved Feb. 14, 2012.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "under part 91 of title 14," for "under part 91 of the title 14,".

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1)(C). Pub. L. 112–95, §501(a), inserted "or voluntary agreement under subsection (b)(7)" before "for the park".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 112–95, §501(b), added par. (5).

Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 112–141 amended subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "An application to begin commercial air tour operations at Crater Lake National Park may be denied without the establishment of an air tour management plan by the Director of the National Park Service if the Director determines that such operations would adversely affect park resources or visitor experiences."

Pub. L. 112–95, §501(c)(1), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 112–95, §501(c)(2), added par. (7).

Subsec. (c)(2)(I). Pub. L. 112–95, §501(d)(1), added subpar. (I) and struck out former subpar. (I) which read as follows: "shall allow for modifications of the interim operating authority based on experience if the modification improves protection of national park resources and values and of tribal lands."

Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 112–95, §501(d)(2), substituted "without further environmental process beyond that described in this paragraph, if—" for "if the Administrator determines the authority is necessary to ensure competition in the provision of commercial air tour operations over the park or tribal lands." and added cls. (i) to (iii).

Subsecs. (d) to (g). Pub. L. 112–95, §501(e), added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsecs. (d) to (f) as (e) to (g), respectively.

**2005**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–115 inserted at end "For purposes of this subsection, an air tour operator flying over the Hoover Dam in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area en route to the Grand Canyon National Park shall be deemed to be flying solely as a transportation route."

**2003**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 108–176, §323(a)(1), inserted ", as defined by this section," after "tribal lands" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(3)(A), (B). Pub. L. 108–176, §323(a)(2), inserted "over a national park" after "operations".

Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Pub. L. 108–176, §323(a)(3), inserted "over a national park that are also" after "operations".

Subsec. (b)(3)(D). Pub. L. 108–176, §323(a)(4), substituted "over a national park" for "at the park".

Subsec. (b)(3)(E). Pub. L. 108–176, §323(a)(5), inserted "over a national park" before "if the plan includes".

Subsec. (c)(2)(A)(i), (B). Pub. L. 108–176, §323(a)(6), inserted "over a national park" after "operations".

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 108–176, §323(a)(7), inserted "over a national park" after "operation".

Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 108–176, §323(a)(10), inserted "

Subsec. (f)(4)(A). Pub. L. 108–176, §323(a)(8), in introductory provisions, substituted "commercial air tour operation over a national park" for "commercial air tour operation" and "park (except the Grand Canyon National Park), or over tribal lands (except those within or abutting the Grand Canyon National Park)," for "park, or over tribal lands,".

Subsec. (f)(4)(B). Pub. L. 108–176, §323(a)(9), inserted "over a national park" after "operation" in introductory provisions.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–141 effective Oct. 1, 2012, see section 3(a) of Pub. L. 112–141, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title V, §35001, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 842, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(i) the 2-zone system for the Park in effect on the date of enactment of this Act to assess impacts relating to substantial restoration of natural quiet at the Park, including—

"(I) the thresholds for noticeability and audibility; and

"(II) the distribution of land between the 2 zones; and

"(ii) noise modeling science that is—

"(I) developed for use at the Park, specifically Integrated Noise Model Version 6.2;

"(II) validated by reasonable standards for conducting field observations of model results; and

"(III) accepted and validated by the Federal Interagency Committee on Aviation Noise.

"(B)

"(i) making recommendations, developing a final plan, or issuing regulations relating to commercial air tour operations in the Park; or

"(ii) determining under paragraph (1) whether substantial restoration of the natural quiet and experience of the Park has been achieved.

"(3)

"(4)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title I, §177, Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2427, provided in part that: "Nothing in this provision [amending this section] shall allow exemption from overflight rules for the Grand Canyon."

Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §323(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2541, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 106–181, title VIII, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 185, as amended by Pub. L. 106–528, §8(b), Nov. 22, 2000, 114 Stat. 2522; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(312), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4340, provided that:

"This title may be cited as the 'National Parks Air Tour Management Act of 2000'.

"Congress finds that—

"(1) the Federal Aviation Administration has sole authority to control airspace over the United States;

"(2) the Federal Aviation Administration has the authority to preserve, protect, and enhance the environment by minimizing, mitigating, or preventing the adverse effects of aircraft overflights on public and tribal lands;

"(3) the National Park Service has the responsibility of conserving the scenery and natural and historic objects and wildlife in national parks and of providing for the enjoyment of the national parks in ways that leave the national parks unimpaired for future generations;

"(4) the protection of tribal lands from aircraft overflights is consistent with protecting the public health and welfare and is essential to the maintenance of the natural and cultural resources of Indian tribes;

"(5) the National Parks Overflights Working Group, composed of general aviation, commercial air tour, environmental, and Native American representatives, recommended that the Congress enact legislation based on the Group's consensus work product; and

"(6) this title reflects the recommendations made by that Group.

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) regulations issued by the Secretary of Transportation and the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] under section 3 of Public Law 100–91 ([former] 16 U.S.C. 1a–1 note [now set out below]); and

"(2) commercial air tour operations carried out in compliance with the requirements of those regulations,

shall be deemed to meet the requirements of such section 40128.

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) tours of the Grand Canyon originating in Clark County, Nevada; and

"(2) 'local loop' tours originating at the Grand Canyon National Park Airport, in Tusayan, Arizona,

provided that such routes or corridors can be located in areas that will not negatively impact the substantial restoration of natural quiet, tribal lands, or safety.

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(1) the statutory mandate imposed upon the Secretary of the Interior and the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration under Public Law 100–91 ([former] 16 U.S.C. 1a–1 note [now set out below]) to achieve the substantial restoration of the natural quiet and experience at the Grand Canyon National Park; and

"(2) the obligations of the Secretary and the Administrator to promulgate forthwith regulations to achieve the substantial restoration of the natural quiet and experience at the Grand Canyon National Park.

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) a balanced group of—

"(i) representatives of general aviation;

"(ii) representatives of commercial air tour operators;

"(iii) representatives of environmental concerns; and

"(iv) representatives of Indian tribes;

"(B) a representative of the Federal Aviation Administration; and

"(C) a representative of the National Park Service.

"(2)

"(3)

"(c)

"(1) on the implementation of this title and the amendments made by this title;

"(2) on commonly accepted quiet aircraft technology for use in commercial air tour operations over a national park or tribal lands, which will receive preferential treatment in a given air tour management plan;

"(3) on other measures that might be taken to accommodate the interests of visitors to national parks; and

"(4) at the request of the Administrator and the Director, safety, environmental, and other issues related to commercial air tour operations over a national park or tribal lands.

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"Effective beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 5, 2000], no commercial air tour operation may be conducted in the airspace over the Rocky Mountain National Park notwithstanding any other provision of this Act or section 40128 of title 49, United States Code.

"(a)

"(1) the viability of a tax credit for the commercial air tour operators equal to the amount of any overflight fees charged by the National Park Service; and

"(2) the financial effects proposed offsets are likely to have on Federal Aviation Administration budgets and appropriations.

"(b)

"Any methodology adopted by a Federal agency to assess air tour noise in any unit of the national park system (including the Grand Canyon and Alaska) shall be based on reasonable scientific methods.

"The provisions of this title and section 40128 of title 49, United States Code, as added by section 803(a), do not apply to any land or waters located in Alaska."

Pub. L. 100–91, Aug. 18, 1987, 101 Stat. 674, as amended by Pub. L. 106–510, §3(a)(2), (b)(2), Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2363, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) the impacts of aircraft noise on the safety of the park system users, including hikers, rock-climbers, and boaters;

"(2) the impairment of visitor enjoyment associated with flights over such units of the National Park System;

"(3) other injurious effects of overflights on the natural, historical, and cultural resources for which such units were established; and

"(4) the values associated with aircraft flights over such units of the National Park System in terms of visitor enjoyment, the protection of persons or property, search and rescue operations and firefighting.

Such research shall evaluate the impact of overflights by both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. The research shall include an evaluation of the differences in noise levels within such units of the National Park System which are associated with flight by commonly used aircraft at different altitudes. The research shall apply only to overflights and shall not apply to landing fields within, or adjacent to, such units.

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(1) emergency situations involving the protection of persons or property, including aircraft;

"(2) search and rescue operations;

"(3) flights for purposes of firefighting or for required administrative purposes; and

"(4) compliance with instructions of an air traffic controller.

"(e)

"(a) Noise associated with aircraft overflights at the Grand Canyon National Park is causing a significant adverse effect on the natural quiet and experience of the park and current aircraft operations at the Grand Canyon National Park have raised serious concerns regarding public safety, including concerns regarding the safety of park users.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) whether the plan has succeeded in substantially restoring the natural quiet in the park; and

"(B) such other matters, including possible revisions in the plan, as may be of interest.

The report shall include comments by the Administrator regarding the effect of the plan's implementation on aircraft safety.

"(c)

"(1) which fly a direct route between a point on the north rim outside of the Grand Canyon National Park and locations on the Hualapai Indian Reservation (as designated by the Tribe); and

"(2) whose sole purpose is transporting individuals to or from boat trips on the Colorado River and any guide of such a trip.

"The Administrator shall conduct surveillance of aircraft flights over the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness as authorized by the Act of October 21, 1978 (92 Stat. 1649–1659) for a period of not less than 180 days beginning within 60 days of enactment of this Act [Aug. 18, 1987]. In addition to any actions the Administrator may take as a result of such surveillance, he shall provide a report to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs and the Committee on Public Works and Transportation of the United States House of Representatives and to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the United States Senate. Such report is to be submitted within 30 days of completion of the surveillance activities. Such report shall include but not necessarily be limited to information on the type and frequency of aircraft using the airspace over the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness.

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"In conducting the study and the assessment required by this Act, the Secretary of the Interior and the Chief of the Forest Service shall consult with other Federal agencies that are engaged in an analysis of the impacts of aircraft overflights over federally-owned land."

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(A) define a capacity reduction event;

(B) establish the criteria and process for determining when a capacity reduction event exists that warrants the use of collaborative decisionmaking among carriers at airports participating in the pilot program; and

(C) prescribe the methods of communication to be implemented among carriers during such an event.

(2)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(1)

(2)

(i)

(j)

(1)

(2)

(k)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §423(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2552.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 108–176, which was approved Dec. 12, 2003.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(A) to conduct, in accordance with the established request process, a criminal history background check of an airman in the criminal repositories of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and States by submitting positive identification of the airman to a fingerprint-based repository in compliance with section 217 of the National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact Act of 1998 (42 U.S.C. 14616); 1 and

(B) to receive relevant criminal history record information regarding the airman checked.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, §802(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 118.)

Section 217 of the National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact Act of 1998, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(A), is section 217 of subtitle A of title II of Pub. L. 105–251, which was classified to section 14616 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification as section 40316 of Title 34, Crime Control and Law Enforcement.

1 See References in Text note below.


**1996**—Pub. L. 104–264, title VII, §703(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3268, added item 41113.

(a)

(1) an air carrier may provide air transportation only if the air carrier holds a certificate issued under this chapter authorizing the air transportation;

(2) a charter air carrier may provide charter air transportation only if the charter air carrier holds a certificate issued under this chapter authorizing the charter air transportation; and

(3) an air carrier may provide all-cargo air transportation only if the air carrier holds a certificate issued under this chapter authorizing the all-cargo air transportation.

(b)

(1) may provide transportation for passengers and property that includes through service by the citizen over its routes in the State and in air transportation by an air carrier or foreign air carrier; and

(2) subject to sections 41309 and 42111 of this title, may make an agreement with an air carrier or foreign air carrier to provide the joint transportation.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1118.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41101(a)(1) | 49 App.:1371(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §401(a), (i), 72 Stat. 754, 756. |

41101(a)(2) | 49 App.:1301(14) (related to certificate). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §101(14) (related to certificate); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §2(a)(1), 92 Stat. 1705. |

41101(a)(3) | (no source). | |

41101(b) | 49 App.:1371(d) (4)(A)(i), (ii) (related to joint services). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §401(d) (4)(A)(i), (ii) (related to joint services); added Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §9, 91 Stat. 1281; restated Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §9, 92 Stat. 1713. |

41101(c) | 49 App.:1371(i). |


In subsections (a)(2) and (c), the words "issued under this chapter" are added for clarity.

In subsection (a), the word "provide" is substituted for "engage in" for consistency in the revised title. The words before clause (1) are added to inform the reader that other provisions of the chapter and other laws qualify the requirement of being licensed by the Secretary of Transportation. In clause (1), the word "holds" is substituted for "there is in force" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "under this chapter" are substituted for "by the Board" for clarity. In clause (2), the words "of public convenience and necessity" are omitted as surplus. Clause (3) is included to inform the reader at the beginning of this chapter about all of the types of certificates and permits that the Secretary may issue under this subchapter.

In subsection (b), the word "passengers" is substituted for "persons" for consistency in the revised title. Before clause (1), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter" are omitted as surplus. The words "providing transportation" are substituted for "undertakes . . . the carriage of" for consistency in the revised title. The words "or hire" are omitted as surplus and for consistency. The words "for such carriage within such State" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "through service" are substituted for "transportation" the first time it appears for clarity. In clause (2), the words "the requirements of" and "for such through services" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the word "property" is omitted as surplus. The words "landing area" are omitted because they are included in the definition of "air navigation facility" in section 40102(a) of the revised title.

(a)

(1) air transportation as an air carrier.

(2) temporary air transportation as an air carrier for a limited period.

(3) charter air transportation as a charter air carrier.

(b)

(2) In addition to the findings under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Secretary, before issuing a certificate under subsection (a) of this section for foreign air transportation, must find that the transportation is consistent with the public convenience and necessity.

(c)

(1) to decide if the projected services, efficiencies, methods, and prices and the projected results will materialize and remain for a sustained period of time; or

(2) to evaluate the new transportation.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1119.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41102(a) | 49 App.:1371(d)(1) (words before 1st comma and after semicolon), (2) (1st–32d words). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §401(d)(1), (2), 72 Stat. 755; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §8, 92 Stat. 1712; restated Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §4, 94 Stat. 37. |

49 App.:1371(d)(3) (words before 6th comma). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §401(d)(3); added July 10, 1962, Pub. L. 87–528, §2, 76 Stat. 143; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §8, 92 Stat. 1712; restated Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §4, 94 Stat. 37. | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b) (1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41102(b)(1) | 49 App.:1371(d)(1) (words between 1st and last commas), (2) (42d–last words), (3) (words after 7th comma). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41102(b)(2) | 49 App.:1371(d)(1) (words between last comma and semicolon), (2) (33d–41st words), (3) (words between 6th and 7th commas). | |

49 App.:1551(a)(1)(A). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a) (1)(A), (B); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §40(a), 92 Stat. 1744. | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41102(c) | 49 App.:1371(d)(8) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §401(d)(8) (1st sentence); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §13, 92 Stat. 1718. |

49 App.:1551(a)(1)(B), (b)(1)(E). | ||

41102(d) | (no source). |


In this section, the words "citizen of the United States" and "citizen" are substituted for "applicant" for clarity and consistency because only a citizen of the United States may be an "air carrier" as defined in section 40102(a) of the revised title, and only an air carrier may be a "charter air carrier" as defined in section 40102(a). The word "provide" is substituted for "perform" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "of public convenience and necessity" are added for clarity. The words "any part of" are substituted for "the whole or any part of" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clauses (2) and (3), the words "In the case of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the words "for such periods" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the word "comply" is substituted for "conform" for consistency in the revised title. The words "properly" and "requirements" are omitted as surplus. The word "rules" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulations".

In subsection (b)(2), the words "foreign air transportation" are added because 49 App.:1551(a)(1)(A) provides that 49 App.:1371(d)(1)–(3) no longer applies to interstate or overseas transportation of persons. After January 1, 1985, other interstate and overseas air transportation and the domestic air transportation of mail do not require a certificate of public convenience and necessity. See H. Rept. 98–793, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., p.10 (1984).

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "issue a certificate" are substituted for "grant an application" for consistency in this chapter. The words "for interstate air transportation (except the transportation of passengers) or foreign air transportation" are added for clarity and consistency. The word "only" is omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the word "prices" is substituted for "rates, fares, charges" because of the definition of "price" in section 40102(a) of the revised title. The words "in fact" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "to assess the impact of the new services on the national air route structure, or otherwise" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (d) is added for clarity.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1) is exempt in providing the transportation under the certificate from the requirements of—

(A) section 41101(a)(1) of this title and regulations or procedures prescribed under section 41101(a)(1); and

(B) other provisions of this part and regulations or procedures prescribed under those provisions when the Secretary finds under regulations of the Secretary that the exemption is appropriate; and

(2) is an air carrier under this part except to the extent the carrier is exempt under this section from a requirement of this part.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1119; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(49), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4384.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41103(a) | 49 App.:1388(a)(4). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §418(a)(4); added Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §17(a), 91 Stat. 1285; Mar. 14, 1978, Pub. L. 95–245, §1, 92 Stat. 156. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b) (1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41103(b) | 49 App.:1388(b)(1)(B). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §418(b)(1)(B); added Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §17(a), 91 Stat. 1285; Mar. 14, 1978, Pub. L. 95–245, §3, 92 Stat. 156. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41103(c) | 49 App.:1388(b)(2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §418(b)(2), (c), (d); added Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §17(a), 91 Stat. 1285. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41103(d)(1) | 49 App.:1388(c). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41103(d)(2) | 49 App.:1388(d). |


In subsection (a), the words "After the three hundred and sixty-fifth day which begins after November 9, 1977" are omitted as executed. The words "under this section" are omitted as surplus. The words "authorizing the citizen" are added for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (b), the words "pursuant to paragraph (4) of subsection (a) of this section" are omitted as surplus. The word "citizen" is substituted for "applicant" for clarity and consistency because only a citizen of the United States may be an "air carrier" as defined in section 40102(a) of the revised title and only an air carrier can provide all–cargo air transportation. The words "to provide" are added for clarity and consistency in this subchapter. The word "rules" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulations". The word "promulgated" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "reasonable", "and limitations", and "and conditions" are omitted as surplus. The word "places" is substituted for "points" for consistency in the revised title.

This amends 49:41103(a) to make the term consistent throughout subtitle VII of title 49.

**1994**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "all-cargo" for "all-property".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A) does not have an airport operating certificate issued under part 139 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (or any subsequent similar regulation); or

(B) has an airport operating certificate issued under part 139 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (or any subsequent similar regulation) if the airport—

(i) is a reliever airport (as defined in section 47102) and is designated as such in the national plan of integrated airports maintained under section 47103; and

(ii) is located within 20 nautical miles (22 statute miles) of 3 or more airports that each annually account for at least 1 percent of the total United States passenger enplanements and at least 2 of which are operated by the sponsor of the reliever airport.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(c)

(1) maintained a principal place of business in Alaska; and

(2) conducted air transport operations between places in Alaska with aircraft with a certificate for gross takeoff weight of more than 40,000 pounds.

(d)

(2) The Secretary shall begin immediately a hearing to decide if the certificate referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection should be amended, modified, suspended, or revoked. Until the hearing is completed, the Secretary may suspend the certificate for additional periods totaling not more than 60 days. If the Secretary decides that the carrier is complying with the requirements described in sections 41110(e) and 41112 of this title and regulations and orders under sections 41110(e) and 41112, the Secretary immediately may end the suspension period and proceeding begun under this subsection. However, the Secretary is not prevented from imposing a civil penalty on the carrier for violating the requirements described in section 41110(e) or 41112 or a regulation or order under section 41110(e) or 41112.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1120; Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §723, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 165; Pub. L. 106–528, §8(c), Nov. 22, 2000, 114 Stat. 2522; Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §822, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2594.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41104(a) | 49 App.:1371(n)(2), (4). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §401(n)(2)–(4); added July 10, 1962, Pub. L. 87–528, §4, 76 Stat. 144; restated Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §20(b), 92 Stat. 1721. |

49 App.:1551(a)(1)(E) (related to 49 App.:1371(n)(4)). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(1)(E) (related to §401(n)(4)); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §40(a), 92 Stat. 1744. | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b) (1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41104(b) | 49 App.:1371(n)(3). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41104(c) | 49 App.:1371(n)(5). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §401(n)(5); added July 10, 1962, Pub. L. 87–528, §4, 76 Stat. 145; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §20(c), 92 Stat. 1722. |

49 App.:1371(n)(6). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §401(n)(6); added July 10, 1962, Pub. L. 87–528, §4, 76 Stat. 145. | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). |


In subsection (a), the word "rule" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulation". The words "charter air transportation" are substituted for "charter trips" for consistency in this part. The text of 49 App.:1371(n)(4) and 1551(n)(1)(E) (related to 49 App.:1371(n)(4)) is omitted because inclusive tour charters have been abolished and charter air carriers have received authority to sell public charter flights directly to the public.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter" are omitted as surplus. The words "An air carrier holding" are added for clarity. The words "State of" are omitted as surplus. The word "modifying" is added for consistency in the revised title. The words "citizen of the United States" are substituted for "person" for clarity and consistency because only a citizen of the United States may be an "air carrier" as defined in section 40102(a) of the revised title.

In subsection (c), the words "the requirements described in" are added for clarity.

In subsection (c)(1), the text of 49 App.:1371(n)(6) is omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a).

In subsection (c)(2), the word "amended" is added for consistency in the revised title.

**2003**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 108–176, §822(a), inserted a comma after "regularly scheduled charter air transportation", substituted "paragraphs (3) and (4)" for "paragraph (3)" and "flight, to or from an airport that—" for "flight unless such air transportation is to and from an airport that has an airport operating certificate issued under part 139 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (or any subsequent similar regulation).", and added subpars. (A) and (B).

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 108–176, §822(b), added par. (4).

**2000**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–181, §723(2), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (c).

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 106–528, §8(c)(1), added par. (1) and struck out heading and text of former par. (1). Text read as follows: "An air carrier, including an indirect air carrier, which operates aircraft designed for more than nine passenger seats, may not provide regularly scheduled charter air transportation for which the general public is provided in advance a schedule containing the departure location, departure time, and arrival location of the flights to or from an airport that is not located in Alaska and that does not have an operating certificate issued under part 139 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (or any subsequent similar regulations)."

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 106–528, §8(c)(2), added par. (3).

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 106–181, §723(1), redesignated subsecs. (b) and (c) as (c) and (d), respectively.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–528 effective 30 days after Nov. 22, 2000, see section 9 of Pub. L. 106–528, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) the viability of each carrier involved in the transfer;

(2) competition in the domestic airline industry; and

(3) the trade position of the United States in the international air transportation market.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1121; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41105(a) | 49 App.:1371(h)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §401(h)(1), 72 Stat. 756; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9127(1), 104 Stat. 1388–371. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41105(b) | 49 App.:1371(h)(2), (3). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §401(h)(2), (3); added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9127(2), 104 Stat. 1388–371. |


**1996**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Public Works and Transportation".

(a)

(A) has aircraft in the civil reserve air fleet or offers to place the aircraft in that fleet; and

(B) holds a certificate issued under section 41102 of this title.

(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall act as expeditiously as possible on an application for a certificate under section 41102 of this title to provide airlift service.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1121; Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title III, §385(a), (b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–87; Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title III, §365, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1380.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41106 | 49 App.:1371(o). |
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §401(o); added July 12, 1976, Pub. L. 94–353, §18(a), 90 Stat. 883. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the word "passengers" is substituted for "persons" for consistency in the revised title. The words "Secretary of Defense" are substituted for "Department of Defense" because of 10:113(a). The words "an air carrier" are substituted for "carriers" for clarity.

In subsection (b), the words "to provide the service" are added for clarity.

**2011**—Subsecs. (a)(1), (b). Pub. L. 112–81, §365(a)(1), substituted "CRAF-eligible aircraft" for "transport category aircraft".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–81, §365(a), substituted "CRAF-eligible aircraft" for "transport category aircraft" and "referred to in subsection (a)" for "that has aircraft in the civil reserve air fleet".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–81, §365(b), added subsec. (e).

**2000**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title III, §385(a)(1), (b)], in heading substituted "Interstate Transportation" for "General" and in introductory provisions of par. (1), substituted "Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section," for "Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section," and struck out "of at least 31 days" after "through a contract".

Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title III, §385(a)(2), (3)], added subsecs. (b) and (c) and redesignated former subsec. (b) as (d).

Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title III, §385(c)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–87, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on October 1, 2000."

When the United States Postal Service finds that the needs of the Postal Service require the transportation of mail by aircraft in foreign air transportation or between places in Alaska, in addition to the transportation of mail authorized under certificates in effect, the Postal Service shall certify that finding to the Secretary of Transportation with a statement about the additional transportation and facilities necessary to provide the additional transportation. A copy of each certification and statement shall be posted for at least 20 days in the office of the Secretary. After notice and an opportunity for a hearing, the Secretary shall issue a new certificate under section 41102 of this title, or amend or modify an existing certificate under section 41110(a)(2)(A) of this title, to provide the additional transportation and facilities if the Secretary finds the additional transportation is required by the public convenience and necessity.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §§1(e), 4(k)(1), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1121, 1370; Pub. L. 106–31, title VI, §6003, May 21, 1999, 113 Stat. 113.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41107 | 49 App.:1371(m). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §401(m), 72 Stat. 757. |

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(A) (related to 49 App.:1371(m)), (b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(4)(A) (related to §401(m)), (b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(c), (e), 98 Stat. 1703, 1704. |


The words "from time to time" are omitted as surplus. The words "United States Postal Service" and "Postal Service" are substituted for "Postmaster General" in section 401(m) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 757) because of sections 4(a) and 6(o) of the Postal Reorganization Act (Public Law 91–375, 84 Stat. 773, 783). The words "in foreign air transportation or between places in Alaska" are substituted for "between any points within the United States or between the United States and foreign countries" for consistency in the revised title and because 49 App.:1551(a)(4)(A) provides that 49 App.:1371(m) no longer applies to interstate or overseas air transportation (except transportation of mail between 2 places in Alaska). In addition, Congress did not intend to maintain the regulation of domestic air transportation of mail. See section 40102(a) of the revised title defining "air transportation" to mean interstate or foreign air transportation or the transportation of mail by aircraft. The word "currently" is omitted as surplus. The words "opportunity for a" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "or certificates" are omitted as surplus because of 1:1. The word "modify" is added for consistency in the revised title.

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41107 | 49 App.:1551(a)(8). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(8); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(c), 98 Stat. 1704; Sept. 30, 1988, Pub. L. 100–457, §346 (related to §1601(a)(8) of Federal Aviation Act of 1958), 102 Stat. 2155. |

49 App.:1551(b)(3). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(3); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(f), 98 Stat. 1704; Sept. 30, 1988, Pub. L. 100–457, §346 (related to §1601(b)(3) of Federal Aviation Act of 1958), 102 Stat. 2155. |


Section 4(k) reflects amendments to the restatement required by section 1601(a)(8) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 731), as added by section 3(c) of the Civil Aeronautics Board Sunset Act of 1984 (Public Law 98–443, 98 Stat. 1704), and section 1601(b)(3) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 731), as added by section 3(f) of the Civil Aeronautics Board Sunset Act of 1984 (Public Law 98–443, 98 Stat. 1704). Section 1601(a)(8) provides that the authority under 49 App.:1371(l) and (m) and 1375(b)–(d) as those sections relate to transportation of mail by aircraft between places in Alaska (restated in sections 41107 and 41901–41903 of the revised title) ceases on January 1, 1999. Section 1601(b)(3) transfers the authority for prescribing rates for transportation of mail between places in Alaska from the Secretary of Transportation to the Postal Service effective January 1, 1999.

**1999**—Pub. L. 106–31 repealed Pub. L. 103–272, §4(k). See 1994 Amendment note below.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–272, §4(k)(1), which directed the amendment of this section by substituting "foreign air transportation," for "foreign air transportation or between places in Alaska,", effective Jan. 1, 1999, was repealed by Pub. L. 106–31, §6003, effective Dec. 31, 1998.

Pub. L. 106–31, title VI, §6003, May 21, 1999, 113 Stat. 113, provided that the amendment made by section 6003 is effective Dec. 31, 1998.

Pub. L. 103–272, §4(k), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1370, which provided that the amendments made by that section (amending this section and sections 41901, 41902, and 41903 of this title) were effective Jan. 1, 1999, was repealed by Pub. L. 106–31, title VI, §6003, May 21, 1999, 113 Stat. 113, effective Dec. 31, 1998.

(a)

(1) be in the form and contain information required by regulations of the Secretary; and

(2) be accompanied by proof of service on interested persons as required by regulations of the Secretary and on each community that may be affected by the issuance of the certificate.

(b)

(A) provide an opportunity for a public hearing on the application;

(B) begin the procedure under section 41111 of this title; or

(C) dismiss the application on its merits.

(2) An order of dismissal issued by the Secretary under paragraph (1)(C) of this subsection is a final order and may be reviewed judicially under section 46110 of this title.

(3) If the Secretary provides an opportunity for a hearing under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection, an initial or recommended decision shall be issued not later than 150 days after the date the Secretary provides the opportunity. The Secretary shall issue a final order on the application not later than 90 days after the decision is issued. However, if the Secretary does not act within the 90-day period, the initial or recommended decision on an application to provide—

(A) interstate air transportation is a final order and may be reviewed judicially under section 46110 of this title; and

(B) foreign air transportation shall be submitted to the President under section 41307 of this title.

(4) If the Secretary acts under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection, the Secretary shall issue a final order on the application not later than 180 days after beginning the procedure on the application.

(5) If a citizen applying for a certificate does not meet the procedural schedule adopted by the Secretary in a proceeding, the Secretary may extend the period for acting under paragraphs (3) and (4) of this subsection by a period equal to the period of delay caused by the citizen. In addition to an extension under this paragraph, an initial or recommended decision under paragraph (3) of this subsection may be delayed for not more than 30 days in extraordinary circumstances.

(c)

(2) A person opposing a citizen applying for a certificate must prove that the transportation referred to in section 41102(b)(2) of this title is not consistent with the public convenience and necessity. The transportation is deemed to be consistent with the public convenience and necessity unless the Secretary finds, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the transportation is not consistent with the public convenience and necessity.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1121.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41108(a) | 49 App.:1371(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §401(b), 72 Stat. 754; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §6, 92 Stat. 1710. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41108(b) | 49 App.:1371(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 401(c), 72 Stat. 754; restated Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §7(a), 92 Stat. 1711. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41108(c) | 49 App.:1371(d)(9). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §401(d)(9); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §14, 92 Stat. 1719. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). |


In subsection (a), the words "of public convenience and necessity under section 41102 of this title" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "give due notice thereof to the public by" are omitted as surplus. The word "response" is substituted for "protest or memorandum" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "requested by such application" are omitted as surplus. Clause (A) is substituted for 49 App.:1371(c)(1)(A) for clarity and consistency. Clause (B) is substituted for 49 App.:1371(c)(1)(B) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "An order of dismissal issued by the Secretary under paragraph (1)(C) of this subsection" are substituted for "Any order of dismissal of an application issued by the Board without setting such application for a hearing or beginning to make a determination with respect to such application under such simplified procedures" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(3), before clause (A), the words "If the Secretary provides an opportunity for a hearing under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection" are substituted for "If the Board determines that any application should be set for a public hearing under clause (A) of the second sentence of paragraph (1) of this subsection" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "provides the opportunity" are substituted for "of such determination" for clarity. The words "for a certificate" are omitted as surplus. The words "to provide" are substituted for "to engage in" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (b)(4), the words "If the Secretary acts under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection" are added for clarity. The words "after beginning the procedure on the application" are substituted for "after the Board begins to make a determination with respect to an application under the simplified procedures established by the Board in regulations pursuant to subsection (p) of this section" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(5), the word "particular" is omitted as surplus. The words "by order" are omitted as surplus because of 5:ch. 5, subch. II.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "In any determination as to whether or not" are omitted as surplus. The word "provide" is substituted for "perform" for consistency in the revised title. The word "properly" is omitted as surplus. The word "comply" is substituted for "conform" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "In any determination as to whether" are omitted as surplus. The reference is to section 41102(b)(2), rather than 41102(a), of the revised title to reflect the termination of authority under 49 App.:1551(a)(1)(A).

(a)

(2) The Secretary of Transportation—

(A) may prescribe terms for providing air transportation under the certificate that the Secretary finds may be required in the public interest; but

(B) may not prescribe a term preventing an air carrier from adding or changing schedules, equipment, accommodations, and facilities for providing the authorized transportation to satisfy business development and public demand.

(3) A certificate issued under section 41102 of this title to provide foreign air transportation shall specify the places between which the air carrier is authorized to provide the transportation only to the extent the Secretary considers practicable and otherwise only shall specify each general route to be followed. The Secretary shall authorize an air carrier holding a certificate to provide foreign air transportation to handle and transport mail of countries other than the United States.

(4) A certificate issued under section 41102 of this title to provide foreign charter air transportation shall specify the places between which the air carrier is authorized to provide the transportation only to the extent the Secretary considers practicable and otherwise only shall specify each geographical area in which, or between which, the transportation may be provided.

(5) As prescribed by regulation by the Secretary, an air carrier other than a charter air carrier may provide charter trips or other special services without regard to the places named or type of transportation specified in its certificate.

(b)

(A) provide the carrier an opportunity for an oral evidentiary hearing on the record; or

(B) begin to consider the application under section 41111 of this title.

(2) The Secretary shall modify each term the Secretary finds to be inconsistent with the criteria under section 40101(a) and (b) of this title.

(3) An application under this subsection may not be dismissed under section 41108(b)(1)(C) of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1123; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(70), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3396.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41109(a)(1) | 49 App.:1371(e)(1) (words before semicolon). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §401(e)(1), 72 Stat. 755; restated July 10, 1962, Pub. L. 87–528, §3, 76 Stat. 143. |

49 App.:1551(a)(1)(C). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(1)(C); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §40(a), 92 Stat. 1744. | |

41109(a)(2) | 49 App.:1371(e)(1) (words after semicolon). | |

49 App.:1371(e)(4). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §401(e)(3), (4), 72 Stat. 755; restated July 10, 1962, Pub. L. 87–528, §3, 76 Stat. 143; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §15(a), (b), 92 Stat. 1719. | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41109(a)(3) | 49 App.:1371(e)(2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §401(e)(2), 72 Stat. 755; restated July 10, 1962, Pub. L. 87–528, §3, 76 Stat. 143; Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §5, 94 Stat. 37. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41109(a)(4) | 49 App.:1371(e)(3). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41109(b) | 49 App.:1371(e)(7)(B). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §401(e)(7)(B); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §16, 92 Stat. 1720. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). |


In subsection (a)(1), the text of 49 App.:1371(e)(1) (words before semicolon related to terminal and intermediate points) is omitted as obsolete because of 49 App.:1551(a)(1)(C) and because interstate and overseas air transportation is no longer regulated. The words "type of" are added for clarity. The word "provided" is substituted for "rendered" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(2), the words before clause (A) are added for clarity. Clause (A) is substituted for 49 App.:1371(e)(1) (words after semicolon) for clarity and consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the words "may not prescribe a term preventing" are substituted for "No term, condition, or limitation of a certificate shall restrict the right" for clarity and consistency. The word "providing" is substituted for "performing" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(3) and (4), the word "places" is substituted for "points", and the word "provide" is substituted for "engage in", for consistency in the revised title. The words "terminal and intermediate" are omitted as surplus. The words "between which the air carrier is authorized to provide the transportation" are added for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "or routes" are omitted because of 1:1. The words "The Secretary" are added for clarity.

In subsection (a)(4), the words "or areas" are omitted because of 1:1.

In subsection (b), the words "condition, or limitation" are omitted as being included in "term".

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the word "modify" is substituted for "removal or modification" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "provide" is substituted for "engage in" for consistency in the revised title. In clause (A), the words "provide the carrier an opportunity" are substituted for "set such application" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (B), the words "the simplified procedures established by the Board in regulations pursuant to" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:41109(a) to clarify the restatement of 49 App.:1371(e) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1123).

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 104–287 added par. (5).

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

(a)

(A) the Secretary of Transportation suspends or revokes the certificate under this section;

(B) the end of the period the Secretary specifies for an air carrier having a certificate of temporary authority issued under section 41102(a)(2) of this title; or

(C) the Secretary certifies that transportation is no longer being provided under a certificate.

(2) On application or on the initiative of the Secretary and after notice and an opportunity for a hearing or, except as provided in paragraph (4) of this subsection, under section 41111 of this title, the Secretary may—

(A) amend, modify, or suspend any part of a certificate if the Secretary finds the public convenience and necessity require amendment, modification, or suspension; and

(B) revoke any part of a certificate if the Secretary finds that the holder of the certificate intentionally does not comply with this chapter, sections 41308–41310(a), 41501, 41503, 41504, 41506, 41510, 41511, 41701, 41702, 41705–41709, 41711, 41712, and 41731–41742, chapter 419, subchapter II of chapter 421, and section 46301(b) of this title, a regulation or order of the Secretary under any of those provisions, or a term of its certificate.

(3) The Secretary may revoke a certificate under paragraph (2)(B) of this subsection only if the holder of the certificate does not comply, within a reasonable time the Secretary specifies, with an order to the holder requiring compliance.

(4) A certificate to provide foreign air transportation may not be amended, modified, suspended, or revoked under section 41111 of this title if the holder of the certificate requests an oral evidentiary hearing or the Secretary finds, under all the facts and circumstances, that the hearing is required in the public interest.

(b)

(c)

(A) notifies the Secretary, under section 41734(a) of this title or a regulation of the Secretary, that it intends to suspend all transportation to that place; or

(B) does not provide regularly scheduled transportation to the place for 90 days immediately before the date the Secretary notifies the carrier of the action the Secretary proposes.

(2) Paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection does not apply to a place provided seasonal transportation comparable to the transportation provided during the prior year.

(d)

(1) review the performance of an air carrier issued a certificate under section 41102(c) of this title on the basis that the air carrier will provide innovative or low-priced air transportation under the certificate; and

(2) amend, modify, suspend, or revoke the certificate or authority under subsection (a)(2) or (c) of this section if the air carrier has not provided, or is not providing, the transportation.

(e)

(2) After notice and an opportunity for a hearing, the Secretary shall amend, modify, suspend, or revoke any part of a certificate issued under section 41102 of this title if the Secretary finds that the air carrier—

(A) is not fit, willing, and able to provide the transportation authorized by the certificate and to comply with this part and regulations of the Secretary; or

(B) does not file reports necessary for the Secretary to decide if the carrier is complying with the requirements of clause (A) of this paragraph.

(f)

(1) in consultation with appropriate departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government, shall reexamine immediately the fitness of an air carrier that—

(A) violates the laws and regulations of the United States related to the illegal importation of a controlled substance; or

(B) does not adopt available measures to prevent the illegal importation of a controlled substance into the United States on its aircraft; and

(2) when appropriate, shall amend, modify, suspend, or revoke the certificate of the carrier issued under this chapter.

(g)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1123; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(50), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4384.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41110(a)(1) | 49 App.:1371(f). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §401(f), 72 Stat. 755; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §§10(b), 17, 92 Stat. 1716, 1720. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41110(a) (2)–(4) | 49 App.:1371(g)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §401(g), 72 Stat. 756; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §18, 92 Stat. 1720; restated Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §6, 94 Stat 37. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41110(b) | 49 App.:1388(b)(4). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §418(b)(4); added Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §17(a), 91 Stat. 1285. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41110(c) | 49 App.:1371(g)(3). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41110(d) | 49 App.:1371(d)(8) (last sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §401(d)(8) (last sentence); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §13, 92 Stat. 1719. |

49 App.:1551(a)(1)(B). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(1)(B); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §40(a), 92 Stat. 1744. | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41110(e) | 49 App.:1371(r) (related to certificate). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §401(r) (related to certificate); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §20(d)(1), 92 Stat. 1722. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41110(f) | 49 App.:1371a (related to certificate). | Aug. 15, 1985, Pub. L. 99–88, §100 (1st complete par. related to certificate on p. 352), 99 Stat. 352. |

41110(g) | 49 App.:1371(g)(2). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). |


In subsection (a)(1)(C), the words "transportation is no longer being provided under a certificate" are substituted for "operation thereunder has ceased" and "operations thereunder have ceased" for clarity and consistency.

In subsections (a)(2) and (e), the words "opportunity for a" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a)(2), before clause (A), the word "application" is substituted for "petition or complaint" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "except as provided in paragraph (4) of this subsection" are added for clarity. The words "the simplified procedures under" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the word "alter" is omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the reference to 49 App.:1372 is omitted from the cross-references of "this subchapter" because 49 App.:1372 is concerned with foreign air carrier permits and not relevant to air carrier certificate revocation. The word "rule" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulation". The words "condition, or limitation" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "to the provision, or to the order (other than an order issued in accordance with this sentence), rule, regulation, term, condition, or limitation found by the Board to have been violated" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(4), the word "provide" is substituted for "engage in" for consistency in the revised title. The words "altered" and "the simplified procedures of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "to the extent of such service" are omitted as surplus. The word "provided" is substituted for "performed" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (c)(1), the word "place" is substituted for "point" for consistency in the revised title. In clause (A), the cross-reference is to section 41734(a) of the revised title for clarity because 49 App.:1371(j) is obsolete. The comparable provision is 49 App.:1389(b)(2), restated as section 41734(a). The words "provided by that carrier" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the word "immediately" is added for clarity.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "alter" and "the procedures prescribed in" are omitted as surplus.

In subsections (e) and (f)(2), the word "amend" is added for consistency.

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "The requirement that each applicant for a certificate or any other authority . . . shall be a continuing requirement applicable to each such air carrier with respect to the transportation authorized by the Board" are omitted as surplus. The words "by order" are omitted as unnecessary because of 5:ch. 5, subch. II. In clause (1), the word "provide" is substituted for "perform" for consistency in the revised title. The word "properly" is omitted as surplus. The word "comply" is substituted for "conform to" for consistency in the revised title. The word "rules" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulations". The word "requirements" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), before clause (1), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law" are omitted as surplus. The words "on and after August 15, 1985" are omitted as executed. In clause (1), before subclause (A), the words "law enforcement and other" are omitted as surplus. The words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government" are substituted for "agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "an air carrier" are substituted for "any carrier" for clarity. In clause (2), the words "of public convenience and necessity" are omitted as surplus. The words "issued under this chapter" are added for clarity.

In subsection (g), the word "response" is substituted for "protest or memorandum" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "alteration" is omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:41110(e) to clarify the restatement of 49 App.:1371(r) (related to certificate) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1124).

**1994**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–429 reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "After notice and an opportunity for a hearing, the Secretary shall amend, modify, suspend, or revoke any part of a certificate issued under section 41102 of this title if the Secretary finds that the air carrier—

"(1) is not fit, willing, and able to continue to provide the transportation authorized by the certificate and to comply with this part and regulations of the Secretary; or

"(2) does not file reports necessary for the Secretary to decide if the carrier is complying with the requirements of clause (1) of this subsection."

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(A) acting on an application for a certificate to provide air transportation under section 41102 of this title; and

(B) amending, modifying, suspending, or transferring any part of that certificate under section 41105 or 41110(a) or (c) of this title.

(2) Regulations under this section shall provide for notice and an opportunity for each interested person to file appropriate written evidence and argument. An oral evidentiary hearing is not required to be provided under this section.

(b)

(c)

(A) deciding whether to use the simplified procedure; and

(B) making a decision on an action in which the procedure is used.

(2) The regulations may provide that written evidence and argument may be filed under section 41108(b) of this title as a part of a response opposing or supporting the issuance of a certificate.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1125.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41111(a) | 49 App.:1371(p)(1) (1st, 2d sentences). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §401(p); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §21(a)(1), 92 Stat. 1723. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41111(b) | 49 App.:1371(p)(2) (1st sentence). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41111(c) | 49 App.:1371(p)(1) (last sentence), (2) (last sentence). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). |


In this section, the words "acting on" and "act on" are substituted for "disposition of" for consistency.

In subsection (a)(1)(A), the word "provide" is substituted for "engage in" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(1)(B), the word "alteration" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the word "adequate" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "to act on an application for a certificate to provide air transportation under section 41102 of this title, or to amend, modify, suspend, or transfer any part of that certificate under section 41105 or 41110(a) or (c) of this title" are added for clarity.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "by such person" are omitted as surplus. The words "a response opposing or supporting the issuance of a certificate" are substituted for "a protest or memorandum filed with respect to such application" for consistency.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1126.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41112 | 49 App.:1371(q). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §401(q); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §20(d)(1), 92 Stat. 1722. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


In subsection (a), the words "citizen of the United States" and "citizen" are substituted for "applicant for such certificate or the air carrier" for clarity and consistency because only a citizen of the United States may be an "air carrier" as defined in section 40102(a) of the revised title and receive a certificate. The words "as the case may be" are omitted as surplus. The words "to provide air transportation as an air carrier under section 41102 of this title" are added for clarity. The words "approved by the Secretary" are substituted for "governing the filing and approval . . . in the amount prescribed by the Board" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "The policy or plan must be sufficient to pay" are substituted for "which are conditioned to pay . . . amounts" for clarity. The words "for which such applicant or such air carrier may become liable for" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the word "passengers" is substituted for "travelers" for consistency in this chapter. The words "issued . . . under section 41102 of this title" are added for clarity. The word "arrangement" is omitted as surplus. The word "provide" is substituted for "perform" for consistency in the revised title.

(a)

(b)

(1) A plan for publicizing a reliable, toll-free telephone number, and for providing staff, to handle calls from the families of the passengers.

(2) A process for notifying the families of the passengers, before providing any public notice of the names of the passengers, either by utilizing the services of the organization designated for the accident under section 1136(a)(2) of this title or the services of other suitably trained individuals.

(3) An assurance that the notice described in paragraph (2) will be provided to the family of a passenger as soon as the air carrier has verified that the passenger was aboard the aircraft (whether or not the names of all of the passengers have been verified) and, to the extent practicable, in person.

(4) An assurance that the air carrier will provide to the director of family support services designated for the accident under section 1136(a)(1) of this title, and to the organization designated for the accident under section 1136(a)(2) of this title, immediately upon request, a list (which is based on the best available information at the time of the request) of the names of the passengers aboard the aircraft (whether or not such names have been verified), and will periodically update the list.

(5) An assurance that the family of each passenger will be consulted about the disposition of all remains and personal effects of the passenger within the control of the air carrier.

(6) An assurance that if requested by the family of a passenger, any possession of the passenger within the control of the air carrier (regardless of its condition) will be returned to the family unless the possession is needed for the accident investigation or any criminal investigation.

(7) An assurance that any unclaimed possession of a passenger within the control of the air carrier will be retained by the air carrier for at least 18 months.

(8) An assurance that the family of each passenger will be consulted about construction by the air carrier of any monument to the passengers, including any inscription on the monument.

(9) An assurance that the treatment of the families of nonrevenue passengers (and any other victim of the accident, including any victim on the ground) will be the same as the treatment of the families of revenue passengers.

(10) An assurance that the air carrier will work with any organization designated under section 1136(a)(2) of this title on an ongoing basis to ensure that families of passengers receive an appropriate level of services and assistance following each accident.

(11) An assurance that the air carrier will provide reasonable compensation to any organization designated under section 1136(a)(2) of this title for services provided by the organization.

(12) An assurance that the air carrier will assist the family of a passenger in traveling to the location of the accident and provide for the physical care of the family while the family is staying at such location.

(13) An assurance that the air carrier will commit sufficient resources to carry out the plan.

(14) An assurance that, upon request of the family of a passenger, the air carrier will inform the family of whether the passenger's name appeared on a preliminary passenger manifest for the flight involved in the accident.

(15) An assurance that the air carrier will provide adequate training to the employees and agents of the carrier to meet the needs of survivors and family members following an accident.

(16) An assurance that the air carrier, in the event that the air carrier volunteers assistance to United States citizens within the United States with respect to an aircraft accident outside the United States involving any loss of life, will consult with the Board and the Department of State on the provision of the assistance.

(17)(A) An assurance that, in the case of an accident that results in any damage to a manmade structure or other property on the ground that is not government-owned, the air carrier will promptly provide notice, in writing, to the extent practicable, directly to the owner of the structure or other property about liability for any property damage and means for obtaining compensation.

(B) At a minimum, the written notice shall advise an owner (i) to contact the insurer of the property as the authoritative source for information about coverage and compensation; (ii) to not rely on unofficial information offered by air carrier representatives about compensation by the air carrier for accident-site property damage; and (iii) to obtain photographic or other detailed evidence of property damage as soon as possible after the accident, consistent with restrictions on access to the accident site.

(18) An assurance that, in the case of an accident in which the National Transportation Safety Board conducts a public hearing or comparable proceeding at a location greater than 80 miles from the accident site, the air carrier will ensure that the proceeding is made available simultaneously by electronic means at a location open to the public at both the origin city and destination city of the air carrier's flight if that city is located in the United States.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(Added Pub. L. 104–264, title VII, §703(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3267; amended Pub. L. 106–181, title IV, §402(a)(1)–(3), (5)–(c), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 129, 130; Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §809(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2588; Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, §1109(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3434.)

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1109(a)(1), substituted "any loss of life" for "a major loss of life".

Subsec. (b)(9). Pub. L. 115–254, §1109(a)(2)(A), substituted "(and any other victim of the accident, including any victim on the ground)" for "(and any other victim of the accident)".

Subsec. (b)(16). Pub. L. 115–254, §1109(a)(2)(B), substituted "any loss of life" for "major loss of life".

Subsec. (b)(17)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1109(a)(2)(C), substituted "any damage" for "significant damage".

**2003**—Subsec. (b)(16). Pub. L. 108–176, §809(a)(1), struck out "the air carrier" after "major loss of life,".

Subsec. (b)(17), (18). Pub. L. 108–176, §809(a)(2), added pars. (17) and (18).

**2000**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–181, §402(a)(5)(A), substituted "Each air carrier" for "Not later than 6 months after the date of the enactment of this section, each air carrier".

Subsec. (b)(14) to (16). Pub. L. 106–181, §402(a)(1)–(3), added pars. (14) to (16).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–181, §402(a)(5)(B), substituted "The Secretary" for "After the date that is 6 months after the date of the enactment of this section, the Secretary".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–181, §402(b), inserted ", or in providing information concerning a preliminary passenger manifest," before "pursuant to a plan".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 106–181, §402(c), added subsec. (f).

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by section 402(a)(5)(B) to (c) of Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 106–181, title IV, §402(a)(4), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 130, provided that: "The amendments made by paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) [amending this section] shall take effect on the 180th day following the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 5, 2000]. On or before such 180th day, each air carrier holding a certificate of public convenience and necessity under section 41102 of title 49, United States Code, shall submit to the Secretary [of Transportation] and the Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board an updated plan under section 41113 of such title that meets the requirements of the amendments made by paragraphs (1), (2), and (3)."

Except as otherwise specifically provided, section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §809(c), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2589, provided that: "Air carriers and foreign air carriers shall update their plans under sections 41113 and 41313 of title 49, United States Code, respectively, to reflect the amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) of this section [amending this section and section 41313 of this title] not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2003]."

Pub. L. 104–264, title VII, §704, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3268, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) guidelines to assist air carriers in responding to aircraft accidents;

"(2) recommendations on methods to ensure that attorneys and representatives of media organizations do not intrude on the privacy of families of passengers involved in an aircraft accident;

"(3) recommendations on methods to ensure that the families of passengers involved in an aircraft accident who are not citizens of the United States receive appropriate assistance;

"(4) recommendations on methods to ensure that State mental health licensing laws do not act to prevent out-of-state mental health workers from working at the site of an aircraft accident or other related sites;

"(5) recommendations on the extent to which military experts and facilities can be used to aid in the identification of the remains of passengers involved in an aircraft accident; and

"(6) recommendations on methods to improve the timeliness of the notification provided by air carriers to the families of passengers involved in an aircraft accident, including—

"(A) an analysis of the steps that air carriers would have to take to ensure that an accurate list of passengers on board the aircraft would be available within 1 hour of the accident and an analysis of such steps to ensure that such list would be available within 3 hours of the accident;

"(B) an analysis of the added costs to air carriers and travel agents that would result if air carriers were required to take the steps described in subparagraph (A);

"(C) an analysis of any inconvenience to passengers, including flight delays, that would result if air carriers were required to take the steps described in subparagraph (A); and

"(D) an analysis of the implications for personal privacy that would result if air carriers were required to take the steps described in subparagraph (A).

"(c)

Pub. L. 104–264, title VII, §705, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3269, provided that: "Nothing in this title [enacting this section and section 1136 of this title, amending section 1155 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 40101 of this title] or any amendment made by this title may be construed as limiting the actions that an air carrier may take, or the obligations that an air carrier may have, in providing assistance to the families of passengers involved in an aircraft accident."


**1997**—Pub. L. 105–148, §1(b), Dec. 16, 1997, 111 Stat. 2683, added item 41313.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–429, §6(51)(B), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4385, added item 41312.

Pub. L. 103–305, title II, §205(a)(2), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1583, added item 41311.

A foreign air carrier may provide foreign air transportation only if the foreign air carrier holds a permit issued under this chapter authorizing the foreign air transportation.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1126.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41301 | 49 App.:1372(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §402(a), 72 Stat. 757. |


The word "provide" is substituted for "engage in" for consistency in the revised title. The word "holds" is substituted for "there is in force" to eliminate unnecessary words.

The Secretary of Transportation may issue a permit to a person (except a citizen of the United States) authorizing the person to provide foreign air transportation as a foreign air carrier if the Secretary finds that—

(1) the person is fit, willing, and able to provide the foreign air transportation to be authorized by the permit and to comply with this part and regulations of the Secretary; and

(2)(A) the person is qualified, and has been designated by the government of its country, to provide the foreign air transportation under an agreement with the United States Government; or

(B) the foreign air transportation to be provided under the permit will be in the public interest.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1126.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41302 | 49 App.:1372(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §402(b), 72 Stat. 758; restated Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §7, 94 Stat. 38. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "person (except a citizen of the United States)" and "person" are substituted for "applicant" for clarity and consistency because only a person other than a United States citizen may be a "foreign air carrier" as defined in section 40102(a) of the revised title. In clauses (1) and (2), the word "provide" is substituted for "perform" for consistency in the revised title. In clause (1), the word "properly" is omitted as surplus. The word "comply" is substituted for "conform" for consistency in the revised title. The word "rules" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulations". The word "requirements" is omitted as surplus. In clause (2)(A), the words "government of its country" are substituted for "its government" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

A permit issued under section 41302 of this title may be transferred only when the Secretary of Transportation approves the transfer because the transfer is in the public interest.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1127.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41303 | 49 App.:1372(g). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §402(g), 72 Stat. 758. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


(a)

(b)

(1) may suspend summarily the permits of foreign air carriers of a foreign country, or amend, modify, or limit the operations of the foreign air carriers under the permits, when the Secretary finds—

(A) the action is in the public interest; and

(B) the government, an aeronautical authority, or a foreign air carrier of the foreign country, over the objection of the United States Government, has—

(i) limited or denied the operating rights of an air carrier; or

(ii) engaged in unfair, discriminatory, or restrictive practices that have a substantial adverse competitive impact on an air carrier related to air transportation to, from, through, or over the territory of the foreign country; and

(2) to make this subsection effective, may restrict operations between the United States and the foreign country by a foreign air carrier of a third country.

(c)

(1) in consultation with appropriate departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government, shall reexamine immediately the fitness of a foreign air carrier that—

(A) violates the laws and regulations of the United States related to the illegal importation of a controlled substance; or

(B) does not adopt available measures to prevent the illegal importation of a controlled substance into the United States on its aircraft; and

(2) when appropriate, shall amend, modify, suspend, or revoke the permit of the carrier issued under this chapter.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1127.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41304(a) | 49 App.:1372(e) (related to duration of permits). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §402(e) (related to duration of permits), 72 Stat. 758. |

49 App.:1372(f)(1) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §402(f)(1), 72 Stat. 758; Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §9, 94 Stat. 38. | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41304(b) | 49 App.:1372(f)(2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §402(f)(2); added Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §9, 94 Stat. 38. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41304(c) | 49 App.:1371a (related to permit). | Aug. 15, 1985, Pub. L. 99–88, §100 (1st complete par. related to permit on p. 352), 99 Stat. 352. |

41304(d) | 49 App.:1372(f)(1) (last sentence). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). |


In subsection (a), the words "altered" and "cancelled" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "alter" and "condition" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B)(i) and (ii), the words "United States" before "air carriers" and "carriers" are omitted as surplus and for consistency because only a citizen of the United States may be an "air carrier" as defined in section 40102(a) of the revised title. In clause (B)(i), the word "impaired" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law" are omitted as surplus. The words "on and after August 15, 1985" are omitted as executed. In clause (1), before subclause (A), the words "law enforcement and other" are omitted as surplus. The words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government" are substituted for "agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "a foreign air carrier" are substituted for "any carrier" for clarity. In clause (2), the words "of public convenience and necessity" are omitted as surplus. The word "amend" is added for consistency. The words "issued under this chapter" are added for clarity.

In subsection (d), the word "response" is substituted for "protest or memorandum" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "alteration" and "cancellation" are omitted as surplus.

(a)

(A) verified;

(B) in a certain form and contain certain information;

(C) served on interested persons; and

(D) accompanied by proof of service on those persons.

(2) When an application is filed, the Secretary shall post a notice of the application in the office of the Secretary and give notice of the application to other persons as required by regulations of the Secretary. An interested person may file a response with the Secretary opposing or supporting the issuance of the permit. The Secretary shall act on an application as expeditiously as possible.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1127.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41305(a)(1) | 49 App.:1372(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §402(c), (e) (related to terms, conditions, or limitations of permits), 72 Stat. 758. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41305(a)(2) | 49 App.:1372(d). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §402(d), 72 Stat. 758; Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §8, 94 Stat. 38. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41305(b) | 49 App.:1372(e) (related to terms, conditions, or limitations of permits). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "A person must apply . . . to the Secretary of Transportation to be issued a permit under section 41302 of this title" are added for clarity. Clause (C) is added for clarity.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "give due notice thereof to the public by" are omitted as surplus. The word "response" is substituted for "protest or memorandum" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "expeditiously" is substituted for "speedily" for consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (b), the words "reasonable" and "conditions, or limitations" are omitted as surplus. The words "for providing foreign air transportation" are added for clarity.

(a)

(1) acting on an application for a permit to provide foreign air transportation under section 41302 of this title; and

(2) amending, modifying, or suspending any part of that permit under section 41304(a) or (b) of this title.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1128.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41306(a) | 49 App.:1372(h) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §402(h); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §21(b)(1), 92 Stat. 1723. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41306(b) | 49 App.:1372(h) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "acting on" are substituted for "disposition of" for consistency. The word "provide" is substituted for "engage in" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(2), the word "alteration" is omitted as surplus. The word "transfer" is omitted because 49 App.:1372(f) does not cover transfer of a permit.

In subsection (b), the word "adequate" is omitted as surplus.

The Secretary of Transportation shall submit to the President for review each decision of the Secretary to issue, deny, amend, modify, suspend, revoke, or transfer a certificate issued under section 41102 of this title authorizing an air carrier, or a permit issued under section 41302 of this title authorizing a foreign air carrier, to provide foreign air transportation. The President may disapprove the decision of the Secretary only if the reason for disapproval is based on foreign relations or national defense considerations that are under the jurisdiction of the President. The President may not disapprove a decision of the Secretary if the reason is economic or related to carrier selection. A decision of the Secretary—

(1) is void if the President disapproves the decision and publishes the reasons (to the extent allowed by national security) for disapproval not later than 60 days after it is submitted to the President; or

(2)(A) takes effect as a decision of the Secretary if the President does not disapprove the decision not later than 60 days after the decision is submitted to the President; and

(B) when effective, may be reviewed judicially under section 46110 of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1128.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41307 | 49 App.:1461(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §801(a), 72 Stat. 782; Mar. 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–259, §2, 86 Stat. 96; restated Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §34, 92 Stat. 1740. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


In this section, before clause (1), the word "cancellation" is omitted as surplus. The word "modify" is added for consistency. The words "and the terms, conditions, and limitations contained in" are omitted as surplus. The words "issued under section 41102 of this title" are added for clarity. The word "provide" is substituted for "engage in" for consistency in the revised title. In clause (1), the words "null and" are omitted as surplus. The word "publishes" is substituted for "issued in a public document" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (2)(A), the words "not the President" are omitted as surplus.

Ex. Ord. No. 11920, June 10, 1976, 41 F.R. 23665, which provided for establishment of Executive branch procedures to facilitate review of submitted decisions, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12547, Feb. 6, 1986, 51 F.R. 5029.

Ex. Ord. No. 12547, Feb. 6, 1986, 51 F.R. 5029, which provided for establishment of procedures to facilitate Presidential review of international aviation decisions submitted by Department of Transportation, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12597, May 13, 1987, 52 F.R. 18335, set out below.

Ex. Ord. No. 12597, May 13, 1987, 52 F.R. 18335, provided:

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States of America, including Section 801 of the Federal Aviation Act, as amended (49 U.S.C. app. §1461) [see 49 U.S.C. 41307, 41509(f)], and in order to provide presidential guidance to department and agency heads and facilitate presidential review of decisions by the Department of Transportation pursuant to the Federal Aviation Act [see 49 U.S.C. 40101 et seq.], it is hereby ordered as follows:

(b) In the interests of national security, and in order to allow for consideration of appropriate action under [former] Executive Order No. 12356, decisions of the DOT transmitted to Executive departments and agencies pursuant to section 3(c) of this Order shall be withheld from public disclosure for a period not to exceed 5 days after said transmission.

(c) At the same time that decisions of the DOT are received by the Secretary of Transportation pursuant to section 2 of this Order, the DOT shall transmit copies thereof to the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Attorney General, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and any other Executive department or agency that the DOT deems appropriate.

(d) The Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense, or their designees, shall review the decisions of the DOT transmitted pursuant to section 3(c) of this Order and shall promptly advise the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs or his designee whether action pursuant to Executive Order No. 12356 is deemed appropriate. If, after considering these recommendations, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs determines that classification under Executive Order No. 12356 is appropriate, he shall take such action and immediately so inform the DOT. Action pursuant to this subsection shall be completed by the persons designated herein within 5 days of the transmission of the decision.

(e) On and after the 6th day following transmission of a DOT decision pursuant to section 3(c) of this Order, or upon earlier notification by the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs or his designee, the DOT is authorized to disclose all unclassified portions of the text of such decision. Nothing in this section is intended to affect the ability to withhold material under any Executive order or statute other than Section 801.

(b) Departments and agencies outside of the Executive Office of the President that identify matters of national defense or foreign relations while a decision is pending before the DOT shall, except as confidentiality is required for reasons of defense or foreign policy, make those matters known to the DOT in the course of its proceedings.

(b) Departments or agencies outside of the Executive Office of the President making recommendations on matters of national defense or foreign relations with respect to any decision received by the Secretary of Transportation under section 2 of this Order shall submit their recommendations in writing to the DOT: (1) within 4 days of the DOT's issuance of a decision subject to a 10-day statutory review period under Section 801(b) [see 49 U.S.C. 41509(f)]; and (2) within 21 days of the DOT's issuance of a decision subject to a 60-day statutory review period under Section 801(a) [see 49 U.S.C. 41307]; or (3) in exceptional cases, within the period specified by the DOT in its letter of transmittal.

(c) The DOT shall, as soon as practical after the deadlines specified in section 5(b) of this Order: (1) if no recommendations for disapproval or for a statement of reasons are received from the departments and agencies specified in section 3(c) of this Order, issue its decision to become effective according to its terms; or (2) if recommendations for disapproval or for a statement of reasons are received, transmit them to the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, who, upon review, shall transmit a memorandum to the President with a recommendation as to whether or not the President should disapprove the proposed decision.

(b) If any department or agency that made recommendations to the President pursuant to Section 801 believes that, if the President decides not to disapprove a decision, the letter so advising the DOT should include a statement that the decision not to disapprove was based on national defense or foreign relations reasons, it should so indicate separately and explain why.

(a) establish public dockets for all written communications (other than those requiring confidential treatment for defense or foreign policy reasons) between their officers and employees and private parties in connection with the preparation of such recommendations; and

(b) prescribe such other procedures governing oral and written communications as they deem appropriate.

Ronald Reagan.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1128.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41308 | 49 App.:1384. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §414, 72 Stat. 770; restated Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §30(a), 92 Stat. 1731; Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §27, 94 Stat. 47. |

49 App.:1551(a)(6) (related to 49 App.:1384). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(6) (related to §414); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(c), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(C) (related to 49 App.:1384). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(C) (related to §414); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §40(a), 92 Stat. 1745; Oct. 14, 1982, Pub. L. 97–309, §4(b), 96 Stat. 1454; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(a), 98 Stat. 1703. |


Subsection (a) is substituted for "the 'anti-trust laws' set forth in subsection (a) of section 12 of title 15" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b), reference to 49 App.:1378 and 1379 is omitted as obsolete.

(a)

(b)

(1) or, after periodic review, end approval of, an agreement, request, modification, or cancellation, that substantially reduces or eliminates competition unless the Secretary finds that—

(A) the agreement, request, modification, or cancellation is necessary to meet a serious transportation need or to achieve important public benefits (including international comity and foreign policy considerations); and

(B) the transportation need cannot be met or those benefits cannot be achieved by reasonably available alternatives that are materially less anticompetitive; or

(2) an agreement that—

(A) is between an air carrier not directly operating aircraft in foreign air transportation and a carrier subject to subtitle IV of this title; and

(B) governs the compensation the carrier may receive for the transportation.

(c)

(2) In a proceeding before the Secretary of Transportation applying standards under subsection (b)(1) of this section, a party opposing an agreement, request, modification, or cancellation has the burden of proving that it substantially reduces or eliminates competition and that less anticompetitive alternatives are available. The party defending the agreement, request, modification, or cancellation has the burden of proving the transportation need or public benefits.

(3) The Secretary of Transportation shall include the findings required by subsection (b)(1) of this section in an order of the Secretary approving or disapproving an agreement, request, modification, or cancellation.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1129; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(l), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 948; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(71), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3396.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41309(a) | 49 App.:1382(a)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §412(a), (b); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §28(c), 92 Stat. 1729; Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §11, 94 Stat. 39. |

49 App.:1551(a)(6) (related to 49 App.:1382). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(6) (related to §412); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(c), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(C) (related to 49 App.:1382(a)). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(C) (related to §412(a), (b)); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §40(a), 92 Stat. 1745; Oct. 14, 1982, Pub. L. 97–309, §4(b), 96 Stat. 1454; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(a), 98 Stat. 1703. | |

41309(b) | 49 App.:1382(a)(2)(A). | |

49 App.:1551(a)(6), (b)(1)(C) (as 1551(a)(6), (b)(1)(C) relates to 49 App.:1382(a)). | ||

41309(c)(1) | 49 App.:1382(b). | |

49 App.:1551(a)(6), (b)(1)(C) (as 1551(a)(6), (b)(1)(C) relates to 49 App.:1382(b)). | ||

41309(c)(2) | 49 App.:1382(a)(2)(B). | |

41309(c)(3) | 49 App.:1382(a)(2)(C). | |

49 App.:1551(a)(6), (b)(1)(C) (as 1551(a)(6), (b)(1)(C) relates to 49 App.:1382(a)). |


In this section, the word "contract" is omitted as being included in "agreement".

In subsection (a), the words "(whether enforceable by provisions for liquidated damages, penalties, bonds, or otherwise)" are omitted as surplus. The words "(except an agreement related to interstate air transportation)" and "(except arrangements related to interstate air transportation)" are added because of 49 App.:1551(a)(6) (related to 49 App.:1382). The word "working" is omitted as surplus. The words "in force on October 24, 1978, or thereafter entered into" are omitted as executed. The words "and any modification or cancellation of an agreement" are substituted for "or any modification or cancellation thereof" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "The Board shall by order disapprove any contract, agreement, or request . . . that it finds to be adverse to the public interest or in violation of this chapter" are omitted as surplus because of the language restated in this subsection that sets out the requirements for approval by the Secretary of Transportation before the antitrust exemption is effective. The words "whether or not previously approved by it" are omitted as surplus because of the language in clause (1) requiring periodic review and continuing approval. The words "by order" are omitted as unnecessary because of 5:ch. 5, subch. II. The text of 49 App.:1382(a)(2)(A)(iii) is omitted as obsolete because of 49 App.:1551(a)(6) (related to 49 App.:1382).

In subsection (c)(1), the words "in accordance with regulations which it prescribes" are omitted as surplus. The words "in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Board" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:41309(b)(2)(B) for consistency in the subsection.

**1996**—Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "carrier" for "common carrier".

**1995**—Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 104–88 substituted "a carrier" for "a common carrier".

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §116, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 624, which related to air transportation arrangements for flights that both originate and terminate at points within the same State, was repealed by Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title IV, §14102(g), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1922.

(a)

(b)

(2) The Secretary of the Treasury shall maintain an account to credit money collected under paragraph (1) of this subsection. An air carrier shall be paid from the account an amount certified by the Secretary of Transportation to compensate the air carrier for the discriminatory charge paid to the government.

(c)

(A) is an unjustifiable or unreasonable discriminatory, predatory, or anticompetitive practice against an air carrier; or

(B) imposes an unjustifiable or unreasonable restriction on access of an air carrier to a foreign market.

(2) The Secretary of Transportation may deny, amend, modify, suspend, revoke, or transfer under paragraph (1) of this subsection a foreign air carrier permit or tariff under section 41302, 41303, 41304(a), 41504(c), 41507, or 41509 of this title.

(d)

(A) negotiations with the government have progressed to a point that a satisfactory resolution of the complaint appears imminent;

(B) an air carrier or computer reservations system firm has not been subjected to economic injury by the government or entity as a result of filing the complaint; and

(C) the public interest requires additional time before the Secretary acts on the complaint.

(2) In carrying out paragraph (1) of this subsection and subsection (c) of this section, the Secretary of Transportation shall—

(A) solicit the views of the Secretaries of Commerce and State and the United States Trade Representative;

(B) give an affected air carrier or foreign air carrier reasonable notice and an opportunity to submit written evidence and arguments within the time limits of this subsection; and

(C) submit to the President under section 41307 or 41509(f) of this title actions proposed by the Secretary of Transportation.

(e)

(A) take appropriate action to eliminate any discrimination or unfair competitive practice found to exist; and

(B) request Congress to enact legislation when the authority to eliminate the discrimination or unfair practice is inadequate.

(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall report to Congress annually on each action taken under paragraph (1) of this subsection and on the continuing program to eliminate discrimination and unfair competitive practices. The Secretaries of State and the Treasury each shall give the Secretary of Transportation information necessary to prepare the report.

(f)

(g)

(1) is an unjustifiable or unreasonable discriminatory, predatory, or anticompetitive practice against a computer reservations system firm whose principal offices are located inside the United States; or

(2) imposes an unjustifiable or unreasonable restriction on access of such a computer reservations system to a foreign market.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1130; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §741, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 174.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41310(a) | 49 App.:1374(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §404(b), 72 Stat. 760. |

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(C) (related to 49 App.:1374(b)). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(4)(C) (related to §404(b)); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(c), 98 Stat. 1703. | |

41310(b) | 49 App.:1159a. | June 16, 1948, ch. 473, 62 Stat. 450, §11; added Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–623, §3, 88 Stat. 2103; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(c), 98 Stat. 1706. |

41310(c) | 49 App.:1159b(b)(1). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–623, 88 Stat. 2102, §2(b)(1), (2), (4); added Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §23, 94 Stat. 45; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(d)(2), (3), 98 Stat. 1707; Aug. 23, 1988, Pub. L. 100–418, §§10011, 10012(1), (2), 102 Stat. 1573. |

41310(d)(1) | 49 App.:1159b(b)(2), (4). | |

41310(d)(2) | 49 App.:1159b(b)(3). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–623, 88 Stat. 2102, §2(b)(3), (e); added Aug. 23, 1988, Pub. L. 100–418, §§10012(3), 10013, 102 Stat. 1573. |

41310(e)(1) | 49 App.:1159b(a). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–623, §2(a), 88 Stat. 2102; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(d)(1), 98 Stat. 1706. |

49 App.:1159b(c). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–623, §2(c), 88 Stat. 2103; Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §23, 94 Stat. 45. | |

41310(e)(2) | 49 App.:1159b(d). | Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–623, §2(d), 88 Stat. 2103; Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §23, 94 Stat. 45; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(d)(2), (4), 98 Stat. 1707. |

41310(f) | 49 App.:1159b(e). |


In subsection (a), the words "may not subject . . . to unreasonable discrimination" are substituted for "No . . . shall make, give, or cause any undue or unreasonable preference or advantage . . . in any respect whatsoever or subject . . . to any unjust discrimination or any undue or unreasonable prejudice or disadvantage in any respect whatsoever" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "foreign air transportation" are substituted for "air transportation" because 49 App.:1551(a)(4)(C) provides that 49 App.:1374 no longer applies to interstate or overseas air transportation except insofar as 49 App.:1374 requires air carriers to provide safe and adequate service.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "at any time", "unreasonably exceed comparable charges for furnishing such airport property or airway property in the United States or are otherwise" and "reduce such charges or" are omitted as surplus. The words "the Secretary of State shall promptly report such instances to" are omitted as surplus because the Secretary of Transportation is involved in the negotiations and aware of the failure to end the discrimination. The words "excessive or" are omitted as surplus. The words "or carriers" are omitted because of 1:1.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "in accordance with such regulations as he shall adopt" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). The words "by them" are omitted as surplus.

In subsections (c)–(e), the words "United States" before "air carriers" and "air carrier" are omitted as surplus and for consistency because only a citizen of the United States may be an "air carrier" as defined in section 40102(a) of the revised title and because 49 App.:1301 applies to this section.

In subsections (c)(1) and (d)(1), before each clause (A), the words "foreign entity" and "entity" are substituted for "instrumentality" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "alteration", "cancellation", "limitation", and "pursuant to the powers of the Secretary" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words "department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government" are substituted for "agency of the Government of the United States" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "additional periods totaling not more than 30 days" are substituted for "an additional period or periods of up to 30 days each" for clarity because the amendment made by section 10111 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (Public Law 100–418, 102 Stat. 1573) changed the additional period within which the Secretary had to act to only 30 days. The word "initial" is added for clarity.

In subsection (d)(2)(A), the words "the Secretaries of Commerce and State and the United States Trade Representative" are substituted for "the Department of State, the Department of Commerce, and the Office of the United States Trade Representative" because of 15:1501, 22:2651, and 19:2171, respectively.

In subsection (d)(2)(B), the words "as is consistent with acting on the complaint" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(1), before clause (A), the text of 49 App.:1159b(a) (1st, 2d sentences) is omitted as executed. The words "The Secretaries of State, the Treasury, and Transportation" are substituted for "The Department of State, the Department of the Treasury, the Department of Transportation" because of 22:2651, 31:301(b), and 49:102(b), respectively. The words "the heads of" and "instrumentalities of the Government" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The word "jurisdictions" is substituted for "respective functions" for clarity and consistency. In clause (A), the words "within its jurisdiction . . . such forms of" are omitted as surplus. Clause (B) is substituted for 49 App.:1159b(c) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e)(2), the words "faced by United States carriers in foreign air transportation", "as may be", and "required by this subsection" are omitted as surplus.

**2000**—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 106–181, §741(b)(1)(A), (B), in first sentence of introductory provisions, substituted "air carrier, computer reservations system firm," for "air carrier" and "subsection (c) or (g)" for "subsection (c)".

Subsec. (d)(1)(B). Pub. L. 106–181, §741(b)(1)(C), substituted "air carrier or computer reservations system firm" for "air carrier".

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 106–181, §741(b)(2), inserted "or a computer reservations system firm is subject when providing services with respect to airline service" before period at end of first sentence.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 106–181, §741(a), added subsec. (g).

**1996**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Public Works and Transportation".

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions in subsec. (e)(2) of this section relating to the requirement that the Secretary of Transportation report annually to Congress, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and the 21st item on page 132 of House Document No. 103–7.

(a)

(b)

(1) which when operated may deliver, as the result of the application of an element of chance, any money or property; or

(2) by the operation of which a person may become entitled to receive, as the result of the application of an element of chance, any money or property.

(Added Pub. L. 103–305, title II, §205(a)(1), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1583.)

Pub. L. 103–305, title II, §205(b), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1583, provided that the Secretary, not later than 1 year after Aug. 23, 1994, was to complete a study of the aviation safety effects of gambling applications on electronic interactive video systems installed on board aircraft for passenger use and the competitive implications of permitting foreign air carriers only, but not United States air carriers, to install, transport, and operate gambling applications on electronic interactive video systems on board aircraft on flights over international waters, and provided that the Secretary, within 5 days after the completion of the study, would submit a report to Congress on the results of the study.

(a)

(1) may end or suspend the transportation to a place under the certificate only when the carrier gives at least 90 days notice of its intention to end or suspend the transportation to the Secretary of Transportation, any community affected by that decision, and the State authority of the State in which a community is located; and

(2) if it is the only air carrier holding a certificate to provide non-stop or single-plane foreign air transportation between 2 places, may end or suspend the transportation between those places only when the carrier gives at least 60 days notice of its intention to end or suspend the transportation to the Secretary and each community directly affected by that decision.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 103–429, §6(51)(A), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4384; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(72), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3396.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41312(a) | 49 App.:1371(j)(1) (1st sentence), (2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §401(j), 72 Stat. 756, as restated Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §19(a), 92 Stat. 1720. |

49 App.:1551(a)(1)(D). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1601(a)(1)(D), as added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §40(a), 92 Stat. 1744. | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1601(b)(1)(E), as added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41312(b) | 49 App.:1371(j)(1) (last sentence). 49 App.:1551(a)(1)(D), (b)(1)(E). |


In the section, the text of 49 App.:1371(j) (related to interstate and overseas transportation of persons) is omitted because of 49 App.:1551(a)(1)(D). The text of 49 App.:1371(j) (related to other interstate and overseas air transportation and the domestic air transportation of mail) is omitted because a certificate of public convenience and necessity is no longer required. See H.R. Rept. 98–793, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., p. 10 (1984). The text of 49 App.:1371(j) (related to essential air transportation) is omitted as superseded by 49 App.:1389, restated as subchapter II of chapter 417 of title 49.

In subsection (a)(1) and (2), the word "place" is substituted for "point" for consistency in the revised title. The words "by that decision" are added for clarity.

In subsection (a)(1), the words "which it is providing" are omitted as surplus. The word "authority" is substituted for "agency" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "between those places" are substituted for "being provided by such air carrier under such certificate" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), the words "by regulation or otherwise" are omitted as surplus. The words "when the Secretary finds the suspension is in" are substituted for "as may be" for clarity and consistency.

This amends 49:41312(a)(1) to conform to the style of title 49.

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "Secretary of Transportation" for "Secretary".

Section effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as an Effective Date of 1994 Amendment note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) the organization designated for the accident under section 1136(a)(2); or

(B) other suitably trained individuals.

(3)

(4)

(A) the director of family support services designated for the accident under section 1136(a)(1); and

(B) the organization designated for the accident under section 1136(a)(2).

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16) 1 with the Board and the Department of State on the provision of the assistance.

(17)

(A)

(B)

(18)

(d)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 105–148, §1(a), Dec. 16, 1997, 111 Stat. 2681; amended Pub. L. 106–181, title IV, §403(a)–(c)(1), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 130; Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §809(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2589; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §539(d), div. C, §1109(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3370, 3434.)

The date of the enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (c), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 105–148, which was approved Dec. 16, 1997.

**2018**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §1109(b)(1), substituted "any loss of life" for "a major loss of life".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1109(b)(2)(A), substituted "any loss of life" for "a significant loss of life".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1109(b)(2)(B), substituted "any loss of life" for "a significant loss of life" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(9). Pub. L. 115–254, §1109(b)(2)(C), amended par. (9) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "An assurance that the treatment of the families of nonrevenue passengers will be the same as the treatment of the families of revenue passengers."

Subsec. (c)(16). Pub. L. 115–254, §1109(b)(2)(D), substituted "any loss of life" for "major loss of life" and "will consult" for "the foreign air carrier will consult".

Pub. L. 115–254, §539(d), substituted "An assurance that" for "An assurance that the foreign air carrier".

Subsec. (c)(17)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1109(b)(2)(E), substituted "any damage" for "significant damage".

**2003**—Subsec. (c)(17), (18). Pub. L. 108–176 added pars. (17) and (18).

**2000**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 106–181, §403(a), amended heading and text of par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'passenger' includes an employee of a foreign air carrier or air carrier aboard an aircraft."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–181, §403(b), substituted "major" for "significant".

Subsec. (c)(15), (16). Pub. L. 106–181, §403(c)(1), added pars. (15) and (16).

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by section 403(a) and (b) of Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 106–181, title IV, §403(c)(2), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 131, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall take effect on the 180th day following the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 5, 2000]. On or before such 180th day, each foreign air carrier providing foreign air transportation under chapter 413 of title 49, United States Code, shall submit to the Secretary [of Transportation] and the Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board an updated plan under section 41313 of such title that meets the requirements of the amendment made by paragraph (1)."

Pub. L. 105–148, §1(c), Dec. 16, 1997, 111 Stat. 2683, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting this section] shall take effect on the 180th day following the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 16, 1997]."

1 So in original. Probably should be "the foreign air carrier will consult".


**1997**—Pub. L. 105–102, §2(21), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205, struck out "common" before "carriers" in item 41502.

Every air carrier and foreign air carrier shall establish, comply with, and enforce—

(1) reasonable prices, classifications, rules, and practices related to foreign air transportation; and

(2) for joint prices established for foreign air transportation, reasonable divisions of those prices among the participating air carriers or foreign air carriers without unreasonably discriminating against any of those carriers.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1132.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41501 | 49 App.:1374(a)(2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §404(a)(2); added Mar. 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–259, §1, 86 Stat. 95. |


In this chapter, the word "regulation" is omitted in restating the phrase "classifications, rules, regulations, and practices" because it is covered by the word "rules" and to distinguish the rules of an air carrier or foreign air carrier from the regulations of the United States Government. The word "reasonable" is substituted for "just and reasonable" and "just, reasonable, and equitable" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. See the revision notes following 49:10101. The word "prices" is substituted for "fares" and "rates, fares, and charges" because of the definition of "price" in section 40102(a) of the revised title.

In this section, before clause (1), the words "comply with" are substituted for "observe" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (1), the words "individual and joint" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "unreasonably discriminating" are substituted for "unduly prefer or prejudice" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. See the revision notes following 49:10101.

(a)

(b)

(1) reasonable prices and reasonable classifications, rules, and practices affecting those prices or the value of the transportation provided under those prices; and

(2) for joint prices established for the through service, reasonable divisions of those joint prices among the participating carriers.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1132; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(l), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 948; Pub. L. 105–102, §2(22), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41502(a) | 49 App.:1483(b) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1003(b), 72 Stat. 791. |

41502(b) | 49 App.:1483(b) (2d sentence). | |

41502(c) | 49 App.:1483(b) (last sentence). | |

49 App.:155(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


In subsection (a), the words "(except an air express company)" are substituted for "(other than companies engaged in the air express business)" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "participating carriers" are substituted for "carriers parties thereto" and "carriers participating therein" for consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (c), the words "or the Interstate Commerce Commission, as the case may be" are omitted because of 49:10526(a)(8)(B).

This amends the catchline for 49:41502 to make a technical and conforming amendment necessary because section 308(l) of the ICC Termination Act (Public Law 104–88, 109 Stat. 948) struck "common" from the text of 49:41502.

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–102 struck out "common" before "carriers" in section catchline.

**1995**—Pub. L. 104–88 substituted "another carrier" for "another common carrier" in subsec. (a) and "a carrier" for "a common carrier" in subsecs. (a), (b), and (c).

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

Subject to sections 41309 and 42111 of this title, a citizen of the United States providing transportation under section 41101(b) of this title may make an agreement with an air carrier or foreign air carrier for joint prices for that transportation. The joint prices agreed to must be the lowest of—

(1) the sum of the applicable prices for—

(A) the part of the transportation provided in the State and approved by the appropriate State authority; and

(B) the part of the transportation provided by the air carrier or foreign air carrier;

(2) a joint price established and filed under section 41504 of this title; or

(3) a joint price prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation under section 41507 of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1132.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41503 | 49 App.:1371(d) (4)(A)(ii) (related to joint rates, fares), (B). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §401(d) (4)(A)(ii) (related to joint rates, fares), (B); added Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §9, 91 Stat. 1281; restated Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §9, 92 Stat. 1713. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter" are omitted as surplus. The words "a citizen of the United States providing transportation under section 41101(b) of this title" are substituted for "any citizen of the United States who undertakes, within any State, the carriage of persons or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire with aircraft capable of carrying thirty or more persons pursuant to authority for such carriage within such State granted by the appropriate State agency" for clarity and because of the restatement of 49 App.:1371(d)(4)(A)(i) and (ii) (related to joint services) in section 41101(b) of the revised title. The words "the establishment of" are omitted as surplus.

(a)

(1) shall contain—

(A) to the extent the Secretary requires by regulation, a description of the classifications, rules, and practices related to the foreign air transportation;

(B) a statement of the prices in money of the United States; and

(C) other information the Secretary requires by regulation; and

(2) may contain—

(A) a statement of the prices in money that is not money of the United States; and

(B) information that is required under the laws of a foreign country in or to which the air carrier or foreign air carrier is authorized to operate.

(b)

(2) If the effect of a proposed change would be to begin a passenger fare that is outside of, or not covered by, the range of passenger fares specified under section 41509(e)(2) and (3) of this title, the proposed change may be put into effect only on the expiration of 60 days after the notice is filed under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1133.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41504(a) | 49 App.:1373(a) (1st sentence, 2d sentence words before semicolon, last sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §403(a), 72 Stat. 758. |

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(B) (related to 49 App.:1373(a)), (b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(4)(B) (related to §403(a), (c)(1), (2)), (b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(c), (e), 98 Stat. 1703, 1704. | |

41504(b)(1) | 49 App.:1373(c)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §403(c)(1), (2), 72 Stat. 759; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §10(a), 91 Stat. 1281; restated Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §22, 92 Stat. 1724; Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §24(b), (c), 94 Stat. 47. |

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(B) (related to 49 App.:1373(c)(1)), (b)(1)(E). | ||

41504(b)(2) | 49 App.:1373(c)(2). | |

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(B) (related to 49 App.:1373(c)(2)), (b)(1)(E). | ||

41504(c) | 49 App.:1373(a) (2d sentence words after semicolon, 3d sentence). | |

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(B) (related to 49 App.:1373(a)), (b)(1)(E). |


In this section, the words "foreign air transportation" are substituted for "air transportation" because 49 App.:1551(a)(4)(B) provides that 49 App.:1373 no longer applies to interstate or overseas air transportation and 49 App.:1376(a)–(e), restated in section 41901 of the revised title, governs rates for the transportation of mail by aircraft. See section 40102(a) of the revised title defining "air transportation" to mean interstate or foreign air transportation or the transportation of mail by aircraft. The words "passenger fare" are substituted for "fare" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the word "print" is omitted as being included in "publish". The word "places" is substituted for "points" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (1)(A), the word "services" is omitted as being included in "practices". In clauses (1)(B) and (2)(A), the word "lawful" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "for foreign air transportation" are added because of 49 App.:1551(a)(4)(B). See the revision notes for subsection (a) of this section. The words "in the same way as required for a tariff under" are substituted for "in accordance with" for clarity. The words "proposed change in a passenger fare or a charge of another air carrier or foreign air carrier" are substituted for "fares or charges specified in another air carrier's or foreign air carrier's proposed tariff" for clarity and consistency in this section.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "not covered by" are substituted for "to which such range of fares does not apply" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "subparagraphs (A) and (B) of section 1482(d)(4) of this Appendix . . . section 1482(d)(7) of this Appendix" are omitted because those sections related to interstate and overseas air transportation and the source provisions restated in this section relate to foreign air transportation. In addition, the text of 49 App.:1551(a)(5)(D) provides that 49 App.:1482(d) ceased to be in effect on January 1, 1985, except as related to foreign air transportation. The reference in the source provisions to "section 1482(j)(9) of this Appendix" has been restated as though it were a reference to 49 App.:1482(j)(10) to correct an apparent error in the International Air Transportation Competition Act of 1979 (Public Law 96–192, 94 Stat. 35). Section 24(b) of S. 1300 of the 96th Congress (the derivative source for the International Air Transportation Competition Act of 1979), as originally passed by both the Senate and the House of Representatives, restated section 403(c)(2) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 759) to read as it now does with a cross–reference to section 1002(j)(9) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. Also contained in those versions of S. 1300 in section 24(a) was an amendment to section 1002(j) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 to add a paragraph (9) that contained language identical to what is now section 1002(j)(10) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. When S. 1300 was reported by the conference committee and enacted into law as the International Air Transportation Competition Act of 1979, section 24(a) had been changed so that a different paragraph (9) was added and what had been paragraph (9) was now designated as a new paragraph (10) to be added. Apparently, when the conference committee redesignated section 1002(j)(9) as 1002(j)(10) it did not make a corresponding change in the cross–reference in section 403(c)(2). See 125 Cong. Rec. 26936, 32147, 36939.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1134.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41505(a) | 49 App.:1482a(2), (3). | Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §37(c), 92 Stat. 1742. |

41505(b) | 49 App.:1482a(1) (1st sentence). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41505(c) | 49 App.:1482a(1) (last sentence). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). |


In subsection (a), the text of 49 App.:1482a(2)(A) is omitted as unnecessary because the definition of "air carrier" in 49 App.:1301(3) is restated in section 40102(a) of the revised title and applies to this section and because the functions of the Civil Aeronautics Board under 49 App.:1482a were transferred to the Secretary of Transportation by 49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E) and the complete name of the Secretary is used the first time the term appears in a section. The text of 49 App.:1482a(3) is omitted as executed. The reference in the source provisions to "section 416(b)(3) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 [49 App. U.S.C. 1386(b)(3)]" has been restated as though it were a reference to section 416(b)(4) to correct an apparent error in the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 (Public Law 95–504, 92 Stat. 1705). Section 24 of H.R. 12611 of the 95th Congress (the derivative source for 416(b)(4)), added section 416(b)(3) to the Federal Aviation Act. Section 29(c) added provisions that eventually were classified as 49 App.:1482a. Those provisions contained a reference to section 416(b)(3). When S. 2493 (passed in lieu of the House bill after being amended to contain much of the text of the House bill) was reported by the conference committee and enacted into law, section 32 added what had been a new 416(b)(3) as a new 416(b)(4). However, the conference committee did not make a corresponding change in the cross-reference in section 37(c), that added 49 App.:1482a. See 124 Cong. Rec. 30714, 30716, 36521, 36524. The word "scheduled" is substituted for "pursuant to flight schedules" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the same 2 places" are substituted for "one pair of points" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b), the words "Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section" are added for clarity. The words "pursuant to its authority" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the word "passengers" is substituted for "persons" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "through service by the commuter air carrier over the commuter air carrier's routes" are substituted for "transportation over its routes" for clarity. The words "between air carriers and commuter air carriers" are omitted as surplus.

Every air carrier and foreign air carrier shall keep currently on file with the Secretary of Transportation, if the Secretary requires, the established divisions of all joint prices for foreign air transportation in which the carrier participates.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1134.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41506 | 49 App.:1373(d). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §403(d), 72 Stat. 759. |

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(B) (related to 49 App.:1373(d)), (b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(4)(B) (related to §403(d)), (b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(c), (e), 98 Stat. 1703, 1704. |


The words "foreign air transportation" are substituted for "air transportation" because 49 App.:1551(a)(4)(B) provides that 49 App.:1373 no longer applies to interstate or overseas air transportation and 49 App.:1376(a)–(e), restated in section 41901 of the revised title, governs rates for the transportation of mail by aircraft. See section 40102(a) of the revised title defining "air transportation" to mean interstate or foreign air transportation or the transportation of mail by aircraft.

(a)

(1) change the price, classification, rule, or practice as necessary to correct the discrimination; and

(2) order the air carrier or foreign air carrier to stop charging or collecting the discriminatory price or carrying out the discriminatory classification, rule, or practice.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1134.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41507(a) | 49 App.:1482(f) (words after 4th comma). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1002(f), 72 Stat. 789. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41507(b) | 49 App.:1482(f) (words before 4th comma). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "individual or joint" are omitted as surplus. The words "charged or received" are substituted for "demanded, charged, collected, or received" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "unreasonably discriminatory" are substituted for "unjustly discriminatory, or unduly preferential, or unduly prejudicial" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. See the revision notes following 49:10101. In clause (2), the words "carrying out" are substituted for "enforcing" for clarity.

In subsection (b), the words "opportunity for a" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1135.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41508(a) | 49 App.:1482(h) (words after 3d comma). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1002(h), 72 Stat. 790; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §18(c), 91 Stat. 1287. |

49 App.:1551(a)(5)(D) (related to 49 App.:1482(h)), (b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(5)(D) (related to §1002(h)), (b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(c), (e), 98 Stat. 1703, 1704. | |

41508(b) | 49 App.:1482(h) (words before 3d comma). | |

49 App.:1551(a)(5)(D) (related to 49 App.:1482(h)), (b)(1)(E). |


In subsection (a), the words "interstate air transportation of persons, air transportation of property within the State of Alaska, air transportation of property within the state of Hawaii, or overseas or" are omitted because 49:1551(a)(5)(D) provides that 49 App.:1482(h) applies only to foreign air transportation. The words "unreasonable or unreasonably discriminatory" are substituted for "unjust, unreasonable, inequitable, or unduly preferential or prejudicial" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. See the revision notes following 49:10101. The words "against any of those carriers" are substituted for "as between the air carriers or foreign air carriers parties thereto" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "retroactively" is added for clarity.

In subsection (b), the words "an opportunity for a" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

(a)

(2) With or without a hearing, the Secretary may cancel or reject an existing or newly filed tariff of a foreign air carrier and prevent the use of a price, classification, rule, or practice when the Secretary decides that the cancellation or rejection is in the public interest.

(3) In deciding whether to cancel or reject a tariff of an air carrier or foreign air carrier under this subsection, the Secretary shall consider—

(A) the effect of the price on the movement of traffic;

(B) the need in the public interest of adequate and efficient transportation by air carriers and foreign air carriers at the lowest cost consistent with providing the transportation;

(C) the standards prescribed under law related to the character and quality of transportation to be provided by air carriers and foreign air carriers;

(D) the inherent advantages of transportation by aircraft;

(E) the need of the air carrier and foreign air carrier for revenue sufficient to enable the air carrier and foreign air carrier, under honest, economical, and efficient management, to provide adequate and efficient air carrier and foreign air carrier transportation;

(F) whether the price will be predatory or tend to monopolize competition among air carriers and foreign air carriers in foreign air transportation;

(G) reasonably estimated or foreseeable future costs and revenues for the air carrier or foreign air carrier for a reasonably limited future period during which the price would be in effect; and

(H) other factors.

(b)

(B) The Secretary may suspend a tariff of a foreign air carrier and the use of a price, classification, rule, or practice when the suspension is in the public interest.

(2) A suspension becomes effective when the Secretary files with the tariff and delivers to the air carrier or foreign air carrier affected by the suspension a written statement of the reasons for the suspension. To suspend a tariff, reasonable notice of the suspension must be given to the affected carrier.

(3) The suspension of a newly filed tariff may be for periods totaling not more than 365 days after the date the tariff otherwise would go into effect. The suspension of an existing tariff may be for periods totaling not more than 365 days after the effective date of the suspension. The Secretary may rescind at any time the suspension of a newly filed tariff and allow the price, classification, rule, or practice to go into effect.

(c)

(2)(A) During the period of suspension, or after the cancellation or rejection, of a newly filed tariff (including a tariff that has gone into effect provisionally), the affected air carrier or foreign air carrier shall maintain in effect and use—

(i) the corresponding seasonal prices, or the classifications, rules, and practices affecting those prices or the value of transportation provided under those prices, that were in effect for the carrier immediately before the new tariff was filed; or

(ii) another price provided for under an applicable intergovernmental agreement or understanding.

(B) If the suspended, canceled, or rejected tariff is the first tariff of the carrier for the covered transportation, the carrier, for the purpose of operations during the period of suspension or pending effectiveness of a new tariff, may file another tariff containing a price or another classification, rule, or practice affecting the price, or the value of the transportation provided under the price, that is in effect (and not subject to a suspension order) for any air carrier providing the same transportation.

(3) If an existing tariff is suspended or canceled, the affected air carrier or foreign air carrier, for the purpose of operations during the period of suspension or pending effectiveness of a new tariff, may file another tariff containing a price or another classification, rule, or practice affecting the price, or the value of the transportation provided under the price, that is in effect (and not subject to a suspension order) for any air carrier providing the same transportation.

(d)

(1) the Secretary, without a hearing—

(A) may suspend any existing tariff of a foreign air carrier providing transportation between the United States and the foreign country for periods totaling not more than 365 days after the date of the suspension; and

(B) may order the foreign air carrier to charge, during the suspension periods, prices that are the same as those contained in a tariff (designated by the Secretary) of an air carrier filed and published under section 41504 of this title for foreign air transportation to the foreign country; and

(2) a foreign air carrier may continue to provide foreign air transportation to the foreign country only if the government or aeronautical authority of the foreign country allows an air carrier to start or continue foreign air transportation to the foreign country at the prices designated by the Secretary.

(e)

(i) for a class of fares existing on October 1, 1979, the fare between 2 places (as adjusted under subparagraph (B) of this paragraph) filed for and allowed by the Civil Aeronautics Board to go into effect after September 30, 1979, and before August 13, 1980 (with seasonal fares adjusted by the percentage difference that prevailed between seasons in 1978), or the fare established under section 1002(j)(8) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 731), as added by section 24(a) of the International Air Transportation Competition Act of 1979 (Public Law 96–192, 94 Stat. 46); or

(ii) for a class of fares established after October 1, 1979, the fare between 2 places in effect on the effective date of the establishment of the new class.

(B) At least once every 60 days for fuel costs, and at least once every 180 days for other costs, the Secretary shall adjust the standard foreign fare level for the particular foreign air transportation to which the standard foreign fare level applies by increasing or decreasing that level by the percentage change from the last previous period in the actual operating cost for each available seat-mile. In adjusting a standard foreign fare level, the Secretary may not make an adjustment to costs actually incurred. In establishing a standard foreign fare level and making adjustments in the level under this paragraph, the Secretary may use all relevant or appropriate information reasonably available to the Secretary.

(2) The Secretary may not decide that a proposed fare for foreign air transportation is unreasonable on the basis that the fare is too low or too high if the proposed fare is neither more than 5 percent higher nor 50 percent lower than the standard foreign fare level for the same or essentially similar class of transportation. The Secretary by regulation may increase the 50 percent specified in this paragraph.

(3) Paragraph (2) of this subsection does not apply to a proposed fare that is not more than—

(A) 5 percent higher than the standard foreign fare level when the Secretary decides that the proposed fare may be unreasonably discriminatory or that suspension of the fare is in the public interest because of an unreasonable regulatory action by the government of a foreign country that is related to a fare proposal of an air carrier; or

(B) 50 percent lower than the standard foreign fare level when the Secretary decides that the proposed fare may be predatory or discriminatory or that suspension of the fare is required because of an unreasonable regulatory action by the government of a foreign country that is related to a fare proposal of an air carrier.

(f)

(g)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1135.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41509(a)(1) | 49 App.:1482(j)(1) (1st sentence words before semicolon, 2d sentence related to tariffs of air carriers and foreign air carriers), (2) (1st sentence words before semicolon, 2d sentence related to tariffs of air carriers and foreign air carriers). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1002(j)(1), (2); added Mar. 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–259, §3(a), 86 Stat. 96; restated Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §§14, 15, 94 Stat. 40. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(4)(B) (related to §403(c)(3)), (b) (1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(c), (e), 98 Stat. 1703, 1704. | |

41509(a)(2) | 49 App.:1482(j)(1) (2d sentence related to tariffs of foreign air carriers), (2) (2d sentence related to tariffs of foreign air carriers). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41509(a)(3) | 49 App.:1482(j)(5). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1002(j)(5); added Mar. 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–259, §3(a), 86 Stat. 98; Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §16, 94 Stat. 42. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41509(b) | 49 App.:1373(c)(3). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §403(c)(3); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §22, 92 Stat. 1724. |

49 App.:1482(j)(1) (1st sentence words after semicolon, 3d sentence), (2) (1st sentence words after semicolon). | ||

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(B) (related to 49 App.:1373(c)(3)), (b)(1)(E). | ||

41509(c)(1) | 49 App.:1482(j)(1) (4th sentence), (2) (3d sentence). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41509(c)(2) | 49 App.:1482(j)(1) (5th, last sentences). | |

41509(c)(3) | 49 App.:1482(j)(2) (last sentence). | |

41509(d) | 49 App.:1482(j)(3). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1002(j)(3), (4); added Mar. 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–259, §3(a), 86 Stat. 98. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41509(e) (1)(A) | 49 App.:1482(j)(7). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1002(j)(6), (7), (9), (10); added Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §24(a), 94 Stat. 45, 47. |

41509(e) (1)(B) | 49 App.:1482(j)(9). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41509(e)(2), (3) | 49 App.:1482(j)(6), (10). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41509(f) | 49 App.:1461(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §801(b); added Mar. 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–259, §2, 86 Stat. 96. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41509(g) | 49 App.:1482(j)(4). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). |


In subsection (a)(1) and (2), the words "take action to" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(1), the words "individual or joint (between air carriers, between foreign air carriers, or between an air carrier or carriers and a foreign air carrier or carriers)" and "and, if it so orders" are omitted as surplus. The words "unreasonable or unreasonably discriminatory" are substituted for "unjust or unreasonable, or unjustly discriminatory, or unduly preferential, or unduly prejudicial" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. See the revision notes following 49:10101.

In subsection (a)(3), before clause (A), the words "In deciding whether to cancel or reject a tariff of an air carrier or foreign air carrier under this subsection" are substituted for "In exercising and performing its powers and duties under this subsection with respect to the rejection or cancellation of rates for the carriage of persons or property" for consistency in this section and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the words "of persons and property" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "contained in the tariff" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1)(A), the words "such hearing and" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1)(B), the words "or in the case of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the text of 49 App.:1373(c)(3) is omitted as obsolete. Reference to 49 App.:1482(g) is omitted because 49 App.:1482(g) does not relate to foreign air transportation and 49 App.:1551(a)(5)(D) provides that 49 App.:1482(g) ceased to be in effect on January 1, 1985, except insofar as it related to foreign air transportation. Reference to 49 App.:1482(j) is omitted because it consistently has been interpreted that the minimum notice requirement does not apply to foreign air transportation.

In subsection (b)(3), the words "for periods totaling not more than 365 days after" are substituted for "a period or periods not exceeding 365 days in the aggregate beyond the time when" and "a period or periods not exceeding 365 days in the aggregate from" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "a tariff is suspended pending the outcome of a proceeding under subsection (a) of this section" are added for clarity. The words "and the Secretary does not take final action in the proceeding during the suspension period" are substituted for "the proceeding has not been concluded and an order made within the period of suspension or suspensions" and "the proceeding has not been concluded within the period of suspension or suspensions" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "or if the Board shall otherwise so direct" are omitted as surplus because under subsection (b)(3) of this section the Secretary may rescind a suspension at any time.

In subsection (c)(2)(A), before clause (i), the words "or suspensions" are omitted because of 1:1. In clause (i), the words "corresponding seasonal" are added for clarity.

In subsection (c)(2)(B) and (3), the words "providing the same transportation" are substituted for "engaged in the same foreign air transportation" for consistency in this chapter and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(2)(B), the words "of the carrier for the covered transportation" and "during the period of suspension or" are added for clarity.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "If an existing tariff is suspended or canceled" are added for clarity. The words "following cancellation of an existing tariff" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the word "properly" is omitted as surplus. In clause (1)(A), the words "the operation of" are omitted as surplus. The words "periods totaling not more than 365 days after the date of the suspension" are substituted for "for a period or periods not exceeding three hundred and sixty-five days in the aggregate from the date of such suspension" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In subclause (B), the words "or suspensions" are omitted because of 1:1. In clause (2), the words "by the Secretary" are added for clarity.

In subsection (e)(1)(B), the words "within 30 days after February 15, 1980" are omitted as executed. The words "as the case may be" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(2), the text of 49 App.:1482(j)(6)(A) is omitted as expired. The words "with respect to any proposed increase filed with the Board after the 180th day after February 15, 1980" and "with respect to any proposed decrease filed after February 15, 1980" are omitted as obsolete. The words "of persons" are omitted as surplus because a "fare" is only for passengers. The words "The Secretary by regulation may increase the 50 percent specified in this paragraph" are substituted for 49 App.:1482(j)(10) for clarity.

In subsection (e)(3)(A), the words "unreasonably discriminatory" are substituted for "unduly preferential, unduly prejudicial, or unjustly discriminatory" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised title. See the revision notes following 49:10101.

In subsection (g), the words "express" and "now . . . or hereafter issued" are omitted as surplus. The words "may provide foreign air transportation only as long as" are substituted for "shall be a condition to the continuation of the affected service" for clarity.

Section 1002(j)(8) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, referred to in subsec. (e)(1)(A)(i), is section 1002(j)(8) of Pub. L. 85–726, which was classified to section 1482(j)(8) of former Title 49, Transportation, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379.

(a)

(1) charge or receive compensation for foreign air transportation that is different from the price specified in the tariff of the carrier that is in effect for that transportation;

(2) refund or remit any part of the price specified in the tariff; or

(3) extend to any person a privilege or facility, related to a matter required by the Secretary of Transportation to be specified in a tariff for foreign air transportation, except as specified in the tariff.

(b)

(1) pay compensation for foreign air transportation of property that is different from the price specified in the tariff in effect for that transportation; or

(2) solicit, accept, or receive—

(A) a refund or remittance of any part of the price specified in the tariff; or

(B) a privilege or facility, related to a matter required by the Secretary to be specified in a tariff for foreign air transportation of property, except as specified in the tariff.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1138.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41510(a) | 49 App.:1373(b)(1) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §403(b)(1) (1st sentence), 72 Stat. 759; restated Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–623, §§7(a), 8(a), 88 Stat. 2105. |

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(B) (related to 49 App.:1373(b)(1)), (b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(4)(B) (related to §403(b)), (b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(c), (e), 98 Stat. 1703, 1704. | |

41510(b) | 49 App.:1373(b)(2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §403(b)(2); added Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–623, §8(a), 88 Stat. 2105. |

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(B) (related to 49 App.:1373(b)(2)), (b)(1)(E). |


In this section, the words "greater or less" are omitted as being included in "different". The words "foreign air transportation" are substituted for "air transportation" because 49 App.:1551(a)(4)(B) provides that 49 App.:1373 no longer applies to interstate or overseas air transportation and 49 App.:1376(a)–(e), restated in section 41901 of the revised title, governs prices for the transportation of mail by aircraft. See section 40102(a) of the revised title defining "air transportation" to mean interstate or foreign air transportation or the transportation of mail by aircraft. The words "for any service in connection therewith" are omitted as surplus because the word "transportation" includes any services related to the transportation.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "may not" are substituted for "no . . . shall" and "no . . . shall, in any manner or by any device, directly or indirectly, or through any agent or broker, or otherwise" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the words "demand or collect" are omitted as being included in "charge or receive". The words "then currently" are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the words "tariff for foreign air transportation" are substituted for "such tariffs" for clarity.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "shipper, consignor, consignee, forwarder, broker, or other . . . or any director, officer, agent, or employee thereof" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "directly or indirectly, by any device or means" and "currently" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), before subclause (A), the words "in any manner or by any device, directly or indirectly, through any agent or broker, or otherwise" are omitted as surplus. In subclause (B), the word "favor" is omitted as surplus.

(a)

(1) a director, officer, or employee of the carrier (including a retired director, officer, or employee who is receiving retirement benefits from an air carrier or foreign air carrier).

(2) a parent or the immediate family of such an officer or employee or the immediate family of such a director.

(3) a widow, widower, or minor child of an employee of the carrier who died as a direct result of a personal injury sustained when performing a duty in the service of the carrier.

(4) a witness or attorney attending a legal investigation in which the air carrier is interested.

(5) an individual injured in an aircraft accident and a physician or nurse attending the individual.

(6) a parent or the immediate family of an individual injured or killed in an aircraft accident when the transportation is related to the accident.

(7) an individual or property to provide relief in a general epidemic, pestilence, or other emergency.

(8) other individuals under other circumstances the Secretary prescribes by regulation.

(b)

(1) a minister of religion.

(2) an individual who is at least 60 years of age and no longer gainfully employed.

(3) an individual who is at least 65 years of age.

(4) an individual who has severely impaired vision or hearing or another physical or mental handicap and an accompanying attendant needed by that individual.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1139.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41511(a) | 49 App.:1373(b)(1) (2d sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §403(b)(1) (2d– last sentences), 72 Stat. 759; July 12, 1960, Pub. L. 86–627, 74 Stat. 445; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–623, §8(a), 88 Stat. 2105; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §8(a), 91 Stat. 1281. |

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(B) (related to 49 App.:1373(b)(1)), (b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(4)(B) (related to §403(b)(1)), (b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(c), (e), 98 Stat. 1703, 1704. | |

41511(b) | 49 App.:1373(b)(1) (3d–last sentences). | |

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(B) (related to 49 App.:1373(b)(1)), (b)(1)(E). |


In this section, the words "foreign air transportation" are substituted for "transportation" and "in the case of overseas or foreign air transportation" because 49 App.:1551(a)(4)(B) provides that 49 App.:1373 no longer applies to interstate or overseas air transportation and 49 App.:1376(a)–(e), restated in section 41901 of the revised title, governs rates for the transportation of mail by aircraft. See section 40102(a) of the revised title defining "air transportation" to mean interstate or foreign air transportation or the transportation of mail by aircraft. The word "conditions" is omitted as being included in "terms".

In subsection (a)(7), the words "or other emergency" are substituted for "other calamitous visitation" for consistency.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "no longer gainfully employed" are substituted for "retired" and "For purposes of this subsection, the term 'retired' means no longer gainfully employed as defined by the Board" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(4), the words "an individual who has severely impaired vision or hearing or another physical or mental handicap" are substituted for "handicapped person" and "For the purposes of this subsection, the term 'handicapped person' means any person who has severely impaired vision or hearing, and any other physically or mentally handicapped person, as defined by the Board" to eliminate unnecessary words.




**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §§403(b), 412(b), title V, §539(e), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3329, 3332, 3370, added items 41725 and 41726 and substituted "rules" for "Rules" in item 41718.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §403(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 85, which directed amendment of analysis for "such subchapter", meaning subchapter I of chapter 417, by adding item 41724 at the end, was executed by adding item 41724 to analysis for this chapter to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §§401(b), 430, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 83, 100, substituted "Prohibitions against smoking on passenger flights" for "Prohibitions against smoking on scheduled flights" in item 41706, and struck out item 41747 "EAS local participation program".

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §§408(b), 410(b), 422(b), title VIII, §810(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2547, 2549, 2552, 2590, added items 41721 to 41723 and 41745 to 41748 and struck out former item 41721 "Reports by carriers on incidents involving animals during air transportation".

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §§203(b), 204(b), 210(b), 231(j)(2), title VII, §710(b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 93, 94, 102, 115, 160, added items 41715 to 41718, redesignated former items 41715 and 41716 as 41719 and 41720, respectively, and added items 41721, 41743, and 41744, subchapter III heading, and items 41761 to 41767.

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title I, §110(f)(2), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–590, which directed amendment of the analysis for subchapter I of chapter 417 by adding item 41716 without specifying the Code title or Act for chapter 417, was executed by adding item 41716 to this analysis to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §278(d), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3250, substituted "Essential air service authorization" for "Ending effective date" in item 41742.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–429, §6(52), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4385, made technical correction to chapter heading.

Pub. L. 103–305, title II, §§206(b), 207(b), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1587, 1588, added items 41714 and 41715.

The Secretary of Transportation may establish—

(1) reasonable classifications for air carriers when required because of the nature of the transportation provided by them; and

(2) reasonable requirements for each class when the Secretary decides those requirements are necessary in the public interest.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1140.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41701 | 49 App.:1386(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §416(a), 72 Stat. 771. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "from time to time" are omitted as unnecessary. In clauses (1) and (2), the word "just" is omitted as being included in "reasonable". In clause (1), the word "groups" is omitted as being included in "classifications". The words "transportation provided" are substituted for "services performed" for consistency in the revised title. In clause (2), the word "requirements" is substituted for "rules and regulations pursuant to and consistent with the provisions of this subchapter" as being more appropriate and for consistency in the revised title.

An air carrier shall provide safe and adequate interstate air transportation.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1140.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41702 | 49 App.:1374(a)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §404(a)(1), 72 Stat. 760; Mar. 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–259, §1, 86 Stat. 95; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §23, 92 Stat. 1724. |

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(C) (related to 49 App.:1374(a)(1)). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(4)(C) (related to §404(a)(1)); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(c), 98 Stat. 1703. |


This section is substituted for 49 App.:1374(a)(1) because 49 App.:1551(a)(4)(C) provides that 49 App.:1374 no longer applies to interstate or overseas air transportation except insofar as 49 App.:1374 requires air carriers to provide safe and adequate service.

(a)

(1) if the country of registry grants a similar privilege to aircraft of the United States;

(2) by an airman holding a certificate or license issued or made valid by the United States Government or the country of registry;

(3) if the Secretary of Transportation authorizes the navigation; and

(4) if the navigation is consistent with terms the Secretary may prescribe.

(b)

(1) in the public interest; and

(2) consistent with any agreement between the Government and the government of a foreign country.

(c)

(1) specifically authorized under section 40109(g) of this title; or

(2) under regulations the Secretary prescribes authorizing air carriers to provide otherwise authorized air transportation with foreign registered aircraft under lease or charter to them without crew.

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A) under the code of a United States air carrier providing air transportation to Alaska;

(B) on an air carrier way bill of an air carrier providing air transportation to Alaska;

(C) under a term arrangement or block space agreement with an air carrier; or

(D) under the code of a United States air carrier for purposes of transportation within the United States.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1140; Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §808, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2588.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41703(a) | 49 App.:1508(b) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1108(b) (1st, 2d, last sentences), 72 Stat. 798, 799. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41703(b) | 49 App.:1508(b) (2d sentence). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41703(c) | 49 App.:1508(b) (3d sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1108(b) (3d sentence), 72 Stat. 799; Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §20, 94 Stat. 43. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41703(d) | 49 App.:1508(b) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), the word "country" is substituted for "nation" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (3), the words "permit, order, or regulation issued" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the words "conditions, and limitations" are omitted as being included in "terms".

In subsection (b)(2), the word "agreement" is substituted for "treaty, convention, or agreement" for clarity and consistency in the revised title. The words "which may be in force" are omitted as surplus. The words "or countries" are omitted because of 1:1.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the word "place" is substituted for "point", and the word "passengers" is substituted for "persons", for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (d), the word "affect" is substituted for "limit, modify, or amend" to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2003**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 108–176 added subsec. (e).

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Under regulations or orders of the Secretary of Transportation, an air carrier shall transport as baggage the property of a passenger traveling in air transportation that may not be carried in an aircraft cabin because of a law or regulation of the United States. The carrier is liable to pay an amount not more than the amount declared to the carrier by that passenger for actual loss of, or damage to, the property caused by the carrier. The carrier may impose reasonable charges and conditions for its liability.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1141.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41704 | 49 App.:1516. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1116; added Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §205, 88 Stat. 418. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


The words "as may be necessary", "which . . . lawfully", and "by such person" are omitted as surplus. The words "The carrier is liable to pay an amount not more than" are substituted for "shall assume liability . . . within" for clarity. The words "to such person" are omitted as surplus. The words "The carrier may impose" are added for clarity. The words "terms and" are omitted as covered by "conditions".

Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2305, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 640, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) the air carrier or foreign air carrier fails to deliver the checked baggage to the passenger—

"(A) not later than 12 hours after the arrival of a domestic flight; or

"(B) not later than 15 hours after the arrival of an international flight; and

"(2) the passenger has notified the air carrier or foreign air carrier of the lost or delayed checked baggage.

"(b)

"(1) the deadline relating to a domestic flight may not exceed 18 hours after the arrival of the domestic flight; and

"(2) the deadline relating to an international flight may not exceed 30 hours after the arrival of the international flight."

(a)

(1) the individual has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.

(2) the individual has a record of such an impairment.

(3) the individual is regarded as having such an impairment.

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) implement a plan, in consultation with the Department of Justice, the United States Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, and the National Council on Disability, to provide technical assistance to air carriers and individuals with disabilities in understanding the rights and responsibilities set forth in this section; and

(B) ensure the availability and provision of appropriate technical assistance manuals to individuals and entities with rights or responsibilities under this section.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1141; Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §707(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 158; Pub. L. 108–176, title V, §503(d)(1), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2559.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41705 | 49 App.:1374(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §404(c); added Oct. 2, 1986, Pub. L. 99–435, §2(a), 100 Stat. 1080. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "on the following grounds" are substituted for "by reason of such handicap" and "For purposes of paragraph (1) of this subsection the term 'handicapped individual' means any individual who" because of the restatement.

The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (c)(4), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–181, which was approved Apr. 5, 2000.

**2003**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–176 substituted "section 46301" for "section 46301(a)(3)(E)".

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, substituted "carrier, including (subject to section 40105(b)) any foreign air carrier," for "carrier" in introductory provisions, and added subsecs. (b) and (c).

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §440, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3347, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) review, and if necessary revise, applicable regulations to ensure that passengers with disabilities who request assistance while traveling in air transportation receive dignified, timely, and effective assistance at airports and on aircraft from trained personnel; and

"(2) review, and if necessary revise, applicable regulations related to covered air carrier training programs for air carrier personnel, including contractors, who provide physical assistance to passengers with disabilities to ensure that training under such programs—

"(A) occurs on an annual schedule for all new and continuing personnel charged with providing physical assistance; and

"(B) includes, as appropriate, instruction by personnel, with hands-on training for employees who physically lift or otherwise physically assist passengers with disabilities, including the use of relevant equipment.

"(b)

[For definition of "covered air carrier" as used in section 440 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 401 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §434, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3343, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) The right of passengers with disabilities to be treated with dignity and respect.

"(2) The right of passengers with disabilities to receive timely assistance, if requested, from properly trained covered air carrier and contractor personnel.

"(3) The right of passengers with disabilities to travel with wheelchairs, mobility aids, and other assistive devices, including necessary medications and medical supplies, including stowage of such wheelchairs, aids, and devices.

"(4) The right of passengers with disabilities to receive seating accommodations, if requested, to accommodate a disability.

"(5) The right of passengers with disabilities to receive announcements in an accessible format.

"(6) The right of passengers with disabilities to speak with a complaint resolution officer or to file a complaint with a covered air carrier or the Department of Transportation.

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(1) on a publicly available internet website of the covered air carrier; and

"(2) in any pre-flight notifications or communications provided to passengers who alert the covered air carrier in advance of the need for accommodations relating to a disability.

"(f)

[For definition of "covered air carrier" as used in section 434 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 401 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §437, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3344, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) to define the term 'service animal' for purposes of air transportation; and

"(2) to develop minimum standards for what is required for service and emotional support animals carried in aircraft cabins.

"(b)

"(1) whether to align the definition of 'service animal' with the definition of that term in regulations of the Department of Justice implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–336) [42 U.S.C. 12101 et seq.];

"(2) reasonable measures to ensure pets are not claimed as service animals, such as—

"(A) whether to require photo identification for a service animal identifying the type of animal, the breed of animal, and the service the animal provides to the passenger;

"(B) whether to require documentation indicating whether or not a service animal was trained by the owner or an approved training organization;

"(C) whether to require, from a licensed physician, documentation indicating the mitigating task or tasks a service animal provides to its owner; and

"(D) whether to allow a passenger to be accompanied by more than 1 service animal;

"(3) reasonable measures to ensure the safety of all passengers, such as—

"(A) whether to require health and vaccination records for a service animal; and

"(B) whether to require third-party proof of behavioral training for a service animal;

"(4) the impact additional requirements on service animals could have on access to air transportation for passengers with disabilities; and

"(5) if impacts on access to air transportation for passengers with disabilities are found, ways to eliminate or mitigate those impacts.

"(c)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §439, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3345, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) identify and assess the disability-related access barriers encountered by passengers with disabilities;

"(2) determine the extent to which the programs and activities of the Department of Transportation are addressing the barriers identified in paragraph (1);

"(3) recommend consumer protection improvements to the air travel experience of passengers with disabilities;

"(4) advise the Secretary with regard to the implementation of section 41705 of title 49, United States Code; and

"(5) conduct such activities as the Secretary considers necessary to carry out this section.

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) Passengers with disabilities.

"(B) National disability organizations.

"(C) Air carriers.

"(D) Airport operators.

"(E) Contractor service providers.

"(F) Aircraft manufacturers.

"(G) Wheelchair manufacturers.

"(H) National veterans organizations representing disabled veterans.

"(2)

"(3)

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(1)

"(A) an assessment of existing disability-related access barriers, and any emerging disability-related access barriers that will likely be an issue in the next 5 calendar years;

"(B) an evaluation of the extent to which the Department of Transportation's programs and activities are eliminating disability-related access barriers;

"(C) a description of the Advisory Committee's actions;

"(D) a description of improvements related to the air travel experience of passengers with disabilities; and

"(E) any recommendations for legislation, administrative action, or other action that the Advisory Committee considers appropriate.

"(2)

"(g)

"(h)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §433, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3342, provided that: "Following the receipt of the report required under section 2107 of the FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016 (Public Law 114–190; 130 Stat. 622) [set out below], the Secretary of Transportation shall develop, if appropriate, specific recommendations regarding improvements to wheelchair assistance provided by air carriers and recommendations on how training programs by air carriers can address consumer complaints regarding wheelchair assistance."

Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2107, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 622, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) variations in training programs between air carriers;

"(2) instances since 2005 where the Department of Transportation has requested that an air carrier take corrective action following a review of the air carrier's training programs; and

"(3) actions taken by air carriers following requests described in paragraph (2).

"(b)

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §707(c), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 158, provided that: "The Secretary [of Transportation] shall work with appropriate international organizations and the aviation authorities of other nations to bring about the establishment of higher standards for accommodating handicapped passengers in air transportation, particularly with respect to foreign air carriers that code-share with air carriers."

Pub. L. 106–69, title III, §346, Oct. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1023, provided that: "Hereafter, none of the funds made available under this Act or any other Act, may be used to implement, carry out, or enforce any regulation issued under section 41705 of title 49, United States Code, including any regulation contained in part 382 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, or any other provision of law (including any Act of Congress, regulation, or Executive order or any official guidance or correspondence thereto), that requires or encourages an air carrier (as that term is defined in section 40102 of title 49, United States Code) to, on intrastate or interstate air transportation (as those terms are defined in section 40102 of title 49, United States Code)—

"(1) provide a peanut-free buffer zone or any other related peanut-restricted area; or

"(2) restrict the distribution of peanuts,

until 90 days after submission to the Congress and the Secretary of a peer-reviewed scientific study that determines that there are severe reactions by passengers to peanuts as a result of contact with very small airborne peanut particles of the kind that passengers might encounter in an aircraft."

Similar provisions were contained in Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(g) [title III, §372], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–439, 2681–479.

(a)

(1) in an aircraft in scheduled passenger interstate or intrastate air transportation; or

(2) in an aircraft in nonscheduled passenger interstate or intrastate air transportation, if a flight attendant is a required crewmember on the aircraft (as determined by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration).

(b)

(1) in an aircraft in scheduled passenger foreign air transportation; and

(2) in an aircraft in nonscheduled passenger foreign air transportation, if a flight attendant is a required crewmember on the aircraft (as determined by the Administrator or a foreign government).

(c)

(1)

(2)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1141; Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §708(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 159; Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §401(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 83; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §409, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3331.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41706 | 49 App.:1374(d)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §404(d)(1); added Dec. 22, 1987, Pub. L. 100–202, §328(a), 101 Stat. 1329–382; Nov. 21, 1989, Pub. L. 101–164, §335 (less effective date), 103 Stat. 1098, 1099. |

49 App.:1374 (note). | Nov. 21, 1989, Pub. L. 101–164, §335 (related to effective date), 103 Stat. 1099. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "On and after the date of expiration of the 4-month period following December 22, 1987" are omitted as executed. The words "of an aircraft" are added for clarity. The text of 49 App.:1374 (note) is omitted as executed.

**2018**—Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 115–254 added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (e).

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–95, §401(a)(1), substituted "passenger" for "scheduled" in section catchline.

Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 112–95, §401(a)(2), added subsecs. (a) and (b) and struck out former subsecs. (a) and (b) which read as follows:

"(a)

"(b)

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(a)

"(1) between places in a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands;

"(2) between a place in any jurisdiction referred to in clause (1) of this subsection (except Alaska and Hawaii) and a place in any other of those jurisdictions; or

"(3)(A) scheduled for not more than 6 hours' duration; and

"(B)(i) between a place referred to in clause (1) of this subsection (except Alaska and Hawaii) and Alaska or Hawaii; or

"(ii) between Alaska and Hawaii.

"(b)

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §708(b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 159, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date that is 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 5, 2000]."

To the extent the Secretary of Transportation prescribes by regulation, an air carrier may incorporate by reference in a ticket or written instrument any term of the contract for providing interstate air transportation.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1141.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41707 | 49 App.:1381(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §411(b); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §7(a), 98 Stat. 1706. |


(a)

(b)

(1)(A) to file annual, monthly, periodical, and special reports with the Secretary in the form and way prescribed by the Secretary; and

(B) to file the reports under oath;

(2) to provide specific answers to questions on which the Secretary considers information to be necessary; and

(3) to file with the Secretary a copy of each agreement, arrangement, contract, or understanding between the carrier and another carrier or person related to transportation affected by this subpart.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) For a diverted flight—

(i) the flight number of the diverted flight;

(ii) the scheduled destination of the flight;

(iii) the date and time of the flight;

(iv) the airport to which the flight was diverted;

(v) wheels-on time at the diverted airport;

(vi) the time, if any, passengers deplaned the aircraft at the diverted airport; and

(vii) if the flight arrives at the scheduled destination airport—

(I) the gate-departure time at the diverted airport;

(II) the wheels-off time at the diverted airport;

(III) the wheels-on time at the scheduled arrival airport; and

(IV) the gate-arrival time at the scheduled arrival airport.

(B) For flights cancelled after gate departure—

(i) the flight number of the cancelled flight;

(ii) the scheduled origin and destination airports of the cancelled flight;

(iii) the date and time of the cancelled flight;

(iv) the gate-departure time of the cancelled flight; and

(v) the time the aircraft returned to the gate.

(4)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1141; Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §402(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 83.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41708(a) | 49 App.:1377(e) (last sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §407(e) (last sentence), 72 Stat. 766. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41708(b) | 49 App.:1377(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §407(a), 72 Stat. 766; Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §10, 94 Stat. 38. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). |


In subsection (a), the word "reasonably" is omitted as surplus. The words "carry out" are substituted for "administration" for consistency in the revised title. The words "section 11343(c) of this title" are substituted for "section 5(8) of the Interstate Commerce Act, as amended" in section 407(e) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 766), to cite the corresponding section of the revised title and correct the inaccurate reference to the definition of "affiliate".

In subsection (b)(3), the word "copy" is substituted for "true copy" to eliminate an unnecessary word. The word "transportation" is substituted for "traffic" for consistency in the revised title.

**2012**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–95 added subsec. (c).

Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §402(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 84, provided that: "Beginning not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012], the Secretary of Transportation shall require monthly reports pursuant to the amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section]."

(a)

(b)

(A) inspect the land, buildings, and equipment of an air carrier or foreign air carrier when necessary to decide under subchapter II of this chapter or section 41102, 41103, or 41302 of this title whether a carrier is fit, willing, and able; and

(B) inspect records kept or required to be kept by an air carrier, foreign air carrier, or ticket agent.

(2) The Secretary may employ special agents or auditors to carry out this subsection.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1142.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41709(a) | 49 App.:1377(d). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §407(d), 72 Stat. 766. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41709(b) | 49 App.:1377(e) (1st–3d sentences). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §407(e) (1st–3d sentences), 72 Stat. 766; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–623, §7(b), 88 Stat. 2105; restated Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(t), 98 Stat. 1708. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). |


In subsection (a), the word "unreasonable" is substituted for "undue" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b)(1)(A) and (B), the word "inspect" is substituted for "have access to" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "to carry out this subsection" are substituted for "who shall have authority under the orders of the Board to inspect and examine lands, buildings, equipment, accounts, records, and memorandums to which the Board has access under this subsection" to eliminate unnecessary words.

When a matter requiring action of the Secretary of Transportation is submitted under section 40109(a) or (c)–(h), 41309, or 42111 of this title and an evidentiary hearing—

(1) is ordered, the Secretary shall make a final decision on the matter not later than the last day of the 12th month that begins after the date the matter is submitted; or

(2) is not ordered, the Secretary shall make a final decision on the matter not later than the last day of the 6th month that begins after the date the matter is submitted.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1142.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41710 | 49 App.:1490. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1010; added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §38(a), 92 Stat. 1743. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "matter requiring action of the Secretary" are substituted for "application or other written document" for clarity. The reference to 49 App.:1378 and 1379 is omitted as obsolete because under 49 App.:1551(a)(7), those sections ceased to be in effect on January 1, 1989. The words "on or after the one-hundred-eightieth day after October 24, 1978" are omitted as executed. In clauses (1) and (2), the words "order or" are omitted as surplus.

In carrying out this subpart, the Secretary of Transportation may—

(1) inquire into the management of the business of an air carrier and obtain from the air carrier, and a person controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the carrier, information the Secretary decides reasonably is necessary to carry out the inquiry;

(2) confer and hold a joint hearing with a State authority; and

(3) exchange information related to aeronautics with a government of a foreign country through appropriate departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1142.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41711(1) | 49 App.:1385. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§204(b), (c), 415, 72 Stat. 743, 770. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41711(2) | 49 App.:1324(b). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

41711(3) | 49 App.:1324(c) | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "In carrying out" are substituted for "in connection with any matter arising under this chapter within its jurisdiction" and "in the administration and enforcement of this chapter" in 49 App.:1324(b) and "For the purpose of exercising and performing its powers and duties under this chapter" in 49 App.:1385, and added (as the words relate to 49 App.:1324(c)), for clarity and consistency in this section. In clause (1), the words "full and complete reports and other" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "State aeronautical agency, or other" are omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:1324(b) (words after 3d comma) is omitted as surplus because of 49:322(c)(3). In clause (3), the words "government of a foreign country" are substituted for "foreign governments" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(A) the name of the air carrier providing the air transportation; and

(B) if the flight has more than one flight segment, the name of each air carrier providing the air transportation for each such flight segment.

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1143; Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §221, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 102; Pub. L. 111–216, title II, §210, Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2362; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §419(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3336.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41712 | 49 App.:1381(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §411(a), 72 Stat. 769; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §7(a), 98 Stat. 1706. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


The words "such action by" are omitted as surplus. The words "opportunity for a" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254 inserted "air ambulance consumer (as defined by the Secretary of Transportation)," after "of an air carrier, foreign air carrier,".

**2010**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 111–216 added subsec. (c).

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b).

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(2) Paragraphs (1) and (4) of this subsection do not apply to air transportation provided entirely in Alaska unless the transportation is air transportation (except charter air transportation) provided under a certificate issued under section 41102 of this title.

(3) This subsection does not limit a State, political subdivision of a State, or political authority of at least 2 States that owns or operates an airport served by an air carrier holding a certificate issued by the Secretary of Transportation from carrying out its proprietary powers and rights.

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i) shall not restrict the safety regulatory authority of a State with respect to motor vehicles, the authority of a State to impose highway route controls or limitations based on the size or weight of the motor vehicle or the hazardous nature of the cargo, or the authority of a State to regulate motor carriers with regard to minimum amounts of financial responsibility relating to insurance requirements and self-insurance authorization; and

(ii) does not apply to the transportation of household goods, as defined in section 13102 of this title.

(C)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1143; Pub. L. 103–305, title VI, §601(b)(1), (2)(A), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1605, 1606; Pub. L. 105–102, §2(23), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41713(a) | 49 App.:1305(c), (d) (related to (a), (b)(1), (c)). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §105(a)(2), (b)(1), (c), (d) (related to (a), (b)(1), (c)); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §4(a), 92 Stat. 1708. |

41713(b)(1) | 49 App.:1305(a)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §105(a)(1); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §4(a), 92 Stat. 1707; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(u), 98 Stat. 1709. |

41713(b)(2) | 49 App.:1305(a)(2). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41713(b)(3) | 49 App.:1305(b)(1). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). |


In subsection (a), the words "the term" are omitted as surplus. The words "the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and" are omitted as surplus because of the definition of "territory or possession of the United States" in section 40102(a) of the revised title, 48:734, and section 502 of the Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States of America. The text of 49 App.:1305(c) is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (b)(1) and (3), the words "interstate agency or other" are omitted as surplus. The word "authority" is substituted for "agency" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b)(1), the word "rule" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulation". The words "standard" and "having authority" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "pursuant to a certificate issued by the Board", "by air of persons, property, or mail", and "the State of" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:41713(b)(4)(B)(ii) to correct a cross-reference necessary because of the restatement of subtitle IV of title 49 by the ICC Termination Act (Public Law 104–88, 109 Stat. 803).

**1997**—Subsec. (b)(4)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 105–102 substituted "13102" for "10102".

**1994**—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 103–305, §601(b)(2)(A), substituted "Paragraphs (1) and (4) of this subsection do" for "Paragraph (1) of this subsection does".

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 103–305, §601(b)(1), added par. (4).

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–305 effective Jan. 1, 1995, see section 601(d) of Pub. L. 103–305, set out as a note under section 10521 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(A) result in an increase in the total number of slots per day at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport;

(B) result in an increase in the total number of slots at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport from 7:00 ante meridiem to 9:59 post meridiem;

(C) increase the number of operations at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport in any 1-hour period by more than 2 operations;

(D) result in the withdrawal or reduction of slots operated by an air carrier;

(E) result in a net increase in noise impact on surrounding communities resulting from changes in timing of operations permitted under this subsection; and

(F) continue in effect on or after the date on which the final rules issued under subsection (f) become effective.

(2)

(e)

(1)

(A) whether improvements in technology and procedures of the air traffic control system and the use of quieter aircraft make it possible to eliminate the limitations on hourly operations imposed by the high density rule contained in part 93 of title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations or to increase the number of operations permitted under such rule;

(B) the effects of the elimination of limitations or an increase in the number of operations allowed on each of the following:

(i) congestion and delay in any part of the national aviation system;

(ii) the impact of noise on persons living near the airport;

(iii) competition in the air transportation system;

(iv) the profitability of operations of airlines serving the airport; and

(v) aviation safety;

(C) the impact of the current slot allocation process upon the ability of air carriers to provide essential air service under subchapter II of this chapter;

(D) the impact of such allocation process upon the ability of new entrant air carriers to obtain slots in time periods that enable them to provide service;

(E) the impact of such allocation process on the ability of foreign air carriers to obtain slots;

(F) the fairness of such process to air carriers and the extent to which air carriers are provided equivalent rights of access to the air transportation market in the countries of which foreign air carriers holding slots are citizens;

(G) the impact, on the ability of air carriers to provide domestic and international air service, of the withdrawal of slots from air carriers in order to provide slots for foreign air carriers; and

(H) the impact of the prohibition on slot withdrawals in subsections (b)(2) and (b)(3) of this section on the aviation relationship between the United States Government and foreign governments, including whether the prohibition in such subsections will require the withdrawal of slots from general and military aviation in order to meet the needs of air carriers and foreign air carriers providing foreign air transportation (and the impact of such withdrawal on general aviation and military aviation) and whether slots will become available to meet the needs of air carriers and foreign air carriers to provide foreign air transportation as a result of the planned relocation of Air Force Reserve units and the Air National Guard at O'Hare International Airport.

(2)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A) "40" shall be substituted for "12" in sections 93.213(a)(5), 93.223(c)(3), and 93.225(h);

(B) for purposes of such sections, the term "slot" shall not include—

(i) "slot exemptions";

(ii) slots operated by an air carrier under a fee-for-service arrangement for another air carrier, if the air carrier operating such slots does not sell flights in its own name, and is under common ownership with an air carrier that seeks to qualify as a limited incumbent and that sells flights in its own name; or

(iii) slots held under a sale and license-back financing arrangement with another air carrier, where the slots are under the marketing control of the other air carrier; and

(C) for Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, the Administrator shall not count, for the purposes of section 93.213(a)(5), slots currently held by an air carrier but leased out on a long-term basis by that carrier for use in foreign air transportation and renounced by the carrier for return to the Department of Transportation or the Federal Aviation Administration.

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(i) 60-

(1)

(A) the names of the airports to be served;

(B) the times requested; and

(C) such additional information as the Secretary may require.

(2)

(A) approve the request if the Secretary determines that the requirements of the section under which the request is made are met;

(B) return the request to the applicant for additional information relating to the request to provide air transportation; or

(C) deny the request and state the reasons for its denial.

(3) 60-

(4)

(j)

(k)

(Added Pub. L. 103–305, title II, §206(a)(1), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1584; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; Pub. L. 105–66, title III, §345, Oct. 27, 1997, 111 Stat. 1449; Pub. L. 105–102, §2(24), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205; Pub. L. 105–154, §2(a)(1)(C), (2), Feb. 6, 1998, 112 Stat. 3; Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §231(a), (d)(2)–(4), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 106, 112; Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §414(c), (d), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 92.)

This amends 49:41714(d)(1) to make a conforming cross-reference necessary because of the restatement of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Act of 1986 (Public Law 99–500, 100 Stat. 1783–373, Public Law 99–591, 100 Stat. 3341–376) by section 2(26) of this Act as chapter 491 of title 49.

**2012**—Subsec. (h)(5)(A). Pub. L. 112–95, §414(c)(1), substituted "40" for "20".

Subsec. (h)(5)(B). Pub. L. 112–95, §414(c)(2), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "for purposes of such sections, the term 'slot' shall include 'slot exemptions'; and".

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 112–95, §414(d), substituted ", except through an air carrier merger or acquisition." for period at end.

**2000**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 106–181, §231(d)(2), struck out before period at end "; except that the Secretary shall not be required to make slots available at O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, Illinois, if the number of slots available for basic essential air service (including slots specifically designated as essential air service slots and slots used for such purposes) to and from such airport is at least 132 slots".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 106–181, §231(d)(3), inserted "at Chicago O'Hare International Airport" after "a slot" and struck out before period at end "if the withdrawal of that slot would result in the withdrawal of slots from an air carrier at O'Hare International Airport under section 93.223 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, in excess of the total withdrawn from that air carrier as of October 31, 1993".

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 106–181, §231(d)(4), amended heading and text of par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "This subsection and exemptions issued under this subsection shall cease to be in effect when the final rules issued under subsection (f) become effective."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–181, §231(a)(4), reenacted subsec. heading and struck out "(1)

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 106–181, §231(a)(5)(A), in introductory provisions, substituted "and sections 41715–41718 and 41734(h)" for "and section 41734(h)".

Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 106–181, §231(a)(5)(B), struck out "as defined in subpart S of part 93 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations" before period at end.

Subsec. (h)(5) to (9). Pub. L. 106–181, §231(a)(5)(C), added pars. (5) to (9).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 106–181, §231(a)(1), amended heading and text of subsec. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Within 120 days after receiving an application for an exemption under subsection (a)(2) to improve air service between a nonhub airport (as defined in section 41731(a)(4)) and a high density airport subject to the exemption authority under subsection (a), the Secretary shall grant or deny the exemption. The Secretary shall notify the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the grant or denial within 14 calendar days after the determination and state the reasons for the determination."

Subsecs. (j), (k). Pub. L. 106–181, §231(a)(2), (3), added subsecs. (j) and (k).

**1998**—Subsecs. (a)(1), (b)(1), (c)(1), (d). Pub. L. 105–154 substituted "Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport" for "Washington National Airport" wherever appearing in text and in subsec. (d) heading.

**1997**—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 105–102 substituted "sections 49104(a)(5) and 49111(e) of this title" for "sections 6005(c)(5) and 6009(e) of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Act of 1986".

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 105–66 added subsec. (i).

**1996**—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Public Works and Transportation".

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §231(d)(5), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 112, provided that: "The Secretary [of Transportation] shall return any slot withdrawn from an air carrier under section 41714(b) of title 49, United States Code, before the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 5, 2000], to that carrier on April 30, 2000."

(a)

(1) after July 1, 2002, at Chicago O'Hare International Airport; and

(2) after January 1, 2007, at LaGuardia Airport or John F. Kennedy International Airport.

(b)

(1) as affecting the Federal Aviation Administration's authority for safety and the movement of air traffic; and

(2) as affecting any other authority of the Secretary to grant exemptions under section 41714.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §231(b)(2), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 108.)

A prior section 41715 was renumbered section 41719 of this title.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1) if the air carrier was not providing such air transportation during the week of November 1, 1999;

(2) if the number of flights to be provided between such airports by the air carrier during any week will exceed the number of flights provided by the air carrier between such airports during the week of November 1, 1999; or

(3) if the air transportation to be provided under the exemption will be provided with a regional jet as replacement of turboprop air transportation that was being provided during the week of November 1, 1999.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1) before October 1, 1999, the Secretary received a written air service termination notice for that route; or

(2) after September 30, 1999, the air carrier submits an air service termination notice under section 41719 for that route and the Secretary determines that the carrier suffered excessive losses, including substantial losses on operations on that route during any three quarters of the year immediately preceding the date of submission of the notice.

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §231(c), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 109; amended Pub. L. 108–447, div. H, title I, §199, Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3235.)

The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (d), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–181, which was approved Apr. 5, 2000.

A prior section 41716 was renumbered section 41720 of this title.

**2004**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–447 inserted before period at end "; except that the Secretary may grant not to exceed 4 additional slot exemptions at LaGuardia Airport to an incumbent air carrier operating at least 20 but not more than 28 slots at such airport as of October 1, 2004, to provide air transportation between LaGuardia Airport and a small hub airport or nonhub airport".

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) if the air carrier was not providing such air transportation during the week of November 1, 1999;

(2) if the number of flights to be provided between such airports by the air carrier during any week will exceed the number of flights provided by the air carrier between such airports during the week of November 1, 1999; or

(3) if the air transportation to be provided under the exemption will be provided with a regional jet as replacement of turboprop air transportation that was being provided during the week of November 1, 1999.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(f)

(g)

(1) before October 1, 1999, the Secretary received a written air service termination notice for that route; or

(2) after September 30, 1999, the air carrier submits an air service termination notice under section 41719 for that route and the Secretary determines that the carrier suffered excessive losses, including substantial losses on operations on that route during the calendar quarters immediately preceding submission of the notice.

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §231(d)(1), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 110.)

The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (g), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–181, which was approved Apr. 5, 2000.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1) provide air transportation with domestic network benefits in areas beyond the perimeter described in that section;

(2) increase competition by new entrant air carriers or in multiple markets;

(3) not reduce travel options for communities served by small hub airports and medium hub airports within the perimeter described in section 49109; and

(4) not result in meaningfully increased travel delays.

(b)

(1) by new entrant air carriers and limited incumbent air carriers;

(2) to communities without existing nonstop air transportation to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport;

(3) to small communities;

(4) that will provide competitive nonstop air transportation on a monopoly nonstop route to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport; or

(5) that will produce the maximum competitive benefits, including low fares.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) under subsections (a) and (b) and departures authorized under subsection (g)(2) may not be for operations between the hours of 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m.; and

(ii) under subsections (a), (b), and (g) may not increase the number of operations at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport in any 1-hour period during the hours between 7:00 a.m. and 9:59 p.m. by more than 5 operations.

(B)

(3)

(A) without regard to the criteria contained in subsection (b)(1), six shall be for air transportation to small hub airports and nonhub airports;

(B) ten shall be for air transportation to medium hub and smaller airports; and

(C) four shall be for air transportation to airports without regard to their size.

(4)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1)

(A) the application of sections 49104(a)(5), 49109, and 41714 to air carriers to operate limited frequencies and aircraft on routes between Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport and airports located beyond the perimeter described in section 49109; and

(B) the requirements of subparts K and S of part 93, Code of Federal Regulations.

(2)

(A) provide air transportation with domestic network benefits in areas beyond the perimeter described in section 49109;

(B) increase competition in multiple markets;

(C) not reduce travel options for communities served by small hub airports and medium hub airports within the perimeter described in section 49109;

(D) not result in meaningfully increased travel delays;

(E) enhance options for nonstop travel to and from the beyond-perimeter airports that will be served as a result of those exemptions;

(F) have a positive impact on the overall level of competition in the markets that will be served as a result of those exemptions; or

(G) produce public benefits, including the likelihood that the service to airports located beyond the perimeter described in section 49109 will result in lower fares, higher capacity, and a variety of service options.

(3)

(A) may operate up to a maximum of 2 of the newly authorized slot exemptions;

(B) prior to exercising an exemption made available under paragraph (1), shall discontinue the use of a slot for service between Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport and a large hub airport within the perimeter as described in section 49109, and operate, in place of such service, service between Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport and an airport located beyond the perimeter described in section 49109;

(C) shall be entitled to return of the slot by the Secretary if use of the exemption made available to the carrier under paragraph (1) is discontinued;

(D) shall have sole discretion concerning the use of an exemption made available under paragraph (1), including the initial or any subsequent beyond perimeter destinations to be served; and

(E) shall file a notice of intent with the Secretary and subsequent notices of intent, when appropriate, to inform the Secretary of any change in circumstances concerning the use of any exemption made available under paragraph (1).

(4)

(5)

(A) An air carrier may not operate a multi-aisle or widebody aircraft in conducting such operations.

(B) An air carrier granted an exemption under this subsection is prohibited from transferring the rights to its beyond-perimeter exemptions pursuant to section 41714(j).

(h)

(1) afford a scheduling priority to operations conducted by new entrant air carriers and limited incumbent air carriers over operations conducted by other air carriers granted additional slot exemptions under subsection (g) for service to airports located beyond the perimeter described in section 49109;

(2) afford a scheduling priority to slot exemptions currently held by new entrant air carriers and limited incumbent air carriers for service to airports located beyond the perimeter described in section 49109, to the extent necessary to protect viability of such service; and

(3) consider applications from foreign air carriers that are certificated by the government of Canada if such consideration is required by the bilateral aviation agreement between the United States and Canada and so long as the conditions and limitations under this section apply to such foreign air carriers.

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §231(e)(1), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 112; amended Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §§425, 426(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2555; Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §414(a), (b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 90, 92.)

The date of enactment of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (g)(1), (3), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–95, which was approved Feb. 14, 2012.

**2012**—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 112–95, §414(b), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The exemptions granted under subsections (a) and (b) may not be for operations between the hours of 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. and may not increase the number of operations at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport in any 1-hour period during the hours between 7:00 a.m. and 9:59 p.m. by more than 3 operations."

Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 112–95, §414(a), added subsecs. (g) and (h).

**2003**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–176, §425(a), substituted "24 exemptions" for "12 exemptions" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–176, §425(b), in introductory provisions, substituted "20 exemptions" for "12 exemptions" and struck out "that were designated as medium hub or smaller airports" before "within the perimeter established".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 108–176, §425(c)(1), substituted "3 operations" for "two operations".

Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 108–176, §425(c)(2)(A), substituted "without regard to the criteria contained in subsection (b)(1), six" for "four" and struck out "and" at end.

Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 108–176, §425(c)(2)(B), substituted "ten" for "eight" and "; and" for period at end.

Subsec. (c)(3)(C). Pub. L. 108–176, §425(c)(2)(C), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–176, §425(d), amended heading and text of subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 108–176, §426(a), added subsec. (f).

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §426(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2556, provided that: "The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall revise regulations to take into account the amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section]."

Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §823, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2595, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

(a)

(b)

(1) the carrier involved is experiencing a sudden or unforeseen financial emergency, including natural weather related emergencies, equipment-related emergencies, and strikes;

(2) the termination of transportation is made for seasonal purposes only;

(3) the carrier involved has operated at the affected nonhub airport for 180 days or less;

(4) the carrier involved provides other transportation by jet from another airport serving the same community as the affected nonhub airport; or

(5) the carrier involved makes alternative arrangements, such as a change of aircraft size, or other types of arrangements with a part 121 or part 135 air carrier, that continues uninterrupted service from the affected nonhub airport.

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) a part 135 air carrier; or

(B) a part 121 air carrier that provides air transportation exclusively with aircraft having a seating capacity of no more than 70 passengers.

(4)

(Added Pub. L. 103–305, title II, §207(a), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1587, §41715; amended Pub. L. 103–429, §6(53), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4385; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(73), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3396; renumbered §41719, Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §231(b)(1), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 108; Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §225(b)(1), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2528.)

This amends 49:41715(a) to conform to the style of title 49.

**2003**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–176 redesignated pars. (2) to (5) as (1) to (4), respectively, and struck out former par. (1) which defined "nonhub airport".

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181 renumbered section 41715 of this title as this section.

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "Secretary of Transportation's" for "Secretary's".

**1994**—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "41731(a)(4)" for "41731(a)(3)".

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 103–305, title II, §207(d), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1588, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending section 46301 of this title] shall take effect on February 1, 1995."

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(1) a complete copy of the joint venture agreement and all related agreements; and

(2) other information and documentary material that the Secretary may require by regulation.

(c)

(1)

(A) in the case of a joint venture agreement with regard to code-sharing, the 150th day following the last day of such period; and

(B) in the case of any other joint venture agreement, the 60th day following the last day of such period.

(2)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1) the parties submitted the agreement to the Secretary before such date of enactment; and

(2) the parties submitted all information on the agreement requested by the Secretary,

the waiting period described in paragraphs (2) and (3) shall begin on the date, as determined by the Secretary, on which all such information was submitted and end on the last day to which the period could be extended under this section.

(h)

(Added Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title I, §110(f)(1), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–588, §41716; renumbered §41720 and amended Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §231(b)(1), title VII, §709, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 108, 159.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsecs. (f) and (g), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 105–277, which was approved Oct. 21, 1998.

Pub. L. 105–277, §110(f)(1), which directed amendment of subchapter I of chapter 417 by adding this section at the end, without specifying a Code title or Act, was executed by adding this section at the end of this subchapter to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181, §231(b)(1), renumbered section 41716 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 106–181, §709, substituted "an agreement between two or more major air carriers" for "an agreement entered into by a major air carrier".

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §710(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 159.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1) the Administrator determines that it is necessary to convene such a meeting; and

(2) the Secretary determines that the meeting is necessary to meet a serious transportation need or achieve an important public benefit.

(b)

(1) shall be chaired by the Administrator;

(2) shall be open to all scheduled air carriers; and

(3) shall be limited to discussions involving the airports and time periods described in the Administrator's determination.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §422(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2552.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §413, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 89, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) the aircraft operations of air carriers during any hour at an airport exceed the hourly maximum departure and arrival rate established by the Administrator for such operations; and

"(2) the operations in excess of the maximum departure and arrival rate for such hour at such airport are likely to have a significant adverse effect on the safe and efficient use of navigable airspace,

the Administrator shall convene a meeting of such carriers to reduce pursuant to section 41722 of title 49, United States Code, on a voluntary basis, the number of such operations so as not to exceed the maximum departure and arrival rate.

"(b)

"(c)

The Secretary of Transportation shall require, beginning after the last day of the 18-month period following the date of enactment of this section, an air carrier using an aircraft to provide scheduled passenger air transportation to display a notice, on an information placard available to each passenger on the aircraft, that informs the passengers of the nation in which the aircraft was finally assembled.

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §810(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2590.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in text, is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 108–176, which was approved Dec. 12, 2003.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(A) the instrument can be stowed safely in a suitable baggage compartment in the aircraft cabin or under a passenger seat, in accordance with the requirements for carriage of carry-on baggage or cargo established by the Administrator; and

(B) there is space for such stowage at the time the passenger boards the aircraft.

(2)

(A) the instrument is contained in a case or covered so as to avoid injury to other passengers;

(B) the weight of the instrument, including the case or covering, does not exceed 165 pounds or the applicable weight restrictions for the aircraft;

(C) the instrument can be stowed in accordance with the requirements for carriage of carry-on baggage or cargo established by the Administrator;

(D) neither the instrument nor the case contains any object not otherwise permitted to be carried in an aircraft cabin because of a law or regulation of the United States; and

(E) the passenger wishing to carry the instrument in the aircraft cabin has purchased an additional seat to accommodate the instrument.

(3)

(A) the sum of the length, width, and height measured in inches of the outside linear dimensions of the instrument (including the case) does not exceed 150 inches or the applicable size restrictions for the aircraft;

(B) the weight of the instrument does not exceed 165 pounds or the applicable weight restrictions for the aircraft; and

(C) the instrument can be stowed in accordance with the requirements for carriage of carry-on baggage or cargo established by the Administrator.

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §403(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 84.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (b), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–95, which was approved Feb. 14, 2012.

Final regulations, referred to in subsecs. (b) and (c), were issued Dec. 29, 2014, effective Mar. 6, 2015. See 80 F.R. 161.

(a)

(1) to prohibit an individual on an aircraft from engaging in voice communications using a mobile communications device during a flight of that aircraft in scheduled passenger interstate or intrastate air transportation; and

(2) that exempt from the prohibition described in paragraph (1) any—

(A) member of the flight crew on duty on an aircraft;

(B) flight attendant on duty on an aircraft; and

(C) Federal law enforcement officer acting in an official capacity.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §403(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3328.)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §412(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3331.)

(a)

(1) "eligible place" means a place in the United States that—

(A)(i)(I) was an eligible point under section 419 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 before October 1, 1988;

(II) received scheduled air transportation at any time after January 1, 1990; and

(III) is not listed in Department of Transportation Orders 89–9–37 and 89–12–52 as a place ineligible for compensation under this subchapter; or

(ii) was determined, on or after October 1, 1988, and before the date of the enactment of the FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016 (Public Law 114–190), under this subchapter by the Secretary of Transportation to be eligible to receive subsidized small community air service under section 41736(a);

(B) had an average of 10 enplanements per service day or more, as determined by the Secretary, during the most recent fiscal year beginning after September 30, 2012;

(C) had an average subsidy per passenger of less than $1,000 during the most recent fiscal year, as determined by the Secretary; and

(D) is a community that, at any time during the period between September 30, 2010, and September 30, 2011, inclusive—

(i) received essential air service for which compensation was provided to an air carrier under this subchapter; or

(ii) received a 90-day notice of intent to terminate essential air service and the Secretary required the air carrier to continue to provide such service to the community.

(2) "enhanced essential air service" means scheduled air transportation to an eligible place of a higher level or quality than basic essential air service described in section 41732 of this title.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1143; Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §208, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 95; Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §225(b)(2), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2529; Pub. L. 112–27, §6, Aug. 5, 2011, 125 Stat. 271; Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §§421, 422, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 96, 97; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §453(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3348.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41731(a)(1) | 49 App.:1389(a)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §419(a); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §33(a), 92 Stat. 1732; Dec. 8, 1983, Pub. L. 98–213, §10, 97 Stat. 1461; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(r), 98 Stat. 1708; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §202(a)(1), (2), (b)(1), 101 Stat. 1507, 1508; restated Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9113(a), 104 Stat. 1388–363. |

41731(a)(2) | 49 App.:1389(k)(2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §419(k)(2)–(5); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §33(a), 92 Stat. 1732; Dec. 8, 1983, Pub. L. 98–213, §10, 97 Stat. 1461; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(r), 98 Stat. 1708; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §202(a)(1), (2), (b)(1), 101 Stat. 1507, 1517. |

41731(a)(3) | 49 App.:1389(k)(3). | |

41731(a)(4) | 49 App.:1389(k)(4). | |

41731(a)(5) | 49 App.:1389(k)(5). | |

41731(b) | 49 App.:1389(a)(2). |


In this subchapter (except subsection (a)(1)(A) of this section), the word "place" is substituted for "point" for clarity and consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(1)(A), the words "was an eligible point . . . before October 1, 1988" are substituted for "is defined as an eligible point . . . as in effect before October 1, 1988" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "described in section 41732 of this title" are added for clarity.

In subsection (a)(3)–(5), the word "boardings" is substituted for "enplanements" for clarity and consistency in the revised title.

Section 419 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(A)(i), is section 419 of Pub. L. 85–726, which was classified to section 1389 of former Title 49, Transportation, and was repealed and reenacted as this subchapter by Pub. L. 103–272, §§1(e), 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1143, 1379.

The date of the enactment of the FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(A)(ii), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–190, which was approved July 15, 2016.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016 (Public Law 114–190)," for "Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century,".

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 112–95, §421(1), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "is located not less than 90 miles from the nearest medium or large hub airport; and".

Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 112–95, §422, added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–95, §421(2), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Subsections (a)(1)(B) and (a)(1)(C) shall not apply with respect to a location in the State of Alaska."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–95, §421(3), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary may waive subsection (a)(1)(B) with respect to a location if the Secretary determines that the geographic characteristics of the location result in undue difficulty in accessing the nearest medium or large hub airport."

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 112–95, §421(4), added subsecs. (e) and (f).

**2011**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–27, §6(a), redesignated cls. (i) to (iii) of subpar. (A) as subcls. (I) to (III), respectively, redesignated subpars. (A) and (B) as cls. (i) and (ii), respectively, inserted "(A)" before "(i)(I)" in subcl. (I) of cl. (i), substituted "was determined" for "determined", "Secretary of Transportation" for "Secretary", and semicolon for period at end in cl. (ii) of subpar. (A), and added subpars. (B) and (C).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–27, §6(b), substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation" and "on any basis" for "on the basis of a passenger subsidy at that place or on another basis".

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 112–27, §6(c), added subsecs. (c) and (d).

**2003**—Subsec. (a)(3) to (5). Pub. L. 108–176 struck out pars. (3) to (5) which defined "hub airport", "nonhub airport", and "small hub airport", respectively.

**2000**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 106–181 redesignated subpars. (A), (B), and (C) as cls. (i), (ii), and (iii), respectively, of subpar (A) and added subpar. (B).

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §406, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2545, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §409, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2547, as amended by Pub. L. 110–190, §4(d)(1), Feb. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 644; Pub. L. 110–330, §5(k), Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3719; Pub. L. 111–69, §5(k), Oct. 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 2055; Pub. L. 111–249, §5(k), Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2628; Pub. L. 112–30, title II, §205(k), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 358; Pub. L. 112–91, §5(k), Jan. 31, 2012, 126 Stat. 4; Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §431, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 100; Pub. L. 114–55, title I, §102(g), Sept. 30, 2015, 129 Stat. 523; Pub. L. 114–141, title I, §102(f), Mar. 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 323; Pub. L. 114–190, title I, §1102(g), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 617; Pub. L. 115–63, title I, §102(g), Sept. 29, 2017, 131 Stat. 1169; Pub. L. 115–141, div. M, title I, §102(f), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1046; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §457, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3350, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) consulting with the Governor of a State or the Governor's designee; and

"(2) considering the certification of the Governor of a State or the Governor's designee as to the most commonly used route.

"(c)

"(1) determine whether the eligible place would have been subject to an elimination of compensation eligibility for essential air service, or termination of the eligibility of such place for essential air service, under the provisions of law referred to in subsection (a) based on the determination of the highway mileage of such place from the nearest medium hub airport or large hub airport under subsection (b); and

"(2) issue a final order with respect to the eligibility of such place for essential air service compensation under subchapter II of chapter 417 of title 49, United States Code.

"(d)

[Pub. L. 110–190, §4(d)(2), Feb. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 644, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending section 409(d) of Pub. L. 108–176, set out above] shall take effect on September 29, 2007, and shall apply with respect to any final order issued under section 409(c) of such Act [section 409(c) of Pub. L. 108–176, set out above] that was in effect on such date."]

Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §207, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 94, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) marketing arrangements between airlines and travel agents;

"(2) code-sharing partnerships;

"(3) computer reservation system displays;

"(4) gate arrangements at airports;

"(5) exclusive dealing arrangements; and

"(6) any other marketing practice that may have the same effect.

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §205, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 94, provided that: "The Secretary [of Transportation] may provide assistance under subchapter II of chapter 417 of title 49, United States Code, with respect to a place that is located within 70 highway miles of a hub airport (as defined by section 41731 of such title) if the most commonly used highway route between the place and the hub airport exceeds 70 miles."

Pub. L. 106–69, title III, §332, Oct. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1022, provided that: "Hereafter, notwithstanding 49 U.S.C. 41742, no essential air service subsidies shall be provided to communities in the 48 contiguous States that are located fewer than 70 highway miles from the nearest large or medium hub airport, or that require a rate of subsidy per passenger in excess of $200 unless such point is greater than 210 miles from the nearest large or medium hub airport."

[Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §426(c), (d), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 99, as amended by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §458, title V, §539(s)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3350, 3372, provided that:

["(c)

["(d)

["(1)

["(2)

["(3)

Provisions similar to those in section 332 of Pub. L. 106–69, set out above, were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(g) [title III, §334], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–439, 2681–471.

Pub. L. 105–66, title III, §336, Oct. 27, 1997, 111 Stat. 1447.

(a)

(1) to a hub airport that has convenient connecting or single-plane air service to a substantial number of destinations beyond that airport; or

(2) to a small hub or nonhub airport, when in Alaska or when the nearest hub airport is more than 400 miles from an eligible place.

(b)

(1)(A) for a place not in Alaska, 2 daily round trips 6 days a week, with not more than one intermediate stop on each flight; or

(B) for a place in Alaska, a level of service at least equal to that provided in 1976 or 2 round trips a week, whichever is greater, except that the Secretary of Transportation and the appropriate State authority of Alaska may agree to a different level of service after consulting with the affected community.

(2) flights at reasonable times considering the needs of passengers with connecting flights at the airport and at prices that are not excessive compared to the generally prevailing prices of other air carriers for like service between similar places.

(3) for a place not in Alaska, service provided in an aircraft with an effective capacity of at least 15 passengers if the average daily boardings at the place in any calendar year from 1976-1986 were more than 11 passengers unless—

(A) that level-of-service requirement would require paying compensation in a fiscal year under section 41733(d) or 41734(d) or (e) of this title for the place when compensation otherwise would not have been paid for that place in that year; or

(B) the affected community agrees with the Secretary in writing to the use of smaller aircraft to provide service to the place.

(4) service accommodating the estimated passenger and property traffic at an average load factor, for each class of traffic considering seasonal demands for the service, of not more than—

(A) 50 percent; or

(B) 60 percent when service is provided by aircraft with more than 14 passenger seats.

(5) service provided in aircraft with at least 2 engines and using 2 pilots, unless scheduled air transportation has not been provided to the place in aircraft with at least 2 engines and using 2 pilots for at least 60 consecutive operating days at any time since October 31, 1978.

(6) service provided by pressurized aircraft when the service is provided by aircraft that regularly fly above 8,000 feet in altitude.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1144; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §456, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3350.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41732(a) | 49 App.:1389(k)(1) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §419(k)(1); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §33(a), 92 Stat. 1732; Dec. 8, 1983, Pub. L. 98–213, §10, 97 Stat. 1461; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(r), 98 Stat. 1708; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §202(a)(1), (2), (b)(1), 101 Stat. 1507, 1516. |

41732(b) | 49 App.:1389(k)(1) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "provided under section 41733 of this title" are added for clarity. In clause (2), the words "from an eligible place" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "Basic essential air service" are substituted for "Such transportation" for clarity and consistency in the revised title. In clause (1)(B), the word "1976" is substituted for "calendar year 1976" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "appropriate State authority of Alaska" are substituted for "State agency of the State of Alaska" for clarity and consistency with the source provisions restated in section 41734(a) of the revised title. The words "agree to a different level of service" are substituted for "otherwise specified under an agreement" for clarity. In clause (2), the word "prices" is substituted for "rates, fares, and charges" and "fares" because of the definition of "price" in section 40102(a) of the revised title. In clause (3), before subclause (A), the word "boardings" is substituted for "enplanements" for clarity and consistency in the revised title. The words "from 1976-1986" are substituted for "beginning after December 31, 1975, and ending on or before December 31, 1986" to eliminate unnecessary words. In subclause (B), the words "affected community" are substituted for "community concerned" for consistency with the source provisions restated in clause (1)(B) of this section. In clause (5), the words "for at least 60 consecutive operating days" are substituted for "on each of 60 consecutive operating days" for clarity.

**2018**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254 added subsec. (c).

(a)

(b)

(2) Until the Secretary has made a decision on a level of basic essential air service for an eligible place under this subsection, the Secretary, on petition by an appropriate representative of the place, shall prohibit an air carrier from ending, suspending, or reducing air transportation to that place that appears to deprive the place of basic essential air service.

(c)

(A) the demonstrated reliability of the applicant in providing scheduled air service;

(B) the contractual and marketing arrangements the applicant has made with a larger carrier to ensure service beyond the hub airport;

(C) the interline arrangements that the applicant has made with a larger carrier to allow passengers and cargo of the applicant at the hub airport to be transported by the larger carrier through one reservation, ticket, and baggage check-in;

(D) the preferences of the actual and potential users of air transportation at the eligible place, giving substantial weight to the views of the elected officials representing the users;

(E) whether the air carrier has included a plan in its proposal to market its services to the community; and

(F) for an eligible place in Alaska, the experience of the applicant in providing, in Alaska, scheduled air service, or significant patterns of non-scheduled air service under an exemption granted under section 40109(a) and (c)–(h) of this title.

(2) Under guidelines prescribed under section 41737(a) of this title, the Secretary shall pay the rate of compensation for providing basic essential air service under this section and section 41734 of this title.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) the procedures established pursuant to paragraph (2); and

(B) the maximum amount of compensation that could be provided under this subchapter to an air carrier serving such community that would comply with basic essential air service and the subsidy cap.

(g)

(1)

(2)

(A) a State or local government submits to the Secretary a proposal under paragraph (1); and

(B) the Secretary determines that—

(i) the rate of subsidy per passenger under the proposal does not exceed the subsidy cap;

(ii) the proposal is likely to result in an average number of enplanements per day that will satisfy the requirement in section 41731(a)(1)(B); and

(iii) the proposal is consistent with the legal and regulatory requirements of the essential air service program.

(h)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1145; Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §209(b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 95; Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §§423–425, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 97, 98.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41733(a) | 49 App.:1389(b)(1)(A) (less last sentence last 24 words), (C). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §419(b)(1), (3), (4), (9); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §33(a), 92 Stat. 1732; Dec. 8, 1983, Pub. L. 98–213, §10, 97 Stat. 1461; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(r), 98 Stat. 1708; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §202(a)(1), (2), (b)(1), 101 Stat. 1507, 1508, 1509, 1511. |

41733(b)(1) | 49 App.:1389(b)(1)(A) (last sentence last 24 words), (B). | |

41733(b)(2) | 49 App.:1389(b)(9). | |

41733(c) | 49 App.:1389(b)(3). | |

41733(d) | 49 App.:1389(b)(4). | |

41733(e) | 49 App.:1389(b)(1)(D). |


In subsection (a), the words "the level of basic essential air service for that place shall be the level established by the Secretary of Transportation for that place" are substituted for "Such determination shall be made" because the determinations for those places have been made. The words "by not later than December 29, 1988" are substituted for "no later than the last day of the 1-year period beginning on December 30, 1987" for clarity. The words "and only after consideration of the views of any interested community and the State agency of the State in which such community is located" and 49 App.:1389(b)(1)(C) are omitted as executed.

In subsections (b)(1) and (e), the words "appropriate State authority" are substituted for "State agency" for clarity and consistency with the source provisions restated in section 41734(a) of the revised title.

In section (b)(2), the words "that appears to deprive" are substituted for "which reasonably appears to deprive" to eliminate an unnecessary word.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "an air carrier may apply to provide basic essential air service to the place for compensation" are substituted for "applications may be submitted by any air carrier that is willing to provide such service to such point for compensation" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

Section 419 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, referred to in subsec. (a), is section 419 of Pub. L. 85–726, which was classified to section 1389 of former Title 49, Transportation, and was repealed and reenacted as this subchapter by Pub. L. 103–272, §§1(e), 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1143, 1379.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (g)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–95, which was approved Feb. 14, 2012.

Section 332 of the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2000, referred to in subsec. (h), is section 332 of Pub. L. 106–69, which is set out as a note under section 41731 of this title.

**2012**—Subsec. (c)(1)(E), (F). Pub. L. 112–95, §423, added subpar. (E) and redesignated former subpar. (E) as (F).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–95, §424, added subsec. (f).

Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 112–95, §425, added subsecs. (g) and (h).

**2000**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–181 inserted before period at end ", to the extent such adjustments are to a level not less than the basic essential air service level established under subsection (a) for the airport that serves the community".

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §451(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3347, provided that: "The Secretary of Transportation may consider the flexibility of current operational dates and airport accessibility to meet local community needs when issuing requests for proposal of essential air service at seasonal airports."

Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §209(c), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 95, provided that: "All orders issued by the Secretary [of Transportation] after September 30, 1999, and before the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 5, 2000] establishing, modifying, or revoking essential air service levels shall be null and void beginning on the 90th day following such date of enactment. During the 90-day period, the Secretary shall reconsider such orders and shall issue new orders consistent with the amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 41742 of this title]."

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1) to pay for the fully allocated actual cost to the carrier of performing the basic essential air service that was being provided when the 90-day notice was given under subsection (a) of this section plus a reasonable return on investment that is at least 5 percent of operating costs; and

(2) to provide the carrier an additional return that recognizes the demonstrated additional lost profits from opportunities foregone and the likelihood that those lost profits increase as the period during which the carrier is required to provide the service continues.

(e)

(1) to pay for the fully allocated actual cost to the carrier of performing the basic essential air service that was being provided when the 90-day notice was given under subsection (a) of this section plus a reasonable return on investment that is at least 5 percent of operating costs; and

(2) to provide the carrier an additional return that recognizes the demonstrated additional lost profits from opportunities foregone and the likelihood that those lost profits increase as the period during which the carrier is required to provide the service continues.

(f)

(g)

(1) the carrier that will provide the service needs the authority; and

(2) the authority to be transferred is being used to provide air service to another eligible place.

(h)

(i)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1146; Pub. L. 103–305, title II, §206(c), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1587; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(81), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4388; Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §401, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2542; Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §426(b)(1), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 98.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41734(a) | 49 App.:1389(b)(2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §419(b)(2), (5)–(8); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §33(a), 92 Stat. 1732; Dec. 8, 1983, Pub. L. 98–213, §10, 97 Stat. 1461; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(r), 98 Stat. 1708; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §202(a)(1), (2), (b)(1), 101 Stat. 1507, 1509, 1510. |

41734(b) | 49 App.:1389(b)(5) (1st sentence). | |

41734(c) | 49 App.:1389(b)(5) (last sentence). | |

41734(d) | 49 App.:1389(b)(6)(A). | |

41734(e) | 49 App.:1389(b)(6)(B). | |

41734(f) | 49 App.:1389(b)(8). | |

41734(g) | 49 App.:1389(b)(7). |


In subsection (b), the words "If at the end of the notice period under subsection (a) of this section" are substituted for "If an air carrier has provided notice to the Secretary under paragraph (2) of such air carrier's intention to suspend, terminate, or reduce service to any eligible point below the level of basic essential air service to such point, and if at the conclusion of the applicable period of notice" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c), the words "either with or without compensation" are omitted as unnecessary. The words "shall require the carrier providing service to continue to provide service for additional 30-day periods" are substituted for "shall extend such requirement for such additional 30-day periods . . . as may be necessary to continue basic essential air service to such eligible point", and the words "the Secretary shall decide if another carrier will provide service on a continuing basis" are substituted for "making the same determination", for clarity.

In subsections (d)(1) and (e)(1), the word "fair" is omitted as being included in "reasonable".

In subsection (d), before clause (1), the words "basic essential air service" are substituted for "air transportation" and "such transportation" for consistency with the source provisions restated in this section. The words "to continue to provide service to the place under this section after the 90-day notice period under subsection (a) of this section" are substituted for "to continue service to such point beyond the date on which such carrier would, but for paragraph (5), be able to suspend, terminate, or reduce such service below the level of basic essential air service to such point" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "basic essential air service" are substituted for "air transportation" for consistency with the source provisions restated in this section. The words "after the end of the 90-day notice period that is" are substituted for "then" for clarity.

In subsection (f), the words "basic essential air service" are substituted for "air transportation which such air carrier has proposed to terminate, reduce, or suspend" for consistency with the source provisions restated in this section.

In subsection (g)(2), the words "the authority to be transferred is being used only to provide air service to the eligible place" are substituted for "unless . . . such authority is being used to provide air service with respect to more than 1 eligible point" for clarity and because of the restatement.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (i), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 108–176, which was approved Dec. 12, 2003.

**2012**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–95, in introductory provisions, substituted "provide the carrier with compensation sufficient—" for "continue to pay that compensation after the last day of that period. The Secretary shall pay the compensation until the Secretary finds another carrier to provide the service to the place or the 90th day after the end of that notice period, whichever is earlier. If, after the 90th day after the end of the 90-day notice period, the Secretary has not found another carrier to provide the service, the carrier required to continue to provide that service shall receive compensation sufficient—".

**2003**—Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 108–176 added subsec. (i).

**1994**—Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 103–429 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "the authority to be transferred is being used only to provide air service to the eligible place."

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 103–305 added subsec. (h).

Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §426(b)(2), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 98, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply to compensation to air carriers for air service provided after the 30th day following the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012]."

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

For definitions of the terms "slot" and "high density airport" used in subsec. (h) of this section, see section 41714(h) of this title.

(a)

(A) specify the level and type of enhanced essential air service the State or local government considers appropriate; and

(B) include an agreement related to compensation required for the proposed service.

(2) The agreement submitted under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection shall provide that—

(A) the State or local government or a person pay 50 percent of the compensation required for the proposed service and the United States Government pay the remaining 50 percent; or

(B)(i) the Government pay 100 percent of the compensation; and

(ii) if the proposed service is not successful for at least a 2-year period under the criteria prescribed by the Secretary under paragraph (3) of this subsection, the eligible place is not eligible for air service or air transportation for which compensation is paid by the Secretary under this subchapter.

(3) The Secretary shall prescribe by regulation objective criteria for deciding whether enhanced essential air service to an eligible place under this section is successful in terms of—

(A) increasing passenger usage of the airport facilities at the place; and

(B) reducing the amount of compensation provided by the Secretary under this subchapter for that service.

(b)

(1) approve the proposal if the Secretary decides the proposal is reasonable; or

(2) if the Secretary decides the proposal is not reasonable, disapprove the proposal and notify the State or local government of the disapproval and the reasons for the disapproval.

(c)

(A) the air carrier maintains the level of enhanced essential air service;

(B) the State or local government or person agreeing to pay compensation under this section continues to pay the compensation; and

(C) the Secretary decides the compensation is necessary to maintain the service to the place.

(2) The Secretary may require the State or local government or person agreeing to pay compensation under this section to make advance payments or provide other security to ensure that timely payments are made.

(d)

(2) For service for which the Government pays 50 percent of the compensation, based on the review and consultation with the affected community and the State or local government or person paying the remaining 50 percent of the compensation, the Secretary shall make appropriate adjustments in the type and level of service to the place.

(3) For service for which the Government pays 100 percent of the compensation, based on the review and consultation with the State or local government submitting the proposal, the Secretary shall decide whether the service has succeeded for at least a 2-year period under the criteria prescribed under subsection (a)(3) of this section. If unsuccessful, the place is not eligible for air service or air transportation for which compensation is paid by the Secretary under this subchapter.

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1148.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41735(a) | 49 App.:1389(c)(1), (3)(C). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §419(c); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §33(a), 92 Stat. 1732; Dec. 8, 1983, Pub. L. 98–213, §10, 97 Stat. 1461; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(r), 98 Stat. 1708; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §202(a)(1), (2), (b)(1), 101 Stat. 1507, 1512. |

41735(b) | 49 App.:1389(c)(2). | |

41735(c) | 49 App.:1389(c)(5)–(7). | |

41735(d) | 49 App.:1389(c)(3)(A), (B). | |

41735(e) | 49 App.:1389(c)(4). |


In subsections (a)(2)(B)(ii) and (d)(3), the words "air service or air transportation for which compensation is paid" are substituted for "air service for which compensation is payable" for consistency with the source provisions restated in sections 41733 and 41736 of the revised title.

In subsection (a)(3), the word "prescribe" is substituted for "establish" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "issue a decision" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

In subsection (c)(1)(B), the words "State or local government or person agreeing to pay compensation under this section" are substituted for "government or person agreeing to pay any non-Federal share" for clarity.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "State or local government or person agreeing to pay compensation under this section" are substituted for "non-Federal payments for enhanced essential air service under this subsection" for clarity.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "For service for which the Government pays 50 percent of the compensation" are substituted for "If the enhanced essential air service approved under this subsection is to be at a 50 percent Federal share" because of the restatement. The words "the remaining 50 percent" are substituted for "the non-Federal" for clarity and consistency in this section.

In subsection (d)(3), the words "For service for which the Government pays 100 percent of the compensation" are substituted for "If the enhanced essential air service approved under this subsection is to be at a 100 percent Federal share" because of the restatement.

(a)

(A) decide whether to designate the place as eligible to receive compensation under this section; and

(B)(i) approve the proposal if the State or local government or a person is willing and able to pay 50 percent of the compensation for providing the transportation, and notify the State or local government of the approval; or

(ii) disapprove the proposal if the Secretary decides the proposal is not reasonable under paragraph (2) of this subsection, and notify the State or local government of the disapproval and the reasons for the disapproval.

(2) In deciding whether a proposal is reasonable, the Secretary shall consider, among other factors—

(A) the traffic-generating potential of the place;

(B) the cost to the United States Government of providing the proposed transportation; and

(C) the distance of the place from the closest hub airport.

(b)

(1) at any time before October 23, 1978, the place was served by a carrier holding a certificate under section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958;

(2) the place is more than 50 miles from the nearest small hub airport or an eligible place;

(3) the place is more than 150 miles from the nearest hub airport; and

(4) the State or local government submitting the proposal or a person is willing and able to pay 25 percent of the cost of providing the compensated transportation.

Paragraph (4) does not apply to any community approved for service under this section during the period beginning October 1, 1991, and ending December 31, 1997.

(c)

(2) After making the decision under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Secretary shall provide notice that any air carrier that is willing to provide the level of air transportation established under paragraph (1) for a place may submit an application to provide the transportation. In selecting an applicant, the Secretary shall consider, among other factors—

(A) the factors listed in section 41733(c)(1) of this title; and

(B) the views of the State or local government or person agreeing to pay compensation for the transportation.

(d)

(A) the air carrier maintains the level of air transportation established by the Secretary under subsection (c)(1) of this section;

(B) the State or local government or person agreeing to pay compensation for transportation under this section continues to pay that compensation; and

(C) the Secretary decides the compensation is necessary to maintain the transportation to the place.

(2) The Secretary may require the State or local government or person agreeing to pay compensation under this section to make advance payments or provide other security to ensure that timely payments are made.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(1)

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1149; Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §202, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 91; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §453(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3348.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41736(a) | 49 App.:1389(d)(1), (2)(A), (C). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §419(d); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §33(a), 92 Stat. 1732; Dec. 8, 1983, Pub. L. 98–213, §10, 97 Stat. 1461; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(r), 98 Stat. 1708; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §202(a)(1), (2), (b)(1), 101 Stat. 1507, 1513. |

41736(b) | 49 App.:1389(d)(2)(B). | |

41736(c)(1) | 49 App.:1389(d)(3)(A). | |

41736(c)(2) | 49 App.:1389(d)(4). | |

41736(d) | 49 App.:1389(d)(5), (7), (8). | |

41736(e) | 49 App.:1389(d)(3)(B). | |

41736(f) | 49 App.:1389(d)(2)(D). | |

41736(g) | 49 App.:1389(d)(6). |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "that the Secretary provide compensation to an air carrier to provide air transportation" are substituted for "for compensated air transportation in accordance with this subsection" for clarity. In clause (B)(i), the word "transportation" is substituted for "proposed compensated air transportation" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsections (c)–(g), the word "transportation" is substituted for "service" for consistency with the source provisions restated in subsections (a) and (b) of this section.

In subsections (c)(1) and (e), the words "appropriate State authority" are substituted for "State agency" for clarity and consistency with the source provisions restated in section 41734(a) of the revised title.

In subsection (d), the text of 49 App.:1389(d)(5) is omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

In subsection (f), the word "prescribe" is substituted for "establish" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

Section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is section 401 of Pub. L. 85–726, which was classified to section 1371 of former Title 49, Transportation, and was repealed by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, the first section of which enacted subtitles II, III, and V to X of Title 49, Transportation. For disposition of section 1371 of former Title 49, see Table at the beginning of Title 49.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (h), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

**2018**—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 115–254 added subsec. (h).

**2000**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–181 inserted concluding provisions.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(A) provide for a reduction in compensation when an air carrier does not provide service or transportation agreed to be provided;

(B) consider amounts needed by an air carrier to promote public use of the service or transportation for which compensation is being paid;

(C) include expense elements based on representative costs of air carriers providing scheduled air transportation of passengers, property, and mail on aircraft of the type the Secretary decides is appropriate for providing the service or transportation for which compensation is being provided;

(D) include provisions under which the Secretary may encourage an air carrier to improve air service for which compensation is being paid under this subchapter by incorporating financial incentives in an essential air service contract based on specified performance goals, including goals related to improving on-time performance, reducing the number of flight cancellations, establishing reasonable fares (including joint fares beyond the hub airport), establishing convenient connections to flights providing service beyond hub airports, and increasing marketing efforts; and

(E) include provisions under which the Secretary may execute a long-term essential air service contract to encourage an air carrier to provide air service to an eligible place if it would be in the public interest to do so.

(2) Promotional amounts described in paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection shall be a special, segregated element of the compensation provided to a carrier under this subchapter.

(b)

(c)

(1) pay or deny the United States Government's share of a claim; and

(2) if denying the claim, notify the carrier of the denial and the reasons for the denial.

(d)

(2) Not more than $38,600,000 is available to the Secretary out of the Fund for each of the fiscal years ending September 30, 1993–1998, to incur obligations under this section. Amounts made available under this section remain available until expended.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1151; Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §402(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2543; Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §427(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 99.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41737(a) | 49 App.:1389(f). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §419(e)(2)–(g); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §33(a), 92 Stat. 1732; Dec. 8, 1983, Pub. L. 98–213, §10, 97 Stat. 1461; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(r), 98 Stat. 1708; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §202(a)(1), (2), (b)(1), 101 Stat. 1507, 1515. |

41737(b) | 49 App.:1389(e)(2). | |

41737(c) | 49 App.:1389(g). | |

41737(d) | 49 App.:1389(l). |
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §419(l); added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9113(b)(1), 104 Stat. 1388–363. |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the word "prescribe" is substituted for "establish" to eliminate an executed word. The words "air service or air transportation under this subchapter" are substituted for "air service under this section" for consistency with the source provisions restated in sections 41733, 41735, and 41736 of the revised title. In clause (C), the words "the service or transportation for which compensation is being provided" are substituted for "such service" for clarity.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "compensation provided to a carrier under this subchapter" are substituted for "required compensation" for clarity.

In subsection (b), the words "air service or air transportation" are substituted for "air service" for consistency with the source provisions restated in sections 41733, 41735, and 41736 of the revised title.

In subsection (d)(2), the reference to fiscal year 1992 is omitted as obsolete.

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1)(D), (E). Pub. L. 112–95 added subpars. (D) and (E).

**2003**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 108–176 added subsec. (e).

Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §402(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2543, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2003]."

Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §426(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 98; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §539(s)(1), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3371, provided that: "Subject to the availability of funds, the Secretary of Transportation may increase the rates of compensation payable to air carriers under subchapter II of chapter 417 of title 49, United States Code, to compensate such carriers for increased aviation fuel costs without regard to any agreement or requirement relating to the renegotiation of contracts or any notice requirement under section 41734 of such title."

Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §427(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 99, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012], the Secretary of Transportation shall issue revised guidelines governing the rate of compensation payable under subchapter II of chapter 417 that incorporate the amendments made by this section [amending this section]."

Notwithstanding section 40109(a) and (c)–(h) of this title, an air carrier may provide air service to an eligible place or air transportation to a place designated under section 41736 of this title only when the Secretary of Transportation decides that—

(1) the carrier is fit, willing, and able to perform the service or transportation; and

(2) aircraft used to provide the service or transportation, and operations related to the service or transportation, conform to the safety standards prescribed by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1152.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41738 | 49 App.:1389(e)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §419(e)(1); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §33(a), 92 Stat. 1732; Dec. 8, 1983, Pub. L. 98–213, §10, 97 Stat. 1461; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(r), 98 Stat. 1708; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §202(a)(1), (2), (b)(1), 101 Stat. 1507, 1515. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "air transportation to a place" are substituted for "service to a point" for consistency with the source provisions restated in sections 41733, 41735, and 41736 of the revised title. In clauses (1) and (2), the words "service or transportation" are substituted for "such service" for consistency with the source provisions restated in sections 41733, 41735, and 41736 of the revised title.

If at least 2 air carriers make an agreement to operate under or use a single carrier designator code to provide air transportation, the carrier whose code is being used shares responsibility with the other carriers for the quality of transportation provided the public under the code by the other carriers.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1152.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41739 | 49 App.:1389(i). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §419(i); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §33(a), 92 Stat. 1732; Dec. 8, 1983, Pub. L. 98–213, §10, 97 Stat. 1461; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(r), 98 Stat. 1708; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §202(a)(1), (2), (b)(1), 101 Stat. 1507, 1516. |


The words "quality of transportation" are substituted for "quality of service" for clarity and consistency in this section.

The Secretary of Transportation shall encourage the submission of joint proposals, including joint fares, by 2 or more air carriers for providing air service or air transportation under this subchapter through arrangements that maximize the service or transportation to and from major destinations beyond the hub.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1152; Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §403, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2543.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41740 | 49 App.:1389(j). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §419(j); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §33(a), 92 Stat. 1732; Dec. 8, 1983, Pub. L. 98–213, §10, 97 Stat. 1461; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(r), 98 Stat. 1708; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §202(a)(1), (2), (b)(1), 101 Stat. 1507, 1516. |


The words "air service or air transportation" are substituted for "air service", and the words "the service or transportation" are substituted for "service", for consistency with the source provisions restated in sections 41733, 41735, and 41736 of the revised title.

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–176 inserted ", including joint fares," after "joint proposals".

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

The Secretary of Transportation may pay an air carrier compensation under this subchapter only when the carrier files with the Secretary an insurance policy or self-insurance plan approved by the Secretary. The policy or plan must be sufficient to pay for bodily injury to, or death of, an individual, or for loss of or damage to property of others, resulting from the operation of aircraft, but not more than the amount of the policy or plan limits.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1152.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41741 | 49 App.:1389(h). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §419(h); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §33(a), 92 Stat. 1732; Dec. 8, 1983, Pub. L. 98–213, §10, 97 Stat. 1461; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(r), 98 Stat. 1708; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §202(a)(1), (2), (b)(1), 101 Stat. 1507, 1516. |


The words "The Secretary of Transportation may pay . . . only when" are substituted for "An air carrier shall not receive . . . unless" for clarity. The words "approved by the Secretary" are substituted for "complies with regulations or orders issued by the Secretary governing the filing and approval" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "The policy or plan must be sufficient to pay . . . but not more than the amount of the policy or plan limits" are substituted for "in the amount prescribed by the Secretary which are conditioned to pay, within the amount of such insurance, amounts" because of the restatement. The words "for which such air carrier may become liable" are omitted as unnecessary. The word "individual" is substituted for "person" because it is more precise. The word "operation" is substituted for "operation or maintenance" because it is inclusive.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1152; Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §278(c), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3249; Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §209(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 95; Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §404, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2543; Pub. L. 112–30, title II, §209, Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 359; Pub. L. 112–91, §9, Jan. 31, 2012, 126 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §428, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 99; Pub. L. 114–55, title I, §107, Sept. 30, 2015, 129 Stat. 524; Pub. L. 114–141, title I, §107, Mar. 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 324; Pub. L. 114–190, title I, §1107, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 618; Pub. L. 115–63, title I, §104(a), Sept. 29, 2017, 131 Stat. 1170; Pub. L. 115–141, div. M, title I, §104(a), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1047; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §451(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3347.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41742 | 49 App.:1389(m). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §419(m); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §33(a), 92 Stat. 1732; Dec. 8, 1983, Pub. L. 98–213, §10, 97 Stat. 1461; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(r), 98 Stat. 1708; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §202(a)(1), (2), (b)(1), 101 Stat. 1507, 1517; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9113(b)(1), 104 Stat. 1388–363. |


Section 9502 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is classified to section 9502 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "$155,000,000 for fiscal year 2018, $158,000,000 for fiscal year 2019, $161,000,000 for fiscal year 2020, $165,000,000 for fiscal year 2021, $168,000,000 for fiscal year 2022, and $172,000,000 for fiscal year 2023" for "$150,000,000 for fiscal year 2011, $143,000,000 for fiscal year 2012, $118,000,000 for fiscal year 2013, $107,000,000 for fiscal year 2014, $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2015, $175,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2016 and 2017, and $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2018".

Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "2016 and 2017, and $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2018" for "2016 and 2017, and $74,794,521 for the period beginning on October 1, 2017, and ending on March 31, 2018,".

**2017**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 115–63 substituted "$175,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2016 and 2017, and $74,794,521 for the period beginning on October 1, 2017, and ending on March 31, 2018," for "and $175,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2016 and 2017".

**2016**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 114–190 substituted "fiscal year 2014, $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $175,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2016 and 2017" for "fiscal year 2014, $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $122,708,333 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on July 15, 2016,".

Pub. L. 114–141 substituted "$122,708,333 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on July 15, 2016," for "$77,500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on March 31, 2016,".

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 114–55 substituted "$93,000,000 for fiscal year 2015, and $77,500,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on March 31, 2016," for "and $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2015".

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–95, §428(a)(1), inserted "for each fiscal year" before "is authorized" and substituted "under this subchapter" for "under this subchapter for each fiscal year".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 112–95, §428(a)(2), substituted ", $143,000,000 for fiscal year 2012, $118,000,000 for fiscal year 2013, $107,000,000 for fiscal year 2014, and $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2015" for "and $54,699,454 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on February 17, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–91 substituted "and $54,699,454 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on February 17, 2012," for "and $50,309,016 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on January 31, 2012,".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–95, §428(b), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, moneys credited to the account established under section 45303(a) of this title, including the funds derived from fees imposed under the authority contained in section 45301(a) of this title, shall be used to carry out the essential air service program under this subchapter. Notwithstanding section 47114(g) of this title, any amounts from those fees that are not obligated or expended at the end of the fiscal year for the purpose of funding the essential air service program under this subchapter shall be made available to the Administration for use in improving rural air safety under subchapter I of chapter 471 of this title and shall be used exclusively for projects at rural airports under this subchapter."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–95, §428(c), added subsec. (c).

**2011**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 112–30 substituted "there is authorized to be appropriated out of the Airport and Airway Trust Fund (established under section 9502 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2011 and $50,309,016 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on January 31, 2012," for "there is authorized to be appropriated $77,000,000 for each fiscal year".

**2003**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 108–176, §404(1), substituted "$77,000,000" for "$15,000,000" and inserted "of which not more than $12,000,000 per fiscal year may be used for the marketing incentive program for communities and for State marketing assistance" before period at end.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 108–176, §404(2), added par. (3).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–176, §404(3), struck out heading and text of subsec. (c). Text read as follows: "Notwithstanding subsections (a) and (b), in fiscal year 1997, amounts in excess of $75,000,000 that are collected in fees pursuant to section 45301(a)(1) of this title shall be available for the essential air service program under this subchapter, in addition to amounts specifically provided for in appropriations Acts."

**2000**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–181 designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, realigned margins, and added par. (2).

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–264 amended section generally, substituting provisions relating to essential air service authorization for provisions stating that this subchapter was not effective after Sept. 30, 1998.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 effective on date that is 30 days after Oct. 9, 1996, see section 203 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–55, div. C, title I, Nov. 18, 2011, 125 Stat. 644, provided in part: "That no funds made available under section 41742 of title 49, United States Code, and no funds made available in this Act [div. C of Pub. L. 112–55, see Tables for classification] or any other Act in any fiscal year, shall be available to carry out the essential air service program under sections 41731 through 41742 of such title 49 in communities in the 48 contiguous States unless the community received subsidized essential air service or received a 90-day notice of intent to terminate service and the Secretary required the air carrier to continue to provide service to the community at any time between September 30, 2010, and September 30, 2011, inclusive".

Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §278(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3249, provided that: "Congress finds that—

"(1) air service in rural areas is essential to a national and international transportation network;

"(2) the rural air service infrastructure supports the safe operation of all air travel;

"(3) rural air service creates economic benefits for all air carriers by making the national aviation system available to passengers from rural areas;

"(4) rural air service has suffered since deregulation;

"(5) the essential air service program under the Department of Transportation—

"(A) provides essential airline access to rural and isolated rural communities throughout the Nation;

"(B) is necessary for the economic growth and development of rural communities;

"(C) is a critical component of the national and international transportation system of the United States; and

"(D) has endured serious funding cuts in recent years; and

"(6) a reliable source of funding must be established to maintain air service in rural areas and the essential air service program."

(a)

(b)

(1) an assessment of the need of the community or consortium for access, or improved access, to the national air transportation system; and

(2) an analysis of the application of the criteria in subsection (c) to that community or consortium.

(c)

(1)

(A) is not larger than a small hub airport, as determined using the Department of Transportation's most recently published classification; and

(B) has—

(i) insufficient air carrier service; or

(ii) unreasonably high air fares.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(5)

(A) air fares are higher than the average air fares for all communities;

(B) the community or consortium will provide a portion of the cost of the activity to be assisted under the program from local sources other than airport revenues;

(C) the community or consortium has established, or will establish, a public-private partnership to facilitate air carrier service to the public;

(D) the assistance will provide material benefits to a broad segment of the travelling public, including business, educational institutions, and other enterprises, whose access to the national air transportation system is limited;

(E) the assistance will be used to help restore scheduled passenger air service that has been terminated;

(F) the assistance will be used in a timely fashion; and

(G) multiple communities cooperate to submit a regional or multistate application to consolidate air service into one regional airport.

(d)

(1) to provide assistance to an air carrier to subsidize service to and from an underserved airport for a period not to exceed 3 years;

(2) to provide assistance to an underserved airport to obtain service to and from the underserved airport; and

(3) to provide assistance to an underserved airport to implement such other measures as the Secretary, in consultation with such airport, considers appropriate to improve air service both in terms of the cost of such service to consumers and the availability of such service, including improving air service through marketing and promotion of air service and enhanced utilization of airport facilities.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(f)

(g)

(1) to function as a facilitator between small communities and air carriers;

(2) to carry out this section;

(3) to ensure that the Bureau of Transportation Statistics collects data on passenger information to assess the service needs of small communities;

(4) to work with and coordinate efforts with other Federal, State, and local agencies to increase the viability of service to small communities and the creation of aviation development zones; and

(5) to provide policy recommendations to the Secretary and Congress that will ensure that small communities have access to quality, affordable air transportation services.

(h)

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §203(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 92; amended Pub. L. 108–11, title II, §2708, Apr. 16, 2003, 117 Stat. 601; Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §225(b)(3), title IV, §412, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2529, 2551; Pub. L. 110–330, §5(b), Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3718; Pub. L. 111–69, §5(b), Oct. 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 2055; Pub. L. 111–249, §5(b), Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2628; Pub. L. 112–30, title II, §205(b), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 358; Pub. L. 112–91, §5(b), Jan. 31, 2012, 126 Stat. 4; Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §429, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 100; Pub. L. 114–190, title I, §1102(e), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 617; Pub. L. 115–63, title I, §104(b), Sept. 29, 2017, 131 Stat. 1170; Pub. L. 115–141, div. M, title I, §104(b), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1047; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §455, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3349.)

**2018**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §455(a)(1), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "For calendar year 1997, the airport serving the community or consortium was not larger than a small hub airport, and—

"(A) had insufficient air carrier service; or

"(B) had unreasonably high air fares."

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, §455(a)(2), added par. (4) and struck out former par. (4). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "No more than 40 communities or consortia of communities, or a combination thereof, may be selected to participate in the program in each year for which funds are appropriated for the program. No community, consortia of communities, nor combination thereof may participate in the program in support of the same project more than once, but any community, consortia of communities, or combination thereof may apply, subsequent to such participation, to participate in the program in support of a different project."

Subsec. (c)(5)(E) to (G). Pub. L. 115–254, §455(a)(3), added subpar. (E) and redesignated former subpars. (E) and (F) as (F) and (G), respectively.

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §455(b), inserted at end "The Secretary may amend the scope of a grant agreement at the request of the community or consortium and any participating air carrier, and may limit the scope of a grant agreement to only the elements using grant assistance or to only the elements achieved, if the Secretary determines that the amendment is reasonably consistent with the original purpose of the project."

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §455(c), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary $6,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2012 through 2017 and $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2018 to carry out this section. Such sums shall remain available until expended."

Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "2012 through 2017 and $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2018" for "2012 through 2017 and $4,986,301 for the period beginning on October 1, 2017, and ending on March 31, 2018,".

**2017**—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 115–63 inserted "and $4,986,301 for the period beginning on October 1, 2017, and ending on March 31, 2018," after "fiscal years 2012 through 2017".

**2016**—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 114–190 substituted "2017" for "2015".

**2012**—Subsec. (c)(5)(F). Pub. L. 112–95, §429(a), added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 112–95, §429(b), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) provided for authorization of appropriations for fiscal years 2001 through 2011 and for the portion of fiscal year 2012 ending before Feb. 18, 2012.

Pub. L. 112–91 substituted "and $2,295,082 for the portion of fiscal year 2012 ending before February 18, 2012," for "and $2,016,393 for the portion of fiscal year 2012 ending before February 1, 2012,".

**2011**—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 112–30 substituted "$35,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2004 through 2011, and $2,016,393 for the portion of fiscal year 2012 ending before February 1, 2012," for "and $35,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2004 through 2011".

**2010**—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 111–249 substituted "2011" for "2010".

**2009**—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 111–69 substituted "2010" for "2009".

**2008**—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 110–330 substituted "2009" for "2008".

**2003**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–176, §412(1), (2), struck out "

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 108–176, §225(b)(3)(A), struck out "(as that term is defined in section 41731(a)(5))" after "small hub airport" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 108–176, §412(3)(A), added par. (3) and struck out heading and text of former par. (3). Text read as follows: "No more than four communities or consortia of communities, or a combination thereof, may be located in the same State."

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 108–176, §412(3)(B), inserted at end "No community, consortia of communities, nor combination thereof may participate in the program in support of the same project more than once, but any community, consortia of communities, or combination thereof may apply, subsequent to such participation, to participate in the program in support of a different project."

Pub. L. 108–11 inserted before period at end "in each year for which funds are appropriated for the program".

Subsec. (c)(5)(E). Pub. L. 108–176, §412(3)(C), added subpar. (E).

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 108–176, §412(4), substituted "fiscal year 2001," for "fiscal year 2001 and" and inserted ", and $35,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2004 through 2008" after "2003".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 108–176, §§225(b)(3)(B), 412(5), struck out "pilot" after "Under the" and "(as defined in section 41731(a)(3))" after "large hub airports".

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–249 effective Oct. 1, 2010, see section 5(l) of Pub. L. 111–249, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–330 effective Oct. 1, 2008, see section 5(l) of Pub. L. 110–330, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §204(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 93; amended Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §225(b)(4), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2529.)

**2003**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–176 struck out "(as defined in section 41731)" after "large hub airport".

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) To provide assistance to air carriers that will use smaller equipment to provide the service and to consider increasing the frequency of service using such smaller equipment if the Secretary determines that passenger safety would not be compromised by the use of such smaller equipment and if the State or unit of local government waives the minimum service requirements under section 41732(b).

(B) To provide assistance to an air carrier to provide on-demand air taxi service to and from the eligible place.

(C) To provide assistance to a person to provide scheduled or on-demand surface transportation to and from the eligible place and an airport in another place.

(D) In combination with other units of local government in the same region, to provide transportation services to and from all the eligible places in that region at an airport or other transportation center that can serve all the eligible places in that region.

(E) To purchase aircraft to provide transportation to and from the eligible place or to purchase a fractional share in an aircraft to provide such transportation after the effective date of a rule the Secretary issues relating to fractional ownership.

(F) To pay for other transportation or related services that the Secretary may permit.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) is eligible for assistance under chapter 471 and complies with the requirements of that chapter;

(B) is located on the airport property; or

(C) will improve airport facilities in a way that would make such facilities more usable for general aviation.

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) a statement of the amount of compensation or assistance required; and

(B) a description of how the compensation or assistance will be used.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §405, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2544.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

The Secretary of Transportation shall require a carrier that provides essential air service to an eligible place and that receives compensation for such service under this subchapter to report not less than semiannually—

(1) the percentage of flights to and from the place that arrive on time as defined by the Secretary; and

(2) such other information as the Secretary considers necessary to evaluate service provided to passengers traveling to and from such place.

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §407, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2545.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Section, added Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §408(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2546, related to the EAS local participation program.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A) the non-Federal portion of the publicly financed costs may be derived from contributions in kind; and

(B) matching contributions from a State or unit of local government may not be derived, directly or indirectly, from Federal funds, but the use by the State or unit of local government of proceeds from the sale of bonds to provide the matching contribution is not considered to be a contribution derived directly or indirectly from Federal funds, without regard to the Federal income tax treatment of interest paid on those bonds or the Federal income tax treatment of those bonds.

(2)

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §410(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2548.)

Another section 410(b) of Pub. L. 108–176 amended the table of sections at the beginning of this chapter.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §410(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2548, provided that: "The purposes of this section [enacting this section] are—

"(1) to enable essential air service communities to increase boardings and the level of passenger usage of airport facilities at an eligible place by providing technical, financial, and other marketing assistance to such communities and to States;

"(2) to reduce subsidy costs under subchapter II of this chapter [probably means chapter 417 of title 49, United States Code] as a consequence of such increased usage; and

"(3) to provide such communities with opportunities to obtain, retain, and improve transportation services."

The purpose of this subchapter is to improve service by jet aircraft to underserved markets by providing assistance, in the form of Federal credit instruments, to commuter air carriers that purchase regional jet aircraft for use in serving those markets.

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §210(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 96.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

In this subchapter, the following definitions apply:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(A) a qualified retirement plan (as defined in section 4974(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) that is a qualified institutional buyer; and

(B) a governmental plan (as defined in section 414(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) that is a qualified institutional buyer.

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(A) powered by jet propulsion; and

(B) designed to have a maximum passenger seating capacity of not less than 30 nor more than 75.

(13)

(14)

(A) is served (as determined by the Secretary) by a nonhub airport or a small hub airport;

(B) is not within a 40-mile radius of an airport that each year has at least .25 percent of the total annual boardings in the United States; and

(C) the Secretary determines does not have sufficient air service.

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §210(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 96; amended Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §225(b)(5), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2529.)

The Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990, referred to in par. (3), is title V of Pub. L. 93–344, as added by Pub. L. 101–508, title XIII, §13201(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–609, which is classified generally to subchapter III (§661 et seq.) of chapter 17A of Title 2, The Congress. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 621 of Title 2 and Tables.

The Security Act of 1933, referred to in par. (7), probably means the Securities Act of 1933, title I of act May 27, 1933, ch. 38, 48 Stat. 74, which is classified generally to subchapter I (§77a et seq.) of chapter 2A of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 77a of Title 15 and Tables.

Sections 414(d) and 4974(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in par. (7), are classified to sections 414(d) and 4974(c), respectively, of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

**2003**—Pars. (11) to (16). Pub. L. 108–176 redesignated pars. (12), (13), (14), and (16) as (11), (12), (13), and (14), respectively, and struck out former pars. (11) and (15), which defined "nonhub airport" and "small hub airport", respectively.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(i) that extends to more than 50 percent of the purchase price (including the value of any manufacturer credits, post-purchase options, or other discounts) of the aircraft, including spare parts, to be purchased; or

(ii) that, when added to the remaining balance on any other Federal credit instruments made under this subchapter, provides more than $100,000,000 of outstanding credit to any single obligor.

(C)

(D)

(E)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) that extends to more than the unpaid interest and 50 percent of the unpaid principal on any loan;

(B) that, for any loan or combination of loans, extends to more than 50 percent of the purchase price (including the value of any manufacturer credits, post-purchase options, or other discounts) of the aircraft, including spare parts, to be purchased with the loan or loan combination;

(C) on any loan with respect to which terms permit repayment more than 15 years after the date of execution of the loan; or

(D) that, when added to the remaining balance on any other Federal credit instruments made under this subchapter, provides more than $100,000,000 of outstanding credit to any single obligor.

(3)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii) 1–

(C)

(D)

(E)

(i)

(ii)

(F)

(G)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(e)

(f)

(1) the aircraft to be purchased with the Federal credit instrument is a regional jet aircraft needed to improve the service and efficiency of operation of a commuter air carrier or new entrant air carrier;

(2) the commuter air carrier or new entrant air carrier enters into a legally binding agreement that requires the carrier to use the aircraft to provide service to underserved markets; and

(3) the prospective earning power of the commuter air carrier or new entrant air carrier, together with the character and value of the security pledged, including the collateral value of the aircraft being acquired and any other assets or pledges used to secure the Federal credit instrument, furnish—

(A) reasonable assurances of the air carrier's ability and intention to repay the Federal credit instrument within the terms established by the Secretary—

(i) to continue its operations as an air carrier; and

(ii) to the extent that the Secretary determines to be necessary, to continue its operations as an air carrier between the same route or routes being operated by the air carrier at the time of the issuance of the Federal credit instrument; and

(B) reasonable protection to the United States.

(g)

(1) 50 percent of the cost of the aircraft purchase; or

(2) $100,000,000 for any single obligor.

(h)

(i)

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §210(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 97.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1) with the consent of the appropriate Federal officials; and

(2) on a reimbursable basis.

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §210(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 101.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

In carrying out this subchapter, the Secretary shall use funds made available by appropriations to the Department of Transportation for the purpose of administration, in addition to the proceeds of any fees collected under this subchapter, to cover administrative expenses of the Federal credit instrument program under this subchapter.

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §210(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 101.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

Of the amounts appropriated under section 106(k) for each of fiscal years 2001 through 2003, such sums as may be necessary may be used to carry out this subchapter, including administrative expenses.

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §210(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 101.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §210(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 101.)

The date of the enactment of this subchapter, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–181, which was approved Apr. 5, 2000.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.




**2008**—Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(8), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4289, redesignated items 41906, 41909, and 41910 as 41905 "Emergency mail transportation", 41906, and 41907 "Weighing mail", respectively.

Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(8), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4289, which directed redesignation of item 49112 as 41908, was executed by redesignating item 41912 as 41908 "Effect of foreign postal arrangements" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

1 Section catchline amended by Pub. L. 110–405 without corresponding amendment of chapter analysis.

2 Section repealed by Pub. L. 110–405 without corresponding amendment of chapter analysis.

(a)

(b)

(1) after notice and an opportunity for a hearing on the record, reasonable prices to be paid by the Postal Service for the transportation of mail by aircraft between places in Alaska, the facilities used in and useful for the transportation of mail, and the services related to the transportation of mail for each carrier holding a certificate that authorizes that transportation;

(2) the methods used, whether by aircraft-mile, pound-mile, weight, space, or a combination of those or other methods, to determine the prices for each air carrier or class of air carriers; and

(3) the effective date of the prices.

(c)

(d)

(1) the condition that the carrier may hold and operate under a certificate authorizing the transportation of mail only by providing necessary and adequate facilities and service for the transportation of mail.

(2) standards related to the character and quality of service to be provided that are prescribed by or under law.

(e)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §§1(e), 4(k)(1), (2), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1153, 1370; Pub. L. 104–52, title VI, §631(c), Nov. 19, 1995, 109 Stat. 505; Pub. L. 106–31, title VI, §6003, May 21, 1999, 113 Stat. 113; Pub. L. 107–206, title III, §3002(e)(2), Aug. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 924; Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(1), (2), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4289.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41901(a) | 49 App.:1376(a) (1st sentence related to non-Alaska interstate and overseas air transportation less words between parentheses). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §406(a), 72 Stat. 763; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §13, 91 Stat. 1282. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(D). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(D); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 95–504, §40(a), 92 Stat. 1745; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(d), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41901(b) | 49 App.:1376(a) (1st sentence related to foreign and Alaska air transportation less words between parentheses, 2d, last sentences). | |

49 App.:1376(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §406(c), 72 Stat. 764; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §24(b), 92 Stat. 1725. | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

41901(c) | 49 App.:1376(a) (1st sentence words between parentheses). | |

41901(d) | 49 App.:1376(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §406(b), 72 Stat. 763; July 10, 1962, Pub. L. 87–528, §5, 76 Stat. 145; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §8(a), 80 Stat. 942; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §12(a), 91 Stat. 1282; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §§24(a), 25(a), 92 Stat. 1725. |

49 App.:1376(d). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §406(d), (e), 72 Stat. 764. | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(D), (E). | ||

41901(e) | 49 App.:1376(e) (1st sentence). | |

41901(f) | 49 App.:1376(e) (last sentence). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(D), (E). | ||

41901(g) | 49 App.:1551(b)(3). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, 1601(b)(3); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, 3(f), 98 Stat. 1704; Sept. 30, 1988, Pub. L. 100–457, §346 (related to §1601(b)(3) of Federal Aviation Act of 1958), 102 Stat. 2155. |

49 App.:1553(c). | Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §4(c), 98 Stat. 1705; Sept. 30, 1988, Pub. L. 100–457, §346 (related to §4(c) of Civil Aeronautics Board Sunset Act of 1984), 102 Stat. 2155. |


In this section, the word "prescribe" is substituted for "fix and determine" and "fixing and determining" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The word "reasonable" is substituted for "fair and reasonable" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate an unnecessary word. See the revision notes following 49:10101.

Subsection (a) is substituted for 49 App.:1551(b)(1)(D) to make clear that the United States Postal Service derives its authority to provide for the transportation of mail by aircraft in interstate transportation from 39:5402(d) and (f). The text of 49 App.:1376(a) (1st sentence related to non-Alaska interstate and overseas air transportation less words between parentheses) is omitted as superseded by 39:5402(d).

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "Except as provided in section 5402 of title 39" are added for clarity. The words "from time to time" in 49 App.:1376(a) are omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:1376(a) (2d, last sentences) is omitted as executed. In clauses (1) and (2), the word "prices" is substituted for "rates of compensation" for consistency in this part. In clause (1), the words "an opportunity for a hearing on the record" are substituted for "hearing" for clarity and consistency with subsection (f) of this section. The words "to be paid by the Postal Service" are substituted for "The United States Postal Service shall make payments . . . of so much of the total compensation as is fixed and determined by the Board under this section without regard to clause (3) of subsection (b) of this section" in 49 App.:1376(c) to eliminate unnecessary words because the text of 49 App.:1376(b) (2d sentence words after 2d semicolon) is being omitted. See the revision notes for subsection (d) of this section. The words "out of appropriations for the transportation of mail by aircraft" are omitted as being superseded by chapters 20 and 24 of title 39, United States Code. The text of 49 App.:1376(c) (2d sentence) is omitted as expired because of 49 App.:1376(c) (last sentence). The text of 49 App.:1376(c) (last sentence) is omitted as executed. The words "and to make such rates effective from such date as it shall determine to be proper" in 49 App.:1376(a) are omitted because the power to determine when rates go into effect is included in the power to prescribe rates. The words "transportation of mail by aircraft in foreign air transportation or between places in Alaska" are substituted for "transportation of mail by aircraft" because 49 App.:1551(b)(1)(D) and (E) provides that transportation of mail in interstate or overseas air transportation (except transportation of mail between 2 places in Alaska) is transferred to the jurisdiction of the United States Postal Service leaving the balance of authority under 49 App.:1376(a) with the Secretary of Transportation.

In subsections (c), (d), and (f), reference to service provided by the Postal Service is omitted as obsolete because of 39:5402(d).

In subsection (c), the words "In prescribing prices under subsection (b) of this section, the Secretary" are added for clarity.

In subsection (d), the text of 49 App.:1376(b) (2d sentence words after 2d semicolon, 5th–7th sentences) and (d) is omitted as obsolete because under 49 App.:1376(c) and 1376a, payments by the Board under 49 App.:1376 were terminated. The text of 49 App.:1376(b) (3d, 4th sentences) is omitted as obsolete because it applies only to rates paid for service performed between October 24, 1978, and January 1, 1983. The text of 49 App.:1376(b) (last sentence) is omitted as executed.

Subsection (g) is substituted for 49 App.:1551(b)(3) and 1553(c) because the date on which the authority of the Secretary of Transportation to provide for the transportation of mail by aircraft expires is set out in 39:5402(f). The source provisions of 49 App.:1551(b)(3) providing for the transfer of that authority from the Secretary to the Postal Service are restated in section 5(k) of this bill.

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41901(b)(1), (g) | 49 App.:1551(a)(8). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(8); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(c), 98 Stat. 1704; Sept. 30, 1988, Pub. L. 100–457, §346 (related to §1601(a)(8) of Federal Aviation Act of 1958), 102 Stat. 2155. |

49 App.:1551(b)(3). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(3); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(f), 98 Stat. 1704; Sept. 30, 1988, Pub. L. 100–457, §346 (related to §1601(b)(3) of Federal Aviation Act of 1958), 102 Stat. 2155. |


Section 4(k) reflects amendments to the restatement required by section 1601(a)(8) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 731), as added by section 3(c) of the Civil Aeronautics Board Sunset Act of 1984 (Public Law 98–443, 98 Stat. 1704), and section 1601(b)(3) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 731), as added by section 3(f) of the Civil Aeronautics Board Sunset Act of 1984 (Public Law 98–443, 98 Stat. 1704). Section 1601(a)(8) provides that the authority under 49 App.:1371(l) and (m) and 1375(b)–(d) as those sections relate to transportation of mail by aircraft between places in Alaska (restated in sections 41107 and 41901–41903 of the revised title) ceases on January 1, 1999. Section 1601(b)(3) transfers the authority for prescribing rates for transportation of mail between places in Alaska from the Secretary of Transportation to the Postal Service effective January 1, 1999.

**2008**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(1), substituted "39, and in foreign air transportation under section 5402(b) and (c) of title 39." for "39."

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(2), struck out "in foreign air transportation or" after "aircraft".

**2002**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–206 substituted "5402(e)" for "5402(d)".

**1999**—Subsecs. (b)(1), (g). Pub. L. 106–31 repealed Pub. L. 103–272, §4(k). See 1994 Amendment notes below.

**1995**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–52 struck out subsec. (g) which read as follows: "

**1994**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 103–272, §4(k)(1), which directed the amendment of this section by substituting "foreign air transportation," for "foreign air transportation or between places in Alaska,", effective Jan. 1, 1999, was repealed by Pub. L. 106–31, §6003, effective Dec. 31, 1998.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 103–272, §4(k)(2), which directed the amendment of this section by striking out subsec. (g), effective Jan. 1, 1999, was repealed by Pub. L. 106–31, §6003, effective Dec. 31, 1998.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–405 effective Oct. 1, 2008, see section 2(c) of Pub. L. 110–405, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 39, Postal Service.

Pub. L. 106–31, title VI, §6003, May 21, 1999, 113 Stat. 113, provided that the amendment made by section 6003 is effective Dec. 31, 1998.

(a)

(b)

(1) the places between which the carrier is authorized to transport mail in Alaska;

(2) every schedule of aircraft regularly operated by the carrier between places described in paragraph (1) and every change in each schedule; and

(3) for each schedule, the places served by the carrier and the time of arrival at, and departure from, each such place.

(c)

(1) designate any schedule of an air carrier filed under subsection (b)(2) of this section for the transportation of mail between the places between which the carrier is authorized by its certificate to transport mail; and

(2) require the carrier to establish additional schedules for the transportation of mail between those places.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §§1(e), 4(k)(1), (3), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1153, 1370; Pub. L. 103–429, §7(a)(3)(D), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4389; Pub. L. 106–31, title VI, §6003, May 21, 1999, 113 Stat. 113; Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(3), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4289; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §539(f), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3370.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41902(a) | 49 App.:1375(b) (last sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §405(b), 72 Stat. 760. |

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(A) (related to 49 App.:1375(b)). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(4)(A) (related to §405(b)), (b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(c), (e), 98 Stat. 1703, 1704. | |

41902(b) | 49 App.:1375(b) (1st sentence). | |

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(A) (related to 49 App.:1375(b)), (b)(1)(E). | ||

41902(c) | 49 App.:1375(b) (2d sentence). | |

41902(d) | 49 App.:1375(b) (3d, 4th sentences). | |

41902(e) | 49 App.:1375(b) (5th–7th sentences). | |

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(A) (related to 49 App.:1375(b)), (b)(1)(E). | ||

41902(f) | 49 App.:1375(b) (8th sentence). | |

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(A) (related to 49 App.:1375(b)), (b)(1)(E). |


In this chapter, the word "places" is substituted for "points" for consistency in the revised title. The words "United States Postal Service" and "Postal Service" are substituted for "Postmaster General" in sections 401, 405, and 406 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 754, 760) because of sections 4(a) and 6(o) of the Postal Reorganization Act (Public Law 91–375, 84 Stat. 773, 783).

In subsection (a), the words "Except as provided in section 41906 of this title and section 5402 of title 39" are added because section 41906 of the revised title and 39:5402 contain exceptions to the provisions restated in this subsection. The words "transport mail by aircraft in foreign air transportation or between places in Alaska" are substituted for "transport mail" because 49 App.:1551(a)(4)(A) provides that 49 App.:1375(b) no longer applies to interstate or overseas air transportation (except transportation of mail between 2 places in Alaska).

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "from time to time" are omitted as surplus. Clauses (1) and (2) are substituted for "to engage in air transportation" because 49 App.:1551(a)(4)(A) provides that 49 App.:1375(b) no longer applies to interstate or overseas air transportation (except transportation of mail between 2 places in Alaska). In clause (4), the words "between places described in clauses (1) and (2) of this subsection and every change in each schedule" are substituted for "between such points" for clarity.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "any schedule of an air carrier filed under subsection (b)(3) of this section" are substituted for "any such schedule" for clarity.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "by order" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the word "alter" is omitted as being included in "amend, or modify".

In subsection (e), the words "adversely affected" are substituted for "aggrieved" for consistency in the revised title. The words "appeal the order" are substituted for "apply . . . for a review of such order" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "The Board may review, and" are omitted as surplus. The words "amend, modify" are substituted for "amend, revise" for consistency in the revised title.

Subsection (f) is substituted for 49 App.:1375(b) (8th sentence) to reflect the transfer of functions of the Civil Aeronautics Board to the Secretary of Transportation.

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41902(a), (b) | 49 App.:1551(a)(8). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(8); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(c), 98 Stat. 1704; Sept. 30, 1988, Pub. L. 100–457, §346 (related to §1601(a)(8) of Federal Aviation Act of 1958), 102 Stat. 2155. |

49 App.:1551(b)(3). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(3); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(f), 98 Stat. 1704; Sept. 30, 1988, Pub. L. 100–457, §346 (related to §1601(b)(3) of Federal Aviation Act of 1958), 102 Stat. 2155. |


Section 4(k) reflects amendments to the restatement required by section 1601(a)(8) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 731), as added by section 3(c) of the Civil Aeronautics Board Sunset Act of 1984 (Public Law 98–443, 98 Stat. 1704), and section 1601(b)(3) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 731), as added by section 3(f) of the Civil Aeronautics Board Sunset Act of 1984 (Public Law 98–443, 98 Stat. 1704). Section 1601(a)(8) provides that the authority under 49 App.:1371(l) and (m) and 1375(b)–(d) as those sections relate to transportation of mail by aircraft between places in Alaska (restated in sections 41107 and 41901–41903 of the revised title) ceases on January 1, 1999. Section 1601(b)(3) transfers the authority for prescribing rates for transportation of mail between places in Alaska from the Secretary of Transportation to the Postal Service effective January 1, 1999.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "section 41905" for "section 41906".

**2008**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(3)(A), struck out "in foreign air transportation or" after "aircraft".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(3)(B), added subsec. (b) and struck out former subsec. (b). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Every air carrier shall file with the Secretary of Transportation and the United States Postal Service a statement showing—

"(1) the places between which the carrier is authorized to provide foreign air transportation;

"(2) the places between which the carrier is authorized to transport mail in Alaska;

"(3) every schedule of aircraft regularly operated by the carrier between places described in clauses (1) and (2) of this subsection and every change in each schedule; and

"(4) for each schedule, the places served by the carrier and the time of arrival at, and departure from, each place."

Subsecs. (c)(1), (d). Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(3)(C), substituted "subsection (b)(2)" for "subsection (b)(3)".

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(3)(D), struck out subsecs. (e) and (f) which read as follows:

"(e)

"(f)

**1999**—Subsecs. (a), (b)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 106–31 repealed Pub. L. 103–272, §4(k). See 1994 Amendment notes below.

**1994**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–272, §4(k)(1), which directed the amendment of this section by substituting "foreign air transportation" for "foreign air transportation or between places in Alaska", effective Jan. 1, 1999, was repealed by Pub. L. 106–31, §6003, effective Dec. 31, 1998.

Subsec. (b)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 103–272, §4(k)(3), as amended by Pub. L. 103–429, which directed the amendment of subsec. (b) by redesignating par. (3) as (2) and substituting "clause (1)" for "clauses (1) and (2)", striking out former par. (2) which read as follows: "the places between which the carrier is authorized to transport mail in Alaska;", and redesignating par. (4) as (3), effective Jan. 1, 1999, was repealed by Pub. L. 106–31, §6003, effective Dec. 31, 1998.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–405 effective Oct. 1, 2008, see section 2(c) of Pub. L. 110–405, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 39, Postal Service.

Pub. L. 106–31, title VI, §6003, May 21, 1999, 113 Stat. 113, provided that the amendment made by section 6003 is effective Dec. 31, 1998.

Pub. L. 103–429, §7(a), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4388, provided in part that the amendment made by that section is effective July 5, 1994.

(a)

(1) provide facilities and services necessary and adequate to provide that transportation; and

(2) transport mail between the places authorized in the certificate for transportation of mail when required, and under regulations prescribed, by the United States Postal Service.

(b)

(1) provide facilities sufficient to transport the mail to the extent the Secretary decides the carrier reasonably is able to do so; and

(2) transport that mail.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §§1(e), 4(k)(1), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1154, 1370; Pub. L. 106–31, title VI, §6003, May 21, 1999, 113 Stat. 113; Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(4), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4289.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41903(a) | 49 App.:1371(l). |
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§401(l), 405(c), (d), 72 Stat. 757, 761. |

49 App.:1375(d). | ||

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(A) (related to 49 App.:1371(l), 1375(d)). |
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(4)(A) (related to §§401(l), 405(c), (d)); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(c), 98 Stat. 1703. |
|

41903(b) | 49 App.:1375(c). | |

49 App.:1551(a)(4)(A) (related to 49 App.:1375(c)). | ||

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Subject to subsection (b) of this section" are added for clarity because subsection (b) limits the effect of this section. The words "transport mail by aircraft in foreign air transportation or between places in Alaska" are substituted for "the transportation of mail" in 49 App.:1371(l) and "the transportation of mail by aircraft" in 49 App.:1375(d) because 49 App.:1551(a)(4)(A) provides that 49 App.:1371(l) and 1375(d) no longer apply to interstate or overseas air transportation (except transportation of mail between 2 places in Alaska). Clause (2) is substituted for "shall transport mail whenever required by the United States Postal Service" in 49 App.:1371(l) and the text of 49 App.:1375(d) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 49 App.:1371(l) (last sentence) is omitted as surplus because section 41901 of the revised title specifies how the rates of compensation are determined.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "transportation of mail by aircraft in foreign air transportation or between places in Alaska" are added because 49 App.:1551(a)(4)(A) provides that 49 App.:1375(c) no longer applies to interstate or overseas air transportation of mail (except transportation of mail between 2 places in Alaska).

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41903 | 49 App.:1551(a)(8). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(a)(8); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(c), 98 Stat. 1704; Sept. 30, 1988, Pub. L. 100–457, §346 (related to §1601(a)(8) of Federal Aviation Act of 1958), 102 Stat. 2155. |

49 App.:1551(b)(3). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(3); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(f), 98 Stat. 1704; Sept. 30, 1988, Pub. L. 100–457, §346 (related to §1601(b)(3) of Federal Aviation Act of 1958), 102 Stat. 2155. |


Section 4(k) reflects amendments to the restatement required by section 1601(a)(8) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 731), as added by section 3(c) of the Civil Aeronautics Board Sunset Act of 1984 (Public Law 98–443, 98 Stat. 1704), and section 1601(b)(3) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 731), as added by section 3(f) of the Civil Aeronautics Board Sunset Act of 1984 (Public Law 98–443, 98 Stat. 1704). Section 1601(a)(8) provides that the authority under 49 App.:1371(l) and (m) and 1375(b)–(d) as those sections relate to transportation of mail by aircraft between places in Alaska (restated in sections 41107 and 41901–41903 of the revised title) ceases on January 1, 1999. Section 1601(b)(3) transfers the authority for prescribing rates for transportation of mail between places in Alaska from the Secretary of Transportation to the Postal Service effective January 1, 1999.

**2008**—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 110–405 struck out "in foreign air transportation or" before "between places in Alaska" in introductory provisions.

**1999**—Pub. L. 106–31 repealed Pub. L. 103–272, §4(k). See 1994 Amendment note below.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–272, §4(k)(1), which directed the amendment of this section by substituting "foreign air transportation" for "foreign air transportation or between places in Alaska" in introductory provisions of subsecs. (a) and (b), effective Jan. 1, 1999, was repealed by Pub. L. 106–31, §6003, effective Dec. 31, 1998.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–405 effective Oct. 1, 2008, see section 2(c) of Pub. L. 110–405, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 39, Postal Service.

Pub. L. 106–31, title VI, §6003, May 21, 1999, 113 Stat. 113, provided that the amendment made by section 6003 is effective Dec. 31, 1998.

When the United States Postal Service decides that it may be necessary to have a person not a citizen of the United States transport mail by aircraft between two points outside the United States, the Postal Service may make an arrangement with the person, without advertising, to provide the transportation. Nothing in this section shall affect the authority of the Postal Service to make arrangements with noncitizens for the carriage of mail in foreign air transportation under subsections 5402(b) and (c) of title 39.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1155; Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(5), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4289.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41904 | 49 App.:1375(e)(2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §405(e)(2), 72 Stat. 761. |


The words "who may not be obligated to transport the mail for a foreign country" are omitted for simplicity and clarity because the omitted words impose no requirement or qualification that is meaningful.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–405 struck out "to or in foreign countries" after "mail" in section catchline, substituted "between two points outside the United States" for "to or in a foreign country", and inserted "Nothing in this section shall affect the authority of the Postal Service to make arrangements with noncitizens for the carriage of mail in foreign air transportation under subsections 5402(b) and (c) of title 39." after "transportation."

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–405 effective Oct. 1, 2008, see section 2(c) of Pub. L. 110–405, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 39, Postal Service.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1155, §41906; renumbered §41905, Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(7)(B), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4289.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41906(a) | 49 App.:1375(h) (1st, 2d, last sentences). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §405(h), 72 Stat. 762. |

41906(b) | 49 App.:1375(h) (3d sentence). |


In subsection (a), the word "disaster" is substituted for "calamitous visitation" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "any or all classes of" and "of compensation" are omitted as surplus. The words "from appropriations for the transportation of mail by the means normally used for transporting the mail transported under such contracts" are omitted as superseded by 39:chs. 20 and 24. The authority of the Postal Service under this section is in addition to the authority of the Postal Service under 39:5001.

In subsection (b), the words "Transportation provided" are substituted for "operation" for consistency in this chapter.

A prior section 41905, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1155, related to regulating air carrier transportation of foreign mail, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(7)(A), (c), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4289, 4290, effective Oct. 1, 2008.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–405 renumbered section 41906 of this title as this section.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–405 effective Oct. 1, 2008, see section 2(c) of Pub. L. 110–405, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 39, Postal Service.

The Secretary of State and the United States Postal Service shall—

(1) take appropriate action to ensure that the prices paid for transporting mail under the Universal Postal Union Convention are not higher than reasonable prices for transporting mail; and

(2) oppose any existing or proposed Universal Postal Union price that is higher than a reasonable price for transporting mail.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1156, §41909; renumbered §41906, Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(7)(B), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4289.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41909 | 49 App.:1376(h)(2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §406(h)(2); added Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–623, §4, 88 Stat. 2103. |


The words "necessary and" are omitted as being included in the word "appropriate". The words "each" and "all" are omitted as surplus. The words "transporting mail" are substituted for "such services" for consistency in this section. The word "reasonable" is substituted for "fair and reasonable" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate an unnecessary word. See revision notes following 49:10101.

A prior section 41906 was renumbered section 41905 of this title.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–405 renumbered section 41909 of this title as this section.

The United States Postal Service may weigh mail transported by aircraft between places in Alaska and make statistical and administrative computations necessary in the interest of mail service. When the Secretary of Transportation decides that additional or more frequent weighings of mail are advisable or necessary to carry out this part, the Postal Service shall provide the weighings, but it is not required to provide them for continuous periods of more than 30 days.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1157, §41910; renumbered §41907 and amended Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(6), (7)(B), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4289; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §539(g), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3370.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41910 | 49 App.:1376(f). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §406(f), 72 Stat. 764. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


The text of 49 App.:1376(f) (2d sentence) is omitted as surplus because of 39:chs. 4 and 10. The words "upon request of the Board" are omitted as surplus because the Secretary of Transportation makes the determination. The words "therefor in like manner" are omitted as surplus.

A prior section 41907, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1155, related to prices for foreign transportation of mail, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(7)(A), (c), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4289, 4290, effective Oct. 1, 2008.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "and administrative" for "and –administrative".

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(7)(B), renumbered section 41910 of this title as this section.

Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(6), substituted "The United States Postal Service may weigh mail transported by aircraft between places in Alaska and make statistical and –administrative computations necessary in the interest of mail service." for "The United States Postal Service may weigh mail transported by aircraft and make statistical and administrative computations necessary in the interest of mail service."

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–405 effective Oct. 1, 2008, see section 2(c) of Pub. L. 110–405, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 39, Postal Service.

This part does not—

(1) affect an arrangement made by the United States Government with the postal administration of a foreign country related to the transportation of mail by aircraft; or

(2) impair the authority of the United States Postal Service to make such an arrangement.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1157, §41912; renumbered §41908, Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(7)(B), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4289.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

41912 | 49 App.:1375(e)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §405(e)(1), 72 Stat. 761. |


In clause (1), the words "abrogate or" are omitted as being included in "affect".

A prior section 41908, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1156, related to prices for transporting mail of foreign countries, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 110–405, §2(b)(7)(A), (c), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4289, 4290, effective Oct. 1, 2008.

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–405, which directed the amendment of this chapter by renumbering section 49112 as this section, was executed by renumbering section 41912 of this title as this section to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Section, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1157, related to evidence of providing mail service.

Repeal effective Oct. 1, 2008, see section 2(c) of Pub. L. 110–405, set out as an Effective Date of 2008 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 39, Postal Service.





**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §519(b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 149, added heading for subchapter III and item 42121.

1 Subchapter I repealed by Pub. L. 105–220 without corresponding amendment of chapter analysis.

Section 42101, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1157, defined terms in subchapter.

Section 42102, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1158, related to payments to eligible protected employees.

Section 42103, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1159, related to duty to hire protected employees.

Section 42104, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1159; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389, related to congressional review of regulations.

Section 42105, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1160, related to Airline Employees Protective Account.

Section 42106, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1160, provided ending effective date for subchapter.

An air carrier that will receive payments from another air carrier under an agreement between the air carriers for the time the one air carrier is not providing foreign air transportation, or is providing reduced levels of foreign air transportation, because of a labor strike must file a true copy of the agreement with the Secretary of Transportation and have it approved by the Secretary under section 41309 of this title. Notwithstanding section 41309, the Secretary shall approve the agreement only if it provides that—

(1) the air carrier will receive payments of not more than 60 percent of direct operating expenses, including interest expenses, but not depreciation or amortization expenses;

(2) benefits may be paid for not more than 8 weeks, and may not be for losses incurred during the first 30 days of a strike; and

(3) on request of the striking employees, the dispute will be submitted to binding arbitration under the Railway Labor Act (45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.).

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1160.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

42111 | 49 App.:1382(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §412(c); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §29(a), 92 Stat. 1730; Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §11(2), 94 Stat. 39; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(s), 98 Stat. 1708. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(C) (related to 49 App.:1382(c)). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(C) (related to §412(c)); added Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §40(a), 92 Stat. 1745; Oct. 14, 1982, Pub. L. 97–309, §4(b), 96 Stat. 1454; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(a), 98 Stat. 1703. |


In this section, before clause (1), the text of 49 App.:1382(c)(1) is omitted as executed. The words "For purposes of this subsection, the term . . . (A) 'mutual aid agreement' means" are omitted because of the restatement. The words "contract or", "which are parties to such contract or agreement", and "during which" are omitted as surplus. The word "providing" is substituted for "engaging in" for consistency. The words "service in" are omitted as surplus. The words "No air carrier shall enter into any mutual aid agreement with any other air carrier" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "For purposes of this subsection, the term . . . (B) 'direct operating expenses' includes" are omitted because of the restatement. The words "for any period" and "during such period" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "under the agreement" and "during any labor strike" are omitted as surplus.

The Railway Labor Act, referred to in par. (3), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, which is classified principally to chapter 8 (§151 et seq.) of Title 45, Railroads. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of Title 45 and Tables.

(a)

(1) "copilot" means an employee whose duties include assisting or relieving the pilot in manipulating an aircraft and who is qualified to serve as, and has in effect an airman certificate authorizing the employee to serve as, a copilot.

(2) "pilot" means an employee who is—

(A) responsible for manipulating or who manipulates the flight controls of an aircraft when under way, including the landing and takeoff of an aircraft; and

(B) qualified to serve as, and has in effect an airman certificate authorizing the employee to serve as, a pilot.

(b)

(1) maintain rates of compensation, maximum hours, and other working conditions and relations for its pilots and copilots who are providing interstate air transportation in the 48 contiguous States and the District of Columbia to conform with decision number 83, May 10, 1934, National Labor Board, notwithstanding any limitation in that decision on the period of its effectiveness;

(2) maintain rates of compensation for its pilots and copilots who are providing foreign air transportation or air transportation only in one territory or possession of the United States; and

(3) comply with title II of the Railway Labor Act (45 U.S.C. 181 et seq.) as long as it holds its certificate.

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1160.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

42112(a) | 49 App.:1371(k)(5). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §401(k), 72 Stat. 756. |

42112(b), (c) | 49 App.:1371(k)(1), (2), (4). | |

42112(d) | 49 App.:1371(k)(3). |


In subsection (a), the words "properly" and "currently" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the word "providing" is substituted for "engaged in" for consistency in the revised title. In clause (1), the words "48 contiguous States and the District of Columbia" are substituted for "the continental United States (not including Alaska)" for clarity and consistency in the revised title. In clause (2), the words "overseas or" are omitted as obsolete. The word "only" is substituted for "wholly" for consistency. In clause (3), the words "as long as it holds" are substituted for "upon the holding" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "under subsection (b)(1) of this section" are substituted for "said decision 83 . . . engaged in interstate air transportation within the continental United States (not including Alaska)" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d), the words "or other employees" are omitted as unnecessary because this section only applies to pilots and copilots.

The Railway Labor Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577. Title II of the Act was added by act Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1189, and is classified generally to subchapter II (§181 et seq.) of chapter 8 of Title 45, Railroads. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of Title 45 and Tables.

Pub. L. 110–161, div. K, title I, §117, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2382, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) if the same collective bargaining agent represents the combining crafts or classes at each of the covered air carriers, that collective bargaining agent's internal policies regarding integration, if any, will not be affected by and will supersede the requirements of this section; and

"(2) the requirements of any collective bargaining agreement that may be applicable to the terms of integration involving covered employees of a covered air carrier shall not be affected by the requirements of this section as to the employees covered by that agreement, so long as those provisions allow for the protections afforded by sections 3 and 13 of the Allegheny-Mohawk provisions.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) is not a temporary employee; and

"(B) is a member of a craft or class that is subject to the Railway Labor Act (45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.).

"(4)

"(A) a transaction for the combination of multiple air carriers into a single air carrier; and which

"(B) involves the transfer of ownership or control of—

"(i) 50 percent or more of the equity securities (as defined in section 101 of title 11, United States Code) of an air carrier; or

"(ii) 50 percent or more (by value) of the assets of the air carrier.

"(c)

"(d)

(a)

(1) provided, caused to be provided, or is about to provide (with any knowledge of the employer) or cause to be provided to the employer or Federal Government information relating to any violation or alleged violation of any order, regulation, or standard of the Federal Aviation Administration or any other provision of Federal law relating to aviation safety under this subtitle or any other law of the United States;

(2) has filed, caused to be filed, or is about to file (with any knowledge of the employer) or cause to be filed a proceeding relating to any violation or alleged violation of any order, regulation, or standard of the Federal Aviation Administration or any other provision of Federal law relating to aviation safety under this subtitle or any other law of the United States;

(3) testified or is about to testify in such a proceeding; or

(4) assisted or participated or is about to assist or participate in such a proceeding.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) take affirmative action to abate the violation;

(ii) reinstate the complainant to his or her former position together with the compensation (including back pay) and restore the terms, conditions, and privileges associated with his or her employment; and

(iii) provide compensatory damages to the complainant.

If such an order is issued under this paragraph, the Secretary of Labor, at the request of the complainant, shall assess against the person against whom the order is issued a sum equal to the aggregate amount of all costs and expenses (including attorneys' and expert witness fees) reasonably incurred, as determined by the Secretary of Labor, by the complainant for, or in connection with, the bringing the complaint upon which the order was issued.

(C)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(5)

(6)

(A)

(B)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1) a person that performs safety-sensitive functions by contract for an air carrier or commercial operator; or

(2) a person that performs safety-sensitive functions related to the design or production of an aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, appliance, or component thereof by contract for a holder of a certificate issued under section 44704.

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §519(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 145; amended Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §118, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2337.)

**2020**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 116–260, §118(1), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a) which related to discrimination against airline employees.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 116–260, §118(2), added subsec. (d) and struck out former subsec. (d). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to an employee of an air carrier, contractor, or subcontractor who, acting without direction from such air carrier, contractor, or subcontractor (or such person's agent), deliberately causes a violation of any requirement relating to air carrier safety under this subtitle or any other law of the United States."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 116–260, §118(3), added subsec. (e) and struck out former subsec. (e) which defined the term "contractor" as a company that performs safety-sensitive functions by contract for an air carrier.

Subchapter applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.


**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §428(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3341, added item 42304.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §418, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3334, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) The Secretary of Transportation, or the Secretary's designee.

"(2) The Secretary of Health and Human Services, or the Secretary's designee.

"(3) One representative, to be appointed by the Secretary of Transportation, of each of the following:

"(A) Each relevant Federal agency, as determined by the Secretary of Transportation.

"(B) State insurance regulators[.]

"(C) Health insurance providers.

"(D) Patient advocacy groups.

"(E) Consumer advocacy groups.

"(F) Physician[s] specializing in emergency, trauma, cardiac, or stroke.

"(4) Three representatives, to be appointed by the Secretary of Transportation, to represent the various segments of the air ambulance industry.

"(5) Additional three representatives not covered under paragraphs (1) through (4), as determined necessary and appropriate by the Secretary.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1) the costs, benefits, practicability, and impact on all stakeholders of clearly distinguishing between charges for air transportation services and charges for non-air transportation services in bills and invoices, including the costs, benefits, and practicability of—

"(A) developing cost-allocation methodologies to separate charges for air transportation services from charges for non-air transportation services; and

"(B) formats for bills and invoices that clearly distinguish between charges for air transportation services and charges for non-air transportation services;

"(2) options, best practices, and identified standards to prevent instances of balance billing such as improving network and contract negotiation, dispute resolution between health insurance and air medical service providers, and explanation of insurance coverage and subscription programs to consumers;

"(3) steps that can be taken by State legislatures, State insurance regulators, State attorneys general, and other State officials as appropriate, consistent with current legal authorities regarding consumer protection;

"(4) recommendations made by the Comptroller General study, GAO–17–637, including what additional data from air ambulance providers and other sources should be collected by the Department of Transportation to improve its understanding of the air ambulance market and oversight of the air ambulance industry for the purposes of pursuing action related to unfair or deceptive practices or unfair methods of competition, which may include—

"(A) cost data;

"(B) standard charges and payments received per transport;

"(C) whether the provider is part of a hospital-sponsored program, municipality-sponsored program, hospital-independent partnership (hybrid) program, or independent program;

"(D) number of transports per base and helicopter;

"(E) market shares of air ambulance providers inclusive of any parent or holding companies;

"(F) any data indicating the extent of competition among air ambulance providers on the basis of price and service;

"(G) prices assessed to consumers and insurers for air transportation and any non-transportation services provided by air ambulance providers; and

"(H) financial performance of air ambulance providers;

"(5) definitions of all applicable terms that are not defined in statute or regulations; and

"(6) other matters as determined necessary or appropriate.

"(e)

"(f)

"(1) to require air ambulance providers to regularly report data to the Department of Transportation;

"(2) to increase transparency related to Department of Transportation actions related to consumer complaints; and

"(3) to provide other consumer protections for customers of air ambulance providers.

"(g)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §421, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3337, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Secretary of Transportation shall promulgate regulations that require each covered air carrier to promptly provide a refund to a passenger of any ancillary fees paid for services related to air travel that the passenger does not receive, including on the passenger's scheduled flight, on a subsequent replacement itinerary if there has been a rescheduling, or for a flight not taken by the passenger."

[For definition of "covered air carrier" as used in section 421 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 401 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §422, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3337, provided that: "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Secretary of Transportation shall review air carrier policies regarding traveling during pregnancy and, if appropriate, may revise regulations, as the Secretary considers necessary, to require an air carrier to offer advance boarding of an aircraft to a pregnant passenger who requests such assistance."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §425, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3338, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) checked in for the flight prior to the check-in deadline; and

"(2) had their ticket or boarding pass collected or electronically scanned and accepted by the gate agent.

"(c)

"(1) there is a safety, security, or health risk with respect to that revenue passenger or there is a safety or security issue requiring removal of a revenue passenger; or

"(2) the revenue passenger is engaging in behavior that is obscene, disruptive, or otherwise unlawful.

"(d)

"(e)

"(1) there is not a maximum level of compensation an air carrier or foreign air carrier may pay to a passenger who is involuntarily denied boarding as the result of an oversold flight;

"(2) the compensation levels set forth in that part are the minimum levels of compensation an air carrier or foreign air carrier must pay to a passenger who is involuntarily denied boarding as the result of an oversold flight; and

"(3) an air carrier or foreign air carrier must proactively offer to pay compensation to a passenger who is voluntarily or involuntarily denied boarding on an oversold flight, rather than waiting until the passenger requests the compensation.

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the impact on passengers as a result of an oversale, including increasing or decreasing the costs of passenger air transportation;

"(B) economic and operational factors which result in oversales;

"(C) whether, and if so how, the incidence of oversales varies depending on markets;

"(D) potential consequences on the limiting of oversales; and

"(E) best practices on how oversale policies can be communicated to passengers at airline check-in desks and airport gates.

"(3)

"(g)

[For definition of "covered air carrier" as used in section 425 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 401 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §427, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3340, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) holds the person out as a source of information about, or reservations for, the air transportation industry; and

"(ii) receives compensation in any way related to the sale of air transportation.

"(2)

"(e)

"(1) the large ticket agent is unable to meet the new standard or requirement due to the lack of information or data from the covered air carrier and the information is required for the large ticket agent to comply with such standard or requirement; or

"(2) the sale of air transportation is made by a large ticket agent pursuant to a specific corporate or government fare management contract."

[For definition of "covered air carrier" as used in section 427 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 401 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §429, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3341, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) Compensation (regarding rebooking options, refunds, meals, and lodging) for flight delays of various lengths.

"(2) Compensation (regarding rebooking options, refunds, meals, and lodging) for flight diversions.

"(3) Compensation (regarding rebooking options, refunds, meals, and lodging) for flight cancellations.

"(4) Compensation for mishandled baggage, including delayed, damaged, pilfered, or lost baggage.

"(5) Voluntary relinquishment of a ticketed seat due to overbooking or priority of other passengers.

"(6) Involuntary denial of boarding and forced removal for whatever reason, including for safety and security reasons.

"(b)

[For definition of "covered air carrier" as used in section 429 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 401 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §577, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3394, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2309, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 648, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §411, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 88, as amended by Pub. L. 114–55, title I, §102(i), Sept. 30, 2015, 129 Stat. 523; Pub. L. 114–141, title I, §102(g), Mar. 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 323; Pub. L. 114–190, title I, §1102(j), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 618; Pub. L. 115–63, title I, §102(i), Sept. 29, 2017, 131 Stat. 1170; Pub. L. 115–141, div. M, title I, §102(g), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1046; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §415, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3333, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) air carriers;

"(2) airport operators;

"(3) State or local governments with expertise in consumer protection matters; and

"(4) nonprofit public interest groups with expertise in consumer protection matters.

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(1) evaluating existing aviation consumer protection programs and providing recommendations for the improvement of such programs, if needed; and

"(2) providing recommendations for establishing additional aviation consumer protection programs, if needed.

"(g)

"(1) the recommendations made by the advisory committee during the preceding calendar year; and

"(2) an explanation of how the Secretary has implemented each recommendation and, for each recommendation not implemented, the Secretary's reason for not implementing the recommendation.

"(h)

Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §412, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 89, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012], the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall initiate a rulemaking to require each air carrier operating under part 121 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, to post on the Internet Web site of the air carrier the maximum dimensions of a child safety seat that can be used on each aircraft operated by the air carrier to enable passengers to determine which child safety seats can be used on those aircraft."

(a)

(1) An air carrier providing covered air transportation at a commercial airport.

(2) An operator of a commercial airport.

(3) An operator of an airport used by an air carrier described in paragraph (1) for diversions.

(b)

(1)

(A) each airport at which the carrier provides covered air transportation; and

(B) each airport at which the carrier has flights for which the carrier has primary responsibility for inventory control.

(2)

(A) provide adequate food, potable water, restroom facilities, comfortable cabin temperatures, and access to medical treatment for passengers onboard an aircraft at the airport when the departure of a flight is delayed or the disembarkation of passengers is delayed;

(B) share facilities and make gates available at the airport in an emergency; and

(C) allow passengers to deplane following an excessive tarmac delay in accordance with paragraph (3).

(3)

(A) A passenger shall have the option to deplane an aircraft and return to the airport terminal when there is an excessive tarmac delay.

(B) The option described in subparagraph (A) shall be offered to a passenger even if a flight in covered air transportation is diverted to a commercial airport other than the originally scheduled airport.

(C) In providing the option described in subparagraph (A), the air carrier shall begin to return the aircraft to a suitable disembarkation point—

(i) in the case of a flight in interstate air transportation, not later than 3 hours after the main aircraft door is closed in preparation for departure; and

(ii) in the case of a flight in foreign air transportation, not later than 4 hours after the main aircraft door is closed in preparation for departure.

(D) Notwithstanding the requirements described in subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C), a passenger shall not have an option to deplane an aircraft and return to the airport terminal in the case of an excessive tarmac delay if—

(i) an air traffic controller with authority over the aircraft advises the pilot in command that permitting a passenger to deplane would significantly disrupt airport operations; or

(ii) the pilot in command determines that permitting a passenger to deplane would jeopardize passenger safety or security.

(c)

(1) provide for the deplanement of passengers following excessive tarmac delays;

(2) provide for the sharing of facilities and make gates available at the airport in an emergency; and

(3) provide a sterile area following excessive tarmac delays for passengers who have not yet cleared United States Customs and Border Protection.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) awaiting takeoff after the aircraft doors have been closed or after passengers have been boarded if the passengers have not been advised they are free to deplane; or

(B) awaiting deplaning after the aircraft has landed.

(4)

(A) 3 hours for a flight in interstate air transportation; or

(B) 4 hours for a flight in foreign air transportation.

(Added Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §415(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 93; amended Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2308(a), (b), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 648.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–95, which was approved Feb. 14, 2012.

**2016**—Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Pub. L. 114–190, §2308(a)(2), added subpar. (C). Former subpar. (C) redesignated (D).

Subsec. (b)(3)(D). Pub. L. 114–190, §2308(a)(1), (3), redesignated subpar. (C) as (D) and substituted "subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C)" for "subparagraphs (A) and (B)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (i)(4). Pub. L. 114–190, §2308(b), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term 'excessive tarmac delay' means a tarmac delay that lasts for a length of time, as determined by the Secretary."

Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §415(c), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 96, provided that: "Except as otherwise provided, the requirements of chapter 423 of title 49, United States Code, as added by this section, shall begin to apply 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012]."

Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2308(c), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 648, provided that: "Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this section [July 15, 2016], the Secretary of Transportation shall issue regulations and take other actions necessary to carry out the amendments made by this section [amending this section]."

(a)

(1) that telephone number; and

(2) the Internet Web site of the Aviation Consumer Protection Division of the Department of Transportation.

(b)

(1) the hotline telephone number established under subsection (a);

(2) the e-mail address, telephone number, and mailing address of the air carrier for the submission of complaints by passengers about air travel service problems; and

(3) the Internet Web site and mailing address of the Aviation Consumer Protection Division of the Department of Transportation for the submission of complaints by passengers about air travel service problems.

(c)

(1) prominently displayed signs of the carrier at the airport ticket counters in the United States where the carrier operates; and

(2) any electronic confirmation of the purchase of a passenger ticket for air transportation issued by the carrier.

(d)

(e) 1 on—

(1) any invoice, bill, or other communication provided to a passenger or customer of the provider; and

(2) its Internet Web site, and any related mobile device application.

(Added Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §415(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 95; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §§405, 419(a), 423(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3329, 3336, 3337.)

Section 425, referred to in subsec. (e), is probably a reference to section 425 of Pub. L. 115–254 but should be a reference to section 424 of Pub. L. 115–254, which is set out as a note below and relates to the establishment of an Aviation Consumer Advocate. There is no section 425 of this title, and section 425 of Pub. L. 115–254, which is set out as a note preceding section 42301 of this title, relates to prohibition of denial of boarding for certain revenue passengers.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §419(a)(1), inserted "(including transportation by air ambulance (as defined by the Secretary of Transportation))" after "air transportation" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §423(a)(1), substituted "Each air carrier and foreign air carrier" for "An air carrier or foreign air carrier providing scheduled air transportation using any aircraft that as originally designed has a passenger capacity of 30 or more passenger seats" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §423(a)(2), substituted "carrier operates" for "air carrier operates".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §423(a)(3), substituted "carrier" for "air carrier".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, §405, added subsec. (d).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–254, §419(a)(2), added subsec. (e).

Requirements of this section to begin to apply 60 days after Feb. 14, 2012, except as otherwise provided, see section 415(c) of Pub. L. 112–95, set out as a note under section 42301 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §423(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3337, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Secretary of Transportation shall promulgate regulations to implement the requirements of section 42302 of title 49, United States Code, as amended by this Act."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §424, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3337, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the Air Carrier Access Act of 1986 (Public Law 99–435; 100 Stat. 1080);

"(2) unfair and deceptive practices by air carriers (including air ambulance operators), foreign air carriers, and ticket agents;

"(3) the terms and conditions agreed to between passengers and air carriers (including air ambulance operators), foreign air carriers, or ticket agents;

"(4) aviation consumer protection and tarmac delay contingency planning requirements for both airports and airlines;

"(5) protection of air ambulance consumers; and

"(6) any other applicable law.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) assist consumers in resolving carrier service complaints filed with the Aviation Consumer Protection Division;

"(B) review the resolution by the Department of Transportation of carrier service complaints;

"(C) identify and recommend actions the Department can take to improve the enforcement of aviation consumer protection rules, protection of air ambulance consumers, and resolution of carrier service complaints; and

"(D) identify and recommend regulations and policies that can be amended to more effectively resolve carrier service complaints.

"(d)

"(1) The total number of annual complaints received by the Department, including the number of complaints by the name of each air carrier and foreign air carrier.

"(2) The total number of annual complaints by category of complaint.

"(3) The number of complaints referred in the preceding year for enforcement or corrective action by the Department.

"(4) Any recommendations under paragraphs (2)(C) and (2)(D) of subsection (c).

"(5) Such other data as the Aviation Consumer Advocate considers appropriate.

"(e)

[For definition of "ticket agent" as used in section 424 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 401 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §408, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 87, provided that: "The Secretary of Transportation may investigate consumer complaints regarding—

"(1) flight cancellations;

"(2) compliance with Federal regulations concerning overbooking seats on flights;

"(3) lost, damaged, or delayed baggage, and difficulties with related airline claims procedures;

"(4) problems in obtaining refunds for unused or lost tickets or fare adjustments;

"(5) incorrect or incomplete information about fares, discount fare conditions and availability, overcharges, and fare increases;

"(6) the rights of passengers who hold frequent flyer miles or equivalent redeemable awards earned through customer-loyalty programs; and

"(7) deceptive or misleading advertising."

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(b)

(1) disclose, on its own internet website or through other means, that the destination country may require the air carrier or foreign air carrier to treat an aircraft passenger cabin with insecticides prior to the flight or to apply an aerosol insecticide in an aircraft cabin used for such a flight when the cabin is occupied with passengers; and

(2) refer the purchaser of the ticket to the internet website established under subsection (a) for additional information.

(Added Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §415(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 95; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §404, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3329.)

**2018**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254 amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "An air carrier, foreign air carrier, or ticket agent selling, in the United States, a ticket for a flight in foreign air transportation to a country listed on the Internet Web site established under subsection (a) shall refer the purchaser of the ticket to the Internet Web site established under subsection (a) for additional information."

Requirements of this section to begin to apply 60 days after Feb. 14, 2012, except as otherwise provided, see section 415(c) of Pub. L. 112–95, set out as a note under section 42301 of this title.

(a)

(1) provide for hotel accommodations;

(2) arrange for ground transportation;

(3) provide meal vouchers;

(4) arrange for air transportation on another air carrier or foreign air carrier to the passenger's destination; and

(5) provide for sleeping facilities inside the airport terminal.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §428(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3341.)


**2004**—Pub. L. 108–297, §6(b), Aug. 9, 2004, 118 Stat. 1097, added item 44113.

(a)

(b)

(1) when authorized under section 40103(d) or 41703 of this title;

(2) when it is an aircraft of the national defense forces of the United States and is identified in a way satisfactory to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration; and

(3) for a reasonable period of time after a transfer of ownership, under regulations prescribed by the Administrator.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1161.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44101(a) | 49 App.:1401(a) (1st sentence words before proviso less words between parentheses). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §501(a), 72 Stat. 771. |

44101(b) | 49 App.:1401(a) (1st sentence words between parentheses, proviso, last sentence). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |


In this section, the word "navigate" is omitted as being included in the definition of "operate aircraft" in section 40102(a) of the revised title.

In subsection (a), the words "Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section" are added for clarity. The words "a person may . . . an aircraft only when the aircraft is registered under section 44103 of this title" are substituted for "It shall be unlawful . . . any aircraft eligible for registration if such aircraft is not registered by its owner as provided in this section, or . . . any aircraft not eligible for registration" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "A person may operate an aircraft in the United States that is not registered" are substituted for "may be operated and navigated without being so registered" and "may . . . permit the operation and navigation of aircraft without registration" for clarity. In clause (2), the words "identified in a way" are substituted for "identified, by the agency having jurisdiction over them, in a manner" to eliminate unnecessary words.

Pub. L. 108–297, §7, Aug. 9, 2004, 118 Stat. 1097, provided that: "This Act [see Short Title of 2004 Amendment note set out under section 40101 of this title], including any amendments made by this Act, shall take effect on the date the Cape Town Treaty (as defined in section 44113 of title 49, United States Code) enters into force with respect to the United States and shall not apply to any registration or recordation that was made before such effective date under chapter 441 of such title or any legal rights relating to such registration or recordation." [The Cape Town Treaty entered into force with respect to the United States on Mar. 1, 2006. See 71 F.R. 8457.]

Pub. L. 108–297, §4, Aug. 9, 2004, 118 Stat. 1096, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the registration of aircraft previously registered in a country in which the Cape Town Treaty is in effect; and

"(2) the cancellation of registration of a civil aircraft of the United States based on a request made in accordance with the Cape Town Treaty.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(d)

Pub. L. 108–297, §2, Aug. 9, 2004, 118 Stat. 1095, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) The Cape Town Treaty (as defined in section 44113 of title 49, United States Code) extends modern commercial laws for the sale, finance, and lease of aircraft and aircraft engines to the international arena in a manner consistent with United States law and practice.

"(2) The Cape Town Treaty provides for internationally established and recognized financing and leasing rights that will provide greater security and commercial predictability in connection with the financing and leasing of highly mobile assets, such as aircraft and aircraft engines.

"(3) The legal and financing framework of the Cape Town Treaty will provide substantial economic benefits to the aviation and aerospace sectors, including the promotion of exports, and will facilitate the acquisition of newer, safer aircraft around the world.

"(4) Only technical changes to United States law and regulations are required since the asset-based financing and leasing concepts embodied in the Cape Town Treaty are already reflected in the United States in the Uniform Commercial Code.

"(5) The new electronic registry system established under the Cape Town Treaty will work in tandem with current aircraft document recordation systems of the Federal Aviation Administration, which have served United States industry well.

"(6) The United States Government was a leader in the development of the Cape Town Treaty.

"(b)

(a)

(1) not registered under the laws of a foreign country and is owned by—

(A) a citizen of the United States;

(B) an individual citizen of a foreign country lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States; or

(C) a corporation not a citizen of the United States when the corporation is organized and doing business under the laws of the United States or a State, and the aircraft is based and primarily used in the United States; or

(2) an aircraft of—

(A) the United States Government; or

(B) a State, the District of Columbia, a territory or possession of the United States, or a political subdivision of a State, territory, or possession.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1161.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44102(a)(1) | 49 App.:1401(b) (1st sentence cl. (1)). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §501(b), 72 Stat. 772; restated Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §14, 91 Stat. 1283; Mar. 8, 1978, Pub. L. 95–241, 92 Stat. 119. |

44102(a)(2) | 49 App.:1401(b) (1st sentence cl. (2)). | |

44102(b) | 49 App.:1401(b) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "may be registered" are substituted for "shall be eligible for registration", and the words "under section 44103 of this title" are added, for clarity. The words "only when" are substituted for "if, but only if" for consistency. In subclause (C), the words "not a citizen of the United States" are substituted for "(other than a corporation which is a citizen of the United States)" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "lawfully" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "In carrying out subsection (a)(1)(C) of this section" are added because of the restatement. The words "by regulation" are omitted as unnecessary because of 49:322(a).

(a)

(A) register the aircraft; and

(B) issue a certificate of registration to its owner.

(2) The Administrator may prescribe the extent to which an aircraft owned by the holder of a dealer's certificate of registration issued under section 44104(2) of this title also is registered under this section.

(b)

(A) as provided in section 44106(e)(2) of this title; or

(B) that the Administrator may issue the certificate to the person after the one-year period beginning on the date of the revocation if the Administrator decides that the aircraft otherwise meets the requirements of section 44102 of this title and that denial of a certificate for the 5-year period—

(i) would be excessive considering the nature of the offense or the act committed and the burden the denial places on the person; or

(ii) would not be in the public interest.

(2) A decision of the Administrator under paragraph (1)(B)(i) or (ii) of this subsection is within the discretion of the Administrator. That decision or failure to make a decision is not subject to administrative or judicial review.

(c)

(1) conclusive evidence of the nationality of an aircraft for international purposes, but not conclusive evidence in a proceeding under the laws of the United States; and

(2) not evidence of ownership of an aircraft in a proceeding in which ownership is or may be in issue.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1162.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44103(a)(1) | 49 App.:1401(c), (d). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§501(c), (d), (f), 505 (2d sentence), 72 Stat. 772, 774. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

44103(a)(2) | 49 App.:1405 (2d sentence). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44103(b) | 49 App.:1401(e)(2)(D), (E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §501(e)(2)(D), (E); added Oct. 19, 1984, Pub. L. 98–499, §4(a), 98 Stat. 2315. |

44103(c) | 49 App.:1401(f). | |

44103(d) | 49 App.:1401(g). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §501(g); added Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §3401(a)(2), 100 Stat. 3207–99. |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "On application" are substituted for "upon request", and the words "meets the requirements of section 44102 of this title" are substituted for "eligible for registration", for consistency in this subchapter. The text of 49 App.:1401(d) is omitted as unnecessary because of 49:322(a).

In subsection (b)(1)(B), before subclause (i), the words "after the one-year period beginning on the date of the revocation" are substituted for "before the end of such five-year period (but not before the end of the one-year period beginning on the date of such revocation)" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "otherwise meets the requirements of section 44102 of this title" are substituted for "is otherwise eligible for registration under this section" because of the restatement. The words "denial of a certificate" are substituted for "revocation of the certificate" for clarity.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "A certificate of registration" are substituted for "Registration" for clarity. In clause (2), the words "by a particular person" are omitted as surplus.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §556, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3383, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §566, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3385, provided that: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall, upon request of a private aircraft owner or operator, block the registration number of the aircraft of the owner or operator from any public dissemination or display, except in data made available to a Government agency, for the noncommercial flights of the owner or operator."

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §729, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 168, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) the person demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Administrator that the person is capable of selectively blocking the display of any aircraft-situation-display-to-industry derived data related to any identified aircraft registration number; and

"(2) the person agree to block selectively the aircraft registration numbers of any aircraft owner or operator upon the Administration's request.

"(b)

The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may prescribe regulations—

(1) in the interest of safety for registering and identifying an aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance; and

(2) in the public interest for issuing, suspending, and revoking a dealer's certificate of registration under this chapter and for its use by a person manufacturing, distributing, or selling aircraft.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1162.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44104(1) | 49 App.:1402. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§502, 505 (1st sentence), 72 Stat. 772, 774. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

44104(2) | 49 App.:1405 (1st sentence). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "prescribe regulations" are substituted for "establish reasonable rules and regulations" in 49 App.:1402 and "by such reasonable regulations" in 49 App.:1405 (1st sentence) because of 49:322(a). In clause (1), the words "and no aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance shall be used in violation of any such rule or regulation" are omitted as surplus because of section 46301 of the revised title. In clause (2), the words "in connection with" are omitted as surplus.

The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may suspend or revoke a certificate of registration issued under section 44103 of this title when the aircraft no longer meets the requirements of section 44102 of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1163.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44105 | 49 App.:1401(e)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §501(e)(1), 72 Stat. 772; Oct. 19, 1984, Pub. L. 98–499, §4(a), 98 Stat. 2314. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |


The words "when the aircraft no longer meets" are substituted for "for any cause which renders the aircraft ineligible" for consistency.

(a)

(b)

(A) the aircraft was used to carry out, or facilitate, an activity that is punishable by death or imprisonment for more than one year under a law of the United States or a State related to a controlled substance (except a law related to simple possession of a controlled substance); and

(B) the owner of the aircraft permitted the use of the aircraft knowing that the aircraft was to be used for the activity described in clause (A) of this paragraph.

(2) An aircraft owner that is not an individual is deemed to have permitted the use of the aircraft knowing that the aircraft was to be used for the activity described in paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection only if a majority of the individuals who control the owner of the aircraft or who are involved in forming the major policy of the owner permitted the use of the aircraft knowing that the aircraft was to be used for the activity described in paragraph (1)(A).

(c)

(1) advise the holder of the certificate of the charges or reasons on which the Administrator bases the proposed action; and

(2) provide the holder of the certificate an opportunity to answer the charges and state why the certificate should not be revoked.

(d)

(2) When a person files an appeal with the Board under this subsection, the order of the Administrator revoking the certificate is stayed. However, if the Administrator advises the Board that safety in air transportation or air commerce requires the immediate effectiveness of the order—

(A) the order remains effective; and

(B) the Board shall dispose of the appeal not later than 60 days after notification by the Administrator under this paragraph.

(3) A person substantially affected by an order of the Board under this subsection may seek judicial review of the order under section 46110 of this title. The Administrator shall be made a party to that judicial proceeding.

(e)

(2) If the Administrator has revoked a certificate of registration of a person under this section because of an activity described in subsection (b)(1)(A) of this section, the Administrator shall reissue a certificate to the person if the person—

(A) subsequently is acquitted of all charges related to a controlled substance in an indictment or information arising from the activity; and

(B) otherwise meets the requirements of section 44102 of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1163.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44106(a) | 49 App.:1401(e)(2)(C). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §501(e)(2)(A)– (C), (F); added Oct. 19, 1984, Pub. L. 98–499, §4(a), 98 Stat. 2314, 2315. |

44106(b) | 49 App.:1401(e)(2)(A) (less last sentence). | |

44106(c) | 49 App.:1401(e)(2)(B) (1st sentence). | |

44106(d) | 49 App.:1401(e)(2)(B) (2d–last sentences). | |

44106(e) | 49 App.:1401(e)(2)(A) (last sentence), (F). |


In subsection (b)(2), the words "knowing that the aircraft was to be used for the activity described in paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection" are substituted for "with knowledge of such intended use" for clarity.

(a)

(1) conveyances that affect an interest in civil aircraft of the United States;

(2) leases and instruments executed for security purposes, including conditional sales contracts, assignments, and amendments, that affect an interest in—

(A) a specifically identified aircraft engine having at least 550 rated takeoff horsepower or its equivalent;

(B) a specifically identified aircraft propeller capable of absorbing at least 750 rated takeoff shaft horsepower;

(C) an aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance maintained for installation or use in an aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller, by or for an air carrier holding a certificate issued under section 44705 of this title; and

(D) spare parts maintained by or for an air carrier holding a certificate issued under section 44705 of this title; and

(3) releases, cancellations, discharges, and satisfactions related to a conveyance, lease, or instrument recorded under paragraph (1) or (2).

(b)

(c)

(1) a notary public; or

(2) another officer authorized under the laws of the United States, a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States to acknowledge deeds.

(d)

(1) keep a record of the time and date that each conveyance, lease, and instrument is filed and recorded with the Administrator; and

(2) record each conveyance, lease, and instrument filed with the Administrator, in the order of their receipt, and index them by—

(A) the identifying description of the aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller, or location specified in a lease or instrument recorded under subsection (a)(2)(C) or (D) of this section; and

(B) the names of the parties to each conveyance, lease, and instrument.

(e)

(1)

(A) civil aircraft of the United States;

(B) an aircraft for which a United States identification number has been assigned but only with regard to a notice filed under paragraph (2); and

(C) aircraft engines.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1164; Pub. L. 108–297, §3, Aug. 9, 2004, 118 Stat. 1096.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44107(a)(1) | 49 App.:1403(a)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §503(a)(1), (3), (b), 72 Stat. 772. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

44107(a) (2)(A), (B) | 49 App.:1403(a)(2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §503(a)(2), 72 Stat. 772; restated July 8, 1959, Pub. L. 86–81, §1, 73 Stat. 180. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44107(a) (2)(C), (D) | 49 App.:1403(a)(3) (less words between 13th comma and semicolon). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44107(a)(3) | 49 App.:1403(b). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44107(b) | 49 App.:1403(a)(3) (words between 13th comma and semicolon). | |

44107(c) | 49 App.:1403(e). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §503(e), 72 Stat. 773; restated June 30, 1964, Pub. L. 88–346, §2, 78 Stat. 236. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44107(d) | 49 App.:1403(f). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §503(f), 72 Stat. 773; July 8, 1959, Pub. L. 86–81, §4, 73 Stat. 181. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In subsection (a)(1) and (2), the words "title to" are omitted as being included in "interest in".

In subsection (a)(2), before subclause (A), the word "instruments" is substituted for "any mortgage, equipment trust . . . or other instrument" because it is inclusive. The word "supplement" is omitted as being included in "amendments".

In subsection (a)(3), the words "The Secretary of Transportation shall also record under the system" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

In subsections (a)(3) and (c), the words "lease, or instrument" are substituted for "other instrument" for clarity and consistency in this subchapter.

In subsections (b) and (d), the words "or locations" are omitted because of 1:1.

In subsection (b), the words "recorded under subsection (a)(2)(C) or (D) of this section" are added for clarity. The words "lease or instrument" are substituted for "instrument" for clarity and consistency in this subchapter.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "by regulation" are omitted because of 49:322(a). In clause (2), the words "possession of the United States" are substituted for "possession thereof" for clarity.

In subsection (d), the words "lease, and instrument" are substituted for "other instruments" for clarity and consistency in this subchapter. In clause (1), the words "of the time and date of" before "recordation" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. In clause (2), before subclause (A), the words "in files to be kept for that purpose" are omitted as unnecessary. In subclause (A), the words "location specified in a lease or instrument recorded under subsection (a)(2)(C) or (D) of this section" are substituted for "in the case of an instrument referred to in subsection (a)(3) of this section, the location or locations specified therein" for clarity and consistency in this subchapter.

**2004**—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 108–297, §3(a)(1), substituted "550" for "750".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 108–297, §3(a)(2), substituted "paragraph (1) or (2)" for "clause (1) or (2) of this subsection".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 108–297, §3(b), added subsec. (e).

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–297 effective Mar. 1, 2006, and not applicable to any registration or recordation that was made before such date under this chapter or any legal rights relating to such registration or recordation, see section 7 of Pub. L. 108–297, set out as a note under section 44101 of this title.

(a)

(1) the person making the conveyance, lease, or instrument;

(2) that person's heirs and devisees; and

(3) a person having actual notice of the conveyance, lease, or instrument.

(b)

(1) a lease or instrument recorded under section 44107(a)(2)(A) or (B) of this title is valid for a specifically identified engine or propeller without regard to a lease or instrument previously or subsequently recorded under section 44107(a)(2)(C) or (D); and

(2) a lease or instrument recorded under section 44107(a)(2)(C) or (D) of this title is valid only for items at the location designated in the lease or instrument.

(c)

(2) This subsection does not take precedence over the Convention on the International Recognition of Rights in Aircraft (4 U.S.T. 1830) or the Cape Town Treaty, as applicable.

(d)

(1) a conveyance described in section 44107(a)(1) of this title that was made before August 22, 1938; or

(2) a lease or instrument described in section 44107(a)(2) of this title that was made before June 20, 1948.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1165; Pub. L. 108–297, §5, Aug. 9, 2004, 118 Stat. 1097.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44108(a) | 49 App.:1403(c) (less words after semicolon). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §503(c), 72 Stat. 773. |

44108(b) | 49 App.:1403(d). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §503(d), 72 Stat. 773; July 8, 1959, Pub. L. 86–81, §3, 73 Stat. 181. |

44108(c)(1) | 49 App.:1406. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §506; added June 30, 1964, Pub. L. 88–346, §1(a), 78 Stat. 236. |

44108(c)(2) | 49 App.:1406 (note). | June 30, 1964, Pub. L. 88–346, §1(c), 78 Stat. 236. |

44108(d) | 49 App.:1403(c) (words after semicolon). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "conveyance, lease, or instrument executed for security purposes" are substituted for "conveyance or instrument" for clarity and consistency in this subchapter. The words "in respect of such aircraft, aircraft engine or engines, propellers, appliances, or spare parts" are omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:1403(c) (proviso words before semicolon) is omitted because of section 7(d) of this bill. In clause (1), the words "person making the conveyance, lease, or instrument" are substituted for "the person by whom the conveyance or other instrument is made or given" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in this subchapter.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "When a conveyance, lease, or instrument is recorded under section 44107 of this title . . . from the date of filing" are substituted for "Each conveyance or other instrument recorded by means of or under the system provided for in subsection (a) or (b) of the section shall from the time of its filing for recordation" for clarity and consistency in this subchapter and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the words "is valid" are substituted for "*Provided*, That . . . shall not be affected" for consistency in this subchapter. The words "or engines . . . or propellers" are omitted because of 1:1. In clause (2), the words "is valid" are substituted for "shall be effective" for consistency in this subchapter. The words "for items at the location designated in the lease or instrument" are substituted for "which may from time to time be situated at the designated location or locations and only while so situated" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "conveyance, lease, or" are added for consistency in this subchapter. The words "the conveyance, lease, or instrument" are substituted for "therein", and the words "it is presumed" are substituted for "it shall constitute presumptive evidence", for clarity.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "lease or instrument" are substituted for "instrument" for clarity and consistency in this subchapter.

**2004**—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 108–297 inserted "or the Cape Town Treaty, as applicable" before period at end.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–297 effective Mar. 1, 2006, and not applicable to any registration or recordation that was made before such date under this chapter or any legal rights relating to such registration or recordation, see section 7 of Pub. L. 108–297, set out as a note under section 44101 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) shall prescribe regulations that establish guidelines for exempting a person or class from subsection (a) of this section; and

(2) may exempt a person or class under the regulations.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1166.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44109(a) | 49 App.:1509(f). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1109(f); added Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §3401(d)(1), 100 Stat. 3207–101. |

44109(b) | 49 App.:1509 (note). | Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §3401(d)(2), 100 Stat. 3207–102. |


In subsection (a), the text of 49 App.:1509(f) (last sentence) is omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "Within 30 days after the date of enactment of subsection (f) of section 1109 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 as added by this subsection" are omitted as obsolete.

The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may provide by regulation for—

(1) endorsing information on each certificate of registration issued under section 44103 of this title and each certificate issued under section 44704 of this title about ownership of the aircraft for which each certificate is issued; and

(2) recording transactions affecting an interest in, and for other records, proceedings, and details necessary to decide the rights of a party related to, a civil aircraft of the United States, aircraft engine, propeller, appliance, or spare part.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1166.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44110 | 49 App.:1403(g). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §503(g), 72 Stat. 774. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |


In clause (1), the words "each certificate of registration issued under section 44103 of this title and each certificate issued under section 44704 of this title" are substituted for "certificates of registration, or aircraft certificates" for clarity and because of the restatement.

In clause (2), the words "recording transactions" are substituted for "recording of discharges and satisfactions of recorded instruments, and other transactions" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "title to" are omitted as being included in "interest in". The words "to decide" are substituted for "to facilitate the determination" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "related to" are substituted for "dealing with" for clarity. The word "spare" is added for consistency in this section.

(a)

(b)

(1) buyers and sellers of aircraft;

(2) officials responsible for enforcing laws related to the regulation of controlled substances (as defined in section 102 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 U.S.C. 802)); and

(3) other users of the system.

(c)

(1) may include a system of titling aircraft or registering all aircraft, even aircraft not operated;

(2) shall ensure positive, verifiable, and timely identification of the true owner; and

(3) shall address at least each of the following deficiencies in and abuses of the existing system:

(A) the registration of aircraft to fictitious persons.

(B) the use of false or nonexistent addresses by persons registering aircraft.

(C) the use by a person registering an aircraft of a post office box or "mail drop" as a return address to evade identification of the person's address.

(D) the registration of aircraft to entities established to facilitate unlawful activities.

(E) the submission of names of individuals on applications for registration of aircraft that are not identifiable.

(F) the ability to make frequent legal changes in the registration markings assigned to aircraft.

(G) the use of false registration markings on aircraft.

(H) the illegal use of "reserved" registration markings on aircraft.

(I) the large number of aircraft classified as being in "self-reported status".

(J) the lack of a system to ensure timely and adequate notice of the transfer of ownership of aircraft.

(K) the practice of allowing temporary operation and navigation of aircraft without the issuance of a certificate of registration.

(d)

(2) Regulations prescribed under this subsection shall require that—

(A) each individual listed in an application for registration of an aircraft provide with the application the individual's driver's license number; and

(B) each person (not an individual) listed in an application for registration of an aircraft provide with the application the person's taxpayer identifying number.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1166; Pub. L. 114–125, title VIII, §802(d)(2), Feb. 24, 2016, 130 Stat. 210.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44111(a) | 49 App.:1303 (note). | Nov. 11, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7214, 102 Stat. 4434. |

44111(b) | 49 App.:1401(h) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §501(h); added Nov. 11, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7203(a), 102 Stat. 4424. |

44111(c) | 49 App.:1401(h) (last sentence). | |

44111(d) | 49 App.:1401 (note). | Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7207(a), (b), 102 Stat. 4427. |


In subsection (c)(3)(D), the words "corporations and others" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "Not later than September 18, 1989" and "final" are omitted as obsolete. The words "Administrator of Drug Enforcement" are substituted for "Drug Enforcement Administration of the Department of Justice" because of section 5(a) of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973 (eff. July 1, 1973, 87 Stat. 1092).

"Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection" substituted for "Commissioner of Customs" in subsec. (d)(1) on authority of section 802(d)(2) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the United States Customs Service of the Department of the Treasury, including functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 203(1), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. For establishment of U.S. Customs and Border Protection in the Department of Homeland Security, treated as if included in Pub. L. 107–296 as of Nov. 25, 2002, see section 211 of Title 6, as amended generally by Pub. L. 114–125, and section 802(b) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6.

Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7207(d), (e), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4428, provided that:

"(d)

"(1) The status of the rulemaking process, issuance of regulations, and implementation of regulations in accordance with this section [see subsec. (d) of this section].

"(2) The progress being made in reducing the number of aircraft classified by the Federal Aviation Administration as being in 'sale-reported status'.

"(3) The progress being made in expediting the filing and processing of forms for major repairs and alterations of fuel tanks and fuel systems of aircraft.

"(4) The status of establishing and collecting fees under section 313(f) of the Federal Aviation Act [see section 45302(b) of this title].

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7210, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4432, provided that: "Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this subtitle [Nov. 18, 1988] and annually thereafter during the 3-year period beginning on such 180th day, the Administrator shall prepare and transmit to Congress a report on the following:

"(1) The progress made in establishing a process for provision of informational assistance by such Administration to officials of Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies.

"(2) The progress made in establishing a process for effectively pursuing suspensions and revocations of certificates of registration and airman certificates in accordance with the amendments made to the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 by the Aviation Drug-Trafficking Control Act [Pub. L. 98–499, see Tables for classification], section 3401 of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 [Pub. L. 99–570], and this subtitle [subtitle E (§§7201–7214) of title VII of Pub. L. 100–690].

"(3) The efforts of such Administration in assessing and defining the appropriate relationship of such Administration's informational assistance resources (including the El Paso Intelligence Center and the Law Enforcement Assistance Unit of the Aeronautical Center of such Administration).

"(4) The progress made in issuing guidelines on (A) the reporting of aviation sensitive drug-related information, and (B) the development, in coordination with the Drug Enforcement Administration of the Department of Justice and the United States Customs Service, of training and educational policies to assist employees of such Administration to better understand (i) the trafficking of controlled substances (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act [21 U.S.C. 802]), and (ii) the role of such Administration with respect to such trafficking.

"(5) The progress made in improving and expanding such Administration's role in the El Paso Intelligence Center."

Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7211(b), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4433, provided that: "No information collection requests necessary to carry out the objectives of this subtitle [subtitle E (§§7201–7214) of title VI of Pub. L. 100–690, see Tables for classification] (including the amendments made by this subtitle) shall be subject to or affect, directly or indirectly, the annual information collection budget goals established for the Federal Aviation Administration and the Department of Transportation under chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code."

(a)

(1) "lessor" means a person leasing for at least 30 days a civil aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller.

(2) "owner" means a person that owns a civil aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller.

(3) "secured party" means a person having a security interest in, or security title to, a civil aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller under a conditional sales contract, equipment trust contract, chattel or corporate mortgage, or similar instrument.

(b)

(1) the aircraft, engine, or propeller; or

(2) the flight of, or an object falling from, the aircraft, engine, or propeller.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1167; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §514, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3358.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44112 | 49 App.:1404. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §504, 72 Stat. 774; restated July 8, 1959, Pub. L. 86–81, §2, 73 Stat. 180. |


In subsection (a), clauses (1) and (3) are derived from 49 App.:1404 (2d–57th words). Clause (2) is added for clarity. In clause (1), the words "bona fide" are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the word "nature" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "personal injury, death" are substituted for "any injury to or death of persons", and the words "on land or water" are substituted for "on the surface of the earth (whether on land or water)", to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (2), the words "ascent, descent, or" and "dropping or" are omitted as surplus.

**2018**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, in introductory provisions, struck out "on land or water" before "only when" and inserted "operational" before "control".

In this chapter, the following definitions apply:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 108–297, §6(a), Aug. 9, 2004, 118 Stat. 1097.)

Section effective Mar. 1, 2006, and not applicable to any registration or recordation that was made before such date under this chapter or any legal rights relating to such registration or recordation, see section 7 of Pub. L. 108–297, set out as an Effective Date of 2004 Amendment note under section 44101 of this title.


**2022**—Pub. L. 117–328, div. Q, §103(c), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5252, added item 44302a.

In this chapter—

(1) "aircraft manufacturer" means any company or other business entity, the majority ownership and control of which is by United States citizens, that manufactures aircraft or aircraft engines.

(2) "American aircraft" means—

(A) a civil aircraft of the United States; and

(B) an aircraft owned or chartered by, or made available to—

(i) the United States Government; or

(ii) a State, the District of Columbia, a territory or possession of the United States, or a political subdivision of the State, territory, or possession.

(3) "insurance carrier" means a person authorized to do aviation insurance business in a State, including a mutual or stock insurance company and a reciprocal insurance association.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1168; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §106(a)(2), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2498.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44301 | 49 App.:1531. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1301, 72 Stat. 800; restated Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §1(a), 91 Stat. 1278. |


In this section, the text of 49 App.:1531(3) is omitted as surplus because the complete name of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section.

In clause (1)(B)(i), the words "United States Government" are substituted for "United States or any department or agency thereof" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In clause (1)(B)(ii), the words "the government of" are omitted for consistency in the revised title.

In clause (2), the words "insurance company" are omitted as being included in "insurance carrier". The words "means a person" are added because they are inclusive. The words "group or association" are omitted as being included in "person". The word "State" is substituted for "State of the United States" to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–176 added par. (1) and redesignated former pars. (1) and (2) as (2) and (3), respectively.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(2) An aircraft may be insured or reinsured for not more than its reasonable value as determined by the Secretary in accordance with reasonable business practices in the commercial aviation insurance industry. Insurance or reinsurance may be provided only when the Secretary decides that the insurance cannot be obtained on reasonable terms from an insurance carrier.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1)

(2)

(A) in no event shall the total premium paid by the air carrier for the policy, as amended, be more than twice the premium that the air carrier was paying to the Department of Transportation for its third party policy as of June 19, 2002; and

(B) the coverage in such policy shall begin with the first dollar of any covered loss that is incurred.

(g)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1168; Pub. L. 105–137, §2(a), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2640; Pub. L. 107–42, title II, §201(a), Sept. 22, 2001, 115 Stat. 234; Pub. L. 107–296, title XII, §1202, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2286; Pub. L. 108–11, title IV, §4001(a), Apr. 16, 2003, 117 Stat. 606; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §106(a)(1), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2498; Pub. L. 108–447, div. H, title I, §106(a), Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3204; Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title I, §108(a), Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2402; Pub. L. 110–161, div. K, title I, §114(a), Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2381; Pub. L. 110–253, §3(c)(6), June 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2418; Pub. L. 110–330, §5(c), Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3718; Pub. L. 111–12, §5(b), Mar. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 1458; Pub. L. 111–69, §5(c), Oct. 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 2055; Pub. L. 111–116, §5(b), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3032; Pub. L. 111–117, div. A, title I, §114(a), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3042; Pub. L. 111–153, §5(b), Mar. 31, 2010, 124 Stat. 1085; Pub. L. 111–161, §5(b), Apr. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1127; Pub. L. 111–197, §5(b), July 2, 2010, 124 Stat. 1354; Pub. L. 111–216, title I, §104(b), Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2349; Pub. L. 111–249, §5(c), Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2628; Pub. L. 111–329, §5(b), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3567; Pub. L. 112–7, §5(b), Mar. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 32; Pub. L. 112–16, §5(b), May 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 219; Pub. L. 112–21, §5(b), June 29, 2011, 125 Stat. 234; Pub. L. 112–27, §5(b), Aug. 5, 2011, 125 Stat. 271; Pub. L. 112–30, title II, §205(c), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 358; Pub. L. 112–91, §5(c), Jan. 31, 2012, 126 Stat. 4; Pub. L. 112–95, title VII, §701, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 118; Pub. L. 113–46, div. A, §152, Oct. 17, 2013, 127 Stat. 565; Pub. L. 113–76, div. L, title I, §119E(a), Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 582; Pub. L. 113–164, §148(a), Sept. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 1874; Pub. L. 113–235, div. L, §102(a), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2767.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44302(a) | 49 App.:1532(a)(1) (less words between 1st and 3d commas), (3). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1302(a), 72 Stat. 801; restated Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §2, 91 Stat. 1278; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §401(b), 106 Stat. 4897. |

49 App.:1537(a) (last sentence words between 2d and 3d commas). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1307(a) (last sentence words between 2d and 3d commas), 72 Stat. 804; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(b), 98 Stat. 1706. | |

44302(b) | 49 App.:1532(a)(1) (words between 1st and 2d commas), (2). | |

44302(c) | 49 App.:1532(a)(1) (words between 2d and 3d commas). | |

44302(d) | 49 App.:1541. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1311, 72 Stat. 806. |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "Subject to subsection (b) of this section" are added, and the words "American aircraft or foreign-flag aircraft" are substituted for "aircraft" in 49 App.:1532(a), for clarity. The words "in the manner and to the extent provided by this subchapter" are omitted as unnecessary. The words "Insurance shall be issued under this subchapter only to cover any risk from the operation of an aircraft . . . such aircraft is" are omitted because of the restatement. In clause (B), the word "places" is substituted for "points" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "An aircraft may be insured or reinsured for not more than" are substituted for "and such stated amount shall not exceed" in 49 App.:1537(a) for clarity and because of the restatement. The words "its reasonable value" are substituted for "an amount . . . to represent the fair and reasonable value of the aircraft" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "Insurance or reinsurance may be provided only" are added because of the restatement. The word "conditions" is omitted as being included in "terms".

In subsection (b), the words "The Secretary may provide insurance or reinsurance under subsection (a) of this section only with the approval of the President" are substituted for "with the approval of the President" for clarity and because of the restatement. The words "The President may" are substituted for "The President shall" because the authority of the President is discretionary.

In subsection (c), the words "the Secretary to consult . . . before providing insurance or reinsurance under this chapter" are substituted for "and after such consultation . . . as" because of the restatement. The words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities" are substituted for "agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (d), the words "However, the Secretary may not benefit from the additional insurance" are substituted for "in that event, the Secretary shall not be entitled to the benefit of such insurance" for clarity.

The date of enactment of this paragraph, referred to in subsec. (b)(4), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 107–42, which was approved Sept. 22, 2001.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (f)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 107–296, which was approved Nov. 25, 2002.

**2014**—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 113–235 substituted "December 11, 2014" for "the date specified in section 106(3) of the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2015".

Pub. L. 113–164 substituted "the date specified in section 106(3) of the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2015" for "September 30, 2014".

Pub. L. 113–76 substituted "September 30, 2014" for "the date specified in section 106(3) of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014".

**2013**—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 113–46 substituted "the date specified in section 106(3) of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014" for "September 30, 2013, and may extend through December 31, 2013".

**2012**—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 112–95 substituted "shall extend through September 30, 2013, and may extend through December 31, 2013, the termination date" for "shall extend through February 17, 2012, and may extend through May 17, 2012, the termination date".

Pub. L. 112–91 substituted "February 17, 2012," for "January 31, 2012," and "May 17, 2012," for "April 30, 2012,".

**2011**—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 112–30 substituted "January 31, 2012," for "September 16, 2011," and "April 30, 2012," for "December 31, 2011,".

Pub. L. 112–27 substituted "September 16, 2011," for "July 22, 2011," and "December 31, 2011," for "October 31, 2011,".

Pub. L. 112–21 substituted "July 22, 2011," for "June 30, 2011," and "October 31, 2011," for "September 30, 2011,".

Pub. L. 112–16 substituted "June 30, 2011," for "May 31, 2011," and "September 30, 2011," for "August 31, 2011,".

Pub. L. 112–7 substituted "May 31, 2011," for "March 31, 2011," and "August 31, 2011," for "June 30, 2011,".

**2010**—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 111–329, §5(b), substituted "March 31, 2011," for "December 31, 2010," and "June 30, 2011," for "March 31, 2011,".

Pub. L. 111–249 substituted "December 31, 2010," for "September 30, 2010," and "March 31, 2011," for "December 31, 2010,".

Pub. L. 111–216 substituted "September 30, 2010," for "August 1, 2010," and "December 31, 2010," for "October 31, 2010,".

Pub. L. 111–197 substituted "August 1, 2010," for "July 3, 2010," and "October 31, 2010," for "September 30, 2010,".

Pub. L. 111–161 substituted "July 3, 2010," for "April 30, 2010," and "September 30, 2010," for "July 31, 2010,".

Pub. L. 111–153 substituted "April 30, 2010," for "March 31, 2010," and "July 31, 2010," for "June 30, 2010,".

**2009**—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 111–117, which directed the substitution of "September 30, 2010," for "September 30, 2009," and "December 31, 2010," for "December 31, 2009,", could not be executed because of the intervening amendment by Pub. L. 111–69. See below.

Pub. L. 111–116 substituted "March 31, 2010," for "December 31, 2009," and "June 30, 2010," for "March 31, 2010,".

Pub. L. 111–69 substituted "December 31, 2009," for "September 30, 2009," and "March 31, 2010," for "December 31, 2009,".

Pub. L. 111–12 substituted "September 30, 2009," for "March 31, 2009," and "December 31, 2009," for "May 31, 2009,".

**2008**—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 110–330 substituted "March 31, 2009," for "November 30, 2008," and "May 31, 2009," for "December 31, 2008,".

Pub. L. 110–253 substituted "November 30, 2008" for "August 31, 2008".

**2007**—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 110–161 substituted "2008" for "2006" in two places.

**2005**—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 109–115 substituted "2006" for "2005" in two places.

**2004**—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 108–447 substituted "2005" for "2004" in two places.

**2003**—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 108–11, substituted "2004" for "2003" in two places.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 108–176 added subsec. (g).

**2002**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 107–296 added subsec. (f).

**2001**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107–42, §201(a)(1), substituted "subsection (c)" for "subsection (b)" and "foreign-flag aircraft." for "foreign-flag aircraft—" and struck out subpars. (A) and (B) which read as follows:

"(A) in foreign air commerce; or

"(B) between at least 2 places, all of which are outside the United States."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–42, §201(a)(3), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (c).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–42, §201(a)(2), (4), redesignated subsec. (b) as (c), in first sentence inserted ", or reimburse an air carrier under subsection (b) of this section," before "only with the approval", and in second sentence inserted "or the reimbursement" before "only after deciding" and "in the interest of air commerce or national security or" before "to carry out the foreign policy". Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–42, §201(a)(2), (5), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d) and inserted "or reimbursing an air carrier" before "under this chapter". Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107–42, §201(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (d) as (e).

**1997**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 105–137 substituted "as determined by the Secretary in accordance with reasonable business practices in the commercial aviation insurance industry." for "as determined by the Secretary."

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–27 effective July 23, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–27, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–21 effective July 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–21, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–16 effective June 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–16, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–7 effective Apr. 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–7, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–329 effective Jan. 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–329, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–249 effective Oct. 1, 2010, see section 5(l) of Pub. L. 111–249, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–216 effective Aug. 2, 2010, see section 104(j) of Pub. L. 111–216, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–197 effective July 4, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–197, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–161 effective May 1, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–161, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–153 effective Apr. 1, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–153, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–116 effective Jan. 1, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–116, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–12 effective Apr. 1, 2009, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–12, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–330 effective Oct. 1, 2008, see section 5(l) of Pub. L. 110–330, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–253 effective July 1, 2008, see section 3(d) of Pub. L. 110–253, set out as a note under section 9502 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Pub. L. 109–289, div. B, title II, §21002(a), as added by Pub. L. 110–5, §2, Feb. 15, 2007, 121 Stat. 47, provided that subsec. (f)(1) of this section would be applied by substituting "September 30, 2007" for "August 31, 2006, and may extend through December 31, 2006".

Determination of President of the United States, No. 94–39, July 26, 1994, 59 F.R. 38551, provided:

By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the United States, including 3 U.S.C. 301 and 49 U.S.C. 44302, I hereby:

(1) determine that continuation of authorized humanitarian relief air services to Haiti is necessary to carry out the foreign policy of the United States;

(2) approve provision by the Secretary of Transportation of insurance against loss or damage arising out of any risk from the operation of an aircraft in the manner and to the extent provided in 49 U.S.C. 44301–44310, whenever he determines that such insurance cannot be obtained on reasonable terms and conditions from any company authorized to conduct an insurance business in a State of the United States;

(3) delegate to the Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the authority vested in me by 49 U.S.C. 44302(b) [now 44302(c)], for purposes of responding to the current crisis in Haiti; and

(4) delegate to the Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the authority vested in me by 49 U.S.C. 44306(b) [now 44306(c)] for purposes of responding to the current crisis in Haiti.

The Secretary of Transportation is directed to bring this determination immediately to the attention of all air carriers within the meaning of 49 U.S.C. 40102(a)(2), and to arrange for its publication in the Federal Register.

William J. Clinton.

Memorandum for the Secretary of Transportation

Memorandum of President of the United States, Dec. 27, 2013, 79 F.R. 527, provided:

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, including 49 U.S.C. 44301–44310, I hereby:

1. Determine that the continuation of U.S. air transportation is necessary in the interest of air commerce, national security, and the foreign policy of the United States.

2. Approve provision by the Secretary of Transportation of insurance or reinsurance to U.S.-certificated air carriers against loss or damage arising out of any risk from the operation of an aircraft, in the manner and to the extent provided in chapter 443 of title 49, United States Code, until January 15, 2014, if he determines that such insurance or reinsurance cannot be obtained on reasonable terms from any company authorized to conduct an insurance business in a State of the United States.

3. Delegate to the Secretary of Transportation the authority, vested in me by 49 U.S.C. 44306(c), to extend this approval and determination through December 31, 2014, or until any date prior to December 31, 2014, provided that the Congress further extends the date contained in section 44310 and further provided that he not use this delegation to extend this determination and approval beyond the dates authorized under any such provision of law with an ending effective date prior to December 31, 2014.

You are directed to bring this determination immediately to the attention of all air carriers, as defined in 49 U.S.C. 40102(a)(2), and to arrange for its publication in the Federal Register.

Barack Obama.

Prior Presidential documents related to provision of insurance to U.S.-flag commercial air service were contained in the following:

Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 27, 2012, 77 F.R. 60035.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 28, 2011, 76 F.R. 61247.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 29, 2010, 75 F.R. 61033.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Aug. 21, 2009, 74 F.R. 43617.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Dec. 23, 2008, 73 F.R. 79589.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Dec. 27, 2007, 73 F.R. 1813.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Dec. 21, 2006, 71 F.R. 77243.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Dec. 22, 2005, 70 F.R. 76669.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2005–15, Dec. 21, 2004, 69 F.R. 77607.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2004–13, Dec. 11, 2003, 69 F.R. 5237.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 01–29, Sept. 23, 2001, 66 F.R. 49075.

(a)

(b)

(1) may not be issued unless the insurance carrier of the air carrier has unilaterally terminated the air carrier's war risk liability coverage pursuant to—

(A) notice under the policy;

(B) an endorsement to the policy; or

(C) an automatic termination provision in the policy or any endorsement thereto; and

(2) may cover hull, comprehensive, and third party liability risks.

(c)

(d)

(1) shall be exempt from the requirements of section 44302(c); and

(2) may provide coverage to the extent allowed under section 44303, as determined by the Secretary, notwithstanding any determination by the President in subsection (a)(1) of such section.

(Added Pub. L. 117–328, div. Q, §103(a), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5252.)

(a)

(1) an American aircraft or foreign-flag aircraft engaged in aircraft operations the President decides are necessary in the interest of air commerce or national security or to carry out the foreign policy of the United States Government.

(2) property transported or to be transported on aircraft referred to in clause (1) of this section, including—

(A) shipments by express or registered mail;

(B) property owned by citizens or residents of the United States;

(C) property—

(i) imported to, or exported from, the United States; and

(ii) bought or sold by a citizen or resident of the United States under a contract putting the risk of loss or obligation to provide insurance against risk of loss on the citizen or resident; and

(D) property transported between—

(i) a place in a State or the District of Columbia and a place in a territory or possession of the United States;

(ii) a place in a territory or possession of the United States and a place in another territory or possession of the United States; or

(iii) 2 places in the same territory or possession of the United States.

(3) the personal effects and baggage of officers and members of the crew of an aircraft referred to in clause (1) of this section and of other individuals employed or transported on that aircraft.

(4) officers and members of the crew of an aircraft referred to in clause (1) of this section and other individuals employed or transported on that aircraft against loss of life, injury, or detention.

(5) statutory or contractual obligations or other liabilities, customarily covered by insurance, of an aircraft referred to in clause (1) of this section or of the owner or operator of that aircraft.

(6) loss or damage of an aircraft manufacturer resulting from operation of an aircraft by an air carrier and involving war or terrorism.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1169; Pub. L. 107–42, title II, §201(b)(1), Sept. 22, 2001, 115 Stat. 235; Pub. L. 107–296, title XII, §1201, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2286; Pub. L. 108–11, title IV, §4001(b), Apr. 16, 2003, 117 Stat. 606; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §106(a)(3), (b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2499; Pub. L. 108–447, div. H, title I, §106(b), Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3204; Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title I, §108(b), Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2402; Pub. L. 110–161, div. K, title I, §114(b), Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2381; Pub. L. 110–253, §3(c)(7), June 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2418; Pub. L. 110–330, §5(d), Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3718; Pub. L. 111–12, §5(c), Mar. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 1458; Pub. L. 111–69, §5(d), Oct. 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 2055; Pub. L. 111–116, §5(c), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3032; Pub. L. 111–117, div. A, title I, §114(b), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3043; Pub. L. 111–153, §5(c), Mar. 31, 2010, 124 Stat. 1085; Pub. L. 111–161, §5(c), Apr. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1127; Pub. L. 111–197, §5(c), July 2, 2010, 124 Stat. 1354; Pub. L. 111–216, title I, §104(c), Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2349; Pub. L. 111–249, §5(d), Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2628; Pub. L. 111–329, §5(c), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3567; Pub. L. 112–7, §5(c), Mar. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 32; Pub. L. 112–16, §5(c), May 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 219; Pub. L. 112–21, §5(c), June 29, 2011, 125 Stat. 234; Pub. L. 112–27, §5(c), Aug. 5, 2011, 125 Stat. 271; Pub. L. 112–30, title II, §205(d), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 358; Pub. L. 112–91, §5(d), Jan. 31, 2012, 126 Stat. 4; Pub. L. 112–95, title VII, §702, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 118; Pub. L. 113–46, div. A, §153, Oct. 17, 2013, 127 Stat. 565; Pub. L. 113–76, div. L, title I, §119E(b), Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 582; Pub. L. 113–164, §148(b), Sept. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 1874; Pub. L. 113–235, div. L, §102(b), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2767; Pub. L. 117–328, div. Q, §103(b)(1), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5252.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44303 | 49 App.:1533. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1303, 72 Stat. 801; restated Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §3, 91 Stat. 1279. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "persons, property, or interest" are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (2), the word "property" is substituted for "Cargoes" and "air cargoes" for consistency in the revised title. In clause (2)(B) and (C), the words "its territories, or possessions" are omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of "United States" in section 40102(a) of the revised title. In clause (2)(C)(ii), the word "contract" is substituted for "contracts of sale or purchase", and the words "putting . . . on" are substituted for "is assumed by or falls upon", to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (2)(D), the word "place" is substituted for "point" for consistency in the revised title. In subclause (i), the words "a State or the District of Columbia" are substituted for "the United States" for clarity and consistency because the definition of "United States" in section 40102(a) of the revised title is too broad for the context of the clause. The definition in section 40102(a) includes territories and possession and would therefore overlap with subclauses (ii) and (iii). In subclause (iii), the words "2 places in the same territory or possession of the United States" are substituted for "any point in any such territory or possession and any other point in the same territory or possession" for clarity. In clauses (3) and (4), the word "individuals" is substituted for "persons" as being more appropriate. The words "captains" and "pilots" are omitted as being included in "officers and members of the crew".

The text of section 201(b)(2) of Pub. L. 107–42, which was transferred and redesignated so as to appear as subsec. (b) of this section and amended by Pub. L. 107–296, was based on Pub. L. 107–42, title II, §201(b)(2), Sept. 22, 2001, 115 Stat. 235, formerly included in a note set out under section 40101 of this title.

**2022**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–328 substituted "sections 44302 and 44302a" for "section 44302" in introductory provisions.

**2014**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–235 substituted "December 11, 2014" for "the date specified in section 106(3) of the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2015".

Pub. L. 113–164 substituted "the date specified in section 106(3) of the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2015" for "September 30, 2014".

Pub. L. 113–76 substituted "September 30, 2014" for "the date specified in section 106(3) of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014".

**2013**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–46 substituted "the date specified in section 106(3) of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014" for "December 31, 2013".

**2012**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–95 substituted "ending on December 31, 2013, the Secretary may certify" for "ending on May 17, 2012, the Secretary may certify".

Pub. L. 112–91 substituted "May 17, 2012," for "April 30, 2012,".

**2011**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–30 substituted "April 30, 2012," for "December 31, 2011,".

Pub. L. 112–27 substituted "December 31, 2011," for "October 31, 2011,".

Pub. L. 112–21 substituted "October 31, 2011," for "September 30, 2011,".

Pub. L. 112–16 substituted "September 30, 2011," for "August 31, 2011,".

Pub. L. 112–7 substituted "August 31, 2011," for "June 30, 2011,".

**2010**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 111–329 substituted "June 30, 2011," for "March 31, 2011,".

Pub. L. 111–249 substituted "March 31, 2011," for "December 31, 2010,".

Pub. L. 111–216 substituted "December 31, 2010," for "October 31, 2010,".

Pub. L. 111–197 substituted "October 31, 2010," for "September 30, 2010,".

Pub. L. 111–161 substituted "September 30, 2010," for "July 31, 2010,".

Pub. L. 111–153 substituted "July 31, 2010," for "June 30, 2010,".

**2009**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 111–117, which directed the substitution of "December 31, 2010," for "December 31, 2009,", could not be executed due to the intervening amendment by Pub. L. 111–69. See below.

Pub. L. 111–116 substituted "June 30, 2010," for "March 31, 2010,".

Pub. L. 111–69 substituted "March 31, 2010," for "December 31, 2009,".

Pub. L. 111–12 substituted "December 31, 2009," for "May 31, 2009,".

**2008**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–330 substituted "May 31, 2009," for "March 31, 2009,".

Pub. L. 110–253 substituted "March 31, 2009" for "December 31, 2008".

**2007**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–161 substituted "2008," for "2006,".

**2005**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–115 substituted "2006" for "2005".

**2004**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–447 substituted "2005" for "2004'.

**2003**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–176, §106(a)(3)(A), substituted "

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 108–176, §106(a)(3)(B), added par. (6).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–176, §106(b), inserted at end "The Secretary may extend the provisions of this subsection to an aircraft manufacturer (as defined in section 44301) of the aircraft of the air carrier involved."

Pub. L. 108–11 substituted "2004" for "2003".

**2002**—Pub. L. 107–296 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, transferred and redesignated the text of section 201(b)(2) of Pub. L. 107–42 so as to appear as subsec. (b), in heading substituted "Air Carrier Liability for Third Party Claims Arising Out of Acts of Terrorism" for "Discretion of the Secretary", and in text substituted "the period beginning on September 22, 2001, and ending on December 31, 2003, the Secretary" for "the 180-day period following the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Transportation" and "this subsection" for "this paragraph". See Codification note above.

**2001**—Pub. L. 107–42, §201(b)(1)(A), inserted ", or reimburse insurance costs, as" after "insurance and reinsurance" in introductory provisions.

Par. (1). Pub. L. 107–42, §201(b)(1)(B), inserted "in the interest of air commerce or national security or" before "to carry out the foreign policy".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–27 effective July 23, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–27, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–21 effective July 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–21, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–16 effective June 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–16, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–7 effective Apr. 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–7, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–329 effective Jan. 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–329, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–249 effective Oct. 1, 2010, see section 5(l) of Pub. L. 111–249, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–216 effective Aug. 2, 2010, see section 104(j) of Pub. L. 111–216, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–197 effective July 4, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–197, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–161 effective May 1, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–161, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–153 effective Apr. 1, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–153, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–116 effective Jan. 1, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–116, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–12 effective Apr. 1, 2009, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–12, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–330 effective Oct. 1, 2008, see section 5(l) of Pub. L. 110–330, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–253 effective July 1, 2008, see section 3(d) of Pub. L. 110–253, set out as a note under section 9502 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Pub. L. 109–289, div. B, title II, §21002(b), as added by Pub. L. 110–5, §2, Feb. 15, 2007, 121 Stat. 48, provided that subsec. (b) of this section would be applied by substituting "September 30, 2007" for "December 31, 2006".

To the extent the Secretary of Transportation is authorized to provide insurance under this chapter, the Secretary may reinsure any part of the insurance provided by an insurance carrier. The Secretary may reinsure with, transfer to, or transfer back to, any insurance carrier any insurance or reinsurance provided by the Secretary under this chapter.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1169; Pub. L. 107–42, title II, §201(c), Sept. 22, 2001, 115 Stat. 235; Pub. L. 112–95, title VII, §703, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 118.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44304(a) | 49 App.:1535(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1305, 72 Stat. 802; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §4(a), 91 Stat. 1279. |

44304(b) | 49 App.:1535(b). |


In subsection (a), the words "may reinsure any part of the insurance provided by an insurance carrier" are substituted for "may reinsure, in whole or in part, any company authorized to do an insurance business" for clarity and consistency with source provisions restated in this subchapter and the definition of "insurance carrier" in section 44301 of the revised title. The words "transfer to, or transfer back to" are substituted for "cede or retrocede to" for clarity.

In subsection (b), the word "same" is omitted as being included in "similar". The words "on account of the cost of" are omitted as surplus. The word "providing" is substituted for "rendered" and "furnished" because it is inclusive. The words "except for" are substituted for "but such allowance to the carrier shall not provide for" to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–95 substituted "any insurance carrier" for "the carrier".

**2001**—Pub. L. 107–42 struck out subsec. (a) designation and heading "General Authority" and struck out subsec. (b) which read as follows:

"(b)

(a)

(1) insurance under this chapter, including insurance for risks from operating an aircraft in intrastate or interstate air commerce, but not including insurance on valuables subject to sections 17302 and 17303 of title 40; and

(2) insurance for risks arising from providing goods or services directly related to and necessary for operating an aircraft covered by insurance obtained under clause (1) of this subsection if the aircraft is operated—

(A) in carrying out a contract of the department, agency, or instrumentality; or

(B) to transport military forces or materiel on behalf of the United States under an agreement between the Government and the government of a foreign country.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1170; Pub. L. 105–137, §3, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2640; Pub. L. 107–42, title II, §201(e), Sept. 22, 2001, 115 Stat. 236; Pub. L. 107–217, §3(n)(6), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1303.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44305 | 49 App.:1534. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1304, 72 Stat. 802; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §401(a), 106 Stat. 4897. |


In this section, the words "a department, agency, or instrumentality" are substituted for "Any department or agency" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a)(1), the words "obtain insurance under this chapter" are substituted for "procure from the Secretary any of the insurance provided under this subchapter" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "overseas air commerce" are omitted for the reasons given in the revision note for section 40101.

In subsection (b), the words "or the head of a department, agency, or instrumentality designated by the President" are substituted for "and such other agencies as the President may prescribe" as being more precise and for consistency in the revised title. The words "when the Secretary of Defense or the designated head agrees" are substituted for "in consideration of" for clarity. The words "any designated head" are substituted for "the agreement of . . . such agency" and "such other agencies" for clarity and because of the restatement.

**2002**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107–217 substituted "sections 17302 and 17303 of title 40" for "sections 1 and 2 of the Government Losses in Shipment Act (40 U.S.C. 721, 722)".

**2001**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–42 substituted "44302(c)" for "44302(b)".

**1997**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–137 inserted at end "If such an agreement is countersigned by the President or the President's designee, the agreement shall constitute, for purposes of section 44302(b), a determination that continuation of the aircraft operations to which the agreement applies is necessary to carry out the foreign policy of the United States."

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1170; Pub. L. 105–137, §2(b), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2640; Pub. L. 107–42, title II, §201(d), Sept. 22, 2001, 115 Stat. 235; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §§124(b), 147, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 631, 645; Pub. L. 107–296, title XII, §1203, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2287; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §106(c), (e), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2499.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44306(a) | 49 App.:1532(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1302(b), (c), 72 Stat. 801; restated Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §2, 91 Stat. 1279. |

44306(b) | 49 App.:1532(c). | |

44306(c) | 49 App.:1537(a) (last sentence less words between 2d and 3d commas). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1307(a) (last sentence less words between 2d and 3d commas), 72 Stat. 804; Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §9(b), 98 Stat. 1706. |


In subsection (a), the words "To the extent" are substituted for "insofar as" for consistency.

In subsection (b), the word "initial" is omitted as surplus. The words "The period" are substituted for "Such insurance or reinsurance", and the words "the President decides . . . that the continued operation of the aircraft to be insured or reinsured is necessary to carry out the foreign policy of the United States Government" are substituted for "the President makes the same determination with respect to such extension as he is required to make under paragraph (2) of subsection (a) of this section for the initial provision of such insurance or reinsurance", for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "or reinsured" are added for consistency. The words "to be paid in the event of total loss" are omitted as unnecessary because of the last sentence. The words "A claim under the policy may not be paid for more than that stated amount" are substituted for "the amount of any claim which is compromised, settled, adjusted, or paid shall in no event exceed such stated amount" to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2003**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–176, §106(c), substituted "by the insurance carrier" for "by the air carrier".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–176, §106(e), made technical correction to directory language of Pub. L. 107–71, §124(b). See 2001 Amendment note below.

**2002**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–296 made technical correction to directory language of Pub. L. 107–71, §147. See 2001 Amendment note below.

**2001**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–42, §201(d)(2), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (c).

Subsec. (c). Pub.L. 107–71, §147, as amended by Pub. L. 107–296, substituted "1 year" for "60 days" in two places.

Pub. L. 107–71, §124(b), as amended by Pub. L. 108–176, §106(e), inserted "in the interest of air commerce or national security or" before "to carry out the foreign policy".

Pub. L. 107–42, §201(d)(1), redesignated subsec. (b) as (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–42, §201(d)(1), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d).

**1997**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–137 substituted "as determined by the Secretary in accordance with reasonable business practices in the commercial aviation insurance industry." for "as determined by the Secretary."

Amendment by section 106(c) of Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §106(e), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2499, provided that the amendment made by section 106(e) is effective Nov. 19, 2001.

Pub. L. 107–296, title XII, §1203, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2287, provided that the amendment made by section 1203 is effective Nov. 19, 2001.

Authority of President under subsec. (c) of this section delegated to Secretary of Transportation, with certain conditions, by Memorandum of President of the United States, Dec. 27, 2013, 79 F.R. 527, set out as a note under section 44302 of this title.

(a)

(2) Necessary amounts to carry out this chapter may be appropriated to the fund. The amounts appropriated and other amounts received in carrying out this chapter shall be deposited in the fund.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1170.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44307(a) | 49 App.:1536(a), (b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1306(a)–(d), 72 Stat. 803. |

44307(b) | 49 App.:1536(f). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1306(f); added Aug. 9, 1975, Pub. L. 94–90, §1(a), 89 Stat. 439. |

44307(c) | 49 App.:1536(c). | |

44307(d) | 49 App.:1536(d). |


In subsection (a)(1), the first sentence is added for clarity. The last sentence is substituted for 49 App.:1536(a) (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "The amounts appropriated and other amounts received in carrying out this chapter" are substituted for "Moneys appropriated by Congress to carry out the provisions of this subchapter and all moneys received from premiums, salvage, or other recoveries and all receipts in connection with this subchapter" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), the words "any part" are substituted for "all or any part" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "held in the revolving fund" are omitted as surplus. The words "deposited in" are substituted for "credited to and form a part of" for consistency.

In subsection (d), the words "The Secretary of Transportation shall deposit annually an amount in the Treasury" are substituted for "Annual payments shall be made by the Secretary to the Treasury of the United States", the words "The deposited amount shall equal an amount determined by multiplying" are substituted for "These payments shall be computed by applying to", and the words "a percentage that is at least the current average rate payable on marketable obligations of the Government" are substituted for "a percentage" and "Such percentage shall not be less than the current average rate which the Treasury pays on its marketable obligations", for clarity.

(a)

(b)

(2) For a claim under insurance authorized by this chapter, the Secretary may—

(A) settle and pay the claim made for or against the United States Government;

(B) pay the amount of a binding arbitration award made under paragraph (1); and

(C) pay the amount of a judgment entered against the Government.

(c)

(2) The Secretary may pay reasonable compensation to an underwriting agent for servicing insurance the agent writes for the Secretary. Compensation may include payment for reasonable expenses incurred by the agent but may not include a payment by the agent for stimulation or solicitation of insurance business.

(3) Except as provided by this subsection, the Secretary may not pay an insurance broker or other person acting in a similar capacity any consideration for arranging insurance when the Secretary directly insures any part of the risk.

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1171; Pub. L. 104–316, title I, §127(e), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3840; Pub. L. 105–137, §4, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2640; Pub. L. 112–95, title VII, §704, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 118.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44308(a) | 49 App.:1537(c) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1307(a) (1st sentence), (c), (d), 72 Stat. 803, 804. |

44308(b)(1) | 49 App.:1537(a) (1st sentence words before 6th comma). | |

49 App.:1537(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1307(b), 72 Stat. 804; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §5(a), 91 Stat. 1280. | |

44308(b)(2) | 49 App.:1537(a) (1st sentence words after 6th comma). | |

44308(c)(1) | 49 App.:1537(d) (1st, 3d sentences). | |

44308(c)(2) | 49 App.:1537(d) (2d, last sentences). | |

44308(c)(3) | 49 App.:1537(c) (last sentence). | |

44308(d) | 49 App.:1537(f) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1307(f), 72 Stat. 804; Jan. 2, 1975, Pub. L. 93–604, §702, 88 Stat. 1964. |

44308(e) | 49 App.:1537(f) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), the words "may carry out this chapter" are substituted for "in administering this subchapter, may exercise his powers, perform his duties and functions, and make his expenditures" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(1), the word "insurance" is added for clarity. The words "rules, and regulations" are omitted as unnecessary because of 49:322(a). The words "as he deems proper" and "subject to the following provisions of this subsection" are omitted as surplus. The words "and change" and "fix, adjust, and change" are omitted as being included in "prescribe". The words "under the policies" are added for clarity. The word "charged" is substituted for "provided for in this subchapter" for consistency in this subchapter.

In subsection (b)(2), before clause (A), the words "the Secretary" are added because of the restatement. In clause (A), the words "adjust and . . . losses, compromise and" are omitted as included in "settle and pay the claim". The word "made" is substituted for "whether" for clarity. In clause (B), the word "entered" is substituted for "rendered" because it is more appropriate. The words "in any suit" are omitted as surplus. The words "or the amount of any settlement agreed upon" are omitted as being included in "settle and pay the claim".

In subsection (c)(1), the words "and when practical shall" are substituted for "and whenever he finds it practical to do so shall" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "his" is omitted as surplus. The words "The Secretary may use" are substituted for "may be utilized" for consistency. The words "The services of" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "pay reasonable compensation" are substituted for "allow . . . fair and reasonable compensation" for consistency in the revised title. The words "an underwriting agent" are substituted for "such companies or groups of companies", and the words "the agent writes" are substituted for "written by such companies or groups of companies as underwriting agent", for clarity. The word "payment" is substituted for "allowance" for consistency.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "intermediary" and "fee or other" are omitted as surplus. The word "for" is substituted for "by virtue of his participation in" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d), the word "prepare" is omitted as being included in "submit". The words "for carrying out this chapter" are substituted for "in the performance of, and with respect to, the functions, powers, and duties vested in him by this subchapter" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "under chapter 91 of title 31" are substituted for "by the Government Corporation Control Act, as amended (59 Stat. 597; 31 U.S.C. 841)" in section 1307(f) of the Act of August 23, 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 804) because of section 4(b) of the Act of September 13, 1982 (Public Law 97–258, 96 Stat. 1067).

In subsection (e), the words "under chapter 35 of title 31" are substituted for "in accordance with the provisions of the Accounting and Auditing Act of 1950" in section 1307(f) of the Act of August 23, 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 804) because of section 4(b) of the Act of September 13, 1982 (Public Law 97–258, 96 Stat. 1067). The words "*Provided*, That . . . the Secretary may exercise the powers conferred in said subchapter, perform the duties and functions" are omitted as surplus. The words "Notwithstanding chapter 35" are added for clarity. The words "Comptroller General" are substituted for "General Accounting Office" because of 31:702.

**2012**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 112–95 substituted "agent, or a claims adjuster who is independent of the underwriting agent," for "agent" in second sentence.

**1997**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 105–137, §4(a), inserted after second sentence "Any such policy may authorize the binding arbitration of claims made thereunder in such manner as may be agreed to by the Secretary and any commercial insurer that may be responsible for any part of a loss to which such policy relates."

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 105–137, §4(b), struck out "and" at end of subpar. (A), added subpar. (B), and redesignated former subpar. (B) as (C).

**1996**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–316 substituted "for audit" for ". The Comptroller General shall audit those accounts".

(a)

(1)

(A) a loss insured under this chapter is in dispute; or

(B)(i) the person is subrogated under a contract between the person and a party insured under this chapter (other than section 44305(b)) to the rights of the insured party against the United States Government; and

(ii) the person has paid to the insured party, with the approval of the Secretary of Transportation, an amount for a physical damage loss that the Secretary has determined is a loss covered by insurance issued under this chapter (other than section 44305(b)).

(2)

(3)

(b)

(2) An interested person may be joined as a party to a civil action brought under subsection (a) of this section initially or on motion of either party to the action.

(c)

(2)(A) For claims based on liability to persons with whom the insured has no privity of contract, an insurance claim made under the authority of this chapter against the United States shall be forever barred unless it is presented in writing to the Secretary of Transportation by not later than the earlier of—

(i) the date that is 60 days after the date on which final judgment is entered by a tribunal of competent jurisdiction; or

(ii) the date that is six years after the date on which the loss event occurred.

(B) Any civil action arising out of the denial of such claim shall be filed by not later than six months after the date of mailing, by certified or registered mail, of notice of final denial of the claim by the Secretary.

(3) A claim made under this chapter shall be deemed to be administratively denied if the Secretary fails to make a final disposition of the claim before the date that is 6 months after the date on which the claim is presented to the Secretary, unless the Secretary makes a different agreement with the claimant when there is good cause for an agreement.

(d)

(2) The district court may order a party not residing or found in the judicial district in which the action is brought to appear in a civil action under this subsection. The order shall be served in a reasonable manner decided by the district court. If the court decides an unknown person might assert a claim under the insurance that is the subject of the action, the court may order service on that person by publication in the Federal Register.

(3) Judgment in a civil action under this subsection discharges the Government from further liability to the parties to the action and to all other persons served by publication under paragraph (2) of this subsection.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1172; Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title I, §110(c)(1), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–587; Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title X, §1074(a), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3518.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44309(a) | 49 App.:1540 (1st sentence less 19th–70th words, 3d sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1310, 72 Stat. 805. |

44309(b)(1) | 49 App.:1540 (1st sentence 19th–70th words, 2d sentence). | |

44309(b)(2) | 49 App.:1540 (4th sentence). | |

44309(c) | 49 App.:1540 (last sentence). | |

44309(d) | 49 App.:1540 (5th–8th sentences). |


In subsection (a), the words "A person may bring" are substituted for "may be maintained" for clarity. The words "a civil action" are substituted for "suit" because of rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words "A civil action . . . (except the action authorized by this subsection) may not be brought" are substituted for "and this remedy shall be exclusive of any other action", and the words "involving the" are substituted for "by reason of", for clarity. The words "carrying out this chapter" are substituted for "employed or retained under this subchapter", and the words "in an action" are substituted for "for suits in the district courts", for consistency. The words "applies to" are substituted for "shall otherwise be the same as that provided for" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "an action under this subsection" are substituted for "such suits" for consistency.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "A civil action under subsection (a) of this section may be brought" are added for clarity. The words "the plaintiff or the agent of the plaintiff resides" are substituted for "the claimant or his agent resides" for consistency in the revised title. The words "if the plaintiff resides in the United States" are added for clarity. The words "notwithstanding the amount of the claim" are omitted as obsolete because jurisdiction under 28:1331 no longer depends on the amount of the claim. The words "and any provision of existing law as to the jurisdiction of United States district courts" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "interested person" are substituted for "All persons having or claiming or who might have an interest in such insurance" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "either" is omitted as surplus. The words "to a civil action brought under subsection (a) of this section" are added for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "during which, under section 2401 of title 28, a civil action must be brought under subsection (a) of this section" are substituted for "within which suits may be commenced contained in section 2401 of title 28 providing for bringing of suits against the United States" for clarity. The words "from such time of filing" are omitted as surplus. The words "60 days after the Secretary of Transportation denies the claim" are substituted for "the claim shall have been administratively denied by the Secretary and for sixty days thereafter" for clarity.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "a civil action of interpleader" are substituted for "an action in the nature of a bill of interpleader" because of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words "persons that may be entitled to payment" are substituted for "such parties" for clarity.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "in which the action is brought" are added for clarity. The words "The order shall be" are added because of the restatement. The words "the court may order service on that person" are substituted for "it may direct service upon such persons unknown" as being more precise.

In subsection (d)(3), the words "in a civil action under this subsection" are substituted for "in any such suit" for clarity.

**2014**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 113–291, §1074(a)(1), inserted at end "A civil action shall not be instituted against the United States under this chapter unless the claimant first presents the claim to the Secretary of Transportation and such claim is finally denied by the Secretary in writing and notice of the denial of such claim is sent by certified or registered mail."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 113–291, §1074(a)(2), added subsec. (c) and struck out former subsec. (c). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "When an insurance claim is made under this chapter, the period during which, under section 2401 of title 28, a civil action must be brought under subsection (a) of this section is suspended until 60 days after the Secretary of Transportation denies the claim. The claim is deemed to be administratively denied if the Secretary does not act on the claim not later than 6 months after filing, unless the Secretary makes a different agreement with the claimant when there is good cause for an agreement."

**1998**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–277 amended heading and text of subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "A person may bring a civil action in a district court of the United States against the United States Government when a loss insured under this chapter is in dispute. A civil action involving the same matter (except the action authorized by this subsection) may not be brought against an agent, officer, or employee of the Government carrying out this chapter. To the extent applicable, the procedure in an action brought under section 1346(a)(2) of title 28 applies to an action under this subsection."

Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title X, §1074(b), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3519, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to a claim arising after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2014]."

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1173; Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title X, §1088(a), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1921; Pub. L. 105–137, §5(a), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2641; Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title I, §110(c)(2), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–588; Pub. L. 106–6, §6, Mar. 31, 1999, 113 Stat. 10; Pub. L. 106–31, title VI, §6002(f), May 21, 1999, 113 Stat. 113; Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §711, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 160; Pub. L. 108–11, title IV, §4001(c), Apr. 16, 2003, 117 Stat. 606; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §106(d), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2499; Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title III, §378, Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 85; Pub. L. 113–46, div. A, §154, Oct. 17, 2013, 127 Stat. 565; Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title X, §1093, Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 878; Pub. L. 113–76, div. L, title I, §119E(c), Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 582; Pub. L. 113–164, §148(c), Sept. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 1874; Pub. L. 113–235, div. L, §102(c), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2767; Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title X, §1046, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2395; Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title III, §374, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1332; Pub. L. 117–328, div. Q, §103(b)(2), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5252.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44310 | 49 App.:1542. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1312, 72 Stat. 806; July 20, 1961, Pub. L. 87–89, 75 Stat. 210; June 13, 1966, Pub. L. 89–447, 80 Stat. 199; Sept. 8, 1970, Pub. L. 91–399, 84 Stat. 837; Aug. 9, 1975, Pub. L. 94–90, §2, 89 Stat. 439; July 31, 1976, Pub. L. 94–374, 90 Stat. 1065; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §6, 91 Stat. 1280; Oct. 14, 1982, Pub. L. 97–309, §3, 96 Stat. 1453; Oct. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–148, 101 Stat. 878; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §402, 106 Stat. 4897. |


The words "is not effective after" are substituted for "shall expire at the termination of" for clarity and consistency in the revised title.

**2022**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–328 substituted "sections 44302a and 44305" for "section 44305".

**2019**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 116–92 substituted "September 30, 2023" for "December 31, 2019".

**2016**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–328 substituted "December 31, 2019" for "December 31, 2018".

**2014**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–235 substituted "December 11, 2014" for "the date specified in section 106(3) of the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2015".

Pub. L. 113–164 substituted "the date specified in section 106(3) of the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2015" for "September 30, 2014".

Pub. L. 113–76 substituted "September 30, 2014" for "the date specified in section 106(3) of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014".

**2013**—Pub. L. 113–66 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and inserted heading, substituted "any provision of this chapter other than section 4430" for "this chapter", and added subsec. (b).

Pub. L. 113–46 substituted "the date specified in section 106(3) of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014" for "December 31, 2013".

**2008**—Pub. L. 110–181 substituted "December 31, 2013" for "March 30, 2008".

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–176 substituted "March 30, 2008" for "December 31, 2004".

Pub. L. 108–11, substituted "2004" for "2003".

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181 substituted "after December 31, 2003." for "after August 6, 1999."

**1999**—Pub. L. 106–31 substituted "August 6, 1999" for "May 31, 1999".

Pub. L. 106–6 substituted "May" for "March".

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–277 substituted "March 31, 1999" for "December 31, 1998".

**1997**—Pub. L. 105–137 substituted "December 31, 1998" for "September 30, 2002".

Pub. L. 105–85 substituted "September 30, 2002" for "September 30, 1997".

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 105–137, §5(b), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2641, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] takes effect on October 1, 1997."

Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title X, §1088(b), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1921, provided that: "This section [amending this section] shall take effect as of September 30, 1997."

Pub. L. 102–581, title IV, §404, Oct. 31, 1992, 106 Stat. 4898, provided that: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the provisions of title XIII of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 [now this chapter] and all insurance policies issued by the Secretary of Transportation under such title, as in effect on September 30, 1992, shall be treated as having continued in effect until the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 31, 1992]."


**2020**—Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §112(b), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2332, added item 44519.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §524(b), title VII, §762(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3364, 3428, substituted "Regions and centers" for "Civil aeromedical research" in item 44507 and added item 44518.

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §183(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2517, added item 44517.

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §713(c), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 161, added item 44516.

(a)

(b)

(1) for a 10-year period, the research, engineering, and development programs and the facilities and equipment that the Administrator considers necessary for a system of airways, air traffic services, and navigation aids that will—

(A) meet the forecasted needs of civil aeronautics;

(B) meet the requirements that the Secretary of Defense establishes for the support of the national defense; and

(C) provide the highest degree of safety in air commerce;

(2) for the first and 2d years of the plan, detailed annual estimates of—

(A) the number, type, location, and cost of acquiring, operating, and maintaining required facilities and services;

(B) the cost of research, engineering, and development required to improve safety, system capacity, and efficiency; and

(C) personnel levels required for the activities described in subclauses (A) and (B) of this clause;

(3) for the 3d, 4th, and 5th years of the plan, estimates of the total cost of each major program for the 3-year period, and additional major research programs, acquisition of systems and facilities, and changes in personnel levels that may be required to meet long range objectives and that may have significant impact on future funding requirements;

(4) a 10-year investment plan that considers long range objectives that the Administrator considers necessary to—

(A) ensure that safety is given the highest priority in providing for a safe and efficient airway system; and

(B) meet the current and projected growth of aviation and the requirements of interstate commerce, the United States Postal Service, and the national defense; and

(5) a list of capital projects that are part of the Next Generation Air Transportation System and funded by amounts appropriated under section 48101(a).

(c)

(2)(A) The plan shall describe, for a 5-year period, the research, engineering, and development that the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration considers necessary—

(i) to ensure the continued capacity, safety, and efficiency of aviation in the United States, considering emerging technologies and forecasted needs of civil aeronautics; and

(ii) to provide the highest degree of safety in air travel.

(B) The plan shall—

(i) provide estimates by year of the schedule, cost, and work force levels for each active and planned major research and development project under sections 40119,1 44504, 44505, 44507, 44509, 44511–44513, and 44912 of this title, including activities carried out under cooperative agreements with other Federal departments and agencies;

(ii) specify the goals and the priorities for allocation of resources among the major categories of research and development activities, including the rationale for the priorities identified;

(iii) identify the allocation of resources among long-term research, near-term research, and development activities;

(iv) identify the individual research and development projects in each funding category that are described in the annual budget request;

(v) highlight the research and development activities that address specific recommendations of the research advisory committee established under section 44508 of this title, and document the recommendations of the committee that are not accepted, specifying the reasons for nonacceptance; and

(vi) highlight the research and development technology transfer activities that promote technology sharing among government, industry, and academia through the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980.

(3) Subject to section 40119(b) 1 of this title and regulations prescribed under section 40119(b),1 the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall submit to the committees named in paragraph (1) of this subsection an annual report on the accomplishments of the research completed during the prior fiscal year, including a description of the dissemination to the private sector of research results and a description of any new technologies developed. The report shall be submitted with the plan required under paragraph (1) and be organized to allow comparison with the plan in effect for the prior fiscal year. The report shall be prepared in accordance with requirements of section 1116 of title 31.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1173; Pub. L. 104–264, title XI, §1105, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3279; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(74), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3396; Pub. L. 106–181, title IX, §902(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 195; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §105, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 17.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44501(a) | 49 App.:1353(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §312(a), 72 Stat. 752. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

44501(b) | 49 App.:2203(b). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §504(b), 96 Stat. 675; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9105(a), 104 Stat. 1388–355; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §114, 106 Stat. 4881. |

44501(c) | 49 App.:1353(d). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §312(d); added Nov. 3, 1988, Pub. L. 100–591, §4(a), 102 Stat. 3011. |


In subsection (a), the word "Administrator" in section 312(a) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 752) is retained on authority of 49:106(g). The words "air navigation facilities" are substituted for "landing areas, Federal airways, radar installations and all other aids and facilities for air navigation" because of the definition of "air navigation facility" in section 40102(a) of the revised title. The words "the armed forces" are substituted for "military agencies" because of 10:101.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "the requirements of" are omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:2203(b) (1st sentence) is omitted as executed. The words "thereafter" and "For fiscal year 1991 and thereafter" are omitted as obsolete. In clauses (2)(C) and (3), the word "personnel" is substituted for "manpower" for consistency in the revised title. In clause (2)(C), the word "all" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the word "completed" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "review, revise" are omitted as surplus. The word "annually" is substituted for "for fiscal year 1990, and for each fiscal year thereafter" to eliminate obsolete language.

In subsection (d)(2)(B), before clause (i), the words "an appropriation" are substituted for "funding", and in clause (ii), the word "appropriations" is substituted for "funding", for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (d)(3), the words "beginning with the date of transmission of the first aviation research plan as required by paragraph (1)" are omitted as obsolete.

Section 40119 of this title, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(B)(i), (3), was repealed by Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(c)(3), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3627.

The Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(B)(vi), is Pub. L. 96–480, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2311, which is classified generally to chapter 63 (§3701 et seq.) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3701 of Title 15 and Tables.

**2012**—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 112–95 added par. (5).

**2000**—Subsec. (c)(2)(B)(iv) to (vi). Pub. L. 106–181, §902(a)(1), added cls. (iv) and (vi) and redesignated former cl. (iv) as (v).

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 106–181, §902(a)(2), inserted at end "The report shall be prepared in accordance with requirements of section 1116 of title 31."

**1996**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "Committee on Science" for "Committee on Science, Space, and Technology".

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 104–264, §1105(1), substituted "5-year period" for "15-year period".

Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104–264, §1105(2), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) set out the requirements for research plans including specific requirements for the first two years of the plan, for the 3rd, 4th, and 5th years, and for the 6th and subsequent years.

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 104–264, §1105(3), inserted ", including a description of the dissemination to the private sector of research results and a description of any new technologies developed" after "during the prior fiscal year".

Committee on Science of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Science and Technology of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007. Committee on Science and Technology of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Jan. 5, 2011.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, §804, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 119, as amended by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §§510, 545(b)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3355, 3376, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) recommendations of the Administrator on realignment and consolidation of services and facilities (including regional offices) of the FAA; and

"(B) for each of the recommendations, a description of—

"(i) the Administrator's justification;

"(ii) the projected costs and savings; and

"(iii) the proposed timing for implementation.

"(4)

"(A) representatives of labor organizations representing air traffic control system employees of the FAA; and

"(B) industry stakeholders.

"(5)

"(6)

"(b)

"(1) a report containing the recommendations of the Administrator on realignment and consolidation of services and facilities (including regional offices) of the FAA; and

"(2) copies of any public comments received by the Administrator under subsection (a)(6).

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) the last day of the 30-day period beginning on the date of submission of the report; or

"(B) the adjournment of Congress sine die for the session during which the report is transmitted.

"(2)

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(i) relocates functions, services, or personnel positions;

"(ii) discontinues or severs existing facility functions or services; or

"(iii) combines the results described in clauses (i) and (ii).

"(B)

[Section 545(b)(2) of Pub. L. 115–254, which directed amendment of section 804 of Pub. L. 112–95, set out above, by substituting "Chief Technology Officer" for "Chief NextGen Officer" in subsec. (a)(4)(A), could not be executed because the words "Chief NextGen Officer" did not appear after the intervening amendment of subsec. (a)(4) by section 510(a)(2) of Pub. L. 115–254.]

Pub. L. 112–95, title IX, §901(c), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 137, provided that: "From the other accounts described in the national aviation research plan required under section 44501(c) of title 49, United States Code, the following research and development activities are authorized:

"(1) Runway Incursion Reduction.

"(2) System Capacity, Planning, and Improvement.

"(3) Operations Concept Validation.

"(4) NAS Weather Requirements.

"(5) Airspace Management Program.

"(6) NextGen—Air Traffic Control/Technical Operations Human Factors.

"(7) NextGen—Environment and Energy—Environmental Management System and Advanced Noise and Emissions Reduction.

"(8) NextGen—New Air Traffic Management Requirements.

"(9) NextGen—Operations Concept Validation—Validation Modeling.

"(10) NextGen—System Safety Management Transformation.

"(11) NextGen—Wake Turbulence—Recategorization.

"(12) NextGen—Operational Assessments.

"(13) NextGen—Staffed NextGen Towers.

"(14) Center for Advanced Aviation System Development.

"(15) Airports Technology Research Program—Capacity.

"(16) Airports Technology Research Program—Safety.

"(17) Airports Technology Research Program—Environment.

"(18) Airport Cooperative Research—Capacity.

"(19) Airport Cooperative Research—Environment.

"(20) Airport Cooperative Research—Safety."

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(A) acquire, establish, improve, operate, and maintain air navigation facilities; and

(B) provide facilities and personnel to regulate and protect air traffic.

(2) The cost of site preparation work associated with acquiring, establishing, or improving an air navigation facility under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection shall be charged to amounts available for that purpose appropriated under section 48101(a) of this title. The Secretary of Transportation may make an agreement with an airport owner or sponsor (as defined in section 47102 of this title) so that the owner or sponsor will provide the work and be paid or reimbursed by the Secretary from the appropriated amounts.

(3) The Secretary of Transportation may authorize a department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government to carry out any duty or power under this subsection with the consent of the head of the department, agency, or instrumentality.

(4)

(A)

(B)

(5)

(A) the improvements primarily benefit the Government;

(B) the improvements are essential for accomplishment of the mission of the Federal Aviation Administration; and

(C) the interest of the United States Government in the improvements is protected.

(b)

(c)

(2) To ensure conformity, an airport or landing area not involving the expenditure of Government money may be established or constructed, or a runway may be altered substantially, only if the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration is given reasonable prior notice so that the Administrator may provide advice on the effects of the establishment, construction, or alteration on the use of airspace by aircraft.

(d)

(2) The head of a department, agency, or instrumentality of the Government having jurisdiction over an airport or emergency landing field owned or operated by the Government may provide, under regulations the head of the department, agency, or instrumentality prescribes, for assistance, and the sale of fuel, oil, equipment, and supplies, to an aircraft, but only when necessary, because of an emergency, to allow the aircraft to continue to the nearest airport operated by private enterprise. The head of the department, agency, or instrumentality shall provide for the assistance and sale at the prevailing local fair market value as determined by the head of the department, agency, or instrumentality. An amount that the head decides is equal to the cost of the assistance provided and the fuel, oil, equipment, and supplies sold shall be credited to the appropriation from which the cost was paid. The balance shall be credited to miscellaneous receipts.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) an instrument landing system consisting of a glide slope and localizer (if the Administrator has determined that a satellite navigation system cannot provide a suitable approach to an airport);

(B) an Automated Weather Observing System weather observation system; or

(C) a Remote Communication Air/Ground and Remote Communication Outlet communications facility.

(f)

(1)

(A) Building construction, maintenance, utilities, or expenses for services relating to air traffic control, air navigation, or weather reporting.

(B) Space in a facility owned by the airport owner or sponsor for services relating to air traffic control, air navigation, or weather reporting.

(2)

(A) any agreement the Secretary may have or make with an airport owner or sponsor for the airport owner or sponsor to provide any of the items described in paragraph (1)(A) or (1)(B) at below-market rates; or

(B) any grant assurance that requires an airport owner or sponsor to provide land to the Administration without cost for an air traffic control facility.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1175; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §120(a), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1581; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(54), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4385; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(75), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3396; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §153, title VII, §712, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 87, 160; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §147, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3213.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44502(a)(1) | 49 App.:1348(b) (1st sentence less cl. (3)). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §307(b) (1st sentence less cl. (3), 2d sentence), 72 Stat. 750; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §4(c), 96 Stat. 2442. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

44502(a)(2) | 49 App.:2205(a)(3). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §506(a)(3), 96 Stat. 677; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §105(a)(1), (g)(1), 101 Stat. 1489, 1494. |

44502(a)(3) | 49 App.:1348(b) (2d sentence). | |

44502(b) | 49 App.:1349(a) (1st, 2d sentences). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§308(a) (1st, 2d sentences), (b), 309, 1107, 72 Stat. 750, 751, 798. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44502(c)(1) | 49 App.:1349(b). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44502(c)(2) | 49 App.:1350. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44502(d) | 49 App.:1507. | |

44502(e) | 49 App.:1743. | Aug. 11, 1959, Pub. L. 86–154, 73 Stat. 333. |

44502(f) | 49 App.:2205 (notes). | Nov. 21, 1989, Pub. L. 101–164, §331, 103 Stat. 1097. |

Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–516, §324, 104 Stat. 2182. | ||

Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §324, 105 Stat. 943. | ||

Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, §324, 106 Stat. 1547. |


In this section, the words "department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government" are substituted for "Federal department or agency" in 49 App.:1348(b), "agencies" in 49 App.:1349(b), and "department or other agency" and "Government department or other agency" in 49 App.:1507 for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsections (a)(1), (b), and (c), the word "Administrator" in sections 303(c) (1st sentence), 307(b), 308(a) (1st and 2d sentences) and (b), and 309 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 750, 751) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "within the limits of available appropriations made by the Congress" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the words "wherever necessary" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the word "necessary" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "by the Secretary" and "to the Secretary" are omitted as surplus. The last sentence is substituted for 49 App.:2205(a)(3) (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "subject to such regulations, supervision, and review as he may prescribe" are omitted because of 49:322(a). The words "from time to time make such provision as he shall deem appropriate" are omitted as surplus. The words "duty or power" are substituted for "function" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "the head of" are added for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (b), the words "(whether or not in cooperation with State or other local governmental agencies)" and "thereon" are omitted as surplus. The words "landing area" are omitted as being included in the definition of "air navigation facility" in section 40102(a) of the revised title. The words "recommendation and" are omitted as surplus. The words "under regulations prescribed by him" are omitted because of 49:322(a). The word "proposed" is omitted as surplus. The word "acquired" is added for consistency in this subsection.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "In order", "layout", and "In case of . . . the matter" are omitted as surplus. The words "Secretary of Defense" are substituted for "Department of Defense" because of 10:133(a). The words "the Administrator of" are added because of 42:2472(a).

In subsection (c)(2), the word "layout" is omitted as surplus. The words "pursuant to regulations prescribed by him" are omitted because of 49:322(a). The words "the establishment, building, or alteration" are substituted for "such construction" for clarity and consistency in this section.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "under such conditions and to such extent as . . . deems advisable and" are omitted as surplus. The word "provide" is substituted for "be made available", and the words "of the facility" are added, for clarity.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "All amounts received under this subsection shall be covered into the Treasury" are omitted because of 31:3302(b). The words "services, shelter . . . other" and "if any" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the words "or compact" are omitted as surplus. The words "or States" are omitted because of 1:1. The text of 49 App.:1743 (last sentence) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law" and "thereafter" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:44502(b) to clarify the restatement of 49 App.:1349(a) (1st, 2d sentences) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1175).

This amends 49:44502(c)(1) to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1175).

This strikes 49:44502(e) and redesignates 49:44502(f) as 49:44502(e) because of the restatement of former 49:44502(e) as 49:40121.

**2018**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–254, §147(1), added subsec. (e) and struck out former subsec. (e). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "An airport may transfer, without consideration, to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration an instrument landing system (and associated approach lighting equipment and runway visual range equipment) that conforms to performance specifications of the Administrator if a Government airport aid program, airport development aid program, or airport improvement project grant was used to assist in purchasing the system. The Administrator shall accept the system and operate and maintain it under criteria of the Administrator."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–254, §147(2), added subsec. (f).

**2000**—Subsec. (a)(4)(B). Pub. L. 106–181, §153, substituted "each of fiscal years 2000 through 2002" for "each of fiscal years 1995 and 1996" and inserted "under new or existing contracts" after "including acquisition".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 106–181, §712, added par. (5).

**1996**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(75)(A), substituted "To ensure" for "To ensure that".

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(75)(B), redesignated subsec. (f) as (e) and struck out former subsec. (e) which read as follows:

"(e)

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 103–305 added par. (4).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–429 inserted "Government" before "money may be expended".

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–95, title V, §508, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 106, provided that: "The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may implement, to the extent practicable, sustainable practices for the incorporation of energy-efficient design, equipment, systems, and other measures in the construction and major renovation of air traffic control facilities of the Administration in order to reduce energy consumption at, improve the environmental performance of, and reduce the cost of maintenance for such facilities."

Pub. L. 116–6, div. G, title I, Feb. 15, 2019, 133 Stat. 401, provided in part: "That not later than March 31 of each fiscal year hereafter, the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall transmit to Congress a companion report that describes a comprehensive strategy for staffing, hiring, and training flight standards and aircraft certification staff in a format similar to the one utilized for the controller staffing plan, including stated attrition estimates and numerical hiring goals by fiscal year".

Similar provisions were contained in the following appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. L, title I, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5102.

Pub. L. 117–103, div. L, title I, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 691.

Pub. L. 116–260, div. L, title I, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1830.

Pub. L. 116–94, div. H, title I, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2940.

Pub. L. 115–141, div. L, title I, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 977.

Pub. L. 115–31, div. K, title I, May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 730.

Pub. L. 114–113, div. L, title I, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2839.

Pub. L. 113–235, div. K, title I, Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2700.

Pub. L. 113–76, div. L, title I, Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 578.

Pub. L. 112–55, div. C, title I, Nov. 18, 2011, 125 Stat. 646.

Pub. L. 111–117, div. A, title I, Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3040.

Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §182, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2515, as amended by Pub. L. 113–188, title XV, §1501(d), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2024, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §124, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 75, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title I, §101, Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2401, which provided that airports may transfer to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) instrument landing systems (along with associated approach lighting equipment and runway visual range equipment) which conform to FAA design and performance specifications, the purchase of which was assisted by a Federal airport-aid program, airport development aid program or airport improvement program grant, provided that the FAA accept such equipment and operate and maintain it in accordance with agency criteria, was from the Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006, and was not repeated in subsequent appropriation acts. Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 108–447, div. H, title I, §101, Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3203.

Pub. L. 108–199, div. F, title I, §101, Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 284.

Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §313, Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 410.

Pub. L. 107–87, title III, §313, Dec. 18, 2001, 115 Stat. 858.

Pub. L. 106–346, §101(a) [title III, §314], Oct. 23, 2000, 114 Stat. 1356, 1356A–27.

Pub. L. 106–69, title III, §314, Oct. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1018.

Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(g) [title III, §314], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–439, 2681–468.

Pub. L. 105–66, title III, §314, Oct. 27, 1997, 111 Stat. 1443.

Pub. L. 104–205, title III, §314, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 2971.

Pub. L. 104–50, title III, §317, Nov. 15, 1995, 109 Stat. 455.

Pub. L. 103–331, title III, §317, Sept. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 2491, repealed by Pub. L. 104–287, §7(4), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3400.

Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §120(b), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1581, provided that: "Notwithstanding other provisions of law or regulations to the contrary, the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall establish, within 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 23, 1994], a process through which airport sponsors may take advantage of cost savings associated with the purchase and installation of instrument landing systems, along with associated equipment, under existing or future Federal Aviation Administration contracts. The process established by the Administrator may provide for the direct reimbursement (including administrative costs) of the Administrator by an airport sponsor using grants funds under subchapter I of chapter 471 of subtitle VII of title 49, United States Code, relating to airport improvement, for the ordering of such equipment and installation or for the direct ordering of such equipment and installation by an airport sponsor, using such grant funds, from the suppliers with which the Administrator has contracted."

Pub. L. 103–260, title IV, §401, May 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 702, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) any increase under section 5303 of title 5, United States Code;

"(B) any increase in locality-based comparability payments under section 5304 of such title 5 (except if, or to the extent that, such increase is offset by a reduction of an interim geographic adjustment under section 302 of the Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990 (5 U.S.C. 5304 note));

"(C) any establishment or increase in a special rate of pay under section 5305 of such title 5;

"(D) any increase in basic pay pursuant to a promotion under section 5334 of such title 5;

"(E) any periodic step-increase under section 5335 of such title 5;

"(F) any additional step-increase under section 5336 of such title 5; and

"(G) any other increase in annual rate of basic pay under any other provision of law.

"(2)

"(c)

"(1) the amount of such allowance is reduced to zero under subsection (b), or

"(2) the employee separates or moves to a position in which the employee would not, prior to June 17, 1994, have been entitled to receive an allowance under the demonstration project,

whichever is earlier.

"(d)

"(e)

The Secretary of Transportation shall attempt to reduce the capital, operating, maintenance, and administrative costs of the national airport and airway system to the maximum extent practicable consistent with the highest degree of aviation safety. At least annually, the Secretary shall consult with and consider the recommendations of users of the system on ways to reduce nonessential expenditures of the United States Government for aviation. The Secretary shall give particular attention to a recommendation that may reduce, with no adverse effect on safety, future personnel requirements and costs to the Government required to be recovered from user charges.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1176.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44503 | 49 App.:1704. | July 12, 1976, Pub. L. 94–353, §25, 90 Stat. 885. |


The words "in accordance with this section" and "due" are omitted as surplus. The word "personnel" is substituted for "manpower" for consistency in the revised title.

(a)

(b)

(1) to develop technologies and analyze information to predict the effects of aircraft design, maintenance, testing, wear, and fatigue on the life of aircraft, including nonstructural aircraft systems, and air safety;

(2) to develop methods of analyzing and improving aircraft maintenance technology and practices, including nondestructive evaluation of aircraft structures;

(3) to assess the fire and smoke resistance of aircraft material;

(4) to develop improved fire and smoke resistant material for aircraft interiors;

(5) to develop and improve fire and smoke containment systems for inflight aircraft fires;

(6) to develop advanced aircraft fuels with low flammability and technologies that will contain aircraft fuels to minimize post-crash fire hazards;

(7) to develop technologies and methods to assess the risk of and prevent defects, failures, and malfunctions of products, parts, processes, and articles manufactured for use in aircraft, aircraft engines, propellers, and appliances that could result in a catastrophic failure of an aircraft; and

(8) in conjunction with other Federal agencies, as appropriate, to develop technologies and methods to assess the risk of and prevent defects, failures, and malfunctions of products, parts, and processes for use in all classes of unmanned aircraft systems that could result in a catastrophic failure of the unmanned aircraft that would endanger other aircraft in the national airspace system.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1176; Pub. L. 106–181, title IX, §904, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 196; Pub. L. 112–95, title IX, §903(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 138.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44504(a) | 49 App.:1353(b) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §312(b) (1st, last sentences), 72 Stat. 752. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

44504(b) | 49 App.:1353(b) (2d sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §312(b) (2d sentence); added Nov. 3, 1988, Pub. L. 100–591, §2, 102 Stat. 3011; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9208(a), 104 Stat. 1388–376. |

44504(c) | 49 App.:1353(b) (last sentence) | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In this section, the word "Administrator" in section 312(b) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 752) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

In subsection (a), the words "to improve" are substituted for "such . . . as tends to the creation of improved" to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2012**—Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 112–95 added par. (8).

**2000**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 106–181 inserted ", including nonstructural aircraft systems," after "life of aircraft".

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 117–169, title IV, §40007, Aug. 16, 2022, 136 Stat. 2030, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) $244,530,000 for projects relating to the production, transportation, blending, or storage of sustainable aviation fuel;

"(2) $46,530,000 for projects relating to low-emission aviation technologies; and

"(3) $5,940,000 to fund the award of grants under this section, and oversight of the program, by the Secretary.

"(b)

"(1) the capacity for the eligible entity to increase the domestic production and deployment of sustainable aviation fuel or the use of low-emission aviation technologies among the United States commercial aviation and aerospace industry;

"(2) the projected greenhouse gas emissions from such project, including emissions resulting from the development of the project, and the potential the project has to reduce or displace, on a lifecycle basis, United States greenhouse gas emissions associated with air travel;

"(3) the capacity to create new jobs and develop supply chain partnerships in the United States;

"(4) for projects related to the production of sustainable aviation fuel, the projected lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions benefits from the proposed project, which shall include feedstock and fuel production and potential direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions (including resulting from changes in land use); and

"(5) the benefits of ensuring a diversity of feedstocks for sustainable aviation fuel, including the use of waste carbon oxides and direct air capture.

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(1)

"(A) a State or local government, including the District of Columbia, other than an airport sponsor;

"(B) an air carrier;

"(C) an airport sponsor;

"(D) an accredited institution of higher education;

"(E) a research institution;

"(F) a person or entity engaged in the production, transportation, blending, or storage of sustainable aviation fuel in the United States or feedstocks in the United States that could be used to produce sustainable aviation fuel;

"(G) a person or entity engaged in the development, demonstration, or application of low-emission aviation technologies; or

"(H) nonprofit entities or nonprofit consortia with experience in sustainable aviation fuels, low-emission aviation technologies, or other clean transportation research programs.

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(A) improve aircraft fuel efficiency;

"(B) increase utilization of sustainable aviation fuel; or

"(C) reduce greenhouse gas emissions produced during operation of civil aircraft.

"(6)

"(7)

"(A) consists of synthesized hydrocarbons;

"(B) meets the requirements of—

"(i) ASTM International Standard D7566; or

"(ii) the co-processing provisions of ASTM International Standard D1655, Annex A1 (or such successor standard);

"(C) is derived from biomass (in a similar manner as such term is defined in section 45K(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 45K(c)(3)]), waste streams, renewable energy sources, or gaseous carbon oxides;

"(D) is not derived from palm fatty acid distillates; and

"(E) achieves at least a 50 percent lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions reduction in comparison with petroleum-based jet fuel, as determined by a test that shows—

"(i) the fuel production pathway achieves at least a 50 percent reduction of the aggregate attributional core lifecycle emissions and the induced land-use change values under a lifecycle methodology for sustainable aviation fuels similar to that adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization with the agreement of the United States; or

"(ii) the fuel production pathway achieves at least a 50 percent reduction of the aggregate attributional core lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions values and the induced land-use change values under another methodology that the Secretary determines is—

"(I) reflective of the latest scientific understanding of lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions; and

"(II) as stringent as the requirement under clause (i)."

Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2105, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 620, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [July 15, 2016], the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall evaluate and update, as necessary, standards for crash-resistant fuel systems for civilian rotorcraft."

Pub. L. 112–95, title IX, §910, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 141, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012], develop a research and development plan containing the specific research and development objectives, including consideration of aviation safety, technical feasibility, and other relevant factors, and the anticipated timetable for achieving the objectives;

"(2) assess the methods and processes by which the FAA and industry may expeditiously certify and approve new aircraft and recertify existing aircraft with respect to unleaded aviation fuel;

"(3) assess technologies that modify existing piston engine aircraft to enable safe operation of the aircraft using unleaded aviation fuel and determine the resources necessary to certify those technologies; and

"(4) develop recommendations for appropriate policies and guidelines to facilitate a transition to unleaded aviation fuel for piston engine aircraft.

"(c)

"(1) industry groups representing aviation consumers, manufacturers, and fuel producers and distributors; and

"(2) other appropriate Federal agencies.

"(d)

Pub. L. 112–95, title IX, §911, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 142, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) educational and research institutions that have existing facilities and leverage private sector partnerships; and

"(B) consortia with experience across the supply chain, including with research, feedstock development and production, small-scale development, testing, and technology evaluation related to the creation, processing, production, and transportation of alternative aviation fuel.

"(2)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) a member of the Consortium for Continuous Low Energy, Emissions, and Noise of the FAA; and

"(B) part of a Joint Center of Excellence with the Partnership for Air Transportation Noise and Emission Reduction FAA Center of Excellence."

Pub. L. 112–95, title IX, §914, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 144, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 112–95, title IX, §917, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 145, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) to remove oil-based contaminants from the bleed air supplied to the passenger cabin and flight deck; and

"(2) to detect and record oil-based contaminants in the portion of the total air supplied to the passenger cabin and flight deck from bleed air.

"(c)

Pub. L. 108–176, title VII, §708, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2582, as amended by Pub. L. 112–95, title IX, §916, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 145, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) promote and facilitate collaboration among academia, the Federal Aviation Administration's Transportation Division, and the commercial aircraft industry, including manufacturers, commercial air carriers, and suppliers; and

"(2) establish goals set to advance technology, improve engineering practices, and facilitate continuing education in relevant areas of study.

"(b)

Pub. L. 108–176, title VII, §711, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2585, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) 80 percent reduction in noise levels on takeoff and on approach and landing as perceived by a human observer.

"(2) Factor of 10 reduction in vibration.

"(3) 30 percent reduction in empty weight.

"(4) Predicted accident rate equivalent to that of fixed-wing aircraft in commercial service within 10 years after the date of the enactment of this Act.

"(5) Capability for zero-ceiling, zero-visibility operations.

"(b)

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §742, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 175, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

(a)

(A) develop, alter, test, and evaluate systems, procedures, facilities, and devices, and define their performance characteristics, to meet the needs for safe and efficient navigation and traffic control of civil and military aviation, except for needs of the armed forces that are peculiar to air warfare and primarily of military concern; and

(B) select systems, procedures, facilities, and devices that will best serve those needs and promote maximum coordination of air traffic control and air defense systems.

(2) The Administrator may make contracts to carry out this subsection without regard to section 3324(a) and (b) of title 31.

(3) When a substantial question exists under paragraph (1) of this subsection about whether a matter is of primary concern to the armed forces, the Administrator shall decide whether the Administrator or the Secretary of the appropriate military department has responsibility. The Administrator shall be given technical information related to each research and development project of the armed forces that potentially applies to, or potentially conflicts with, the common system to ensure that potential application to the common system is considered properly and that potential conflicts with the system are eliminated.

(b)

(1) to develop a better understanding of the relationship between human factors and aviation accidents and between human factors and air safety;

(2) to enhance air traffic controller, mechanic, and flight crew performance;

(3) to develop a human-factor analysis of the hazards associated with new technologies to be used by air traffic controllers, mechanics, and flight crews;

(4) to identify innovative and effective corrective measures for human errors that adversely affect air safety;

(5) to develop dynamic simulation models of the air traffic control system and airport design and operating procedures that will provide analytical technology—

(A) to predict airport and air traffic control safety and capacity problems;

(B) to evaluate planned research projects; and

(C) to test proposed revisions in airport and air traffic control operations programs;

(6) to develop a better understanding of the relationship between human factors and unmanned aircraft system safety; and

(7) to develop dynamic simulation models for integrating all classes of unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system without any degradation of existing levels of safety for all national airspace system users.

(c)

(1) airspace and airport planning and design;

(2) airport capacity enhancement techniques;

(3) human performance in the air transportation environment;

(4) aviation safety and security;

(5) the supply of trained air transportation personnel, including pilots and mechanics; and

(6) other aviation issues related to developing and maintaining a safe and efficient air transportation system.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1177; Pub. L. 103–305, title III, §307, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1593; Pub. L. 112–95, title IX, §§903(b), 905, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 138, 139.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44505(a)(1) | 49 App.:1353(c) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §312(c) (1st, 5th–last sentences), 72 Stat. 752. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

44505(a)(2) | 49 App.:1353(c) (5th sentence). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44505(a)(3) | 49 App.:1353(c) (6th, last sentences). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44505(b) | 49 App.:1353(c) (2d, 3d sentences). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §312(c) (2d, 3d sentences); added Nov. 3, 1988, Pub. L. 100–591, §3, 102 Stat. 3011. |

44505(c) | 49 App.:1353(c) (4th sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §312(c) (4th sentence); added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9209(c), 104 Stat. 1388–378. |


In this section, the word "Administrator" in section 312(c) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 752) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

In subsection (a)(1) and (3), the words "the armed forces" are substituted for "military agencies" and "the military" because of the definition of "armed forces" in 10:101.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "military department" are substituted for "military agency" because of the definition of "military department" in 10:101. The words "the needs of" and "to the maximum extent necessary" are omitted as surplus.

The date of enactment of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (d), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–95, which was approved Feb. 14, 2012.

**2012**—Subsec. (b)(6), (7). Pub. L. 112–95, §903(b), added pars. (6) and (7).

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 112–95, §905, added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (e).

**1994**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–305 added subsec. (d).

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title VII, §744, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3413, provided that: "Using amounts made available under section 48102(a) of title 49, United States Code, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may carry out a program for the research and development of aircraft pavement technologies under which the Administrator makes grants to, and enters into cooperative agreements with, institutions of higher education and nonprofit organizations that—

"(1) research concrete and asphalt airfield pavement technologies that extend the life of airfield pavements;

"(2) develop and conduct training;

"(3) provide for demonstration projects; and

"(4) promote the latest airfield pavement technologies to aid in the development of safer, more cost effective, and more durable airfield pavements."

Pub. L. 112–95, title V, §507, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 106, as amended by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §539(t), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3372, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 112–95, title IX, §904, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 139, provided that: "Using amounts made available under section 48102(a) of title 49, United States Code, the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall continue to carry out a research program under which the Administrator may make grants to and enter into cooperative agreements with institutions of higher education and pavement research organizations for research and technology demonstrations related to—

"(1) the design, construction, rehabilitation, and repair of airfield pavements to aid in the development of safer, more cost effective, and more durable airfield pavements; and

"(2) engineered material restraining systems for runways at both general aviation airports and airports with commercial air carrier operations."

Pub. L. 112–95, title IX, §915, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 144, provided that: "Not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012], the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall—

"(1) initiate an evaluation of proposals related to research on the nature of wake vortexes that would increase national airspace system capacity by reducing existing spacing requirements between aircraft of all sizes;

"(2) begin implementation of a system to improve volcanic ash avoidance options for aircraft, including the development of a volcanic ash warning and notification system for aviation; and

"(3) coordinate with NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration], NASA [National Aeronautics and Space Administration], and other appropriate Federal agencies to conduct research to reduce the hazards presented to commercial aviation related to—

"(A) ground de-icing and anti-icing, ice pellets, and freezing drizzle;

"(B) oceanic weather, including convective weather;

"(C) en route turbulence prediction and detection; and

"(D) all hazards during oceanic operations, where commercial traffic is high and only rudimentary satellite sensing is available."

Pub. L. 108–176, title V, §505, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2559, required the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to enter into an arrangement with the National Research Council for an assessment of the Federal Aviation Administration's proposed wake turbulence research and development program and required that a report on the assessment be provided to Committees of Congress not later than 1 year after Dec. 12, 2003.

Pub. L. 108–176, title VII, §705, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2581, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §157, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 89, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §160, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 90, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) improving the existing runway condition information contained in the airport safety data program by reviewing and revising rating criteria and providing increased training for inspectors;

"(2) requiring such airports to submit pavement condition index information as part of their airport master plan or as support in applications for airport improvement grants; and

"(3) requiring all such airports to submit pavement condition index information on a regular basis and using this information to create a pavement condition database that could be used in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of project applications and forecasting anticipated pavement needs.

"(b)

Pub. L. 106–181, title III, §304, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 122, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(1)

"(A) airport-specific air traffic facilities and equipment, including local area augmentation systems, instrument landings systems, weather and wind shear detection equipment, lighting improvements, and control towers;

"(B) automation tools to effect improvements in airport capacity, including passive final approach spacing tools and traffic management advisory equipment; and

"(C) facilities and equipment that enhance airspace control procedures, including consolidation of terminal radar control facilities and equipment, or assist in en route surveillance, including oceanic and offshore flight tracking.

"(2)

"(g)

"(h)

Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §516, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 145, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §520, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 149, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §743, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 175, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 108–176, title VII, §704, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2581, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 106–181, title IX, §905, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 196, provided that: "The Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall consider awards to nonprofit concrete pavement research foundations to improve the design, construction, rehabilitation, and repair of rigid concrete airfield pavements to aid in the development of safer, more cost-effective, and durable airfield pavements. The Administrator may use a grant or cooperative agreement for this purpose. Nothing in this section shall require the Administrator to prioritize an airfield pavement research program above safety, security, Flight 21, environment, or energy research programs."

(a)

(1) methods for improving and accelerating future air traffic controller training through the application of advanced training techniques, including the use of simulation technology;

(2) the role of automation in the air traffic control system and its physical and psychological effects on air traffic controllers;

(3) the attributes and aptitudes needed to function well in a highly automated air traffic control system and the development of appropriate testing methods for identifying individuals with those attributes and aptitudes;

(4) innovative methods for training potential air traffic controllers to enhance the benefits of automation and maximize the effectiveness of the air traffic control system; and

(5) new technologies and procedures for exploiting automated communication systems, including Mode S Transponders, to improve information transfers between air traffic controllers and aircraft pilots.

(b)

(1) human perceptual capabilities and the effect of computer-aided decision making on the workload and performance of air traffic controllers;

(2) information management techniques for advanced air traffic control display systems; and

(3) air traffic controller workload and performance measures, including the development of predictive models.

(c)

(2)(A) The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may appoint an individual who has successfully completed a course of training in a program described in paragraph (1) of this subsection to the position of air traffic controller noncompetitively in the excepted service (as defined in section 2103 of title 5). An individual appointed under this paragraph serves at the pleasure of the Administrator, subject to section 7511 of title 5. However, an appointment under this paragraph may be converted from one in the excepted service to a career conditional or career appointment in the competitive civil service (as defined in section 2102 of title 5) when the individual achieves full performance level air traffic controller status, as decided by the Administrator.

(B) The authority under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph to make appointments in the excepted service expires on October 6, 1997, except that the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may extend the authority for one or more successive one-year periods.

(d)

(1)

(A) received a control tower operator certification (referred to in this subsection as a "CTO" certificate); and

(B) satisfied all other applicable qualification requirements for an air traffic control specialist position, including successful completion of orientation training at the Federal Aviation Administration Academy.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A)

(B)

(i) be credited as offsetting collections to the account that finances the activities and services for which the reimbursement is accepted;

(ii) be available for expenditure only to pay the costs of activities and services for which the reimbursement is accepted, including all costs associated with collecting such reimbursement; and

(iii) remain available until expended.

(e)

(1) the staffing standards used to determine the number of air traffic controllers needed to operate the air traffic control system of the United States;

(2) a 3-year projection of the number of controllers needed to be employed to operate the system to meet the standards; and

(3) a detailed plan for employing the controllers, including projected budget requests.

(f)

(1)

(A)

(i) a Federal Aviation Administration air traffic control facility;

(ii) a civilian or military air traffic control facility of the Department of Defense (including a facility of the National Guard); or

(iii) a tower operating under contract with the Federal Aviation Administration under section 47124.

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(I) have successfully completed air traffic controller training and graduated from an institution participating in the Collegiate Training Initiative program maintained under subsection (c)(1) and who have received from the institution—

(aa) an appropriate recommendation; or

(bb) an endorsement certifying that the individual would have met the requirements in effect as of December 31, 2013, for an appropriate recommendation;

(II) are eligible for a veterans recruitment appointment pursuant to section 4214 of title 38 and provide a Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty within 120 days of the announcement closing;

(III) are eligible veterans (as defined in section 4211 of title 38) maintaining aviation experience obtained in the course of the individual's military experience; or

(IV) are preference eligible veterans (as defined in section 2108 of title 5).

(iii)

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(I) is reapplying for the position pursuant to clause (i) on or before December 31, 2017; and

(II) met the maximum age requirement on the date of the individual's previous application for the position during the interim hiring process.

(3)

(4)

(A) are on terminal leave pending retirement from active duty military service or have retired from active duty military service within 5 years of applying for the appointment; and

(B) have held either an air traffic certification or air traffic control facility rating according to Administration standards within 5 years of applying for the appointment.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1178; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; Pub. L. 112–95, title VI, §607, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 114; Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2106(a), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 620; Pub. L. 115–141, div. M, title I, §108, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1047; Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title XI, §§1132, 1133, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1615, 1616.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44506(a), (b) | 49 App.:1353 (note). | Nov. 3, 1988, Pub. L. 100–591, §8(a)–(c), 102 Stat. 3015; Nov. 17, 1988, Pub. L. 100–685, §§601–603, 102 Stat. 4102. |

44506(c) | 49 App.:1348a. | Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, §362, 106 Stat. 1560. |

44506(d) | 49 App.:1348 (note). | Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §120, 106 Stat. 4884. |


In subsections (a) and (b), the text of section 8(a) and (b)(3) of the Aviation Safety Research Act of 1988 (Public Law 100–581, 102 Stat. 3015, 3016) and sections 601 and 602(3) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1989 (Public Law 100–685, 102 Stat. 4102, 4103) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (c), the words "institutions of higher education" are substituted for "post-secondary educational institutions" for consistency in the revised title.

The date of enactment of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (d)(3), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–95, which was approved Feb. 14, 2012.

**2019**—Subsec. (f)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 116–92, §1133, inserted "(including a facility of the National Guard)" after "Department of Defense".

Subsec. (f)(1)(B)(i). Pub. L. 116–92, §1132, substituted "giving further preferential consideration, within each qualification category based upon pre-employment testing results (including application of veterans' preference as required under section 40122(g)(2)(B)), to pool 1 applicants described in clause (ii) before pool 2 applicants described in clause (iii)." for "referring an approximately equal number of individuals for appointment among the 2 applicant pools described in this subparagraph. The number of individuals referred for consideration from each group shall not differ by more than 10 percent."

**2018**—Subsec. (f)(1)(C). Pub. L. 115–141, §108(1), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 115–141, §108(2)(A), inserted "except for individuals covered by the program described in paragraph (4)," after "section 3307 of title 5,".

Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 115–141, §108(2)(B), added par. (4).

**2016**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 114–190 added subsec. (f).

**2012**—Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 112–95 added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (e).

**1996**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Public Works and Transportation".

Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2106(b), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 622, provided that: "The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall consider directly notifying secondary schools and institutions of higher learning, including Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Hispanic-serving institutions, Minority Institutions, and Tribal Colleges and Universities, of a vacancy announcement under section 44506(f)(1)(B)(iii) of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 112–95, title II, §224, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 55, provided that: "As soon as practicable, and not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012], the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall—

"(1) ensure, to the extent practicable, a sufficient number of contract instructors, classroom space (including off-site locations as needed), and simulators to allow for an increase in the number of air traffic controllers at air traffic control facilities;

"(2) distribute, to the extent practicable, the placement of certified professional air traffic controllers-in-training and developmental air traffic controllers at facilities evenly across the calendar year in order to avoid training bottlenecks;

"(3) initiate an analysis, to be conducted in consultation with the exclusive bargaining representative of air traffic controllers certified under section 7111 of title 5, United States Code, of scheduling processes and practices, including overtime scheduling practices at those facilities;

"(4) provide, to the extent practicable and where appropriate, priority to certified professional air traffic controllers-in-training when filling staffing vacancies at facilities;

"(5) assess training programs at air traffic control facilities with below-average success rates to determine if training is being carried out in accordance with Administration standards, and conduct exit interview analyses with all candidates to determine potential weaknesses in training protocols, or in the execution of such training protocols; and

"(6) prioritize, to the extent practicable, such efforts to address the recommendations for the facilities identified in the Department of Transportation's Office of the Inspector General Report Number: AV-2009-047."

Pub. L. 112–95, title VI, §609(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 116, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012], the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall conduct a comprehensive review and evaluation of its Academy and facility training efforts. The Administrator shall—

"(1) clarify responsibility for oversight and direction of the Academy's facility training program at the national level;

"(2) communicate information concerning that responsibility to facility managers; and

"(3) establish standards to identify the number of developmental air traffic controllers that can be accommodated at each facility, based on—

"(A) the number of available on-the-job training instructors;

"(B) available classroom space;

"(C) the number of available simulators;

"(D) training requirements; and

"(E) the number of recently placed new personnel already in training."

Pub. L. 116–6, div. G, title I, Feb. 15, 2019, 133 Stat. 401, provided in part: "That not later than March 31 of each fiscal year hereafter, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall transmit to Congress an annual update to the report submitted to Congress in December 2004 pursuant to section 221 of Public Law 108–176 [set out below]".

Similar provisions were contained in the following appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 117–328, div. L, title I, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5102.

Pub. L. 117–103, div. L, title I, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 691.

Pub. L. 116–260, div. L, title I, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1830.

Pub. L. 116–94, div. H, title I, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2940.

Pub. L. 115–141, div. L, title I, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 977.

Pub. L. 115–31, div. K, title I, May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 730.

Pub. L. 114–113, div. L, title I, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2839.

Pub. L. 113–235, div. K, title I, Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2700.

Pub. L. 113–76, div. L, title I, Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 578.

Pub. L. 112–55, div. C, title I, Nov. 18, 2011, 125 Stat. 645.

Pub. L. 111–117, div. A, title I, Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3039.

Pub. L. 111–8, div. I, title I, Mar. 11, 2009, 123 Stat. 918.

Pub. L. 110–161, div. K, title I, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2378.

Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §221, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2526, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

(a)

(1) conduct civil aeromedical research, including research related to—

(A) the protection and survival of aircraft occupants;

(B) medical accident investigation and airman medical certification;

(C) toxicology and the effects of drugs on human performance;

(D) the impact of disease and disability on human performance;

(E) vision and its relationship to human performance and equipment design;

(F) human factors of flight crews, air traffic controllers, mechanics, inspectors, airway facility technicians, and other individuals involved in operating and maintaining aircraft and air traffic control equipment; and

(G) agency work force optimization, including training, equipment design, reduction of errors, and identification of candidate tasks for automation;

(2) make comments to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration on human factors aspects of proposed air safety regulations;

(3) make comments to the Administrator on human factors aspects of proposed training programs, equipment requirements, standards, and procedures for aviation personnel;

(4) advise, assist, and represent the Federal Aviation Administration in the human factors aspects of joint projects between the Administration and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government, industry, and governments of foreign countries; and

(5) provide medical consultation services to the Administrator about medical certification of airmen.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1179; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §524(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3363.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44507 | 49 App.:1353(e). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §312(e); added Nov. 3, 1988, Pub. L. 100–591, §5(b), 102 Stat. 3013. |


In clause (4), the words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government" are substituted for "Government agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "Regions and centers" for "Civil aeromedical research" in section catchline, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and inserted heading, and added subsec. (b).

(a)

(A) provide advice and recommendations to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration and Congress about needs, objectives, plans, approaches, content, and accomplishments of all aviation research and development activities and programs carried out, including those under sections 40119,1 44504, 44505, 44507, 44511–44513, and 44912 of this title;

(B) assist in ensuring that the research is coordinated with similar research being conducted outside the Administration;

(C) review the operations of the regional centers of air transportation excellence established under section 44513 of this title; and

(D) annually review the allocation made by the Administrator of the amounts authorized by section 48102(a) of this title among the major categories of research and development activities carried out by the Administration and provide advice and recommendations to the Administrator on whether such allocation is appropriate to meet the needs and objectives identified under subparagraph (A).

(2) The Administrator may establish subordinate committees to provide advice on specific areas of research conducted under sections 40119,1 44504, 44505, 44507, 44511–44513, and 44912 of this title.

(b)

(2) The Administrator shall designate the chairman of the committee.

(3) A member of the committee serves without pay. However, the Administrator may allow a member, when attending meetings of the committee or a subordinate committee, expenses as authorized under section 5703 of title 5.

(c)

(d)

(e) 1 44504, 44505, 44507, 44511–44513, and 44912 of this title may be used by the Administrator to carry out this section.

(2) A limitation on amounts available for obligation by or for the committee does not apply to amounts made available to carry out this section.

(f)

(1)

(A) clearly states whether the Administrator accepts or rejects the recommendation;

(B) explains the rationale for the Administrator's decision;

(C) sets forth the timeframe in which the Administrator will implement the recommendation; and

(D) describes the steps the Administrator will take to implement the recommendation.

(2)

(A) made publicly available on the research advisory committee website; and

(B) transmitted to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate.

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1180; Pub. L. 104–264, title XI, §1104, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3279; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title VII, §712, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3410; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(313), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4340.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44508(a)(1) | 49 App.:1353(f)(1), (2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §312(f); added Nov. 3, 1988, Pub. L. 100–591, §6, 102 Stat. 3013; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9209(b), 104 Stat. 1388–377. |

44508(a)(2) | 49 App.:1353(f)(6) (last sentence). | |

44508(b) | 49 App.:1353(f)(3)–(5). | |

44508(c) | 49 App.:1353(f)(6) (1st sentence), (7). | |

44508(d) | 49 App.:1353(f)(8). | |

44508(e) | 49 App.:1353(f)(9). |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "There is a" are substituted for "Not later than 180 days after November 3, 1988, the Administrator shall establish" to eliminate obsolete words. In clause (C), the words "operations of" are substituted for "research and training to be carried out by" for consistency with section 44513 of the revised title.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "to the advisory committee" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities" are substituted for "agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b)(3), the words "travel or transportation" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the words "for fiscal years beginning after September 30, 1988" are omitted as obsolete.

Section 40119 of this title, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1)(A), (2) and (e)(1), was repealed by Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(c)(3), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3627.

**2022**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted "Section 1013 of title 5" for "Section 14 of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 App. U.S.C.)".

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §712(a), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: "provide advice and recommendations to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration about needs, objectives, plans, approaches, content, and accomplishments of the aviation research program carried out under sections 40119, 44504, 44505, 44507, 44511–44513, and 44912 of this title;".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–254, §712(b), added subsec. (f).

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 104–264 added subpar. (D).

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.

The Secretary of Transportation may carry out under this chapter demonstration projects that the Secretary considers necessary for research and development activities under this chapter.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1181.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44509 | 49 App.:2205(b)(1). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §506(b)(1), 96 Stat. 678; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §105(b)(1), 101 Stat. 1490. |


(a)

(1) the construction, purchase, or lease with an option to purchase, of buildings and associated facilities.

(2) instructional material and equipment.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1181.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44510(a) | 49 App.:1354a (1st sentence). | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–516, (1st sentence last proviso, 3d, last sentences in par. under heading "Facilities and Equipment"), 104 Stat. 2160. |

Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, (1st sentence last proviso, 3d, last sentences in par. under heading "Facilities and Equipment"), 105 Stat. 922. | ||

Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, (1st sentence last proviso, 3d, last sentences in par. under heading "Facilities and Equipment"), 106 Stat. 1525. | ||

44510(b) | 49 App.:1354a (3d, last sentences). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "With appropriations made for the Airway Science Program, as authorized below in this section" are omitted as unnecessary because of section 48106 of the revised title.

In subsection (b), the proviso is omitted as executed.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1) providing grants under this section for proposals having adequate merit and relevancy to the mission of the Administration;

(2) a fair geographical distribution of grants under this section; and

(3) the inclusion of historically black institutions of higher education and other minority nonprofit research organizations for grant consideration under this section.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1)

(A) identify problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and can be solved through applied research but that are not being adequately addressed by existing Federal research programs; and

(B) fund research to address those problems.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1181; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(74), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3396; Pub. L. 108–176, title VII, §712, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2586; Pub. L. 112–95, title IX, §906, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 139; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(314), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4340.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44511 | 49 App.:1353(g). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §312(g); added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9205(a), 104 Stat. 1388–373. |


In this section, the words "institutions of higher education" and "institution of higher education" are substituted for "colleges, universities", "university, college", and "colleges and universities" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (c), the words "providing grants" are substituted for "the funding", the word "grants" is substituted for "grant funds", and the words "grant consideration" are substituted for "funding consideration", for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (d), the words "money provided under the grant" are substituted for "grant funds" for consistency.

**2022**—Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted "Section 1013 of title 5" for "Section 14 of the Federal Advisory Committee Act".

**2012**—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 112–95, §906(1), substituted "maintain an" for "establish a 4-year pilot" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 112–95, §906(2), substituted "Not later than September 30, 2012," for "Not later than 6 months after the expiration of the program under this subsection," and "program" for "program, including recommendations as to the need for establishing a permanent airport cooperative research program".

**2003**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 108–176 added subsec. (f).

**1996**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "Committee on Science" for "Committee on Science, Space, and Technology".

Committee on Science of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Science and Technology of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007. Committee on Science and Technology of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Jan. 5, 2011.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1) to conduct aviation research related to the development of technologies and methods to assess the risk of, and prevent, defects, failures, and malfunctions of products, parts, processes, and articles manufactured for use in aircraft, aircraft engines, propellers, and appliances that could result in a catastrophic failure of an aircraft; and

(2) to establish centers of excellence for continuing the research.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1182.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44512 | 49 App.:1353(h). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §312(h); added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9208(b), 104 Stat. 1388–376. |


In this section, the words "institutions of higher education" are substituted for "colleges, universities" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (b), the words "providing grants" are substituted for "the funding" for consistency in the revised title.

(a)

(b)

(A) conducting research on—

(i) airspace and airport planning and design;

(ii) airport capacity enhancement techniques;

(iii) human performance in the air transportation environment;

(iv) aviation safety and security;

(v) the supply of trained air transportation personnel, including pilots and mechanics; and

(vi) other aviation issues related to developing and maintaining a safe and efficient air transportation system; and

(B) interpreting, publishing, and disseminating the results of the research.

(2) In conducting research described in paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection, each center may make contracts with nonprofit research organizations and other appropriate persons.

(c)

(d)

(1) the extent to which the needs of the State in which the applicant is located are representative of the needs of the region for improved air transportation services and facilities.

(2) the demonstrated research and extension resources available to the applicant to carry out this section.

(3) the ability of the applicant to provide leadership in making national and regional contributions to the solution of both long-range and immediate air transportation problems.

(4) the extent to which the applicant has an established air transportation program.

(5) the demonstrated ability of the applicant to disseminate results of air transportation research and educational programs through a statewide or regionwide continuing education program.

(6) the projects the applicant proposes to carry out under the grant.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(1) the research projects that have been initiated by each center in the preceding year;

(2) the amount of funding for each research project and the funding source;

(3) the institutions participating in each research project and their shares of the overall funding for each research project; and

(4) the level of cost-sharing for each research project.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1182; Pub. L. 112–95, title IX, §907, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 140.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44513 | 49 App.:1353(i). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §312(i); added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9209(a), 104 Stat. 1388–376. |


In this section, the words "institutions of higher education" and "institution of higher education" are substituted for "colleges or universities" and "college or university" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a), the words "one or more" are omitted as surplus.

**2012**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–95, §907(a), amended subsec. (f) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The United States Government's share of a grant under this section is 50 percent of the costs of establishing and operating the center and related research activities that the grant recipient carries out."

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 112–95, §907(b), added subsec. (h).

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §127, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2348, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) facilitate collaboration among academia, the FAA, and the aircraft and airline industries, including aircraft, engine, and equipment manufacturers, air carriers, and representatives of the pilot community;

"(2) establish goals for research in areas of study relevant to advancing technology, improving engineering practices, and facilitating better understanding of human factors concepts in the context of the growing development and reliance on automated or complex systems in commercial aircraft, including continuing education and training;

"(3) examine issues related to human system integration and flight crew and aircraft interfaces, including tools and methods to support the integration of human factors considerations into the aircraft design and certification process; and

"(4) review safety reports to identify potential human factors issues for research.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(e)

[For definitions of terms used in section 127 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out above, see section 137 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 112–95, title IX, §908, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 140, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) human performance in the air transportation environment, including among air transportation personnel such as air traffic controllers, pilots, and technicians; and

"(2) any other aviation human resource issue pertinent to developing and maintaining a safe and efficient air transportation system.

"(b)

"(1) Research, development, and evaluation of training programs for air traffic controllers, aviation safety inspectors, airway transportation safety specialists, and engineers.

"(2) Research and development of best practices for recruitment of individuals into the aviation field for mission critical positions.

"(3) Research, in consultation with other relevant Federal agencies, to develop a baseline of general aviation employment statistics and an analysis of future needs in the aviation field.

"(4) Research and the development of a comprehensive assessment of the airframe and power plant technician certification process and its effect on employment trends.

"(5) Evaluation of aviation maintenance technician school environments.

"(6) Research and an assessment of the ability to develop training programs to allow for the transition of recently unemployed and highly skilled mechanics into the aviation field."

(a)

(2) The Secretary shall reopen a flight service station closed after March 24, 1987, but before July 15, 1987, as soon as practicable if the service in the area in which the station is located has not been provided since the closing by an automatic flight service station with at least model 1 equipment. The hours of operation for the reopened station shall be the same as were the hours of operation for the station on March 25, 1987. After reopening the station, the Secretary may close, or reduce the hours of operation of, the station only as provided in paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1183.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44514(a) | 49 App.:2224. | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §528, 96 Stat. 699; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §113, 101 Stat. 1505. |

44514(b) | 49 App.:1348 (notes). | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9115, 104 Stat. 1388–364. |

Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–516, §330(a), 104 Stat. 2184. |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "On or after July 15, 1987" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "after December 30, 1987" are omitted as obsolete. The words "the date of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the text of section 9115(b) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–508, 104 Stat. 1388–364) and section 330(a) (last sentence) of the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1991 (Public Law 101–516, 104 Stat. 2184) is omitted as obsolete.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1184.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44515 | 49 App.:1354 (note). | Oct., 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §119(a)–(c), 106 Stat. 4883. |


The words "vocational technical educational institution" are used throughout this section for consistency in this section.

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §135, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2356, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(A)

"(i) A description of the facilities, including the physical address of the certificate holder's primary location for operation of the school, any additional fixed locations where training will be provided, and the equipment and materials to be used at each location.

"(ii) A description of the manner in which the school's curriculum will ensure the student has the knowledge and skills necessary for attaining a mechanic certificate and associated ratings under subpart D of part 65 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (or any successor regulation).

"(iii) A description of the manner in which the school will ensure it provides the necessary qualified instructors to meet the requirements of subsection (d)(4).

"(B)

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(3)

"(4)

"(A) Airframe.

"(B) Powerplant.

"(C) Airframe and Powerplant.

"(5)

"(A) The certificate holder's name.

"(B) The certificate holder's air agency certificate number.

"(C) The name and contact information of the certificate holder's primary point of contact.

"(D) The physical address of the certificate holder's primary location, as provided under paragraph (1)(A).

"(E) The physical address of any additional location of the certificate holder, as provided under subsection (d)(2).

"(F) The ratings held, as provided under paragraph (4).

"(G) Any regulatory exemption granted to the school by the Administrator.

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) establish, maintain, and utilize a curriculum designed to continually align with mechanic airman certification standards as appropriate for the ratings held;

"(B) provide training of a quality that meets the requirements of subsection (f)(1); and

"(C) ensure students have the knowledge and skills necessary to be eligible to test for a mechanic certificate and associated ratings under subpart D of part 65 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (or any successor regulation).

"(4)

"(A) provide qualified instructors to teach in a manner that ensures positive educational outcomes are achieved;

"(B) ensure instructors hold a mechanic certificate with 1 or more appropriate ratings (or, with respect to instructors who are not certified mechanics, ensure instructors are otherwise specifically qualified to teach their assigned content); and

"(C) ensure the student-to-instructor ratio does not exceed 25:1 for any shop class.

"(5)

"(e)

"(1)

"(A) be accredited as meeting the definition of an institution of higher education provided for in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001); or

"(B) establish and maintain a quality control system that meets the requirements specified in paragraph (2) and is approved by the Administrator.

"(2)

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title VI, §624, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3404, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) ensure training programs referred to in subsection (a) are revised and updated in correlation with aviation maintenance technician airman certification standards as necessary to reflect current technology and maintenance practices; and

"(2) publish updates to the guidance or model curricula required under subsection (b) at least once every 2 years, as necessary, from the date of initial publication.

"(d)

"(1) an explanation as to why such final rule was not issued by such deadline; and

"(2) a schedule for issuing such final rule.

"(e)

"(f)

"(1) analyze the current Standard Occupational Classification system with regard to the aviation profession, particularly technical workers in the aviation maintenance industry;

"(2) analyze how changes to the Federal employment classification of aviation maintenance industry workers might affect government data on unemployment rates and wages;

"(3) analyze how changes to the Federal employment classification of aviation maintenance industry workers might affect projections for future aviation maintenance industry workforce needs and project technical worker shortfalls;

"(4) analyze the impact of Federal regulation, including Federal Aviation Administration oversight of certification, testing, and education programs, on employment of technical workers in the aviation maintenance industry;

"(5) develop recommendations on how Federal Aviation Administration regulations and policies could be improved to modernize training programs at aviation maintenance technical schools and address aviation maintenance industry needs for technical workers;

"(6) develop recommendations for better coordinating actions by government, educational institutions, and businesses to support workforce growth in the aviation maintenance industry; and

"(7) develop recommendations for addressing the needs for government funding, private investment, equipment for training purposes, and other resources necessary to strengthen existing training programs or develop new training programs to support workforce growth in the aviation industry.

"(g)

"(h)

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 108–176, title V, §504, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2559, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §517, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 145, provided that: "The Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall form a partnership with industry and labor to develop a model program to improve the curricula, teaching methods, and quality of instructors for training individuals that need certification as airframe and powerplant mechanics."

(a)

(1)

(A) address the problems and concerns raised by the National Research Council in its report "The Future of Air Traffic Control" on air traffic control automation; and

(B) respond to the recommendations made by the National Research Council.

(2)

(A) in recovering from loss of control of an aircraft, including handling unusual attitudes and mechanical malfunctions;

(B) in deviating from standard operating procedures, including inappropriate responses to emergencies and hazardous weather;

(C) in awareness of altitude and location relative to terrain to prevent controlled flight into terrain; and

(D) in landing and approaches, including nonprecision approaches and go-around procedures.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §713(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 160.)

The date of the enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (c), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–181, which was approved Apr. 5, 2000.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §124, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2346, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) Appropriate employees within the Flight Standards Service.

"(B) Appropriate employees within the Aircraft Certification Service.

"(C) Other employees or authorized representatives determined to be necessary by the Administrator.

"(b)

"(1) require each transport airplane manufacturer to provide the Administrator with the information or findings necessary for flight crew to be trained on flight deck systems;

"(2) ensure the information or findings under paragraph (1) adequately includes consideration of human factors; and

"(3) ensure that each transport airplane manufacturer identifies any technical basis, justification or rationale for the information and findings under paragraph (1)."

[For definitions of "Administrator" and "transport airplanes" as used in section 124 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out above, see section 137 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 40101 of this title.]

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(A) airport-specific air traffic facilities and equipment, including local area augmentation systems, instrument landing systems, weather and wind shear detection equipment, and lighting improvements;

(B) automation tools to effect improvements in airport capacity, including passive final approach spacing tools and traffic management advisory equipment; and

(C) equipment and software that enhance airspace control procedures or assist in en route surveillance, including oceanic and offshore flight tracking.

(2)

(f)

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §183(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2516.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) promote and facilitate collaboration among academia, the Transportation Division of the Federal Aviation Administration, and the commercial aircraft industry, including manufacturers, commercial air carriers, and suppliers; and

(2) establish goals set to advance technology, improve engineering practices, and facilitate continuing education in relevant areas of study.

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title VII, §762(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3428; amended Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §134, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2356.)

**2020**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 116–260 added subsec. (c).

(a)

(1) develop a program for regular recurrent training of engineers, inspectors, and other subject-matter experts employed in the Aircraft Certification Service of the Administration in accordance with the training strategy developed pursuant to section 231 of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 (Public Law 115–254; 132 Stat. 3256);

(2) to the maximum extent practicable, implement measures, including assignments in multiple divisions of the Aircraft Certification Service, to ensure that such engineers and other subject-matter experts in the Aircraft Certification Service have access to diverse professional opportunities that expand their knowledge and skills;

(3) develop a program to provide continuing education and training to Administration personnel who hold positions involving aircraft certification and flight standards, including human factors specialists, engineers, flight test pilots, inspectors, and, as determined appropriate by the Administrator, industry personnel who may be responsible for compliance activities including designees; and

(4) in consultation with outside experts, develop—

(A) an education and training curriculum on current and new aircraft technologies, human factors, project management, and the roles and responsibilities associated with oversight of designees; and

(B) recommended practices for compliance with Administration regulations.

(b)

(1) permit engineers, inspectors, and other subject matter experts to continue developing knowledge of, and expertise in, new and emerging technologies in systems design, flight controls, principles of aviation safety, system oversight, and certification project management;

(2) minimize the likelihood of an individual developing an inappropriate bias toward a designer or manufacturer of aircraft, aircraft engines, propellers, or appliances;

(3) are consistent with any applicable collective bargaining agreements; and

(4) account for gaps in knowledge and skills (as identified by the Administrator in consultation with the exclusive bargaining representatives certified under section 7111 of title 5, United States Code) between Administration employees and private-sector employees for each group of Administration employees covered under this section.

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §112(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2331.)

Section 231 of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 (Public Law 115–254; 132 Stat. 3256), referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is section 231 of Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title II, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3256, which is not classified to the Code.


**2022**—Pub. L. 117–328, div. O, title V, §501(e), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5231, added item 44744.

**2020**—Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §§107(d)(2), 119(b), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2326, 2339, added items 44740 to 44743 and struck out second item 44737 "Special rule for certain aircraft operations".

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title II, §212(b), title III, §317(b), title IV, §§408(b), 417(b), title V, §581(b)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3249, 3269, 3330, 3334, 3398, added item 44736, two items 44737, and items 44738 and 44739.

**2016**—Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title III, §341(a)(4)(B), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2081, substituted "Structures interfering with air commerce or national security" for "Structures interfering with air commerce" in item 44718.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §§303(c)(2), 306(c), 307(c), 308(b), 309(b), 310(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 58, 61, 62, 64, 65, substituted "Type certificates, production certificates, airworthiness certificates, and design and production organization certificates" for "Type certificates, production certificates, airworthiness certificates, and design organization certificates" in item 44704 and added items 44730 to 44735.

**2007**—Pub. L. 110–135, §2(b), Dec. 13, 2007, 121 Stat. 1452, added item 44729.

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §227(e)(2), title V, §502(b), title VIII, §814(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2532, 2557, 2592, substituted "Type certificates, production certificates, airworthiness certificates, and design organization certificates" for "Type certificates, production certificates, and airworthiness certificates" in item 44704 and added items 44727 and 44728.

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §§504(c), 505(a)(2), title VI, §603(b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 134, 136, 152, substituted "Aeronautical charts and related products and services" for "Aeronautical maps and charts" in item 44721 and added items 44725 and 44726.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–264, title VI, §602(a)(2), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3264, added item 44724.

1 So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.

(a)

(1) minimum standards required in the interest of safety for appliances and for the design, material, construction, quality of work, and performance of aircraft, aircraft engines, and propellers;

(2) regulations and minimum standards in the interest of safety for—

(A) inspecting, servicing, and overhauling aircraft, aircraft engines, propellers, and appliances;

(B) equipment and facilities for, and the timing and manner of, the inspecting, servicing, and overhauling; and

(C) a qualified private person, instead of an officer or employee of the Administration, to examine and report on the inspecting, servicing, and overhauling;

(3) regulations required in the interest of safety for the reserve supply of aircraft, aircraft engines, propellers, appliances, and aircraft fuel and oil, including the reserve supply of fuel and oil carried in flight;

(4) regulations in the interest of safety for the maximum hours or periods of service of airmen and other employees of air carriers; and

(5) regulations and minimum standards for other practices, methods, and procedure the Administrator finds necessary for safety in air commerce and national security.

(b)

(1) an air carrier to whom a certificate is issued under section 44705 of this title; and

(2) operating an airport serving any passenger operation of air carrier aircraft designed for at least 31 passenger seats.

(c)

(d)

(1) consider—

(A) the duty of an air carrier to provide service with the highest possible degree of safety in the public interest; and

(B) differences between air transportation and other air commerce; and

(2) classify a regulation or standard appropriate to the differences between air transportation and other air commerce.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) aircraft registered in the United States and operated pursuant to an agreement for the lease, charter, or interchange of the aircraft or any similar arrangement by an operator that has its principal place of business or, if it has no such place of business, its permanent residence in another country; and

(B) aircraft registered in a foreign country and operated under an agreement for the lease, charter, or interchange of the aircraft or any similar arrangement by an operator that has its principal place of business or, if it has no such place of business, its permanent residence in the United States.

(5)

(A)

(i) the country is the state of design for the product that is the subject of the airworthiness directive;

(ii) the United States has a bilateral safety agreement relating to aircraft certification with the country;

(iii) as part of the bilateral safety agreement with the country, the Administrator has determined that such aeronautical safety authority has an aircraft certification system relating to safety that produces a level of safety equivalent to the level produced by the system of the Federal Aviation Administration;

(iv) the aeronautical safety authority of the country utilizes an open and transparent notice and comment process in the issuance of airworthiness directives; and

(v) the airworthiness directive is necessary to provide for the safe operation of the aircraft subject to the directive.

(B)

(C)

(i) accept an alternative means of compliance, with respect to an airworthiness directive accepted under subparagraph (A), that was approved by the aeronautical safety authority of the foreign country that issued the airworthiness directive; or

(ii) notwithstanding subparagraph (A), and at the request of any person affected by an airworthiness directive accepted under such subparagraph, approve an alternative means of compliance with respect to the airworthiness directive.

(D)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1185; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(55), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4385; Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §714, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 161; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title II, §242, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3258.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44701(a) | 49 App.:1421(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§601(a), (b) (1st sentence related to standards, rules, and regulations, last sentence), (c), 604(a) (related to standards), 72 Stat. 775, 778. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

44701(b) | 49 App.:1424(a) (related to standards). | |

49 App.:1432(a) (related to standards). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §612(a) (related to standards); added May 21, 1970, Pub. L. 91–258, §51(b)(1), 84 Stat. 234; restated Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §525(a), 96 Stat. 697. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44701(c) | 49 App.:1421(b) (last sentence). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44701(d) | 49 App.:1421(b) (1st sentence related to standards, rules, and regulations). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44701(e) | 49 App.:1421(c). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In this section, the word "Administrator" in sections 601(a)–(c) and 604 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 775, 778) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "is empowered and it . . . be his duty to" and "and revising from time to time" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "as may be" are omitted as surplus. In clauses (2)–(5), the words "Reasonable" and "reasonable" are omitted as surplus and the word "rules" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulations". In clause (5), the words "to provide adequately" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "the operation of" are omitted as surplus. The words "under section 44705 of this title" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "scheduled or unscheduled" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "carry out" are substituted for "exercise and perform his powers and duties under", and the words "in carrying out" are substituted for "in the administration and enforcement of", for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d), before clause (1), the word "rules" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulations". In clause (1), before subclause (A), the word "full" is omitted as surplus. In clause (1)(A), the word "provide" is substituted for "perform" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (e), the words "from time to time" are omitted as surplus. The word "rule" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulation".

This amends 49:44701(d) and (e) to correct erroneous cross-references.

**2018**—Subsec. (e)(5). Pub. L. 115–254 added par. (5).

**2000**—Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 106–181 added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsec. (e) as (f).

**1994**—Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "any of sections 44702–44716" for "section 44702–44716".

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LVI, §5604, Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3406, provided that: "A flight instructor, registered owner, lessor, or lessee of an aircraft shall not be required to obtain a letter of deviation authority from the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to allow, conduct or receive flight training, checking, and testing in an experimental aircraft if—

"(1) the flight instructor is not providing both the training and the aircraft;

"(2) no person advertises or broadly offers the aircraft as available for flight training, checking, or testing; and

"(3) no person receives compensation for use of the aircraft for a specific flight during which flight training, checking, or testing was received, other than expenses for owning, operating, and maintaining the aircraft."

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §102(a)–(f), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2309, 2310, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) ensure safety management systems are consistent with, and complementary to, existing safety management systems;

"(B) include provisions that would permit operational feedback from operators and pilots qualified on the manufacturers' equipment to ensure that the operational assumptions made during design and certification remain valid;

"(C) include provisions for the Administrator's approval of, and regular oversight of adherence to, a certificate holder's safety management system adopted pursuant to such regulations; and

"(D) require such certificate holder to adopt, not later than 4 years after the date of enactment of this title, a safety management system.

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

[For definitions of terms used in section 102(a)–(f) of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out above, see section 137 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §104, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2316, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the inspectors, human factors specialists, flight test pilots, engineers, managers, and executives in the FAA who are responsible for the certification of the design, manufacture, and operation of aircraft intended for air transportation for purposes of determining whether the FAA has the expertise and capability to adequately understand the safety implications of, and oversee the adoption of, new or innovative technologies, materials, and procedures used by designers and manufacturers of such aircraft; and

"(2) the Senior Technical Experts Program to determine whether the program should be enhanced or expanded to bolster and support the programs of the FAA's Office of Aviation Safety, with particular focus placed on the Aircraft Certification Service and the Flight Standards Service (or any successor organizations), particularly with respect to understanding the safety implications of new or innovative technologies, materials, aircraft operations, and procedures used by designers and manufacturers of such aircraft.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1) An analysis of the Administration's ability to hire safety inspectors, human factors specialists, flight test pilots, engineers, managers, executives, scientists, and technical advisors, who have the requisite expertise to oversee new developments in aerospace design and manufacturing.

"(2) A plan for the Administration to improve the overall expertise of the FAA's personnel who are responsible for the oversight of the design and manufacture of aircraft.

"(e)

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

[For definitions of terms used in section 104 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out above, see section 137 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §113, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2332, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) The FAA maintains a reporting culture that encourages human factors specialists, engineers, flight test pilots, inspectors, and other appropriate FAA employees to voluntarily report safety concerns.

"(2) The safety reporting program is non-punitive, confidential, and protects employees from adverse employment actions related to their participation in the program.

"(3) The safety reporting program identifies exclusionary criteria for the program.

"(4) Collaborative development of the program with bargaining representatives of employees under section 7111 of title 5, United States Code, who are employed in the Aircraft Certification Service or Flight Standards Service of the Administration (or, if unable to reach an agreement collaboratively, the Administrator shall negotiate with the representatives in accordance with section 40122(a) of title 49, United States Code, regarding the development of the program).

"(5) Full and collaborative participation in the program by the bargaining representatives of employees described in paragraph (4).

"(6) The Administrator thoroughly reviews safety reports to determine whether there is a safety issue, including a hazard, defect, noncompliance, nonconformance, or process error.

"(7) The Administrator thoroughly reviews safety reports to determine whether any aircraft certification process contributed to the safety concern being raised.

"(8) The creation of a corrective action process in order to address safety issues that are identified through the program.

"(c)

"(1) improve—

"(A) safety systems, hazard control, and risk reduction;

"(B) certification systems;

"(C) FAA oversight;

"(D) compliance and conformance; and

"(E) any other matter determined necessary by the Administrator; and

"(2) implement lessons learned.

"(d)

"(1) ensure that identified issues can be addressed in a timely manner; and

"(2) foster open dialogue between applicants and FAA employees throughout the certification process.

"(e)

"(f)

[For definitions of terms used in section 113 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out above, see section 137 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title II, §§201, 202, 211, 221, 223, 224, 243, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3242, 3246, 3252, 3254, 3255, 3259, as amended by Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §129, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2349, provided that:

"In this title [enacting this note and section 44736 of this title and amending this section and sections 40104, 44704, and 45305 of this title], the following definitions apply:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) Aircraft and flight standards certification processes, including efforts to streamline those processes.

"(2) Implementation and oversight of safety management systems.

"(3) Risk-based oversight efforts.

"(4) Utilization of delegation and designation authorities, including organization designation authorization.

"(5) Regulatory interpretation standardization efforts.

"(6) Training programs.

"(7) Expediting the rulemaking process and giving priority to rules related to safety.

"(8) Enhancing global competitiveness of United States manufactured and United States certificated aerospace and aviation products and services throughout the world.

"(c)

"(1) Foster industry collaboration in an open and transparent manner.

"(2) Consult with, and ensure participation by—

"(A) the private sector, including representatives of—

"(i) general aviation;

"(ii) commercial aviation;

"(iii) aviation labor;

"(iv) aviation maintenance, repair, and overhaul;

"(v) aviation, aerospace, and avionics manufacturing;

"(vi) unmanned aircraft systems operators and manufacturers; and

"(vii) the commercial space transportation industry;

"(B) members of the public; and

"(C) other interested parties.

"(3) Recommend consensus national goals, strategic objectives, and priorities for the most efficient, streamlined, and cost-effective certification and safety oversight processes in order to maintain the safety of the aviation system and, at the same time, allow the FAA to meet future needs and ensure that aviation stakeholders remain competitive in the global marketplace.

"(4) Provide policy guidance recommendations for the FAA's certification and safety oversight efforts.

"(5) On a regular basis, review and provide recommendations on the FAA's certification and safety oversight efforts.

"(6) Periodically review and evaluate registration, certification, and related fees.

"(7) Provide appropriate legislative, regulatory, and guidance recommendations for the air transportation system and the aviation safety regulatory environment.

"[(8), (9). Repealed. Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §129(b), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2349.]

"(10) Provide a venue for tracking progress toward national goals and sustaining joint commitments.

"(11) Recommend recruiting, hiring, training, and continuing education objectives for FAA aviation safety engineers and aviation safety inspectors.

"(12) Provide advice and recommendations to the FAA on how to prioritize safety rulemaking projects.

"(13) Improve the development of FAA regulations by providing information, advice, and recommendations related to aviation issues.

"(14) Facilitate the validation and acceptance of United States manufactured and United States certificated products and services throughout the world.

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) The Administrator (or the Administrator's designee).

"(B) At least 11 individuals, appointed by the Secretary, each of whom represents at least 1 of the following interests:

"(i) Transport aircraft and engine manufacturers.

"(ii) General aviation aircraft and engine manufacturers.

"(iii) Avionics and equipment manufacturers.

"(iv) Aviation labor organizations, including collective bargaining representatives of FAA aviation safety inspectors and aviation safety engineers.

"(v) General aviation operators.

"(vi) Air carriers.

"(vii) Business aviation operators.

"(viii) Unmanned aircraft systems manufacturers and operators.

"(ix) Aviation safety management experts.

"(x) Aviation maintenance, repair, and overhaul.

"(xi) Airport owners and operators.

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) take part in deliberations of the Advisory Committee; and

"(ii) provide input with respect to any final reports or recommendations of the Advisory Committee.

"(C)

"(3)

"(4)

"(A) Each voting member under paragraph (1)(B) shall be an executive officer of the organization who has decisionmaking authority within the member's organization and can represent and enter into commitments on behalf of such organization.

"(B) The ability to obtain necessary information from experts in the aviation and aerospace communities.

"(C) A membership size that enables the Advisory Committee to have substantive discussions and reach consensus on issues in a timely manner.

"(D) Appropriate expertise, including expertise in certification and risked-based safety oversight processes, operations, policy, technology, labor relations, training, and finance.

"(5)

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

"(g)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) provide rulemaking advice and recommendations to the Advisory Committee with respect to aviation-related issues;

"(B) provide the FAA additional opportunities to obtain firsthand information and insight from those parties that are most affected by existing and proposed regulations; and

"(C) assist in expediting the development, revision, or elimination of rules without circumventing public rulemaking processes and procedures.

"(3)

"(h)

"(i)

"(a)

"(1) encompass all of the regulatory guidance documents of the FAA Office of Aviation Safety;

"(2) contain, for each such guidance document, a link to the Code of Federal Regulations provision to which the document relates; and

"(3) be publicly available in a manner that—

"(A) protects from disclosure identifying information regarding an individual or entity; and

"(B) prevents inappropriate disclosure proprietary information.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(c)

"(d)

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) the Flight Standards Service;

"(2) the Aircraft Certification Service; and

"(3) the Office of the Chief Counsel.

"(d)

"(1) Establish, at a minimum, processes by which—

"(A) FAA personnel and persons regulated by the FAA may submit anonymous regulatory interpretation questions without fear of retaliation;

"(B) FAA personnel may submit written questions, and receive written responses, as to whether a previous approval or regulatory interpretation issued by FAA personnel in another office or region is correct or incorrect; and

"(C) any other person may submit written anonymous regulatory interpretation questions.

"(2) Meet on a regular basis to discuss and resolve questions submitted pursuant to paragraph (1) and the appropriate application of regulations and policy with respect to each question.

"(3) Provide to a person that submitted a question pursuant to subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (1) a timely written response to the question.

"(4) Establish a process to make resolutions of common regulatory interpretation questions publicly available to FAA personnel, persons regulated by the FAA, and the public without revealing any identifying data of the person that submitted the question and in a manner that protects any proprietary information.

"(5) Ensure the incorporation of resolutions of questions submitted pursuant to paragraph (1) into regulatory guidance documents, as such term is defined in section 223(d).

"(e)

"(1) establish performance metrics, timelines, and goals to measure the progress of the Board in resolving regulatory interpretation questions submitted pursuant to subsection (d)(1); and

"(2) implement a process for tracking the progress of the Board in meeting the performance metrics, timelines, and goals established under paragraph (1).

"(a)

"(1) attain greater expertise in issues related to dispute resolution, intellectual property, and export control laws to better support FAA certification and other aerospace regulatory activities abroad;

"(2) work with United States companies to more accurately track the amount of time it takes foreign authorities, including bilateral partners, to validate United States certificated aeronautical products;

"(3) provide assistance to United States companies that have experienced significantly long foreign validation wait times;

"(4) work with foreign authorities, including bilateral partners, to collect and analyze data to determine the timeliness of the acceptance and validation of FAA design and production approvals by foreign authorities and the acceptance and validation of foreign-certified products by the FAA;

"(5) establish appropriate benchmarks and metrics to measure the success of bilateral aviation safety agreements and to reduce the validation time for United States certificated aeronautical products abroad; and

"(6) work with foreign authorities, including bilateral partners, to improve the timeliness of the acceptance and validation of FAA design and production approvals by foreign authorities and the acceptance and validation of foreign-certified products by the FAA.

"(b)

"(1) describes the FAA's strategic plan for international engagement;

"(2) describes the structure and responsibilities of all FAA offices that have international responsibilities, including the Aircraft Certification Office, and all the activities conducted by those offices related to certification and production;

"(3) describes current and forecasted staffing and travel needs for the FAA's international engagement activities, including the needs of the Aircraft Certification Office in the current and forecasted budgetary environment;

"(4) provides recommendations, if appropriate, to improve the existing structure and personnel and travel policies supporting the FAA's international engagement activities, including the activities of the Aviation Certification Office, to better support the growth of United States aerospace exports; and

"(5) identifies cost-effective policy initiatives, regulatory initiatives, or legislative initiatives needed to improve and enhance the timely acceptance of United States aerospace products abroad.

"(c)

"(1) to promote United States aerospace safety standards; or

"(2) to support expedited acceptance of FAA design and production approvals."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §302, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3260, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) include a recurrent training curriculum for covered FAA personnel to ensure that the covered FAA personnel receive instruction on the latest aviation technologies, processes, and procedures;

"(2) focus on providing specialized technical training for covered FAA personnel, as determined necessary by the Administrator;

"(3) include training courses on applicable regulations of the Federal Aviation Administration; and

"(4) consider the efficacy of instructor-led online training.

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §303, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3261, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) a review of the assumptions and methodologies used in devising and implementing the staffing model to assess the adequacy of the staffing model in predicting the number of aviation safety inspectors needed—

"(i) to properly fulfill the mission of the Administration; and

"(ii) to meet the future growth of the aviation industry; and

"(B) a determination on whether the staffing model takes into account the Administration's authority to fully utilize designees.

"(3)

"(A)

"(B)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §307, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3263, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §308, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3263, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) a review of all general aviation accidents since 2000, including a review of—

"(A) the number of such accidents;

"(B) the number of injuries and fatalities, including with respect to both occupants of aircraft and individuals on the ground, as a result of such accidents;

"(C) the number of such accidents investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board;

"(D) the number of such accidents investigated by the FAA [Federal Aviation Administration]; and

"(E) a summary of the factual findings and probable cause determinations with respect to such accidents;

"(2) an assessment of the most common probable cause determinations issued for general aviation accidents since 2000;

"(3) an assessment of the most common facts analyzed by the FAA and the National Transportation Safety Board in the course of investigations of general aviation accidents since 2000, including operational details;

"(4) a review of the safety recommendations of the National Transportation Safety Board related to general aviation accidents since 2000;

"(5) an assessment of the responses of the FAA and the general aviation community to the safety recommendations of the National Transportation Safety Board related to general aviation accidents since 2000;

"(6) an assessment of the most common general aviation safety issues;

"(7) a review of the total costs to the Federal Government to conduct investigations of general aviation accidents over the last 10 years; and

"(8) other matters the Administrator or the Chairman considers appropriate.

"(c)

"(1) address general aviation safety issues identified under the study;

"(2) protect persons and property on the ground; and

"(3) improve the safety of general aviation operators in the United States.

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §315, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3267, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, submit to the appropriate committees of Congress [Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives] a report based on the findings of the aviation rulemaking committee; and

"(2) not later than 1 year after the date of submission of the report under paragraph (1), issue a notice of proposed rulemaking based on any consensus recommendations reached by the aviation rulemaking committee.

"(c)

"(1) representatives of industry;

"(2) representatives of aviation labor organizations, including collective bargaining units representing pilots who are covered by part 135 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, and subpart K of part 91 of such title; and

"(3) aviation safety experts with specific knowledge of flight crewmember education and training requirements under part 135 of such title.

"(d)

"(1) recommendations of prior part 135 rulemaking committees;

"(2) accommodations necessary for small businesses;

"(3) scientific data derived from aviation-related fatigue and sleep research;

"(4) data gathered from aviation safety reporting programs;

"(5) the need to accommodate the diversity of operations conducted under part 135, including the unique duty and rest time requirements of air ambulance pilots; and

"(6) other items, as appropriate."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §320, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3269, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) has not been reviewed by an event review committee tasked with reviewing such reports; and

"(2) may subsequently be determined to be ineligible for inclusion in the aviation safety action program.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the enforcement-related incentive offered to the individual for making such a report shall not apply; and

"(B) the protection from disclosure of the report itself under section 40123 of title 49, United States Code, shall not apply.

"(3)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §335, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3280, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) a flight attendant scheduled to a duty period of 14 hours or less is given a scheduled rest period of at least 10 consecutive hours; and

"(B) the rest period is not reduced under any circumstances.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) Current flight time and duty period limitations.

"(B) A rest scheme consistent with such limitations that enables the management of flight attendant fatigue, including annual training to increase awareness of—

"(i) fatigue;

"(ii) the effects of fatigue on flight attendants; and

"(iii) fatigue countermeasures.

"(C) Development and use of a methodology that continually assesses the effectiveness of implementation of the plan, including the ability of the plan—

"(i) to improve alertness; and

"(ii) to mitigate performance errors.

"(3)

"(4)

"(A)

"(B)

"(5)

"(6)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §532, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3366, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) volunteered to provide such transportation; and

"(2) notified any individual that will be on the flight, at the time of inquiry about the flight, that the flight operation is for charitable purposes and is not subject to the same requirements as a commercial flight.

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §546, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3376, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the digitization of nondigital Registry information, including paper documents, microfilm images, and photographs, from an analog or nondigital format to a digital format;

"(2) the digitalization of Registry manual and paper-based processes, business operations, and functions by leveraging digital technologies and a broader use of digitized data;

"(3) the implementation of systems allowing a member of the public to submit any information or form to the Registry and conduct any transaction with the Registry by electronic or other remote means; and

"(4) allowing more efficient, broader, and remote access to the Registry.

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(1) the schedule for the covered upgrades to the Registry;

"(2) the office responsible for the implementation of the such covered upgrades;

"(3) the metrics being used to measure progress in implementing the covered upgrades; and

"(4) the status of the covered upgrades as of the date of the report."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §583, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3399, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) Focus on targeting segments of the hazardous materials industry with high rates of undeclared shipments through air commerce and educate air carriers, shippers, manufacturers, and other relevant stakeholders of such segments on properly packaging and classifying such shipments.

"(2) Educate the public on proper ways to declare and ship hazardous materials, examples of everyday items that are considered hazardous materials, and penalties associated with intentional shipments of undeclared hazardous materials.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(d)

Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2102, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 619, provided that: "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [July 15, 2016], the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall—

"(1) develop a process to verify that air carrier training programs incorporate measures to train pilots on—

"(A) monitoring automation systems; and

"(B) controlling the flightpath of aircraft without autopilot or autoflight systems engaged;

"(2) develop metrics or measurable tasks that air carriers can use to evaluate pilot monitoring proficiency;

"(3) issue guidance to aviation safety inspectors responsible for oversight of the operations of air carriers on tracking and assessing pilots' proficiency in manual flight; and

"(4) issue guidance to air carriers and inspectors regarding standards for compliance with the requirements for enhanced pilot training contained in the final rule published in the Federal Register on November 12, 2013 (78 Fed. Reg. 67800)."

Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2109, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 623, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the travel covered under the agreement is deemed necessary, by both the Administrator and the applicant or certificate-holder, to expedite the acceptance or validation of the relevant certificate or approval;

"(2) the travel is conducted at the request of the applicant or certificate-holder;

"(3) travel plans and expenses are approved by the applicant or certificate-holder prior to travel; and

"(4) the agreement requires payment in advance of FAA services and is consistent with the processes under section 106(l)(6) of title 49, United States Code.

"(c)

"(1) the number of occasions on which the Administrator entered into reimbursable agreements under this section;

"(2) the number of occasions on which the Administrator declined a request by an applicant or certificate-holder to enter into a reimbursable agreement under this section;

"(3) the amount of reimbursements collected in accordance with agreements under this section; and

"(4) the extent to which reimbursable agreements under this section assisted in reducing the amount of time necessary for validations of certificates and design approvals.

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) applied to a foreign authority for the acceptance or validation of an FAA certificate or design approval; or

"(B) applied to the FAA for the acceptance or validation of a foreign authority certificate or design approval.

"(2)

"(3)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §394(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3325, provided that: "Beginning on the date that is 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] may not take any enforcement action against any individual for a violation of a NOTAM (as defined in section 3 of the Pilot's Bill of Rights [Pub. L. 112–153] (49 U.S.C. 44701 note)) until the Administrator certifies to the appropriate committees of Congress [Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives] that the Administrator has complied with the requirements of section 3 of the Pilot's Bill of Rights, as amended by this section."

Pub. L. 112–153, §3, Aug. 3, 2012, 126 Stat. 1162, as amended by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §394(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3325, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) to improve the system of providing airmen with pertinent and timely information regarding the national airspace system;

"(B) to continue developing and modernizing the NOTAM repository, in a public central location, to maintain and archive all NOTAMs, including the original content and form of the notices, the original date of publication, and any amendments to such notices with the date of each amendment, in a manner that is Internet-accessible, machine-readable, and searchable;

"(C) to apply filters so that pilots can prioritize critical flight safety information from other airspace system information; and

"(D) to specify the times during which temporary flight restrictions are in effect and the duration of a designation of special use airspace in a specific area.

"(b)

"(1) to decrease the overwhelming volume of NOTAMs an airman receives when retrieving airman information prior to a flight in the national airspace system;

"(2) make the NOTAMs more specific and relevant to the airman's route and in a format that is more useable to the airman;

"(3) to provide a full set of NOTAM results in addition to specific information requested by airmen;

"(4) to provide a document that is easily searchable; and

"(5) to provide a filtering mechanism similar to that provided by the Department of Defense Notices to Airmen.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) shall consider the repository for NOTAMs under subsection (a)(2)(B) to be the sole location for airmen to check for NOTAMs; and

"(B) may not consider a NOTAM to be announced or published until the NOTAM is included in the repository for NOTAMs under subsection (a)(2)(B).

"(2)

"(A)

"(i) that NOTAM is not available through the repository before the commencement of the flight; and

"(ii) that NOTAM is not reasonably accessible and identifiable to the airman.

"(B)

Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §313, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 67, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) review the October 2010 report by the Government Accountability Office on certification and approval processes (GAO–11–14); and

"(2) develop recommendations to address the findings in the report and other concerns raised by interested parties, including representatives of the aviation industry.

"(b)

"(1) determine the root causes of inconsistent interpretation of regulations by the Administration's Flight Standards Service and Aircraft Certification Service;

"(2) develop recommendations to improve the consistency of interpreting regulations by the Administration's Flight Standards Service and Aircraft Certification Service; and

"(3) develop recommendations to improve communications between the Administration's Flight Standards Service and Aircraft Certification Service and applicants and certificate and approval holders for the identification and resolution of potentially adverse issues in an expeditious and fair manner.

"(c)

Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §315, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 68, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) to include periodic and random reviews as part of the Administration's oversight of air carriers; and

"(2) to prohibit an individual from participating in a review or audit of an office with responsibility for an air carrier under the program if the individual, at any time in the 5-year period preceding the date of the review or audit, had responsibility for inspecting, or overseeing the inspection of, the operations of that carrier.

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §343, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 80, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) any trends in regulatory compliance are identified; and

"(2) appropriate corrective actions are taken in accordance with Administration regulations, advisory directives, policies, and procedures.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) any trends in regulatory compliance discovered by the team of employees in conducting the monthly review; and

"(B) any corrective actions taken or proposed to be taken in response to the trends.

"(c)

Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §345, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 81, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 112–95, title VI, §606, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 113, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §333, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3274, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(A)

"(B)

"(2)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the intended destination of the batteries is not serviced daily by cargo aircraft if a battery is required for medically necessary care; and

"(B) with regard to a shipper of lithium ion or lithium metal batteries for medical devices that cannot comply with a charge limitation in place at the time, each battery is—

"(i) individually packed in an inner packaging that completely encloses the battery;

"(ii) placed in a rigid outer packaging; and

"(iii) protected to prevent a short circuit.

"(3)

"(4)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) The Department of Transportation.

"(B) The Consumer Product Safety Commission.

"(C) The National Institute on Standards and Technology.

"(D) The Food and Drug Administration.

"(3)

"(4)

"(A) establish working group subcommittees to focus on specific issues related to the safe manufacture, use, or transportation of lithium batteries and cells; and

"(B) include in a subcommittee the participation of nonmember stakeholders with expertise in areas that the Secretary or members consider necessary.

"(5)

"(A) identify and assess—

"(i) additional ways to decrease the risk of fires and explosions from lithium batteries and cells;

"(ii) additional ways to ensure uniform transportation requirements for both bulk and individual batteries; and

"(iii) new or existing technologies that may reduce the fire and explosion risk of lithium batteries and cells; and

"(B) transmit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report on the assessments conducted under subparagraph (A), including any legislative recommendations to effectuate the safety improvements described in clauses (i) through (iii) of that subparagraph.

"(6)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) facilitate communication between manufacturers of lithium ion and lithium metal cells and batteries, manufacturers of products incorporating both large and small lithium ion and lithium metal batteries, air carriers, and the Federal Government regarding the safe air transportation of lithium ion and lithium metal cells and batteries and the effectiveness and economic and social impacts of the regulation of such transportation;

"(B) provide the Secretary, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration with timely information about new lithium ion and lithium metal battery technology and transportation safety practices and methodologies;

"(C) provide a forum for the Secretary to provide information on and to discuss the activities of the Department of Transportation relating to lithium ion and lithium metal battery transportation safety, the policies underlying the activities, and positions to be advocated in international forums;

"(D) provide a forum for the Secretary to provide information and receive advice on—

"(i) activities carried out throughout the world to communicate and enforce relevant United States regulations and the ICAO Technical Instructions; and

"(ii) the effectiveness of the activities;

"(E) provide advice and recommendations to the Secretary with respect to lithium ion and lithium metal battery air transportation safety, including how best to implement activities to increase awareness of relevant requirements and their importance to travelers and shippers; and

"(F) review methods to decrease the risk posed by air shipment of undeclared hazardous materials and efforts to educate those who prepare and offer hazardous materials for shipment via air transport.

"(3)

"(A) Individuals appointed by the Secretary to represent—

"(i) large volume manufacturers of lithium ion and lithium metal cells and batteries;

"(ii) domestic manufacturers of lithium ion and lithium metal batteries or battery packs;

"(iii) manufacturers of consumer products powered by lithium ion and lithium metal batteries;

"(iv) manufacturers of vehicles powered by lithium ion and lithium metal batteries;

"(v) marketers of products powered by lithium ion and lithium metal batteries;

"(vi) cargo air service providers based in the United States;

"(vii) passenger air service providers based in the United States;

"(viii) pilots and employees of air service providers described in clauses (vi) and (vii);

"(ix) shippers of lithium ion and lithium metal batteries for air transportation;

"(x) manufacturers of battery-powered medical devices or batteries used in medical devices; and

"(xi) employees of the Department of Transportation, including employees of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration.

"(B) Representatives of such other Government departments and agencies as the Secretary determines appropriate.

"(C) Any other individuals the Secretary determines are appropriate to comply with Federal law.

"(4)

"(A)

"(i) describes and evaluates the steps being taken in the private sector and by international regulatory authorities to implement and enforce requirements relating to the safe transportation by air of bulk shipments of lithium ion cells and batteries; and

"(ii) identifies any areas of enforcement or regulatory requirements for which there is consensus that greater attention is needed.

"(B)

"(5)

"(A)

"(B)

"(6)

"(7)

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) Encouraging training programs at locations outside the United States from which substantial cargo shipments of lithium ion or lithium metal batteries originate for manufacturers, freight forwarders, and other shippers and potential shippers of lithium ion and lithium metal batteries.

"(B) Working with Federal, regional, and international transportation agencies to ensure enforcement of U.S. Hazardous Materials Regulations and ICAO Technical Instructions with respect to shippers who offer noncompliant shipments of lithium ion and lithium metal batteries.

"(C) Sharing information, as appropriate, with Federal, regional, and international transportation agencies regarding noncompliant shipments.

"(D) Pursuing a joint effort with the international aviation community to develop a process to obtain assurances that appropriate enforcement actions are taken to reduce the likelihood of noncompliant shipments, especially with respect to jurisdictions in which enforcement activities historically have been limited.

"(E) Providing information in brochures and on the internet in appropriate foreign languages and dialects that describes the actions required to comply with U.S. Hazardous Materials Regulations and ICAO Technical Instructions.

"(F) Developing joint efforts with the international aviation community to promote a better understanding of the requirements of and methods of compliance with U.S. Hazardous Materials Regulations and ICAO Technical Instructions.

"(3)

"(f)

"(g)

"(1)

"(2)

"(h)

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, §828, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 133, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) may issue and enforce an emergency regulation, more stringent than the requirements of the ICAO Technical Instructions, that governs the transportation by aircraft of such cells or batteries, if that regulation—

"(i) addresses solely deficiencies referenced in the report; and

"(ii) is effective for not more than 1 year; and

"(B) may adopt and enforce a permanent regulation, more stringent than the requirements of the ICAO Technical Instructions, that governs the transportation by aircraft of such cells or batteries, if—

"(i) the Secretary bases the regulation upon substantial credible evidence that the otherwise permissible presence of such cells or batteries would substantially contribute to the initiation or propagation of an onboard fire;

"(ii) the regulation addresses solely the deficiencies in existing regulations; and

"(iii) the regulation imposes the least disruptive and least expensive variation from existing requirements while adequately addressing identified deficiencies.

"(c)

Pub. L. 111–216, title II, Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2350, as amended by Pub. L. 111–249, §6, Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2628; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(315), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4340, provided that:

"(a) [sic]

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(6)

"(7)

"(8)

"[Amended section 1135 of this title.]

"[Amended section 44703 of this title.]

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) Air carrier management responsibilities for flight crewmember education and support.

"(2) Flight crewmember professional standards.

"(3) Flight crewmember training standards and performance.

"(4) Mentoring and information sharing between air carriers.

"(d)

"(1) the progress of the Task Force in identifying best practices in the air carrier industry;

"(2) the progress of air carriers and labor unions in implementing the best practices identified by the Task Force;

"(3) recommendations of the Task Force, if any, for legislative or regulatory actions;

"(4) the progress of air carriers and labor unions in implementing training-related, nonregulatory actions recommended by the Administrator; and

"(5) the progress of air carriers in developing specific programs to share safety data and ensure implementation of the most effective safety practices.

"(e)

"(f)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) to review the level of the Administration's oversight of each part 121 air carrier;

"(2) to make recommendations to ensure that each part 121 air carrier is receiving an equivalent level of oversight;

"(3) to assess the number and level of experience of aviation safety inspectors assigned to each part 121 air carrier;

"(4) to evaluate how the Administration is making assignments of aviation safety inspectors to each part 121 air carrier;

"(5) to review various safety inspector oversight programs, including the geographic inspector program;

"(6) to evaluate the adequacy of the number of operational research analysts assigned to each part 121 air carrier;

"(7) to evaluate the surveillance responsibilities of aviation safety inspectors, including en route inspections;

"(8) to evaluate whether inspectors are able to effectively use data sources, such as the Safety Performance Analysis System and the Air Transportation Oversight System, to assist in targeting oversight of each part 121 air carrier;

"(9) to assess the feasibility of establishment by the Administration of a comprehensive repository of information that encompasses multiple Administration data sources and allows access by aviation safety inspectors and operational research analysts to assist in the oversight of each part 121 air carrier; and

"(10) to conduct such other analyses as the Inspector General considers relevant to the review.

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) Establish flight crewmember mentoring programs under which the air carrier will pair highly experienced flight crewmembers who will serve as mentor pilots and be paired with newly employed flight crewmembers. Mentor pilots should be provided, at a minimum, specific instruction on techniques for instilling and reinforcing the highest standards of technical performance, airmanship, and professionalism in newly employed flight crewmembers.

"(B) Establish flight crewmember professional development committees made up of air carrier management and labor union or professional association representatives to develop, administer, and oversee formal mentoring programs of the carrier to assist flight crewmembers to reach their maximum potential as safe, seasoned, and proficient flight crewmembers.

"(C) Establish or modify training programs to accommodate substantially different levels and types of flight experience by newly employed flight crewmembers.

"(D) Establish or modify training programs for second-in-command flight crewmembers attempting to qualify as pilot-in-command flight crewmembers for the first time in a specific aircraft type and ensure that such programs include leadership and command training.

"(E) Ensure that recurrent training for pilots in command includes leadership and command training.

"(F) Such other actions as the aviation rulemaking committee determines appropriate to enhance flight crewmember professional development.

"(2)

"(3)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) review the programs of such part 121 air carriers to determine whether the programs meet the requirements set forth in the final rule referred to in subsection (b)(2); and

"(ii) expedite the approval of the programs that the Administrator determines meet such requirements.

"(b)

"(1) not later than one year after the date of enactment of this Act, a notice of proposed rulemaking based on the recommendations of the aviation rulemaking committee convened under subsection (a); and

"(2) not later than 36 months after such date of enactment, a final rule based on such recommendations.

"(a)

"(b)

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) to recognize and avoid a stall of an aircraft or, if not avoided, to recover from the stall; and

"(B) to recognize and avoid an upset of an aircraft or, if not avoided, to execute such techniques as available data indicate are appropriate to recover from the upset in a given make, model, and series of aircraft.

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) not later than one year after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 1, 2010], issue a notice of proposed rulemaking under each of paragraphs (1) and (2); and

"(B) not later than 36 months after the date of enactment of this Act, issue a final rule for the rulemaking under each of paragraphs (1) and (2).

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) submit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, and the National Transportation Safety Board a report based on the findings of the panel; and

"(B) with respect to stick pusher systems, initiate appropriate actions to implement the recommendations of the panel.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the best methods and optimal time needed for flight crewmembers of part 121 air carriers and flight crewmembers of part 135 air carriers to master aircraft systems, maneuvers, procedures, takeoffs and landings, and crew coordination;

"(B) initial and recurrent testing requirements for pilots, including the rigor and consistency of testing programs such as check rides;

"(C) the optimal length of time between training events for such flight crewmembers, including recurrent training events;

"(D) the best methods reliably to evaluate mastery by such flight crewmembers of aircraft systems, maneuvers, procedures, takeoffs and landings, and crew coordination;

"(E) classroom instruction requirements governing curriculum content and hours of instruction;

"(F) the best methods to allow specific academic training courses to be credited toward the total flight hours required to receive an airline transport pilot certificate; and

"(G) crew leadership training.

"(3)

"(4)

"[Amended section 41712 of this title.]

"The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall perform, not less frequently than once each year, random, onsite inspections of air carriers that provide air transportation pursuant to a contract with a part 121 air carrier to ensure that such air carriers are complying with all applicable safety standards of the Administration.

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) Time of day of flights in a duty period.

"(B) Number of takeoff and landings in a duty period.

"(C) Number of time zones crossed in a duty period.

"(D) The impact of functioning in multiple time zones or on different daily schedules.

"(E) Research conducted on fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.

"(F) Sleep and rest requirements recommended by the National Transportation Safety Board and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

"(G) International standards regarding flight schedules and duty periods.

"(H) Alternative procedures to facilitate alertness in the cockpit.

"(I) Scheduling and attendance policies and practices, including sick leave.

"(J) The effects of commuting, the means of commuting, and the length of the commute.

"(K) Medical screening and treatment.

"(L) Rest environments.

"(M) Any other matters the Administrator considers appropriate.

"(3)

"(A) not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 1, 2010], a notice of proposed rulemaking under paragraph (1); and

"(B) not later than one year after the date of enactment of this Act, a final rule under paragraph (1).

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) Current flight time and duty period limitations.

"(B) A rest scheme consistent with such limitations that enables the management of pilot fatigue, including annual training to increase awareness of—

"(i) fatigue;

"(ii) the effects of fatigue on pilots; and

"(iii) fatigue countermeasures.

"(C) Development and use of a methodology that continually assesses the effectiveness of the program, including the ability of the program—

"(i) to improve alertness; and

"(ii) to mitigate performance errors.

"(3)

"(4)

"(A)

"(B)

"(5)

"(6)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the prevalence of pilot commuting in the commercial air carrier industry, including the number and percentage of pilots who commute;

"(B) information relating to commuting by pilots, including distances traveled, time zones crossed, time spent, and methods used;

"(C) research on the impact of commuting on pilot fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms;

"(D) commuting policies of commercial air carriers (including passenger and all-cargo air carriers), including pilot check-in requirements and sick leave and fatigue policies;

"(E) postconference materials from the Federal Aviation Administration's June 2008 symposium titled 'Aviation Fatigue Management Symposium: Partnerships for Solutions';

"(F) Federal Aviation Administration and international policies and guidance regarding commuting; and

"(G) any other matters as the Administrator considers appropriate.

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(A) consider the findings and recommendations in the report; and

"(B) update, as appropriate based on scientific data, regulations required by subsection (a) on flight and duty time.

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) a list of—

"(A) which air carriers are using one or more of the voluntary safety programs referred to in subsection (a); and

"(B) the voluntary safety programs each air carrier is using;

"(2) if an air carrier is not using one or more of the voluntary safety programs—

"(A) a list of such programs the carrier is not using; and

"(B) the reasons the carrier is not using each such program;

"(3) if an air carrier is using one or more of the voluntary safety programs, an explanation of the benefits and challenges of using each such program;

"(4) a detailed analysis of how the Administration is using data derived from each of the voluntary safety programs as safety analysis and accident or incident prevention tools and a detailed plan on how the Administration intends to expand data analysis of such programs;

"(5) an explanation of—

"(A) where the data derived from the voluntary safety programs is stored;

"(B) how the data derived from such programs is protected and secured; and

"(C) what data analysis processes air carriers are implementing to ensure the effective use of the data derived from such programs;

"(6) a description of the extent to which aviation safety inspectors are able to review data derived from the voluntary safety programs to enhance their oversight responsibilities;

"(7) a description of how the Administration plans to incorporate operational trends identified under the voluntary safety programs into the air transport oversight system and other surveillance databases so that such system and databases are more effectively utilized;

"(8) other plans to strengthen the voluntary safety programs, taking into account reviews of such programs by the Inspector General of the Department of Transportation; and

"(9) such other matters as the Administrator determines are appropriate.

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) how the Administration can assist part 121 air carriers with smaller fleet sizes to derive a benefit from establishing a flight operational quality assurance program;

"(2) how part 121 air carriers with established aviation safety action and flight operational quality assurance programs can quickly begin to report data into the aviation safety information analysis sharing database; and

"(3) how part 121 air carriers and aviation safety inspectors can better utilize data from such database as accident and incident prevention tools.

"(c)

"(d)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) An aviation safety action program.

"(2) A flight operational quality assurance program.

"(3) A line operations safety audit.

"(4) An advanced qualification program.

"(c)

"(1) not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 1, 2010], a notice of proposed rulemaking under subsection (a); and

"(2) not later than 24 months after the date of enactment of this Act, a final rule under subsection (a).

"(d)

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) have obtained an airline transport pilot certificate under part 61 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations; and

"(ii) have appropriate multi-engine aircraft flight experience, as determined by the Administrator.

"(b)

"(1) not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, a notice of proposed rulemaking under subsection (a); and

"(2) not later than 24 months after such date of enactment, a final rule under subsection (a).

"(c)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) have sufficient flight hours, as determined by the Administrator, to enable a pilot to function effectively in an air carrier operational environment; and

"(2) have received flight training, academic training, or operational experience that will prepare a pilot, at a minimum, to—

"(A) function effectively in a multipilot environment;

"(B) function effectively in adverse weather conditions, including icing conditions;

"(C) function effectively during high altitude operations;

"(D) adhere to the highest professional standards; and

"(E) function effectively in an air carrier operational environment.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

Pub. L. 108–176, title V, §506, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2560, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) an analysis of the type of training provided to FAA inspectors;

"(B) actions that the Federal Aviation Administration has undertaken to ensure that FAA inspectors receive up-to-date training on the latest technologies;

"(C) the extent of FAA inspector training provided by the aviation industry and whether such training is provided without charge or on a quid pro quo basis; and

"(D) the amount of travel that is required of FAA inspectors in receiving training.

"(3)

"(b)

"(1) FAA inspectors should be encouraged to take the most up-to-date initial and recurrent training on the latest aviation technologies;

"(2) FAA inspector training should have a direct relation to an individual's job requirements; and

"(3) if possible, a FAA inspector should be allowed to take training at the location most convenient for the inspector.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) A suggested method of modifying FAA inspectors staffing models for application to current local conditions or applying some other approach to developing an objective staffing standard.

"(B) The approximate cost and length of time for developing such models.

"(3)

Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §513, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 144, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) any funding or staffing constraints that would adversely impact the Administration's ability to continue to develop and implement the air transportation oversight system;

"(2) progress in integrating the aviation safety data derived from such system's inspections with existing aviation data of the Administration in the safety performance analysis system of the Administration; and

"(3) the Administration's efforts in collaboration with the aviation industry to develop and validate safety performance measures and appropriate risk weightings for such system.

"(c)

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §732, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 168, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) to operate aircraft inspected no less often than after 125 hours of flight time;

"(B) to participate in an annual flight review, as described in section 61.56 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations;

"(C) to have at least 500 hours of flight time as a pilot;

"(D) to have a commercial rating, as described in subpart F of part 61 of such title;

"(E) to hold at least a second-class medical certificate, as described in subpart C of part 67 of such title;

"(F) to hold a current letter of authorization issued by the Administrator; and

"(G) to take such other actions as the Administrator determines necessary for safety.

"(3)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) conducts aircraft operations over or within the State of Alaska;

"(B) operates single engine, fixed-wing aircraft on floats, wheels, or skis, providing commercial hunting, fishing, or other guide services and related accommodations in the form of camps or lodges; and

"(C) transports clients by such aircraft incidental to hunting, fishing, or other guide services."

Pub. L. 105–170, Apr. 24, 1998, 112 Stat. 47, provided that:

"This Act may be cited as the 'Aviation Medical Assistance Act of 1998'.

"Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 24, 1998], the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall reevaluate regulations regarding: (1) the equipment required to be carried in medical kits of aircraft operated by air carriers; and (2) the training required of flight attendants in the use of such equipment, and, if the Administrator determines that such regulations should be modified as a result of such reevaluation, shall issue a notice of proposed rulemaking to modify such regulations.

"(a)

"(1) The number of persons who died on aircraft of the air carrier, including any person who was declared dead after being removed from such an aircraft as a result of a medical incident that occurred on such aircraft.

"(2) The age of each such person.

"(3) Any information concerning cause of death that is available at the time such person died on the aircraft or is removed from the aircraft or that subsequently becomes known to the air carrier.

"(4) Whether or not the aircraft was diverted as a result of the death or incident.

"(5) Such other information as the Administrator may request as necessary to aid in a decision as to whether or not to require automatic external defibrillators in airports or on aircraft operated by air carriers, or both.

"(b)

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) on passenger aircraft operated by air carriers, the proposed rulemaking or recommendation shall include—

"(A) the size of the aircraft on which such defibrillators should be required;

"(B) the class flights (whether interstate, overseas, or foreign air transportation or any combination thereof) on which such defibrillators should be required;

"(C) the training that should be required for air carrier personnel in the use of such defibrillators; and

"(D) the associated equipment and medication that should be required to be carried in the aircraft medical kit; and

"(2) at airports, the proposed rulemaking or recommendation shall include—

"(A) the size of the airport at which such defibrillators should be required;

"(B) the training that should be required for airport personnel in the use of such defibrillators; and

"(C) the associated equipment and medication that should be required at the airport.

"(d)

"(e)

"(a)

"(b)

"In this Act—

"(1) the terms 'air carrier', 'aircraft', 'airport', 'interstate air transportation', 'overseas air transportation', and 'foreign air transportation' have the meanings such terms have under section 40102 of title 49, United States Code;

"(2) the term 'major air carrier' means an air carrier certificated under section 41102 of title 49, United States Code, that accounted for at least 1 percent of domestic scheduled-passenger revenues in the 12 months ending March 31 of the most recent year preceding the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 24, 1998], as reported to the Department of Transportation pursuant to part 241 of title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations; and

"(3) the term 'medically qualified individual' includes any person who is licensed, certified, or otherwise qualified to provide medical care in a State, including a physician, nurse, physician assistant, paramedic, and emergency medical technician."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §301, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3260, provided that: "In this title [see Tables for classification], the following definitions apply:

"(1)

"(2)

(a)

(1) be under oath when the Administrator requires; and

(2) be in the form, contain information, and be filed and served in the way the Administrator prescribes.

(b)

(1) consider—

(A) the duty of an air carrier to provide service with the highest possible degree of safety in the public interest; and

(B) differences between air transportation and other air commerce; and

(2) classify a certificate according to the differences between air transportation and other air commerce.

(c)

(d)

(A) the examination, testing, and inspection necessary to issue a certificate under this chapter; and

(B) issuing the certificate.

(2) The Administrator may rescind a delegation under this subsection at any time for any reason the Administrator considers appropriate.

(3) A person affected by an action of a private person under this subsection may apply for reconsideration of the action by the Administrator. On the Administrator's own initiative, the Administrator may reconsider the action of a private person at any time. If the Administrator decides on reconsideration that the action is unreasonable or unwarranted, the Administrator shall change, modify, or reverse the action. If the Administrator decides the action is warranted, the Administrator shall affirm the action.

(4)(A) With respect to a critical system design feature of a transport category airplane, the Administrator may not delegate any finding of compliance with applicable airworthiness standards or review of any system safety assessment required for the issuance of a certificate, including a type certificate, or amended or supplemental type certificate, under section 44704, until the Administrator has reviewed and validated any underlying assumptions related to human factors.

(B) The requirement under subparagraph (A) shall not apply if the Administrator determines the matter involved is a routine task.

(C) For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term critical system design feature includes any feature (including a novel or unusual design feature) for which the failure of such feature, either independently or in combination with other failures, could result in catastrophic or hazardous failure conditions, as those terms are defined by the Administrator.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1186; Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §227(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2531; Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §106, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2320.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44702(a) | 49 App.:1422(a) (1st–10th words). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§314 (less (a) (last sentence related to fees)), 601(b) (1st sentence related to issuing certificates, 2d sentence), 602(a) (1st–8th words), 603(a)(1), (b), (c) (as §603(a)(1), (b), (c) relate to issuing certificates), 604(a) (related to issuing certificates), 606 (last sentence), 607 (last sentence), 608, 72 Stat. 754, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779. |

49 App.:1423(a)(1), (b), (c) (as 49 App.:1423(a)(1), (b), (c) relate to issuing certificates). | ||

49 App.:1424(a) (related to issuing certificates). | ||

49 App.:1426 (last sentence). | ||

49 App.:1427 (last sentence). | ||

49 App.:1428. | ||

49 App.:1432(a) (related to issuing certificates). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §612(a) (related to issuing certificates); added May 21, 1970, Pub. L. 91–258, §51(b)(1), 84 Stat. 234; restated Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §525(a), 96 Stat. 697. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

44702(b) | 49 App.:1421(b) (1st sentence related to issuing certificates). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44702(c) | 49 App.:1421(b) (2d sentence). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44702(d) | 49 App.:1355 (less (a) (last sentence related to fees)). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In this section, the word "Administrator" in sections 601(b), 602(a), 603(a)(1), 604(a), 606 (last sentence), 607 (last sentence), and 608 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 775, 776, 778, 779) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

In subsection (a), the reference to a type certificate and production certificate is added for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1), before subclause (A), the word "full" is omitted as surplus. In clause (1)(A), the word "provide" is substituted for "perform" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words "In exercising the powers and duties vested in him by this chapter" and "properly" are omitted as surplus. The words "or employees" are omitted because of 1:1. The word "matter" is substituted for "work, business, or function" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the words "in accordance with standards established by him" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "made by him" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(3), the words "exercising delegated authority" and "with respect to the authority granted under subsection (a) of this section" are omitted as surplus. The words "at any time" are substituted for "either before or after it has become effective", and the words "If the Administrator decides on reconsideration that the action is unreasonable or unwarranted" are substituted for "If, upon reconsideration by the Secretary of Transportation, it shall appear that the action in question is in any respect unjust or unwarranted", to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the action" are substituted for "the same accordingly", and the words "If the Administrator decides the action is warranted, the Administrator shall affirm the action" are substituted for "otherwise, such action shall be affirmed", for clarity. The text of 49 App.:1355(b) (proviso) is omitted as unnecessary because of 5:559 (last sentence).

**2020**—Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 116–260 added par. (4).

**2003**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–176 inserted "design organization certificates," after "airman certificates," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §227(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2531, provided that the amendment made by section 227(a) is effective on the last day of the 7-year period beginning on Dec. 12, 2003.

Pub. L. 108–176, title VII, §706, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2582, provided that: "The Federal Aviation Administration shall conduct research to promote the development of analytical tools to improve existing certification methods and to reduce the overall costs for the certification of new products."

(a)

(b)

(A) be numbered and recorded by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration;

(B) contain the name, address, and description of the individual to whom the certificate is issued;

(C) contain terms the Administrator decides are necessary to ensure safety in air commerce, including terms on the duration of the certificate, periodic or special examinations, and tests of physical fitness;

(D) specify the capacity in which the holder of the certificate may serve as an airman with respect to an aircraft; and

(E) designate the class the certificate covers.

(2) A certificate issued to a pilot serving in scheduled air transportation shall have the designation "airline transport pilot" of the appropriate class.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(d)

(A) is suspended at the time of denial; or

(B) was revoked within one year from the date of the denial.

(2) The Board shall conduct a hearing on the appeal at a place convenient to the place of residence or employment of the applicant. The Board is not bound by findings of fact of the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration. At the end of the hearing, the Board shall decide whether the individual meets the applicable regulations and standards. The Administrator is bound by that decision.

(3) A person who is substantially affected by an order of the Board under this subsection, or the Administrator if the Administrator decides that an order of the Board will have a significant adverse impact on carrying out this subtitle, may seek judicial review of the order under section 46110. The Administrator shall be made a party to the judicial review proceedings. The findings of fact of the Board in any such case are conclusive if supported by substantial evidence.

(e)

(1) restrict or prohibit issuing an airman certificate to an alien; or

(2) make issuing the certificate to an alien dependent on a reciprocal agreement with the government of a foreign country.

(f)

(1) when the Administrator decides that issuing the certificate will facilitate law enforcement efforts; and

(2) as provided in section 44710(e)(2) of this title.

(g)

(A) the use of fictitious names and addresses by applicants for those certificates.

(B) the use of stolen or fraudulent identification in applying for those certificates.

(C) the use by an applicant of a post office box or "mail drop" as a return address to evade identification of the applicant's address.

(D) the use of counterfeit and stolen airman certificates by pilots.

(E) the absence of information about physical characteristics of holders of those certificates.

(2) The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall prescribe regulations to carry out paragraph (1) of this subsection and provide a written explanation of how the regulations address each of the deficiencies and abuses described in paragraph (1). In prescribing the regulations, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall consult with the Administrator of Drug Enforcement, the Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection, other law enforcement officials of the United States Government, representatives of State and local law enforcement officials, representatives of the general aviation aircraft industry, representatives of users of general aviation aircraft, and other interested persons.

(3) For purposes of this section, the term "acts of terrorism" means an activity that involves a violent act or an act dangerous to human life that is a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or of any State, and appears to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion or to affect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnaping.

(4) The Administrator is authorized and directed to work with State and local authorities, and other Federal agencies, to assist in the identification of individuals applying for or holding airmen certificates.

(h)

(1)

(A)

(i) current airman certificates (including airman medical certificates) and associated type ratings, including any limitations to those certificates and ratings; and

(ii) summaries of legal enforcement actions resulting in a finding by the Administrator of a violation of this title or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this title that was not subsequently overturned.

(B)

(i) records pertaining to the individual that are maintained by an air carrier (other than records relating to flight time, duty time, or rest time) under regulations set forth in—

(I) section 121.683 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations;

(II) paragraph (A) of section VI, appendix I, part 121 of such title;

(III) paragraph (A) of section IV, appendix J, part 121 of such title;

(IV) section 125.401 of such title; and

(V) section 135.63(a)(4) of such title; and

(ii) other records pertaining to the individual's performance as a pilot that are maintained by the air carrier or person concerning—

(I) the training, qualifications, proficiency, or professional competence of the individual, including comments and evaluations made by a check airman designated in accordance with section 121.411, 125.295, or 135.337 of such title;

(II) any disciplinary action taken with respect to the individual that was not subsequently overturned; and

(III) any release from employment or resignation, termination, or disqualification with respect to employment.

(C)

(2)

(A) shall be required to obtain written consent to the release of those records from the individual that is the subject of the records requested; and

(B) may, notwithstanding any other provision of law or agreement to the contrary, require the individual who is the subject of the records to request to execute a release from liability for any claim arising from the furnishing of such records to or the use of such records by such air carrier (other than a claim arising from furnishing information known to be false and maintained in violation of a criminal statute).

(3) 5-

(4)

(5)

(6)

(A) on or before the 20th day following the date of receipt of the request, written notice of the request and of the individual's right to receive a copy of such records; and

(B) in accordance with paragraph (10), a copy of such records, if requested by the individual.

(7)

(8)

(A) standard forms that may be used by an air carrier to request records under paragraph (1); and

(B) standard forms that may be used by an air carrier to—

(i) obtain the written consent of the individual who is the subject of a request under paragraph (1); and

(ii) inform the individual of—

(I) the request; and

(II) the individual right of that individual to receive a copy of any records furnished in response to the request.

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(A) recommendations by the Administrator concerning proposed changes to Federal Aviation Administration records, air carrier records, and other records required to be furnished under subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (1); or

(B) reasons why the Administrator does not recommend any proposed changes to the records referred to in subparagraph (A).

(13)

(A) to protect—

(i) the personal privacy of any individual whose records are requested under paragraph (1) and disseminated under paragraph (15); and

(ii) the confidentiality of those records;

(B) to preclude the further dissemination of records received under paragraph (1) by the person who requested those records; and

(C) to ensure prompt compliance with any request made under paragraph (1).

(14)

(A)

(B)

(15)

(16)

(i) FAA

(1)

(2)

(A) FAA

(i) records that are maintained by the Administrator concerning current airman certificates, including airman medical certificates and associated type ratings and information on any limitations to those certificates and ratings;

(ii) records that are maintained by the Administrator concerning any failed attempt of an individual to pass a practical test required to obtain a certificate or type rating under part 61 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations; and

(iii) summaries of legal enforcement actions resulting in a finding by the Administrator of a violation of this title or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this title that was not subsequently overturned.

(B)

(i) records pertaining to the individual that are maintained by the air carrier (other than records relating to flight time, duty time, or rest time) or person, including records under regulations set forth in—

(I) section 121.683 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations;

(II) section 121.111(a) of such title;

(III) section 121.219(a) of such title;

(IV) section 125.401 of such title; and

(V) section 135.63(a)(4) of such title; and

(ii) other records pertaining to the individual's performance as a pilot that are maintained by the air carrier or person concerning—

(I) the training, qualifications, proficiency, or professional competence of the individual, including comments and evaluations made by a check airman designated in accordance with section 121.411, 125.295, or 135.337 of such title;

(II) any disciplinary action taken with respect to the individual that was not subsequently overturned; and

(III) any release from employment or resignation, termination, or disqualification with respect to employment.

(C)

(3)

(A) shall obtain the written consent of an individual before accessing records pertaining to the individual under paragraph (1); and

(B) may, notwithstanding any other provision of law or agreement to the contrary, require an individual with respect to whom the carrier is accessing records under paragraph (1) to execute a release from liability for any claim arising from accessing the records or the use of such records by the air carrier in accordance with this section (other than a claim arising from furnishing information known to be false and maintained in violation of a criminal statute).

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(I) Records that are generated by the air carrier or other person after the date of enactment of this paragraph.

(II) Records that the air carrier or other person is maintaining, on such date of enactment, pursuant to subsection (h)(4).

(5)

(A) shall maintain all records entered into the database under paragraph (2) pertaining to an individual until the date of receipt of notification that the individual is deceased; and

(B) may remove the individual's records from the database after that date.

(6)

(7)

(A) shall make available, not later than 30 days after the date of the request, to the individual for review all records referred to in paragraph (2) pertaining to the individual; and

(B) shall provide the individual with a reasonable opportunity to submit written comments to correct any inaccuracies contained in the records.

(8)

(A)

(B)

(i) be credited to the appropriation current when the amount is received;

(ii) be merged with and available for the purposes of such appropriation; and

(iii) remain available until expended.

(9)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(I) deidentified, summarized information to explain the need for changes in policies and regulations;

(II) information to correct a condition that compromises safety;

(III) information to carry out a criminal investigation or prosecution;

(IV) information to comply with section 44905, regarding information about threats to civil aviation; and

(V) such information as the Administrator determines necessary, if withholding the information would not be consistent with the safety responsibilities of the Federal Aviation Administration.

(10)

(A) recommendations by the Administrator concerning proposed changes to Federal Aviation Administration records, air carrier records, and other records required to be included in the database under paragraph (2); or

(B) reasons why the Administrator does not recommend any proposed changes to the records referred to in subparagraph (A).

(11)

(A) to protect and secure—

(i) the personal privacy of any individual whose records are accessed under paragraph (1); and

(ii) the confidentiality of those records; and

(B) to preclude the further dissemination of records received under paragraph (1) by the person who accessed the records.

(12)

(A) the air carrier has made a documented good faith attempt to access the information from the database; and

(B) the air carrier has received written notice from the Administrator that the information is not contained in the database because the individual was employed by an air carrier or other person that no longer exists or by a foreign government or other entity that has not provided the information to the database.

(13)

(A)

(B)

(i) the designated individual has received the written consent of the pilot applicant to access the information; and

(ii) information obtained using such access will not be used for any purpose other than making the hiring decision.

(14)

(15)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(i) the Administrator shall begin to establish the database under paragraph (2) not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this paragraph;

(ii) the Administrator shall maintain records in accordance with paragraph (5) beginning on the date of enactment of this paragraph; and

(iii) air carriers and other persons shall maintain records to be reported to the database under paragraph (4)(B) in the period beginning on such date of enactment and ending on the date that is 5 years after the requirements of subsection (h) cease to be effective pursuant to subparagraph (B).

(16)

(j)

(1)

(A) the air carrier requesting the records of that individual under subsection (h)(1) or accessing the records of that individual under subsection (i)(1);

(B) a person who has complied with such request;

(C) a person who has entered information contained in the individual's records; or

(D) an agent or employee of a person described in subparagraph (A) or (B);

in the nature of an action for defamation, invasion of privacy, negligence, interference with contract, or otherwise, or under any Federal or State law with respect to the furnishing or use of such records in accordance with subsection (h) or (i).

(2)

(3)

(A) the person knows is false; and

(B) was maintained in violation of a criminal statute of the United States.

(4)

(A)

(B)

(k)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1186; Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §715, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 162; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §§129, 138(b), 140(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 633, 640, 641; Pub. L. 111–216, title II, §203, Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2352; Pub. L. 111–249, §6(3), (4), Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2629; Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §§301(a), 310(c), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 56, 65; Pub. L. 112–153, §2(c)(1), Aug. 3, 2012, 126 Stat. 1160; Pub. L. 114–125, title VIII, §802(d)(2), Feb. 24, 2016, 130 Stat. 210; Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2101, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 619.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44703(a) | 49 App.:1422(b)(1) (1st sentence, 2d sentence words before 6th comma). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §602(b)(1), 72 Stat. 776; Oct. 19, 1984, Pub. L. 98–499, §3, 98 Stat. 2313; Aug. 26, 1992, Pub. L. 102–345, §4, 106 Stat. 926. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

44703(b) | 49 App.:1422(a) (11th–last words). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §602(a) (9th–last words), (c), 72 Stat. 776. |

49 App.:1422(b)(1) (2d sentence words after 6th comma), (c). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44703(c)(1) | 49 App.:1422(b)(1) (3d sentence). | |

44703(c)(2) | 49 App.:1422(b)(1) (4th, 5th sentences, last sentence words before proviso). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44703(d) | 49 App.:1422(b)(1) (last sentence proviso). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44703(e) | 49 App.:1422(b)(2)(A), (B). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §602(b)(2)(A), (B); added Oct. 19, 1984, Pub. L. 98–499, §3, 98 Stat. 2313; restated Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7204(a), 102 Stat. 4425. |

44703(f)(1) | 49 App.:1422(d). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §602(d); added Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7205(a), 102 Stat. 4426. |

44703(f)(2) | 49 App.:1401 (note). | Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7207(a) (1st sentence), (b), 102 Stat. 4427. |


In subsections (a)–(d), the word "Administrator" in section 602(a), (b)(1), and (c) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 776) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

In subsection (a), the text of 49 App.:1422(b) (1st sentence) is omitted as surplus. The words "is qualified" are substituted for "possesses proper qualifications" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "to be authorized by the certificate" are substituted for "for which the airman certificate is sought" for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1)(C), the words "conditions, and limitations" are omitted as being included in "terms".

In subsection (b)(1)(E), the word "designate" is substituted for "be entitled with the designation of" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "may appeal . . . to" are substituted for "may file with . . . a petition for review of the Secretary of Transportation's action" for consistency with section 1109 of the revised title. The words "the individual holds a certificate that" are substituted for "persons whose certificates" for clarity.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "conduct a hearing on the appeal" are substituted for "thereupon assign such petition for hearing" for consistency. The words "In the conduct of such hearing and in determining whether the airman meets the pertinent rules, regulations, or standards" are omitted as surplus. The word "Administrator" is substituted for "Federal Aviation Administration" because of 49:106(b) and (g). The words "meets the applicable regulations" are substituted for "meets the pertinent rules, regulations" because "rules" and "regulations" are synonymous and for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (d), before clause (1), the words "in his discretion" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "the terms of" and "entered into" are omitted as surplus. The words "government of a foreign country" are substituted for "foreign governments" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (f)(1), before clause (A), the words "established under this chapter" and "to pilots" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(2), the words "Not later than September 18, 1989" and "final" are omitted as obsolete. The words "Administrator of Drug Enforcement" are substituted for "Drug Enforcement Administration of the Department of Justice" because of section 5(a) of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973 (eff. July 1, 1973, 87 Stat. 1092). The words "Commissioner of Customs" are substituted for "United States Customs Service" because of 19:2071.

The date of the enactment of the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), (3), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–181, which was approved Apr. 5, 2000.

The date of the enactment of the Pilot Records Improvement Act of 1996, referred to in subsec. (h)(12), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 104–264, which was approved Oct. 9, 1996.

The date of enactment of this paragraph, referred to in subsec. (i)(4)(B)(ii), (10), (15)(C), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 111–216, which was approved Aug. 1, 2010.

The text of section 44936(f) to (h) of this title, which was transferred to the end of this section, redesignated as subsecs. (h) to (j), respectively, and amended by Pub. L. 107–71, §§138(b), 140(a), was based on Pub. L. 104–264, title V, §502(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3259; amended Pub. L. 105–102, §2(25), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205; Pub. L. 105–142, §1, Dec. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 2650; Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §508(b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 140.

**2016**—Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 114–190 substituted "Not later than April 30, 2017, the Administrator shall establish and make available for use" for "The Administrator shall establish".

**2012**—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 112–153 struck out "but is bound by all validly adopted interpretations of laws and regulations the Administrator carries out unless the Board finds an interpretation is arbitrary, capricious, or otherwise not according to law" after "Federal Aviation Administration".

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 112–95, §301(a), added par. (3).

Subsec. (i)(9)(B)(i). Pub. L. 112–95, §310(c), substituted "section 552(b)(3)(B) of title 5" for "section 552 of title 5".

**2010**—Subsec. (h)(16). Pub. L. 111–216, §203(a), added par. (16).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 111–216, §203(b)(2), added subsec. (i). Former subsec. (i) redesignated (j).

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 111–216, §203(c)(1)(A), as amended by Pub. L. 111–249, §6(3), substituted "Limitations" for "Limitation" in heading.

Pub. L. 111–216, §203(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (i) as (j). Former subsec. (j) redesignated (k).

Subsec. (j)(1). Pub. L. 111–216, §203(c)(1)(B)(i), (iii), as amended by Pub. L. 111–249, §6(3), substituted "subsection (h)(2) or (i)(3)" for "paragraph (2)" in introductory provisions and "subsection (h) or (i)" for "subsection (h)" in concluding provisions.

Subsec. (j)(1)(A). Pub. L. 111–216, §203(c)(1)(B)(ii), as amended by Pub. L. 111–249, §6(3), inserted "or accessing the records of that individual under subsection (i)(1)" before semicolon.

Subsec. (j)(2). Pub. L. 111–216, §203(c)(1)(C), as amended by Pub. L. 111–249, §6(3), substituted "subsection (h) or (i)" for "subsection (h)".

Subsec. (j)(3). Pub. L. 111–216, §203(c)(1)(D), as amended by Pub. L. 111–249, §6(3), inserted "or who furnished information to the database established under subsection (i)(2)" after "subsection (h)(1)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (j)(4). Pub. L. 111–216, §203(c)(1)(E), as amended by Pub. L. 111–249, §6(3), added par. (4).

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 111–216, §203(c)(2), as amended by Pub. L. 111–249, §6(4), substituted "subsection (h) or (i)" for "subsection (h)".

Pub. L. 111–216, §203(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (j) as (k).

**2001**—Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, §129(1), in first sentence, substituted "needs of airmen" for "needs of pilots" and inserted "and related to combating acts of terrorism" before period at end.

Subsec. (g)(3), (4). Pub. L. 107–71, §129(2), added pars. (3) and (4).

Subsecs. (h) to (j). Pub. L. 107–71, §§138(b), 140(a), amended section identically, redesignating subsecs. (f) to (h) of section 44936 of this title as subsecs. (h) to (j), respectively, of this section, and substituting "subsection (h)" for "subsection (f)" wherever appearing in subsecs. (i) and (j). See Codification note above.

**2000**—Subsecs. (c) to (g). Pub. L. 106–181 added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsecs. (c) to (f) as (d) to (g), respectively.

"Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection" substituted for "Commissioner of Customs" in subsec. (g)(2) on authority of section 802(d)(2) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Pub. L. 111–249, §6, Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2628, provided that the amendments made by section 6 of Pub. L. 111–249 are effective as of Aug. 1, 2010, and as if included in Pub. L. 111–216 as enacted.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Subsec. (h) of this section ceases to be effective beginning on Sept. 9, 2024, see 14 C.F.R. §111.5(b).

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the United States Customs Service of the Department of the Treasury, including functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 203(1), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. For establishment of U.S. Customs and Border Protection in the Department of Homeland Security, treated as if included in Pub. L. 107–296 as of Nov. 25, 2002, see section 211 of Title 6, as amended generally by Pub. L. 114–125, and section 802(b) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §318, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3269, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §319, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3269, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §517, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3359, provided that: "The Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall issue regulations modifying section 61.51(j)(4) of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, so as to include aircraft under the direct operational control of forestry and fire protection agencies as public aircraft eligible for logging flight times."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §582, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3399, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2307, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 641, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) the individual possesses a valid driver's license issued by a State, territory, or possession of the United States and complies with all medical requirements or restrictions associated with that license;

"(2) the individual holds a medical certificate issued by the Federal Aviation Administration on the date of enactment of this Act, held such a certificate at any point during the 10-year period preceding such date of enactment, or obtains such a certificate after such date of enactment;

"(3) the most recent medical certificate issued by the Federal Aviation Administration to the individual—

"(A) indicates whether the certificate is first, second, or third class;

"(B) may include authorization for special issuance;

"(C) may be expired;

"(D) cannot have been revoked or suspended; and

"(E) cannot have been withdrawn;

"(4) the most recent application for airman medical certification submitted to the Federal Aviation Administration by the individual cannot have been completed and denied;

"(5) the individual has completed a medical education course described in subsection (c) during the 24 calendar months before acting as pilot in command of a covered aircraft and demonstrates proof of completion of the course;

"(6) the individual, when serving as a pilot in command, is under the care and treatment of a physician if the individual has been diagnosed with any medical condition that may impact the ability of the individual to fly;

"(7) the individual has received a comprehensive medical examination from a State-licensed physician during the previous 48 months and—

"(A) prior to the examination, the individual—

"(i) completed the individual's section of the checklist described in subsection (b); and

"(ii) provided the completed checklist to the physician performing the examination; and

"(B) the physician conducted the comprehensive medical examination in accordance with the checklist described in subsection (b), checking each item specified during the examination and addressing, as medically appropriate, every medical condition listed, and any medications the individual is taking; and

"(8) the individual is operating in accordance with the following conditions:

"(A) The covered aircraft is carrying not more than 5 passengers.

"(B) The individual is operating the covered aircraft under visual flight rules or instrument flight rules.

"(C) The flight, including each portion of that flight, is not carried out—

"(i) for compensation or hire, including that no passenger or property on the flight is being carried for compensation or hire;

"(ii) at an altitude that is more than 18,000 feet above mean sea level;

"(iii) outside the United States, unless authorized by the country in which the flight is conducted; or

"(iv) at an indicated air speed exceeding 250 knots.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) a section, for the individual to complete that contains—

"(i) boxes 3 through 13 and boxes 16 through 19 of the Federal Aviation Administration Form 8500–8 (3–99); and

"(ii) a signature line for the individual to affirm that—

"(I) the answers provided by the individual on that checklist, including the individual's answers regarding medical history, are true and complete;

"(II) the individual understands that he or she is prohibited under Federal Aviation Administration regulations from acting as pilot in command, or any other capacity as a required flight crew member, if he or she knows or has reason to know of any medical deficiency or medically disqualifying condition that would make the individual unable to operate the aircraft in a safe manner; and

"(III) the individual is aware of the regulations pertaining to the prohibition on operations during medical deficiency and has no medically disqualifying conditions in accordance with applicable law;

"(B) a section with instructions for the individual to provide the completed checklist to the physician performing the comprehensive medical examination required in subsection (a)(7); and

"(C) a section, for the physician to complete, that instructs the physician—

"(i) to perform a clinical examination of—

"(I) head, face, neck, and scalp;

"(II) nose, sinuses, mouth, and throat;

"(III) ears, general (internal and external canals), and eardrums (perforation);

"(IV) eyes (general), ophthalmoscopic, pupils (equality and reaction), and ocular motility (associated parallel movement, nystagmus);

"(V) lungs and chest (not including breast examination);

"(VI) heart (precordial activity, rhythm, sounds, and murmurs);

"(VII) vascular system (pulse, amplitude, and character, and arms, legs, and others);

"(VIII) abdomen and viscera (including hernia);

"(IX) anus (not including digital examination);

"(X) skin;

"(XI) G–U system (not including pelvic examination);

"(XII) upper and lower extremities (strength and range of motion);

"(XIII) spine and other musculoskeletal;

"(XIV) identifying body marks, scars, and tattoos (size and location);

"(XV) lymphatics;

"(XVI) neurologic (tendon reflexes, equilibrium, senses, cranial nerves, and coordination, etc.);

"(XVII) psychiatric (appearance, behavior, mood, communication, and memory);

"(XVIII) general systemic;

"(XIX) hearing;

"(XX) vision (distant, near, and intermediate vision, field of vision, color vision, and ocular alignment);

"(XXI) blood pressure and pulse; and

"(XXII) anything else the physician, in his or her medical judgment, considers necessary;

"(ii) to exercise medical discretion to address, as medically appropriate, any medical conditions identified, and to exercise medical discretion in determining whether any medical tests are warranted as part of the comprehensive medical examination;

"(iii) to discuss all drugs the individual reports taking (prescription and nonprescription) and their potential to interfere with the safe operation of an aircraft or motor vehicle;

"(iv) to sign the checklist, stating: 'I certify that I discussed all items on this checklist with the individual during my examination, discussed any medications the individual is taking that could interfere with their ability to safely operate an aircraft or motor vehicle, and performed an examination that included all of the items on this checklist. I certify that I am not aware of any medical condition that, as presently treated, could interfere with the individual's ability to safely operate an aircraft.'; and

"(v) to provide the date the comprehensive medical examination was completed, and the physician's full name, address, telephone number, and State medical license number.

"(3)

"(c)

"(1) be available on the Internet free of charge;

"(2) be developed and periodically updated in coordination with representatives of relevant nonprofit and not-for-profit general aviation stakeholder groups;

"(3) educate pilots on conducting medical self-assessments;

"(4) advise pilots on identifying warning signs of potential serious medical conditions;

"(5) identify risk mitigation strategies for medical conditions;

"(6) increase awareness of the impacts of potentially impairing over-the-counter and prescription drug medications;

"(7) encourage regular medical examinations and consultations with primary care physicians;

"(8) inform pilots of the regulations pertaining to the prohibition on operations during medical deficiency and medically disqualifying conditions;

"(9) provide the checklist developed by the Federal Aviation Administration in accordance with subsection (b); and

"(10) upon successful completion of the course, electronically provide to the individual and transmit to the Federal Aviation Administration—

"(A) a certification of completion of the medical education course, which shall be printed and retained in the individual's logbook and made available upon request, and shall contain the individual's name, address, and airman certificate number;

"(B) subject to subsection (d), a release authorizing the National Driver Register through a designated State Department of Motor Vehicles to furnish to the Federal Aviation Administration information pertaining to the individual's driving record;

"(C) a certification by the individual that the individual is under the care and treatment of a physician if the individual has been diagnosed with any medical condition that may impact the ability of the individual to fly, as required under subsection (a)(6);

"(D) a form that includes—

"(i) the name, address, telephone number, and airman certificate number of the individual;

"(ii) the name, address, telephone number, and State medical license number of the physician performing the comprehensive medical examination required in subsection (a)(7);

"(iii) the date of the comprehensive medical examination required in subsection (a)(7); and

"(iv) a certification by the individual that the checklist described in subsection (b) was followed and signed by the physician in the comprehensive medical examination required in subsection (a)(7); and

"(E) a statement, which shall be printed, and signed by the individual certifying that the individual understands the existing prohibition on operations during medical deficiency by stating: 'I understand that I cannot act as pilot in command, or any other capacity as a required flight crew member, if I know or have reason to know of any medical condition that would make me unable to operate the aircraft in a safe manner.'.

"(d)

"(e)

"(1)

"(A) A mental health disorder, limited to an established medical history or clinical diagnosis of—

"(i) personality disorder that is severe enough to have repeatedly manifested itself by overt acts;

"(ii) psychosis, defined as a case in which an individual—

"(I) has manifested delusions, hallucinations, grossly bizarre or disorganized behavior, or other commonly accepted symptoms of psychosis; or

"(II) may reasonably be expected to manifest delusions, hallucinations, grossly bizarre or disorganized behavior, or other commonly accepted symptoms of psychosis;

"(iii) bipolar disorder; or

"(iv) substance dependence within the previous 2 years, as defined in section 67.307(a)(4) of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations.

"(B) A neurological disorder, limited to an established medical history or clinical diagnosis of any of the following:

"(i) Epilepsy.

"(ii) Disturbance of consciousness without satisfactory medical explanation of the cause.

"(iii) A transient loss of control of nervous system functions without satisfactory medical explanation of the cause.

"(C) A cardiovascular condition, limited to a one-time special issuance for each diagnosis of the following:

"(i) Myocardial infraction [sic].

"(ii) Coronary heart disease that has required treatment.

"(iii) Cardiac valve replacement.

"(iv) Heart replacement.

"(2)

"(3)

"(A)

"(i) in the judgment of the individual's State-licensed medical specialist, the condition—

"(I) renders the individual unable to safely perform the duties or exercise the airman privileges described in subsection (a)(8); or

"(II) may reasonably be expected to make the individual unable to perform the duties or exercise the privileges described in subsection (a)(8); or

"(ii) the individual's driver's license is revoked by the issuing agency as a result of a clinically diagnosed mental health condition.

"(B)

"(4)

"(A)

"(i) in the judgment of the individual's State-licensed medical specialist, the condition—

"(I) renders the individual unable to safely perform the duties or exercise the airman privileges described in subsection (a)(8); or

"(II) may reasonably be expected to make the individual unable to perform the duties or exercise the privileges described in subsection (a)(8); or

"(ii) the individual's driver's license is revoked by the issuing agency as a result of a clinically diagnosed neurological condition.

"(B)

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(g)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(h)

"(i)

"(j)

"(1) is authorized under Federal law to carry not more than 6 occupants; and

"(2) has a maximum certificated takeoff weight of not more than 6,000 pounds.

"(k)

"(l)

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 112–153, §2, Aug. 3, 2012, 126 Stat. 1159, as amended by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §392, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3323, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) of the nature of the investigation and the specific activity on which the investigation is based;

"(B) that an oral or written response to a Letter of Investigation from the Administrator is not required;

"(C) that no action or adverse inference can be taken against the individual for declining to respond to a Letter of Investigation from the Administrator;

"(D) that any response to a Letter of Investigation from the Administrator or to an inquiry made by a representative of the Administrator by the individual may be used as evidence against the individual;

"(E) that the releasable portions of the Administrator's investigative report will be available to the individual; and

"(F) that the individual is entitled to access or otherwise obtain air traffic data described in paragraph (4).

"(3)

"(4)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) relevant air traffic communication tapes;

"(ii) radar information;

"(iii) air traffic controller statements;

"(iv) flight data;

"(v) investigative reports; and

"(vi) any other air traffic or flight data in the Federal Aviation Administration's possession that would facilitate the individual's ability to productively participate in the proceeding.

"(C)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(I) describes the facility at which such information is located; and

"(II) identifies the date on which such information was generated.

"(iii)

"(I) request the contractor to provide the requested information; and

"(II) upon receiving such information, transmitting the information to the requesting individual in a timely manner.

"(5)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(f)

"(1)

"(A)

"(B)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) Information that is privileged.

"(B) Information that constitutes work product or reflects internal deliberative process.

"(C) Information that would disclose the identity of a confidential source.

"(D) Information the disclosure of which is prohibited by any other provision of law.

"(E) Information that is not relevant to the subject matter of the proceeding.

"(F) Information the Administrator can demonstrate is withheld for good cause.

"(G) Sensitive security information, as defined in section 15.5 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or any corresponding similar ruling or regulation).

"(4)

"(A) information in addition to the information included in the releasable portion of the investigative report; or

"(B) a copy of the investigative report before the Administrator issues a complaint."

Pub. L. 112–153, §4, Aug. 3, 2012, 126 Stat. 1162, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) revisions to the medical application form that would provide greater clarity and guidance to applicants;

"(B) the alignment of medical qualification policies with present-day qualified medical judgment and practices, as applied to an individual's medically relevant circumstances; and

"(C) steps that could be taken to promote the public's understanding of the medical requirements that determine an airman's medical certificate eligibility.

"(b)

"(1) to provide questions in the medical application form that—

"(A) are appropriate without being overly broad;

"(B) are subject to a minimum amount of misinterpretation and mistaken responses;

"(C) allow for consistent treatment and responses during the medical application process; and

"(D) avoid unnecessary allegations that an individual has intentionally falsified answers on the form;

"(2) to provide questions that elicit information that is relevant to making a determination of an individual's medical qualifications within the standards identified in the Administrator's regulations;

"(3) to give medical standards greater meaning by ensuring the information requested aligns with present-day medical judgment and practices; and

"(4) to ensure that—

"(A) the application of such medical standards provides an appropriate and fair evaluation of an individual's qualifications; and

"(B) the individual understands the basis for determining medical qualifications.

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §321, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 71, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) provide to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a report containing—

"(A) a timeline for the phased issuance of improved pilot licenses under this section that ensures all pilots are issued such licenses not later than 2 years after the initial issuance of such licenses under paragraph (2); and

"(B) recommendations for the Federal installation of infrastructure necessary to take advantage of information contained on improved pilot licenses issued under this section, which identify the necessary infrastructure, indicate the Federal entity that should be responsible for installing, funding, and operating the infrastructure at airport sterile areas, and provide an estimate of the costs of the infrastructure; and

"(2) begin to issue improved pilot licenses consistent with the requirements of title 49, United States Code, and title 14, Code of Federal Regulations.

"(c)

"(1) be resistant to tampering, alteration, and counterfeiting;

"(2) include a photograph of the individual to whom the license is issued for identification purposes; and

"(3) be smart cards that—

"(A) accommodate iris and fingerprint biometric identifiers; and

"(B) are compliant with Federal Information Processing Standards-201 (FIPS–201) or Personal Identity Verification-Interoperability Standards (PIV–I) for processing through security checkpoints into airport sterile areas.

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4022, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3723, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) be resistant to tampering, alteration, and counterfeiting;

"(2) include a photograph of the individual to whom the license is issued; and

"(3) be capable of accommodating a digital photograph, a biometric identifier, or any other unique identifier that the Administrator considers necessary.

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 106–424, §14, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1888, provided that: "In determining whether an individual meets the aeronautical experience requirements imposed under section 44703 of title 49, United States Code, for an airman certificate or rating, the Secretary of Transportation shall take into account any time spent by that individual operating a public aircraft as defined in section 40102 of title 49, United States Code, if that aircraft is—

"(1) identifiable by category and class; and

"(2) used in law enforcement activities."

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A) specify in regulations those appliances that reasonably require a type certificate in the interest of safety;

(B) include in a type certificate terms required in the interest of safety; and

(C) record on the certificate a numerical specification of the essential factors related to the performance of the aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller for which the certificate is issued.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A)

(i) the certificate containing the requested data has been inactive for 3 or more years, except that the Administrator may reduce this time if required to address an unsafe condition associated with the product;

(ii) after using due diligence, the Administrator is unable to find the owner of record, or the owner of record's heir, of the type certificate or supplemental type certificate; and

(iii) making such data available will enhance aviation safety.

(B)

(C)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(c)

(d)

(2) A person applying for the issuance or renewal of an airworthiness certificate for an aircraft for which ownership has not been recorded under section 44107 or 44110 of this title must submit with the application information related to the ownership of the aircraft the Administrator decides is necessary to identify each person having a property interest in the aircraft and the kind and extent of the interest.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(i) the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation, including the length of time the nonconformity was known by the holder of a production certificate but not disclosed; and

(ii) with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of prior violations, and the size of the business concern.

(D)

(e)

(1)

(A) any design and operational details, intended functions, and failure modes of any system that, without being commanded by the flight crew, commands the operation of any safety critical function or feature required for control of an airplane during flight or that otherwise changes the flight path or airspeed of an airplane;

(B) the design and operational details, intended functions, failure modes, and mode annunciations of autopilot and autothrottle systems, if applicable;

(C) any failure or operating condition that the applicant or holder anticipates or has concluded would result in an outcome with a severity level of hazardous or catastrophic, as defined in the appropriate Administration airworthiness requirements and guidance applicable to transport category airplanes defining risk severity;

(D) any adverse handling quality that fails to meet the requirements of applicable regulations without the addition of a software system to augment the flight controls of the airplane to produce compliant handling qualities; and

(E) a system safety assessment with respect to a system described in subparagraph (A) or (B) or with respect to any component or other system for which failure or erroneous operation of such component or system could result in an outcome with a severity level of hazardous or catastrophic, as defined in the appropriate Administration airworthiness requirements and guidance applicable to transport category airplanes defining risk severity.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i) the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation, including the length of time that such safety critical information was known but not disclosed; and

(ii) with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of prior violations, and the size of the business concern.

(5)

(A)

(B)

(6)

(7)

(A) means a type certificate issued under subsection (a) or an amendment to such certificate; and

(B) does not include a supplemental type certificate issued under subsection (b).

(f)

(1) written notice of the violation and the amount of penalty; and

(2) the opportunity for a hearing under subpart G of part 13 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations.

(g)

(1)

(A)

(i) an effective, timely, and milestone-based issue resolution process for type certification activities under subsection (a); and

(ii) a process by which a decision, finding of compliance or noncompliance, or other act of the Administration, with respect to compliance with design requirements, may be appealed by a covered person directly involved with the certification activities in dispute on the basis that such decision, finding, or act is erroneous or inconsistent with this chapter, regulations, or guidance materials promulgated by the Administrator, or other requirements.

(B)

(i) resolution of technical issues at pre-established stages of the certification process, as agreed to by the Administrator and the type certificate applicant;

(ii) automatic elevation to appropriate management personnel of the Administration and the type certificate applicant of any major certification process milestone that is not completed or resolved within a specific period of time agreed to by the Administrator and the type certificate applicant;

(iii) resolution of a major certification process milestone elevated pursuant to clause (ii) within a specific period of time agreed to by the Administrator and the type certificate applicant;

(iv) initial review by appropriate Administration employees of any appeal described in subparagraph (A)(ii); and

(v) subsequent review of any further appeal by appropriate management personnel of the Administration and the Associate Administrator for Aviation Safety.

(C)

(i)

(I) each appeal submitted under subparagraph (A)(ii); and

(II) An appeal to the Associate Administrator submitted under subparagraph (B)(v).

(ii)

(D)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(A)

(i) an employee of the Administration whose responsibilities relate to the certification of aircraft, engines, propellers, or appliances; or

(ii) an applicant for, or holder of, a type certificate or amended type certificate issued under this section.

(B)

(i) The Executive Director or any Deputy Director of the Aircraft Certification Service.

(ii) The Deputy Executive Director for Regulatory Operations of the Aircraft Certification Service.

(iii) The Director or Deputy Director of the Compliance and Airworthiness Division of the Aircraft Certification Service.

(iv) The Director or Deputy Director of the System Oversight Division of the Aircraft Certification Service.

(v) The Director or Deputy Director of the Policy and Innovation Division of the Aircraft Certification Service.

(vi) The Executive Director or any Deputy Executive Director of the Flight Standards Service.

(vii) The Associate Administrator or Deputy Associate Administrator for Aviation Safety.

(viii) The Deputy Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.

(ix) The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.

(x) Any similarly situated or successor FAA management position to those described in clauses (i) through (ix), as determined by the Administrator.

(C)

(4)

(A) gross misconduct;

(B) a violation of title 18; or

(C) a violation of any of the provisions of part 2635 or 6001 of title 5, Code of Federal Regulations.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1188; Pub. L. 104–264, title IV, §403, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3256; Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §227(b)(2), (e)(1), title VIII, §811, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2531, 2532, 2590; Pub. L. 109–59, title IV, §4405, Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1776; Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §§302, 303(a), (c)(1), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 56, 57; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title II, §214, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3250; Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §§105(a), (b), 110, 120, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2317, 2328, 2343.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44704(a)(1) | 49 App.:1423(a)(2) (1st–4th sentences). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§503(h), 603(a)(1) (related to regulations for appliances), (2), (b) (related to basis for issuing, and contents of, certificates), (c) (related to basis for issuing, and contents of, certificates), 72 Stat. 774, 776. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

44704(a)(2) | 49 App.:1423(a)(1) (related to regulations for appliances), (2) (5th, last sentences). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44704(b) | 49 App.:1423(b) (related to basis for issuing, and contents of, certificates). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44704(c)(1) | 49 App.:1423(c) (related to basis for issuing, and contents of, certificates). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44704(c)(2) | 49 App.:1403(h). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In subsections (a)–(c)(1), the word "Administrator" in section 603 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 776) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

In subsection (a)(1), the text of 49 App.:1423(a)(2) (1st sentence 1st–16th words) and the words "in regulations" are omitted as surplus. The words "properly designed and manufactured, performs properly" are substituted for "of proper design, material, specification, construction, and performance for safe operation" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "rules" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulations". The words "under section 44701(a) of this title" and "for a type certificate" are added for clarity. The words "including flight tests and tests of raw materials or any part or appurtenance of such aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2)(A), the words "issuance of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2)(B), the words "the duration thereof and such other" are omitted as surplus. The words "conditions, and limitations" are omitted as being included in "terms".

In subsection (a)(2)(C), the words "issued for aircraft, aircraft engines, or propellers" and "all of" are omitted as surplus. The word "specification" is substituted for "determination" for clarity.

In subsection (b), the word "satisfactorily" is omitted as surplus. The words "shall inspect, and may require testing of, a duplicate to ensure that it conforms to the requirements of the certificate" are substituted for "shall make such inspection and may require such tests of any aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance manufactured under a production certificate as may be necessary to assure manufacture of each unit in conformity with the type certificate or any amendment or modification thereof" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the duration thereof and such other . . . conditions, and limitations" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "may apply to" are substituted for "may file with . . . an application" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation" are omitted because of 49:322(a). The words "the duration of such certificate, the type of service for which the aircraft may be used, and such other . . . conditions, and limitations" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "having a property interest" are substituted for "who are holders of property interests" to eliminate unnecessary words.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (g)(1)(A), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 116–260, which was approved Dec. 27, 2020.

**2020**—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 116–260, §110(b), struck out par. (6) which related to type certification resolution process.

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 116–260, §120, added par. (3).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 116–260, §105(a), added subsec. (e) and struck out former subsec. (e) which related to design and production organization certificates.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 116–260, §105(b), added subsec. (f).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 116–260, §110(a), added subsec. (g).

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §214(b), substituted "airworthiness certificates," for "airworthiness certificates,," in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 115–254, §214(a), added par. (6).

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–95, §303(c)(1), substituted ", and design and production organization certificates" for "and design organization certificates" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 112–95, §302, added par. (5).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–95, §303(a), amended subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (e) related to design organization certificates.

**2005**—Subsec. (a)(1) to (3). Pub. L. 109–59, §4405(1)–(3), (5), (6), inserted par. headings, realigned margins, and substituted "Except as provided in paragraph (4), if" for "If" in par. (3).

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 109–59, §4405(4), added par. (4).

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–176, §227(e)(1), added section catchline and struck out former section catchline which read as follows: "Type certificates, production certificates, and airworthiness certificates".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 108–176, §811, added par. (3).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 108–176, §227(b)(2), added subsec. (e).

**1996**—Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 104–264 added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsecs. (b) and (c) as (c) and (d), respectively.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §105(c), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2319, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

[For definitions of "Administrator" and "type certificate" as used in section 105(c) of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out above, see section 137 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §108, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2326, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) not less than 1 designee of the Associate Administrator for Aviation Safety whose duty station is in the Administration's headquarters;

"(2) representatives of the Aircraft Certification Service of the Administration;

"(3) representatives of the Flight Standards Service of the Administration;

"(4) experts in the fields of human factors, aerodynamics, flight controls, software, and systems design; and

"(5) any other subject matter expert whom the Administrator determines appropriate.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1) Initial review of design proposals proposed by the applicant and the establishment of the certification basis.

"(2) Identification of new technology, novel design, or safety critical design features or systems that are potentially catastrophic, either alone or in combination with another failure.

"(3) Determination of compliance findings, system safety assessments, and safety critical functions the Administration should retain in terms of new technology, novel design, or safety critical design features or systems.

"(4) Evaluation of the Administration's expertise or experience necessary to support the project.

"(5) Review and evaluation of an applicant's request for exceptions or exemptions from compliance with airworthiness standards codified in title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on the date of application for the change.

"(6) Conduct of design reviews, procedure evaluations, and training evaluations.

"(7) Review of the applicant's final design documentation and other data to evaluate compliance with all relevant Administration regulations.

"(e)

"(f)

[For definitions of terms used in section 108 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out above, see section 137 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §111(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2330, provided that: "An employee of the [Federal Aviation] Administration with supervisory responsibility may not direct, conduct, or otherwise participate in oversight of a holder of a certificate issued under section 44704 of title 49, United States Code, that previously employed such employee in the preceding 1-year period."

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §115, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2333, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) require an applicant for an amended type certificate for a transport airplane to—

"(A) perform a system safety assessment with respect to each proposed design change that the Administrator determines is significant, with such assessment considering the airplane-level effects of individual errors, malfunctions, or failures and realistic pilot response times to such errors, malfunctions, or failures;

"(B) update such assessment to account for each subsequent proposed design change that the Administrator determines is significant;

"(C) provide appropriate employees of the Administration with the data and assumptions underlying each assessment and amended assessment; and

"(D) provide for document traceability and clarity of explanations for changes to aircraft type designs and system safety assessment certification documents; and

"(2) work with other civil aviation authorities representing states of design to ensure such regulations remain harmonized internationally.

"(c)

"(1) emphasize the importance of clear documentation of the technical details and failure modes and effects of a design change described in subsection (b)(1); and

"(2) ensure appropriate review of any change that results in a functional hazard assessment classification of major or greater, as such term is defined in FAA Advisory Circular 25.1309-1A (or any successor or replacement document).

"(d)

[For definitions of terms used in section 115 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out above, see section 137 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §116, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2334, as amended by Pub. L. 117–328, div. O, title V, §501(b), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5231, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

[For definitions of terms used in section 116 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out above, see section 137 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §117, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2335, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) encourage Certification Management Team members to examine and address any relevant covered recommendations (as defined in section 121(c) [134 Stat. 2344]) relating to the issuance of amended type certificates;

"(B) reevaluate existing assumptions and practices inherent in the amended type certificate process and assess whether such assumptions and practices are valid; and

"(C) ensure, to the greatest extent practicable, that Federal regulations relating to the issuance of amended type certificates are harmonized with the regulations of other international states of design.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) initiation of a rulemaking proceeding; and

"(B) development or revision of guidance and training materials.

"(3)

"(A) Ensure that proposed changes to an aircraft are evaluated from an integrated whole aircraft system perspective that examines the integration of proposed changes with existing systems and associated impacts.

"(B) Define key terms used for the changed product process under sections 21.19 and 21.101 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations.

"(C) Consider—

"(i) the findings and work of the Certification Management Team and other similar international harmonization efforts;

"(ii) any relevant covered recommendations (as defined in section 121(c) [134 Stat. 2344]); and

"(iii) whether a fixed time beyond which a type certificate may not be amended would improve aviation safety.

"(D) Establish the extent to which the following design characteristics should preclude the issuance of an amended type certificate:

"(i) A new or revised flight control system.

"(ii) Any substantial changes to aerodynamic stability resulting from a physical change that may require a new or modified software system or control law in order to produce positive and acceptable stability and handling qualities.

"(iii) A flight control system or augmented software to maintain aerodynamic stability in any portion of the flight envelope that was not required for a previously certified derivative.

"(iv) A change in structural components (other than a stretch or shrink of the fuselage) that results in a change in structural load paths or the magnitude of structural loads attributed to flight maneuvers or cabin pressurization.

"(v) A novel or unusual system, component, or other feature whose failure would present a hazardous or catastrophic risk.

"(E) Develop objective criteria for helping to determine what constitutes a substantial change and a significant change.

"(F) Implement mandatory aircraft-level reviews throughout the certification process to validate the certification basis and assumptions.

"(G) Require maintenance of relevant records of agreements between the FAA and an applicant that affect certification documentation and deliverables.

"(H) Ensure appropriate documentation of any exception or exemption from airworthiness requirements codified in title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on the date of application for the change.

"(4)

"(A) Early FAA involvement and feedback paths in the aircraft certification process to ensure the FAA is aware of changes to design assumptions and product design impacting a changed product assessment.

"(B) Presentation to the FAA of new technology, novel design, or safety critical features or systems, initially and throughout the certification process, when development and certification prompt design or compliance method revision.

"(C) Examples of key terms used for the changed product process under sections 21.19 and 21.101 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations.

"(D) Type certificate data sheet improvements to accurately state which regulations and amendment level the aircraft complies to and when compliance is limited to a subset of the aircraft.

"(E) Policies to guide applicants on proper visibility, clarity, and consistency of key design and compliance information that is submitted for certification, particularly with new design features.

"(F) The creation, validation, and implementation of analytical tools appropriate for the analysis of complex system for the FAA and applicants.

"(G) Early coordination processes with the FAA for the functional hazard assessments validation and preliminary system safety assessments review.

"(5)

"(A) develop training materials for establishing the certification basis for changed aeronautical products pursuant to section 21.101 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, applications for a new type certificate pursuant to section 21.19 of such title, and the regulatory guidance developed as a result of the rulemaking conducted pursuant to paragraph (2); and

"(B) procedures for disseminating such materials to implementing personnel of the FAA, designees, and applicants.

"(6)

"(7)

"(c)

[For definitions of terms used in section 117 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out above, see section 137 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §119(c), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2339, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) a review of Administration regulations, guidance, and directives related to pilot response assumptions relied upon by the FAA and manufacturers of transport category aircraft in the design and certification of such aircraft, and human factors and human system integration, particularly those related to pilot and aircraft interfaces;

"(B) a focused review of the assumptions relied on regarding the time for pilot responses to non-normal conditions in designing such aircraft's systems and instrumentation, including responses to safety-significant failure conditions and failure scenarios that trigger multiple, and possibly conflicting, warnings and alerts;

"(C) a review of human factors assumptions with applicable operational data, human factors research and the input of human factors experts and FAA operational data, and as appropriate, recommendations for modifications to existing assumptions;

"(D) a review of revisions made to the airman certification standards for certificates over the last 4 years, including any possible effects on pilot competency in basic manual flying skills;

"(E) consideration of the global nature of the aviation marketplace, varying levels of pilot competency, and differences in pilot training programs worldwide;

"(F) a process for aviation stakeholders, including pilots, airlines, inspectors, engineers, test pilots, human factors experts, and other aviation safety experts, to provide and discuss any observations, feedback, and best practices;

"(G) a review of processes currently in place to ensure that when carrying out the certification of a new aircraft type, or an amended type, the cumulative effects that new technologies, and the interaction between new technologies and unchanged systems for an amended type certificate, may have on pilot interactions with aircraft systems are properly assessed through system safety assessments or otherwise; and

"(H) a review of processes currently in place to account for any necessary adjustments to system safety assessments, pilot procedures and training requirements, or design requirements when there are changes to the assumptions relied upon by the Administration and manufacturers of transport category aircraft in the design and certification of such aircraft.

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(6)

[For definitions of terms used in section 119(c) of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out above, see section 137 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §126, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2347, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) establish goals for research in areas of study relevant to advancing technology, improving design engineering and certification practices, and facilitating better understanding of human factors concepts in the context of the growing development and reliance on automated or complex flight deck systems in aircraft operations, including the development of tools to validate pilot recognition and response assumptions and diagnostic tools to improve the clarity of failure indications presented to pilots;

"(2) take into consideration and leverage any existing or planned research that is conducted by, or conducted in partnership with, the FAA; and

"(3) focus on—

"(A) preventing a recurrence of the types of accidents that have involved transport category airplanes designed and manufactured in the United States; and

"(B) increasingly complex aircraft systems and designs.

"(c)

"(d)

[For definitions of terms used in section 126 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out above, see section 137 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §128, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2349, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

[For definitions of terms used in section 128 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out above, see section 137 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §506, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3354, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) to address cybersecurity for avionics systems, including software components; and

"(2) to require that aircraft avionics systems used for flight guidance or aircraft control be secured against unauthorized access via passenger in-flight entertainment systems through such means as the Administrator determines appropriate to protect the avionics systems from unauthorized external and internal access.

"(b)

Pub. L. 113–53, Nov. 27, 2013, 127 Stat. 584, provided that:

"This Act may be cited as the 'Small Airplane Revitalization Act of 2013'.

"Congress makes the following findings:

"(1) A healthy small aircraft industry is integral to economic growth and to maintaining an effective transportation infrastructure for communities and countries around the world.

"(2) Small airplanes comprise nearly 90 percent of general aviation aircraft certified by the Federal Aviation Administration.

"(3) General aviation provides for the cultivation of a workforce of engineers, manufacturing and maintenance professionals, and pilots who secure the economic success and defense of the United States.

"(4) General aviation contributes to well-paying jobs in the manufacturing and technology sectors in the United States and products produced by those sectors are exported in great numbers.

"(5) Technology developed and proven in general aviation aids in the success and safety of all sectors of aviation and scientific competence.

"(6) The average small airplane in the United States is now 40 years old and the regulatory barriers to bringing new designs to the market are resulting in a lack of innovation and investment in small airplane design.

"(7) Since 2003, the United States lost 10,000 active private pilots per year on average, partially due to a lack of cost-effective, new small airplanes.

"(8) General aviation safety can be improved by modernizing and revamping the regulations relating to small airplanes to clear the path for technology adoption and cost-effective means to retrofit the existing fleet with new safety technologies.

"(a)

"(1) to advance the safety and continued development of small airplanes by reorganizing the certification requirements for such airplanes under part 23 to streamline the approval of safety advancements; and

"(2) that meets the objectives described in subsection (b).

"(b)

"(1) The establishment of a regulatory regime for small airplanes that will improve safety and reduce the regulatory cost burden for the Federal Aviation Administration and the aviation industry.

"(2) The establishment of broad, outcome-driven safety objectives that will spur innovation and technology adoption.

"(3) The replacement of current, prescriptive requirements under part 23 with performance-based regulations.

"(4) The use of consensus standards accepted by the Federal Aviation Administration to clarify how the safety objectives of part 23 may be met using specific designs and technologies.

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(1)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) plans, develops, establishes, or coordinates, through a process based on consensus and using agreed-upon procedures, voluntary standards; and

"(ii) operates in a transparent manner, considers a balanced set of interests with respect to such standards, and provides for due process and an appeals process with respect to such standards.

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §303(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 57, provided that: "Before January 1, 2013, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may continue to issue certificates under section 44704(e) of title 49, United States Code, as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012]."

Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §312, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 66, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the expected number of applications for product certifications and approvals the Administrator will receive under section 44704 of such title in the 1-year, 5-year, and 10-year periods following the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012];

"(2) process reforms and improvements necessary to allow the Administrator to review and approve the applications in a fair and timely fashion;

"(3) the status of recommendations made in previous reports on the Administration's certification process;

"(4) methods for enhancing the effective use of delegation systems, including organizational designation authorization;

"(5) methods for training the Administration's field office employees in the safety management system and auditing; and

"(6) the status of updating airworthiness requirements, including implementing recommendations in the Administration's report entitled 'Part 23—Small Airplane Certification Process Study' (OK–09–3468, dated July 2009).

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, §816, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 126, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) approved aircraft type certificate numbers ATC 1 through ATC 713; and

"(B) Group-2 approved aircraft type certificate numbers 2–1 through 2–544.

"(2)

"(3)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) upon receipt of a request made by the person pursuant to section 552 of title 5, United States Code; and

"(B) subject to a prohibition on use of the documents for commercial purposes.

"(2)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §227(b)(1), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2531, provided that, not later than 4 years after Dec. 12, 2003, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration was to transmit to Congress a plan for the development and oversight of a certification system of design organizations to ensure compliance with the requirements and minimum standards of section 44701(a) of this title.

The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall issue an air carrier operating certificate to a person desiring to operate as an air carrier when the Administrator finds, after investigation, that the person properly and adequately is equipped and able to operate safely under this part and regulations and standards prescribed under this part. An air carrier operating certificate shall—

(1) contain terms necessary to ensure safety in air transportation; and

(2) specify the places to and from which, and the airways of the United States over which, a person may operate as an air carrier.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1189.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44705 | 49 App.:1424(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §604(b), 72 Stat. 778. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |


In this section, the word "Administrator" in section 604(b) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 778) is retained on authority of 49:106(g). Before clause (1), the words "may file with the Secretary of Transportation an application for an air carrier operating certificate" and "the requirements of" are omitted as surplus. The word "rules" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulations". In clause (1), the words "conditions, and limitations . . . reasonably" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the word "places" is substituted for "points" for consistency in the revised title. The words "under an air carrier operating certificate" are omitted as surplus.

(a)

(1) that serves an air carrier operating aircraft designed for at least 31 passenger seats;

(2) that is not located in the State of Alaska and serves any scheduled passenger operation of an air carrier operating aircraft designed for more than 9 passenger seats but less than 31 passenger seats; and

(3) that the Administrator requires to have a certificate;

if the Administrator finds, after investigation, that the person properly and adequately is equipped and able to operate safely under this part and regulations and standards prescribed under this part.

(b)

(1) operating and maintaining adequate safety equipment, including firefighting and rescue equipment capable of rapid access to any part of the airport used for landing, takeoff, or surface maneuvering of an aircraft; and

(2) friction treatment for primary and secondary runways that the Secretary of Transportation decides is necessary.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1189; Pub. L. 104–264, title IV, §404, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3256.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44706(a) | 49 App.:1432(b) (1st, 2d sentences). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §612(b); added May 21, 1970, Pub. L. 91–258, §51(b)(1), 84 Stat. 234; Nov. 27, 1971, Pub. L. 92–174, §5(b), 85 Stat. 492; Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §§524(f), 525(b), 96 Stat. 697. |

44706(b) | 49 App.:1432(b) (3d, last sentences). | |

44706(c) | 49 App.:1432(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §612(c); added July 12, 1976, Pub. L. 94–353, §19(a), 90 Stat. 883; Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §525(c), 96 Stat. 697. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "may file with the Administrator an application for an airport operating certificate" are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the words "the requirements of" are omitted as surplus. The word "rules" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulations".

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "conditions, and limitations . . . reasonably" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "grooving or other" are omitted as surplus.

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–264, §404(a), added par. (2), redesignated former par. (2) as (3), substituted "if" for "(3) when" in former par. (3) and adjusted the margins of that par. to make it a flush provision following par. (3).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–264, §404(b), added subsec. (d).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–264, §404(c), added subsec. (e).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–264, §404(d), added subsec. (f).

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §332(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3273, provided that: "Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration], using the latest version of National Fire Protection Association 403, 'Standard for Aircraft Rescue and Fire-Fighting Services at Airports', and in coordination with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, aircraft manufacturers and airports, shall not require the use of fluorinated chemicals to meet the performance standards referenced in chapter 6 of AC No: 150/5210–6D and acceptable under [section] 139.319(l) of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations."

Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title I, Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2401, provided in part: "That not later than December 31, 2015, the owner or operator of an airport certificated under 49 U.S.C. 44706 shall improve the airport's runway safety areas to comply with the Federal Aviation Administration design standards required by 14 CFR part 139: *Provided further*, That the Federal Aviation Administration shall report annually to the Congress on the agency's progress toward improving the runway safety areas at 49 U.S.C. 44706 airports."

Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §518, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 145, provided that, not later than 60 days after Apr. 5, 2000, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration would issue a notice of proposed rulemaking on implementing subsec. (a)(2) of this section relating to issuance of airport operating certificates for small scheduled passenger air carrier operations, and not later than 1 year after the last day of the period for public comment provided for in the notice of proposed rulemaking, the Administrator would issue a final rule on implementing this program.

The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may examine and rate the following air agencies:

(1) civilian schools giving instruction in flying or repairing, altering, and maintaining aircraft, aircraft engines, propellers, and appliances, on the adequacy of instruction, the suitability and airworthiness of equipment, and the competency of instructors.

(2) repair stations and shops that repair, alter, and maintain aircraft, aircraft engines, propellers, and appliances, on the adequacy and suitability of the equipment, facilities, and materials for, and methods of, repair and overhaul, and the competency of the individuals doing the work or giving instruction in the work.

(3) other air agencies the Administrator decides are necessary in the public interest.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1190.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44707 | 49 App.:1427 (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §607 (1st sentence), 72 Stat. 779. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |


In this section, the word "Administrator" in section 607 (1st sentence) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 779) is retained on authority of 49:106(g). In clauses (1) and (2), the word "overhaul" is omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "course of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the words "in his opinion" are omitted as surplus.

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §734, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 170, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) shall establish an aircraft repair and maintenance advisory panel to review issues related to the use and oversight of aircraft and aviation component repair and maintenance facilities (in this section referred to as 'aircraft repair facilities') located within, or outside of, the United States; and

"(2) may seek the advice of the panel on any issue related to methods to increase safety by improving the oversight of aircraft repair facilities.

"(b)

"(1) nine members appointed by the Administrator as follows:

"(A) three representatives of labor organizations representing aviation mechanics;

"(B) one representative of cargo air carriers;

"(C) one representative of passenger air carriers;

"(D) one representative of aircraft repair facilities;

"(E) one representative of aircraft manufacturers;

"(F) one representative of on-demand passenger air carriers and corporate aircraft operations; and

"(G) one representative of regional passenger air carriers;

"(2) one representative from the Department of Commerce, designated by the Secretary of Commerce;

"(3) one representative from the Department of State, designated by the Secretary of State; and

"(4) one representative from the Federal Aviation Administration, designated by the Administrator.

"(c)

"(1) determine the amount and type of work that is being performed by aircraft repair facilities located within, and outside of, the United States; and

"(2) provide advice and counsel to the Secretary [of Transportation] with respect to the aircraft and aviation component repair work performed by aircraft repair facilities and air carriers, staffing needs, and any balance of trade or safety issues associated with that work.

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(e)

"(f)

"(g)

"(1) the date that is 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 5, 2000]; or

"(2) December 31, 2001.

"(h)

The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may inspect, classify, and rate an air navigation facility available for the use of civil aircraft on the suitability of the facility for that use.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1190.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44708 | 49 App.:1426 (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §606 (1st sentence), 72 Stat. 779. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |


The word "Administrator" in section 606 (1st sentence) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 779) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A) a reasonable basis, described in detail, for requesting the reexamination; and

(B) any information gathered by the Federal Aviation Administration, that the Administrator determines is appropriate to provide, such as the scope and nature of the requested reexamination, that formed the basis for that justification.

(b)

(1) any part of a certificate issued under this chapter if—

(A) the Administrator decides after conducting a reinspection, reexamination, or other investigation that safety in air commerce or air transportation and the public interest require that action; or

(B) the holder of the certificate has violated an aircraft noise or sonic boom standard or regulation prescribed under section 44715(a) of this title; and

(2) an airman certificate when the holder of the certificate is convicted of violating section 13(a) of the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742j–1(a)).

(c)

(d)

(A) if the order was issued under subsection (b)(1)(A) of this section, that safety in air commerce or air transportation and the public interest do not require affirmation of the order; or

(B) if the order was issued under subsection (b)(1)(B) of this section—

(i) that control or abatement of aircraft noise or sonic boom and the public health and welfare do not require affirmation of the order; or

(ii) the order, as it is related to a violation of aircraft noise or sonic boom standards and regulations, is not consistent with safety in air commerce or air transportation.

(2) The Board may modify a suspension or revocation of a certificate to imposition of a civil penalty.

(3) When conducting a hearing under this subsection, the Board is not bound by findings of fact of the Administrator.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1190; Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §716, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 162; Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §227(c), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2532; Pub. L. 112–153, §2(c)(2), Aug. 3, 2012, 126 Stat. 1161; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §393(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3325.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44709(a) | 49 App.:1429(a) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §609(a) (1st–7th sentences, 8th–last sentences less Administrator under title VII), 72 Stat. 779; Nov. 18, 1971, Pub. L. 92–159, §2(a), 85 Stat. 481; Nov. 27, 1971, Pub. L. 92–174, §6, 85 Stat. 492; Aug. 26, 1992, Pub. L. 102–345, §3(a)(1), 106 Stat. 925. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

44709(b) | 49 App.:1429(a) (2d sentence). | |

49 App.:1429(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §609(b); added Nov. 18, 1971, Pub. L. 92–159, §2(a), 85 Stat. 481. | |

49 App.:1431(e) (words before 4th comma). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §611(e); added July 21, 1968, Pub. L. 90–411, §1, 82 Stat. 395; restated Oct. 27, 1972, Pub. L. 92–574, §7(b), 86 Stat. 1241. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44709(c) | 49 App.:1429(a) (3d sentence). | |

49 App.:1431(e) (words between 4th and 5th commas). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44709(d)(1) | 49 App.:1429(a) (4th sentence). | |

49 App.:1431(e) (words after 4th comma). | ||

44709(d)(2) | 49 App.:1429(a) (6th sentence). | |

44709(d)(3) | 49 App.:1429(a) (5th sentence). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44709(e) | 49 App.:1429(a) (7th sentence). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44709(f) | 49 App.:1429(a) (8th–last sentences less Administrator under subch. VII). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In this section, the word "Administrator" in section 609(a) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 779) is retained on authority of 49:106(g). The words "modifying", "modify", and "modified" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a), the words "airman holding a certificate issued under section 44703 of this title" are substituted for "civil airman" for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1), before subclause (A), the words "certificate issued under this chapter" are substituted for "type certificate, production certificate, airworthiness certificate, airman certificate, air carrier operating certificate, air navigation facility certificate (including airport operating certificate), or air agency certificate" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "in his discretion" and "regarding the use or operation of an aircraft" in 49 App.:1429(b) are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "cases of" in 49 App.:1429(a) are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the word "adversely" is substituted for "whose certificate is" in 49 App.:1429(a), and the words "an opportunity for a" are added, for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "of the FAA" in 49 App.:1431(e) are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "consistent with this subsection" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(3), the word "Administrator" is substituted for "Federal Aviation Administration" because of 49:106(b) and (g).

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "the effectiveness of" are omitted as surplus.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254 designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added par. (2).

**2012**—Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 112–153 struck out "but is bound by all validly adopted interpretations of laws and regulations the Administrator carries out and of written agency policy guidance available to the public related to sanctions to be imposed under this section unless the Board finds an interpretation is arbitrary, capricious, or otherwise not according to law" after "Administrator".

**2003**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–176 inserted "design organization, production certificate holder," after "appliance,".

**2000**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–181 amended heading and text of subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "When a person files an appeal with the Board under subsection (d) of the section, the order of the Administrator is stayed. However, if the Administrator advises the Board that an emergency exists and safety in air commerce or air transportation requires the order to be effective immediately—

"(1) the order is effective; and

"(2) the Board shall make a final disposition of the appeal not later than 60 days after the Administrator so advises the Board."

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(A) an aircraft was used to commit, or facilitate the commission of, the offense; and

(B) the individual served as an airman, or was on the aircraft, in connection with committing, or facilitating the commission of, the offense.

(2) The Administrator shall issue an order revoking an airman certificate issued an individual under section 44703 of this title if the Administrator finds that—

(A) the individual knowingly carried out an activity punishable, under a law of the United States or a State related to a controlled substance (except a law related to simple possession of a controlled substance), by death or imprisonment for more than one year;

(B) an aircraft was used to carry out or facilitate the activity; and

(C) the individual served as an airman, or was on the aircraft, in connection with carrying out, or facilitating the carrying out of, the activity.

(3) The Administrator has no authority under paragraph (1) of this subsection to review whether an airman violated a law of the United States or a State related to a controlled substance.

(c)

(1) advise the holder of the certificate of the charges or reasons on which the Administrator relies for the proposed revocation; and

(2) provide the holder of the certificate an opportunity to answer the charges and be heard why the certificate should not be revoked.

(d)

(2) When an individual files an appeal with the Board under this subsection, the order of the Administrator revoking the certificate is stayed. However, if the Administrator advises the Board that safety in air transportation or air commerce requires the immediate effectiveness of the order—

(A) the order remains effective; and

(B) the Board shall make a final disposition of the appeal not later than 60 days after the Administrator so advises the Board.

(3) An individual substantially affected by an order of the Board under this subsection, or the Administrator when the Administrator decides that an order of the Board will have a significant adverse effect on carrying out this part, may obtain judicial review of the order under section 46110 of this title. The Administrator shall be made a party to the judicial review proceedings. Findings of fact of the Board are conclusive if supported by substantial evidence.

(e)

(2) If the Administrator has revoked an airman certificate under this section because of an activity described in subsection (b)(2)(A) of this section, the Administrator shall reissue a certificate to the individual if—

(A) the individual otherwise satisfies the requirements for a certificate under section 44703 of this title; and

(B)(i) the individual subsequently is acquitted of all charges related to a controlled substance in an indictment or information arising from the activity; or

(ii) the conviction on which a revocation under subsection (b)(1) of this section is based is reversed.

(f)

(1) a law enforcement official of the United States Government or of a State requests a waiver; and

(2) the Administrator decides that the waiver will facilitate law enforcement efforts.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1191; Pub. L. 112–153, §2(c)(3), Aug. 3, 2012, 126 Stat. 1161.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44710(a) | 49 App.:1429(c)(4). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §609(c)(1), (2), (4); added Oct. 19, 1984, Pub. L. 98–499, §2(a), 98 Stat. 2312, 2313. |

44710(b)(1) | 49 App.:1429(c)(1) (1st sentence). | |

44710(b)(2) | 49 App.:1429(c)(2) (1st sentence). | |

44710(b)(3) | 49 App.:1429(c)(1) (last sentence). | |

44710(c) | 49 App.:1429(c)(3) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §609(c)(3); added Oct. 19, 1984, Pub. L. 98–499, §2(a), 98 Stat. 2312; Aug. 26, 1992, Pub. L. 102–345, §3(b), 106 Stat. 926. |

44710(d) | 49 App.:1429(c)(3) (2d–last sentences). | |

44710(e)(1) | 49 App.:1429(c)(2) (last sentence). | |

44710(e)(2) | 49 App.:1422(b)(2)(C). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §602(b)(2)(C); added Oct. 19, 1984, Pub. L. 98–499, §3, 98 Stat. 2313. |

44710(f) | 49 App.:1429(c)(5). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §609(c)(5); added Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7204(b), 102 Stat. 4425. |


In subsection (b)(1) and (2), before each clause (A), the words "of any person" are omitted as surplus. The words "issued . . . under section 44703 of this title" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1), the word "offense" is substituted for "crime" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b)(2)(C), the words "in connection with carrying out, or facilitating the carrying out of, the activity" are substituted for "in connection with such activity or the facilitation of such activity" for consistency with the source provisions restated in paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection.

In subsection (d)(1), the word "Administrator" is substituted for "Federal Aviation Administration" because of 49:106(b) and (g).

In subsection (e)(1), the words "on appeal" and "contained" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(2)(B)(i), the word "contained" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(2)(B)(ii), the words "judgment of" are omitted as surplus.

**2012**—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 112–153 struck out "but shall be bound by all validly adopted interpretations of laws and regulations the Administrator carries out and of written agency policy guidance available to the public related to sanctions to be imposed under this section unless the Board finds an interpretation is arbitrary, capricious, or otherwise not according to law" after "findings of fact of the Administrator".

(a)

(1) operate a civil aircraft in air commerce without an airworthiness certificate in effect or in violation of a term of the certificate;

(2) serve in any capacity as an airman with respect to a civil aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance used, or intended for use, in air commerce—

(A) without an airman certificate authorizing the airman to serve in the capacity for which the certificate was issued; or

(B) in violation of a term of the certificate or a regulation prescribed or order issued under section 44701(a) or (b) or any of sections 44702–44716 of this title;

(3) employ for service related to civil aircraft used in air commerce an airman who does not have an airman certificate authorizing the airman to serve in the capacity for which the airman is employed;

(4) operate as an air carrier without an air carrier operating certificate or in violation of a term of the certificate;

(5) operate aircraft in air commerce in violation of a regulation prescribed or certificate issued under section 44701(a) or (b) or any of sections 44702–44716 of this title;

(6) operate a seaplane or other aircraft of United States registry on the high seas in violation of a regulation under section 3 of the International Navigational Rules Act of 1977 (33 U.S.C. 1602);

(7) violate a term of an air agency, design organization certificate, or production certificate or a regulation prescribed or order issued under section 44701(a) or (b) or any of sections 44702–44716 of this title related to the holder of the certificate;

(8) operate an airport without an airport operating certificate required under section 44706 of this title or in violation of a term of the certificate;

(9) manufacture, deliver, sell, or offer for sale any aviation fuel or additive in violation of a regulation prescribed under section 44714 of this title; or

(10) violate section 44732 or any regulation issued thereunder.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(A) served as, or was responsible for oversight of—

(i) a flight standards inspector of the Administration; or

(ii) an employee of the Administration with responsibility for certification functions with respect to a holder of a certificate issued under section 44704(a); and

(B) had responsibility to inspect, or oversee inspection of, the operations of such person.

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1193; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(56), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4385; Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §505(b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 136; Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §227(d), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2532; Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §§307(b), 342(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 61, 79; Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §111(b), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2330.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44711(a)(1) | 49 App.:1430(a)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §610(a)(1)–(5), (b), 72 Stat. 780. |

44711(a)(2) | 49 App.:1430(a)(2). | |

44711(a)(3) | 49 App.:1430(a)(3). | |

44711(a)(4) | 49 App.:1430(a)(4). | |

44711(a)(5) | 49 App.:1430(a)(5). | |

44711(a)(6) | 49 App.:1430(a)(6). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §610(a)(6), 72 Stat. 780; May 21, 1970, Pub. L. 91–258, §51(b)(3)(A), 84 Stat. 235. |

44711(a)(7) | 49 App.:1430(a)(7). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §610(a)(7), 72 Stat. 780; May 21, 1970, Pub. L. 91–258, §51(b)(3)(B), 84 Stat. 235; Dec. 31, 1970, Pub. L. 91–604, §11(b)(2), 84 Stat. 1705. |

44711(a)(8) | 49 App.:1430(a)(8). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §610(a)(8); added May 21, 1970, Pub. L. 91–258, §51(b)(3)(C), 84 Stat. 235; Dec. 31, 1970, Pub. L. 91–604, §11(b)(2), 84 Stat. 1705; restated Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §525(d), 96 Stat. 697. |

44711(a)(9) | 49 App.:1430(a)(9). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §610(a)(9); added Dec. 31, 1970, Pub. L. 91–604, §11(b)(2), 84 Stat. 1705; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §15(b)(2), 91 Stat. 1283. |

44711(b) | 49 App.:1430(b). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |


In subsection (a)(1) and (7), the words "condition, or limitation" are omitted as being included in "term".

In subsection (a)(1), the words "without . . . in effect" are substituted for "for which there is not currently in effect an" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(2), (5), and (7), the word "rule" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulations".

In subsection (a)(2)(B), the word "prescribed" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a)(5) and (7), the words "prescribed . . . issued" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (a)(5), the words "of the Secretary of Transportation" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(6), the words "proclaimed by the President" are omitted as surplus. The words "section 3 of the International Navigational Rules Act of 1977 (33 U.S.C. 1602)" are substituted for "section 143 of title 33" because the section was part of the Act of October 11, 1951 (ch. 495, 65 Stat. 406), that was repealed by section 3 of the Act of September 24, 1963 (Public Law 88–131, 77 Stat. 194), and replaced by 33:ch. 21. Chapter 21 was repealed by section 10 of the International Navigational Rules Act of 1977 (Public Law 95–75, 91 Stat. 311) and replaced by 33:1601–1608.

In subsection (a)(7), the words "holding . . . such certificate" are omitted because of the restatement.

In subsection (a)(8), the words "by the Administrator" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the word "Administrator" in section 610(b) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 780) is retained on authority of 49:106(g). The words "to the extent, and . . . and conditions" and "by such airmen" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:44711(a)(2)(B), (5), and (7) and 46310(b) to correct erroneous cross-references.

**2020**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 116–260 amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) related to postemployment restrictions for flight standards inspectors.

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 112–95, §307(b), added par. (10).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–95, §342(a), added subsec. (d).

**2003**—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 108–176 substituted "agency, design organization certificate," for "agency".

**2000**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–181 added subsec. (c).

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(2)(B), (5), (7). Pub. L. 103–429 inserted "any of sections" before "44702–44716".

Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §342(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 80, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall not apply to an individual employed by a certificate holder as of the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012]."

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) turbojet-powered aircraft;

(2) aircraft when used in scheduled flights by scheduled air carriers holding certificates issued by the Secretary of Transportation under subpart II of this part;

(3) aircraft when used in training operations conducted entirely within a 50 mile radius of the airport from which the training operations begin;

(4) aircraft when used in flight operations related to design and testing, the manufacture, preparation, and delivery of the aircraft, or the aerial application of a substance for an agricultural purpose;

(5) aircraft holding certificates from the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration for research and development;

(6) aircraft when used for showing compliance with regulations, crew training, exhibition, air racing, or market surveys; and

(7) aircraft equipped to carry only one individual.

(c)

(1)

(A) aircraft when used in scheduled flights by scheduled air carriers holding certificates issued by the Secretary of Transportation under subpart II of this part;

(B) aircraft when used in training operations conducted entirely within a 50-mile radius of the airport from which the training operations begin;

(C) aircraft when used in flight operations related to the design and testing, manufacture, preparation, and delivery of aircraft;

(D) aircraft when used in research and development if the aircraft holds a certificate from the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to carry out such research and development;

(E) aircraft when used in showing compliance with regulations, crew training, exhibition, air racing, or market surveys;

(F) aircraft when used in the aerial application of a substance for an agricultural purpose;

(G) aircraft with a maximum payload capacity of more than 18,000 pounds when used in air transportation; or

(H) aircraft equipped to carry only one individual.

(2)

(A) a safe and orderly transition to the operation of civil aircraft equipped with an emergency locator; or

(B) other safety objectives.

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1194; Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §501(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 131.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44712(a) | 49 App.:1421(d)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §601(d)(1); added Dec. 29, 1970, Pub. L. 91–596, §31, 84 Stat. 1619; restated Jan. 2, 1974, Pub. L. 93–239, §4, 87 Stat. 1048; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §15(a)(1), 91 Stat. 1283. |

44712(b) | 49 App.:1421(d)(2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §601(d)(2); added Dec. 29, 1970, Pub. L. 91–596, §31, 84 Stat. 1619; restated Jan. 2, 1974, Pub. L. 93–239, §4, 87 Stat. 1048. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

44712(c) | 49 App.:1421(d)(3). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §601(d)(3); added Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §15(a)(2), 91 Stat. 1283. |


In subsection (a), the words "Except with respect to aircraft described in paragraph (2) of this subsection and except as provided in paragraph (3) of this subsection" are omitted as surplus. The words "minimum standards pursuant to this section shall include a requirement that", the text of 49 App.:1421(d)(1)(A), and the words "after three years and six months following such date" are omitted as executed.

In subsection (b), the word "used" is substituted for "engaged" for consistency. In clause (3), the word "training" is substituted for "local flight" for consistency. In clause (4), the words "chemicals and other" are omitted as surplus. In clause (5), the word "purposes" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "prescribe regulations" are substituted for "shall issue regulations . . . as he prescribes in such regulations" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "such limitations and" and "from such aircraft" are omitted as surplus.

**2000**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–181, §501(a)(1), substituted "Prior to January 1, 2002, subsection (a)" for "Subsection (a) of this section" in introductory provisions.

Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 106–181, §501(a)(2), (3), added subsecs. (c) and (d) and redesignated former subsec. (c) as (e).

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §501(b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 132, provided that: "The Secretary [of Transportation] shall issue regulations to carry out section 44712(c) of title 49, United States Code, as amended by this section, not later than January 1, 2001."

Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §347, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 82, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(c)

"(1) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and

"(2) the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives."

(a)

(b)

(1) inspect aircraft, aircraft engines, propellers, and appliances designed for use in air transportation, during manufacture and when in use by an air carrier in air transportation, to enable the Administrator to decide whether the aircraft, aircraft engines, propellers, or appliances are in safe condition and maintained properly; and

(2) advise and cooperate with the air carrier during that inspection and maintenance.

(c)

(d)

(A) the lack of a special identification feature to allow the forms to be distinguished easily from other major repair and alteration forms.

(B) the excessive period of time required to receive the forms at the Airmen and Aircraft Registry of the Administration.

(C) the backlog of forms waiting for processing at the Registry.

(D) the lack of ready access by law enforcement officials to information contained on the forms.

(2) The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall prescribe regulations to carry out paragraph (1) of this subsection and provide a written explanation of how the regulations address each of the deficiencies and abuses described in paragraph (1). In prescribing the regulations, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall consult with the Administrator of Drug Enforcement, the Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection, other law enforcement officials of the United States Government, representatives of State and local law enforcement officials, representatives of the general aviation aircraft industry, representatives of users of general aviation aircraft, and other interested persons.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1194; Pub. L. 104–264, title IV, §407(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3258; Pub. L. 114–125, title VIII, §802(d)(2), Feb. 24, 2016, 130 Stat. 210.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44713(a) | 49 App.:1425(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §605(a), (b), 72 Stat. 778. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

44713(b) | 49 App.:1425(b) (1st sentence). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44713(c) | 49 App.:1425(b) (last sentence). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

44713(d)(1) | 49 App.:1303 (note). | Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7214, 102 Stat. 4434. |

49 App.:1425(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §605(c); added Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7206(a), 102 Stat. 4426. | |

44713(d)(2) | 49 App.:1401 (note). | Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7207(a) (1st sentence), (b), 102 Stat. 4427. |


In subsections (a)–(c), the word "Administrator" in section 605(a) and (b) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 778) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

In subsection (a), the word "overhaul" is omitted as being included in "repair". The word "prescribed" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "A person operating, inspecting, overhauling, or maintaining the equipment shall comply with those requirements, regulations, and orders" are substituted for 49 App.:1425(a) (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "be charged with the duty . . . of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "in use" are substituted for "used by an air carrier in air transportation" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "as may be necessary" and "for operation in air transportation" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "in the performance of his duty", "used or intended to be used by any air carrier in air transportation", and "a period of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words "not used to provide air transportation" are substituted for section 7214 of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (Public Law 100–690, 102 Stat. 4434) because of the restatement.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "Not later than September 18, 1989" and "final" are omitted as obsolete. The words "Administrator of Drug Enforcement" are substituted for "Drug Enforcement Administration of the Department of Justice" because of section 5(a) of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973 (eff. July 1, 1973, 87 Stat. 1092). The words "Commissioner of Customs" are substituted for "United States Customs Service" because of 19:2071.

**1996**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–264 added subsec. (e).

"Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection" substituted for "Commissioner of Customs" in subsec. (d)(2) on authority of section 802(d)(2) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the United States Customs Service of the Department of the Treasury, including functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 203(1), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. For establishment of U.S. Customs and Border Protection in the Department of Homeland Security, treated as if included in Pub. L. 107–296 as of Nov. 25, 2002, see section 211 of Title 6, as amended generally by Pub. L. 114–125, and section 802(b) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6.

Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §319, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 69, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) a part 121 air carrier;

"(2) a part 145 repair station or a person authorized under section 43.17 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (or any successor regulation); or

"(3) subject to subsection (c), a person that—

"(A) provides contract maintenance workers, services, or maintenance functions to a part 121 air carrier or part 145 repair station; and

"(B) meets the requirements of the part 121 air carrier or the part 145 repair station, as appropriate.

"(c)

"(1) The applicable part 121 air carrier shall be directly in charge of the covered work being performed.

"(2) The covered work shall be carried out in accordance with the part 121 air carrier's maintenance manual.

"(3) The person shall carry out the covered work under the supervision and control of the part 121 air carrier directly in charge of the covered work being performed on its aircraft.

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) Essential maintenance that could result in a failure, malfunction, or defect endangering the safe operation of an aircraft if not performed properly or if improper parts or materials are used.

"(B) Regularly scheduled maintenance.

"(C) A required inspection item (as defined by the Administrator).

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall prescribe—

(1) standards for the composition or chemical or physical properties of an aircraft fuel or fuel additive to control or eliminate aircraft emissions the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency decides under section 231 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7571) endanger the public health or welfare; and

(2) regulations providing for carrying out and enforcing those standards.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1195.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44714 | 49 App.:1421(e). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §601(e); added Dec. 31, 1970, Pub. L. 91–604, §11(b)(1), 84 Stat. 1705; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §15(b)(1), 91 Stat. 1283. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "and from time to time revise" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "establishing" and "the purpose of" are omitted as surplus.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §565, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3385, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) determines that the unleaded aviation gasoline qualifies as a replacement for an approved leaded gasoline;

"(2) identifies the aircraft and engines that are eligible to use the qualified replacement unleaded gasoline; and

"(3) adopts a process (other than the traditional means of certification) to allow eligible aircraft and engines to operate using qualified replacement unleaded gasoline in a manner that ensures safety.

"(b)

"(1) the date on which the [Federal Aviation] Administration completes the Piston Aviation Fuels Initiative; or

"(2) the date on which the American Society for Testing and Materials publishes a production specification for an unleaded aviation gasoline.

"(c)

(a)

(i) standards to measure aircraft noise and sonic boom; and

(ii) regulations to control and abate aircraft noise and sonic boom.

(B) The Administrator, as the Administrator deems appropriate, shall provide for the participation of a representative of the Environmental Protection Agency on such advisory committees or associated working groups that advise the Administrator on matters related to the environmental effects of aircraft and aircraft engines.

(2) The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may prescribe standards and regulations under this subsection only after consulting with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. The standards and regulations shall be applied when issuing, amending, modifying, suspending, or revoking a certificate authorized under this chapter.

(3) An original type certificate may be issued under section 44704(a) of this title for an aircraft for which substantial noise abatement can be achieved only after the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration prescribes standards and regulations under this section that apply to that aircraft.

(b)

(1) consider relevant information related to aircraft noise and sonic boom;

(2) consult with appropriate departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government and State and interstate authorities;

(3) consider whether the standard or regulation is consistent with the highest degree of safety in air transportation or air commerce in the public interest;

(4) consider whether the standard or regulation is economically reasonable, technologically practicable, and appropriate for the applicable aircraft, aircraft engine, appliance, or certificate; and

(5) consider the extent to which the standard or regulation will carry out the purposes of this section.

(c)

(1) prescribe regulations as provided by this section—

(A) substantially the same as the proposed regulations submitted by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency; or

(B) that amend the proposed regulations; or

(2) publish in the Federal Register—

(A) a notice that no regulation is being prescribed in response to the proposed regulations of the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency;

(B) a detailed analysis of, and response to, all information the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency submitted with the proposed regulations; and

(C) a detailed explanation of why no regulation is being prescribed.

(d)

(2) The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall report to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency within the time, if any, specified in the request. However, the time specified must be at least 90 days after the date of the request. The report shall—

(A) be accompanied by a detailed statement of the findings of the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration and the reasons for the findings;

(B) identify any statement related to an action under subsection (c) of this section filed under section 102(2)(C) of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(C));

(C) specify whether and where that statement is available for public inspection; and

(D) be published in the Federal Register unless the request proposes specific action by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration and the report indicates that action will be taken.

(e)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1196; Pub. L. 104–264, title IV, §406(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3257.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44715(a)(1), (2) | 49 App.:1431(a), (b)(1) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §611(a), (b), (d); added July 21, 1968, Pub. L. 90–411, §1, 82 Stat. 395; restated Oct. 27, 1972, Pub. L. 92–574, §7(b), 86 Stat. 1239, 1241. |

44715(a)(3) | 49 App.:1431(b)(2). | |

44715(b) | 49 App.:1431(d). | |

44715(c) | 49 App.:1431(c)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §611(c); added July 21, 1968, Pub. L. 90–411, §1, 82 Stat. 395; restated Oct. 27, 1972, Pub. L. 92–574, §7(b), 86 Stat. 1240; Nov. 8, 1978, Pub. L. 95–609, §3, 92 Stat. 3080. |

44715(d) | 49 App.:1431(c)(2). | |

44715(e) | 49 App.:1431(c)(3). | |

44715(f) | 49 App.:1431(b)(1) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the text of 49 App.:1431(a) is omitted because the revised section identifies the appropriate Administrator each time the Administrator is mentioned. The words "present and future" and "and amend" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "as the FAA may find necessary to provide" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the word "only" is added for clarity.

Subsection (a)(3) is substituted for 49 App.:1431(b)(2) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "and amending" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "available . . . including the results of research, development, testing, and evaluation activities conducted pursuant to this chapter and the Department of Transportation Act" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government and State and interstate authorities" are substituted for "Federal, State, and interstate agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "as he deems" are omitted as surplus. In clauses (3) and (4), the word "proposed" is omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the word "applicable" is substituted for "particular type of . . . to which it will apply" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (5), the words "contribute to" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "Not earlier than the date of submission of the report required by section 4906 of title 42" are omitted as executed. The words "regulatory . . . over air commerce or transportation or over aircraft or airport operations" and "submitted by the EPA under this paragraph" are omitted as surplus. The word "regulations" is substituted for "rulemaking" for consistency in the revised title. The words "after they are received" are substituted for "of the date of its submission to the FAA" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "of data, views, and arguments" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "in accordance with subsection (b) of this section" are omitted because of the restatement. In clause (2)(B), the words "documentation or other" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "listed" and "the FAA to review, and . . . to EPA . . . by EPA" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(2), before clause (A), the words "shall complete the review requested and" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "of the FAA" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the words "actually taken . . . in response to EPA's proposed regulations" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), the words "under any provision of this chapter" and "that . . . be granted" are omitted as surplus. The words "the exemption may be granted" are added for clarity.

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–264, which in directing the general amendment of par. (1) inserted an additional subsec. (a) designation and heading identical to the existing subsec. heading as well as restating the text of par. (1), was executed by restating the text only to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: "To relieve and protect the public health and welfare from aircraft noise and sonic boom, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall prescribe—

"(A) standards to measure aircraft noise and sonic boom; and

"(B) regulations to control and abate aircraft noise and sonic boom."

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1) complete the development of the collision avoidance system known as TCAS–II so that TCAS–II can operate under visual and instrument flight rules and can be upgraded to the performance standards applicable to the collision avoidance system known as TCAS–III;

(2) develop and carry out a schedule for developing and certifying TCAS–II that will result in certification not later than June 30, 1989; and

(3) submit to Congress monthly reports on the progress being made in developing and certifying TCAS–II.

(b)

(1) a safe and orderly transition to the operation of a fleet of civil aircraft described in this subsection equipped with TCAS–II; or

(2) other safety objectives.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(2) Necessary amounts may be appropriated from the Airport and Airway Trust Fund established under section 9502 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 9502) to carry out this subsection.

(f)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(A) a safe and orderly transition to the operation of a fleet of cargo aircraft equipped with collision avoidance equipment; or

(B) other safety or public interest objectives.

(3)

(A) cockpit-based collision detection and conflict resolution guidance, including display of traffic; and

(B) a margin of safety of at least the same level as provided by the collision avoidance system known as TCAS–II.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1198; Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §502, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 132.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44716(a) | 49 App.:1421(f)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §601(f); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §203(b), 101 Stat. 1518; Dec. 15, 1989, Pub. L. 101–236, §2, 103 Stat. 2060. |

44716(b) | 49 App.:1421(f)(2), (4). | |

44716(c) | 49 App.:1421(f)(3). | |

44716(d) | 49 App.:1421(f)(5). | |

44716(e) | 49 App.:1421 (note). | Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §203(d), 101 Stat. 1519. |

44716(f) | 49 App.:1421(f)(6). |


In subsection (c), the words "In conducting the program" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(1), the word "research" is omitted as included in "developing".

In subsection (e)(2), the words "established under section 9502 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 9502)" are added for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (f), the words "Not later than 6 months after December 30, 1987, the Administrator shall promulgate a final rule" and "Such final rule" are omitted as executed.

**2000**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 106–181 added subsec. (g).

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of reporting provisions in subsec. (a)(3) of this section, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and the 8th item on page 138 of House Document No. 103–7.

(a)

(1) at least shall require the Administrator to make inspections, and review the maintenance and other records, of each aircraft an air carrier uses to provide air transportation that the Administrator decides may be necessary to enable the Administrator to decide whether the aircraft is in safe condition and maintained properly for operation in air transportation;

(2) at least shall require an air carrier to demonstrate to the Administrator, as part of the inspection, that maintenance of the aircraft's age-sensitive parts and components has been adequate and timely enough to ensure the highest degree of safety;

(3) shall require the air carrier to make available to the Administrator the aircraft and any records about the aircraft that the Administrator requires to carry out a review; and

(4) shall establish procedures to be followed in carrying out an inspection.

(b)

(2) Inspections under subsection (a)(1) of this section shall be carried out as provided under section 44701(a)(2)(B) and (C) of this title.

(c)

(1) a program to verify that air carriers are maintaining their aircraft according to maintenance programs approved by the Administrator;

(2) a program—

(A) to provide inspectors and engineers of the Administration with training necessary to conduct auditing inspections of aircraft operated by air carriers for corrosion and metal fatigue; and

(B) to enhance participation of those inspectors and engineers in those inspections; and

(3) a program to ensure that air carriers demonstrate to the Administrator their commitment and technical competence to ensure the airworthiness of aircraft that the carriers operate.

(d)

(A) will ensure the continuing airworthiness of aging aircraft used by foreign air carriers to provide foreign air transportation to and from the United States; and

(B) will provide passengers of those foreign air carriers with the same level of safety that will be provided passengers of air carriers by carrying out this section.

(2) Not later than September 30, 1994, the Administrator shall report to Congress on carrying out this subsection.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1199.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44717(a) | 49 App.:1421 (note). | Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §§402(a), (b)(1), (c)–(e), 405, 105 Stat. 951, 952. |

44717(b) | 49 App.:1421 (note). | Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §402(b)(2), (3), 105 Stat. 951. |

44717(c) | 49 App.:1421 (note). | Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §403, 105 Stat. 952. |

44717(d) | 49 App.:1421 (note). | Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §404, 105 Stat. 952. |


In subsections (a) and (c), before clause (1), the words "Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this title" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the text of section 405 of the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1992 (Public Law 102–143, 105 Stat. 952) is omitted as surplus because the complete name of the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration is used the first time the term appears in a section. The word "regulations" is substituted for "rule" because the terms are synonymous. In clauses (2)–(4), the words "required by the rule" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "structure, skin, and other" are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the words "inspection, maintenance, and other" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), the word "Administrator" is substituted for "Federal Aviation Administration" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words "governments of foreign countries" are substituted for "foreign governments" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

(a)

(1) safety in air commerce;

(2) the efficient use and preservation of the navigable airspace and of airport traffic capacity at public-use airports; or

(3) the interests of national security, as determined by the Secretary of Defense.

(b)

(1)

(A) consider factors relevant to the efficient and effective use of the navigable airspace, including—

(i) the impact on arrival, departure, and en route procedures for aircraft operating under visual flight rules;

(ii) the impact on arrival, departure, and en route procedures for aircraft operating under instrument flight rules;

(iii) the impact on existing public-use airports and aeronautical facilities;

(iv) the impact on planned public-use airports and aeronautical facilities;

(v) the cumulative impact resulting from the proposed construction or alteration of a structure when combined with the impact of other existing or proposed structures;

(vi) the impact on launch and reentry for launch and reentry vehicles arriving or departing from a launch site or reentry site licensed by the Secretary of Transportation; and

(vii) other factors relevant to the efficient and effective use of navigable airspace; and

(B) include the finding made by the Secretary of Defense under subsection (f).

(2)

(A) adverse impact on the safe and efficient use of the navigable airspace that the Secretary finds will result from constructing or altering the structure; and

(B) unacceptable risk to the national security of the United States, as determined by the Secretary of Defense under subsection (f).

(3)

(c)

(1) the receipt and consideration of, and action on, the application; and

(2) the completion of any associated aeronautical study.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(e)

(f)

(1) make a finding on whether the construction, alteration, establishment, or expansion of a structure or sanitary landfill included in the study would result in an unacceptable risk to the national security of the United States; and

(2) transmit the finding to the Secretary of Transportation for inclusion in the report required under subsection (b)(2).

(g)

(h)

(1)

(2) 1 of title 10.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1200; Pub. L. 104–264, title XII, §1220(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3286; Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §503(b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 133; Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title III, §332, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1369; Pub. L. 114–248, §1(a), Nov. 28, 2016, 130 Stat. 998; Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title III, §341(a)(1)–(4)(A), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2079–2081; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title III, §311(b)(2), (3), (e), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1347, 1348; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title X, §1081(e)(2), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1986; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §539(h), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3371.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44718(a) | 49 App.:1501(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1101, 72 Stat. 797; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §206 (less (b)), 101 Stat. 1521; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §203(a), 106 Stat. 4890. |

44718(b) | 49 App.:1501(b). | |

44718(c) | 49 App.:1501(c). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "(hereinafter in this section referred to as the 'Secretary')" and "where necessary" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the word "thoroughly" is omitted as surplus.

The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (d), probably means the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–181, which amended subsec. (d) generally, and which was approved Apr. 5, 2000.

Section 183a(h)(7) of title 10, referred to in subsec. (h)(2), was redesignated as section 183a(h)(9) of title 10 by Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title III, §371(5)(A), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1329.

**2018**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §539(h)(1), substituted "air or space navigation facilities and equipment" for "air navigation facilities and equipment" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1)(A)(vi), (vii). Pub. L. 115–254, §539(h)(2), added cl. (vi) and redesignated former cl. (vi) as (vii).

Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 115–232, §1081(e)(2)(A), substituted "section 183a(h)(1) of title 10" for "section 183a(g) of title 10".

Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 115–232, §1081(e)(2)(B), substituted "section 183a(h)(7) of title 10" for "section 183a(g) of title 10".

**2017**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–91, §311(b)(2), inserted "and in accordance with section 183a(e) of title 10" after "conducted under subsection (b)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 115–91, §311(e)(2), added subsec. (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (h).

Pub. L. 115–91, §311(b)(3), substituted "183a(g) of title 10" for "211.3 of title 32, Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on January 6, 2014" in pars. (1) and (2).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 115–91, §311(e)(1), redesignated subsec. (g) as (h).

**2016**—Pub. L. 114–328, §341(a)(4)(A), inserted "or national security" after "air commerce" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 114–328, §341(a)(1), added par. (3).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–328, §341(a)(2), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) related to studies by Secretary to determine obstruction of airspace by newly contructed or altered structures.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 114–248, §1(a)(1), substituted "air or space navigation facilities and equipment" for "air navigation facilities and equipment" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1)(F). Pub. L. 114–248, §1(a)(2)–(4), added subpar. (F).

Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 114–328, §341(a)(3), added subsecs. (f) and (g).

**2011**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–81 added subsec. (e).

**2000**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–181 amended heading and text of subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "For the purposes of enhancing aviation safety, in a case in which 2 landfills have been proposed to be constructed or established within 6 miles of a commercial service airport with fewer than 50,000 enplanements per year, no person shall construct or establish either landfill if an official of the Federal Aviation Administration has stated in writing within the 3-year period ending on the date of the enactment of this subsection that 1 of the landfills would be incompatible with aircraft operations at the airport, unless the landfill is already active on such date of enactment or the airport operator agrees to the construction or establishment of the landfill."

**1996**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–264 added subsec. (d).

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 114–248, §1(b), Nov. 28, 2016, 130 Stat. 998, provided that: "Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 28, 2016], the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall initiate a rulemaking to implement the amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section]."

Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2110, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 623, as amended by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §576, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3391, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) clearly marked consistent with applicable guidance in the advisory circular of the FAA issued December 4, 2015 (AC 70/7460-IL); or

"(B) included in the database described in subsection (c).

"(2)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A)

"(i)

"(I) is a meteorological evaluation tower, a self-standing tower, or [a] tower supported by guy wires and ground anchors;

"(II) is 10 feet or less in diameter at the above-ground base, excluding concrete footing;

"(III) at the highest point of the structure is at least 50 feet above ground level;

"(IV) at the highest point of the structure is not more than 200 feet above ground level;

"(V) has accessory facilities on which an antenna, sensor, camera, meteorological instrument, or other equipment is mounted; and

"(VI) is located on land that is—

"(aa) in a rural area; and

"(bb) used for agricultural purposes or immediately adjacent to such land.

"(ii)

"(I) is adjacent to a house, barn, electric utility station, or other building;

"(II) is within the curtilage of a farmstead or adjacent to another building or visible structure;

"(III) supports electric utility transmission or distribution lines;

"(IV) is a wind-powered electrical generator with a rotor blade radius that exceeds 6 feet;

"(V) is a street light erected or maintained by a Federal, State, local, or tribal entity;

"(VI) is designed and constructed to resemble a tree or visible structure other than a tower;

"(VII) is an advertising billboard;

"(VIII) is located within the right-of-way of a rail carrier, including within the boundaries of a rail yard, and is used for a railroad purpose;

"(IX)(aa) is registered with the Federal Communications Commission under the Antenna Structure Registration program set forth under part 17 of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations; and

"(bb) is determined by the Administrator to pose no hazard to air navigation; or

"(X) has already mitigated any hazard to aviation safety in accordance with Federal Aviation Administration guidance or as otherwise approved by the Administrator.

"(B)

"(C)

"(2)

"(c)

"(1) develop a new database, or if appropriate use an existing database that meets the requirements under this section, that contains the location and height of each covered tower that, pursuant to subsection (a), the owner or operator of such tower elects not to mark (unless the Administrator has determined that there is a significant safety risk requiring that the tower be marked), except that meteorological evaluation towers shall be marked and contained in the database;

"(2) keep the database current to the extent practicable;

"(3) ensure that any proprietary information in the database is protected from disclosure in accordance with law;

"(4) ensure that, by virtue of accessing the database, users agree and acknowledge that information in the database—

"(A) may only be used for aviation safety purposes; and

"(B) may not be disclosed for purposes other than aviation safety, regardless of whether or not the information is marked or labeled as proprietary or with a similar designation;

"(5) ensure that the tower information in the database is de-identified and that the information only includes the location and height of covered towers and whether the tower has guy wires;

"(6) ensure that information in the dataset is encrypted at rest and in transit and is protected from unauthorized access and acquisition;

"(7) ensure that towers excluded from the definition of covered tower under subsection (d)(1)(B)(ii)(VIII) must be registered by its owner in the database;

"(8) ensure that a tower to be included in the database pursuant to subsection (c)(1) and constructed after the date on which the database is fully operational is submitted by its owner to the FAA for inclusion in the database before its construction;

"(9) ensure that pilots who intend to conduct low-altitude operations in locations described in subsection (b)(1)(A)(i)(VI) consult the relevant parts of the database before conducting such operations; and

"(10) make the database available for use not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 [Oct. 5, 2018].

"(d)

"(1) may exclude a class, category, or type of tower that is determined by the Administrator, after public notice and comment, to not pose a hazard to aviation safety;

"(2) shall establish a process to waive specific covered towers from the marking requirements under this section as required under the rulemaking if the Administrator later determines such tower or towers do not pose a hazard to aviation safety;

"(3) shall consider, in establishing exclusions and granting waivers under this subsection, factors that may sufficiently mitigate risks to aviation safety, such as the length of time the tower has been in existence or alternative marking methods or technologies that maintains a tower's level of conspicuousness to a degree which adequately maintains the safety of the airspace; and

"(4) shall consider excluding towers located in a State that has enacted tower marking requirements according to the Federal Aviation Administration's recommended guidance for the voluntary marking of meteorological evaluation towers erected in remote and rural areas that are less than 200 feet above ground level to enhance the conspicuity of the towers for low level agricultural operations in the vicinity of those towers.

"(e)

"(f)

Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title III, §358, Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4198, as amended by Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title III, §331, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1369; Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, §1076(b)(1), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1949; Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title III, §314, Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 790, related to study of effects of new construction of obstructions on military installations and operations, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title III, §311(b)(1), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1347. See section 183a of Title 10, Armed Forces.

Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §503(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 133, provided that: "Congress finds that—

"(1) collisions between aircraft and birds have resulted in fatal accidents;

"(2) bird strikes pose a special danger to smaller aircraft;

"(3) landfills near airports pose a potential hazard to aircraft operating there because they attract birds;

"(4) even if the landfill is not located in the approach path of the airport's runway, it still poses a hazard because of the birds' ability to fly away from the landfill and into the path of oncoming planes;

"(5) while certain mileage limits have the potential to be arbitrary, keeping landfills at least 6 miles away from an airport, especially an airport served by small planes, is an appropriate minimum requirement for aviation safety; and

"(6) closure of existing landfills (due to concerns about aviation safety) should be avoided because of the likely disruption to those who use and depend on such landfills."

1 See References in Text note below.

The Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe regulations on standards for installing navigational aids, including airport control towers. For each type of facility, the regulations shall consider at a minimum traffic density (number of aircraft operations without consideration of aircraft size), terrain and other obstacles to navigation, weather characteristics, passengers served, and potential aircraft operating efficiencies.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1201.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44719 | 49 App.:1348 (note). | Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §308, 101 Stat. 1526. |


The words "Not later than December 31, 1988" are omitted as obsolete.

(a)

(b)

(1) observe, measure, investigate, and study atmospheric phenomena, and maintain meteorological stations and offices, that are necessary or best suited for finding out in advance information about probable weather conditions;

(2) provide reports to the Administrator 1 to persons engaged in civil aeronautics that are designated by the Administrator and to other persons designated by the Secretary in a way and with a frequency that best will result in safety in, and facilitating, air navigation;

(3) cooperate with persons engaged in air commerce in meteorological services, maintain reciprocal arrangements with those persons in carrying out this clause, and collect and distribute weather reports available from aircraft in flight;

(4) maintain and coordinate international exchanges of meteorological information required for the safety and efficiency of air navigation;

(5) in cooperation with other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government, meteorological services of foreign countries, and persons engaged in air commerce, participate in developing an international basic meteorological reporting network, including the establishment, operation, and maintenance of reporting stations on the high seas, in polar regions, and in foreign countries;

(6) coordinate meteorological requirements in the United States to maintain standard observations, to promote efficient use of facilities, and to avoid duplication of services unless the duplication tends to promote the safety and efficiency of air navigation; and

(7) promote and develop meteorological science and foster and support research projects in meteorology through the use of private and governmental research facilities and provide for publishing the results of the projects unless publication would not be in the public interest.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1201.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44720(a) | 49 App.:1351. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§310, 803, 72 Stat. 751, 783. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

44720(b) | 49 App.:1463. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In subsection (b), the title "Secretary" [of Commerce] is substituted for "Chief of the Weather Bureau" in section 803 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 783) because of sections 1 and 2 of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1965 (eff. July 13, 1965, 79 Stat. 1318). Before clause (1), the words "In order" and "in addition to any other functions or duties pertaining to weather information for other purposes" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "forecasts, warnings, and advices" are omitted as being included in "reports". In clause (3), the words "or employees thereof" and "establish and" are omitted as surplus. The words "with those persons" are added for clarity. In clause (5), the words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government" are substituted for "governmental agencies of the United States" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §322, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3270, provided that: "The Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall permit an air carrier operating pursuant to part 135 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, to operate to a destination with a published approach, in a noncontiguous State under instrument flight rules and conduct an instrument approach without a destination Meteorological Aerodrome Report (METAR) if a current Area Forecast, supplemented by noncertified local weather observations (such as weather cameras and human observations) is available, and an alternate airport that has a weather report is specified. The operator shall have approved procedures for departure and en route weather evaluation."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §516, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3358, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) such location is determined to be under visual meteorological conditions;

"(2) a current Area Forecast, supplemented by other local weather observations or reports, is available; and

"(3) an alternate airport that has an available Terminal Aerodrome Forecast and weather report is specified.

"(b)

"(1) have approved procedures for dispatch or release and enroute weather evaluation; and

"(2) operate under instrument flight rules enroute to the destination.

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §553, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3379, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) update automated weather observing systems standards to maximize the use of new technologies that promote the reduction of equipment or maintenance cost for non-Federal automated weather observing systems, including the use of remote monitoring and maintenance, unless demonstrated to be ineffective;

"(2) review, and if necessary update, existing policies in accordance with the standards developed under paragraph (1); and

"(3) establish a process under which appropriate onsite airport personnel or an aviation official may, with appropriate manufacturer training or alternative training as determined by the Administrator, be permitted to conduct the minimum triannual preventative maintenance checks under the advisory circular for non-Federal automated weather observing systems (AC 150/5220–16E) and any other similar, successor checks.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) ensure the standards are performance-based;

"(2) use risk analysis to determine the accuracy of the automated weather observing systems outputs required for pilots to perform safe aircraft operations; and

"(3) provide a cost-benefit analysis to determine whether the benefits outweigh the cost for any requirement not directly related to safety.

"(d)

"(1)

"(A) the airport sponsor or State, as applicable, certifies that a grant for such automated weather observing systems equipment under that chapter will assist an applicable airport to respond to regional emergency needs, including medical, firefighting, and search and rescue needs;

"(B) the Secretary determines, after consultation with the airport sponsor or State, as applicable, that the placement of automated weather-observing equipment at the airport will not cause unacceptable radio frequency congestion; and

"(C) the other requirements under that chapter are met.

"(2)

"(e)

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §728, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 168, provided that: "The Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall not terminate human weather observers for Automated Surface Observation System stations until—

"(1) the Administrator determines that the system provides consistent reporting of changing meteorological conditions and notifies Congress in writing of that determination; and

"(2) 60 days have passed since the report was transmitted to Congress."

1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(1) prescribed by the Administrator;

(2) depicted accurately on the map or chart; and

(3) not obviously defective or deficient.

(c)

(1) Sections 1 through 9 of the Act entitled "An Act to define the functions and duties of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and for other purposes", approved August 6, 1947,1 (33 U.S.C. 883a–883h).

(2) Section 6082 of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (33 U.S.C. 883j).

(d)

(1) develop, process, disseminate and publish digital and analog data, information, compilations, and reports;

(2) compile, print, and disseminate aeronautical charts and related products and services of the United States and its territories and possessions;

(3) compile, print, and disseminate aeronautical charts and related products and services covering international airspace as are required primarily by United States civil aviation; and

(4) compile, print, and disseminate nonaeronautical navigational, transportation or public-safety-related products and services when in the best interests of the Government.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(f)

(1)

(2)

(g)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(2)

(3)

(A) without charge to each foreign government or international organization with which the Administrator or a Federal department or agency has an agreement for exchange of these products or services without cost;

(B) at prices the Administrator establishes, to the departments and officers of the United States requiring them for official use; and

(C) at reduced or no charge where, in the judgment of the Administrator, furnishing the aeronautical product or service to a recipient is a reasonable exchange for voluntary contribution of information by the recipient to the activities under this section.

(4)

(5)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1202; Pub. L. 106–181, title VI, §603(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 150; Pub. L. 106–424, §17(a), Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1888.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44721(a)(1) | 49 App.:1348(b) (1st sentence cl. (3)). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §307(b) (1st sentence cl. (3)), 72 Stat. 750. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

44721(a)(2) | 49 App.:1348(b) (3d, last sentences). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 749, §307(b) (3d, last sentences); added Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §125, 106 Stat. 4885. |

44721(b) | 49 App.:1519. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1118; added Dec. 19, 1985, Pub. L. 99–190, §328(a), 99 Stat. 1289. |


In subsection (a)(1), the word "Administrator" in section 307(b) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 750) is retained on authority of 49:106(g). The words "within the limits of available appropriations made by the Congress" are omitted as surplus. The words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government" are substituted for "existing agencies of the Government" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "Notwithstanding the provisions of section 1341 of title 31 or any other provision of law" are omitted as surplus.

Sections 1 through 9 of the Act entitled "An Act to define the functions and duties of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and for other purposes", approved August 6, 1947, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), are classified to sections 883a to 883i of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters. Section 883g of Title 33 was repealed by Pub. L. 88–611, §4(a)(2), Oct. 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 991.

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(a)

"(2) In carrying out paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Administrator shall update and arrange for the publication of clearly defined routes for navigating through a complex terminal airspace area and to and from an airport located in such an area, if the Administrator decides that publication of the routes would promote safety in air navigation. The routes shall be developed in consultation with pilots and other users of affected airports and shall be for the optional use of pilots operating under visual flight rules.

"(b)

"(1) prescribed by the Administrator;

"(2) depicted accurately on the map or chart; and

"(3) not obviously defective or deficient."

Subsec. (c)(3), (4). Pub. L. 106–424, §17(a)(1), struck out pars. (3) and (4) which read as follows:

"(3) Section 1307 of title 44, United States Code.

"(4) The provision of title II of the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1995 under the heading 'National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration' relating to aeronautical charts (44 U.S.C. 1307 note)."

Subsec. (g)(1)(D). Pub. L. 106–424, §17(a)(2), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 106–424, §17(a)(3), added par. (5).

Pub. L. 106–424, §17(b), Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1889, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] take effect on October 1, 2000."

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 106–181, title VI, §604, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 152, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) have been issued, made, granted, or allowed to become effective by the President of the United States, the Secretary of Commerce, the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, any Federal agency or official thereof, or by a court of competent jurisdiction, in the performance of functions which are transferred by this title [amending this section, sections 883b and 883e of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters, and section 1307 of Title 44, Public Printing and Documents, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section]; and

"(2) are in effect on the date of transfer,

shall continue in effect according to their terms until modified, terminated, superseded, set aside, or revoked in accordance with law by the President of the United States, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, a court of competent jurisdiction, or by operation of law.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

Pub. L. 106–181, title VI, §601, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 149, provided that: "Effective October 1, 2000, there are transferred to the Federal Aviation Administration and vested in the Administrator the functions, powers, and duties of the Secretary of Commerce and other officers of the Department of Commerce that relate to the Office of Aeronautical Charting and Cartography and are set forth in section 44721 of title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 106–181, title VI, §602, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 149, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 106–181, title VI, §607, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 154, provided that: "The Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall consider procuring mapping, charting, and geographic information systems necessary to carry out the duties of the Administrator under title 49, United States Code, from private enterprises, if the Administrator determines that such procurement furthers the mission of the Federal Aviation Administration and is cost effective."

1 So in original. The comma probably should not appear.

The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall prescribe regulations requiring procedures to improve safety of aircraft operations during winter conditions. In deciding on the procedures to be required, the Administrator shall consider at least aircraft and air traffic control modifications, the availability of different types of deicing fluids (considering their efficacy and environmental limitations), the types of deicing equipment available, and the feasibility and desirability of establishing timeframes within which deicing must occur under certain types of inclement weather.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1202.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44722 | 49:1421 (note). | Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §124, 106 Stat. 4885. |


The words "Before November 1, 1992" are omitted as obsolete. The words "prescribe regulations requiring" are substituted for "require, by regulation", and the words "other factors the Administrator considers appropriate" are substituted for "among other things", for consistency in the revised title.

Not later than January 1 of each year, the Secretary of Transportation shall submit to Congress a comprehensive report on the safety enforcement activities of the Federal Aviation Administration during the fiscal year ending the prior September 30th. The report shall include—

(1) a comparison of end-of-year staffing levels by operations, maintenance, and avionics inspector categories to staffing goals and a statement on how staffing standards were applied to make allocations between air carrier and general aviation operations, maintenance, and avionics inspectors;

(2) schedules showing the range of inspector experience by various inspector work force categories, and the number of inspectors in each of the categories who are considered fully qualified;

(3) schedules showing the number and percentage of inspectors who have received mandatory training by individual course, and the number of inspectors by work force categories, who have received all mandatory training;

(4) a description of the criteria used to set annual work programs, an explanation of how these criteria differ from criteria used in the prior fiscal year and how the annual work programs ensure compliance with appropriate regulations and safe operating practices;

(5) a comparison of actual inspections performed during the fiscal year to the annual work programs by field location and, for any field location completing less than 80 percent of its planned number of inspections, an explanation of why annual work program plans were not met;

(6) a statement of the adequacy of Administration internal management controls available to ensure that field managers comply with Administration policies and procedures, including those on inspector priorities, district office coordination, minimum inspection standards, and inspection followup;

(7) the status of efforts made by the Administration to update inspector guidance documents and regulations to include technological, management, and structural changes taking place in the aviation industry, including a listing of the backlog of all proposed regulatory amendments;

(8) a list of the specific operational measures of effectiveness used to evaluate—

(A) the progress in meeting program objectives;

(B) the quality of program delivery; and

(C) the nature of emerging safety problems;

(9) a schedule showing the number of civil penalty cases closed during the 2 prior fiscal years, including the total initial and final penalties imposed, the total number of dollars collected, the range of dollar amounts collected, the average case processing time, and the range of case processing time;

(10) a schedule showing the number of enforcement actions taken (except civil penalties) during the 2 prior fiscal years, including the total number of violations cited, and the number of cited violation cases closed by certificate suspensions, certificate revocations, warnings, and no action taken; and

(11) schedules showing the safety record of the aviation industry during the fiscal year for air carriers and general aviation, including—

(A) the number of inspections performed when deficiencies were identified compared with inspections when no deficiencies were found;

(B) the frequency of safety deficiencies for each air carrier; and

(C) an analysis based on data of the general status of air carrier and general aviation compliance with aviation regulations.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1202.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44723 | 49:308 (note). | Dec. 22, 1987, Pub. L. 100–202, §317(a), 101 Stat. 1329–380. |

Sept. 30, 1988, Pub. L. 100–457, §317(a), 102 Stat. 2148. |


In clauses (4) and (7), the word "regulations" is substituted for "Federal regulations" for consistency in the revised title.

In clause (5), the words "by field location" are substituted for "disaggregated to the field locations" for clarity.

In clause (8), before subclause (A), the words " 'best proxies' standing between the ultimate goal of accident prevention and ongoing program activities" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (9), the words "penalties imposed" are substituted for "assessments" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In clause (11)(C), the words "aviation regulations" are substituted for "Federal Aviation Regulations" for consistency in the revised title.

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of reporting provisions in this section, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance. See, also, the 22nd item on page 132 and the 10th item on page 135 of House Document No. 103–7.

(a)

(1) a valid private pilots certificate issued by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration under part 61 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations; and

(2) the appropriate medical certificate issued by the Administrator under part 67 of such title,

to manipulate the controls of an aircraft if the pilot knows or should have known that the individual is attempting to set a record or engage in an aeronautical competition or aeronautical feat, as defined by the Administrator.

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 104–264, title VI, §602(a)(1), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3263.)

Except as otherwise specifically provided, section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) The part may be segregated under circumstances that preclude its installation on an aircraft.

(2) The part may be permanently marked to indicate its used life status.

(3) The part may be destroyed in any manner calculated to prevent reinstallation in an aircraft.

(4) The part may be marked, if practicable, to include the recordation of hours, cycles, or other airworthiness information. If the parts are marked with cycles or hours of usage, that information must be updated every time the part is removed from service or when the part is retired from service.

(5) Any other method approved by the Administrator.

(c)

(1) not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this section, issue a notice of proposed rulemaking; and

(2) not later than 180 days after the close of the comment period on the proposed rule, issue a final rule.

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §504(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 134.)

The date of the enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–181, which was approved Apr. 5, 2000.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(A) convicted in a court of law of a violation of a law of the United States relating to the installation, production, repair, or sale of a counterfeit or fraudulently-represented aviation part or material;

(B) whose certificate is revoked under subsection (b); or

(C) subject to a controlling or ownership interest of an individual described in subparagraph (A) or (B).

(2)

(b)

(1)

(A) was convicted in a court of law of a violation of a law of the United States relating to the installation, production, repair, or sale of a counterfeit or fraudulently-represented aviation part or material; or

(B) knowingly, and with the intent to defraud, carried out or facilitated an activity punishable under a law described in paragraph (1)(A).

(2)

(c)

(1) advise the holder of the certificate of the reason for the revocation; and

(2) provide the holder of the certificate an opportunity to be heard on why the certificate should not be revoked.

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A) the former holder otherwise satisfies the requirements of this chapter for the certificate; and

(B)(i) the former holder or the individual referred to in subsection (b)(1), is acquitted of all charges related to the violation on which the revocation was based; or

(ii) the conviction of the former holder or such individual of the violation on which the revocation was based is reversed.

(f)

(1) a law enforcement official of the United States Government requests a waiver; and

(2) the waiver will facilitate law enforcement efforts.

(g)

(1) an individual who had a controlling or ownership interest in the holder committed a violation of a law for the violation of which a certificate may be revoked under this section or knowingly, and with intent to defraud, carried out or facilitated an activity punishable under such a law; and

(2) the holder satisfies the requirements for the certificate without regard to that individual,

then the Administrator may amend the certificate to impose a limitation that the certificate will not be valid if that individual has a controlling or ownership interest in the holder. A decision by the Administrator under this subsection is not reviewable by the Board.

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §505(a)(1), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 134; amended Pub. L. 108–176, title V, §501, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2556.)

**2003**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 108–176 struck out "or" at end of subpar. (A), added subpar. (B), and redesignated former subpar. (B) as (C) and substituted "described in subparagraph (A) or (B)" for "convicted of such a violation".

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title V, §502(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2557.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 108–176, which was approved Dec. 12, 2003.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(b)

(c) 1 the director of operations of an air carrier is designated to determine that an individual has successfully completed the training requirements approved by the Administrator for such individual to serve as a flight attendant.

(d)

(1) be numbered and recorded by the Administrator;

(2) contain the name, address, and description of the individual to whom the certificate is issued;

(3) be similar in size and appearance to certificates issued to airmen;

(4) contain the airplane group for which the certificate is issued; and

(5) be issued not later than 120 days after the Administrator receives notification from the air carrier of demonstrated proficiency and, in the case of an individual serving as flight attendant on the effective date of this section, not later than 1 year after such effective date.

(e)

(f)

(1)

(A) read material written in English and comprehend the information;

(B) speak and understand English sufficiently to provide direction to, and understand and answer questions from, English-speaking individuals;

(C) write incident reports and statements and log entries and statements; and

(D) carry out written and oral instructions regarding the proper performance of their duties.

(2)

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §814(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2590; amended Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §304(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 58; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §539(i), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3371.)

For effective date of this section, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2) and (d)(5), see Effective Date note below.

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (e), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 108–176, which was approved Dec. 12, 2003.

**2018**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §539(i)(1), substituted "title 14" for "chapter 14".

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §539(i)(2), substituted "be" for "is".

**2012**—Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 112–95 added subsec. (f) and redesignated former subsec. (f) as (g).

Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §814(c), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2592, provided that: "The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) [enacting this section and amending the analysis to this chapter] shall take effect on the 365th day following the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2003]."

Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §304(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 58, provided that: "The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall work with air carriers to facilitate compliance with the requirements of section 44728(f) of title 49, United States Code (as amended by this section)."

1 So in original. Probably should be "Regulations,".

(a)

(1) shall take effect 1 year after the date of delivery of written notice of the election; and

(2) may not be terminated after the date on which such election takes effect by the air carrier.

(b)

(1) operations under part 121 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations; or

(2) operations by a person that—

(A) holds an air carrier certificate issued pursuant to part 119 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, to conduct operations under part 135 of such title;

(B) holds management specifications under subpart K of title 91 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations; and

(C) performed an aggregate total of at least 75,000 turbojet operations in calendar year 2019 or any subsequent year.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(A) such person is in the employment of that air carrier in such operations on such date of enactment as a required flight deck crew member; or

(B) such person is newly hired by an air carrier as a pilot on or after such date of enactment without credit for prior seniority or prior longevity for benefits or other terms related to length of service prior to the date of rehire under any labor agreement or employment policies of the air carrier.

(2)

(f)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(h)

(1)

(2) GAO

(Added Pub. L. 110–135, §2(a), Dec. 13, 2007, 121 Stat. 1450; amended Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §305, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 58; Pub. L. 117–328, div. Q, §107(a), (b), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5257, 5258.)

The date of enactment of this section and such date of enactment, referred to in subsecs. (d), (e), (g)(1) and (h)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–135, which was approved Dec. 13, 2007.

**2022**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–328, §107(a), substituted "covered operations described in subsection (b)(1) until attaining 65 years of age. Air carriers that employ pilots who serve in covered operations described in subsection (b)(2) may elect to implement an age restriction to prohibit employed pilots from serving in such covered operations after attaining 70 years of age by delivering written notice to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration. Such election—" and pars. (1) and (2) for "covered operations until attaining 65 years of age."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–328, §107(b), substituted "means—" and pars. (1) and (2) for "means operations under part 121 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations."

**2012**—Subsec. (h)(2), (3). Pub. L. 112–95 redesignated par. (3) as (2) and struck out former par. (2). Prior to amendment, text of par. (2) read as follows: "Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this section, and every 6 months thereafter, an air carrier engaged in covered operations shall evaluate the performance of each pilot of the air carrier who has attained 60 years of age through a line check of such pilot. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, an air carrier shall not be required to conduct for a 6-month period a line check under this paragraph of a pilot serving as second-in-command if the pilot has undergone a regularly scheduled simulator evaluation during that period."

Pub. L. 117–328, div. Q, §107(c), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5258, provided that: "An action or election taken in conformance with the amendments made by this section [amending this section], or taken in conformance with a regulation issued to carry out the amendments made by this section, may not serve as a basis for liability or relief in a proceeding brought under any employment law or regulation before any court or agency of the United States or of any State or locality."

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(c)

(1) Flight request and dispatch procedures, including performance-based flight dispatch procedures.

(2) Pilot training standards, including establishment of training standards in—

(A) preventing controlled flight into terrain; and

(B) recovery from inadvertent flight into instrument meteorological conditions.

(3) Safety-enhancing technology and equipment, including—

(A) helicopter terrain awareness and warning systems;

(B) radar altimeters; and

(C) devices that perform the function of flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders, to the extent feasible.

(4) Such other matters as the Administrator considers appropriate.

(d)

(1)

(A) establishes a flight risk evaluation program, based on FAA Notice 8000.301 issued by the Administration on August 1, 2005, including any updates thereto;

(B) as part of the flight risk evaluation program, develops a checklist for use by pilots in determining whether a flight request should be accepted; and

(C) requires the pilots of the certificate holder to use the checklist.

(2)

(e)

(1)

(A) Pilot training standards, including—

(i) mandatory training requirements, including a minimum time for completing the training requirements;

(ii) training subject areas, such as communications procedures and appropriate technology use; and

(iii) establishment of training standards in—

(I) crew resource management;

(II) flight risk evaluation;

(III) operational control of the pilot in command; and

(IV) use of flight simulation training devices and line-oriented flight training.

(B) Use of safety equipment that should be worn or used by flight crewmembers and medical personnel on a flight, including the possible use of shoulder harnesses, helmets, seatbelts, and fire resistant clothing to enhance crash survivability.

(2)

(3)

(f)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §306(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 58.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–95, which was approved Feb. 14, 2012.

(a)

(1) The number of helicopters that the certificate holder uses to provide helicopter air ambulance services and the base locations of the helicopters.

(2) The number of hours flown by the helicopters operated by the certificate holder.

(3) The number of patients transported and the number of patient transport requests for a helicopter providing air ambulance services that were accepted or declined by the certificate holder and the type of each such flight request (such as scene response, interfacility transport, or organ transport).

(4) The number of accidents, if any, involving helicopters operated by the certificate holder while providing air ambulance services and a description of the accidents.

(5) The number of hours flown under instrument flight rules by helicopters operated by the certificate holder.

(6) The number of hours flown at night by helicopters operated by the certificate holder.

(7) The number of incidents, if any, in which a helicopter was not directly dispatched and arrived to transport patients but was not utilized for patient transport.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1) propose and develop a method to collect and store the data submitted under subsection (a), including a method to protect the confidentiality of any trade secret or proprietary information submitted; and

(2) ensure that the database under subsection (c) and the report under subsection (d) include data and analysis that will best inform efforts to improve the safety of helicopter air ambulance operations.

(f)

(Added Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §306(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 60; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §314(d), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3266.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (c), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–95, which was approved Feb. 14, 2012.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §314(d)(1)(A), substituted "annually" for "not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this section, and annually thereafter" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §314(d)(1)(B), substituted "hours flown by the helicopters operated by the certificate holder" for "flights and hours flown, by registration number, during which helicopters operated by the certificate holder were providing helicopter air ambulance services".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §314(d)(1)(C), substituted "of patients transported and the number of patient transport" for "of flight", inserted "or" after "interfacility transport,", and struck out ", or ferry or repositioning flight" after "organ transport".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 115–254, §314(d)(1)(D), struck out "flights and" after "The number of" and "while providing air ambulance services" before period at end.

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 115–254, §314(d)(1)(E), amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (6) read as follows: "The time of day of each flight flown by helicopters operated by the certificate holder while providing air ambulance services."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, §314(d)(2), substituted "The Administrator shall submit annually" for "Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this section, and annually thereafter, the Administrator shall submit" and inserted at end "The report shall include the number of accidents experienced by helicopter air ambulance operations, the number of fatal accidents experienced by helicopter air ambulance operations, and the rate, per 100,000 flight hours, of accidents and fatal accidents experienced by operators providing helicopter air ambulance services."

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 115–254, §314(d)(3), (4), added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsec. (e) as (f).

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §314(a)–(c), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3265, 3266, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) update, as necessary, any existing guidance on what information is included in the current databases of Airport Master Record (5010) forms to include information related to heliports and helipads used by helicopters providing air ambulance services; or

"(2) develop, as appropriate and in collaboration with helicopter air ambulance industry stakeholders, a new database of heliports and helipads used by helicopters providing air ambulance services.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §307(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 61.)

Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §307(d), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 62, provided that: "Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012], the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall initiate a rulemaking procedure for regulations to carry out section 44732 of title 49, United States Code (as added by this section), and shall issue a final rule thereunder not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act."

(a)

(1) ensure that repair stations located outside the United States are subject to appropriate inspections based on identified risks and consistent with existing United States requirements;

(2) consider inspection results and findings submitted by foreign civil aviation authorities operating under a maintenance safety or maintenance implementation agreement with the United States; and

(3) require all maintenance safety or maintenance implementation agreements to provide an opportunity for the Administration to conduct independent inspections of covered part 145 repair stations when safety concerns warrant such inspections.

(b)

(c)

(1) describe in detail any improvements in the Administration's ability to identify and track where part 121 air carrier repair work is performed;

(2) include a staffing model to determine the best placement of inspectors and the number of inspectors needed;

(3) describe the training provided to inspectors; and

(4) include an assessment of the quality of monitoring and surveillance by the Administration of work performed by its inspectors and the inspectors of foreign authorities operating under a maintenance safety or maintenance implementation agreement.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(e)

(f)

(1)

(A) places particular consideration on inspections of part 145 repair stations located outside the United States that conduct scheduled heavy maintenance work on part 121 air carrier aircraft; and

(B) accounts for the frequency and seriousness of any corrective actions that part 121 air carriers must implement to aircraft following such work at such repair stations.

(2)

(A) in accordance with United States obligations under applicable international agreements; and

(B) in a manner consistent with the applicable laws of the country in which a repair station is located.

(3)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §308(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 62; amended Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2112(a), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 627.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (d)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–95, which was approved Feb. 14, 2012.

The date of enactment of the FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016, referred to in subsec. (f)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–190, which was approved July 15, 2016.

**2016**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 114–190, §2112(a)(2), added subsec. (f). Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 114–190, §2112(a)(3), added par. (1) and redesignated former pars. (1) and (2) as (2) and (3), respectively.

Pub. L. 114–190, §2112(a)(1), redesignated subsec. (f) as (g).

Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2112(b), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 628, provided that: "The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall ensure that—

"(1) not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [July 15, 2016], a notice of proposed rulemaking required pursuant to section 44733(d)(2) is published in the Federal Register; and

"(2) not later than 1 year after the date on which the notice of proposed rulemaking is published in the Federal Register, the rulemaking is finalized."

Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2112(c), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 628, provided that: "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [July 15, 2016], the Administrator shall ensure that each employee of a repair station certificated under part 145 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, who performs a safety-sensitive function on an air carrier aircraft has undergone a pre-employment background investigation sufficient to determine whether the individual presents a threat to aviation safety, in a manner that is—

"(1) determined acceptable by the Administrator;

"(2) consistent with the applicable laws of the country in which the repair station is located; and

"(3) consistent with the United States obligations under international agreements."

(a)

(1) serving alcohol to passengers;

(2) recognizing intoxicated passengers;

(3) dealing with disruptive passengers; and

(4) recognizing and responding to potential human trafficking victims.

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §309(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 64; amended Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2113, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 628.)

**2016**—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 114–190 added par. (4).

(a)

(1) if the report, data, or other information is submitted to the Federal Aviation Administration voluntarily and is not required to be submitted to the Administrator under any other provision of law; or

(2) if the report, data, or other information is submitted to the Federal Aviation Administration pursuant to section 102(e) of the Aircraft Certification, Safety, and Accountability Act.

(b)

(1) Reports, data, or other information developed under the Aviation Safety Action Program.

(2) Reports, data, or other information produced or collected under the Flight Operational Quality Assurance Program.

(3) Reports, data, or other information developed under the Line Operations Safety Audit Program.

(4) Reports, data, or other information produced or collected for purposes of developing and implementing a safety management system acceptable to the Administrator.

(5) Reports, analyses, and directed studies, based in whole or in part on reports, data, or other information described in paragraphs (1) through (4), including those prepared under the Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing Program (or any successor program).

(c)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §310(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 64; amended Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §102(g), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2311.)

Section 102(e) of the Aircraft Certification, Safety, and Accountability Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is section 102(e) of title I of Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2310, which is set out in a note under section 44701 of this title.

**2020**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 116–260 inserted "—" after "title 5", designated remaining existing provisions as par. (1), and added par. (2).

(a)

(1)

(A) require, based on an application submitted by the ODA holder and approved by the Administrator (or the Administrator's designee), a procedures manual that addresses all procedures and limitations regarding the functions to be performed by the ODA holder; and

(B) conduct regular oversight activities by inspecting the ODA holder's delegated functions and taking action based on validated inspection findings.

(2)

(A) perform each specified function delegated to the ODA holder in accordance with the approved procedures manual for the delegation;

(B) make the procedures manual available to each member of the appropriate ODA unit; and

(C) cooperate fully with oversight activities conducted by the Administrator in connection with the delegation.

(3)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A)(i) require, as appropriate, an ODA holder to establish a corrective action plan to regain authority for any retained limitations;

(ii) require, as appropriate, an ODA holder to notify the ODA Office when all corrective actions have been accomplished; and

(iii) when appropriate, make a reassessment to determine if subsequent performance in carrying out any retained limitation warrants continued retention and, if such reassessment determines performance meets objectives, lift such limitation immediately;

(B) develop a more consistent approach to audit priorities, procedures, and training under the ODA program;

(C) review, in a timely fashion, a random sample of limitations on delegated authorities under the ODA program to determine if the limitations are appropriate;

(D) ensure national consistency in the interpretation and application of the requirements of the ODA program, including any limitations, and in the performance of the ODA program;

(E) at the request of an ODA holder, review and, when appropriate, approve new limitations to ODA functions; and

(F) ensure the ODA holders procedures manual contains procedures and policies based on best practices established by the Administrator.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) each audit conducted under this subsection; and

(B) any corrective actions resulting from each such audit.

(e)

(1)

(A) communicate with assigned unit members on an ongoing basis to ensure that the assigned unit members are knowledgeable of relevant FAA policies and acceptable methods of compliance; and

(B) monitor the performance of the assigned unit members to ensure consistency with such policies.

(2)

(A) a manufacturer that holds both a type and a production certificate for—

(i) transport category airplanes with a maximum takeoff gross weight greater than 150,000 pounds; or

(ii) airplanes produced and delivered to operators operating under part 121 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, for air carrier service under such part 121; or

(B) a manufacturer of engines for an airplane described in subparagraph (A).

(f)

(1) an ODA unit member from communicating with, or seeking the advice of, the Administrator or FAA staff; or

(2) the Administrator or FAA staff from communicating with an ODA unit member.

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title II, §212(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3247; amended Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §§107(b)(1), (c), 125(b), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2324, 2325, 2347.)

The date of enactment of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 and the date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsecs. (a)(3) and (b)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

**2020**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 116–260, §107(c)(1)(A), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B) and struck out former subpars. (B) and (D) which read as follows:

"(B) delegate fully to the ODA holder each of the functions to be performed as specified in the procedures manual, unless the Administrator determines, after the date of the delegation and as a result of an inspection or other investigation, that the public interest and safety of air commerce requires a limitation with respect to 1 or more of the functions;

"(D) for each function that is limited under subparagraph (B), work with the ODA holder to develop the ODA holder's capability to execute that function safely and effectively and return to full authority status."

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 116–260, §107(c)(1)(B), substituted "shall conduct regular oversight activities by inspecting the ODA holder's delegated functions and taking action based on validated inspection findings." for "shall—" and subpars. (A) to (D) which read as follows:

"(A) at the request of the ODA holder and in an expeditious manner, approve revisions to the ODA holder's procedures manual;

"(B) delegate fully to the ODA holder each of the functions to be performed as specified in the procedures manual, unless the Administrator determines, after the date of the delegation and as a result of an inspection or other investigation, that the public interest and safety of air commerce requires a limitation with respect to one or more of the functions;

"(C) conduct regular oversight activities by inspecting the ODA holder's delegated functions and taking action based on validated inspection findings; and

"(D) for each function that is limited under subparagraph (B), work with the ODA holder to develop the ODA holder's capability to execute that function safely and effectively and return to full authority status."

Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 116–260, §107(c)(2)(A), redesignated cls. (ii) to (iv) as (i) to (iii), respectively, in cls. (i) and (ii), inserted ", as appropriate," after "require", in cl. (iii), inserted "when appropriate," before "make a reassessment", and struck out former cl. (i) which read as follows: "at the request of an ODA holder, eliminate all limitations specified in a procedures manual in place on the day before the date of enactment of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 that are low and medium risk as determined by a risk analysis using criteria established by the ODA Office and disclosed to the ODA holder, except where an ODA holder's performance warrants the retention of a specific limitation due to documented concerns about inadequate current performance in carrying out that authorized function;".

Subsec. (b)(3)(B) to (E). Pub. L. 116–260, §107(c)(2)(B), (D), redesignated subpars. (C) to (F) as (B) to (E), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "improve FAA and ODA holder performance and ensure full utilization of the authorities delegated under the ODA program;".

Subsec. (b)(3)(F). Pub. L. 116–260, §125(b), added subpar. (F). Former subpar. (F) redesignated (E).

Pub. L. 116–260, §107(c)(2)(C), (D), inserted ", when appropriate," before "approve" and then redesignated subpar. (F) as (E).

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 116–260, §107(b)(1), added subsecs. (d) and (e).

Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §103, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2311, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) The extent to which the holder's safety management processes promote or foster a safety culture consistent with the principles of the International Civil Aviation Organization Safety Management Manual, Fourth Edition (International Civil Aviation Organization Doc. No. 9859) or any similar successor document.

"(B) The effectiveness of measures instituted by the holder to instill, among employees and contractors of such holder that support organization designation authorization functions, a commitment to safety above all other priorities.

"(C) The holder's capability, based on the holder's organizational structures, requirements applicable to officers and employees of such holder, and safety culture, of making reasonable and appropriate decisions regarding functions delegated to the holder pursuant to the organization designation authorization.

"(D) Any other matter determined by the Administrator for which inclusion in the review would be consistent with the public interest in aviation safety.

"(3)

"(A) 2 representatives of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration;

"(B) 2 employees of the Administration's Aircraft Certification Service with experience conducting oversight of persons not involved in the design or production of transport airplanes;

"(C) 1 employee of the Administration's Aircraft Certification Service with experience conducting oversight of persons involved in the design or production of transport airplanes;

"(D) 2 employees of the Administration's Flight Standards Service with experience in oversight of safety management systems;

"(E) 1 appropriately qualified representative, designated by the applicable represented organization, of each of—

"(i) a labor union representing airline pilots involved in both passenger and all-cargo operations;

"(ii) a labor union, not selected under clause (i), representing airline pilots with expertise in the matters described in paragraph (2);

"(iii) a labor union representing employees engaged in the assembly of transport airplanes;

"(iv) the certified bargaining representative under section 7111 of title 5, United States Code, for field engineers engaged in the audit or oversight of an organization designation authorization within the Aircraft Certification Service of the Administration;

"(v) the certified bargaining representative for safety inspectors of the Administration; and

"(vi) a labor union representing employees engaged in the design of transport airplanes;

"(F) 2 independent experts who have not served as a political appointee in the Administration and—

"(i) who hold either a baccalaureate or postgraduate degree in the field of aerospace engineering or a related discipline; and

"(ii) who have a minimum of 20 years of relevant applied experience;

"(G) 4 air carrier employees whose job responsibilities include administration of a safety management system;

"(H) 4 individuals representing 4 different holders of organization designation authorizations, with preference given to individuals representing holders of organization designation authorizations for the design or production of aircraft other than transport airplanes or for the design or production of aircraft engines, propellers, or appliances; and

"(I) 1 individual holding a law degree and who has expertise in the legal duties of a holder of an organization designation authorization and the interaction with the FAA, except that such individual may not, within the 10-year period preceding the individual's appointment, have been employed by, or provided legal services to, the holder of an organization designation authorization referenced in paragraph (2).

"(4)

"(5)

"(A)

"(i) only such findings endorsed by 10 or more individual members of the review panel; and

"(ii) only such recommendations described in paragraph (4) endorsed by 18 or more of the individual members of the review panel.

"(B)

"(C)

"(D)

"(6)

"(A)

"(i) Entering onto the premises of a holder of an organization designation authorization referenced in paragraph (2) for access to and inspection of records or other purposes.

"(ii) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, accessing and inspecting unredacted records directly necessary for the completion of the panel's work under this section that are in the possession of such holder of an organization designation authorization or the Administration.

"(iii) Interviewing employees of such holder of an organization designation authorization or the Administration as necessary for the panel to complete its work.

"(B)

"(C)

"(i)

"(ii)

"(I)

"(II)

"(iii)

"(iv)

"(v)

"(D)

"(E)

"(i) excludes securities held in an index fund; and

"(ii) includes—

"(I) any current or contingent ownership, equity, or security interest;

"(II) an indebtedness or compensated employment relationship; or

"(III) any right to purchase or acquire any such interest, including a stock option or commodity future.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(c)

"(1) whether the Administrator has concluded that such holder is able to safely and reliably perform all delegated functions in accordance with all applicable provisions of chapter 447 of title 49, United States Code, title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, and other orders or requirements of the Administrator, and, if not, the Administrator shall outline—

"(A) the risk mitigations or other corrective actions, including the implementation timelines of such mitigations or actions, the Administrator has established for or required of such holder as prerequisites for a conclusion by the Administrator under this paragraph; or

"(B) the status of any ongoing investigatory actions;

"(2) the status of implementation of each of the recommendations of the review panel, if any, with which the Administrator concurs;

"(3) the status of procedures under which the Administrator will conduct focused oversight of such holder's processes for performing delegated functions with respect to the design of new and derivative transport airplanes and the production of such airplanes; and

"(4) the Administrator's efforts, to the maximum extent practicable and subject to appropriations, to increase the number of engineers, inspectors, and other qualified technical experts, as necessary to fulfill the requirements of this section, in—

"(A) each office of the Administration responsible for dedicated oversight of such holder; and

"(B) the System Oversight Division, or any successor division, of the Aircraft Certification Service.

"(d)

[For definitions of terms used in section 103 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out above, see section 137 of div. V of Pub. L. 116–260, set out as a note under section 40101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title II, §213, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3249, as amended by Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §125(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2346, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) each have a minimum of 5 years of experience in processes and procedures under the ODA program; and

"(ii) represent, at a minimum, ODA holders, aviation manufacturers, safety experts, and FAA labor organizations, including labor representatives of FAA aviation safety inspectors and aviation safety engineers.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) examine other government regulated industries to gather lessons learned, procedures, or processes that address undue pressure of employees, perceived regulatory coziness, or other failures to maintain independence;

"(2) identify ways to improve communications between an ODA Administrator, ODA unit members, and FAA engineers and inspectors, consistent with section 44736(g) of title 49, United States Code, in order to enable direct communication of technical concerns that arise during a certification project without fear of reprisal to the ODA Administrator or ODA unit member; and

"(3) examine FAA designee programs, including the assignment of FAA advisors to designees, to determine which components of the program may improve the FAA's oversight of ODA units, ODA unit members, and the ODA program.

"(d)

"(1) the FAA's processes and procedures under the ODA program and whether the processes and procedures function as intended;

"(2) the best practices of and lessons learned by ODA holders and FAA personnel who provide oversight of ODA holders;

"(3) training activities related to the ODA program for FAApersonnel and ODA holders;

"(4) the impact, if any, that oversight of the ODA programhas on FAA resources and the FAA's ability to process applicationsfor certifications outside of the ODA program;

"(5) the results of the survey conducted under subsection(b); and

"(6) the results of the review conducted under subsection (c).

"(e)

"(f)

"(g)

"(h)

"(1)

"(2)

"(i)

"(1) the date of submission of the report under subsection (e); or

"(2) the date that is 2 years after the date on which the Panel is first convened under subsection (a)."

(a)

(1)

(A) comply with the requirements applicable to the category of the rotorcraft under paragraphs (1), (2), (3), (5), and (6) of section 27.952(a), section 27.952(c), section 27.952(f), section 27.952(g), section 27.963(g) (but allowing for a minimum puncture force of 250 pounds if successfully drop tested in-structure), and section 27.975(b) or paragraphs (1), (2), (3), (5), and (6) of section 29.952(a), section 29.952(c), section 29.952(f), section 29.952(g), section 29.963(b) (but allowing for a minimum puncture force of 250 pounds if successfully drop tested in-structure), and 29.975(a)(7) of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on the date of enactment of this section; or

(B) employ other means acceptable to the Administrator to provide an equivalent level of fuel system crash resistance.

(2)

(b)

(1) expedite the certification and validation of United States and foreign type designs and retrofit kits that improve fuel system crashworthiness; and

(2) not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this section, and periodically thereafter, issue a bulletin to—

(A) inform rotorcraft owners and operators of available modifications to improve fuel system crashworthiness; and

(B) urge that such modifications be installed as soon as practicable.

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §317(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3268.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in text, is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

Another section 44737 was renumbered section 44740 of this title.

In addition to other training requirements, each air carrier shall provide training to ticket counter agents, gate agents, and other air carrier workers whose jobs require regular interaction with passengers on recognizing and responding to potential human trafficking victims.

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §408(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3330.)

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title IV, §417(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3334.)

(a)

(1) operate the aircraft for the purpose of conducting a space support vehicle flight (as that term is defined in section 50902 of title 51); and

(2) conduct such flight under such certificate carrying persons or property for compensation or hire—

(A) notwithstanding any rule or term of a certificate issued by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration that would prohibit flight for compensation or hire; or

(B) without obtaining a certificate issued by the Administrator to conduct air carrier or commercial operations.

(b)

(1) The aircraft conducting the space support vehicle flight—

(A) takes flight and lands at a single site that is operated by an entity licensed for operation under chapter 509 of title 51;

(B) is owned or operated by a launch or reentry vehicle operator licensed under chapter 509 of title 51, or on behalf of a launch or reentry vehicle operator licensed under chapter 509 of title 51;

(C) is a launch vehicle, a reentry vehicle, or a component of a launch or reentry vehicle licensed for operations pursuant to chapter 509 of title 51; and

(D) is used only to simulate space flight conditions in support of—

(i) training for potential space flight participants, government astronauts, or crew (as those terms are defined in chapter 509 of title 51);

(ii) the testing of hardware to be used in space flight; or

(iii) research and development tasks, which require the unique capabilities of the aircraft conducting the flight.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §581(b)(1), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3398, §44737; renumbered §44740 and amended Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §107(d)(1), (3), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2326.)

**2020**—Pub. L. 116–260, §107(d)(3)(A), struck out period after "operations" in section catchline.

Pub. L. 116–260, §107(d)(1), renumbered section 44737 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 116–260, §107(d)(3)(B), substituted "section" for "chapter".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 116–260, §107(d)(3)(C), struck out "(1)" the second time appearing before "The" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 116–260, §107(d)(3)(D), inserted period at end.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §581(b)(3), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3399, provided that: "Nothing in this subsection [enacting this section] shall be construed as limiting the ability of [the] National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to place conditions on or otherwise qualify the operations of NASA contractors providing NASA services."

(a)

(1) shall be—

(A) an employee, a contractor, or a consultant of the ODA holder; or

(B) the employee of a supplier of the ODA holder; and

(2) may not become a member of such unit unless approved by the Administrator pursuant to this section.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(c)

(1)

(A) is technically proficient and qualified to perform the authorized functions sought;

(B) has no recent record of serious enforcement action, as determined by the Administrator, taken by the Administrator with respect to any certificate, approval, or authorization held by such individual;

(C) is of good moral character (as such qualification is applied to an applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate issued under section 44703);

(D) possesses the knowledge of applicable design or production requirements in this chapter and in title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, necessary for performance of the authorized functions sought;

(E) possesses a high degree of knowledge of applicable design or production principles, system safety principles, or safety risk management processes appropriate for the authorized functions sought; and

(F) meets such testing, examination, training, or other qualification standards as the Administrator determines are necessary to ensure the individual is competent and capable of performing the authorized functions sought.

(2)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A) the ODA holder has instituted, to the Administrator's satisfaction, systems and processes to ensure the integrity and reliability of determinations by conditionally-designated ODA unit members; and

(B) the ODA holder has instituted a safety management system in accordance with regulations issued by the Administrator under section 102 of the Aircraft Certification, Safety, and Accountability Act.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(f)

(1)

(A) any data, applications, records, or manuals required by the ODA holder's approved procedures manual, as determined by the Administrator;

(B) the names, responsibilities, qualifications, and example signature of each member of the ODA unit who performs an authorized function pursuant to a delegation by the Administrator under section 44702(d);

(C) training records for ODA unit members and ODA administrators; and

(D) any other data, applications, records, or manuals determined appropriate by the Administrator.

(2)

(A) the Administration's performance in completing reviews of individuals and approving or denying such individuals within the timeline required under subsection (b)(3);

(B) for any individual rejected by the Administrator under subsection (b) during the preceding 90-day period, the reasoning or basis for such rejection; and

(C) any resource, staffing, or other challenges within the Administration associated with implementation of this section.

(g)

(1)

(2)

(A) shall determine whether the lack of qualification may be remedied and, if so, provide such individual with an action plan or schedule for such individual to meet such qualifications; or

(B) may, if the Administrator determines the lack of qualification may not be remedied, take appropriate action, including prohibiting such individual from performing an authorized function.

(3)

(4)

(h)

(i)

(1)

(2)

(j)

(Added Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §107(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2320.)

Section 102 of the Aircraft Certification, Safety, and Accountability Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(2)(B), is section 102 of title I of Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2309. Section 102(a)–(f) of Pub. L. 116–260 is set out as a note under section 44701 of this title, and section 102(g) of Pub. L. 116–260 amended section 44735 of this title.

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (f)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 116–260, which was approved Dec. 27, 2020.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) blatant or egregious statements or behavior, such as harassment, beratement, or threats, that a reasonable person would conclude was intended to improperly influence or prejudice an ODA unit member's performance of his or her duties; or

(B) the presence of non-ODA unit duties or activities that conflict with the performance of authorized functions by ODA unit members.

(Added Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §107(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2323.)

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A) make any assurance or other contractual commitment, whether verbal or in writing, to a potential purchaser of such airplane unless a clear and conspicuous disclaimer (as defined by the Administrator) is included regarding the status of training required for operation of such airplane; or

(B) provide financial incentives (including rebates) to a potential purchaser of such airplane regarding the scope, format, or magnitude of pilot training for such airplane.

(b)

(1) be based on test data, analysis, or other technical validation methods; and

(2) account for generally accepted scientific consensus among experts in human factors regarding realistic pilot response time.

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, title I, §119(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2338.)

Section 119(c) of the Aircraft Certification, Safety, and Accountability Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is section 119(c) of title I of Pub. L. 116–260, div. V, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2339, which is set out as a note under section 44704 of this title.

(a)

(1) displays and differentiates among warnings, cautions, and advisories; and

(2) includes functions to assist the flight crew in prioritizing corrective actions and responding to systems failures.

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) the type design for the aircraft includes safety enhancements approved by the Administrator; and

(B) the aircraft was—

(i) produced in conformance with such type design; or

(ii) altered in accordance with such type design.

(d)

(1)

(A) Model 737 series aircraft designated as a 737-7, 737-8, 737-8200, 737-9, or 737-10; or

(B) other variant of a model described in subparagraph (A).

(2)

(A) a—

(i) synthetic enhanced angle-of-attack system; and

(ii) means to shut off stall warning and overspeed alerts; or

(B) any design changes equivalent to subparagraph (A) determined appropriate by the Administrator.

(Added Pub. L. 117–328, div. O, title V, §501(a), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5230.)

Pub. L. 117–328, div. O, title V, §501(c), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5231, provided that: "Any costs associated with the safety enhancements required by section 44744 of title 49, United States Code, as added by subsection (a), shall be borne by the holder of the type certificate."

Pub. L. 117–328, div. O, title V, §501(d), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5231, provided that: "Not later than March 1, 2023, and on a quarterly basis thereafter, the Administrator shall brief Congress on the status of—

"(1) the issuance of a type certificate for the Boeing 737-7 and 737-10, including any design enhancements, pilot procedures, or training requirements resulting from system safety assessments; and

"(2) the implementation of safety enhancements for Boeing 737 MAX aircraft, as required by section 44744 of title 49, United States Code, as added by subsection (a)."



**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §§343(b), 344(b), 345(c), 346(b)(1), 347(b)(1), 348(b), 349(b)(1), 383(b)(1), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3290, 3291, 3293, 3295–3297, 3300, 3322, added items 44803 to 44810.

1 So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.

In this chapter, the following definitions apply:

(1)

(A) weighs 4.4 pounds or less, including payload but not including the tether;

(B) is physically attached to a ground station with a taut, appropriately load-rated tether that provides continuous power to the unmanned aircraft and is unlikely to be separated from the unmanned aircraft; and

(C) is controlled and retrieved by such ground station through physical manipulation of the tether.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §341(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3284.)

Section 332(c) of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 (49 U.S.C. 40101 note), as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018, referred to in par. (10), means section 332(c) of Pub. L. 112–95, as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018. Section 332 of Pub. L. 112–95 was set out in a note under section 40101 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §341(b)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3287. The remainder of the note comprised of subtitle B of title III of Pub. L. 112–95 was transferred and is set out under section 44802 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §357, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3305, provided that: "It is the policy of the United States that the operation of any unmanned aircraft or unmanned aircraft system shall be carried out in a manner that respects and protects personal privacy consistent with the United States Constitution and Federal, State, and local law."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §366, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3310, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) how to identify and respond to public safety threats posed by unmanned aircraft systems; and

"(2) how to identify and take advantage of opportunities to use unmanned aircraft systems to enhance the effectiveness of local law enforcement agencies and first responders.

"(b)

"(1) to respond to public safety threats posed by unmanned aircraft systems; and

"(2) to identify and take advantage of opportunities to use unmanned aircraft systems to enhance the effectiveness of local law enforcement agencies and public safety response efforts.

"(c)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §375, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3314, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §379, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3318, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) Any certificate of waiver or authorization issued by the Administration to Federal, State, tribal or local governments for the operation of unmanned aircraft systems within 30 days of issuance of such certificate of waiver or authorization.

"(2) A spreadsheet of UAS registrations, including the city, state [probably should be "State"], and zip code of each registered drone owner, on its website that is updated once per quarter each calendar year.

"(3) Summary descriptions and general purposes of public unmanned aircraft operations, including the locations where such unmanned aircraft may generally operate.

"(4) Summary descriptions of common civil unmanned aircraft operations.

"(5) The expiration date of any authorization of public or civil unmanned aircraft operations.

"(6) Links to websites of State agencies that enforce any applicable privacy laws.

"(7) For any unmanned aircraft system, except with respect to any operation protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, that will collect personally identifiable information about individuals, including the use of facial recognition—

"(A) the circumstance under which the system will be used;

"(B) the specific kinds of personally identifiable information that the system will collect about individuals; and

"(C) how the information referred to in subparagraph (B), and the conclusions drawn from such information, will be used, disclosed, and otherwise handled, including—

"(i) how the collection or retention of such information that is unrelated to the specific use will be minimized;

"(ii) under what circumstances such information might be sold, leased, or otherwise provided to third parties;

"(iii) the period during which such information will be retained;

"(iv) when and how such information, including information no longer relevant to the specified use, will be destroyed; and

"(v) steps that will be used to protect against the unauthorized disclosure of any information or data, such as the use of encryption methods and other security features.

"(8) With respect to public unmanned aircraft systems—

"(A) the locations where the unmanned aircraft system will operate;

"(B) the time during which the unmanned aircraft system will operate;

"(C) the general purpose of the flight; and

"(D) the technical capabilities that the unmanned aircraft system possesses.

"(b)

"(1) is not applicable;

"(2) is not practicable, including when the information is not available to the Administrator;

"(3) is not in compliance with applicable law;

"(4) would compromise national defense, homeland security or law enforcement activity;

"(5) would be withheld pursuant to an exception of the [sic] section 552 of title 5, United States Code (commonly known as the 'Freedom of Information Act'); or

"(6) is otherwise contrary to the public interest.

"(c)

"(1) the date of publication of a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking or guidance regarding remote identification standards under section 2202 of the FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016 (Public Law 114–190; 130 Stat. 615 [629]) [49 U.S.C. 44802 note]; or

"(2) September 30, 2023."

(a)

(1) 1 the Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with representatives of the aviation industry, Federal agencies that employ unmanned aircraft systems technology in the national airspace system, and the unmanned aircraft systems industry, shall develop a comprehensive plan to safely accelerate the integration of civil unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system.

(2)

(A) the rulemaking to be conducted under subsection (b), with specific recommendations on how the rulemaking will—

(i) define the acceptable standards for operation and certification of civil unmanned aircraft systems;

(ii) ensure that any civil unmanned aircraft system includes a sense-and-avoid capability; and

(iii) establish standards and requirements for the operator and pilot of a civil unmanned aircraft system, including standards and requirements for registration and licensing;

(B) the best methods to enhance the technologies and subsystems necessary to achieve the safe and routine operation of civil unmanned aircraft systems in the national airspace system;

(C) a phased-in approach to the integration of civil unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system;

(D) a timeline for the phased-in approach described under subparagraph (C);

(E) creation of a safe airspace designation for cooperative manned and unmanned flight operations in the national airspace system;

(F) establishment of a process to develop certification, flight standards, and air traffic requirements for civil unmanned aircraft systems at test ranges where such systems are subject to testing;

(G) the best methods to ensure the safe operation of civil unmanned aircraft systems and public unmanned aircraft systems simultaneously in the national airspace system; and

(H) incorporation of the plan into the annual NextGen Implementation Plan document (or any successor document) of the Federal Aviation Administration.

(3) 1

(4) 1 the Secretary shall submit to Congress a copy of the plan required under paragraph (1).

(5) 1 the Secretary shall approve and make available in print and on the Administration's internet website a 5-year roadmap for the introduction of civil unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system, as coordinated by the Unmanned Aircraft Program Office of the Administration. The Secretary shall update, in coordination with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and relevant stakeholders, including those in industry and academia, the roadmap annually. The roadmap shall include, at a minimum—

(A) cost estimates, planned schedules, and performance benchmarks, including specific tasks, milestones, and timelines, for unmanned aircraft systems integration into the national airspace system, including an identification of—

(i) the role of the unmanned aircraft systems test ranges established under subsection (c) and the Unmanned Aircraft Systems Center of Excellence;

(ii) performance objectives for unmanned aircraft systems that operate in the national airspace system; and

(iii) research and development priorities for tools that could assist air traffic controllers as unmanned aircraft systems are integrated into the national airspace system, as appropriate;

(B) a description of how the Administration plans to use research and development, including research and development conducted through NASA's Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management initiatives, to accommodate, integrate, and provide for the evolution of unmanned aircraft systems in the national airspace system;

(C) an assessment of critical performance abilities necessary to integrate unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system, and how these performance abilities can be demonstrated; and

(D) an update on the advancement of technologies needed to integrate unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system, including decisionmaking by adaptive systems, such as sense-and-avoid capabilities and cyber physical systems security.

(b)

(1) a final rule on small unmanned aircraft systems that will allow for civil operation of such systems in the national airspace system, to the extent the systems do not meet the requirements for expedited operational authorization under section 44807;

(2) a notice of proposed rulemaking to implement the recommendations of the plan required under subsection (a)(1), with the final rule to be published not later than 16 months after the date of publication of the notice; and

(3) an update to the Administration's most recent policy statement on unmanned aircraft systems, contained in Docket No. FAA–2006–25714.

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §341(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3285.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 332(a) and (b) of Pub. L. 112–95, which was set out in a note under section 40101 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §341(b)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3287. The dates in subsec. (a)(1) and (3) to (5) reflect those enacted by Pub. L. 112–95, which all precede the date of the enactment of this section by Pub. L. 115–254. The remainder of the note comprised of subtitle B of title III of Pub. L. 112–95 was transferred and is set out below.

Pub. L. 116–280, Dec. 31, 2020, 134 Stat. 3379, provided that:

"This Act may be cited as the 'Drone Advisory Committee for the 21st Century Act'.

"It is the Sense of Congress that:

"(1) Due to the ever-increasing use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems in the agriculture, forestry, and rangeland sectors, as well as the inherently different uses in less populated parts of the nation, membership of the Drone Advisory Committee established by the Federal Aviation Administration should, to the extent practicable, include direct representatives from county and tribal government, agriculture, forestry, and rangeland interests.

"(2) Full transparency in the work of the Drone Advisory Committee is vital to ensuring the public can effectively participate and contribute to the development of sound Federal policies. The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration should, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure the work of the Drone Advisory Committee is shared with and easily accessible to the public and shall ensure transparency and openness in the manner in which the affairs of the Committee are conducted.

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §342, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3287, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the potential use of UTM and other technologies to ensure the safe and lawful operation of unmanned aircraft in the national airspace system;

"(2) the appropriate roles, responsibilities, and authorities of government agencies and the private sector in identifying and reporting unlawful or harmful operations and operators of unmanned aircraft;

"(3) the use of models, threat assessments, probabilities, and other methods to distinguish between lawful and unlawful operations of unmanned aircraft; and

"(4) appropriate systems, training, intergovernmental processes, protocols, and procedures to mitigate risks and hazards posed by unlawful or harmful operations of unmanned aircraft systems.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1) avoid duplication;

"(2) leverage capabilities learned across programs;

"(3) support the safe integration of UAS into the national airspace; and

"(4) systematically and timely implement or execute—

"(A) commercially-operated Low Altitude Authorization and Notification Capability;

"(B) the Unmanned Aircraft System Integration Pilot Program; and

"(C) the Unmanned Traffic Management Pilot Program."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §351, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3301, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) accelerate the safe integration of UAS into the NAS by testing and validating new concepts of beyond visual line of sight operations in a controlled environment, focusing on detect and avoid technologies, command and control links, navigation, weather, and human factors;

"(2) address ongoing concerns regarding the potential security and safety risks associated with UAS operating in close proximity to human beings and critical infrastructure by ensuring that operators communicate more effectively with Federal, State, local, and Tribal law enforcement to enable law enforcement to determine if a UAS operation poses such a risk;

"(3) promote innovation in and development of the United States unmanned aviation industry, especially in sectors such as agriculture, emergency management, inspection, and transportation safety, in which there are significant public benefits to be gained from the deployment of UAS; and

"(4) identify the most effective models of balancing local and national interests in UAS integration.

"(d)

"(1) Identification of the airspace to be used, including shape files and altitudes.

"(2) Description of the types of planned operations.

"(3) Identification of stakeholder partners to test and evaluate planned operations.

"(4) Identification of available infrastructure to support planned operations.

"(5) Description of experience with UAS operations and regulations.

"(6) Description of existing UAS operator and any other stakeholder partnerships and experience.

"(7) Description of plans to address safety, security, competition, privacy concerns, and community outreach.

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) prohibiting flight during specified morning and evening rush hours or only permitting flight during specified hours such as daylight hours, sufficient to ensure reasonable airspace access;

"(B) establishing designated take-off and landing zones, limiting operations over moving locations or fixed site public road[s] and parks, sidewalks or private property based on zoning density, or other land use considerations;

"(C) requiring notice to public safety or zoning or land use authorities before operating; and

"(D) prohibiting operations in connection with community or sporting events that do not remain in one place (for example, parades and running events).

"(f)

"(1) Overall economic, geographic, and climatic diversity of the selected jurisdictions.

"(2) Overall diversity of the proposed models of government involvement.

"(3) Overall diversity of the UAS operations to be conducted.

"(4) The location of critical infrastructure.

"(5) The involvement of commercial entities in the proposal and their ability to advance objectives that may serve the public interest as a result of further integration of UAS into the NAS.

"(6) The involvement of affected communities in, and their support for, participating in the pilot program.

"(7) The commitment of the governments and UAS operators involved in the proposal to comply with requirements related to national defense, homeland security, and public safety and to address competition, privacy, and civil liberties concerns.

"(8) The commitment of the governments and UAS operators involved in the proposal to achieve the following policy objectives:

"(A) Promoting innovation and economic development.

"(B) Enhancing transportation safety.

"(C) Enhancing workplace safety.

"(D) Improving emergency response and search and rescue functions.

"(E) Using radio spectrum efficiently and competitively.

"(g)

"(1) identify and resolve technical challenges to UAS integration;

"(2) address airspace use to safely and efficiently integrate all aircraft;

"(3) inform operational standards and procedures to improve safety (for example, detect and avoid capabilities, navigation and altitude performance, and command and control link);

"(4) inform FAA standards that reduce the need for waivers (for example, for operations over human beings, night operations, and beyond visual line of sight); and

"(5) address competing interests regarding UAS operational expansion, safety, security, roles and responsibilities of non-Federal Government entities, and privacy issues.

"(h)

"(i)

"(j)

"(1) under the pilot program developed by the Secretary of Transportation pursuant to the Presidential memorandum titled 'Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration Pilot Program', as published in the Federal Register on October 30, 2017 (82 Fed. Reg. 50301); and

"(2) prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018].

"(k)

"(1) The term 'Lead Applicant' means an eligible State, local or Tribal government that has submitted a timely application.

"(2) The term 'NAS' means the low-altitude national airspace system.

"(3) The term 'UAS' means unmanned aircraft system."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §352, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3304, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) to provide real time confirmation that an application filed online has been received by the Administration; and

"(2) to provide an applicant with an opportunity to review the status of the applicant's application."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §353, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3304, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) is an increasingly important tool in response to a catastrophe, disaster, or other emergency;

"(2) helps facilitate emergency response operations, such as firefighting and search and rescue; and

"(3) helps facilitate post-catastrophic response operations, such as utility and infrastructure restoration efforts and the safe and prompt processing, adjustment, and payment of insurance claims.

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §354, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3305, provided that: "An unmanned aircraft system that is operated underground for mining purposes shall not be subject to regulation or enforcement by the FAA [Federal Aviation Administration] under title 49, United States Code."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §363, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3308, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §376, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3314, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) In cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and manned and unmanned aircraft industry stakeholders, allow testing of unmanned aircraft operations, of increasing volumes and density, in airspace above test ranges, as such term is defined in section 44801 of title 49, United States Code, as well as other sites determined by the Administrator to be suitable for UTM testing, including those locations selected under the pilot program required in the October 25, 2017, Presidential Memorandum entitled, 'Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration Pilot Program' and described in 82 Federal Register 50301 [set out below].

"(2) Permit the testing of various remote identification and tracking technologies evaluated by the Unmanned Aircraft Systems Identification and Tracking Aviation Rulemaking Committee.

"(3) Where the particular operational environment permits, permit blanket waiver authority to allow any unmanned aircraft approved by a UTM system pilot program selectee to be operated under conditions currently requiring a case-by-case waiver under part 107, title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, provided that any blanket waiver addresses risks to airborne objects as well as persons and property on the ground.

"(c)

"(1) include the development of safety standards to permit, authorize, or allow the use of UTM services, which may include the demonstration and validation of such services at the test ranges, as defined in section 44801 of title 49, United States Code, or other sites as authorized by the Administrator;

"(2) outline the roles and responsibilities of industry and government in establishing UTM services that allow applicants to conduct commercial and noncommercial operations, recognizing the primary private sector role in the development and implementation of the Low Altitude Authorization and Notification Capability and future expanded UTM services;

"(3) include an assessment of various components required for necessary risk reduction and mitigation in relation to the use of UTM services, including—

"(A) remote identification of both cooperative and non-cooperative unmanned aircraft systems in the national airspace system;

"(B) deconfliction of cooperative unmanned aircraft systems in the national airspace system by such services;

"(C) the manner in which the Federal Aviation Administration will conduct oversight of UTM systems, including interfaces between UTM service providers and air traffic control;

"(D) the need for additional technologies to detect cooperative and non-cooperative aircraft;

"(E) collaboration and coordination with air traffic control, or management services and technologies to ensure the safety oversight of manned and unmanned aircraft, including—

"(i) the Federal Aviation Administration responsibilities to collect and disseminate relevant data to UTM service providers; and

"(ii) data exchange protocols to share UAS operator intent, operational approvals, operational restraints, and other data necessary to ensure safety or security of the National Airspace System;

"(F) the potential for UTM services to manage unmanned aircraft systems carrying either cargo, payload, or passengers, weighing more than 55 pounds, and operating at altitudes higher than 400 feet above ground level; and

"(G) cybersecurity protections, data integrity, and national and homeland security benefits; and

"(4) establish a process for—

"(A) accepting applications for operation of UTM services in the national airspace system;

"(B) setting the standards for independent private sector validation and verification that the standards for UTM services established pursuant to paragraph (1) enabling operations beyond visual line of sight, have been met by applicants; and

"(C) notifying the applicant, not later than 120 days after the Administrator receives a complete application, with a written approval, disapproval, or request to modify the application.

"(d)

"(1) shall require that UTM services help ensure the safety of unmanned aircraft and other aircraft operations that occur primarily or exclusively in airspace 400 feet above ground level and below, including operations conducted under a waiver issued pursuant to subpart D of part 107 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations;

"(2) shall consider, as appropriate—

"(A) protection of persons and property on the ground;

"(B) remote identification and tracking of aircraft;

"(C) collision avoidance with respect to obstacles and non-cooperative aircraft;

"(D) deconfliction of cooperative aircraft and integration of other relevant airspace considerations;

"(E) right of way rules, inclusive of UAS operations;

"(F) safe and reliable coordination between air traffic control and other systems operated in the national airspace system;

"(G) detection of non-cooperative aircraft;

"(H) geographic and local factors including but not limited to terrain, buildings and structures;

"(I) aircraft equipage; and

"(J) qualifications, if any, necessary to operate UTM services; and

"(3) may establish temporary flight restrictions or other means available such as a certificate of waiver or authorization (COA) for demonstration and validation of UTM services.

"(e)

"(f)

"(1) airspace away from congested areas; or

"(2) other airspace above areas in which operations of unmanned aircraft pose low risk, as determined by the Administrator.

"(g)

"(h)

"(1) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in partnership with industry stakeholders;

"(2) the UTM System pilot program required by section 2208 of the FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016 [Pub. L. 114–190] (49 U.S.C. 40101 note [now 49 U.S.C. 44802 note]); and

"(3) the participants in the pilot program required in the October 25, 2017, Presidential Memorandum entitled, 'Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration Pilot Program' and described in 82 Federal Register 50301.

"(i)

"(1) complete the plan required by subsection (a);

"(2) submit the plan to—

"(A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and

"(B) the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives; and

"(3) publish the plan on a publicly accessible Internet website of the Federal Aviation Administration."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §377, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3317, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §380, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3319, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) Section 332 of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 [Pub. L. 112–95] (49 U.S.C. 40101 note).

"(2) Section 333 of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 (49 U.S.C. 40101 note).

"(3) Section 334 of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 (49 U.S.C. 40101 note).

"(4) Section 2206 of the FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016 (Public Law 114–190; 130 Stat. 615).

"(c)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title VII, §721, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3411, provided that: "The Secretary [of Transportation] shall submit the unmanned aircraft systems roadmap to Congress on an annual basis as required under section 48802(a) [probably should be "44802(a)"] of title 49, United States Code, as added by this Act."

Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1092, Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1610, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) Sharing information on safely integrating unmanned aircraft systems and manned aircraft in the national airspace system.

"(B) The development of civil standards, policies, and procedures for the Federal Aviation Administration for integrating unmanned aircraft systems in the national airspace system by leveraging the historical and current testing, training, and operational experiences of the Department of Defense, particularly the Air Force, of unmanned flight operations[.]

"(C) Informing stakeholders about—

"(i) the development of airborne and ground-based sense-and-avoid capabilities for unmanned aircraft systems; and

"(ii) research and development on unmanned aircraft systems, especially with respect to matters involving human factors, information assurance, and security.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 114–190, title II, subtitle B, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 628, as amended by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §§346(b)(3), 369, 383(b)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3295, 3311, 3322, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) requirements for remote identification of unmanned aircraft systems;

"(2) appropriate requirements for different classifications of unmanned aircraft systems operations, including public and civil; and

"(3) the feasibility of the development and operation of a publicly accessible online database of unmanned aircraft and the operators thereof, and any criteria for exclusion from the database.

"(c)

"(d)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) information about, and sources of, laws and regulations applicable to small unmanned aircraft;

"(B) recommendations for using small unmanned aircraft in a manner that promotes the safety of persons and property;

"(C) the date that the safety statement was created or last modified; and

"(D) language approved by the Administrator regarding the following:

"(i) A person may operate the small unmanned aircraft as a model aircraft (as defined in [former] section 336 of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 [Pub. L. 112–95] ([former] 49 U.S.C. 40101 note)) or otherwise in accordance with Federal Aviation Administration authorization or regulation, including requirements for the completion of any applicable airman test.

"(ii) The definition of a model aircraft under [former] section 336 of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 ([former] 49 U.S.C. 40101 note).

"(iii) The requirements regarding the operation of a model aircraft under [former] section 336 of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 ([former] 49 U.S.C. 40101 note).

"(iv) The Administrator may pursue enforcement action against a person operating model aircraft who endangers the safety of the national airspace system.

"(c)

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) make explicit any safety requirements that must be met for the consideration of applications that include requests for beyond visual line of sight or nighttime operations, or the suspension of otherwise applicable operating restrictions, consistent with public interest and safety; and

"(2) explicitly state the procedures for coordinating with an incident commander, if any, to ensure operations granted under procedures developed under subsection (a) do not interfere with other emergency response efforts.

"(c)

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) identify research outcomes sought; and

"(B) ensure the plan is consistent with existing regulatory and operational frameworks, and considers potential future regulatory and operational frameworks, for unmanned aircraft systems in the national airspace system.

"(3)

"(4)

"(A) initiate development of the research plan not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act [July 15, 2016]; and

"(B) not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act—

"(i) complete the research plan;

"(ii) submit the research plan to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives; and

"(iii) publish the research plan on the Internet Web site of the Federal Aviation Administration.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(c)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(i) Critical infrastructure, such as energy production, transmission, distribution facilities and equipment, and railroad facilities.

"(ii) Oil refineries and chemical facilities.

"(iii) Amusement parks.

"(iv) Other locations that warrant such restrictions.

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) the boundaries for unmanned aircraft operation near the fixed site facility; and

"(ii) such other limitations that the Administrator determines may be appropriate.

"(C)

"(i) aviation safety;

"(ii) protection of persons and property on the ground;

"(iii) national security; or

"(iv) homeland security.

"(D)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(1) Not later than March 31, 2019, the Administrator shall publish a notice of proposed rulemaking to carry out the requirements of this section.

"(2) Not later than 12 months after publishing the notice of proposed rulemaking under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall issue a final rule.

"(a)

"(1) beyond the visual line of sight of the individual operating the unmanned aircraft system; and

"(2) during the day or at night.

"(b)

"(1) activities for which manned aircraft may be used to comply with Federal, State, or local laws, including—

"(A) activities to ensure compliance with Federal or State regulatory, permit, or other requirements, including to conduct surveys associated with applications for permits for new pipeline or pipeline systems construction or maintenance or rehabilitation of existing pipelines or pipeline systems; and

"(B) activities relating to ensuring compliance with—

"(i) parts 192 and 195 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; and

"(ii) the requirements of any Federal, State, or local governmental or regulatory body, or industry best practice, pertaining to the construction, ownership, operation, maintenance, repair, or replacement of covered facilities;

"(2) activities to inspect, repair, construct, maintain, or protect covered facilities, including for the purpose of responding to a pipeline, pipeline system, or electric energy infrastructure incident; and

"(3) activities in response to or in preparation for a natural disaster, manmade disaster, severe weather event, or other incident beyond the control of the applicant that may cause material damage to a covered facility.

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) a pipeline or pipeline system;

"(B) an electric energy generation, transmission, or distribution facility (including a renewable electric energy facility);

"(C) an oil or gas production, refining, or processing facility; or

"(D) any other critical infrastructure facility.

"(2)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(e)

[Amended section 332 of Pub. L. 112–95, formerly set out in a note below.]

"(a)

"(1) collisions between unmanned aircraft systems of various sizes, traveling at various speeds, and jet aircraft of various sizes, traveling at various speeds;

"(2) collisions between unmanned aircraft systems of various sizes, traveling at various speeds, and propeller-driven aircraft of various sizes, traveling at various speeds;

"(3) collisions between unmanned aircraft systems of various sizes, traveling at various speeds, and rotorcraft of various sizes, traveling at various speeds; and

"(4) collisions between unmanned aircraft systems and various parts of the aforementioned aircraft, including—

"(A) windshields;

"(B) noses;

"(C) engines;

"(D) radomes;

"(E) propellers; and

"(F) wings.

"(b)

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title X, §1075(a), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 870, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, §1052(b), (c), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1935, 1936, provided that:

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(A)

"(i) progress in accomplishing the goals of the unmanned aircraft systems research, development, and demonstration as related to the Department of Defense Final Report to Congress on Access to National Airspace for Unmanned Aircraft Systems of October 2010, and any ongoing and collaborative research and development programs with the Federal Aviation Administration and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration;

"(ii) estimates of long-term funding needs and details of funds expended and allocated in the budget requests of the President that support integration into the National Airspace; and

"(iii) progress in sharing with the Federal Aviation Administration safety operational and performance data as it relates to unmanned aircraft system operation and the impact on the National Airspace System.

"(B)

"(c)

Pub. L. 112–95, title III, subtitle B, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 72, as amended by Pub. L. 114–190, title I, §1102(i), title II, §§2201(b), 2211, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 618, 628, 636; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §§341(b)(2), 346(b)(2), 347(b)(2), 349(b)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3287, 3295, 3296, 3300, provided that:

"In this subtitle, the following definitions apply:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

"(6)

"(7)

"(A)

"(B)

"(8)

"(9)

"The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall carry out all safety studies necessary to support the integration of unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system.

Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title X, §1097, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1608, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) safely designate nonexclusionary airspace for integrated manned and unmanned flight operations in the national airspace system;

"(2) develop certification standards and air traffic requirements for unmanned flight operations at test ranges;

"(3) coordinate with and leverage the resources of the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration;

"(4) address both civil and public unmanned aircraft systems;

"(5) ensure that the program is coordinated with the Next Generation Air Transportation System; and

"(6) provide for verification of the safety of unmanned aircraft systems and related navigation procedures before integration into the national airspace system.

"(c)

"(1) take into consideration geographic and climatic diversity;

"(2) take into consideration the location of ground infrastructure and research needs; and

"(3) consult with the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(g)

"(1) The term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—

"(A) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives; and

"(B) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate.

"(2) The term 'test range' means a defined geographic area where research and development are conducted."

Memorandum of President of the United States, Feb. 15, 2015, 80 F.R. 9355, provided:

Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) technology continues to improve rapidly, and increasingly UAS are able to perform a variety of missions with greater operational flexibility and at a lower cost than comparable manned aircraft. A wide spectrum of domestic users—including industry, private citizens, and Federal, State, local, tribal, and territorial governments—are using or expect to use these systems, which may play a transformative role in fields as diverse as urban infrastructure management, farming, public safety, coastal security, military training, search and rescue, and disaster response.

The Congress recognized the potential wide-ranging benefits of UAS operations within the United States in the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 (Public Law 112–95), which requires a plan to safely integrate civil UAS into the National Airspace System (NAS) by September 30, 2015. As compared to manned aircraft, UAS may provide lower-cost operation and augment existing capabilities while reducing risks to human life. Estimates suggest the positive economic impact to U.S. industry of the integration of UAS into the NAS could be substantial and likely will grow for the foreseeable future.

As UAS are integrated into the NAS, the Federal Government will take steps to ensure that the integration takes into account not only our economic competitiveness and public safety, but also the privacy, civil rights, and civil liberties concerns these systems may raise.

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and in order to establish transparent principles that govern the Federal Government's use of UAS in the NAS, and to promote the responsible use of this technology in the private and commercial sectors, it is hereby ordered as follows:

*UAS Policies and Procedures for Federal Government Use*. The Federal Government currently operates UAS in the United States for several purposes, including to manage Federal lands, monitor wildfires, conduct scientific research, monitor our borders, support law enforcement, and effectively train our military. As with information collected by the Federal Government using any technology, where UAS is the platform for collection, information must be collected, used, retained, and disseminated consistent with the Constitution, Federal law, and other applicable regulations and policies. Agencies must, for example, comply with the Privacy Act of 1974 (5 U.S.C. 552a) (the "Privacy Act"), which, among other things, restricts the collection and dissemination of individuals' information that is maintained in systems of records, including personally identifiable information (PII), and permits individuals to seek access to and amendment of records.

(a) *Privacy Protections*. Particularly in light of the diverse potential uses of UAS in the NAS, expected advancements in UAS technologies, and the anticipated increase in UAS use in the future, the Federal Government shall take steps to ensure that privacy protections and policies relative to UAS continue to keep pace with these developments. Accordingly, agencies shall, prior to deployment of new UAS technology and at least every 3 years, examine their existing UAS policies and procedures relating to the collection, use, retention, and dissemination of information obtained by UAS, to ensure that privacy, civil rights, and civil liberties are protected. Agencies shall update their policies and procedures, or issue new policies and procedures, as necessary. In addition to requiring compliance with the Privacy Act in applicable circumstances, agencies that collect information through UAS in the NAS shall ensure that their policies and procedures with respect to such information incorporate the following requirements:

(i) *Collection and Use*. Agencies shall only collect information using UAS, or use UAS-collected information, to the extent that such collection or use is consistent with and relevant to an authorized purpose.

(ii) *Retention*. Information collected using UAS that may contain PII shall not be retained for more than 180 days unless retention of the information is determined to be necessary to an authorized mission of the retaining agency, is maintained in a system of records covered by the Privacy Act, or is required to be retained for a longer period by any other applicable law or regulation.

(iii) *Dissemination*. UAS-collected information that is not maintained in a system of records covered by the Privacy Act shall not be disseminated outside of the agency unless dissemination is required by law, or fulfills an authorized purpose and complies with agency requirements.

(b) *Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Protections*. To protect civil rights and civil liberties, agencies shall:

(i) ensure that policies are in place to prohibit the collection, use, retention, or dissemination of data in any manner that would violate the First Amendment or in any manner that would discriminate against persons based upon their ethnicity, race, gender, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, or gender identity, in violation of law;

(ii) ensure that UAS activities are performed in a manner consistent with the Constitution and applicable laws, Executive Orders, and other Presidential directives; and

(iii) ensure that adequate procedures are in place to receive, investigate, and address, as appropriate, privacy, civil rights, and civil liberties complaints.

(c) *Accountability*. To provide for effective oversight, agencies shall:

(i) ensure that oversight procedures for agencies' UAS use, including audits or assessments, comply with existing agency policies and regulations;

(ii) verify the existence of rules of conduct and training for Federal Government personnel and contractors who work on UAS programs, and procedures for reporting suspected cases of misuse or abuse of UAS technologies;

(iii) establish policies and procedures, or confirm that policies and procedures are in place, that provide meaningful oversight of individuals who have access to sensitive information (including any PII) collected using UAS;

(iv) ensure that any data-sharing agreements or policies, data use policies, and record management policies applicable to UAS conform to applicable laws, regulations, and policies;

(v) establish policies and procedures, or confirm that policies and procedures are in place, to authorize the use of UAS in response to a request for UAS assistance in support of Federal, State, local, tribal, or territorial government operations; and

(vi) require that State, local, tribal, and territorial government recipients of Federal grant funding for the purchase or use of UAS for their own operations have in place policies and procedures to safeguard individuals' privacy, civil rights, and civil liberties prior to expending such funds.

(d) *Transparency*. To promote transparency about their UAS activities within the NAS, agencies that use UAS shall, while not revealing information that could reasonably be expected to compromise law enforcement or national security:

(i) provide notice to the public regarding where the agency's UAS are authorized to operate in the NAS;

(ii) keep the public informed about the agency's UAS program as well as changes that would significantly affect privacy, civil rights, or civil liberties; and

(iii) make available to the public, on an annual basis, a general summary of the agency's UAS operations during the previous fiscal year, to include a brief description of types or categories of missions flown, and the number of times the agency provided assistance to other agencies, or to State, local, tribal, or territorial governments.

(e) *Reports*. Within 180 days of the date of this memorandum, agencies shall provide the President with a status report on the implementation of this section. Within 1 year of the date of this memorandum, agencies shall publish information on how to access their publicly available policies and procedures implementing this section.

*Multi-stakeholder Engagement Process*. In addition to the Federal uses of UAS described in section 1 of this memorandum, the combination of greater operational flexibility, lower capital requirements, and lower operating costs could allow UAS to be a transformative technology in the commercial and private sectors for fields as diverse as urban infrastructure management, farming, and disaster response. Although these opportunities will enhance American economic competitiveness, our Nation must be mindful of the potential implications for privacy, civil rights, and civil liberties. The Federal Government is committed to promoting the responsible use of this technology in a way that does not diminish rights and freedoms.

(a) There is hereby established a multi-stakeholder engagement process to develop and communicate best practices for privacy, accountability, and transparency issues regarding commercial and private UAS use in the NAS. The process will include stakeholders from the private sector.

(b) Within 90 days of the date of this memorandum, the Department of Commerce, through the National Telecommunications and Information Administration, and in consultation with other interested agencies, will initiate this multi-stakeholder engagement process to develop a framework regarding privacy, accountability, and transparency for commercial and private UAS use. For this process, commercial and private use includes the use of UAS for commercial purposes as civil aircraft, even if the use would qualify a UAS as a public aircraft under 49 U.S.C. 40102(a)(41) and 40125. The process shall not focus on law enforcement or other noncommercial governmental use.

*Definitions*. As used in this memorandum:

(a) "Agencies" means executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government that conduct UAS operations in the NAS.

(b) "Federal Government use" means operations in which agencies operate UAS in the NAS. Federal Government use includes agency UAS operations on behalf of another agency or on behalf of a State, local, tribal, or territorial government, or when a nongovernmental entity operates UAS on behalf of an agency.

(c) "National Airspace System" means the common network of U.S. airspace; air navigation facilities, equipment, and services; airports or landing areas; aeronautical charts, information, and services; related rules, regulations, and procedures; technical information; and manpower and material. Included in this definition are system components shared jointly by the Departments of Defense, Transportation, and Homeland Security.

(d) "Unmanned Aircraft System" means an unmanned aircraft (an aircraft that is operated without direct human intervention from within or on the aircraft) and associated elements (including communication links and components that control the unmanned aircraft) that are required for the pilot or system operator in command to operate safely and efficiently in the NAS.

(e) "Personally identifiable information" refers to information that can be used to distinguish or trace an individual's identity, either alone or when combined with other personal or identifying information that is linked or linkable to a specific individual, as set forth in Office of Management and Budget Memorandum M–07–16 (May 22, 2007) and Office of Management and Budget Memorandum M–10–23 (June 25, 2010).

*General Provisions*. (a) This memorandum complements and is not intended to supersede existing laws and policies for UAS operations in the NAS, including the National Strategy for Aviation Security and its supporting plans, the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) Integration of Civil UAS in the NAS Roadmap, and the FAA's UAS Comprehensive Plan.

(b) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law, and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(c) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department, agency, or the head thereof; or

(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(d) Independent agencies are strongly encouraged to comply with this memorandum.

(e) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

(f) The Secretary of Commerce is hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.

Barack Obama.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Oct. 25, 2017, 82 F.R. 50301, provided:

Memorandum for the Secretary of Transportation

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:

*Policy*. It shall be the policy of the United States to promote the safe operation of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and enable the development of UAS technologies for use in agriculture, commerce, emergency management, human transportation, and other sectors. Compared to manned aircraft, UAS provide novel, low-cost capabilities for both public and private applications. UAS present opportunities to enhance the safety of the American public, increase the efficiency and productivity of American industry, and create tens of thousands of new American jobs.

The private sector has rapidly advanced UAS capabilities to address the needs of recreational, commercial, and public users. To promote continued technological innovation and to ensure the global leadership of the United States in this emerging industry, the regulatory framework for UAS operations must be sufficiently flexible to keep pace with the advancement of UAS technology, while balancing the vital Federal roles in protecting privacy and civil liberties; mitigating risks to national security and homeland security; and protecting the safety of the American public, critical infrastructure, and the Nation's airspace. Well-coordinated integration of UAS into the national airspace system (NAS) alongside manned aircraft will increase the safety of the NAS and enable the authorization of more complex UAS operations.

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has taken steps to integrate UAS into the NAS at specific test sites and has issued operational requirements for small UAS operations in the NAS. Further integration will require continued private-sector cooperation and the involvement of State, local, and tribal governments in Federal efforts to develop and enforce regulations on UAS operations in their jurisdictions. Input from State, local, tribal, and private-sector stakeholders will be necessary to craft an optimal strategy for the national management of UAS operations. A coordinated effort between the private sector and among these governments will provide certainty and stability to UAS owners and operators, maximize the benefits of UAS technologies for the public, and mitigate risks to public safety and security.

*UAS Integration Pilot Program*. (a) Within 90 days of the date of this memorandum, the Secretary of Transportation (Secretary), in consultation with the Administrator of the FAA (Administrator), shall establish a UAS Integration Pilot Program (Program) to test the further integration of UAS into the NAS in a select number of State, local, and tribal jurisdictions.

(b) The objectives of the Program shall be to:

(i) test and evaluate various models of State, local, and tribal government involvement in the development and enforcement of Federal regulations for UAS operations;

(ii) encourage UAS owners and operators to develop and safely test new and innovative UAS concepts of operations; and

(iii) inform the development of future Federal guidelines and regulatory decisions on UAS operations nationwide.

*Implementation*. (a) To implement the Program, the Secretary or the Administrator, as appropriate, shall:

(i) solicit proposals from State, local, and tribal governments to test within their jurisdictions the integration of civil and public UAS operations into the NAS below 200 feet above ground level, or up to 400 feet above ground level if the Secretary determines that such an adjustment would be appropriate;

(ii) select proposals by State, local, and tribal governments for participation in the Program according to the criteria listed in subsection (b) of this section;

(iii) enter into agreements with the selected governments to establish the terms of their involvement in UAS operations within their jurisdictions, including their support for Federal enforcement responsibilities; describe the proposed UAS operations to be conducted; and identify the entities that will conduct such operations, including, if applicable, the governments themselves; and

(iv) as necessary, use existing authorities to grant exceptions, exemptions, authorizations, and waivers from FAA regulations to the entities identified in the agreements described in subsection (iii) of this section [sic], including through the issuance of waivers under 14 CFR Part 107 and Certificates of Waiver or Authorization under [former] section 333 of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 (FMRA) (Public Law 112–95) [see note above].

(b) In selecting proposals for participation in the Program under subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary shall consider:

(i) overall economic, geographic, and climatic diversity of the selected jurisdictions;

(ii) overall diversity of the proposed models of government involvement;

(iii) overall diversity of the UAS operations to be conducted;

(iv) the location of critical infrastructure;

(v) the involvement of commercial entities in the proposal, and their ability to advance objectives that may serve the public interest as a result of further integration of UAS into the NAS;

(vi) the involvement of affected communities in, and their support for, participating in the Program;

(vii) the commitment of the governments and UAS operators involved in the proposal to comply with requirements related to national defense, homeland security, and public safety, and to address competition, privacy, and civil liberties concerns; and

(viii) the commitment of the governments and UAS operators involved in the proposal to achieve the following policy objectives:

(A) promoting innovation and economic development;

(B) enhancing transportation safety;

(C) enhancing workplace safety;

(D) improving emergency response and search and rescue functions; and

(E) using radio spectrum efficiently and competitively.

(c) Within 180 days of the establishment of the Program, the Secretary shall enter into agreements with State, local, or tribal governments to participate in the Program, with the goal of entering into at least 5 such agreements by that time.

(d) In carrying out subsection (c) of this section, the Secretary shall select State, local, or tribal governments that plan to begin integration of UAS into the NAS in their jurisdictions within 90 days after the date on which the agreement is established.

(e) The Secretary shall consider new proposals for participation in the Program up to 1 year before the Program is scheduled to terminate.

(f) The Secretary shall apply best practices from existing FAA test sites, waivers granted under 14 CFR part 107, exemptions granted under [former] section 333 of the FMRA, the FAA Focus Area Pathfinder Program, and any other relevant programs in order to expedite the consideration of exceptions, exemptions, authorizations, and waivers from FAA regulations to be granted under the Program, as described in subsection (a)(iv) of this section.

(g) The Secretary shall address any non-compliance with the terms of exceptions, exemptions, authorizations, waivers granted, or agreements made with UAS users or participating jurisdictions in a timely and appropriate manner, including by revoking or modifying the relevant terms.

*Coordination*. (a) The Administrator, in coordination with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, shall apply relevant information collected during the Program and preliminary findings to inform the development of the UAS Traffic Management System under section 2208 of the FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016 (Public Law 114–190) [set out in a note above].

(b) The Secretary, in coordination with the Secretaries of Defense and Homeland Security and the Attorney General, shall take necessary and appropriate steps to:

(i) mitigate risks to public safety and homeland and national security when selecting proposals and implementing the Program; and

(ii) monitor compliance with relevant laws and regulations to ensure that Program activities do not interfere with national defense, homeland security, or law enforcement operations and missions.

(c) The heads of executive departments and agencies with relevant law enforcement responsibilities (Federal law enforcement agencies), including the Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall develop and implement best practices to enforce the laws and regulations governing UAS operations conducted under the Program.

(d) In carrying out the responsibilities set forth in subsection (c) of this section, the heads of Federal law enforcement agencies shall coordinate with the Secretaries of Defense and Transportation, as well as with the relevant State, local, or tribal law enforcement agencies.

(e) In implementing the Program, the Secretary shall coordinate with the Secretaries of Defense and Homeland Security and the Attorney General to test counter-UAS capabilities, as well as platform and system-wide cybersecurity, to the extent appropriate and consistent with law.

*Evaluation and Termination of UAS Integration Pilot Program*. (a) The Program shall terminate 3 years from the date of this memorandum, unless extended by the Secretary.

(b) Before and after the termination of the Program, the Secretary shall use the information and experience yielded by the Program to inform the development of regulations, initiatives, and plans to enable safer and more complex UAS operations, and shall, as appropriate, share information with the Secretaries of Defense and Homeland Security, the Attorney General, and the heads of other executive departments and agencies.

(c) After the date of this memorandum and until the Program is terminated, the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretaries of Defense and Homeland Security and the Attorney General, shall submit an annual report to the President setting forth the Secretary's interim findings and conclusions concerning the Program. Not later than 90 days after the Program is terminated, the Secretary shall submit a final report to the President setting forth the Secretary's findings and conclusions concerning the Program.

*Definitions*. As used in this memorandum, the next stated terms, in singular and plural, are defined as follows:

(a) The term "unmanned aircraft system" has the meaning given that term in section 331 of the FMRA [Pub. L. 112–95, set out in a note above].

(b) The term "public unmanned aircraft system" has the meaning given that term in section 331 of the FMRA.

(c) The term "civil unmanned aircraft system" means an unmanned aircraft system that meets the qualifications and conditions required for operation of a civil aircraft, as defined in 49 U.S.C. 40102.

*General Provisions*. (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof;

(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals; or

(iii) the conduct of public aircraft operations, as defined in 49 U.S.C. 40102(a)(41) and 40125, by executive departments and agencies, consistent with applicable Federal law.

(b) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(c) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

(d) The Secretary is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.

Donald J. Trump.

1 See Prior Provisions note below.

(a)

(b)

(1) designate airspace for safely testing the integration of unmanned flight operations in the national airspace system;

(2) develop operational standards and air traffic requirements for unmanned flight operations at test ranges;

(3) coordinate with, and leverage the resources of, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Defense;

(4) address both civil and public unmanned aircraft systems;

(5) ensure that the program is coordinated with relevant aspects of the Next Generation Air Transportation System;

(6) provide for verification of the safety of unmanned aircraft systems and related navigation procedures as it relates to continued development of standards for integration into the national airspace system;

(7) engage test range operators, as necessary and within available resources, in projects for research, development, testing, and evaluation of unmanned aircraft systems to facilitate the Federal Aviation Administration's development of standards for the safe integration of unmanned aircraft into the national airspace system, which may include solutions for—

(A) developing and enforcing geographic and altitude limitations;

(B) providing for alerts by the manufacturer of an unmanned aircraft system regarding any hazards or limitations on flight, including prohibition on flight as necessary;

(C) sense and avoid capabilities;

(D) beyond-visual-line-of-sight operations, nighttime operations, operations over people, operation of multiple small unmanned aircraft systems, and unmanned aircraft systems traffic management, or other critical research priorities; and

(E) improving privacy protections through the use of advances in unmanned aircraft systems technology;

(8) coordinate periodically with all test range operators to ensure test range operators know which data should be collected, what procedures should be followed, and what research would advance efforts to safely integrate unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system;

(9) streamline to the extent practicable the approval process for test ranges when processing unmanned aircraft certificates of waiver or authorization for operations at the test sites;

(10) require each test range operator to protect proprietary technology, sensitive data, or sensitive research of any civil or private entity when using that test range without the need to obtain an experimental or special airworthiness certificate; 1

(11) allow test range operators to receive Federal funding, other than from the Federal Aviation Administration, including in-kind contributions, from test range participants in the furtherance of research, development, and testing objectives.

(c)

(d)

(1) review the operations of unmanned aircraft systems conducted at the test range, including—

(A) ongoing or completed research; and

(B) data regarding operations by private and public operators; and

(2) submit to the Administrator, in such form and manner as specified by the Administrator, the results of the review, including recommendations to further enable private research and development operations at the test ranges that contribute to the Federal Aviation Administration's safe integration of unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system, on a quarterly basis until the program terminates.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §343(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3288.)

1 So in original. Probably should be followed by "and".

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §344(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3290.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 332(d) of Pub. L. 112–95, which was set out in a note under section 40101 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §341(b)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3287. The remainder of the note comprised of subtitle B of title III of Pub. L. 112–95 was transferred and is set out under section 44802 of this title.

(a)

(1) accepting risk-based consensus safety standards related to the design, production, and modification of small unmanned aircraft systems;

(2) authorizing the operation of small 2 unmanned aircraft system make and model designed, produced, or modified in accordance with the consensus safety standards accepted under paragraph (1);

(3) authorizing a manufacturer to self-certify a small unmanned aircraft system make or model that complies with consensus safety standards accepted under paragraph (1); and

(4) certifying a manufacturer of small unmanned aircraft systems, or an employee of such manufacturer, that has demonstrated compliance with the consensus safety standards accepted under paragraph (1) and met any other qualifying criteria, as determined by the Administrator, to alternatively satisfy the requirements of paragraph (1).

(b)

(1) Technologies or standards related to geographic limitations, altitude limitations, and sense and avoid capabilities.

(2) Using performance-based requirements.

(3) Assessing varying levels of risk posed by different small unmanned aircraft systems and their operation and tailoring performance-based requirements to appropriately mitigate risk.

(4) Predetermined action to maintain safety in the event that a communications link between a small unmanned aircraft and its operator is lost or compromised.

(5) Detectability and identifiability to pilots, the Federal Aviation Administration, and air traffic controllers, as appropriate.

(6) Means to prevent tampering with or modification of any system, limitation, or other safety mechanism or standard under this section or any other provision of law, including a means to identify any tampering or modification that has been made.

(7) Consensus identification standards under section 2202 of the FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016 (Public Law 114–190; 130 Stat. 615).

(8) To the extent not considered previously by the consensus body that crafted consensus safety standards, cost-benefit and risk analyses of consensus safety standards that may be accepted pursuant to subsection (a) for newly designed small unmanned aircraft systems.

(9) Applicability of consensus safety standards to small unmanned aircraft systems that are not manufactured commercially.

(10) Any technology or standard related to small unmanned aircraft systems that promotes aviation safety.

(11) Any category of unmanned aircraft systems that should be exempt from the consensus safety standards based on risk factors.

(e) 3

(1) airworthiness certification requirements under section 44704 of this title; or

(2) type certification under part 21 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations.

(f)

(g)

(1) The aircraft system's operating instructions.

(2) The aircraft system's recommended maintenance and inspection procedures.

(3) The manufacturer's statement of compliance described in subsection (h).

(4) Upon request, a sample aircraft to be inspected by the Federal Aviation Administration to ensure compliance with the consensus safety standards accepted by the Administrator under subsection (a).

(h)

(1) identify the aircraft make, model, range of serial numbers, and any applicable consensus safety standards used and accepted by the Administrator;

(2) state that the aircraft make and model meets the provisions of the consensus safety standards identified in paragraph (1);

(3) state that the aircraft make and model conforms to the manufacturer's design data and is manufactured in a way that ensures consistency across units in the production process in order to meet the applicable consensus safety standards accepted by the Administrator;

(4) state that the manufacturer will make available to the Administrator, operators, or customers—

(A) the aircraft's operating instructions, which conform to the consensus safety standards identified in paragraph (1); and

(B) the aircraft's recommended maintenance and inspection procedures, which conform to the consensus safety standards identified in paragraph (1);

(5) state that the manufacturer will monitor safety-of-flight issues and take action to ensure it meets the consensus safety standards identified in paragraph (1) and report these issues and subsequent actions to the Administrator;

(6) state that at the request of the Administrator, the manufacturer will provide reasonable access for the Administrator to its facilities for the purposes of overseeing compliance with this section; and

(7) state that the manufacturer, in accordance with the consensus safety standards accepted by the Federal Aviation Administration, has—

(A) ground and flight tested random samples of the aircraft;

(B) found the sample aircraft performance acceptable; and

(C) determined that the make and model of aircraft is suitable for safe operation.

(i)

(1)

(2)

(A) the make and model has been authorized for operation under subsection (a); or

(B) the aircraft has alternatively received design and production approval issued by the Federal Aviation Administration.

(j)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §345(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3291.)

Section 2202 of the FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016, referred to in subsec. (b)(7), is section 2202 of Pub. L. 114–190, which is set out in a note under section 44802 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §345(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3293, provided that: "The Center of Excellence for Unmanned Aircraft Systems shall establish an unmanned aircraft systems research facility to study appropriate safety standards for unmanned aircraft systems and to validate such standards, as directed by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, consistent with section 44805 of title 49, United States Code, as added by this section."

1 So in original. Probably should not be capitalized.

2 So in original. Probably should be preceded by "a".

3 So in original. There are no subsecs. (c) and (d).

(a)

(1) to streamline and expedite the process for the issuance of a certificate of authorization or a certificate of waiver;

(2) to facilitate the capability of public agencies to develop and use test ranges, subject to operating restrictions required by the Federal Aviation Administration, to test and operate public unmanned aircraft systems; and

(3) to provide guidance on a public agency's responsibilities when operating an unmanned aircraft without a civil airworthiness certificate issued by the Administration.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) with respect to an application described in paragraph (1)—

(i) provide for an expedited review of the application;

(ii) require a decision by the Administrator on approval or disapproval not later than 60 business days after the date of submission of the application; and

(iii) allow for an expedited appeal if the application is disapproved;

(B) allow for a one-time approval of similar operations carried out during a fixed period of time; and

(C) allow a government public safety agency to operate an unmanned aircraft weighing 4.4 pounds or less if that unmanned aircraft is operated—

(i) within or beyond the visual line of sight of the operator;

(ii) less than 400 feet above the ground;

(iii) during daylight conditions;

(iv) within Class G airspace; and

(v) outside of 5 statute miles from any airport, heliport, seaplane base, spaceport, or other location with aviation activities.

(c)

(1)

(A) operated at an altitude of less than 150 feet above ground level;

(B) operated—

(i) within class G airspace; or

(ii) at or below the ceiling depicted on the Federal Aviation Administration's published UAS facility maps for class B, C, D, or E surface area airspace;

(C) not flown directly over non-participating persons;

(D) operated within visual line of sight of the operator; and

(E) operated in a manner that does not interfere with and gives way to any other aircraft.

(2)

(A) without any requirement to obtain a certificate of authorization, certificate of waiver, or other approval by the Federal Aviation Administration;

(B) without requiring airman certification under section 44703 of this title or any rule or regulation relating to airman certification; and

(C) without requiring airworthiness certification under section 44704 of this title or any rule or regulation relating to aircraft certification.

(3)

(4)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §346(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3294.)

The date of enactment of this Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

Provisions similar to those in subsecs. (a) and (b) of this section were contained in section 334(a) and (c) of Pub. L. 112–95, which was set out in a note under section 40101 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §346(b)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3295. The remainder of the note comprised of subtitle B of title III of Pub. L. 112–95 was transferred and is set out under section 44802 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §368, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3310, provided that: "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Secretary of Transportation shall issue guidance for the expedited and timely access to special use airspace for public unmanned aircraft systems in order to assist Federal, State, local, or tribal law enforcement organizations in conducting law enforcement, emergency response, or for other activities."

(a)

(b)

(1) which types of unmanned aircraft systems, if any, as a result of their size, weight, speed, operational capability, proximity to airports and populated areas, operation over people, and operation within or beyond the visual line of sight, or operation during the day or night, do not create a hazard to users of the national airspace system or the public; and

(2) whether a certificate under section 44703 or section 44704 of this title, or a certificate of waiver or certificate of authorization, is required for the operation of unmanned aircraft systems identified under paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(c)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §347(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3296.)

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 333 of Pub. L. 112–95, which was set out in a note under section 40101 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §347(b)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3296. The remainder of the note comprised of subtitle B of title III of Pub. L. 112–95 was transferred and is set out under section 44802 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) Use performance-based requirements.

(2) Consider varying levels of risk to other aircraft and to persons and property on the ground posed by different unmanned aircraft systems and their operation and tailor performance-based requirements to appropriately mitigate risk.

(3) Consider the unique characteristics of highly automated, small unmanned aircraft systems.

(4) Include requirements for the safe operation of small unmanned aircraft systems that, at a minimum, address—

(A) airworthiness of small unmanned aircraft systems;

(B) qualifications for operators and the type and nature of the operations;

(C) operating specifications governing the type and nature of the unmanned aircraft system air carrier operations; and

(D) the views of State, local, and tribal officials related to potential impacts of the carriage of property by operators of small unmanned aircraft systems for compensation or hire within the communities to be served.

(5)

(A) registration with the Department of Transportation;

(B) authorization from the Federal Aviation Administration to conduct operations; and

(C) compliance with chapters 401, 411, and 417.

(6)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §348(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3297.)

The date of enactment of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

(a)

(1) The aircraft is flown strictly for recreational purposes.

(2) The aircraft is operated in accordance with or within the programming of a community-based organization's set of safety guidelines that are developed in coordination with the Federal Aviation Administration.

(3) The aircraft is flown within the visual line of sight of the person operating the aircraft or a visual observer co-located and in direct communication with the operator.

(4) The aircraft is operated in a manner that does not interfere with and gives way to any manned aircraft.

(5) In Class B, Class C, or Class D airspace or within the lateral boundaries of the surface area of Class E airspace designated for an airport, the operator obtains prior authorization from the Administrator or designee before operating and complies with all airspace restrictions and prohibitions.

(6) In Class G airspace, the aircraft is flown from the surface to not more than 400 feet above ground level and complies with all airspace restrictions and prohibitions.

(7) The operator has passed an aeronautical knowledge and safety test described in subsection (g) and maintains proof of test passage to be made available to the Administrator or law enforcement upon request.

(8) The aircraft is registered and marked in accordance with chapter 441 of this title and proof of registration is made available to the Administrator or a designee of the Administrator or law enforcement upon request.

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) the unmanned aircraft complies with standards and limitations developed by a community-based organization and approved by the Administrator; and

(B) the aircraft is operated from a fixed site as described in paragraph (1).

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) appropriate operational limitations to mitigate risks to aviation safety and national security, including risk to the uninvolved public and critical infrastructure;

(B) operations outside the membership, guidelines, and programming of a community-based organization;

(C) physical characteristics, technical standards, and classes of aircraft operating under this section;

(D) trends in use, enforcement, or incidents involving unmanned aircraft systems;

(E) ensuring, to the greatest extent practicable, that updates to the operational parameters correspond to, and leverage, advances in technology; and

(F) equipage requirements that facilitate safe, efficient, and secure operations and further integrate all unmanned aircraft into the national airspace system.

(3)

(e)

(f)

(1) updates to the operational parameters for unmanned aircraft in subsection (a);

(2) the registration and marking of unmanned aircraft;

(3) the standards for remotely identifying owners and operators of unmanned aircraft systems and associated unmanned aircraft; and

(4) other standards consistent with maintaining the safety and security of the national airspace system.

(g)

(1)

(2)

(A) understanding of aeronautical safety knowledge; and

(B) knowledge of Federal Aviation Administration regulations and requirements pertaining to the operation of an unmanned aircraft system in the national airspace system.

(h)

(1) is described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986;

(2) is exempt from tax under section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986;

(3) the mission of which is demonstrably the furtherance of model aviation;

(4) provides a comprehensive set of safety guidelines for all aspects of model aviation addressing the assembly and operation of model aircraft and that emphasize safe aeromodelling operations within the national airspace system and the protection and safety of individuals and property on the ground, and may provide a comprehensive set of safety rules and programming for the operation of unmanned aircraft that have the advanced flight capabilities enabling active, sustained, and controlled navigation of the aircraft beyond visual line of sight of the operator;

(5) provides programming and support for any local charter organizations, affiliates, or clubs; and

(6) provides assistance and support in the development and operation of locally designated model aircraft flying sites.

(i)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §349(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3298.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsecs. (g)(1) and (i), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

Section 501 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (h)(1), (2), is classified to section 501 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Provisions similar to those in subsecs. (a) and (e) of this section were contained in section 336(a) and (b) of Pub. L. 112–95, which was set out in a note under section 40101 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §349(b)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3300. The remainder of the note comprised of subtitle B of title III of Pub. L. 112–95 was transferred and is set out under section 44802 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §350, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3300, as amended by Pub. L. 116–283, div. H, title C, §10002, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 4863, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) operated by an institution of higher education for educational or research purposes;

"(2) flown as part of an established Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) program for education or research purposes; or

"(3) flown as part of an educational program that is chartered by a recognized community-based organization (as defined in subsection (h) of such section).

"(b)

"(1) use of small unmanned aircraft systems and operations at an accredited institution of higher education, for educational or research purposes, as a component of the institution's curricula or research;

"(2) the development of streamlined, risk-based operational approval for unmanned aircraft systems operated by institutions of higher education; and

"(3) the airspace and aircraft operators that may be affected by such operations at the institution of higher education.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) instruction of students at the institution;

"(B) academic or research related uses of unmanned aircraft systems that have been approved by the institution, including Federal research;

"(C) activities undertaken by the institution as part of research projects, including research projects sponsored by the Federal Government; and

"(D) other academic activities approved by the institution.

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3) 1 shall not apply to an aviation rulemaking committee chartered under this paragraph.

(4)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f) 2 of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate, on the implementation of this section.

(g) 1 sections 2510–2522 of title 18, United States Code (commonly known as the Wiretap Act), and sections 3121–3127 of title 18, United States Code (commonly known as the Pen/Trap Statute), shall not apply to activities authorized by the Administrator pursuant to subsection 3 (c) and (d).

(h)

(i)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §383(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3321.)

The Aircraft Sabotage Act, referred to in subsec. (g), is part B (§§2011–2015) of chapter XX of title II of Pub. L. 98–473, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2187. Section 2013(b) of the Act generally amended section 32 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1984 Amendment note set out under section 31 of Title 18 and Tables.

The Federal Advisory Committee Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is Pub. L. 92–463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 770, which was set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and was substantially repealed and restated in chapter 10 (§1001 et seq.) of Title 5 by Pub. L. 117–286, §§3(a), 7, Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4197, 4361. For disposition of sections of the Act into chapter 10 of Title 5, see Disposition Table preceding section 101 of Title 5.

The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986, referred to in subsec. (g), is Pub. L. 99–474, §1, Oct. 16, 1986, 100 Stat. 1213, which amended section 1030 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure. Section 1031 of Title 18 was enacted by Pub. L. 100–700, known as the Major Fraud Act of 1988.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §365, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3310, provided that: "In matters relating to the use of systems in the national airspace system intended to mitigate threats posed by errant or hostile unmanned aircraft system operations, the Secretary of Transportation shall consult with the Secretary of Defense to streamline deployment of such systems by drawing upon the expertise and experience of the Department of Defense in acquiring and operating such systems consistent with the safe and efficient operation of the national airspace system."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §372, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3312, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) The number of unauthorized unmanned aircraft operations detected in restricted airspace, including in and around airports, together with a description of such operations.

"(2) The number of enforcement cases brought by the Federal Aviation Administration or other Federal agencies for unauthorized operation of unmanned aircraft detected through the program, together with a description of such cases.

"(3) Recommendations for safety and operational standards for unmanned aircraft detection and mitigation systems.

"(4) Recommendations for any legislative or regulatory changes related to mitigation or detection or identification of unmanned aircraft systems.

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

1 See References in Text note below.

2 So in original. Probably should be preceded by "the".

3 So in original. Probably should be "subsections".




**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §§1937(b)(2), 1943(b), 1955(a)(2), 1988(b), 1991(j)(2), 1992, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3579, 3584, 3596, 3623, 3646, added items 44929, 44931, 44932, 44942, 44943, 44947, and 44948 and substituted "PreCheck Program" for "Security screening pilot program" in item 44919 and "Deputization" for "Deputation" in item 44922.

**2014**—Pub. L. 113–238, §2(b), Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 2846, which directed amendment of analysis for subchapter II of chapter 449 of title 49 by adding item 44946 at the end, was executed by adding item 44946 to analysis for this chapter to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 113–221, §2(b), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2094, which directed amendment of analysis for title 49 by adding item 44928 after item 44927, was executed by adding item 44928 to analysis for this chapter, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2013**—Pub. L. 113–27, §2(b), Aug. 9, 2013, 127 Stat. 504, which directed amendment of analysis for subchapter I of chapter 449 by adding item 44927 after item 44926, was executed by adding item 44927 to analysis for this chapter to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 112–271, §2(b), Jan. 14, 2013, 126 Stat. 2447, substituted "Disposition of unclaimed money and clothing" for "Disposition of unclaimed money" in item 44945.

**2007**—Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §1606(b), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 483, added item 44926.

**2004**—Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4013(b), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3720, added item 44925.

Pub. L. 108–334, title V, §515(c), Oct. 18, 2004, 118 Stat. 1318, added item 44945.

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, §§605(b)(3), 611(b)(2), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2568, 2572, added items 44923 and 44924.

Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §351(c), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 420, added item 44922.

**2002**—Pub. L. 107–296, title XIV, §1402(b)(1), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2305, added item 44921.

**2001**—Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §§101(f)(6), 105(b), 107(b), 108(b), 113(b), 125(b), 131(b), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603, 607, 611, 613, 622, 632, 635, added items 44917 to 44920, 44939, 44941, and 44944 and struck out items 44931 "Director of Intelligence and Security" and 44932 "Assistant Administrator for Civil Aviation Security".

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §118(b), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 627, which directed addition of item 44940 to the analysis for chapter 449 without specifying the Code title to be amended, was executed by adding item 44940 to this analysis to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–264, title III, §312(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3254, added item 44916.

1 Section catchline amended by Pub. L. 115–254 without corresponding amendment of chapter analysis.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(A) explosives detection systems are deployed as soon as possible to ensure that all United States airports described in section 44903(c) have sufficient explosives detection systems to screen all checked baggage, and that as soon as such systems are in place at an airport, all checked baggage at the airport is screened by those systems; and

(B) all systems deployed under subparagraph (A) are fully utilized; and

(C) if explosives detection equipment at an airport is unavailable, all checked baggage is screened by an alternative means.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(i) A list of airports outside the United States from which a flight or flight segment traveled to the United States for which the Administrator determined, in accordance with the authority under subparagraph (A), that checked baggage was not required to be re-screened in the United States by an explosives detection system before such baggage continued on an additional flight or flight segment.

(ii) The amount of Federal savings generated from the exercise of such authority.

(e)

(1) A bag-match program that ensures that no checked baggage is placed aboard an aircraft unless the passenger who checked the baggage is aboard the aircraft.

(2) Manual search.

(3) Search by canine explosives detection units in combination with other means.

(4) Other means or technology approved by the Administrator.

(f)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(h)

(1)

(2)

(i)

(1) may exempt from this section air transportation operations, except scheduled passenger operations of an air carrier providing air transportation under a certificate issued under section 41102 of this title or a permit issued under section 41302 of this title; and

(2) shall advise Congress of a regulation to be prescribed under this section at least 30 days before the effective date of the regulation, unless the Administrator decides an emergency exists requiring the regulation to become effective in fewer than 30 days and notifies Congress of that decision.

(j)

(1)

(A) evaluate the results of the blast-resistant cargo container pilot program that was initiated before August 3, 2007; and

(B) prepare and distribute through the Aviation Security Advisory Committee to the appropriate Committees 1 of Congress and air carriers a report on that evaluation which may contain nonclassified and classified sections.

(2)

(A) develop and implement a program, as the Administrator determines appropriate, to acquire, maintain, and replace blast-resistant cargo containers;

(B) pay for the program; and

(C) make available blast-resistant cargo containers to air carriers pursuant to paragraph (3).

(3)

(k)

(1)

(A) develop a standardized threat and vulnerability assessment program for general aviation airports (as defined in section 47134(m)); 2 and

(B) implement a program to perform such assessments on a risk-managed basis at general aviation airports.

(2) 1 for projects to upgrade security at such airports. If the Administrator determines that such a program is feasible, the Administrator shall establish such a program.

(3)

(A) general aviation aircraft, as identified by the Administrator, in coordination with the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, are required to submit passenger information and advance notification requirements for United States Customs and Border Protection before entering United States airspace; and

(B) such information is checked against appropriate databases.

(4)

(l)

(1)

(A)

(i) means a device used in the screening of passengers that creates a visual image of an individual showing the surface of the skin and revealing other objects on the body; and

(ii) may include devices using backscatter x-rays or millimeter waves and devices referred to as "whole-body imaging technology" or "body scanning machines".

(B)

(i) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate; and

(ii) the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives.

(C)

(2)

(A) is equipped with and employs automatic target recognition software; and

(B) complies with such other requirements as the Administrator determines necessary to address privacy considerations.

(3)

(A)

(i) an advanced imaging technology equipped with automatic target recognition software is not substantially as effective at screening passengers as an advanced imaging technology without such software; or

(ii) additional testing of such software is necessary.

(B)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i) A description of all matters the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration considers relevant to the implementation of the requirements of this subsection.

(ii) The status of compliance by the Transportation Security Administration with such requirements.

(iii) If the Administration is not in full compliance with such requirements—

(I) the reasons for the noncompliance; and

(II) a timeline depicting when the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration expects the Administration to achieve full compliance.

(C)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1204; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §§101(f)(7), 110(b), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603, 614; Pub. L. 107–296, title IV, §425, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2185; Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §§1602(a), 1609, 1617, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 477, 484, 488; Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, §826, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 132; Pub. L. 112–218, §2, Dec. 20, 2012, 126 Stat. 1593; Pub. L. 114–125, title VIII, §815, Feb. 24, 2016, 130 Stat. 220; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §§1937(b)(3), 1991(d)(1), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3579, 3627.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44901(a) | 49 App.:1356(a) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §315(a) (1st, 2d sentences, 3d sentence 19th–last words); added Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §202, 88 Stat. 415; Aug. 8, 1985, Pub. L. 99–83, §551(b)(1), 99 Stat. 225. |

44901(b) | 49 App.:1356(a) (2d sentence). | |

44901(c)(1) | 49 App.:1356(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §315(c); added Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §202, 88 Stat. 415; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §102(a), 104 Stat. 3068. |

44901(c)(2) | 49 App.:1356(a) (3d sentence 19th–last words). |


In subsection (a), the words "or continue in effect reasonable", "intended", and "the aircraft for such transportation" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "Notwithstanding subsection (a) of this section" are added for clarity. The words "One year after August 5, 1974, or after the effective date of such regulations, whichever is later" are omitted as executed. The words "alter or", "a continuation of", "the extent deemed necessary to", and "acts of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "in whole or in part" and "those" are omitted as surplus. The word "providing" is substituted for "engaging in" for consistency in the revised title. The words "interstate, overseas, or foreign" are omitted because of the definition of "air transportation" in section 40102(a) of the revised title. The words "of public convenience and necessity", "by the Civil Aeronautics Board", "foreign air carrier", and "by the Board" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "or amendments thereto" and "or amendments" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (b) of section 1602 of the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, referred to in subsec. (g)(4), is section 1602(b) of Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 479, which is not classified to the Code.

Section 47134(m), referred to in subsec. (k)(1)(A), (2), is section 47134(m) of this title, which was repealed by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §160(a)(6), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3221.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(A), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" and struck out ", United States Code" after "title 5".

Pub. L. 115–254, §1937(b)(3), struck out "44919 or" before "44920".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(B), struck out "but not later than the 60th day following the date of enactment of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act" before period at end.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(C)(i)(I), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(C)(i)(II), struck out "no later than December 31, 2002" after "to screen all checked baggage".

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(C)(ii), (iii), redesignated par. (4) as (2) and struck out former par. (2) which related to determination by the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security that the Transportation Security Administration would not be able to deploy required explosives detection systems at certain airports by Dec. 31, 2002.

Subsec. (d)(2)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(C)(iv)(I), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Assistant Secretary (Transportation Security Administration)".

Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(C)(iv)(II), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Assistant Secretary".

Subsec. (d)(2)(D). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(C)(iv)(III), in introductory provisions, substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Assistant Secretary" and, in cl. (i), substituted "Administrator" for "Assistant Secretary".

Subsec. (d)(3), (4). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(C)(ii), (iii), struck out par. (3) and redesignated par. (4) as (2). Prior to amendment, text of par. (3) read as follows: "Until the Transportation Security Administration has met the requirements of paragraph (1), the Under Secretary shall submit a classified report every 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act to the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the House of Representatives Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure describing the progress made toward meeting such requirements at each airport."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(D)(i), in introductory provisions, struck out "but not later than the 60th day following the date of enactment of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act" after "practicable" and substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary".

Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(D)(ii), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(E), struck out "after the date of enactment of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act" before period at end.

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(F)(i), substituted "The" for "Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, the".

Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(F)(ii), substituted "baggage." for "baggage as follows:

"(A) 50 percent of such cargo is so screened not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007.

"(B) 100 percent of such cargo is so screened not later than 3 years after such date of enactment."

Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(F)(iii), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) related to the issuance by the Secretary of Homeland Security of an interim final rule and a final rule implementing subsec. (g).

Subsec. (g)(4), (5). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(F)(iv), (v), redesignated par. (5) as (4) and struck out former par. (4). Prior to amendment, text of par. (4) read as follows: "Not later than 1 year after the date of establishment of the system under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall submit to the Committees referred to in paragraph (3)(B)(ii) a report that describes the system."

Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(G)(i), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary".

Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(G)(ii), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary" in first sentence, and "Administrator" for "Under Secretary" in two places in second sentence.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(H)(i), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(H)(ii), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary".

Subsec. (j)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(I)(i), substituted "The" for "Before January 1, 2008, the" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (j)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(I)(ii), substituted "August 3, 2007" for "the date of enactment of this subsection".

Subsec. (k)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(J)(i), substituted "The" for "Not later than one year after the date of enactment of this subsection, the" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (k)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(J)(ii), substituted "The" for "Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this subsection, the".

Subsec. (k)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(J)(iii), substituted "The" for "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this subsection, the" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (l)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(K)(i)(I), substituted "The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Beginning June 1, 2012, the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security (Transportation Security Administration)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (l)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(K)(i)(II), substituted "Administrator" for "Assistant Secretary".

Subsec. (l)(3)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(K)(ii)(I), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration may extend" for "Assistant Secretary may extend" and "Administrator determines" for "Assistant Secretary determines" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (l)(3)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(K)(ii)(II), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Assistant Secretary".

Subsec. (l)(4)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(K)(iii)(I), struck out "60 days after the deadline specified in paragraph (2), and not later than" after "Not later than" and substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration issues" for "Assistant Secretary issues" and "Administrator shall" for "Assistant Secretary shall".

Subsec. (l)(4)(B)(i), (iii)(II). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(1)(K)(iii)(II), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Assistant Secretary".

**2016**—Subsec. (d)(4)(C), (D). Pub. L. 114–125 added subpar. (C) and redesignated former subpar. (C) as (D).

**2012**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–218, §2(b), which directed substitution of "explosives" for "explosive" wherever appearing in this section, was executed in subsec. (d) by making such substitution wherever appearing in text as well as by substituting "Explosives" for "Explosive" in heading, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 112–218, §2(a), added par. (4).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–218, §2(b), substituted "explosives" for "explosive" in introductory provisions and in par. (3).

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 112–95 added subsec. (l).

**2007**—Subsecs. (g) to (i). Pub. L. 110–53, §1602(a), added subsec. (g) and redesignated former subsecs. (g) and (h) as (h) and (i), respectively.

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 110–53, §1609, added subsec. (j).

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 110–53, §1617, added subsec. (k).

**2002**—Subsec. (d)(2), (3). Pub. L. 107–296 added pars. (2) and (3).

**2001**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, §110(b)(2), added subsec. (a) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (a). Text read as follows: "The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall prescribe regulations requiring screening of all passengers and property that will be carried in a cabin of an aircraft in air transportation or intrastate air transportation. The screening must take place before boarding and be carried out by a weapon-detecting facility or procedure used or operated by an employee or agent of an air carrier, intrastate air carrier, or foreign air carrier."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, §110(b)(2), added subsec. (b) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (b). Text read as follows: "Notwithstanding subsection (a) of this section, the Administrator may amend a regulation prescribed under subsection (a) to require screening only to ensure security against criminal violence and aircraft piracy in air transportation and intrastate air transportation."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–71, §110(b)(2), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (h).

Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" in introductory provisions and par. (2).

Subsecs. (d) to (g). Pub. L. 107–71, §110(b)(2), added subsecs. (d) to (g).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 107–71, §110(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (c) as (h).

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §141, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 643, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) that have been issued, made, granted, or allowed to become effective by the Federal Aviation Administration, any officer or employee thereof, or any other Government official, or by a court of competent jurisdiction, in the performance of any function that is transferred by this Act; and

"(2) that are in effect on the effective date of such transfer (or become effective after such date pursuant to their terms as in effect on such effective date), shall continue in effect according to their terms until modified, terminated, superseded, set aside, or revoked in accordance with law by the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security [now Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration], any other authorized official, a court of competent jurisdiction, or operation of law.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(e)

"(f)

"(g)

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §101(g), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A)

"(B)

"(4)

"(5)

Pub. L. 117–263, div. G, title LXXI, §7131, Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3644, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) An identification of the most common languages other than English that are the primary languages of individuals that travel through or work in each major airport.

"(2) A plan to improve—

"(A) TSA materials to communicate information in languages identified pursuant to paragraph (1); and

"(B) the communication of TSA material to individuals with vision or hearing impairments or other possible barriers to understanding such material.

"(c)

"(1) International enplanements.

"(2) Local populations surrounding major airports.

"(3) Languages spoken by members of Indian Tribes within each service area population in which a major airport is located.

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

Pub. L. 117–263, div. G, title LXXI, §7132, Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3645, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the Committee on Homeland Security and Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and

"(B) the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate.

"(3)

"(b)

"(1) the initial screening was conducted in accordance with an aviation security screening agreement described in subsection (e);

"(2) passengers arriving from participating foreign airports are unable to access their checked baggage until the arrival at their final destination; and

"(3) upon arrival in the United States, passengers arriving from participating foreign airports do not come into contact with other arriving international passengers, those passengers' property, or other persons who have not been screened or subjected to other appropriate security controls required for entry into the airport's sterile area.

"(c)

"(1) High risk passengers and their property.

"(2) Weapons, explosives, and incendiaries.

"(3) Screening passengers and property transferring at a foreign last point of departure airport from another airport and bound for the United States, and addressing any commingling of such passengers and property with passengers and property screened under the pilot program described in subsection (b).

"(4) Insider risk at foreign last point of departure airports.

"(d)

"(e)

"(1)

"(A) to be comparable to those of the United States; and

"(B) sufficiently effective to enable passengers and their accessible property to deplane into sterile areas of airports in the United States without the need for re-screening.

"(2)

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(g)

"(1) An aviation security threat assessment for the country in which such foreign last point of departure airport is located.

"(2) Information regarding any corresponding mitigation efforts to address any security issues identified in such threat assessment, including any plans for joint covert testing.

"(3) Information on potential security vulnerabilities associated with commencing a pilot program at such foreign last point of departure airport pursuant to subsection (b) and mitigation plans to address such potential security vulnerabilities.

"(4) An assessment of the impacts such pilot program will have on aviation security.

"(5) An assessment of the screening performed at such foreign last point of departure airport, including the feasibility of TSA personnel monitoring screening, security protocols, and standards.

"(6) Information regarding identifying the entity or entities responsible for screening passengers and property at such foreign last point of departure airport.

"(7) The name of the entity or local authority and any contractor or subcontractor.

"(8) Information regarding the screening requirements relating to such aviation security screening agreement.

"(9) Details regarding information sharing mechanisms between the TSA and such foreign last point of departure airport, screening authority, or entity responsible for screening provided for under such aviation security screening agreement.

"(10) A copy of the aviation security screening agreement, which shall identify the foreign last point of departure airport or airports at which a pilot program under this section is to be established.

"(h)

"(1)(A) A certification that such agreement satisfies all of the requirements specified in subsection (c); or

"(B) in the event that one or more of such requirements are not so satisfied, a description of the unsatisfied requirement and information on what actions the Administrator will take to ensure that such remaining requirements are satisfied before such agreement enters into force.

"(2) A certification that TSA and U.S. Customs and Border Protection have ensured that any necessary physical modifications or appropriate mitigations exist in the domestic one-stop security pilot program airport prior to receiving international passengers from a last point of departure airport under the aviation security screening agreement.

"(3) A certification that a foreign last point of departure airport covered by an aviation security screening agreement has an operation to screen all checked bags as required by law, regulation, or international agreement, including the full utilization of explosives detection systems to the extent applicable.

"(4) A certification that the Administrator consulted with stakeholders, including air carriers, aviation nonprofit labor organizations, airport operators, relevant interagency partners, and other stakeholders that the Administrator determines appropriate.

"(i)

"(1) The impact of such program on homeland security and international aviation security, including any benefits and challenges of such program.

"(2) The impact of such program on passengers, airports, and air carriers, including any benefits and challenges of such program.

"(3) The impact and feasibility of continuing such program or expanding it into a more permanent program, including any benefits and challenges of such continuation or expansion.

"(j)

"(k)

Pub. L. 117–81, div. F, title LXIV, §6415, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2413, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) An identification of best practices developed and screening technologies deployed in response to the coronavirus among foreign governments, airports, and air carriers conducting aviation security screening operations, as well as among Federal agencies conducting similar security screening operations outside of airports, including in locations where the spread of the coronavirus has been successfully contained, that could be further integrated into the United States aviation security system.

"(2) Specific operational changes to aviation security screening operations informed by the identification of best practices and screening technologies under paragraph (1) that could be implemented without degrading aviation security and a corresponding timeline and costs for implementing such changes.

"(c)

"(1) Aviation security screening procedures and practices in place at security screening locations, including procedures and practices implemented in response to the coronavirus.

"(2) Volume and average wait times at each such security screening location.

"(3) Public health measures already in place at each such security screening location.

"(4) The feasibility and effectiveness of implementing similar procedures and practices in locations where such are not already in place.

"(5) The feasibility and potential benefits to security, public health, and travel facilitation of continuing any procedures and practices implemented in response to the COVID–19 national emergency beyond the end of such emergency.

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(g)

"(h)

"(1) The term 'Administrator' means the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration.

"(2) The term 'coronavirus' has the meaning given such term in section 506 of the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 (Public Law 116–123) [134 Stat. 155].

"(3) The term 'COVID–19 national emergency' means the national emergency declared by the President under the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) on March 13, 2020, with respect to the coronavirus.

"(4) The term 'public and private stakeholders' has the meaning given such term in section 114(t)(1)(C) of title 49, United States Code.

"(5) The term 'TSA' means the Transportation Security Administration."

Pub. L. 116–6, div. A, title II, §225, Feb. 15, 2019, 133 Stat. 25, as amended by Pub. L. 116–260, div. F, title II, §223, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1459; Pub. L. 117–328, div. F, title II, §222, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 4737, provided that:

"(a) Subject to the provisions of this section, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration (hereafter in this section referred to as 'the Administrator') may conduct a pilot program to provide screening services outside of an existing primary passenger terminal screening area where screening services are currently provided or would be eligible to be provided under the Transportation Security Administration's annually appropriated passenger screening program as a primary passenger terminal screening area.

"(b) Any request for screening services under subsection (a) shall be initiated only at the request of a public or private entity regulated by the Transportation Security Administration; shall be made in writing to the Administrator; and may only be submitted to the Transportation Security Administration after consultation with the relevant local airport authority.

"(c) The Administrator may provide the requested screening services under subsection (a) if the Administrator provides a certification to the Committee on Homeland Security and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate that implementation of subsection (a) does not reduce the security or efficiency of screening services already provided in primary passenger terminals at any impacted airports.

"(d) No screening services may be provided under subsection (a) unless the requesting entity agrees in writing to the scope of the screening services to be provided, and agrees to compensate the Transportation Security Administration for all reasonable personnel and non-personnel costs, including overtime, of providing the screening services.

"(e) The authority available under this section is effective for fiscal years 2019 through 2025 and may be utilized at not more than eight locations for transportation security purposes.

"(f) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an airport authority, air carrier, or other requesting entity shall not be liable for any claims for damages filed in State or Federal court (including a claim for compensatory, punitive, contributory, or indemnity damages) relating to—

"(1) an airport authority's or other entity's decision to request that the Transportation Security Administration provide passenger screening services outside of a primary passenger terminal screening area; or

"(2) any act of negligence, gross negligence, or intentional wrongdoing by employees of the Transportation Security Administration providing passenger and property security screening services at a pilot program screening location.

"(g) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any compensation received by the Transportation Security Administration under subsection (d) shall be credited to the account used to finance the provision of reimbursable security screening services under subsection (a).

"(h) The Administrator shall submit to the Committee on Homeland Security and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate—

"(1) an implementation plan for the pilot programs under subsection (a), including the application process, that is due by 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 15, 2019];

"(2) an evaluation plan for the pilot programs; and

"(3) annual performance reports, by not later than 60 days after the end of each fiscal year in which the pilot programs are in operation, including—

"(A) the amount of reimbursement received by the Transportation Security Administration from each entity in the pilot program for the preceding fiscal year, delineated by personnel and non-personnel costs;

"(B) an analysis of the results of the pilot programs corresponding to the evaluation plan required under paragraph (2);

"(C) any Transportation Security Administration staffing changes created at the primary passenger screening checkpoints and baggage screening as a result of the pilot program; and

"(D) any other unintended consequences created by the pilot program.

"(i) Except as otherwise provided in this section, nothing in this section may be construed as affecting in any manner the responsibilities, duties, or authorities of the Transportation Security Administration.

"(j) For the purposes of this section, the term 'airport' means a commercial service airport as defined by section 47107(7) of title 49[,] United States Code.

"(k) For the purposes of this section, the term 'screening services' means the screening of passengers, flight crews, and their carry-on baggage and personal articles, and may include checked baggage screening if that type of screening is performed at an offsite location that is not part of a passenger terminal of a commercial airport.

"(l) For the purpose of this section, the term 'primary passenger terminal screening area' means the security checkpoints relied upon by airports as the principal points of entry to a sterile area of an airport."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1914, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3555, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1922, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3561, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) online; and

"(2) in physical locations at applicable airport terminals.

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1924, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3562, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) identifying process delays and obstructions within the Department and the Administration regarding how such technology is identified, tested and evaluated, acquired, and deployed;

"(B) assessing whether the TSA can better leverage existing resources or processes of the Department for the purposes of technology testing and evaluation;

"(C) assessing whether the TSA can further encourage innovation and competition among technology stakeholders, including through increased participation of and funding for small business concerns (as such term is described under section 3 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 632));

"(D) identifying best practices of other Department components or United States Government entities; and

"(E) a plan to address any problems or challenges identified by such review.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) engage in outreach, coordination, and collaboration with transportation stakeholders to identify and foster innovation of new advanced transportation security screening technologies;

"(2) streamline the overall technology development, testing, evaluation, acquisitions, procurement, and deployment processes of the Administration; and

"(3) ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of such processes.

"(d)

"(e)

"(1) reducing time for each phase of testing while maintaining security (including testing for detection testing, operational testing, testing and verification framework, and field testing);

"(2) eliminating testing and verification delays; and

"(3) increasing accountability.

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) a list of the performance metrics established under paragraph (1), including the length of time for each phase of testing and verification for each type of security technology; and

"(ii) a comparison of the progress achieved for testing and verification of security technology conducted by the TSA and the testing and verification of security technology conducted by third parties.

"(C)

"(i) not include identifying information regarding an individual or entity or equipment; and

"(ii) protect proprietary information.

"(g)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1925, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3563, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) Opportunities to leverage computed tomography systems used for screening passengers and baggage.

"(B) Costs and benefits of using computed tomography technology for screening air cargo.

"(C) An analysis of emerging computed tomography systems that may have potential to enhance the screening of air cargo, including systems that may address aperture challenges associated with screening certain categories of air cargo.

"(D) An analysis of emerging screening technologies, in addition to computed tomography, that may be used to enhance the screening of air cargo.

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1947, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3587, provided that: "Subject to part 1520 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, the Administrator [of the Transportation Security Administration] shall quarterly make available to the airport director of an airport—

"(1) an assessment of the screening performance of that airport compared to the mean average performance of all airports in the equivalent airport category for screening performance data; and

"(2) a briefing on the results of performance data reports, including—

"(A) a scorecard of objective metrics developed by the Office of Security Operations to measure screening performance, such as results of annual proficiency reviews and covert testing, at the appropriate level of classification; and

"(B) other performance data, including—

"(i) passenger throughput;

"(ii) wait times; and

"(iii) employee attrition, absenteeism, injury rates, and any other human capital measures collected by the TSA [Transportation Security Administration]."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1950, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3589, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) traveling with a medical device, including an indwelling medical device;

"(B) traveling with a prosthetic;

"(C) traveling with a wheelchair, walker, scooter, or other mobility device;

"(D) traveling with a service animal; or

"(E) with sensitivities to touch, pressure, sound, or hypersensitivity to stimuli in the environment.

"(3)

"(b)

"(1) record each complaint from a passenger with a disability regarding the screening practice of the TSA;

"(2) identify the most frequent concerns raised, or accommodations requested, in the complaints;

"(3) determine the best practices for addressing the concerns and requests identified in paragraph (2); and

"(4) recommend appropriate training based on such best practices.

"(c)

"(1) specifies how to contact the appropriate TSA employee at the airport designated to address complaints of screening mistreatment based on disability; and

"(2) describes how to receive assistance from that individual or other qualified personnel at the security screening checkpoint.

"(d)

"(1) The number and most frequent types of disability-related complaints received.

"(2) The best practices recommended under subsection (b) to address the top areas of concern.

"(3) The estimated wait times for assist requests for passengers with disabilities, including disabled passengers who participate in the PreCheck program."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1951, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3590, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) establish an air cargo advance screening program (referred to in this section as the 'ACAS Program') for the collection of advance electronic information from air carriers and other persons within the supply chain regarding cargo being transported to the United States by air;

"(2) under such program, require that such information be transmitted by such air carriers and other persons at the earliest point practicable prior to loading of such cargo onto an aircraft destined to or transiting through the United States;

"(3) establish appropriate communications systems with freight forwarders, shippers, and air carriers;

"(4) establish a system that will allow freight forwarders, shippers, and air carriers to provide shipment level data for air cargo, departing from any location that is inbound to the United States; and

"(5) identify opportunities in which the information furnished in compliance with the ACAS Program could be used by the Administrator.

"(b)

"(1) prior to the loading of such cargo onto aircraft at the last point of departure; or

"(2) at an earlier point in the supply chain, before departing for the United States.

"(c)

"(1) the collection of advance information with respect to cargo on aircraft departing for the United States is applied; and

"(2) the inspection of high-risk cargo recognizes the significant differences among air cargo business models and modes of transportation.

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(1) consider the content and timeliness of the available data may vary among entities in the air cargo industry and among countries;

"(2) explore procedures to accommodate the variations described in paragraph (1) while maximizing the contribution of such data to the risk assessment process under the ACAS Program;

"(3) test the business processes, technologies, and operational procedures required to provide advance information with respect to cargo on aircraft departing for the United States and carry out related inspection of high-risk cargo, while ensuring delays and other negative impacts on vital supply chains are minimized; and

"(4) consider the cost, benefit, and feasibility before establishing any set time period for submission of certain elements of the data for air cargo under this section in line with the regulatory guidelines specified in Executive Order 13563 [5 U.S.C. 601 note] or any successor Executive order or regulation.

"(g)

"(h)

"(i)

"(j)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1955(c), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3596, provided that: "Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Transportation Security Administration] shall collaborate with other aviation authorities and the United States Ambassador or the Charge d'Affaires to the United States Mission to the International Civil Aviation Organization, as applicable, to advance a global standard for each international airport to document and track the removal and disposal of any security screening equipment to ensure the screening equipment does not come into the possession of terrorists or otherwise pose a risk to security."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1956, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3596, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) Collaborating with foreign partners to improve global aviation security capabilities and standards.

"(B) Identifying foreign partners that—

"(i) have not successfully implemented security protocols from the International Civil Aviation Organization or the Department of Homeland Security; and

"(ii) have not taken steps to implement such security protocols;[.]

"(C) Improving the development, outreach, and implementation process for security directives or emergency amendments issued to domestic and foreign air carriers.

"(D) Assessing the cybersecurity risk of security screening equipment.

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1962, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3601, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) research and evaluate—

"(A) the impact, if any, the amendment would have on security risks;

"(B) the impact, if any, the amendment would have on screening operations, including effectiveness and efficiency; and

"(C) whether the amendment is consistent with international standards and guidance, including of the International Civil Aviation Organization; and

"(2) consult with appropriate aviation security stakeholders, including ASAC [Aviation Security Advisory Committee].

"(c)

"(d)

"(1) publish in the Federal Register any amendment to the interpretive rule described in subsection (a); and

"(2) notify the appropriate committees of Congress [Committees on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives] of the amendment not later than 3 days before publication under paragraph (1)."

Pub. L. 115–141, div. F, title V, §521, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 628, provided that: "Hereafter, in developing any process to screen aviation passengers and crews for transportation or national security purposes, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall ensure that all such processes take into consideration such passengers' and crews' privacy and civil liberties consistent with applicable laws, regulations, and guidance."

Pub. L. 114–293, Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1503, provided that:

"This Act may be cited as the 'Bottles and Breastfeeding Equipment Screening Act'.

"Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 16, 2016], the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall—

"(1) notify air carriers and security screening personnel of the Transportation Security Administration and personnel of private security companies providing security screening pursuant to section 44920 of title 49, United States Code, of such Administration's guidelines regarding permitting baby formula, breast milk, purified deionized water for infants, and juice on airplanes under the Administration's guidelines known as the 3–1–1 Liquids Rule Exemption; and

"(2) in training procedures for security screening personnel of the Administration and private security companies providing security screening pursuant to section 44920 of title 49, United States Code, include training on special screening procedures."

Pub. L. 114–190, title III, §§3001–3506, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 649–664, as amended by Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §§1937(b)(1), 1955(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3579, 3596, provided that:

"This title [amending section 44946 of this title and sections 607, 609, and 1112 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and enacting this note] may be cited as the 'Aviation Security Act of 2016'.

"In this title:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) The level of coordination and cooperation between the TSA and the foreign government of the country in which the last point of departure airport with nonstop flights to the United States is located.

"(2) The intelligence and threat mitigation capabilities of the country in which such airport is located.

"(3) The number of known or suspected terrorists annually transiting through such airport.

"(4) The degree to which the foreign government of the country in which such airport is located mandates, encourages, or prohibits the collection, analysis, and sharing of passenger name records.

"(5) The passenger security screening practices, capabilities, and capacity of such airport.

"(6) The security vetting undergone by aviation workers at such airport.

"(7) The access controls utilized by such airport to limit to authorized personnel access to secure and sterile areas of such airports.

"(a)

"(1) to enhance and bolster security collaboration, coordination, and information sharing relating to securing international-inbound aviation between the United States and domestic and foreign partners, including U.S. Customs and Border Protection, foreign government entities, passenger air carriers, cargo air carriers, and United States Government entities, in order to enhance security capabilities at foreign airports, including airports that may not have nonstop flights to the United States but are nonetheless determined by the Administrator to be high risk; and

"(2) that includes an assessment of the ability of the TSA to enter into a mutual agreement with a foreign government entity that permits TSA representatives to conduct without prior notice inspections of foreign airports.

"(b)

"Not later than 270 days after the date of enactment of this Act [July 15, 2016], the Administrator shall submit to Congress a comprehensive workforce assessment of all TSA personnel within the Office of Global Strategies of the TSA or whose primary professional duties contribute to the TSA's global efforts to secure transportation security, including a review of whether such personnel are assigned in a risk-based, intelligence-driven manner.

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(d)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) active shooter scenarios;

"(2) incident response;

"(3) use of canines;

"(4) mitigation of insider threats;

"(5) perimeter security;

"(6) operation and maintenance of security screening technology; and

"(7) recurrent related training and exercises.

"It is the sense of Congress that airport checkpoint wait times should not take priority over the security of the aviation system of the United States.

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(a)

"(b)

"(a)

"(1) Utilize the TSA's Behavior Detection Officers for passenger and baggage security screening, including the verification of traveler documents, particularly at designated PreCheck Program lanes to ensure that such lanes are operational for use and maximum efficiency.

"(2) Make every practicable effort to grant additional flexibility and authority to Federal Security Directors in matters related to checkpoint and checked baggage staffing allocation and employee overtime in furtherance of maintaining minimal passenger wait times and maximum security effectiveness.

"(3) Disseminate to aviation security stakeholders and appropriate TSA personnel a list of checkpoint optimization best practices.

"(4) Request the Aviation Security Advisory Committee (established pursuant to section 44946 of title 49, United States Code) provide recommendations on best practices for checkpoint security operations optimization.

"(b)

"(1) direct each Federal Security Director to coordinate local representatives of aviation security stakeholders to establish a staffing advisory working group at each airport at which the TSA oversees or performs passenger security screening to provide recommendations to the Administrator on Transportation Security Officer staffing numbers, for each such airport; and

"(2) certify to the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate that such staffing advisory working groups have been established.

"(c)

"(1) report to the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate regarding how the TSA's Passenger Screening Canine assets may be deployed and utilized for maximum efficiency to mitigate risk and optimize checkpoint operations; and

"(2) report to the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate on the status of the TSA's Credential Authentication Technology Assessment program and how deployment of such program might optimize checkpoint operations.

"For purposes of this subtitle, the term 'aviation security stakeholders' shall mean, at a minimum, air carriers, airport operators, and labor organizations representing Transportation Security Officers or, where applicable, contract screeners.

"Nothing in this subtitle may be construed as authorizing or directing the Administrator to prioritize reducing wait times over security effectiveness.

"In this subtitle:

"(1)

"(A) the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives;

"(B) the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate; and

"(C) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate.

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) domestic intelligence;

"(B) international intelligence;

"(C) the vulnerabilities associated with unescorted access authority granted to domestic airport operators and air carriers, and their workers;

"(D) the vulnerabilities associated with unescorted access authority granted to foreign airport operators and air carriers, and their workers;

"(E) the processes and practices designed to mitigate the vulnerabilities associated with unescorted access privileges granted to airport operators and air carriers, and their workers;

"(F) the recent security breaches at domestic and foreign airports; and

"(G) the recent security improvements at domestic airports, including the implementation of recommendations made by relevant advisory committees, including the ASAC.

"(b)

"(1) a report on the results of the assessment under subsection (a), including any recommendations for improving aviation security;

"(2) a report on the implementation status of any recommendations made by the ASAC; and

"(3) regular updates about the insider threat environment as new information becomes available or as needed.

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) increased fines and advanced oversight for airport operators that report missing more than five percent of credentials for unescorted access to any SIDA of an airport;

"(B) best practices for Category X airport operators that report missing more than three percent of credentials for unescorted access to any SIDA of an airport;

"(C) additional audits and status checks for airport operators that report missing more than three percent of credentials for unescorted access to any SIDA of an airport;

"(D) review and analysis of the prior five years of audits for airport operators that report missing more than three percent of credentials for unescorted access to any SIDA of an airport;

"(E) increased fines and direct enforcement requirements for both airport workers and their employers that fail to report within 24 hours an employment termination or a missing credential for unescorted access to any SIDA of an airport; and

"(F) a method for termination by the employer of any airport worker who fails to report in a timely manner missing credentials for unescorted access to any SIDA of an airport.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) notify the appropriate congressional committees each time an airport operator reports that more than three percent of credentials for unescorted access to any SIDA at a Category X airport are missing, or more than five percent of credentials to access any SIDA at any other airport are missing; and

"(2) submit to the appropriate congressional committees an annual report on the number of violations and fines related to unescorted access to the SIDA of an airport collected in the preceding fiscal year.

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) issue guidance for transportation security inspectors to annually review the procedures of airport operators and air carriers for applicants seeking unescorted access to any SIDA of an airport; and

"(B) make available to airport operators and air carriers information on identifying suspicious or fraudulent identification materials.

"(2)

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) ensure there exists or is developed a waiver process for approving the issuance of credentials for unescorted access to any SIDA of an airport for an individual found to be otherwise ineligible for such credentials; and

"(B) consider, as appropriate and practicable—

"(i) the circumstances of any disqualifying act or offense, restitution made by the individual, Federal and State mitigation remedies, and other factors from which it may be concluded that the individual does not pose a terrorism risk or a risk to aviation security warranting denial of the credential; and

"(ii) the elements of the appeals and waiver process established under section 70105(c) of title 46, United States Code.

"(4)

"(5)

"(A) a specific need exists for providing the individual with unescorted access authority; and

"(B) the individual has certified to the airport or aircraft operator that the individual understands the requirements for possessing a SIDA badge.

"(6)

"(7)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) any status notifications the TSA receives through the Rap Back service about criminal offenses be limited to only disqualifying criminal offenses in accordance with the regulations promulgated by the TSA under section 44903 of title 49, United States Code, or other Federal law; and

"(B) any information received by the Administration through the Rap Back service is provided directly and immediately to the relevant airport and aircraft operators.

"(3)

"(c)

"(d)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) adherence to access point procedures;

"(2) proper use of credentials;

"(3) differences in access point requirements between airport workers performing functions on the airside of an airport and airport workers performing functions in other areas of an airport;

"(4) differences in access point characteristics and requirements at airports; and

"(5) any additional factors the Administrator considers necessary to measure performance.

"(a)

"(1) use intelligence, scientific algorithms, and risk-based factors;

"(2) ensure integrity, accountability, and control;

"(3) subject airport workers to random physical security inspections conducted by TSA representatives in accordance with this section;

"(4) appropriately manage the number of SIDA access points to improve supervision of and reduce unauthorized access to SIDAs; and

"(5) include validation of identification materials, such as with biometrics.

"(b)

"(1) verify the credentials of such airport workers;

"(2) determine whether such airport workers possess prohibited items, except for those items that may be necessary for the performance of such airport workers' duties, as appropriate, in any SIDA of an airport; and

"(3) verify whether such airport workers are following appropriate procedures to access any SIDA of an airport.

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) comprehensive airport worker screening at access points to secure areas;

"(B) comprehensive perimeter screening, including vehicles;

"(C) enhanced fencing or perimeter sensors; and

"(D) any additional airport worker screening or perimeter security measures the Administrator identifies.

"(2)

"(A) identify best practices for additional access control and airport worker security at airports; and

"(B) disseminate to airport operators the best practices identified under subparagraph (A).

"(3)

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(a)

"(1) determine whether each such security directive continues to be relevant;

"(2) determine whether such security directives should be streamlined or consolidated to most efficiently maximize risk reduction; and

"(3) update, consolidate, or revoke any security directive as necessary.

"(b)

"(1) the extent to which each such security directive responds to a specific threat, security threat assessment, or emergency situation against civil aviation; and

"(2) when it is anticipated that each such security directive will expire.

"Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 15, 2016], the Comptroller General of the United States shall—

"(1) assess the progress made by the TSA and the effect on aviation security of implementing the requirements under sections 3402 through 3409 of this subtitle; and

"(2) report to the appropriate congressional committees on the results of the assessment under paragraph (1), including any recommendations.

"(a)

"(b)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the configuration of a checkpoint;

"(2) technology innovation;

"(3) ways to address any vulnerabilities identified in audits of checkpoint operations;

"(4) ways to prevent security breaches at airports at which Federal security screening is provided;

"(5) best practices in aviation security;

"(6) recommendations from airports and aircraft operators, and any relevant advisory committees; and

"(7) 'curb to curb' processes and procedures.

"(c)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) select airports from among airports classified by the TSA as Category X airports and that are able to begin the reconfiguration and installation of security systems expeditiously; and

"(2) give priority to an airport that—

"(A) submits a proposal that seeks Federal funding for reconfiguration of such airport's security systems;

"(B) has the space needed to reduce vulnerabilities and reconfigure existing security systems; and

"(C) is able to enter into a cost-sharing arrangement with the TSA under which such airport will provided [sic] funding towards the cost of such pilot program.

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) select airports from among airports classified by the TSA as Category X airports that are able to begin the reconfiguration and installation of security systems expeditiously;

"(2) consider detection capabilities; and

"(3) give priority to an airport that—

"(A) submits a proposal that seeks Federal funding to test prototypes for new airport security systems;

"(B) has the space needed to reduce vulnerabilities and reconfigure existing security systems; and

"(C) is able to enter into a cost-sharing arrangement with the TSA under which such airport will provided [sic] funding towards the cost of such pilot program.

"Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 15, 2016], the Administrator shall submit to the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and a report on the pilot programs established under sections 3502 and 3503 of this subtitle.

"The Administrator shall carry out the pilot programs established under sections 3502 and 3503 of this subtitle using amounts—

"(1) appropriated to the TSA before the date of the enactment of this Act [July 15, 2016] and available for obligation as of such date of enactment; and

"(2) amounts obtained as reimbursements from airports under such pilot programs.

"The Administrator, in carrying out the functions of the pilot programs established under sections 3502 and 3503 of this subtitle, may accept services, supplies, equipment, personnel, or facilities, without reimbursement, from any other public or private entity."

Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §1610, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 484, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) to deploy technologies described in paragraph (1); and

"(B) to test technologies to expedite the recovery, development, and analysis of information from aircraft accidents to determine the cause of the accident, including deployable flight deck and voice recorders and remote location recording devices.

"(b)

Pub. L. 109–295, title V, §518, Oct. 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1380, provided that: "The Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with industry stakeholders, shall develop standards and protocols for increasing the use of explosive detection equipment to screen air cargo when appropriate."

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation act:

Pub. L. 109–90, title V, §524, Oct. 18, 2005, 119 Stat. 2086.

Pub. L. 109–90, title V, §525, Oct. 18, 2005, 119 Stat. 2086, as amended by Pub. L. 114–113, div. F, title V, §510(c), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2514, provided that: "The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) shall utilize existing checked baggage explosive detection equipment and screeners to screen cargo carried on passenger aircraft to the greatest extent practicable at each airport: *Provided*, That beginning with November 2005, TSA shall provide a monthly report to the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives detailing, by airport, the amount of cargo carried on passenger aircraft that was screened by TSA in August 2005 and each month."

Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4019(a), (b), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3721, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4020, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3722, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4051, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3728, directed the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security (Transportation Security Administration), beginning not later than 180 days after Dec. 17, 2004, to carry out a pilot program to evaluate the use of blast-resistant containers for cargo and baggage on passenger aircraft to minimize the potential effects of detonation of an explosive device, and directed the Assistant Secretary to provide incentives to air carriers to volunteer to participate in such program.

Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4052, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3728, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2005;

"(2) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2006; and

"(3) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2007.

Such sums shall remain available until expended.

"(c)

"(1) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2005;

"(2) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2006; and

"(3) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2007.

Such sums shall remain available until expended.

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7220, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3835, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) shall propose minimum standards for identification documents required of domestic commercial airline passengers for boarding an aircraft; and

"(B) may, from time to time, propose minimum standards amending or replacing standards previously proposed and transmitted to Congress and approved under this section.

"(2)

"(3)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) as an exercise of the rulemaking power of the Senate and the House of Representatives, respectively, and as such they are deemed a part of the rules of each House, respectively, but applicable only with respect to the procedure to be followed in that House in the case of such approval resolutions; and it supersedes other rules only to the extent that they are inconsistent therewith; and

"(B) with full recognition of the constitutional right of either House to change the rules (so far as relating to the procedure of that House) at any time, in the same manner and to the same extent as in the case of any other rule of that House.

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) shall be introduced (by request) in the House by the Majority Leader of the House of Representatives, for himself or herself and the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, or by Members of the House of Representatives designated by the Majority Leader and Minority Leader of the House; and

"(B) shall be introduced (by request) in the Senate by the Majority Leader of the Senate, for himself or herself and the Minority Leader of the Senate, or by Members of the Senate designated by the Majority Leader and Minority Leader of the Senate.

"(4)

"(A)

"(B)

"(5)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(6)

"(7)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(D)

"(E)

"(8)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(D)

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) a valid, unexpired passport;

"(B) domestically issued documents that the Secretary of Homeland Security designates as reliable for identification purposes;

"(C) any document issued by the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security under the authority of 1 of the immigration laws (as defined under section 101(a)(17) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(17))[)]; or

"(D) a document issued by the country of nationality of any alien not required to possess a passport for admission to the United States that the Secretary designates as reliable for identifications purposes

"(2)

"(A) shall not apply to individuals below the age of 17, or such other age as determined by the Secretary of Homeland Security;

"(B) may be waived by the Secretary of Homeland Security in the case of an unforeseen medical emergency.

"(d)

"(1) categories of Federal facilities that the Secretary determines to be at risk for terrorist attack and requiring minimum identification standards for access to such facilities; and

"(2) appropriate minimum identification standards to gain access to those facilities."

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §110(c), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 616, provided that, not later than 1 year after Nov. 19, 2001, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration would deploy at all airports in the United States where screening is required under this section a sufficient number of Federal screeners, Federal Security Managers, Federal security personnel, and Federal law enforcement officers to conduct the screening of all passengers and property under this section and also not later than 1 year after Nov. 19, 2001, certify to Congress that this requirement was met.

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §110(d), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 616, provided that:

"(1)

"(A) an installation schedule;

"(B) the dates of installation of each system; and

"(C) the date on which each system installed is operational.

"(2)

Pub. L. 104–264, title III, §305(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3252, provided that: "The Administrator is authorized to use noncompetitive or cooperative agreements with air carriers and airport authorities that provide for the Administrator to purchase and assist in installing advanced security equipment for the use of such entities."

Pub. L. 104–264, title III, §307, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3253, provided that: "The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, the Secretary of Transportation, the intelligence community, and the law enforcement community should continue to assist air carriers in developing computer-assisted passenger profiling programs and other appropriate passenger profiling programs which should be used in conjunction with other security measures and technologies."

Pub. L. 104–264, title III, §308, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3253, which provided that funds from project grants made under subchapter I of chapter 471 of this title and passenger facility fees collected under section 40117 of this title could be used for the improvement of facilities and the purchase and deployment of equipment to enhance and ensure safe air travel, was repealed by Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §143, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2503.

Pub. L. 101–45, title I, June 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 110, provided in part that: "Not later than thirty days after the date of the enactment of this Act [June 30, 1989], the Federal Aviation Administrator shall initiate action, including such rulemaking or other actions as necessary, to require the use of explosive detection equipment that meets minimum performance standards requiring application of technology equivalent to or better than thermal neutron analysis technology at such airports (whether located within or outside the United States) as the Administrator determines that the installation and use of such equipment is necessary to ensure the safety of air commerce. The Administrator shall complete these actions within sixty days of enactment of this Act".

Pub. L. 100–649, §2(d), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3817, required the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to conduct such research and development as necessary to improve airport security metal detectors and airport security x-ray systems in detecting firearms that were subject to the prohibitions of section 922(p) of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.

Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4081, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3731, provided that: "In this title [enacting section 44925 of this title, amending sections 114, 44903, 44904, 44909, 44917, 44923, 46301 to 46303, and 48301 of this title and sections 70102 and 70103 of Title 46, Shipping, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 114, 44703, 44913, 44917, 44923, 44925, and 44935 of this title, section 2751 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and section 70101 of Title 46] (other than in sections 4001 and 4026 [amending sections 114 and 44904 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2751 of Title 22]), the following definitions apply:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

For definitions of terms used in sections 101(g) and 110(c), (d), of Pub. L. 107–71, set out above, see section 133 of Pub. L. 107–71, set out as a note under section 40102 of this title.

1 So in original. Probably should be "committees".

2 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1) a passenger who does not consent to a search under section 44901(a) of this title establishing whether the passenger is carrying unlawfully a dangerous weapon, explosive, or other destructive substance; or

(2) property of a passenger who does not consent to a search of the property establishing whether the property unlawfully contains a dangerous weapon, explosive, or other destructive substance.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1204; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §101(f)(7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3630.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44902(a) | 49 App.:1511(a) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1111; added Sept. 5, 1961, Pub. L. 87–197, §4, 75 Stat. 467; restated Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §204, 88 Stat. 418. |

44902(b) | 49 App.:1511(a) (last sentence). | |

44902(c) | 49 App.:1511(b). |


In this section, the word "passenger" is substituted for "person" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(1), the words "of his person" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "or inspection" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "reasonable" and "also" are omitted as surplus. The word "rules" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulations". The words "the carrier decides is" are substituted for "when, in the opinion of the carrier, such transportation would" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "of flight" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "for compensation or hire" are omitted because of the definitions of "air transportation" and "intrastate air transportation" in section 40102(a) of the revised title. The word "inspect" is omitted as surplus.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(2)(A), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(2)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary".

**2001**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71 substituted "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" for "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator".

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A) authorized to carry and use firearms;

(B) vested with the degree of the police power of arrest the Administrator considers necessary to carry out this section; and

(C) identifiable by appropriate indicia of authority.

(b)

(1) consult with the Secretary of Transportation, the Attorney General, the heads of other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government, and State and local authorities;

(2) consider whether a proposed regulation is consistent with—

(A) protecting passengers; and

(B) the public interest in promoting air transportation and intrastate air transportation;

(3) to the maximum extent practicable, require a uniform procedure for searching and detaining passengers and property to ensure—

(A) their safety; and

(B) courteous and efficient treatment by an air carrier, an agent or employee of an air carrier, and Government, State, and local law enforcement personnel carrying out this section; and

(4) consider the extent to which a proposed regulation will carry out this section.

(c)

(2)(A) The Administrator may approve a security program of an airport operator, or an amendment in an existing program, that incorporates a security program of an airport tenant (except an air carrier separately complying with part 108 or 129 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations) having access to a secured area of the airport, if the program or amendment incorporates—

(i) the measures the tenant will use, within the tenant's leased areas or areas designated for the tenant's exclusive use under an agreement with the airport operator, to carry out the security requirements imposed by the Administrator on the airport operator under the access control system requirements of section 107.14 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, or under other requirements of part 107 of title 14; and

(ii) the methods the airport operator will use to monitor and audit the tenant's compliance with the security requirements and provides that the tenant will be required to pay monetary penalties to the airport operator if the tenant fails to carry out a security requirement under a contractual provision or requirement imposed by the airport operator.

(B) If the Administrator approves a program or amendment described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, the airport operator may not be found to be in violation of a requirement of this subsection or subsection (b) of this section when the airport operator demonstrates that the tenant or an employee, permittee, or invitee of the tenant is responsible for the violation and that the airport operator has complied with all measures in its security program for securing compliance with its security program by the tenant.

(C)

(3)

(d)

(1) to carry firearms; and

(2) to make arrests without warrant for an offense against the United States committed in the presence of the individual or for a felony under the laws of the United States, if the individual reasonably believes the individual to be arrested has committed or is committing a felony.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(2)

(A) work with airport operators and air carriers to implement and strengthen existing controls to eliminate airport access control weaknesses;

(B) require airport operators and air carriers to develop and implement comprehensive and recurring training programs that teach employees their roles in airport security, the importance of their participation, how their performance will be evaluated, and what action will be taken if they fail to perform;

(C) require airport operators and air carriers to develop and implement programs that foster and reward compliance with airport access control requirements and discourage and penalize noncompliance in accordance with guidelines issued by the Administrator to measure employee compliance;

(D) on an ongoing basis, assess and test for compliance with access control requirements, report annually findings of the assessments, and assess the effectiveness of penalties in ensuring compliance with security procedures and take any other appropriate enforcement actions when noncompliance is found;

(E) improve and better administer the Administrator's security database to ensure its efficiency, reliability, and usefulness for identification of systemic problems and allocation of resources;

(F) improve the execution of the Administrator's quality control program; and

(G) work with airport operators to strengthen access control points in secured areas (including air traffic control operations areas, maintenance areas, crew lounges, baggage handling areas, concessions, and catering delivery areas) to ensure the security of passengers and aircraft and consider the deployment of biometric or similar technologies that identify individuals based on unique personal characteristics.

(h)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) shall require screening or inspection of all individuals, goods, property, vehicles, and other equipment before entry into a secured area of an airport in the United States described in section 44903(c); 1

(B) shall prescribe specific requirements for such screening and inspection that will assure at least the same level of protection as will result from screening of passengers and their baggage;

(C) shall establish procedures to ensure the safety and integrity of—

(i) all persons providing services with respect to aircraft providing passenger air transportation or intrastate air transportation and facilities of such persons at an airport in the United States described in subsection (c);

(ii) all supplies, including catering and passenger amenities, placed aboard such aircraft, including the sealing of supplies to ensure easy visual detection of tampering; and

(iii) all persons providing such supplies and facilities of such persons;

(D) shall require vendors having direct access to the airfield and aircraft to develop security programs; and

(E) shall issue guidance for the use of biometric or other technology that positively verifies the identity of each employee and law enforcement officer who enters a secure area of an airport.

(5)

(A) comprehensive technical and operational system requirements and performance standards for the use of biometric identifier technology in airport access control systems (including airport perimeter access control systems) to ensure that the biometric identifier systems are effective, reliable, and secure;

(B) a list of products and vendors that meet the requirements and standards set forth in subparagraph (A);

(C) procedures for implementing biometric identifier systems—

(i) to ensure that individuals do not use an assumed identity to enroll in a biometric identifier system; and

(ii) to resolve failures to enroll, false matches, and false non-matches; and

(D) best practices for incorporating biometric identifier technology into airport access control systems in the most effective manner, including a process to best utilize existing airport access control systems, facilities, and equipment and existing data networks connecting airports.

(6)

(A)

(i) implement this paragraph by publication in the Federal Register; and

(ii) establish a national registered armed law enforcement program, that shall be federally managed, for law enforcement officers needing to be armed when traveling by commercial aircraft.

(B)

(i) establish a credential or a system that incorporates biometric technology and other applicable technologies;

(ii) establish a system for law enforcement officers who need to be armed when traveling by commercial aircraft on a regular basis and for those who need to be armed during temporary travel assignments;

(iii) comply with other uniform credentialing initiatives, including the Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12;

(iv) apply to all Federal, State, local, tribal, and territorial government law enforcement agencies; and

(v) establish a process by which the travel credential or system may be used to verify the identity, using biometric technology, of a Federal, State, local, tribal, or territorial law enforcement officer seeking to carry a weapon on board a commercial aircraft, without unnecessarily disclosing to the public that the individual is a law enforcement officer.

(C)

(i) to ensure that a law enforcement officer of a Federal, State, local, tribal, or territorial government flying armed has a specific reason for flying armed and the reason is within the scope of the duties of such officer;

(ii) to preserve the anonymity of the armed law enforcement officer;

(iii) to resolve failures to enroll, false matches, and false nonmatches relating to the use of the law enforcement travel credential or system;

(iv) to determine the method of issuance of the biometric credential to law enforcement officers needing to be armed when traveling by commercial aircraft;

(v) to invalidate any law enforcement travel credential or system that is lost, stolen, or no longer authorized for use;

(vi) to coordinate the program with the Federal Air Marshal Service, including the force multiplier program of the Service; and

(vii) to implement a phased approach to launching the program, addressing the immediate needs of the relevant Federal agent population before expanding to other law enforcement populations.

(7)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)

(i)

(1)

(2)

(A) prescribe rules requiring that any such crew member be trained in the proper use of the weapon; and

(B) prescribe guidelines setting forth the circumstances under which such weapons may be used.

(3)

(j)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) is used to evaluate all passengers before they board an aircraft; and

(ii) includes procedures to ensure that individuals selected by the program and their carry-on and checked baggage are adequately screened.

(B)

(i) the State has extraordinary air transportation needs or concerns due to its isolation and dependence on air transportation; and

(ii) the routine characteristics of passengers, given the nature of the market, regularly triggers primary selectee status.

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(I) establish a procedure to enable airline passengers, who are delayed or prohibited from boarding a flight because the advanced passenger prescreening system determined that they might pose a security threat, to appeal such determination and correct information contained in the system;

(II) ensure that Federal Government databases that will be used to establish the identity of a passenger under the system will not produce a large number of false positives;

(III) establish an internal oversight board to oversee and monitor the manner in which the system is being implemented;

(IV) establish sufficient operational safeguards to reduce the opportunities for abuse;

(V) implement substantial security measures to protect the system from unauthorized access;

(VI) adopt policies establishing effective oversight of the use and operation of the system; and

(VII) ensure that there are no specific privacy concerns with the technological architecture of the system.

(iv)

(I) shall require air carriers to supply to the Administrator the passenger information needed to begin implementing the advanced passenger prescreening system; and

(II) shall require entities that provide systems and services to air carriers in the operation of air carrier reservations systems to provide to air carriers passenger information in possession of such entities, but only to the extent necessary to comply with subclause (I).

(v)

(D)

(i) being certificated by the Federal Aviation Administration;

(ii) being granted unescorted access to the secure area of an airport; or

(iii) being granted unescorted access to the air operations area (as defined in section 1540.5 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, or any successor regulation to such section) of an airport.

(E)

(i) 2 shall establish a process by which operators of aircraft to be used in charter air transportation with a maximum takeoff weight greater than 12,500 pounds and lessors of aircraft with a maximum takeoff weight greater than 12,500 pounds may—

(I) request the Department of Homeland Security to use the advanced passenger prescreening system to compare information about any individual seeking to charter an aircraft with a maximum takeoff weight greater than 12,500 pounds, any passenger proposed to be transported aboard such aircraft, and any individual seeking to lease an aircraft with a maximum takeoff weight greater than 12,500 pounds to the automatic selectee and no fly lists, utilizing all appropriate records in the consolidated and integrated terrorist watchlist maintained by the Federal Government; and

(II) refuse to charter or lease an aircraft with a maximum takeoff weight greater than 12,500 pounds to or transport aboard such aircraft any persons identified on such watch list.

(ii)

(iii)

(F)

(G)

(i)

(ii)

(H)

(k)

(l)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(m)

(1)

(2)

(A) leveraging existing security screening models used to reduce passenger wait times;

(B) establishing standard guidelines for the screening of military uniform items, including combat boots; and

(C) incorporating any new screening protocols into an existing trusted passenger program, as established pursuant to section 109(a)(3) of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act (49 U.S.C. 114 note), or into the development of any new credential or system that incorporates biometric technology and other applicable technologies to verify the identity of individuals traveling in air transportation.

(3)

(4)

(n)

(1)

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1205; Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §717, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 163; Pub. L. 106–528, §§4, 6, Nov. 22, 2000, 114 Stat. 2520, 2521; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §§101(f)(7)–(9), 106(a), (c), (d), 120, 126(b), 136, 144, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603, 608–610, 629, 632, 636, 644; Pub. L. 107–296, title XIV, §§1405, 1406, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2307; Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, §606(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2568; Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §§4011(a), 4012(a)(1), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3712, 3714; Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §1615(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 486; Pub. L. 111–83, title V, §553, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2179; Pub. L. 112–86, §2(a), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1874; Pub. L. 113–67, div. A, title VI, §603, Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 1188; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(3), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3630; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(316), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4340.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44903(a) | 49 App.:1357(f). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §316(a), (b), (e)(2), (3), (f); added Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §202, 88 Stat. 415, 417. |

44903(b) | 49 App.:1357(a). | |

44903(c)(1) | 49 App.:1357(b). | |

44903(c)(2) | 49 App.:1357(g). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §316(g); added Aug. 15, 1990, Pub. L. 101–370, §2, 104 Stat. 451. |

44903(d) | 49 App.:1356b. | Aug. 8, 1985, Pub. L. 99–83, §553(b), 99 Stat. 226. |

44903(e) | 49 App.:1357(e)(2), (3). |


In this section, the word "passengers" is substituted for "persons" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "the degree of" are substituted for "such" for clarity.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the word "rules" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulations". The words "such reasonable . . . requiring such practices, methods, and procedures, or governing the design, materials, and construction of aircraft, as he may deem necessary" are omitted as surplus. The word "air" after "intrastate" is added for clarity and consistency. The words "and amending" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "the heads of other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government, and State and local authorities" are substituted for "such other Federal, State, and local agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "as he may deem appropriate" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2)(A), the words "in air transportation or intrastate air transportation against acts of criminal violence and aircraft piracy" are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), before subclause (A), the words "inspection" and "in air transportation and intrastate air transportation" are omitted as surplus. In subclause (B), the words "that they will receive" and "any air transportation security program established under" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the words "contribute to . . . the purposes of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "traveling in air transportation or intrastate air transportation from acts of criminal violence and aircraft piracy" and "whose services are made available by their employers" are omitted as surplus. The words "department, agency, or instrumentality of the Government" are substituted for "Federal department or agency" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The word "When" is substituted for "In any case in which" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "receipt of", "by order", "the services of", "directly", and "at the airport concerned in such numbers and for such period of time as the Administrator may deem necessary" are omitted as surplus. The words "When deciding whether additional personnel are needed" are substituted for "In making the determination referred to in the preceding sentence" for clarity.

In subsection (c)(2)(A), before clause (i), the words "under this section" are omitted as surplus. The words "or an amendment in an existing program" are substituted for "and may approve an amendment to a security program of an airport operator approved by the Administrator under subsection (b)" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (ii), the word "monetary" is substituted for "financial" for consistency.

In subsection (e), the words "Notwithstanding any other provisions of law", "the commission of", "considered", and "the moment when" before "such door" are omitted as surplus. The words "to allow passengers to leave" are substituted for "disembarkation", and the words "the aircraft" are added, for clarity. The words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government" are substituted for "Federal departments and agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "as may be . . . the purposes of" are omitted as surplus.

Section 607 of the Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act, referred to in subsec. (j)(2)(F), is section 607 of Pub. L. 108–176, which is set out as a note below.

**2022**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted "chapter 10 of title 5." for "the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.)."

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(I), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(A), substituted "Definitions" for "Definition" in heading and "In this section:" for "In this section, 'law enforcement personnel' means individuals—" in introductory provisions, added par. (1), redesignated former pars. (1) to (3) as subpars. (A) to (C) of par. (2), inserted before subpar. (A) "(2)

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(B), substituted "Administrator" for "Secretary of Transportation" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g)(2)(E), (F). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(C), substituted "Administrator's" for "Under Secretary's".

Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(D)(i), substituted "Secretary of Homeland Security" for "Secretary".

Subsec. (h)(4)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(D)(ii)(I), struck out ", as soon as practicable after the date of enactment of this subsection," after "shall require".

Subsec. (h)(4)(C)(i). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(D)(ii)(II), substituted "subsection (c)" for "section 44903(c)".

Subsec. (h)(4)(E). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(D)(ii)(III), struck out ", not later than March 31, 2005," after "shall issue".

Subsec. (h)(5). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(D)(iii), substituted "Administrator" for "Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security (Transportation Security Administration)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (h)(6)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(D)(iv)(I), substituted "The" for "Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of the Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, the" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (h)(6)(A)(i). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(D)(iv)(II), substituted "paragraph" for "section".

Subsec. (h)(6)(C). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(D)(v), substituted "Secretary of Homeland Security" for "Secretary" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (i)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(E), struck out ", after the date of enactment of this paragraph," after "If".

Subsec. (j)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(F)(i), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) required the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security to recommend to airport operators, within 6 months after Nov. 19, 2001, commercially available measures or procedures to prevent access to secure airport areas by unauthorized persons.

Subsec. (j)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(F)(ii)(VII), substituted "Administrator" for "Assistant Secretary" wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(F)(ii)(I), substituted "Secure flight program" for "Computer-assisted passenger prescreening system" in heading.

Subsec. (j)(2)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(F)(ii)(II), substituted "Administrator" for "Secretary of Transportation", "Secure Flight program" for "Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System", and, in two places, "program" for "system".

Subsec. (j)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(F)(ii)(III), in introductory provisions, substituted "Administrator" for "Secretary of Transportation", "Secure Flight program" for "Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System", and "Administrator" for "Secretary".

Subsec. (j)(2)(C)(i). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(F)(ii)(IV)(aa), substituted "The Administrator" for "Not later than January 1, 2005, the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security (Transportation Security Administration), or the designee of the Assistant Secretary,".

Subsec. (j)(2)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(F)(ii)(IV)(bb), substituted "The" for "Not later than 180 days after completion of testing under clause (i), the".

Subsec. (j)(2)(C)(iv). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(F)(ii)(IV)(cc), substituted "After" for "Not later than 180 days after" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (j)(2)(D). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(F)(ii)(V), substituted "Administrator" for "Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security (Transportation Security Administration)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (j)(2)(E)(i). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(F)(ii)(VI), substituted "The Administrator" for "Not later than 90 days after the date on which the Assistant Secretary assumes the performance of the advanced passenger prescreening function under subparagraph (C)(ii), the" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(G), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary for Border and Transportation Security of the Department of Homeland Security".

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(H)(ii), substituted "Administrator" for "Assistant Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (m)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(3)(H)(i), substituted "Administrator" for "Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security (Transportation Security Administration)".

**2013**—Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 113–67 added subsec. (n).

**2012**—Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 112–86 added subsec. (m).

**2009**—Subsec. (j)(2)(C)(v). Pub. L. 111–83 added cl. (v).

**2007**—Subsec. (h)(6). Pub. L. 110–53 amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (6) related to establishment of a uniform law enforcement officer travel credential incorporating biometric identifier technology not later than 120 days after Dec. 17, 2004.

**2004**—Subsec. (h)(4)(E). Pub. L. 108–458, §4011(a)(1), substituted "shall issue, not later than March 31, 2005, guidance for" for "may provide for".

Subsec. (h)(5) to (7). Pub. L. 108–458, §4011(a)(2), added pars. (5) to (7).

Subsec. (j)(2)(C) to (H). Pub. L. 108–458, §4012(a)(1), added subpars. (C) to (H).

**2003**—Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 108–176 added subsec. (l).

**2002**—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 107–296, §1406(3), redesignated subsec. (h), relating to limitation on liability for acts to thwart criminal violence or aircraft piracy, as (k).

Pub. L. 107–296, §1406(2), redesignated subsec. (h), relating to authority to arm flight deck crews with less-than-lethal weapons, as (i).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 107–296, §1406(2), redesignated subsec. (h), relating to authority to arm flight deck crews with less-than-lethal weapons, as (i). Former subsec. (i) redesignated (j).

Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 107–296, §1405(b)(1), substituted "If the Under Secretary" for "If the Secretary" and "the Under Secretary may" for "the Secretary may".

Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 107–296, §1405(b)(2), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Secretary" in two places in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (i)(3). Pub. L. 107–296, §1405(a), added par. (3).

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 107–296, §1406(1), redesignated subsec. (i) as (j).

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 107–296, §1406(3), redesignated subsec. (h), relating to limitation on liability for acts to thwart criminal violence or aircraft piracy, as (k).

**2001**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), (9), substituted "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" for "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" in two places in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(1), (2)(A), (B). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 107–71, §120, amended heading and text of subpar. (C) generally, substituting provisions relating to maximum use of chemical and biological weapon detection equipment for provisions relating to a manual process at explosive detection locations for randomly selecting additional checked bags for screening.

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 107–71, §106(d), added par. (3).

Subsecs. (e), (f), (g)(1)(A), (B). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g)(2)(A). Pub. L. 107–71, §106(c)(1), substituted "weaknesses;" for "weaknesses by January 31, 2001;".

Subsec. (g)(2)(D). Pub. L. 107–71, §106(c)(2), added subpar. (D) and struck out former subpar. (D) which read as follows: "assess and test for compliance with access control requirements, report findings, and assess penalties or take other appropriate enforcement actions when noncompliance is found;".

Subsec. (g)(2)(C). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator".

Subsec. (g)(2)(E). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(8), substituted "Under Secretary's" for "Administrator's".

Subsec. (g)(2)(F). Pub. L. 107–71, §§101(f)(8), 106(c)(3), substituted "Under Secretary's" for "Administrator's" and "program;" for "program by January 31, 2001;".

Subsec. (g)(2)(G). Pub. L. 107–71, §106(c)(4), added subpar. (G) and struck out former subpar. (G) which read as follows: "require airport operators and air carriers to strengthen access control points in secured areas (including air traffic control operations areas) to ensure the security of passengers and aircraft by January 31, 2001."

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 107–71, §144, which directed that subsec. (h) relating to limitation on liability for acts to thwart criminal violence or aircraft piracy be added at end of section 44903, without specifying the Code title to be amended, was executed by making the addition at the end of this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 107–71, §126(b), added subsec. (h) relating to authority to arm flight deck crews with less-than-lethal weapons.

Pub. L. 107–71, §106(a), added subsec. (h) relating to improved airport perimeter access security.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 107–71, §136, added subsec. (i).

**2000**—Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 106–528, §6, added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 106–181 added subsec. (f).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 106–528, §4, added subsec. (g).

Pub. L. 112–86, §2(b), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1875, provided that: "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Jan. 3, 2012], the Assistant Secretary shall implement the plan required by this Act [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 40101 of this title]."

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–528 effective 30 days after Nov. 22, 2000, see section 9 of Pub. L. 106–528, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §336, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3281, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §§339A, 339B, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3282, 3283, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) review current practices, protocols and requirements of air carriers in responding to allegations of sexual misconduct by passengers onboard aircraft, including training, reporting and data collection; and

"(2) provide recommendations on training, reporting and data collection regarding allegations of sexual misconduct occurring on passenger airline flights that are informed by the review of information described in paragraph (1) and subsection (c)(5) on passengers who have experienced sexual misconduct onboard aircraft.

"(b)

"(1) [the] Department of Transportation;

"(2) [the] Department of Justice, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Office of Victims for Crimes [sic], and the Office on Violence Against Women;

"(3) National organizations that specialize in providing services to sexual assault victims;

"(4) labor organizations that represent flight attendants;

"(5) labor organizations that represent pilots;

"(6) airports;

"(7) air carriers;

"(8) State and local law enforcement agencies; and

"(9) such other Federal agencies and stakeholder organizations as the Secretary of Transportation considers appropriate.

"(c)

"(1) issue recommendations for addressing allegations of sexual misconduct by passengers onboard aircraft, including airline employee and contractor training;

"(2) issue recommendations on effective ways for passengers involved in incidents of alleged sexual misconduct to report such allegation of sexual misconduct;

"(3) issue recommendations on how to most effectively provide data on instances of alleged sexual misconduct onboard aircraft and to whom the data collected should be reported in a manner that protects the privacy and confidentiality of individuals involved in incidents of alleged sexual misconduct and precludes the release of data that publically identifies an individual air carrier to enable better understanding of the frequency and severity of such misconduct;

"(4) issue recommendations for flight attendants, pilots, and other appropriate airline personnel on law enforcement notification in incidents of alleged sexual misconduct;

"(5) review and utilize first-hand accounts from passengers who have experienced sexual misconduct onboard aircraft; and

"(6) other matters deemed necessary by the Task Force.

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(g)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the Office for Victims of Crime and the Office on Violence Against Women of the Department of Justice;

"(2) the Federal Bureau of Investigation; and

"(3) the Department of Transportation."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §551, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3378, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) Reporting protocols for air carrier customer service agents who have been the victim of a verbal or physical assault.

"(2) Protocols for the immediate notification of law enforcement after an incident of verbal or physical assault committed against an air carrier customer service agent.

"(3) Protocols for informing Federal law enforcement with respect to violations of section 46503 of title 49, United States Code.

"(4) Protocols for ensuring that a passenger involved in a violent incident with a customer service agent of an air carrier is not allowed to move through airport security or board an aircraft until appropriate law enforcement has had an opportunity to assess the incident and take appropriate action.

"(5) Protocols for air carriers to inform passengers of Federal laws protecting Federal, airport, and air carrier employees who have security duties within an airport.

"(c)

"(d)

"(1) complete a study of crimes of violence (as defined in section 16 of title 18, United States Code) committed against airline customer service representatives while they are performing their duties and on airport property; and

"(2) submit the findings of the study, including any recommendations, to the appropriate committees of Congress [Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives].

"(e)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1915, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3555, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) shall conduct a review to determine whether the TSA [Transportation Security Administration] is the most appropriate component within the Department [of Homeland Security] to administer the Transportation Security Laboratory; and

"(2) may direct the TSA to administer the Transportation Security Laboratory if the review under paragraph (1) identifies the TSA as the most appropriate component.

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1920, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3560, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(1) the extent of airport participation in the pilot program and how the program was implemented;

"(2) the results of the pilot program and any reported benefits, including the impact on security and any cost-related efficiencies realized by TSA [Transportation Security Administration] or at the participating airports; and

"(3) the feasibility of expanding the pilot program to additional airports, including to medium and large hub airports."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1934, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3572, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(A)

"(B)

"(2)

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(g)

"(h)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) the results of such testing to—

"(i) the airport operator for the airport that is the subject of any such testing; and

"(ii) as appropriate, to air carriers and foreign air carriers that operate at the airport that is the subject of such testing; and

"(B) recommendations and technical assistance for air carriers, foreign air carriers, and airport operators to conduct their own employee inspections, as needed.

"(3)

"(i)

"(1)

"(A) subject to paragraph (2), establish a national, centralized database of the names of each individual who—

"(i) has had an airport-issued badge revoked for failure to comply with aviation security requirements; or

"(ii) has had an aircraft operator-issued badge revoked for failure to comply with aviation security requirements;

"(B) determine the appropriate reporting mechanisms for air carriers, foreign air carriers, and airport operators—

"(i) to submit to the Administration data regarding an individual described in subparagraph (A); and

"(ii) to access the database; and

"(C) establish a process to allow an individual whose name is mistakenly entered into the database to correct the record and have the individual's name expunged from the database.

"(2)

"(A) a violation of a security requirement; or

"(B) a determination that the individual poses a threat to aviation security."

[For definitions of terms used in section 1934 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1902 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Title I of Div. K of Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1935, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3574, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) to increase the presence of law enforcement officers in the public areas of airports, including baggage claim, ticket counters, and nearby roads;

"(2) to increase the presence of law enforcement officers at screening checkpoints;

"(3) to reduce the response times of law enforcement officers during security incidents; and

"(4) to provide visible deterrents to potential terrorists.

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1936, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3575, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], update the Transportation Sector Security Risk Assessment (referred to in this section as the 'TSSRA'); and

"(B) not later than 90 days after the date the TSSRA is updated under subparagraph (A)—

"(i) update with the most currently available intelligence information the Comprehensive Risk Assessment of Perimeter and Access Control Security (referred to in this section as the 'Risk Assessment of Airport Security');

"(ii) establish a regular schedule for periodic updates to the Risk Assessment of Airport Security; and

"(iii) conduct a system-wide assessment of airport access control points and airport perimeter security.

"(2)

"(A) include updates reflected in the TSSRA and Joint Vulnerability Assessment findings;

"(B) reflect changes to the risk environment relating to airport access control points and airport perimeters;

"(C) use security event data for specific analysis of system-wide trends related to airport access control points and airport perimeter security to better inform risk management decisions; and

"(D) consider the unique geography of and current best practices used by airports to mitigate potential vulnerabilities.

"(3)

"(A) the appropriate committees of Congress [Committees on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives];

"(B) relevant Federal departments and agencies; and

"(C) airport operators.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) information from the Risk Assessment of Airport Security; and

"(B) information on—

"(i) airport security-related activities;

"(ii) the status of TSA [Transportation Security Administration] efforts to address the objectives of the National Strategy;

"(iii) finalized outcome-based performance measures and performance levels for—

"(I) each activity described in clause (i); and

"(II) each objective described in clause (ii); and

"(iv) input from airport operators.

"(3)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1949, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3588, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) is a citizen of the United States or alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence;

"(B) has filed the inquiry with DHS TRIP after receiving enhanced screening at an airport passenger security checkpoint more than 3 times in any 60-day period; and

"(C) believes the individual has been wrongly identified as being a threat to aviation security.

"(2)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) publish the Secure Flight Privacy Impact Assessment review and update required under paragraph (1) on a publicly-accessible internet webpage of the TSA [Transportation Security Administration]; and

"(B) submit the Secure Flight Privacy Impact Assessment review and update to the appropriate committees of Congress.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) The Office of Civil Rights and Liberties, Ombudsman, and Traveler Engagement of the TSA.

"(B) The Office of Civil Rights and Liberties of the Department [of Homeland Security].

"(C) The Office of Chief Counsel of the TSA.

"(D) The Office of General Counsel of the Department.

"(E) The Privacy Office of the Administration.

"(F) The Privacy Office of the Department.

"(G) The Federal Air Marshal Service.

"(H) The Traveler Redress Inquiry Program of the Department.

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(e)

"(1) study the rules identified under subsection (c)(1), including—

"(A) whether the rules are effective in mitigating potential threats to aviation security; and

"(B) whether, and if so how, the TSA coordinates with the Department regarding any proposed change to a rule; and

"(2) submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report on the findings under paragraph (1), including any recommendations."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1952, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3592, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the reasons for the delay in deploying the system; and

"(2) a detailed schedule of actions necessary for the deployment of the system.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(A)

"(B)

"(5)

"(A)

"(i) is not a commercial service airport; and

"(ii) is receiving screening services for scheduled passenger aircraft.

"(B)

"(C)

"(d)

"(1) The recommendation regarding general aviation access to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, as adopted on February 17, 2015.

"(2) The recommendation regarding the vetting of persons seeking flight training in the United States, as adopted on July 28, 2016.

"(3) Any other such recommendations relevant to the security of general aviation adopted before the date of the enactment of this Act.

"(e)

"(f)

[For definitions of terms used in section 1952 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1902 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Title I of Div. K of Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1961, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3600, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §509, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3355, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) assess the degree to which the framework identifies and addresses known cybersecurity risks associated with the aviation system;

"(2) review existing short- and long-term objectives for addressing cybersecurity risks to the national airspace system; and

"(3) assess the [Federal Aviation] Administration's level of engagement and coordination with aviation stakeholders and other appropriate agencies, organizations, or groups with which the Administration consults to carry out the framework.

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2111, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 625, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) identify and address the cybersecurity risks associated with—

"(i) the modernization of the national airspace system;

"(ii) the automation of aircraft, equipment, and technology; and

"(iii) aircraft systems, including by—

"(I) directing the Aircraft Systems Information Security Protection Working Group—

"(aa) to assess cybersecurity risks to aircraft systems;

"(bb) to review the extent to which existing rulemaking, policy, and guidance to promote safety also promote aircraft systems information security protection; and

"(cc) to provide appropriate recommendations to the Administrator if separate or additional rulemaking, policy, or guidance is needed to address cybersecurity risks to aircraft systems; and

"(II) identifying and addressing—

"(aa) cybersecurity risks associated with in-flight entertainment systems; and

"(bb) whether in-flight entertainment systems can and should be isolated and separate, such as through an air gap, under existing rulemaking, policy, and guidance;

"(B) clarify cybersecurity roles and responsibilities of offices and employees of the Federal Aviation Administration, as the roles and responsibilities relate to cybersecurity at the Federal Aviation Administration;

"(C) identify and implement objectives and actions to reduce cybersecurity risks to air traffic control information systems, including actions to improve implementation of information security standards, such as those of the National Institute of Standards and Technology;

"(D) support voluntary efforts by industry, RTCA, Inc., and other standards-setting organizations to develop and identify consensus standards and best practices relating to guidance on aviation systems information security protection, consistent, to the extent appropriate, with the cybersecurity risk management activities described in section 2(e) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 272(e));

"(E) establish guidelines for the voluntary exchange of information between and among aviation stakeholders pertaining to aviation-related cybersecurity incidents, threats, and vulnerabilities;

"(F) identify short- and long-term objectives and actions that can be taken in response to cybersecurity risks to the national airspace system; and

"(G) identify research and development activities to inform actions in response to cybersecurity risks.

"(3)

"(A) coordinate with aviation stakeholders, including, at a minimum, representatives of industry, airlines, manufacturers, airports, RTCA, Inc., and unions;

"(B) consult with the heads of relevant agencies and with international regulatory authorities;

"(C) if determined appropriate, convene an expert panel or working group to identify and address cybersecurity risks; and

"(D) evaluate, on a periodic basis, the effectiveness of the principles established under this subsection.

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(1) a cybersecurity standards plan to improve implementation of the National Institute of Standards and Technology's latest revisions to information security guidance for Federal Aviation Administration information and Federal Aviation Administration information systems within set timeframes; and

"(2) an explanation of why any such revisions are not incorporated in the plan or are not incorporated within set timeframes.

"(e)

"(1) any proposal for research and development cooperation with international partners;

"(2) an evaluation and determination of research and development needs to determine any cybersecurity risks of cabin communications and cabin information technology systems on board in the passenger domain; and

"(3) objectives, proposed tasks, milestones, and a 5-year budgetary profile."

Pub. L. 114–50, Sept. 24, 2015, 129 Stat. 490, provided that:

"This Act may be cited as the 'Gerardo Hernandez Airport Security Act of 2015'.

"In this Act:

"(1)

"(2)

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) A strategy for evacuating and providing care to persons inside the perimeter of the airport, with consideration given to the needs of persons with disabilities.

"(2) A plan for establishing a unified command, including identification of staging areas for non-airport-specific law enforcement and fire response.

"(3) A schedule for regular testing of communications equipment used to receive emergency calls.

"(4) An evaluation of how emergency calls placed by persons inside the perimeter of the airport will reach airport police in an expeditious manner.

"(5) A practiced method and plan to communicate with travelers and all other persons inside the perimeter of the airport.

"(6) To the extent practicable, a projected maximum timeframe for law enforcement response to active shooters, acts of terrorism, and incidents that target passenger security-screening checkpoints.

"(7) A schedule of joint exercises and training to be conducted by the airport, the Administration, other stakeholders such as airport and airline tenants, and any relevant law enforcement, airport police, fire, and medical personnel.

"(8) A schedule for producing after-action joint exercise reports to identify and determine how to improve security incident response capabilities.

"(9) A strategy, where feasible, for providing airport law enforcement with access to airport security video surveillance systems at category X airports where those systems were purchased and installed using Administration funds.

"(c)

"The Assistant Secretary shall—

"(1) identify best practices that exist across airports for security incident planning, management, and training; and

"(2) establish a mechanism through which to share such best practices with other airport operators nationwide.

"Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 24, 2015], and annually thereafter, the Assistant Secretary shall certify in writing to the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate that all screening personnel have participated in practical training exercises for active shooter scenarios.

"Not later than 90 days after the enactment of this Act [Sept. 24, 2015], the Assistant Secretary shall provide to the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate an analysis of how the Administration can use cost savings achieved through efficiencies to increase over the next 5 fiscal years the funding available for checkpoint screening law enforcement support reimbursable agreements.

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) A strategy for evacuating and providing care to individuals, with consideration given to the needs of persons with disabilities.

"(2) A plan for establishing a unified command.

"(3) A plan for frontline employees to receive active shooter training.

"(4) A schedule for regular testing of communications equipment used to receive emergency calls.

"(5) An evaluation of how emergency calls placed by individuals using the transportation system will reach police in an expeditious manner.

"(6) A practiced method and plan to communicate with individuals using the transportation system.

"(c)

"(d)

"No additional funds are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this Act, and this Act shall be carried out using amounts otherwise available for such purpose.

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 113–6, div. D, title II, Mar. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 349, provided in part: "That the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall, within 270 days of the date of enactment of this Act [Mar. 26, 2013], establish procedures allowing members of cabin flight crews of air carriers to participate in the Known Crewmember pilot program, unless the Administrator determines that meeting the requirement within this timeline is not practicable and informs the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and House of Representatives of the basis for that determination and the new timeline for implementing the requirement".

Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §1605, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 481, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) describes the system to be utilized by the Department of Homeland Security to assume the performance of comparing passenger information, as defined by the Administrator, to the automatic selectee and no-fly lists, utilizing appropriate records in the consolidated and integrated terrorist watchlist maintained by the Federal Government;

"(2) provides a projected timeline for each phase of testing and implementation of the system;

"(3) explains how the system will be integrated with the prescreening system for passengers on international flights; and

"(4) describes how the system complies with section 552a of title 5, United States Code.

"(b) GAO

"(1) describes the progress made by the Transportation Security Administration in implementing the secure flight passenger pre-screening program;

"(2) describes the effectiveness of the current appeals process for passengers wrongly assigned to the no-fly and terrorist watch lists;

"(3) describes the Transportation Security Administration's plan to protect private passenger information and progress made in integrating the system with the pre-screening program for international flights operated by United States Customs and Border Protection;

"(4) provides a realistic determination of when the system will be completed; and

"(5) includes any other relevant observations or recommendations the Comptroller General deems appropriate."

Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §1613, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 485, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) utilize different technologies that protect the integrity of the airport exit lanes from unauthorized entry;

"(2) work with airport officials to deploy such technologies in multiple configurations at a selected airport or airports at which some of the exits are not colocated with a screening checkpoint; and

"(3) ensure the level of security is at or above the level of existing security at the airport or airports where the pilot program is conducted.

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) the airport or airports selected to participate in the pilot program;

"(B) the technologies to be tested;

"(C) the potential savings from implementing the technologies at selected airport exits;

"(D) the types of configurations expected to be deployed at such airports; and

"(E) the expected financial contribution from each airport.

"(2)

"(A) the changes in security procedures and technologies deployed;

"(B) the estimated cost savings at the airport or airports that participated in the pilot program; and

"(C) the efficacy and staffing benefits of the pilot program and its applicability to other airports in the United States.

"(3)

"(A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate;

"(B) the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate;

"(C) the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate;

"(D) the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives; and

"(E) the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.

"(d)

Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §1614, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 486, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, §607, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2568, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) a procedure is established enabling airline passengers, who are delayed or prohibited from boarding a flight because CAPPS2 determined that they might pose a security threat, to appeal such determination and correct information contained in CAPPS2;

"(2) the error rate of the Government and private data bases that will be used to both establish identity and assign a risk level to a passenger under CAPPS2 will not produce a large number of false positives that will result in a significant number of passengers being mistaken as a security threat;

"(3) the Under Secretary has demonstrated the efficacy and accuracy of all search tools in CAPPS2 and has demonstrated that CAPPS2 can make an accurate predictive assessment of those passengers who would constitute a security threat;

"(4) the Secretary of Homeland Security has established an internal oversight board to oversee and monitor the manner in which CAPPS2 is being implemented;

"(5) the Under Secretary has built in sufficient operational safeguards to reduce the opportunities for abuse;

"(6) substantial security measures are in place to protect CAPPS2 from unauthorized access by hackers or other intruders;

"(7) the Under Secretary has adopted policies establishing effective oversight of the use and operation of the system; and

"(8) there are no specific privacy concerns with the technological architecture of the system.

"(b) GAO

Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §821, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2594, provided that: "The Secretary of Homeland Security, subject to the availability of funds (other than amounts in the Aviation Trust Fund) provided for this purpose, shall reimburse air carriers and airports for—

"(1) the screening of catering supplies; and

"(2) checking documents at security checkpoints."

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §104, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 605, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) issue an order (without regard to the provisions of chapter 5 of title 5, United States Code)—

"(A) prohibiting access to the flight deck of aircraft engaged in passenger air transportation or intrastate air transportation that are required to have a door between the passenger and pilot compartments under title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, except to authorized persons;

"(B) requiring the strengthening of the flight deck door and locks on any such aircraft operating in air transportation or intrastate air transportation that has a rigid door in a bulkhead between the flight deck and the passenger area to ensure that the door cannot be forced open from the passenger compartment;

"(C) requiring that such flight deck doors remain locked while any such aircraft is in flight except when necessary to permit access and egress by authorized persons; and

"(D) prohibiting the possession of a key to any such flight deck door by any member of the flight crew who is not assigned to the flight deck; and

"(2) take such other action, including modification of safety and security procedures and flight deck redesign, as may be necessary to ensure the safety and security of the aircraft.

"(b)

"(1) to use video monitors or other devices to alert pilots in the flight deck to activity in the cabin, except that the use of such monitors or devices shall be subject to nondisclosure requirements applicable to cockpit video recordings under section 1114(c) [of title 49];

"(2) to ensure continuous operation of an aircraft transponder in the event of an emergency; and

"(3) to revise the procedures by which cabin crews of aircraft can notify flight deck crews of security breaches and other emergencies, including providing for the installation of switches or other devices or methods in an aircraft cabin to enable flight crews to discreetly notify the pilots in the case of a security breach occurring in the cabin.

"(c)

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §106(b), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 609, provided that:

"(1)

"(A) provide technical support to airports, each of which had less than 1 percent of the total annual enplanements in the United States for the most recent calendar year for which data is available, to enhance security operations; and

"(B) provide financial assistance to those airports to defray the costs of enhancing security.

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) 15 days for a nonhub airport (as defined in section 41714(h) of title 49, United States Code);

"(ii) 30 days for a small hub airport (as defined in such section);

"(iii) 60 days for a medium hub airport (as defined in such section); and

"(iv) 120 days for an airport that had at least 1 percent of the total annual enplanements in the United States for the most recent calendar year for which data is available."

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §106(e), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 610, provided that: "The Under Secretary of Transportation for Security [now Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration] shall require scheduled passenger air carriers, and airports in the United States described in section 44903(c) [of title 49] to develop security awareness programs for airport employees, ground crews, gate, ticket, and curbside agents of the air carriers, and other individuals employed at such airports."

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §117, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 624, provided that: "In order to ensure that all airline computer reservation systems maintained by United States air carriers are secure from unauthorized access by persons seeking information on reservations, passenger manifests, or other nonpublic information, the Secretary of Transportation shall require all such air carriers to utilize to the maximum extent practicable the best technology available to secure their computer reservation system against such unauthorized access."

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §121, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 630, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the cost is eligible for reimbursement under subsection (a); and

"(2) the cost was incurred by the airport operator, on-airport parking lot, or vendor of on-airfield direct services to air carriers.

The Inspector General of the Department of Transportation and the Comptroller General of the United States may audit such statements and may request any other information necessary to conduct such an audit.

"(c)

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §128, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 633, which authorized the pilot of a passenger aircraft to carry a firearm into the cockpit if approved by the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security and the air carrier, if the firearm is approved by the Under Secretary, and if the pilot has received proper training, was repealed by Pub. L. 107–296, title XIV, §1402(b)(2), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2305.

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §132(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 635, which provided that within 90 days after Nov. 19, 2001, the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security was to implement an aviation security program for charter air carriers with a maximum certificated takeoff weight of 12,500 pounds or more, was repealed by Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, §606(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2568.

Pub. L. 106–528, §5, Nov. 22, 2000, 114 Stat. 2521, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) correct physical security weaknesses at air traffic control facilities so the facilities can be granted physical security accreditation not later than April 30, 2004; and

"(2) ensure that follow-up inspections are conducted, deficiencies are promptly corrected, and accreditation is kept current for all air traffic control facilities.

"(b)

Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §512, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 142, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) establish a program under which the Attorney General may deputize State and local law enforcement officers having jurisdiction over airports and airport authorities as Deputy United States Marshals for the limited purpose of enforcing Federal laws that regulate security on board aircraft, including laws relating to violent, abusive, or disruptive behavior by passengers in air transportation; and

"(B) encourage the participation of law enforcement officers of State and local governments in the program.

"(2)

"(A) the United States Government (including the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] or a designated representative of the Administrator); and

"(B) State and local governments in any geographic area in which the program may operate.

"(3)

"(A)

"(i) meet the minimum background and training requirements for a law enforcement officer under part 107 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (or equivalent requirements established by the Attorney General); and

"(ii) receive approval to participate in the program from the State or local law enforcement agency that is the employer of that law enforcement officer.

"(B)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) be considered to be an employee of the United States Government; or

"(B) receive compensation from the United States Government by reason of service as a Deputy United States Marshal under the program.

"(d)

"(1) grant a State or local law enforcement officer that is deputized under the program the power to enforce any Federal law that is not described in subsection (c); or

"(2) limit the authority that a State or local law enforcement officer may otherwise exercise in the officer's capacity under any other applicable State or Federal law.

"(e)

"(f)

Pub. L. 104–264, title III, §309, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3253, provided that: "The Secretary of Transportation and the Attorney General, acting through the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, shall enter into an interagency agreement providing for the establishment of an aviation security liaison at existing appropriate Federal agencies' field offices in or near cities served by a designated high-risk airport."

For definitions of terms used in sections 104, 106(b), (e), 117, 121, 128, and 132(a) of Pub. L. 107–71, set out above, see section 133 of Pub. L. 107–71, set out as a note under section 40102 of this title.

1 So in original. Probably should be "subsection (c)".

(a)

(b)

(1) the adequacy of security procedures related to the handling and transportation of checked baggage and cargo;

(2) space requirements for security personnel and equipment;

(3) separation of screened and unscreened passengers, baggage, and cargo;

(4) separation of the controlled and uncontrolled areas of airport facilities; and

(5) coordination of the activities of security personnel of the Transportation Security Administration, the United States Customs Service, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, and air carriers, and of other law enforcement personnel.

(c)

(1) establish a damage mitigation and recovery plan for the aviation system in the event of a terrorist attack; and

(2) include a threat matrix document that outlines each threat to the United States civil aviation system and the corresponding layers of security in place to address such threat.

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1207; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §101(f)(1), (7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4001(b), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3712; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(4), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3632.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44904(a) | 49 App.:1357 (note). | Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §106(a), (b), 104 Stat. 3075. |

44904(b) | 49 App.:1357 (note). | Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §106(c), 104 Stat. 3075. |

44904(c) | 49 App.:1357 (note). | Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §106(e), 104 Stat. 3075. |


In subsection (a), the words "domestic air transportation system" are substituted for "domestic aviation system" for consistency in this section.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the word "Director" is substituted for "Federal Bureau of Investigation" because of 28:532. In clauses (1) and (3), the word "mail" is omitted as being included in "cargo".

In subsection (c), the word "correcting" is substituted for "remedying" for clarity.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(4)(D), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(4)(A), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" in first sentence.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(4)(B), substituted "section 114(s)(3)" for "section 114(t)(3)" and "section 114(s)" for "section 114(t)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(4)(C), substituted "The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Not later than 90 days after the date of the submission of the National Strategy for Transportation Security under section 114(t)(4)(A), the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security (Transportation Security Administration)" and "section 114(s)(1)" for "section 114(t)(1)".

**2004**—Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 108–458 added subsecs. (c) and (d) and redesignated former subsec. (c) as (e).

**2001**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), (9), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" in two places and "of Transportation for Security" for "of the Federal Aviation Administration".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(1), substituted "the Transportation Security Administration" for "the Administration".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator".

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the United States Customs Service of the Department of the Treasury, including functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 203(1), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. For establishment of U.S. Customs and Border Protection in the Department of Homeland Security, treated as if included in Pub. L. 107–296 as of Nov. 25, 2002, see section 211 of Title 6, as amended generally by Pub. L. 114–125, and section 802(b) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6.

For abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service, transfer of functions, and treatment of related references, see note set out under section 1551 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.

Pub. L. 104–264, title III, §310, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3253, provided that: "The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shall carry out joint threat and vulnerability assessments on security every 3 years, or more frequently, as necessary, at each airport determined to be high risk."

(a)

(b)

(c)

(A) deciding, on a case-by-case basis, if public notice of a threat is in the best interest of the United States and the traveling public;

(B) ensuring that public notice is provided in a timely and effective way, including the use of a toll-free telephone number; and

(C) canceling the departure of a flight or series of flights under subsection (b) of this section.

(2) The guidelines shall provide for consideration of—

(A) the specificity of the threat;

(B) the credibility of intelligence information related to the threat;

(C) the ability to counter the threat effectively;

(D) the protection of intelligence information sources and methods;

(E) cancellation, by an air carrier or the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, of a flight or series of flights instead of public notice;

(F) the ability of passengers and crew to take steps to reduce the risk to their safety after receiving public notice of a threat; and

(G) other factors the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration considers appropriate.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1207; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §101(f)(7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(5), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3632.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44905(a) | 49 App.:1358d(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §321; added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §109(a), 104 Stat. 3078. |

44905(b) | 49 App.:1358d(b). | |

44905(c)(1) | 49 App.:1358d(c)(1), (d). | |

44905(c)(2) | 49 App.:1358d(e). | |

44905(d) | 49 App.:1358d(c)(2). | |

44905(e) | 49 App.:1358d(f). | |

44905(f) | 49 App.:1358d(h). | |

44905(g) | 49 App.:1358d(g). |


In subsection (a), the words "employed by an air carrier, airport operator, or ticket agent" are substituted for "employed by such an entity" for clarity. The words "or a designee of the Secretary" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsections (c)(1), before clause (A), and (d), the words "Not later than 180 days after November 16, 1990" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (c)(1)(B), the words "when considered appropriate" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

In subsection (e), the words "selective potential travelers" are substituted for "only selective potential travelers" to eliminate an unnecessary word.

In subsection (f), the words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government" are substituted for "agencies" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "However, a restriction on access to that information may be imposed only if the restriction does not diminish" are substituted for "Any restriction adopted pursuant to this subsection shall not diminish" for clarity.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(5)(A), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Secretary of Transportation" and "Administrator." for "Secretary."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(5)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security".

Subsecs. (c)(2)(E), (G), (d), (f). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(5)(C), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary".

**2001**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), (9), substituted "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" for "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration".

Subsecs. (c)(2)(E), (G), (d), (f). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator".

The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall continue in effect the requirement of section 129.25 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, that a foreign air carrier must adopt and use a security program approved by the Administrator. The Administrator shall not approve a security program of a foreign air carrier under section 129.25, or any successor regulation, unless the security program requires the foreign air carrier in its operations to and from airports in the United States to adhere to the identical security measures that the Administrator requires air carriers serving the same airports to adhere to. The foregoing requirement shall not be interpreted to limit the ability of the Administrator to impose additional security measures on a foreign air carrier or an air carrier when the Administrator determines that a specific threat warrants such additional measures. The Administrator shall prescribe regulations to carry out this section.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1208; Pub. L. 104–132, title III, §322, Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1254; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §101(f)(7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(6), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3632.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44906(a)(1) | 49 App.:1357(k) (1)–(3). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §316(k)(1)–(3); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §105(a), 104 Stat. 3074. |

49 App.:1357 (note). | Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §105(c), 104 Stat. 3075. |


The text of 49 App.:1357(k)(3) and the words "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act" in section 105(c) of the Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–604, 104 Stat. 3075) are omitted as obsolete.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" and, wherever appearing, "Administrator" for "Under Secretary".

**2001**—Pub. L. 107–71 substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" wherever appearing and "of Transportation for Security" for "of the Federal Aviation Administration".

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–132 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall continue in effect the requirement of section 129.25 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, that a foreign air carrier must adopt and use a security program approved by the Administrator. The Administrator may approve a security program of a foreign air carrier under section 129.25 only if the Administrator decides the security program provides passengers of the foreign air carrier a level of protection similar to the level those passengers would receive under the security programs of air carriers serving the same airport. The Administrator shall require a foreign air carrier to use procedures equivalent to those required of air carriers serving the same airport if the Administrator decides that the procedures are necessary to provide a level of protection similar to that provided passengers of the air carriers serving the same airport. The Administrator shall prescribe regulations to carry out this section."

(a)

(A) a foreign airport—

(i) served by an air carrier;

(ii) from which a foreign air carrier serves the United States; or

(iii) that poses a high risk of introducing danger to international air travel; and

(B) other foreign airports the Secretary considers appropriate.

(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall conduct an assessment under paragraph (1) of this subsection—

(A) in consultation with appropriate aeronautic authorities of the government of a foreign country concerned and each air carrier serving the foreign airport for which the Secretary is conducting the assessment;

(B) to establish the extent to which a foreign airport effectively maintains and carries out security measures, including the screening and vetting of airport workers; and

(C) by using a standard that will result in an analysis of the security measures at the airport based at least on the standards and appropriate recommended practices contained in Annex 17 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation in effect on the date of the assessment.

(3) Each report to Congress required under section 44938(b) of this title shall contain a summary of the assessments conducted under this subsection.

(b)

(1) on the terrorist threat that exists in each country; and

(2) to establish which foreign airports are not under the de facto control of the government of the foreign country in which they are located and pose a high risk of introducing danger to international air travel.

(c)

(d)

(A) the Secretary of Transportation shall—

(i) publish the identity of the airport in the Federal Register;

(ii) have the identity of the airport posted and displayed prominently at all United States airports at which scheduled air carrier operations are provided regularly; and

(iii) notify the news media of the identity of the airport;

(B) each air carrier and foreign air carrier providing transportation between the United States and the airport shall provide written notice of the decision, on or with the ticket, to each passenger buying a ticket for transportation between the United States and the airport;

(C) notwithstanding section 40105(b) of this title, the Secretary of Transportation, after consulting with the appropriate aeronautic authorities of the foreign country concerned and each air carrier serving the airport and with the approval of the Secretary of State, may withhold, revoke, or prescribe conditions on the operating authority of an air carrier or foreign air carrier that uses that airport to provide foreign air transportation; and

(D) the President may prohibit an air carrier or foreign air carrier from providing transportation between the United States and any other foreign airport that is served by aircraft flying to or from the airport with respect to which a decision is made under this section.

(2)(A) Paragraph (1) of this subsection becomes effective—

(i) 90 days after the government of a foreign country is notified under subsection (c) of this section if the Secretary of Transportation finds that the government has not brought the security measures at the airport up to the standard the Secretary used in making an assessment under subsection (a) of this section; or

(ii) immediately on the decision of the Secretary of Transportation under subsection (c) of this section if the Secretary of Transportation decides, after consulting with the Secretary of State, that a condition exists that threatens the safety or security of passengers, aircraft, or crew traveling to or from the airport.

(B) The Secretary of Transportation immediately shall notify the Secretary of State of a decision under subparagraph (A)(ii) of this paragraph so that the Secretary of State may issue a travel advisory required under section 44908(a) of this title.

(3) The Secretary of Transportation promptly shall submit to Congress a report (and classified annex if necessary) on action taken under paragraph (1) or (2) of this subsection, including information on attempts made to obtain the cooperation of the government of a foreign country in meeting the standard the Secretary used in assessing the airport under subsection (a) of this section.

(4) An action required under paragraph (1)(A) and (B) of this subsection is no longer required only if the Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretary of State, decides that effective security measures are maintained and carried out at the airport. The Secretary of Transportation shall notify Congress when the action is no longer required to be taken.

(e)

(1) a condition exists that threatens the safety or security of passengers, aircraft, or crew traveling to or from that airport; and

(2) the public interest requires an immediate suspension of transportation between the United States and that airport.

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1209; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1954, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3595.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44907(a)(1) | 49 App.:1515(a)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1115(a), (b), (d)–(h); added Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §106, 88 Stat. 414; restated Aug. 8, 1985, Pub. L. 99–83, §551(a), 99 Stat. 222. |

44907(a)(2) | 49 App.:1515(a)(2), (3). | |

44907(a)(3) | 49 App.:1515(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1115(c); added Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §106, 88 Stat. 414; restated Aug. 8, 1985, Pub. L. 99–83, §551(a), 99 Stat. 222; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §102(c)(2), 104 Stat. 3069. |

44907(b) | 49 App.:1515(b). | |

44907(c) | 49 App.:1515(d). | |

44907(d)(1) | 49 App.:1515(e)(2). | |

44907(d)(2) | 49 App.:1515(e)(1). | |

44907(d)(3) | 49 App.:1515(e)(3). | |

44907(d)(4) | 49 App.:1515(f). | |

44907(e) | 49 App.:1515(g). | |

44907(f) | 49 App.:1515(h). |


In subsections (a)(2)(A) and (d)(2)(A)(i) and (3), the words "government of a foreign country" are substituted for "foreign government" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a)(2)(B), the word "foreign" is added for clarity and consistency in this section.

In subsection (b)(2), the word "foreign" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (c), the words "government of a foreign country" are substituted for "foreign government" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words "Subject to paragraph (1)" are omitted as surplus. In clause (C), the words "foreign country" are substituted for "foreign government" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The word "prescribe" is substituted for "impose" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The word "provide" is substituted for "engage in" for consistency in the revised title. In clause (D), the words "directly or indirectly" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(2)(A)(i), the words "identified" and "of such airport" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(2)(B), the words "issue a travel advisory required under section 44908(a) of this title" are substituted for "comply with the requirement of section 1515(a) [sic] of this Appendix that a travel advisory be issued" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d)(4), the words "An action required . . . is no longer required" are substituted for "The sanctions required to be imposed with respect to an airport . . . may be lifted" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the word "provide" is substituted for "engage in" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (f), the words "issued under authority vested in" are omitted as surplus.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–254 inserted ", including the screening and vetting of airport workers" after "security measures".

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1953, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3594, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) Trade association representatives, for affected air carriers and airports, who hold the appropriate security clearances.

"(B) The head of each relevant Federal department or agency, including the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.

"(2)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) review current security directives, emergency amendments, and any other policies related to international aviation security at last point of departure airports;

"(B) review the extent of intra-agency and interagency coordination, stakeholder outreach, coordination, and feedback; and

"(C) review TSA's process and criteria for, and implementation of, updating or revoking the policies described in subparagraph (A).

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

(a)

(1) immediately shall issue a travel advisory for that airport; and

(2) shall publicize the advisory widely.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1211; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXII, §2224(a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–819; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(7), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3632.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44908(a) | 49 App.:1515a(a). | Aug. 8, 1985, Pub. L. 99–83, §552, 99 Stat. 226. |

44908(b) | 49 App.:1515a(b). | |

44908(c) | 49 App.:1515a(c), (d). |


In subsection (a)(3), the words "take the necessary steps to" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "all" and "the requirements of" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (c) is substituted for 49 App.:1515a(c) and (d) to eliminate unnecessary words.

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (b), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, which is classified principally to chapter 32 (§2151 et seq.) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of Title 22 and Tables.

The Arms Export Control Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1320, which is classified principally to chapter 39 (§2751 et seq.) of Title 22. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of Title 22 and Tables.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(7)(A), (B), in introductory provisions, substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Secretary of Transportation" wherever appearing and struck out "safety or" before "security of passengers".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(7)(A), (C), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Secretary of Transportation" and "The Administrator" for "The Secretary".

**1998**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–277 inserted "and" at end of par. (1), redesignated par. (3) as (2), and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "shall publish the advisory in the Federal Register; and".

(a)

(A) not later than one hour after that carrier is notified of an aviation disaster outside the United States involving that flight; or

(B) if it is not technologically feasible or reasonable to comply with clause (A) of this paragraph, then as expeditiously as possible, but not later than 3 hours after the carrier is so notified.

(2) The passenger manifest should include the following information:

(A) the full name of each passenger.

(B) the passport number of each passenger, if required for travel.

(C) the name and telephone number of a contact for each passenger.

(3) In carrying out this subsection, the Secretary of Transportation shall consider the necessity and feasibility of requiring air carriers to collect passenger manifest information as a condition for passengers boarding a flight of the carrier.

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) The full name of each passenger and crew member.

(B) The date of birth and citizenship of each passenger and crew member.

(C) The sex of each passenger and crew member.

(D) The passport number and country of issuance of each passenger and crew member if required for travel.

(E) The United States visa number or resident alien card number of each passenger and crew member, as applicable.

(F) Such other information as the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, in consultation with the Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection, determines is reasonably necessary to ensure aviation safety.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1211; Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §718, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 163; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §115, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 623; Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4012(a)(2), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3717; Pub. L. 114–125, title VIII, §802(d)(2), Feb. 24, 2016, 130 Stat. 210; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(8), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3633.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44909(a)(1) | 49 App.:1380(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §410, 72 Stat. 769; Oct. 15, 1962, Pub. L. 87–820, §8, 76 Stat. 936; restated Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §203(a), 104 Stat. 3082. |

44909(a)(2) | 49 App.:1380(b). | |

44909(a)(3) | 49 App.:1380 (note). | Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §203(b), 104 Stat. 3082. |

44909(b) | 49 App.:1380 (note). | Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §203(c), 104 Stat. 3083. |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "each air carrier" are substituted "all United States air carriers" because of the definition of "air carrier" in section 40102(a) of the revised title. The words "an appropriate representative of the Secretary of State" are substituted for "appropriate representatives of the United States Department of State" because of 22:2651 and for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (B), the words "to comply with clause (A) of this paragraph" are substituted for "to fulfill the requirement of this subsection" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (a)(2), before clause (B), the words "For purposes of this section" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "In carrying out this subsection" are substituted for "In implementing the requirement pursuant to the amendment made by subsection (a) of this section" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), the word "imposing" is added for clarity. The words "imposed on air carriers under subsection (a)(1) and (2) of this section" are substituted for "imposed pursuant to the amendment made by subsection (a)" for clarity and because of the restatement.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(8)(A), substituted "The" for "Not later than March 16, 1991, the" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(8)(B)(i), substituted "Each" for "Not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, each".

Subsec. (c)(2)(F), (5). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(8)(B)(ii), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary".

Subsec. (c)(6)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(8)(B)(iii)(I), substituted "The" for "Not later than 60 days after date of enactment of this paragraph, the".

Subsec. (c)(6)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(8)(B)(iii)(II), substituted "the Secretary of Homeland Security will" for "the Secretary will" and "the Secretary of Homeland Security to" for "the Secretary to".

**2004**—Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 108–458, §4012(a)(2)(A), substituted "paragraphs (5) and (6)," for "paragraph (5),".

Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 108–458, §4012(a)(2)(B), added par. (6).

**2001**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–71 which directed the addition of subsec. (c) to section 44909, without specifying the Code title to be amended, was executed by making the addition to this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2000**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 106–181 substituted "should" for "shall" in introductory provisions.

"Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection" substituted for "Commissioner of Customs" in subsec. (c)(1) and (2)(F) on authority of section 802(d)(2) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the United States Customs Service of the Department of the Treasury, including functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 203(1), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. For establishment of U.S. Customs and Border Protection in the Department of Homeland Security, treated as if included in Pub. L. 107–296 as of Nov. 25, 2002, see section 211 of Title 6, as amended generally by Pub. L. 114–125, and section 802(b) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6.

The Secretary of State shall seek multilateral and bilateral agreement on strengthening enforcement measures and standards for compliance related to aircraft sabotage, aircraft hijacking, and airport security.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1212.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44910 | 49 App.:1515 (note). | Aug. 8, 1985, Pub. L. 99–83, §556, 99 Stat. 227. |


(a)

(1) the Department of State.

(2) the Department of Defense.

(3) the Department of the Treasury.

(4) the Department of Energy.

(5) the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.

(6) the Central Intelligence Agency.

(7) the National Security Agency.

(8) the Defense Intelligence Agency.

(9) the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

(10) the Drug Enforcement Administration.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1212; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §§101(f)(7), (9), 102(b), (c), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603, 605; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(9), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3633.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44911(a) | 49 App.:1358d (note). | Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §111(e), 104 Stat. 3080. |

44911(b) | 49 App.:1358d (note). | Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §111(a), 104 Stat. 3080. |

44911(c) | 49 App.:1358d (note). | Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §111(b), 104 Stat. 3080. |

44911(d) | 49 App.:1358d (note). | Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §111(c), 104 Stat. 3080. |

44911(e) | 49 App.:1358d (note). | Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §111(d), 104 Stat. 3080. |


In this section, the word "units" is substituted for "agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsections (b) and (e), the words "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act" in section 111(a) and (d) of the Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–640, 104 Stat. 3080) are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (b), the words "the heads of other units in the intelligence community, the Secretary of Transportation, and the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" are substituted for "other members of the intelligence community, the Department of Transportation, and the Federal Aviation Administration" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsections (c) and (e), the words "heads of units in the intelligence community" are substituted for "intelligence community" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (e), the words "memorandums of understanding" are omitted as being included in "written working agreements".

**2018**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(9)(A), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(9)(B), substituted "request of the Secretary of Homeland Security" for "request of the Secretary".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(9)(C), substituted "Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Secretary, and the Under Secretary" and "intelligence community and the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "intelligence community and the Under Secretary".

**2001**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, §102(b), struck out "international" before "terrorism".

Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), (9), substituted "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" for "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–71, §102(c), substituted "place" for "consider placing".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" in two places.

Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the intelligence community deemed to be a reference to the Director of National Intelligence. Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency deemed to be a reference to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. See section 1081(a), (b) of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 3001 of Title 50, War and National Defense.

(a)

(2) In designing and carrying out the program established under this subsection, the Administrator shall—

(A) consult and coordinate activities with other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government doing similar research;

(B) identify departments, agencies, and instrumentalities that would benefit from that research; and

(C) seek cost-sharing agreements with those departments, agencies, and instrumentalities.

(3) In carrying out the program established under this subsection, the Administrator shall review and consider the annual reports the Secretary of Transportation submits to Congress on transportation security and intelligence.

(4)(A) In carrying out the program established under this subsection, the Administrator shall designate an individual to be responsible for engineering, research, and development with respect to security technology under the program.

(B) The individual designated under subparagraph (A) shall use appropriate systems engineering and risk management models in making decisions regarding the allocation of funds for engineering, research, and development with respect to security technology under the program.

(C) The individual designated under subparagraph (A) shall, on an annual basis, submit to the Administrator a report on activities under this paragraph during the preceding year. Each report shall include, for the year covered by such report, information on—

(i) progress made in engineering, research, and development with respect to security technology;

(ii) the allocation of funds for engineering, research, and development with respect to security technology; and

(iii) engineering, research, and development with respect to any technologies drawn from other agencies, including the rationale for engineering, research, and development with respect to such technologies.

(5) The Administrator may—

(A) make grants to institutions of higher learning and other appropriate research facilities with demonstrated ability to carry out research described in paragraph (1) of this subsection, and fix the amounts and terms of the grants; and

(B) make cooperative agreements with governmental authorities the Administrator decides are appropriate.

(b)

(A) a comprehensive systems analysis (employing vulnerability analysis, threat attribute definition, and technology roadmaps) of the civil aviation system, including—

(i) the destruction, commandeering, or diversion of civil aircraft or the use of civil aircraft as a weapon; and

(ii) the disruption of civil aviation service, including by cyber attack;

(B) explosive material that presents the most significant threat to civil aircraft;

(C) the minimum amounts, configurations, and types of explosive material that can cause, or would reasonably be expected to cause, catastrophic damage to aircraft in air transportation;

(D) the amounts, configurations, and types of explosive material that can be detected reliably by existing, or reasonably anticipated, near-term explosive detection technologies;

(E) the potential release of chemical, biological, or similar weapons or devices either within an aircraft or within an airport;

(F) the feasibility of using various ways to minimize damage caused by explosive material that cannot be detected reliably by existing, or reasonably anticipated, near-term explosive detection technologies;

(G) the ability to screen passengers, carry-on baggage, checked baggage, and cargo; and

(H) the technologies that might be used in the future to attempt to destroy or otherwise threaten commercial aircraft and the way in which those technologies can be countered effectively.

(2) The Administrator shall use the results of the review under this subsection to develop the focus and priorities of the program established under subsection (a) of this section.

(c)

(2)(A) The advisory panel shall consist of individuals who have scientific and technical expertise in—

(i) the development and testing of effective explosive detection systems;

(ii) aircraft structure and experimentation to decide on the type and minimum weights of explosives that an effective explosive detection technology must be capable of detecting;

(iii) technologies involved in minimizing airframe damage to aircraft from explosives; and

(iv) other scientific and technical areas the Administrator considers appropriate.

(B) In appointing individuals to the advisory panel, the Administrator should consider individuals from academia and the national laboratories, as appropriate.

(3) The Administrator shall organize the advisory panel into teams capable of undertaking the review of policies and technologies upon request.

(4) Biennially, the Administrator shall review the composition of the advisory panel in order to ensure that the expertise of the individuals on the panel is suited to the current and anticipated duties of the panel.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) be an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy;

(ii) reveal a trade secret or privileged or confidential commercial or financial information; or

(iii) be detrimental to transportation safety.

(B)

(C)

(i) to conceal a violation of law, inefficiency, or administrative error;

(ii) to prevent embarrassment to a person, organization, or agency;

(iii) to restrain competition; or

(iv) to prevent or delay the release of information that does not require protection in the interest of transportation security, including basic scientific research information not clearly related to transportation security.

(D)

(3)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1212; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §§101(f)(7), (9), 112, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603, 620; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(10), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3633.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44912(a) | 49 App.:1357(d)(3)(A), (D), (4)–(7). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §316(d)(3)–(8); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §107, 104 Stat. 3076. |

44912(b) | 49 App.:1357(d)(3)(B), (C). | |

44912(c) | 49 App.:1357(d)(8). |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "It shall be the purpose of the program established under paragraph (3)" and "established under paragraph (3)" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (a)(2)(A), the word "activities" is added for clarity. The words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government" are substituted for "Federal agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a)(4), the words "The Administrator may . . . make grants" are substituted for "Amounts appropriated for each fiscal year under paragraph (9) shall be made available by the Administrator, by way of grants" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (A), the words "institutions of higher learning" are substituted for "colleges, universities", and the word "institutions" is substituted for "institutions and facilities", for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In clause (B), the words "governmental authorities" are substituted for "governmental entities" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "Not later than 180 days after November 16, 1990" are omitted as obsolete. Clause (B) is substituted for 49 App.:1357(d)(3)(B)(ii) and (iii) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(1)(E), the word "mail" is omitted as being included in "cargo".

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(10)(C), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary" wherever appearing in subsecs. (a) to (c).

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(10)(A)(i), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" and struck out ", not later than November 16, 1993," after "in place".

Subsec. (a)(4)(C). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(10)(A)(ii), substituted "Administrator" for "Research, Engineering and Development Advisory Committee" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(10)(B)(i), struck out ", as a subcommittee of the Research, Engineering, and Development Advisory Committee," after "panel".

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(10)(B)(ii), substituted "Biennially," for "Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, and every two years thereafter,".

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(10)(D), added subsecs. (d) and (e).

**2001**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), (9), substituted "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" for "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration".

Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator".

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 107–71, §112(b)(1)(B), added par. (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (5).

Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" in two places.

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 107–71, §112(b)(1)(A), redesignated par. (4) as (5).

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, §§101(f)(7), 112(a)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" and "periodically review" for "complete an intensive review of".

Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 107–71, §112(b)(2)(B), added subpar. (A). Former subpar. (A) redesignated (B).

Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 107–71, §112(b)(2)(A), redesignated subpar. (A) as (B). Former subpar. (B) redesignated (C).

Pub. L. 107–71, §112(a)(2), substituted "aircraft in air transportation;" for "commercial aircraft in service and expected to be in service in the 10-year period beginning on November 16, 1990;".

Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 107–71, §112(b)(2)(A), redesignated subpar. (B) as (C). Former subpar. (C) redesignated (D).

Subsec. (b)(1)(D). Pub. L. 107–71, §112(b)(2)(A), redesignated subpar. (C) as (D). Former subpar. (D) redesignated (E).

Pub. L. 107–71, §112(a)(3), added subpar. (D). Former subpar. (D) redesignated (E).

Subsec. (b)(1)(E) to (G). Pub. L. 107–71, §112(b)(2)(A), redesignated subpars. (D) to (F) as (E) to (G), respectively. Former subpar. (G) redesignated (H).

Pub. L. 107–71, §112(a)(3), redesignated subpars. (D) to (F) as (E) to (G), respectively.

Subsec. (b)(1)(H). Pub. L. 107–71, §112(b)(2)(A), redesignated subpar. (G) as (H).

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–71, §112(b)(3), amended heading and text of subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Administrator shall establish a scientific advisory panel, as a subcommittee of the Research, Engineering and Development Advisory Committee, to review, comment on, advise on the progress of, and recommend modifications in, the program established under subsection (a) of this section, including the need for long-range research programs to detect and prevent catastrophic damage to commercial aircraft by the next generation of terrorist weapons. The panel shall consist of individuals with scientific and technical expertise in—

"(1) the development and testing of effective explosive detection systems;

"(2) aircraft structure and experimentation to decide on the type and minimum weights of explosives that an effective technology must be capable of detecting;

"(3) technologies involved in minimizing airframe damage to aircraft from explosives; and

"(4) other scientific and technical areas the Administrator considers appropriate."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1916, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3556, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) to cultivate innovations in transportation security;

"(2) to develop and recommend how to prioritize and streamline requirements for new approaches to transportation security;

"(3) to accelerate the development and introduction of new innovative transportation security technologies and improvements to transportation security operations; and

"(4) to provide industry with access to the airport environment during the technology development and assessment process to demonstrate the technology and to collect data to understand and refine technical operations and human factor issues.

"(b)

"(1) conduct activities to identify and develop an innovative technology, emerging security capability, or process designed to enhance transportation security, including—

"(A) by conducting a field demonstration of such a technology, capability, or process in the airport environment;

"(B) by gathering performance data from such a demonstration to inform the acquisition process; and

"(C) by enabling a small business with an innovative technology or emerging security capability, but less than adequate resources, to participate in such a demonstration;

"(2) conduct at least quarterly collaboration meetings with industry, including air carriers, airport operators, and other transportation security stakeholders to highlight and discuss best practices on innovative security operations and technology evaluation and deployment; and

"(3) submit to the appropriate committees of Congress an annual report on the effectiveness of key performance data from task force-sponsored projects and checkpoint enhancements.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) the relevant offices of the TSA;

"(B) if considered appropriate by the Administrator, the Science and Technology Directorate of the Department of Homeland Security;

"(C) any other component of the Department of Homeland Security that the Administrator considers appropriate; and

"(D) such industry representatives as the Administrator considers appropriate.

"(d)

"(e)

[For definitions of terms used in section 1916 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1902 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions of Terms in Title I of Div. K of Pub. L. 115–254 note under section 101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §137, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 637, as amended by Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §1608, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 484, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) the acceleration of research, development, testing, and evaluation of explosives detection technology for checked baggage, specifically, technology that is—

"(A) more cost-effective for deployment for explosives detection in checked baggage at small- to medium-sized airports, and is currently under development as part of the Argus research program at the Transportation Security Administration;

"(B) faster, to facilitate screening of all checked baggage at larger airports; or

"(C) more accurate, to reduce the number of false positives requiring additional security measures;

"(2) acceleration of research, development, testing, and evaluation of new screening technology for carry-on items to provide more effective means of detecting and identifying weapons, explosives, and components of weapons of mass destruction, including advanced x-ray technology;

"(3) acceleration of research, development, testing, and evaluation of threat screening technology for other categories of items being loaded onto aircraft, including cargo, catering, and duty-free items;

"(4) acceleration of research, development, testing, and evaluation of threats carried on persons boarding aircraft or entering secure areas, including detection of weapons, explosives, and components of weapons of mass destruction;

"(5) acceleration of research, development, testing and evaluation of integrated systems of airport security enhancement, including quantitative methods of assessing security factors at airports selected for testing such systems;

"(6) expansion of the existing program of research, development, testing, and evaluation of improved methods of education, training, and testing of key airport security personnel; and

"(7) acceleration of research, development, testing, and evaluation of aircraft hardening materials, and techniques to reduce the vulnerability of aircraft to terrorist attack.

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(1) research and development of longer-term improvements to airport security, including advanced weapons detection;

"(2) secure networking and sharing of threat information between Federal agencies, law enforcement entities, and other appropriate parties;

"(3) advances in biometrics for identification and threat assessment; or

"(4) other technologies for preventing acts of terrorism in aviation."

[For definitions of terms used in section 137 of Pub. L. 107–71, set out above, see section 133 of Pub. L. 107–71, set out as a note under section 40102 of this title.]

Advisory panels established after Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than expiration of 2-year period beginning on the date of their establishment, unless, in the case of a panel established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such panel is renewed by appropriate action prior to expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a panel established by Congress, its duration is otherwise provided for by law. See sections 1001(2) and 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(2) Until such time as the Administrator determines that equipment certified under paragraph (1) is commercially available and has successfully completed operational testing as provided in paragraph (1), the Administrator shall facilitate the deployment of such approved commercially available explosive detection devices as the Administrator determines will enhance aviation security significantly. The Administrator shall require that equipment deployed under this paragraph be replaced by equipment certified under paragraph (1) when equipment certified under paragraph (1) becomes commercially available. The Administrator is authorized, based on operational considerations at individual airports, to waive the required installation of commercially available equipment under paragraph (1) in the interests of aviation security. The Administrator may permit the requirements of this paragraph to be met at airports by the deployment of dogs or other appropriate animals to supplement equipment for screening passengers, baggage, mail, or cargo for explosives or weapons.

(3) This subsection does not prohibit the Administrator from purchasing or deploying explosive detection equipment described in paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1214; Pub. L. 104–264, title III, §305(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3252; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §101(f)(2), (7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(11), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3635.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44913(a)(1) | 49 App.:1358c(a), (b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §320; added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §108, 104 Stat. 3077. |

44913(a)(2) | 49 App.:1358c(c). | |

44913(a)(3) | 49 App.:1358c(d). | |

44913(b) | 49 App.:2225. | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §529, 96 Stat. 699; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §114, 101 Stat. 1505. |


In subsection (a), the words "after November 16, 1990" are omitted as executed. The words "The Administrator shall base the certification on" are substituted for "based on" because of the restatement.

In subsection (b), the words "but not be limited to" are omitted as unnecessary.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(11)(A)(iv), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(11)(A)(i), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration (referred to in this section as 'the Administrator')" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security".

Subsec. (a)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(11)(A)(ii), (iii), redesignated pars. (3) and (4) as (2) and (3), respectively, and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "Before completion of the tests described in paragraph (1) of this subsection, but not later than April 16, 1992, the Under Secretary may require deployment of explosive detection equipment described in paragraph (1) if the Under Secretary decides that deployment will enhance aviation security significantly. In making that decision, the Under Secretary shall consider factors such as the ability of the equipment alone, or as part of an integrated system, to detect under realistic air carrier operating conditions the amounts, configurations, and types of explosive material that would likely be used to cause catastrophic damage to commercial aircraft. The Under Secretary shall notify the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives of a deployment decision made under this paragraph."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(11)(B), substituted "Administrator" for "Secretary of Transportation".

**2001**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(9), substituted "of Transportation for Security" for "of the Federal Aviation Administration".

Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" in two places.

Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(2), substituted "of the Transportation Security Administration" for "of the Administration" in second sentence.

Subsec. (a)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" wherever appearing.

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Public Works and Transportation".

Subsec. (a)(3), (4). Pub. L. 104–264 added par. (3) and redesignated former par. (3) as (4).

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4024, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3724, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 104–264, title III, §303, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3250, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(c)

"(1) assess the weapons and explosive detection technologies that are available at the time of the study that are capable of being effectively deployed in commercial aviation;

"(2) determine how the technologies referred to in paragraph (1) may more effectively be used for promotion and improvement of security at airport and aviation facilities and other secured areas;

"(3) assess the cost and advisability of requiring hardened cargo containers as a way to enhance aviation security and reduce the required sensitivity of bomb detection equipment; and

"(4) on the basis of the assessments and determinations made under paragraphs (1), (2), and (3), identify the most promising technologies for the improvement of the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of weapons and explosive detection.

"(d)

"(1) expertise; and

"(2) to the extent allowable by law, resources and facilities.

"(e)

"(f)

In consultation with the Department of Transportation, air carriers, airport authorities, and others the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration considers appropriate, the Administrator shall develop guidelines for airport design and construction to allow for maximum security enhancement. In developing the guidelines, the Administrator shall consider the results of the assessment carried out under section 44904(a) of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1214; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §101(f)(7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(12), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3635.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44914 | 49 App.:1357 (note). | Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §106(f), 104 Stat. 3075. |

49 App.:1432(d). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §612(d); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §110(a), 104 Stat. 3080. |


The words "In developing the guidelines" are substituted for "In developing airport construction guidelines under subsection (d) of section 612 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as added by section 110 of this Act" in section 106(f) of the Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–604, 104 Stat. 3075) to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "with the Department of Transportation, air carriers, airport authorities, and others the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "with air carriers, airport authorities, and others the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" and, in two places, "Administrator" for "Under Secretary".

**2001**—Pub. L. 107–71 substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" wherever appearing and "of Transportation for Security" for "of the Federal Aviation Administration".

The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration may exempt from sections 44901, 44903(a)–(c) and (e), 44906, 44935, and 44936 of this title airports in Alaska served only by air carriers that—

(1) hold certificates issued under section 41102 of this title;

(2) operate aircraft with certificates for a maximum gross takeoff weight of less than 12,500 pounds; and

(3) board passengers, or load property intended to be carried in an aircraft cabin, that will be screened under section 44901 of this title at another airport in Alaska before the passengers board, or the property is loaded on, an aircraft for a place outside Alaska.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1215; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §101(f)(7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(13), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3635.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44915 | 49 App.:1358. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §317; added July 12, 1976, Pub. L. 94–353, §17(a), 90 Stat. 882. |


In clause (1), the word "issued" is substituted for "granted" for consistency in this part. The words "by the Civil Aeronautics Board" are omitted as surplus.

Clause (3) is substituted for 49 App.:1358 (words after 3d comma) for consistency in the revised title.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" in introductory provisions.

**2001**—Pub. L. 107–71 substituted "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" for "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" in introductory provisions.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–264, title III, §312(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3253; amended Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §101(f)(3), (7), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(14), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3635.)

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(14)(A), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(14)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall" for "Under Secretary shall" and "Administrator may" for "Under Secretary may".

**2001**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(3), substituted "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" for "Administrator" in first sentence and "Transportation Security Administration" for "Administration" in second sentence.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" in two places.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1) may provide for deployment of Federal air marshals on every passenger flight of air carriers in air transportation or intrastate air transportation;

(2) shall provide for deployment of Federal air marshals on every such flight determined by the Administrator to present high security risks;

(3) shall provide for appropriate training, supervision, and equipment of Federal air marshals;

(4) shall require air carriers providing flights described in paragraph (1) to provide seating for a Federal air marshal on any such flight without regard to the availability of seats on the flight and at no cost to the United States Government or the marshal;

(5) may require air carriers to provide, on a space-available basis, to an off-duty Federal air marshal a seat on a flight to the airport nearest the marshal's home at no cost to the marshal or the United States Government if the marshal is traveling to that airport after completing his or her security duties;

(6) may enter into agreements with Federal, State, and local agencies under which appropriately-trained law enforcement personnel from such agencies, when traveling on a flight of an air carrier, will carry a firearm and be prepared to assist Federal air marshals;

(7) shall establish procedures to ensure that Federal air marshals are made aware of any armed or unarmed law enforcement personnel on board an aircraft;

(8) may appoint—

(A) an individual who is a retired law enforcement officer;

(B) an individual who is a retired member of the Armed Forces; and

(C) an individual who has been furloughed from an air carrier crew position in the 1-year period beginning on September 11, 2001,

as a Federal air marshal, regardless of age, if the individual otherwise meets the background and fitness qualifications required for Federal air marshals;

(9) shall require the Federal Air Marshal Service to utilize a risk-based strategy when allocating resources between international and domestic flight coverage, including when initially setting its annual target numbers of average daily international and domestic flights to cover;

(10) shall require the Federal Air Marshal Service to utilize a risk-based strategy to support domestic allocation decisions;

(11) shall require the Federal Air Marshal Service to utilize a risk-based strategy to support international allocation decisions; and

(12) shall ensure that the seating arrangements of Federal air marshals on aircraft are determined in a manner that is risk-based and most capable of responding to current threats to aviation security.

(b) 1 completes implementation of subsection (a), the Under Secretary 1 may use, after consultation with and concurrence of the heads of other Federal agencies and departments, personnel from those agencies and departments, on a nonreimbursable basis, to provide air marshal service.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §105(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 606; amended Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4018, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3721; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §§1959(c)(5), (d)(1), 1991(d)(15), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3599, 3635.)

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(15)(A)(i), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(15)(A)(ii), substituted "by the Administrator" for "by the Secretary".

Subsec. (a)(9) to (12). Pub. L. 115–254, §1959(d)(1), added pars. (9) to (12).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §1959(c)(5), redesignated subsec. (c) as (b) and struck out former subsec. (b). Prior to amendment, text of subsec. (b) read as follows: "In making the determination under subsection (a)(2), nonstop, long distance flights, such as those targeted on September 11, 2001, should be a priority."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §1959(c)(5)(B), redesignated subsec. (d) as (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (b).

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(15)(B)(i), which directed amendment of subsec. (d)(1) by substituting "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Assistant Secretary for Immigration and Customs Enforcement of the Department of Homeland Security", was executed to subsec. (c)(1) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the intervening redesignation of subsec. (d) as (c) by Pub. L. 115–254, §1959(c)(5)(B). See above.

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(15)(B)(ii), which directed amendment of subsec. (d)(3) by substituting "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Assistant Secretary" in two places, was executed to subsec. (c)(3) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the intervening redesignation of subsec. (d) as (c) by Pub. L. 115–254, §1959(c)(5)(B). See above.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, §1959(c)(5)(B), redesignated subsec. (d) as (c).

**2004**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–458 added subsec. (d).

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1959(a)–(c)(4), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3598, 3599, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) such mission is necessary for aviation security; and

"(B) the requirements of paragraph (4)(B) are met.

"(4)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) not later than 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act, a list of each foreign government or partner that does not have a written agreement under this section, including an explanation for why no written agreement exists and a justification for the determination that such a mission is necessary for aviation security; and

"(ii) not later than 30 days after the date that the Administrator makes a determination to schedule Federal air marshal service on flights operating to a foreign country with which no written agreement is in effect under paragraph (3), the name of the applicable foreign government or partner, an explanation for why no written agreement exists, and a justification for the determination that such mission is necessary for aviation security.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1959(d)(3), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3600, provided that: "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Transportation Security Administration] shall begin implementing the requirements under paragraphs (9) through (12) of section 44917(a), United States Code, as added by this Act."

Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4016, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3720, as amended by Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1993, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3646, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

1 So in original. Probably should be "Administrator".

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A) Recognizing suspicious activities and determining the seriousness of any occurrence.

(B) Crew communication and coordination.

(C) The proper commands to give passengers and attackers.

(D) Appropriate responses to defend oneself.

(E) Use of protective devices assigned to crew members (to the extent such devices are required by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration or the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration).

(F) Psychology of terrorists to cope with hijacker behavior and passenger responses.

(G) Situational training exercises regarding various threat conditions.

(H) Flight deck procedures or aircraft maneuvers to defend the aircraft and cabin crew responses to such procedures and maneuvers.

(I) The proper conduct of a cabin search, including explosive device recognition.

(J) Any other subject matter considered appropriate by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) Deterring a passenger who might present a threat.

(B) Advanced control, striking, and restraint techniques.

(C) Training to defend oneself against edged or contact weapons.

(D) Methods to subdue and restrain an attacker.

(E) Use of available items aboard the aircraft for self-defense.

(F) Appropriate and effective responses to defend oneself, including the use of force against an attacker.

(G) Any other element of training that the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration considers appropriate.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §107(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 610; amended Pub. L. 107–296, title XIV, §1403(a), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2305; Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, §603, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2563; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(16), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3635.)

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(16)(C), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a)(2)(E). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(16)(A)(i), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary for Border and Transportation Security of the Department of Homeland Security".

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(16)(A)(ii), substituted "The" for "Not later than one year after the date of enactment of the Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act, the".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(16)(A)(iii), substituted "December 12, 2003," for "the date of enactment of the Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(16)(B)(i), substituted "The" for "Not later than one year after the date of enactment of the Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act, the".

Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(16)(B)(ii), substituted "Federal Air Marshal Service" for "Federal Air Marshals Service".

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–176 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text consisted of subsecs. (a) to (e) relating to development of detailed guidance for a scheduled passenger air carrier flight and cabin crew training program to prepare crew members for potential threat conditions.

**2002**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107–296 designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, substituted "The Under Secretary" for "The Administrator", added pars. (2) and (3), and realigned margins.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1960, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3600, provided that: "The Administrator [of the Transportation Security Administration], in consultation with the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, shall continue to carry out and encourage increased participation by air carrier employees in the voluntary self-defense training program under section 44918(b) of title 49, United States Code."

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1) Start-to-finish secure online or mobile enrollment capability.

(2) Vetting of an applicant by means other than biometrics, such as a risk assessment, if—

(A) such means—

(i) are evaluated and certified by the Secretary of Homeland Security;

(ii) meet the definition of a qualified anti-terrorism technology under section 865 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 444); and

(iii) are determined by the Administrator to provide a risk assessment that is as effective as a fingerprint-based criminal history records check conducted through the Federal Bureau of Investigation with respect to identifying individuals who are not qualified to participate in the PreCheck Program due to disqualifying criminal history; and

(B) with regard to private sector risk assessments, the Secretary has certified that reasonable procedures are in place with regard to the accuracy, relevancy, and proper utilization of information employed in such risk assessments.

(d)

(1) Start-to-finish secure online or mobile enrollment capability.

(2) Vetting of an applicant by means of biometrics if the collection—

(A) is comparable with the appropriate and applicable standards developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology;

(B) protects privacy and data security, including that any personally identifiable information is collected, retained, used, and shared in a manner consistent with section 552a of title 5, United States Code (commonly known as "Privacy Act of 1974"), and with agency regulations;

(C) is evaluated and certified by the Secretary of Homeland Security; and

(D) is determined by the Administrator to provide a risk assessment that is as effective as a fingerprint-based criminal history records check conducted through the Federal Bureau of Investigation with respect to identifying individuals who are not qualified to participate in the PreCheck Program due to disqualifying criminal history.

(e)

(1) 7,000,000 passengers before October 1, 2019.

(2) 10,000,000 passengers before October 1, 2020.

(3) 15,000,000 passengers before October 1, 2021.

(f)

(1) enter into at least 2 agreements, using other transaction authority under section 114(m) of this title, to market the PreCheck Program; and

(2) implement a long-term strategy for partnering with the private sector to encourage enrollment in such program.

(g)

(1) coordinate with the heads of appropriate components of the Department to leverage Department-held data and technologies to verify the identity and citizenship of individuals enrolling in the PreCheck Program;

(2) partner with the private sector to use biometrics and authentication standards, such as relevant standards developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, to facilitate enrollment in the program; and

(3) consider leveraging the existing resources and abilities of airports to collect fingerprints for use in background checks to expedite identity verification.

(h)

(1) ensure that PreCheck Program screening lanes are open and available during peak and high-volume travel times at appropriate airports to individuals enrolled in the PreCheck Program; and

(2) make every practicable effort to provide expedited screening at standard screening lanes during times when PreCheck Program screening lanes are closed to individuals enrolled in the program in order to maintain operational efficiency.

(i)

(1)

(2)

(A) A member of the Armed Forces, including a member of a reserve component or the National Guard.

(B) A cadet or midshipman of the United States Military Academy, the United States Naval Academy, the United States Air Force Academy, or the United States Coast Guard Academy.

(C) A family member of an individual specified in subparagraph (A) or (B) who is younger than 12 years old and accompanying the individual.

(3)

(j)

(k)

(l) Expenditure of Funds.—Any Federal funds expended by the Administrator to expand PreCheck Program enrollment shall be expended in a manner that includes the requirements of this section.

(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §108(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 611; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1937(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3576.)

Section 109 of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is section 109 of Pub. L. 107–71, which is set out as a note under section 114 of this title.

The date of enactment of the TSA Modernization Act, referred to in subsecs. (b) and (f), is the date of enactment of title I of div. K of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to establishment of pilot program under which the screening of passengers and property was to be conducted by a qualified private screening company.

Pub. L. 117–81, div. F, title LXIV, §6417, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2415, provided that: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall, with respect to an individual whose enrollment in a trusted traveler program was revoked in error extend by an amount of time equal to the period of revocation the period of active enrollment in such a program upon reenrollment in such a program by such an individual."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1938, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3579, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) The PreCheck Program under section 44919 of title 49, United States Code.

"(2) Any other program implemented by the TSA under section 109(a)(3) of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act [Pub. L. 107–71] (49 U.S.C. 114 note).

"(3) Any other United States Government program that issues a unique identifier, such as a known traveler number, that the TSA accepts as validating that the individual holding such identifier is a member of a known low-risk population.

"(c)

"(1) the authority of the Administrator, under section 44927 of title 49, United States Code, to carry out expedited screening for members of the Armed Forces with disabilities or severe injuries or veterans with disabilities or severe injuries; or

"(2) the Honor Flight program under section 44928 of that title.

"(d)

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) meets a risk-based, intelligence-driven criteria prescribed by the Administrator; or

"(B) undergoes a canine enhanced screening upon arrival at the passenger screening checkpoint.

"(4)

"(5)

"(A) information relating to the security effectiveness and passenger facilitation effectiveness of the risk modified screening protocol;

"(B) a determination regarding whether the risk modified screening protocol was effective; and

"(C) if the Administrator determined that the protocol was effective, a plan for the deployment of the protocol at as many TSA passenger screening checkpoints as practicable.

"(6)

"(A) the level of risk at the airport;

"(B) the available space at the airport;

"(C) passenger throughput levels at the airport;

"(D) the checkpoint configuration at the airport; and

"(E) adequate resources to appropriately serve passengers in TSA PreCheck security screening lanes at the passenger screening checkpoint.

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(g)

"(1)

"(2)

"(h)

"(i)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) Partnering with air carriers (as the term is defined in section 40102 of title 49, United States Code) to incorporate PreCheck Program promotion opportunities in the reservation process described in section 1560.101 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations;[.]

"(B) Including in the PreCheck Program of [sic] an individual who—

"(i) holds a Secret, Top Secret, or Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information clearance, unless the individual has had the individual's clearance revoked or did not pass a periodic reinvestigation; or

"(ii) is a current, full-time Federal law enforcement officer.

"(C) Providing PreCheck Program enrollment flexibility by offering secure mobile enrollment platforms that facilitate in-person identity verification and application data collection, such as through biometrics.

"(D) Reducing travel time to PreCheck Program enrollment centers for applicants, including—

"(i) by adjusting the locations and schedules of existing PreCheck Program enrollment centers to accommodate demand;

"(ii) by seeking to colocate such enrollment centers with existing facilities that support the issuance of—

"(I) United States passports; and

"(II) Security Identification Display Area credentials (as the term is defined in section 1540.5 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations) located in public, non-secure areas of airports if no systems of an airport operator are used in support of enrollment activities for such credentials; and

"(iii) by increasing the availability of PreCheck Program enrollment platforms, such as kiosks, tablets, or staffed laptop stations.

"(E) The feasibility of providing financial assistance or other incentives for PreCheck Program enrollment for—

"(i) children who are at least 12 years or older, but less than 18 years old;

"(ii) families consisting of 5 or more immediate family members;

"(iii) private sector entities, including small businesses, to establish PreCheck Program enrollment centers in their respective facilities; and

"(iv) private sector entities, including small business concerns (as the term is described in section 3 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 632)), to reimburse an employee for the cost of the PreCheck Program application."

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A)

(i) the findings that served as the basis for the denial;

(ii) the results of any cost or security analysis conducted in considering the application; and

(iii) recommendations on how the airport operator can address the reasons for the denial.

(B)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) the level of screening services and protection provided at the airport under the contract will be equal to or greater than the level that would be provided at the airport by Federal Government personnel under this chapter;

(B) the private screening company is owned and controlled by a citizen of the United States, to the extent that the Administrator determines that there are private screening companies owned and controlled by such citizens; and

(C) the selected qualified private screening company offered contract price is equal to or less than the cost to the Federal Government to provide screening services at the airport.

(3)

(e)

(1) provide Federal Government supervisors to oversee all screening at each airport at which screening services are provided under this section and provide Federal Government law enforcement officers at the airport pursuant to this chapter; and

(2) undertake covert testing and remedial training support for employees of private screening companies providing screening at airports.

(f)

(g)

(1) such airport operator's decision to submit an application to the Secretary of Homeland Security under subsection (a) or such airport operator's decision not to submit an application; and

(2) any act of negligence, gross negligence, or intentional wrongdoing by—

(A) a qualified private screening company or any of its employees in any case in which the qualified private screening company is acting under a contract entered into with the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Secretary's designee; or

(B) employees of the Federal Government providing passenger and property security screening services at the airport.

(3) Nothing in this section shall relieve any airport operator from liability for its own acts or omissions related to its security responsibilities, nor except as may be provided by the Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act of 2002 shall it relieve any qualified private screening company or its employees from any liability related to its own acts of negligence, gross negligence, or intentional wrongdoing.

(h)

(1) 1 an airport operator that has applied and been approved to have security screening services carried out by a qualified private screening company under contract with the Administrator may nominate to the head of the contracting activity an individual to participate in the evaluation of proposals for the award of such contract.

(2)

(i) 2

(i) 2

(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §108(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 612; amended Pub. L. 109–90, title V, §547, Oct. 18, 2005, 119 Stat. 2089; Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, §830(a)–(c), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 135; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §§1946(a), 1991(d)(17), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3585, 3636.)

The Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act of 2002, referred to in subsec. (g)(3), is subtitle G (§§861–865) of title VIII of Pub. L. 107–296, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2238, also known as the SAFETY Act, which is classified generally to part G (§441 et seq.) of subchapter VIII of chapter 1 of Title 6, Domestic Security. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 101 of Title 6 and Tables.

The Federal Advisory Committee Act, referred to in subsec. (h)(1), is Pub. L. 92–463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 770, which was set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and was substantially repealed and restated in chapter 10 (§1001 et seq.) of Title 5 by Pub. L. 117–286, §§3(a), 7, Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4197, 4361. For disposition of sections of the Act into chapter 10 of Title 5, see Disposition Table preceding section 101 of Title 5.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1946(a)(1), substituted "Screening partnership program" for "Security screening opt-out program" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1946(a)(2), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "On or after the last day of the 2-year period beginning on the date on which the Under Secretary transmits to Congress the certification required by section 110(c) of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, an operator of an airport may submit to the Under Secretary an application to have the screening of passengers and property at the airport under section 44901 to be carried out by the screening personnel of a qualified private screening company under a contract entered into with the Under Secretary."

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1946(a)(3)(A), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Not later than 120 days after the date of receipt of an application submitted by an airport operator under subsection (a), the Under Secretary shall approve or deny the application."

Subsec. (b)(2), (3). Pub. L. 115–254, §1946(a)(3)(B), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, §1946(a)(4)(A), substituted "Selection of Contracts and Standards" for "Standards" in heading.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1946(a)(4)(C)(i), substituted "The Administrator shall, upon approval of the application, provide the airport operator with a list of qualified private screening companies." for "The Under Secretary may enter into a contract with a private screening company to provide screening at an airport under this section only if the Under Secretary determines and certifies to Congress that—". Former subpars. (A) and (B) of par. (1) redesignated subpars. (A) and (B), respectively, of par. (2).

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1946(a)(4)(C)(ii), inserted par. (2) designation, heading, and introductory provisions before former subpars. (A) and (B) of par. (1), thereby making them part of par. (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3).

Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §1946(a)(4)(D)(ii)(I), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary".

Subsec. (d)(2)(C). Pub. L. 115–254, §1946(a)(4)(D)(i), (ii)(II), (iii), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §1946(a)(4)(E), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary" in two places and "paragraph (2)(B)" for "paragraph (1)(B)".

Pub. L. 115–254, §1946(a)(4)(B), redesignated par. (2) as (3).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–254, §1946(a)(5)(B)–(E), substituted "The Administrator shall—" for "The Under Secretary shall", inserted par. (1) designation before "provide Federal Government", realigned margins, and added par. (2).

Pub. L. 115–254, §1946(a)(5)(A), substituted "Screening" for "Screened" in heading.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–254, §1946(a)(6), inserted "or Suspension" after "Termination" in heading, and, in text, substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary" in two places and "suspend or terminate, as appropriate," for "terminate".

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(17)(A), substituted "subsection (a)" for "subsection (a) or section 44919".

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 115–254, §1946(a)(7), added subsec. (h) and struck out former subsec. (h). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "As part of any submission of an application for a private screening company to provide screening services at an airport, the airport operator shall provide to the Under Secretary a recommendation as to which company would best serve the security screening and passenger needs of the airport, along with a statement explaining the basis of the operator's recommendation."

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(17)(B), added subsec. (i) defining "Administrator".

Pub. L. 115–254, §1946(a)(7), added subsec. (i) relating to innovative screening approaches and technologies.

**2012**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–95, §830(a), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Under Secretary may approve any application submitted under subsection (a)."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–95, §830(b), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, redesignated former pars. (1) and (2) as subpars. (A) and (B), respectively, of par. (1), realigned margins, and added par. (2).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 112–95, §830(c), added subsec. (h).

**2005**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–90 added subsec. (g).

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1946(c), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3587, provided that: "Not later than 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Transportation Security Administration] shall approve or deny, in accordance with section 44920(b) of title 49, United States Code, as amended by this Act, each application submitted before the date of enactment of this Act, by an airport operator under subsection (a) of that section, that is awaiting such a determination."

Defense Security Service of the Department of Defense changed to Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency effective June 20, 2019, pursuant to Ex. Ord. No. 13467, set out as a note under section 3161 of Title 50, War and National Defense.

1 See References in Text note below.

2 So in original. Two subsecs. (i) have been enacted.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) The type of firearm to be used by a Federal flight deck officer.

(B) The type of ammunition to be used by a Federal flight deck officer.

(C) The standards and training needed to qualify and requalify as a Federal flight deck officer.

(D) The placement of the firearm of a Federal flight deck officer on board the aircraft to ensure both its security and its ease of retrieval in an emergency.

(E) An analysis of the risk of catastrophic failure of an aircraft as a result of the discharge (including an accidental discharge) of a firearm to be used in the program into the avionics, electrical systems, or other sensitive areas of the aircraft.

(F) The division of responsibility between pilots in the event of an act of criminal violence or air piracy if only 1 pilot is a Federal flight deck officer and if both pilots are Federal flight deck officers.

(G) Procedures for ensuring that the firearm of a Federal flight deck officer does not leave the cockpit if there is a disturbance in the passenger cabin of the aircraft or if the pilot leaves the cockpit for personal reasons.

(H) Interaction between a Federal flight deck officer and a Federal air marshal on board the aircraft.

(I) The process for selection of pilots to participate in the program based on their fitness to participate in the program, including whether an additional background check should be required beyond that required by section 44936(a)(1).

(J) Storage and transportation of firearms between flights, including international flights, to ensure the security of the firearms, focusing particularly on whether such security would be enhanced by requiring storage of the firearm at the airport when the pilot leaves the airport to remain overnight away from the pilot's base airport.

(K) Methods for ensuring that security personnel will be able to identify whether a pilot is authorized to carry a firearm under the program.

(L) Methods for ensuring that pilots (including Federal flight deck officers) will be able to identify whether a passenger is a law enforcement officer who is authorized to carry a firearm aboard the aircraft.

(M) Any other issues that the Administrator considers necessary.

(N) The Administrator's decisions regarding the methods for implementing each of the foregoing procedural requirements shall be subject to review only for abuse of discretion.

(4)

(5) 1 of this title, information developed under paragraph (3)(E) shall not be disclosed.

(6)

(7)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) Training to ensure that the officer achieves the level of proficiency with a firearm required under subparagraph (C)(i).

(ii) Training to ensure that the officer maintains exclusive control over the officer's firearm at all times, including training in defensive maneuvers.

(iii) Training to assist the officer in determining when it is appropriate to use the officer's firearm and when it is appropriate to use less than lethal force.

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(I)

(II) 2 date of enactment.

(iii)

(I)

(II)

(iv)

(D)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) the pilot is employed by an air carrier;

(ii) the Administrator determines (in the Administrator's discretion) that the pilot meets the standards established by the Administrator for being such an officer; and

(iii) the Administrator determines that the pilot has completed the training required by the Administrator.

(B)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(f)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(g)

(h)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(i)

(1) shall revoke the deputization of the Federal flight deck officer responsible for that firearm if the Administrator determines that the discharge was attributable to the negligence of the officer; and

(2) if the Administrator determines that a shortcoming in standards, training, or procedures was responsible for the accidental discharge, may temporarily suspend the program until the shortcoming is corrected.

(j)

(1) prohibit a Federal flight deck officer from piloting an aircraft operated by the air carrier; or

(2) terminate the employment of a Federal flight deck officer, solely on the basis of his or her volunteering for or participating in the program under this section.

(k)

(l)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(Added Pub. L. 107–296, title XIV, §1402(a), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2300; amended Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, §609(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2570; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1963(a)–(h), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3601–3603.)

Section 40119 of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(5), was repealed by Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(c)(3), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3627.

The date of enactment of the TSA Modernization Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(D), is the date of enactment of title I of div. K of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(h)(7), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(h)(1), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(h)(2)(A), substituted "The Administrator" for "Not later than 3 months after the date of enactment of this section, the Under Secretary".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(h)(2)(B), substituted "The Administrator shall train and deputize" for "Beginning 3 months after the date of enactment of this section, the Under Secretary shall begin the process of training and deputizing".

Subsec. (b)(3)(N). Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(h)(2)(C), substituted "Administrator's" for "Under Secretary's".

Subsec. (c)(2)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(a), designated existing provisions as subcl. (I), inserted heading, struck out "approved by the Under Secretary" after "facility", and added subcl. (II).

Subsec. (c)(2)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(b)(1), designated existing provisions as subcl. (I), inserted heading, substituted "The Administrator shall" for "The Under Secretary shall" and "the Administrator" for "the Under Secretary", and added subcl. (II).

Subsec. (c)(2)(C)(iv). Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(b)(2), added cl. (iv).

Subsec. (c)(2)(D). Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(c), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(f), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), inserted heading, redesignated former subpars. (A) to (C) as cls. (i) to (iii), respectively, of subpar. (A), substituted "Administrator's" for "Under Secretary's" in subpar. (A)(ii), and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(h)(3), substituted "may" for "may," and "Administrator's" for "Under Secretary's".

Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(g), added par. (5).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(d), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added par. (2).

Subsec. (f)(1), (3). Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(e)(1), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary".

Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(e)(2), added par. (4).

Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(h)(4), substituted "may" for "the Under Secretary may".

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(h)(5), struck out par. (1) designation and heading before "This section" and struck out pars. (2) and (3) which defined "pilot" and defined "air transportation" to include all-cargo air transportation.

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 115–254, §1963(h)(6), added subsec. (l).

**2003**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–176, §609(b)(1), struck out "passenger" before "air transportation" in two places.

Subsec. (k)(2). Pub. L. 108–176, §609(b)(2), substituted "or any other flight deck crew member" for "or, if more than 1 pilot is required for the operation of the aircraft or by the regulations under which the flight is being conducted, the individual designated as second in command".

Subsec. (k)(3). Pub. L. 108–176, §609(b)(3), added par. (3).

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Section effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1963(i), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3604, provided that: "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018]—

"(1) the Secretary of Transportation shall revise section 15.5(b)(11) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, to classify information about pilots deputized as Federal flight deck officers under section 44921 of title 49, United States Code, as sensitive security information in a manner consistent with the classification of information about Federal air marshals; and

"(2) the Administrator [of the Transportation Security Administration] shall revise section 1520.5(b)(11) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, to classify information about pilots deputized as Federal flight deck officers under section 44921 of title 49, United States Code, as sensitive security information in a manner consistent with the classification of information about Federal air marshals."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1963(j), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3604, provided that: "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Transportation Security Administration] shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out this section [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] and the amendments made by this section."

Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, §609(c), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2570, provided that: "In carrying out the amendments made by subsection (d) [probably means subsec. (b), which amended this section], the Under Secretary for Border and Transportation Security of the Department of Homeland Security shall ensure that passenger and cargo pilots are treated equitably in receiving access to training as Federal flight deck officers."

Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, §609(d), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2570, provided that: "The requirements of subsection (e) [section 609 of Pub. L. 108–176 has no subsec. (e)] shall have no effect on the deadlines for implementation contained in section 44921 of title 49, United States Code, as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2003]."

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(e)

(f)

(Added Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §351(a), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 419; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(18), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3636.)

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(18)(D), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary" wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(18)(A), substituted "Deputization" for "Deputation" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(18)(B), in heading, substituted "Deputization" for "Deputation" and, in text, substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(18)(C), substituted "deputization" for "deputation".

(a)

(1) for projects to replace baggage conveyer systems related to aviation security;

(2) for projects to reconfigure terminal baggage areas as needed to install explosive detection systems;

(3) for projects to enable the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration to deploy explosive detection systems behind the ticket counter, in the baggage sorting area, or in line with the baggage handling system; and

(4) for other airport security capital improvement projects.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4) 1 and Transportation of the Senate a written notification at least 3 days before the issuance of a letter of intent under this section.

(5)

(6)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(i)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, §605(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2566; amended Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4019(e)(1), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3722; Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §§1603(a), 1604(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 480; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(19), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3636.)

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(19)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(19)(A), in introductory provisions, substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary for Border and Transportation Security of the Department of Homeland Security".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(19)(C), struck out par. (1) designation and heading before "The Government's share" and struck out par. (2). Prior to amendment, text of par. (2) read as follows: "The Under Secretary shall revise letters of intent issued before the date of enactment of this section to reflect the cost share established in this subsection with respect to grants made after September 30, 2003."

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(19)(D), struck out subsec. (j) which authorized appropriations for fiscal years 2005 to 2011.

**2007**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–53, §1604(a)(1), substituted "shall make" for "may make" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 110–53, §1604(a)(2), substituted "shall issue" for "may issue".

Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 110–53, §1604(a)(3), substituted "2028" for "2007".

Subsec. (h)(2), (3). Pub. L. 110–53, §1604(a)(4), added pars. (2) and (3) and struck out former pars. (2) and (3) which related to allocation of $125,000,000 of amount available per fiscal year for large, medium, and small hub airports, nonhub airports, and on the basis of aviation security risks, and allocation of $125,000,000 of amount available per fiscal year for discretionary grants, with priority given to fulfilling letters of intent issued under subsec. (d).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 110–53, §1604(a)(6), added subsec. (i). Former subsec. (i) redesignated (j).

Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 110–53, §1603(a), substituted "2007, and $450,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2008 through 2011" for "2007."

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 110–53, §1604(a)(5), redesignated subsec. (i) as (j).

**2004**—Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 108–458 substituted "$400,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2005, 2006, and 2007" for "$250,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2004 through 2007".

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §1604(b), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 480, required the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration to establish a prioritization schedule for airport security improvement projects described in this section based on risk and other relevant factors, to be funded under this section, and to provide to Congress, not later than 180 days after Aug. 3, 2007, a copy of the prioritization schedule, a corresponding timeline, and a description of the funding allocation under this section.

Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4019(e)(2), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3722, provided that: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary [of Homeland Security] may provide that the period of reimbursement under any letter of intent may extend for a period not to exceed 10 years after the date that the Secretary issues such letter, subject to the availability of appropriations. This paragraph applies to letters of intent issued under section 44923 of title 49, United States Code, and letters of intent issued under section 367 of the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriation Act, 2003 [Pub. L. 108–7, div. I] (49 U.S.C. 47110 note)."

1 So in original. Probably should be "Science,".

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, §611(b)(1), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2571; amended Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §1616(b), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 488; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(20), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3637.)

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(20)(D), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(20)(A), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration," for "Under Secretary for Border and Transportation Security of the Department of Homeland Security," and "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration under" for "Administrator under".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(20)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "Administrator".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(20)(B), which directed substitution of "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "Administrator", was executed by making the substitution wherever appearing, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(20)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "Administrator".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(20)(C), substituted "The" for "Not later than 240 days after the date of enactment of this section, the".

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(20)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "Administrator".

**2007**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–53, §1616(b)(1), substituted "6 months" for "18 months".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–53, §1616(b)(2), inserted "(other than a station that was previously certified, or is in the process of certification, by the Administration under this part)" after "foreign repair station".

Pub. L. 110–53, §1616(b)(1), which directed amendment of subsec. (b) by substituting "6 months" for "18 months", was executed by making the substitution in subsec. (d), to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §1616(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 488, provided that: "If the regulations required by section 44924(f) of title 49, United States Code, are not issued within 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 3, 2007], the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may not certify any foreign repair station under part 145 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, after such date unless the station was previously certified, or is in the process of certification by the Administration under that part."

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) a description of current efforts to detect explosives in all forms on individuals and in their personal property;

(B) a description of the operational applications of explosive detection equipment at airport screening checkpoints;

(C) a deployment schedule and a description of the quantities of equipment needed to implement the plan;

(D) a description of funding needs to implement the plan, including a financing plan that provides for leveraging of non-Federal funding;

(E) a description of the measures taken and anticipated to be taken in carrying out subsection (d); and

(F) a description of any recommended legislative actions.

(c)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4013(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3719; amended Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §1607(b), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 483; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(21), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3637.)

**2018**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(21)(A), substituted "The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this section, the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security (Transportation Security Administration)".

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(21)(B), struck out par. (3). Text read as follows: "The Secretary shall begin implementation of the strategic plan within one year after the date of enactment of this paragraph."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(21)(C), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Assistant Secretary" in two places.

**2007**—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 110–53 added par. (3).

Pub. L. 114–113, div. F, title II, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2499, provided in part: "That notwithstanding any other provision of law, for the current fiscal year and each fiscal year hereafter, mobile explosives detection systems purchased and deployed using funds made available under this heading [Transportation Security Administration, Aviation Security] may be moved and redeployed to meet evolving passenger and baggage screening security priorities at airports".

Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §1607(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 483, provided that, not later than 30 days after Aug. 3, 2007, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, was to issue the strategic plan the Secretary was required by subsec. (b) of this section to have issued within 90 days after Dec. 17, 2004.

Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4014, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3720, directed the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security (Transportation Security Administration), not later than Mar. 31, 2005, to develop and initiate a pilot program to deploy and test advanced airport checkpoint screening devices and technology as an integrated system at not less than 5 airports in the United States.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) ensure that the records maintained under this subsection contain information determined by the Secretary to authenticate the identity of such a passenger or individual;

(B) furnish to the Transportation Security Administration, United States Customs and Border Protection, or any other appropriate office or component of the Department, upon request, such information as may be necessary to allow such office or component to assist air carriers in improving their administration of the advanced passenger prescreening system and reduce the number of false positives; and

(C) require air carriers and foreign air carriers take action to identify passengers determined, under the process established under subsection (a), to have been wrongly identified.

(4)

(A) require that Federal employees of the Department handling personally identifiable information of passengers (in this paragraph referred to as "PII") complete mandatory privacy and security training prior to being authorized to handle PII;

(B) ensure that the records maintained under this subsection are secured by encryption, one-way hashing, other data anonymization techniques, or such other equivalent security technical protections as the Secretary determines necessary;

(C) limit the information collected from misidentified passengers or other individuals to the minimum amount necessary to resolve a redress request;

(D) require that the data generated under this subsection shall be shared or transferred via a secure data network, that has been audited to ensure that the anti-hacking and other security related software functions properly and is updated as necessary;

(E) ensure that any employee of the Department receiving the data contained within the records handles the information in accordance with the section 552a of title 5, United States Code, and the Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 (Public Law 107–296);

(F) only retain the data for as long as needed to assist the individual traveler in the redress process; and

(G) conduct and publish a privacy impact assessment of the process described within this subsection and transmit the assessment to the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, and Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate.

(5)

(Added Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §1606(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 482; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(22), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3637.)

The Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002, referred to in subsec. (b)(4)(E), is title X of Pub. L. 107–296, Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2259. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and Tables.

**2018**—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "a misidentified passenger" for "an misidentified passenger" in introductory provisions.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1) establish and publish protocols, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, and the organizations identified under subsection (a), under which a severely injured or disabled member of the Armed Forces or severely injured or disabled veteran, or the family member or other representative of such member or veteran, may contact the operations center maintained under subsection (b) and request the expedited passenger screening services described in subsection (a) for that member or veteran; and

(2) upon receipt of a request under paragraph (1), require the operations center to notify the appropriate Federal Security Director of the request for expedited passenger screening services, as described in subsection (a), for that member or veteran.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1) Information on the training provided under subsection (d).

(2) Information on the consultations between the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration and the organizations identified under subsection (a).

(3) The number of people who accessed the operations center during the period covered by the report.

(4) Such other information as the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration determines is appropriate.

(Added Pub. L. 113–27, §2(a), Aug. 9, 2013, 127 Stat. 503; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(23), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3637.)

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(23)(A), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Assistant Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(23)(B), substituted "Veterans Affairs that" for "Veteran Affairs that".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(23)(C), substituted "Reports" for "Report" in heading and "Each year," for "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this section, and annually thereafter," in introductory provisions.

The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall establish, in collaboration with the Honor Flight Network or other not-for-profit organization that honors veterans, a process for providing expedited and dignified passenger screening services for veterans traveling on an Honor Flight Network private charter, or such other not-for-profit organization that honors veterans, to visit war memorials built and dedicated to honor the service of such veterans.

(Added Pub. L. 113–221, §2(a), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2094.)

(a)

(b)

(1) ensure that the screening equipment has been restored to commercially available settings;

(2) ensure that no TSA-specific security standards or algorithms exist on the screening equipment; and

(3) verify that the appropriate officials have an adequate system—

(A) to properly maintain and operate the screening equipment; and

(B) to document and track any removal or disposal of the screening equipment to ensure the screening equipment does not come into the possession of terrorists or otherwise pose a risk to security.

(c)

(1) The specific vulnerability to the United States or United States citizens that will be mitigated by such donation.

(2) An explanation as to why the recipient of such donation is unable or unwilling to purchase security screening equipment to mitigate such vulnerability.

(3) An evacuation plan for sensitive technologies in case of emergency or instability in the country to which such donation is being made.

(4) How the Administrator will ensure the security screening equipment that is being donated is used and maintained over the course of its life by the recipient.

(5) The total dollar value of such donation.

(6) How the appropriate officials will document and track any removal or disposal of the screening equipment by the recipient to ensure the screening equipment does not come into the possession of terrorists or otherwise pose a risk to security.

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1955(a)(1), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3595.)

The Secretary of Homeland Security may grant an exemption from a regulation prescribed in carrying out sections 44901, 44903, 44906, 44909(c), and 44935–44937 of this title when the Secretary decides the exemption is in the public interest.

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(j)(1), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3645.)

A prior section 44931, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1215, related to the Director of Intelligence and Security, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §101(f)(6), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(j)(1), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3645.)

A prior section 44932, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1215; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §110(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 614, related to the Assistant Administrator for Civil Aviation Security, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §101(f)(6), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603.

(a)

(b)

(1) oversee the screening of passengers and property at the airport; and

(2) carry out other duties prescribed by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration.

(c)

(1) require each Federal Security Director of an airport to meet at least quarterly with the airport director, airport security coordinator, and law enforcement agencies serving each such airport to discuss incident management protocols, including the resolution of screening anomalies at passenger screening checkpoints; and

(2) require each Federal Security Director at an airport to inform, consult, and coordinate, as appropriate, with the respective airport security coordinator in a timely manner on security matters impacting airport operations and to establish and maintain operational protocols with such airport operators to ensure coordinated responses to security matters.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1216; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §§101(f)(4), 103, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603, 605; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §§1989(a), 1991(d)(24), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3624, 3637.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44933(a) | 49 App.:1358b(a)(1), (2), (4). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §319(a); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §104, 104 Stat. 3070. |

44933(b) | 49 App.:1358b(a)(3). | |

44933(c) | 49 App.:1358b(a)(5). |


In subsection (a), the words "Not later than 90 days after November 16, 1990" are omitted as obsolete. The words "The Administrator shall designate individuals as Managers for, and station those Managers at, those airports" are substituted for "and shall begin designating persons as such Managers and stationing such Managers at such airports" for clarity and because of the restatement. The words "and designate a current field employee of the Administration as a Manager" are substituted for "assign the functions and responsibilities described in this section to existing Federal Aviation Administration field personnel and designate such personnel accordingly" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "to the office of" are omitted as unnecessary. The words "Not later than 1 year after November 16, 1990" are omitted as obsolete. The words "Secretary of Transportation" are substituted for "Department of Transportation" because of 49:102.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "The Manager at each airport shall" are substituted for "The responsibilities of a Federal Security Manager shall include the following" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (2)(A), the words "air carrier" are substituted for "such air carrier" because this is the first time the term is used in the source provisions. In clause (3), the words "United States Government" are substituted for "Federal" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (7), the words "other Managers" are substituted for "Federal Security Managers at other airports, as appropriate" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c), the words "duties and powers" are substituted for "responsibilities" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

The date of the enactment of the TSA Modernization Act, referred to in subsec. (c), is the date of the enactment of title I of div. K of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(24)(C), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall designate" for "Under Secretary shall designate".

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(24)(A), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall establish" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security shall establish", "Federal Security Director" for "Federal Security Manager", and, in two places, "Federal Security Directors" for "Managers".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(24)(B), substituted "Federal Security Director" for "Manager" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(24)(C), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §1989(a), added subsec. (c).

**2001**—Pub. L. 107–71, §103, amended section generally, substituting provisions relating to designation, establishment, and stationing procedures and duties and powers for provisions which contained a more detailed listing of responsibilities and a prohibition against a Civil Aviation Security Field Officer being assigned security duties and powers at an airport having a Manager.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(4), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Assistant Administrator for Civil Aviation Security".

1 So in original. Probably should be "Directors".

(a)

(b)

(1) serve as the liaison of the Administrator to foreign security authorities (including governments of foreign countries and foreign airport authorities) in carrying out United States Government security requirements at that airport; and

(2) to the extent practicable, carry out duties and powers referred to in section 44933(b) of this title.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1217; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §101(f)(4), (5), (7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(25), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3638.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44934(a) | 49 App.:1358b(b)(1), (2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §319(b); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §104, 104 Stat. 3071. |

44934(b) | 49 App.:1358b(b)(3), (4). | |

44934(c) | 49 App.:1358b(b)(5). |


In subsection (a), the words "Not later than 90 days after November 16, 1990" are omitted as obsolete. The words "shall designate" are substituted for "shall begin assigning" for consistency with the source provisions restated in section 44933 of the revised title and because of the restatement. The words "Not later than 2 years after November 16, 1990" are omitted as obsolete. The word "designate" is substituted for "assign" for consistency with the source provisions restated in section 44933 of the revised title. The words "outside the United States" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "to the office of" are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (1), the words "governments of foreign countries and foreign airport authorities" are substituted for "foreign governments and airport authorities" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (2), the words "duties and powers" are substituted for "responsibilities" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (c), the words "duties and powers" are substituted for "authorities" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(25)(A), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security", "airports. In coordination with the Secretary of State" for "airports. In coordination with the Secretary", "The Secretary of State shall give high priority" for "The Secretary shall give high priority", and, wherever appearing, "Administrator" for "Under Secretary".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(25)(B)(i), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(25)(B)(ii), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(25)(C), substituted "the Secretary of State and the chief" for "the Secretary and the chief".

**2001**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), (9), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" wherever appearing and "of Transportation for Security" for "of the Federal Aviation Administration".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(4), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Assistant Administrator for Civil Aviation Security" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(5), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Assistant Administrator".

(a)

(1) minimum training requirements for new employees;

(2) retraining requirements;

(3) minimum staffing levels;

(4) minimum language skills; and

(5) minimum education levels for employees, when appropriate.

(b)

(c)

(A) may train individuals employed to carry out a security program under section 44903(c) of this title; and

(B) shall prescribe uniform training standards and uniform minimum qualifications for individuals eligible for that training.

(2) The Administrator may authorize reimbursement for travel, transportation, and subsistence expenses for security training of non-United States Government domestic and foreign individuals whose services will contribute significantly to carrying out civil aviation security programs. To the extent practicable, air travel reimbursed under this paragraph shall be on air carriers.

(d)

(A) ground security coordinators;

(B) security supervisory personnel; and

(C) airline pilots as in-flight security coordinators.

(2) The standards shall include initial training, retraining, and continuing education requirements and methods. Those requirements and methods shall be used annually to measure the performance of ground security coordinators and security supervisory personnel.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) to have a satisfactory or better score on a Federal security screening personnel selection examination;

(ii) to be a citizen of the United States or a national of the United States, as defined in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22));

(iii) to meet, at a minimum, the requirements set forth in subsection (f);

(iv) to meet such other qualifications as the Administrator may establish; and

(v) to have the ability to demonstrate daily a fitness for duty without any impairment due to illegal drugs, sleep deprivation, medication, or alcohol.

(B)

(C)

(3)

(f)

(1)

(A) The individual shall possess a high school diploma, a general equivalency diploma, or experience that the Administrator has determined to be sufficient for the individual to perform the duties of the position.

(B) The individual shall possess basic aptitudes and physical abilities, including color perception, visual and aural acuity, physical coordination, and motor skills, to the following standards:

(i) Screeners operating screening equipment shall be able to distinguish on the screening equipment monitor the appropriate imaging standard specified by the Administrator.

(ii) Screeners operating any screening equipment shall be able to distinguish each color displayed on every type of screening equipment and explain what each color signifies.

(iii) Screeners shall be able to hear and respond to the spoken voice and to audible alarms generated by screening equipment in an active checkpoint environment.

(iv) Screeners performing physical searches or other related operations shall be able to efficiently and thoroughly manipulate and handle such baggage, containers, and other objects subject to security processing.

(v) Screeners who perform pat-downs or hand-held metal detector searches of individuals shall have sufficient dexterity and capability to thoroughly conduct those procedures over an individual's entire body.

(C) The individual shall be able to read, speak, and write English well enough to—

(i) carry out written and oral instructions regarding the proper performance of screening duties;

(ii) read English language identification media, credentials, airline tickets, and labels on items normally encountered in the screening process;

(iii) provide direction to and understand and answer questions from English-speaking individuals undergoing screening; and

(iv) write incident reports and statements and log entries into security records in the English language.

(D) The individual shall have satisfactorily completed all initial, recurrent, and appropriate specialized training required by the security program, except as provided in paragraph (3).

(2)

(3)

(A) is closely supervised; and

(B) does not make independent judgments as to whether individuals or property may enter a sterile area or aircraft without further inspection.

(4)

(5)

(A) continues to meet all qualifications and standards required to perform a screening function;

(B) has a satisfactory record of performance and attention to duty based on the standards and requirements in the security program; and

(C) demonstrates the current knowledge and skills necessary to courteously, vigilantly, and effectively perform screening functions.

(6)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(A) has completed 40 hours of classroom instruction or successfully completed a program that the Administrator determines will train individuals to a level of proficiency equivalent to the level that would be achieved by such classroom instruction;

(B) has completed 60 hours of on-the-job instructions; and

(C) has successfully completed an on-the-job training examination prescribed by the Administrator.

(3)

(h)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l) 1

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) methods to identify the verification of false or fraudulent travel documents; and

(ii) training on emerging threats.

(B)

(i) internal controls for monitoring and documenting compliance of transportation security officers with such training requirements; and

(ii) such other matters as identified by the Administrator with regard to such training.

(l) 1

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1217; Pub. L. 106–528, §3, Nov. 22, 2000, 114 Stat. 2519; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §§101(f)(7), (9), 111(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603, 616; Pub. L. 107–296, title XVI, §1603, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2313; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §§1948(a), 1991(d)(26), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3587, 3638.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44935(a) | 49 App.:1357(h). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §316(h)–(j); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §105(a), 104 Stat. 3073. |

44935(b) | 49 App.:1357(i). | |

44935(c) | 49 App.:1357(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §316(c); added Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §202, 88 Stat. 416; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §202, 106 Stat. 4890. |

44935(d) | 49 App.:1357(j). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Not later than 270 days after November 16, 1990" are omitted as obsolete. The words "contracting for" are substituted for "contracting of" for clarity and consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (c)(1)(A), the words "individuals employed" are substituted for "personnel employed by him . . . and for other personnel, including State, local, and private law enforcement personnel, whose services may be utilized" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (c)(1)(B), the words "individuals eligible" are substituted for "personnel whose services are utilized to enforce any such transportation security program, including State, local, and private law enforcement personnel . . . for personnel eligible" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "under this section" are omitted as unnecessary. The words "United States" before "air carriers" are omitted because of the definition of "air carrier" in section 40102(a) of the revised title.

In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words "Not later than 180 days after November 16, 1990" are omitted as obsolete.

The date of enactment of the TSA Modernization Act, referred to in subsec. (l)(2)(A), is the date of enactment of title I of div. K of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(26)(E), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(26)(A), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(26)(B)(i), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security".

Subsec. (e)(2)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(26)(B)(ii)(I), in introductory provisions, substituted "The" for "Within 30 days after the date of enactment of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, the" and inserted "other" before "provision of law".

Subsec. (e)(2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(26)(B)(ii)(II), which directed substitution of "section 101(a)(22)" for "section 1102(a)(22)", was executed by making the substitution for "section 1101(a)(22)", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(26)(C), inserted "other" before "provision of law" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(26)(D), substituted "The" for "Within 60 days after the date of enactment of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, the" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 115–254, §1948(a)(1), which directed the redesignation of subsec. (i) relating to accessibility of computer-based training facilities as (k) by substituting "(k)

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(26)(F), added subsec. (l) defining "Administrator".

Pub. L. 115–254, §1948(a)(2), added subsec. (l) relating to initial and recurring training.

**2002**—Subsec. (e)(2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 107–296 substituted "citizen of the United States or a national of the United States, as defined in section 1101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22))" for "citizen of the United States".

**2001**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), (9), substituted "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" for "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" in two places.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" in introductory provisions of par. (1) and in par. (2).

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107–71, §111(a)(2), added subsec. (e) and struck out former subsec. (e) which established training standards for screeners.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 107–71, §111(a)(2), added subsec. (f). Former subsec. (f) redesignated (i).

Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator".

Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 107–71, §111(a)(2), added subsecs. (g) and (h).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 107–71, §111(a)(2), added subsec. (i) relating to limitation on right to strike.

Pub. L. 107–71, §111(a)(1), redesignated subsec. (f) as (i) relating to accessibility of computer-based training facilities.

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 107–71, §111(a)(2), added subsec. (j).

**2000**—Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 106–528 added subsecs. (e) and (f).

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–528 effective 30 days after Nov. 22, 2000, see section 9 of Pub. L. 106–528, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §111(c), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 620, provided that: "The Under Secretary of Transportation for Security [now Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration] shall complete the full implementation of section 44935 (e), (f), (g), and (h) of title 49, United States Code, as amended by subsection (a), as soon as is practicable. The Under Secretary may make or continue such arrangements for the training of security screeners under that section as the Under Secretary determines necessary pending full implementation of that section as so amended."

Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4015, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3720, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

[For definitions of "airport" and "appropriate congressional committees" used in section 4015 of Pub. L. 108–458, set out above, see section 4081 of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 44901 of this title.]

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §111(d), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 620, as amended by Pub. L. 112–171, §1(a), Aug. 16, 2012, 126 Stat. 1306; Pub. L. 116–92, div. F, title LXXVI, §7606, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2309, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

[Pub. L. 112–171, §1(b), Aug. 16, 2012, 126 Stat. 1306, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending section 111(d) of Pub. L. 107–71, set out above] shall take effect on the date that is 270 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 16, 2012]."]

Pub. L. 104–264, title III, §302, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3250, provided that: "The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration is directed to certify companies providing security screening and to improve the training and testing of security screeners through development of uniform performance standards for providing security screening services."

Pub. L. 104–264, title V, §503, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3263, provided that the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration would appoint a task force consisting of appropriate representatives of the aviation industry to study the development of standards and criteria for preemployment screening tests measuring the psychomotor coordination, general intellectual capacity, instrument and mechanical comprehension, and physical and mental fitness of applicants for employment as a pilot by an air carrier, the standards and criteria for pilot training facilities to be licensed by the Administrator, and to determine if the practice of some air carriers to require employees or prospective employees to pay for necessary training or experience was in the public interest; and provided that, not later than 1 year after Oct. 9, 1996, the Administrator would send Congress a report on the results of the studies.

Pub. L. 104–264, title V, §504, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3263, required the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to conduct a study to determine the sufficiency of existing minimum flight time requirements for individuals seeking employment as pilots with air carriers and to report to Congress on the study results not later than 1 year after Oct. 9, 1996.

1 So in original. Two subsecs. (*l*) have been enacted.

(a)

(i) aircraft of an air carrier or foreign air carrier; or

(ii) a secured area of an airport in the United States the Administrator designates that serves an air carrier or foreign air carrier.

(B) The Administrator shall require by regulation that an employment investigation (including a criminal history record check and a review of available law enforcement data bases and records of other governmental and international agencies to the extent determined practicable by the Administrator) be conducted for—

(i) individuals who are responsible for screening passengers or property under section 44901 of this title;

(ii) supervisors of the individuals described in clause (i);

(iii) individuals who regularly have escorted access to aircraft of an air carrier or foreign air carrier or a secured area of an airport in the United States the Administrator designates that serves an air carrier or foreign air carrier; and

(iv) such other individuals who exercise security functions associated with baggage or cargo, as the Administrator determines is necessary to ensure air transportation security.

(C)

(2) An air carrier, foreign air carrier, airport operator, or government that employs, or authorizes or makes a contract for the services of, an individual in a position described in paragraph (1) of this subsection shall ensure that the investigation the Administrator requires is conducted.

(3) The Administrator shall provide for the periodic audit of the effectiveness of criminal history record checks conducted under paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(b)

(A) the investigation of the individual required under this section has not been conducted; or

(B) the results of that investigation establish that, in the 10-year period ending on the date of the investigation, the individual was convicted (or found not guilty by reason of insanity) of—

(i) a crime referred to in section 46306, 46308, 46312, 46314, or 46315 or chapter 465 of this title or section 32 of title 18;

(ii) murder;

(iii) assault with intent to murder;

(iv) espionage;

(v) sedition;

(vi) treason;

(vii) rape;

(viii) kidnapping;

(ix) unlawful possession, sale, distribution, or manufacture of an explosive or weapon;

(x) extortion;

(xi) armed or felony unarmed robbery;

(xii) distribution of, or intent to distribute, a controlled substance;

(xiii) a felony involving a threat;

(xiv) a felony involving—

(I) willful destruction of property;

(II) importation or manufacture of a controlled substance;

(III) burglary;

(IV) theft;

(V) dishonesty, fraud, or misrepresentation;

(VI) possession or distribution of stolen property;

(VII) aggravated assault;

(VIII) bribery; and

(IX) illegal possession of a controlled substance punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of more than 1 year, or any other crime classified as a felony that the Administrator determines indicates a propensity for placing contraband aboard an aircraft in return for money; or

(xv) conspiracy to commit any of the acts referred to in clauses (i) through (xiv).

(2) The Administrator may specify other factors that are sufficient to prohibit the employment of an individual in a position described in subsection (a)(1) of this section.

(3) An air carrier, foreign air carrier, airport operator, or government may employ, or authorize or contract for the services of, an individual in a position described in subsection (a)(1) of this section without carrying out the investigation required under this section, if the Administrator approves a plan to employ the individual that provides alternate security arrangements.

(c)

(2) The Administrator shall prescribe regulations on—

(A) procedures for taking fingerprints; and

(B) requirements for using information received from the Attorney General under paragraph (1) of this subsection—

(i) to limit the dissemination of the information; and

(ii) to ensure that the information is used only to carry out this section.

(3) If an identification and criminal history record check is conducted as part of an investigation of an individual under this section, the individual—

(A) shall receive a copy of any record received from the Attorney General; and

(B) may complete and correct the information contained in the check before a final employment decision is made based on the check.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1218; Pub. L. 104–264, title III, §§304(a), 306, title V, §502(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3251, 3252, 3259; Pub. L. 105–102, §2(25), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205; Pub. L. 105–142, §1, Dec. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 2650; Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §508, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 140; Pub. L. 106–528, §2(c), (d), Nov. 22, 2000, 114 Stat. 2517, 2518; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §§101(f)(7), (9), 111(b), 138(a), (b)(1), 140(a)(1), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603, 620, 639–641; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(27), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3638.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44936(a) | 49 App.:1357(g)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §316(g); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §105(a), 104 Stat. 3071. |

49 App.:1357 (note). | Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §346, 105 Stat. 949. | |

44936(b) | 49 App.:1357(g)(3). | |

44936(c) | 49 App.:1357(g)(2) (less (A) (2d sentence)). | |

44936(d) | 49 App.:1357(g)(2)(A) (2d sentence), (5). | |

44936(e) | 49 App.:1357(g)(4). |


In subsection (a), the text of section 346 of the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1992 (Public Law 102–143, 105 Stat. 949) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "shall ensure" are substituted for "shall take such actions as may be necessary to ensure" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "conducted" is substituted for "performed" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "The Administrator may specify" are substituted for "The Administrator may specify . . . the Administrator determines" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "prohibit the employment of an individual" are substituted for "make an individual ineligible for employment" for clarity.

In subsection (b)(3), the words "may employ" are substituted for "It shall not be a violation of subparagraph (A) for . . . to employ" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "Before designating an individual to obtain and submit fingerprints or receive results of a check, the Administrator shall consult with the Attorney General" are substituted for "after consultation with the Attorney General" for clarity.

In subsection (c)(2), before clause (A), the words "For purposes of administering this subsection" are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (A), the word "implement" is omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. In clause (B), before subclause (ii), the word "establish" is omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. In subclause (ii), the words "to carry out this section" are substituted for "for the purposes of this section" for clarity.

In subsection (e), the words "a law of a foreign country" are substituted for "applicable laws of a foreign government" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

This amends 49:44936(f)(1)(C) to reflect the redesignation of 49:30305(b)(7) as 49:30305(b)(8) by section 207(b) of the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–324, 110 Stat. 3908).

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(27)(C), substituted "Administrator" for "Under Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(27)(A)(i), which directed substitution of "Administrator" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" wherever appearing, was executed by making the substitution for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" before "shall require" and for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Transportation Security" after "determined practicable by the" in two places, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(27)(A)(ii)(I), substituted ", shall be conducted" for ",, shall be conducted" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1)(C), (D). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(27)(A)(ii)(II), (iii), redesignated subpar. (D) as (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which related to background checks of current employees.

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(27)(B), substituted "Administrator's" for "Under Secretary's".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(27)(D), added subsec. (f).

**2001**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 107–71, §138(a)(1), inserted "and a review of available law enforcement data bases and records of other governmental and international agencies to the extent determined practicable by the Under Secretary of Transportation for Transportation Security," after "record check" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 107–71, §111(b)(1), inserted "as a security screener under section 44935(e) or a position" after "a position" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), (9), in introductory provisions, substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" and "of Transportation for Security" for "of the Federal Aviation Administration".

Subsec. (a)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator".

Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 107–71, §138(a)(2), in introductory provisions, substituted "and a review of available law enforcement data bases and records of other governmental and international agencies to the extent determined practicable by the Under Secretary of Transportation for Transportation Security" for "in any case described in subparagraph (C)".

Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1)(B)(i). Pub. L. 107–71, §138(a)(3), substituted "are" for "will be".

Subsec. (a)(1)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 107–71, §138(a)(4), struck out "and" after semicolon.

Subsec. (a)(1)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 107–71, §138(a)(6), added cl. (iii). Former cl. (iii) redesignated (iv).

Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator".

Subsec. (a)(1)(B)(iv). Pub. L. 107–71, §138(a)(5), redesignated cl. (iii) as (iv).

Subsec. (a)(1)(C). Pub. L. 107–71, §138(a)(7), (8), added subpar. (C) and struck out former subpar (C) which related to criminal history record checks.

Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 107–71, §138(a)(7), (9), (10), redesignated subpar. (F) as (D), substituted "107.31(m)(1) or (2)" for "107.31(m)" and "November 22, 2000. The Under Secretary shall work with the International Civil Aviation Organization and with appropriate authorities of foreign countries to ensure that individuals exempted under this subparagraph do not pose a threat to aviation or national security" for "the date of enactment of this subparagraph" and struck out former subpar. (D) which allowed a supervised employee to remain in position until completion of record check.

Subsec. (a)(1)(E). Pub. L. 107–71, §138(a)(7), struck out subpar. (E) which related to criminal history record checks for screeners and others.

Subsec. (a)(1)(E)(iv). Pub. L. 107–71, §111(b)(2), struck out cl. (iv) which related to effective dates for subpar. (E).

Subsec. (a)(1)(F). Pub. L. 107–71, §138(a)(7), redesignated subpar. (F) as (D).

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 107–71, §§107(f)(7), 138(a)(11), substituted "carrier, airport operator, or government" for "carrier, or airport operator" and "Under Secretary" for "Administrator".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, §138(a)(12), substituted "carrier, airport operator, or government" for "carrier, or airport operator" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1)(B)(xiv)(IX). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator".

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 107–71, §§101(f)(7), 138(a)(13), substituted "carrier, airport operator, or government" for "carrier, or airport operator" and "Under Secretary" for "Administrator".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, §138(a)(14), inserted at end "All Federal agencies shall cooperate with the Under Secretary and the Under Secretary's designee in the process of collecting and submitting fingerprints."

Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" in two places.

Subsecs. (f) to (h). Pub. L. 107–71, §§138(b)(1), 140(a)(1), amended section identically, redesignating subsecs. (f) to (h) as (h) to (j), respectively, of section 44703 of this title.

**2000**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 106–528, §2(c)(1), in introductory provisions, struck out ", as the Administrator decides is necessary to ensure air transportation security," after "shall be conducted".

Subsec. (a)(1)(C)(v). Pub. L. 106–181, §508(a), added cl. (v).

Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 106–528, §2(c)(2), substituted "in the position for which the individual applied" for "as a screener".

Subsec. (a)(1)(E), (F). Pub. L. 106–528, §2(c)(3), added subpars. (E) and (F).

Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 106–528, §2(d)(1), inserted "(or found not guilty by reason of insanity)" after "convicted" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1)(B)(xi). Pub. L. 106–528, §2(d)(2), inserted "or felony unarmed" after "armed".

Subsec. (b)(1)(B)(xiii) to (xv). Pub. L. 106–528, §2(d)(3)–(5), added cls. (xiii) and (xiv), redesignated former cl. (xiii) as (xv), and in cl. (xv) substituted "clauses (i) through (xiv)" for "clauses (i)–(xii) of this paragraph".

Subsec. (f)(1)(B). Pub. L. 106–181, §508(b)(1), inserted "(except a branch of the United States Armed Forces, the National Guard, or a reserve component of the United States Armed Forces)" after "other person" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (f)(1)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 106–181, §508(b)(2), substituted "individual's performance as a pilot" for "individual" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 106–181, §508(b)(3), inserted before period at end of first sentence "; except that, for purposes of paragraph (15), the Administrator may allow an individual designated by the Administrator to accept and maintain written consent on behalf of the Administrator for records requested under paragraph (1)(A)".

Subsec. (f)(13). Pub. L. 106–181, §508(b)(4)(A), substituted "shall" for "may" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (f)(13)(A)(i). Pub. L. 106–181, §508(b)(4)(B), inserted "and disseminated under paragraph (15)" after "requested under paragraph (1)".

Subsec. (f)(14)(B). Pub. L. 106–181, §508(b)(5), inserted "or from a foreign government or entity that employed the individual" after "exists".

Subsec. (f)(15). Pub. L. 106–181, §508(b)(6), added par. (15).

**1997**—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 105–142, §1(1), substituted "Subject to paragraph (14), before allowing an individual to begin service" for "Before hiring an individual" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (f)(1)(B). Pub. L. 105–142, §1(2), inserted "as a pilot of a civil or public aircraft" before "at any time" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (f)(1)(C). Pub. L. 105–102 substituted "section 30305(b)(8) of this title" for "section 30305(b)(7)".

Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 105–142, §1(3), inserted "and air carriers" after "Administrator" and substituted "paragraphs (1)(A) and (1)(B)" for "paragraph (1)(A)".

Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 105–142, §1(4), substituted "this subsection" for "this paragraph".

Subsec. (f)(10). Pub. L. 105–142, §1(5), inserted "who is or has been" before "employed" and ", but not later than 30 days after the date" after "reasonable time".

Subsec. (f)(14). Pub. L. 105–142, §1(6), added par. (14).

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–264, §304(a), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), redesignated former subpars. (A) and (B) of par. (1) as cls. (i) and (ii) of subpar. (A), respectively, and added subpars. (B) to (D).

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 104–264, §306, added par. (3).

Subsecs. (f) to (h). Pub. L. 104–264, §502(a), added subsecs. (f) to (h).

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–528 effective 30 days after Nov. 22, 2000, see section 9 of Pub. L. 106–528, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 104–264, title III, §304(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3252, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a)(3) [amending this section] shall apply to individuals hired to perform functions described in section 44936(a)(1)(B) of title 49, United States Code, after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 9, 1996]; except that the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may, as the Administrator determines to be appropriate, require such employment investigations or criminal history records checks for individuals performing those functions on the date of the enactment of this Act."

Amendment by section 502(a) of Pub. L. 104–264 applicable to any air carrier hiring an individual as a pilot whose application was first received by the carrier on or after the 120th day following Oct. 9, 1996, see section 502(d) of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 30305 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 106–528, §2(a), (b), Nov. 22, 2000, 114 Stat. 2517, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

Except as specifically provided by law, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration may not transfer a duty or power under section 44903(a), (b), (c), or (e), 44906, 44912, 44935, 44936, or 44938(b)(3) of this title to another department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1219; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(57), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4385; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §101(f)(7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(28), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3639.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44937 | 49 App.:1357(e)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §316(e)(1); added Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §202, 88 Stat. 417. |


The word "otherwise" is omitted as surplus. The word "assigned" is omitted as being included in "transfer". The word "function" is omitted as being included in "duty or power". The words "department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government" are substituted for "Federal department or agency" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

This amends 49:44937 to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1219).

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security".

**2001**—Pub. L. 107–71 substituted "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" for "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration".

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "44906" for "44906(a)(1) or (b)".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(1) an assessment of trends and developments in terrorist activities, methods, and other threats to transportation;

(2) an evaluation of deployment of explosive detection devices;

(3) recommendations for research, engineering, and development activities related to transportation security, except research engineering and development activities related to aviation security to the extent those activities are covered by the national aviation research plan required under section 44501(c) of this title;

(4) identification and evaluation of cooperative efforts with other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government;

(5) an evaluation of cooperation with foreign transportation and security authorities;

(6) the status of the extent to which the recommendations of the President's Commission on Aviation Security and Terrorism have been carried out and the reasons for any delay in carrying out those recommendations;

(7) a summary of the activities of the Director of Intelligence and Security in the 12-month period ending on the date of the report;

(8) financial and staffing requirements of the Director;

(9) an assessment of financial and staffing requirements, and attainment of existing staffing goals, for carrying out duties and powers of the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration related to security; and

(10) appropriate legislative and regulatory recommendations.

(b)

(1) on the effectiveness of procedures under section 44901 of this title;

(2) that includes a summary of the assessments conducted under section 44907(a)(1) and (2) of this title; and

(3) that includes an assessment of the steps being taken, and the progress being made, in ensuring compliance with section 44906 of this title for each foreign air carrier security program at airports outside the United States—

(A) at which the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration decides that Foreign Security Liaison Officers are necessary for air transportation security; and

(B) for which extraordinary security measures are in place.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1220; Pub. L. 103–305, title V, §502, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1595; Pub. L. 105–362, title XV, §1502(b), Nov. 10, 1998, 112 Stat. 3295; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §101(f)(7), (9), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(29), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3639.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

44938(a) | 49 App.:1356(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §315(b); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §102(a), 104 Stat. 3068. |

44938(b)(1), (2) | 49 App.:1356(a) (3d sentence 1st–18th words, last sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §315(a) (3d sentence 1st–18th words, last sentence); added Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §202, 88 Stat. 415; Aug. 8, 1985, Pub. L. 99–83, §551(b)(1), 99 Stat. 225; Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §102(b), 104 Stat. 3069. |

44938(b)(3) | 49 App.:1357(k)(4). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §316(k)(4); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §105(a), 104 Stat. 3074. |

44938(c) | 49 App.:1357 (note). | Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §106(d), 104 Stat. 3075. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "each year" are substituted for "of calendar year 1991 and of each calendar year thereafter" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clauses (8) and (9), the word "financial" is substituted for "funding" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b)(1), the word "screening" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "a summary of the assessments conducted under section 44907(a)(1) and (2) of this title" are substituted for "the information described in section 1515(c) of this Appendix" for clarity.

In subsection (b)(3), before clause (A), the words "that includes" are substituted for "The Administrator shall submit to Congress as part of the annual report required by section 315(a)" because of the restatement.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(29)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(29)(A), substituted "Secretary of Homeland Security" for "Secretary of Transportation" and "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration submits under subsection (b)" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security submits under subsection (b)" in introductory provisions.

**2001**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), (9), in introductory provisions, substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" in two places and "of Transportation for Security" for "of the Federal Aviation Administration".

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, §101(f)(7), substituted "Under Secretary" for "Administrator" in introductory provisions and par. (3)(A).

**1998**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–362, §1502(b)(1), in second sentence of introductory provisions, substituted "biennial report" for "annual report" and inserted "in each year the Administrator submits the biennial report" after "subsection (b) of this section".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–362, §1502(b)(2), substituted "biennially" for "annually" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–362, §1502(b)(3), struck out heading and text of subsec. (c). Text read as follows: "The Administrator shall submit to Congress an annual report for each of the calendar years 1991 and 1992 on the progress being made, and the problems occurring, in carrying out section 44904 of this title. The report shall include recommendations for improving domestic air transportation security."

**1994**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–305 substituted "March 31" for "December 31".

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions of law requiring submittal to Congress of any annual, semiannual, or other regular periodic report listed in House Document No. 103–7 (in which the 8th item on page 132 and the 11th item on page 138 identify reporting provisions which, as subsequently amended, are contained, respectively, in subsecs. (a) and (b)(1), (2) of this section), see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

(a)

(1) that person has first notified the Secretary that the alien or individual has requested such training and submitted to the Secretary, in such form as the Secretary may prescribe, the following information about the alien or individual:

(A) full name, including any aliases used by the applicant or variations in spelling of the applicant's name;

(B) passport and visa information;

(C) country of citizenship;

(D) date of birth;

(E) dates of training; and

(F) fingerprints collected by, or under the supervision of, a Federal, State, or local law enforcement agency or by another entity approved by the Federal Bureau of Investigation or the Secretary of Homeland Security, including fingerprints taken by United States Government personnel at a United States embassy or consulate; and

(2) the Secretary has not directed, within 30 days after being notified under paragraph (1), that person not to provide the requested training because the Secretary has determined that the individual presents a risk to aviation or national security.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1) holds an airman's certification of a foreign country that is recognized by an agency of the United States, including a military agency, that permits an individual to operate a multi-engine aircraft that has a certificated takeoff weight of more than 12,500 pounds;

(2) is employed by a foreign air carrier that is certified under part 129 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, and that has a security program approved under section 1546 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations;

(3) is an individual that has unescorted access to a secured area of an airport designated under section 44936(a)(1)(A)(ii); or

(4) is an individual that is part of a class of individuals that the Secretary has determined that providing aviation training to presents minimal risk to aviation or national security because of the aviation training already possessed by such class of individuals.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(A) shall be credited to the account in the Treasury from which the expenses were incurred and shall be available to the Secretary for those expenses; and

(B) shall remain available until expended.

(h)

(i)

(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §113(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 622; amended Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, §612(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2572; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(30), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3639.)

**2018**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "The Secretary of Homeland Security" for "Not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of this section, the Secretary" in introductory provisions.

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–176 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text consisted of subsecs. (a) to (d) relating to waiting period for training, interruption of training, covered training, and security awareness training for employees.

Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, §612(c), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2574, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] takes effect on the effective date of the interim final rule required by subsection (b)(1) [set out below] [rule effective Sept. 20, 2004, see 69 F.R. 56323]."

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §113(d), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 622, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [enacting this section] applies to applications for training received after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 19, 2001]."

Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, §612(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2574, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, §612(d), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2574, provided that, not later than 1 year after Dec. 12, 2003, the Secretary of Homeland Security would submit to Congress a report on the effectiveness of the activities carried out under this section in reducing risks to aviation and national security.

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §113(c), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 622, provided that: "The Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall work with the International Civil Aviation Organization and the civil aviation authorities of other countries to improve international aviation security through screening programs for flight instruction candidates."

(a)

(1)

(A) Salary, benefits, overtime, retirement and other costs of screening personnel, their supervisors and managers, and Federal law enforcement personnel deployed at airport security screening locations under section 44901.

(B) The costs of training personnel described in subparagraph (A), and the acquisition, operation, and maintenance of equipment used by such personnel.

(C) The costs of performing background investigations of personnel described in subparagraphs (A), (D), (F), and (G).

(D) The costs of the Federal air marshals program.

(E) The costs of performing civil aviation security research and development under this title.

(F) The costs of Federal Security Managers under section 44903.

(G) The costs of deploying Federal law enforcement personnel pursuant to section 44903(h).

(H) The costs of security-related capital improvements at airports.

(I) The costs of training pilots and flight attendants under sections 44918 and 44921.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(f)

(1) shall be credited as offsetting collections to the account that finances the activities and services for which the fee is imposed;

(2) shall be available for expenditure only to pay the costs of activities and services for which the fee is imposed; and

(3) shall remain available until expended.

(g)

(h)

(i)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) $1,320,000,000 for fiscal year 2018.

(B) $1,360,000,000 for fiscal year 2019.

(C) $1,400,000,000 for fiscal year 2020.

(D) $1,440,000,000 for fiscal year 2021.

(E) $1,480,000,000 for fiscal year 2022.

(F) $1,520,000,000 for fiscal year 2023.

(G) $1,560,000,000 for fiscal year 2024.

(H) $1,600,000,000 for fiscal year 2025.

(M) 1 $1,640,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.

(N) 1 $1,680,000,000 for fiscal year 2027.

(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §118(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 625; amended Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §351(b), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 420; Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, §605(b)(1), (2), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2568; Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §1601, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 477; Pub. L. 110–161, div. E, title V, §540, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2079; Pub. L. 113–67, div. A, title VI, §601(a)(1), (2), (b), (c), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 1187; Pub. L. 113–294, §1(a), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4009; Pub. L. 114–41, title III, §3001, July 31, 2015, 129 Stat. 460; Pub. L. 115–123, div. C, title II, §30202, Feb. 9, 2018, 132 Stat. 126; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §§1940, 1991(d)(31), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3582, 3639.)

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §118(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 625, which directed the addition of section 44940 at end of subchapter II of chapter 449 without specifying the Code title to be amended, was executed by adding this section at the end of this subchapter, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(31)(A)(i)(II), struck out concluding provisions which read as follows: "The amount of such costs shall be determined by the Under Secretary and shall not be subject to judicial review. For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term 'Federal law enforcement personnel' includes State and local law enforcement officers who are deputized under section 44922."

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(31)(A)(i)(I), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(31)(A)(ii), added par. (2).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(31)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary".

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §1940, added par. (3).

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(31)(C)(i), struck out "within 60 days of the date of enactment of this Act, or" after "of the fee" and "thereafter" before period at end.

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(31)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary".

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(31)(C)(ii), substituted "paragraph (1) of this subsection" for "subsection (d)" in two places.

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(31)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary".

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(31)(D), substituted "Fees payable to Administrator" for "Fees payable to Under Secretary" in heading.

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(31)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary".

Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(31)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary" in two places.

Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(31)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary".

Subsec. (i)(4)(A) to (L). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(31)(E), redesignated subpars. (E) to (L) as (A) to (H), respectively, and struck out former subpars. (A) to (D) which read as follows:

"(A) $390,000,000 for fiscal year 2014.

"(B) $1,190,000,000 for fiscal year 2015.

"(C) $1,250,000,000 for fiscal year 2016.

"(D) $1,280,000,000 for fiscal year 2017."

Subsec. (i)(4)(M), (N). Pub. L. 115–123 added subpars. (M) and (N).

**2015**—Subsec. (i)(4)(K), (L). Pub. L. 114–41 added subpars. (K) and (L).

**2014**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 113–294 amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Fees imposed under subsection (a)(1) shall be $5.60 per one-way trip in air transportation or intrastate air transportation that originates at an airport in the United States."

**2013**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 113–67, §601(a)(1), struck out par. (2) which related to fees on air carriers and foreign air carriers engaged in air transportation and intrastate air transportation.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 113–67, §601(b), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Fees imposed under subsection (a)(1) may not exceed $2.50 per enplanement in air transportation or intrastate air transportation that originates at an airport in the United States, except that the total amount of such fees may not exceed $5.00 per one-way trip."

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 113–67, §601(a)(2), struck out ", and may impose a fee under subsection (a)(2)," after "under subsection (a)(1)".

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 113–67, §601(c), amended subsec. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (i) related to the Checkpoint Screening Security Fund.

**2007**—Subsec. (a)(2)(A), (B)(iv). Pub. L. 110–161, which directed amendment of subsec. (a)(2) "by striking the period in the last sentence of subparagraph (A) and the clause (iv) of subparagraph B and adding the following, 'except for estimates and additional collections made pursuant to the appropriation for Aviation Security in Public Law 108–334: *Provided,* That such judicial review shall be pursuant to section 46110 of title 49, United States Code: *Provided further,* That such judicial review shall be limited only to additional amounts collected by the Secretary before October 1, 2007.' ", was executed by substituting the quoted language directed to be added for the period at the end of last sentence of subpar. (A) and for the period at the end of cl. (iv) of subpar. (B), to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 110–53, §1601(1), inserted ", other than subsection (i)," before "except to".

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 110–53, §1601(2), added subsec. (i).

**2003**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 108–7 inserted at end of concluding provisions "For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term 'Federal law enforcement personnel' includes State and local law enforcement officers who are deputized under section 44922."

Subsec. (a)(1)(H), (I). Pub. L. 108–176, §605(b)(1), added subpars. (H) and (I).

Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 108–176, §605(b)(2), substituted "appropriations Act or in section 44923" for "appropriations Act".

Pub. L. 113–294, §1(b), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4009, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to a trip in air transportation or intrastate air transportation that is purchased on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2014]."

Pub. L. 113–67, div. A, title VI, §601(a)(3), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 1187, provided that: "The repeal made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] and the amendment made by paragraph (2) [amending this section] shall each take effect on October 1, 2014."

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Pub. L. 113–67, div. A, title VI, §601(d), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 1188, provided that: "The Secretary of Homeland Security shall implement the fee increase authorized by the amendment made by subsection (b) [amending this section]—

"(1) beginning on July 1, 2014; and

"(2) through the publication of notice of such fee in the Federal Register, notwithstanding section 9701 of title 31, United States Code, and the procedural requirements of section 553 of title 5, United States Code."

Pub. L. 113–67, div. A, title VI, §601(e), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 1188, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall not affect the availability of funds made available under section 44940(i) of title 49, United States Code, before the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 26, 2013]."

(a)

(b)

(1) any disclosure made with actual knowledge that the disclosure was false, inaccurate, or misleading; or

(2) any disclosure made with reckless disregard as to the truth or falsity of that disclosure.

(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §125(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 631; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(32), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3640.)

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254 inserted "the Department of Homeland Security," after "Department of Transportation,".

(a)

(1)

(A) establish acceptable levels of performance for aviation security, including screening operations and access control; and

(B) provide Congress with an action plan, containing measurable goals and milestones, that outlines how those levels of performance will be achieved.

(2)

(b)

(1)

(A) Each year, consistent with the requirements of the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GPRA), the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall agree on a performance plan for the succeeding 5 years that establishes measurable goals and objectives for aviation security. The plan shall identify action steps necessary to achieve such goals.

(B) In addition to meeting the requirements of GPRA, the performance plan should clarify the responsibilities of the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, and any other agency or organization that may have a role in ensuring the safety and security of the civil air transportation system.

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §130, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 633; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(33), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3640.)

The Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, referred to in subsec. (b), is Pub. L. 103–62, Aug. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 285, which enacted section 306 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, sections 1115 to 1119, 9703, and 9704 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and sections 2801 to 2805 of Title 39, Postal Service, amended section 1105 of Title 31, and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 1101 and 1115 of Title 31. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1993 Amendment note set out under section 1101 of Title 31 and Tables.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(33)(A)(i)(I), in introductory provisions, substituted "The Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration may, in consultation with other relevant Federal agencies and" for "Within 180 days after the date of enactment of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, the Under Secretary for Transportation Security may, in consultation with".

Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(33)(A)(i)(II), substituted "; and" for ", and".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(33)(A)(ii), inserted comma after "Federal Aviation Administration".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(33)(B)(i), (ii), struck out par. (1) designation and heading "Performance plan and report" and redesignated subpars. (A) and (B) of former par. (1) as pars. (1) and (2), respectively.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(33)(B)(iii)(I), redesignated cls. (i) and (ii) of former par. (1)(A) as subpars. (A) and (B), respectively, of par. (1).

Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(33)(B)(iii)(II), substituted "the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall agree" for "the Secretary and the Under Secretary for Transportation Security shall agree".

Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(33)(B)(iii)(III), substituted "the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration," for "the Secretary, the Under Secretary for Transportation Security".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(33)(B)(iv), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary for Transportation Security".

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §130, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 634; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(34), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3640.)

The Aviation and Transportation Security Act, referred to in subsec. (c), is Pub. L. 107–71, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 597. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2001 Amendment note set out under section 40101 of this title and Tables.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(34)(A), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary for Transportation Security".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(34)(B)(i), substituted "Secretary of Homeland Security and Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Secretary and Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" and "for the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "for the Under Secretary".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(34)(B)(ii), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration and" for "Under Secretary and" and, in two places, substituted "Administrator shall" for "Under Secretary shall".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(34)(C), substituted "Aviation and Transportation Security Act (Public Law 107–71; 115 Stat. 597), the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Aviation Security Act, the Under Secretary for Transportation Security".

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §131(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 635; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(35), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3641.)

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(35)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(35)(A)(i), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Transportation Security".

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(35)(A)(ii), inserted "the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration," after "consult with".

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §131(c), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 635, provided that: "Nothing in this section [enacting this section] may be construed to require any modification of regulations of the Department of Transportation governing the possession of firearms while in aircraft or air transportation facilities or to authorize the possession of a firearm in an aircraft or any such facility not authorized under those regulations."

[For definitions of "aircraft" and "air transportation" used in section 131(c) of Pub. L. 107–71, set out above, see section 133 of Pub. L. 107–71, set out as a note under section 40102 of this title.]

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(Added Pub. L. 108–334, title V, §515(a), Oct. 18, 2004, 118 Stat. 1317; amended Pub. L. 112–271, §2(a), Jan. 14, 2013, 126 Stat. 2446; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(36), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3641.)

**2018**—Subsec. (b)(1), (2). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Assistant Secretary".

**2013**—Pub. L. 112–271 inserted "and clothing" after "money" in section catchline, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b).

Pub. L. 108–334, title V, §515(b), Oct. 18, 2004, 118 Stat. 1318, provided that: "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 18, 2004] and annually thereafter, the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration shall transmit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives; the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; the Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation of the Senate; and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate, a report that contains a detailed description of the amount of unclaimed money recovered in total and at each individual airport, and specifically how the unclaimed money is being used to provide civil aviation security."

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(A) reports on matters identified by the Administrator; and

(B) reports on other matters identified by a majority of the members of the Advisory Committee.

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(c)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(5)

(6)

(d)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(Added Pub. L. 113–238, §2(a), Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 2842; amended Pub. L. 114–190, title III, §3411, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 662; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(d)(37), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3641; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(317), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4340.)

**2022**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted "Chapter 10 of Title 5" for "FACA" in heading and "Chapter 10 of title 5" for "The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.)" in text.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(37)(B), substituted "Administrator" for "Assistant Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(37)(C), substituted "the Administrator receives" for "the Secretary receives" and "the Administrator shall" for "the Secretary shall".

Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(37)(D), substituted "The" for "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Aviation Security Stakeholder Participation Act of 2014, the".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(d)(37)(A), added par. (1), redesignated former par. (1) as (2), and struck out former par. (2) which defined "Assistant Secretary".

**2016**—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 114–190, §3411(b), substituted "paragraph (2) or (4)" for "paragraph (4)".

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 114–190, §3411(a), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The term of each member of the Advisory Committee shall be 2 years. A member of the Advisory Committee may be reappointed."

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1943(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3584.)

The date of enactment of the TSA Modernization Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of title I of div. K of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

(a)

(b)

(1) Maintaining a National Deployment Force within the Transportation Security Administration, including transportation security officers, supervisory transportation security officers and lead transportation security officers, to provide the Administration with rapid and efficient response capabilities and augment the Department of Homeland Security's homeland security operations to mitigate and reduce risk, including for the following:

(A) Airports temporarily requiring additional security personnel due to an emergency, seasonal demands, hiring shortfalls, severe weather conditions, passenger volume mitigation, equipment support, or other reasons.

(B) Special events requiring enhanced security including National Special Security Events, as determined by the Secretary of Homeland Security.

(C) Response in the aftermath of any manmade disaster, including any terrorist attack.

(D) Other such situations, as determined by the Administrator.

(2) Educating transportation security officers regarding how to participate in the Administration's National Deployment Force.

(3) Recruiting officers to serve on the National Deployment Force, in accordance with a staffing model to be developed by the Administrator.

(4) Approving 1-year appointments for officers to serve on the National Deployment Force, with an option to extend upon officer request and with the approval of the appropriate Federal Security Director.

(5) Training officers to serve on the National Deployment Force.

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1988(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3622.)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1988(d), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3623, provided that: "The Administrator [of the Transportation Security Administration] may consider service in the National Deployment Force as a positive factor when evaluating applicants for promotion opportunities within the TSA [Transportation Security Administration]."


**2001**—Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §139(5), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 641, added item 45107.

In this chapter, "controlled substance" means any substance under section 102 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 U.S.C. 802) specified by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1221.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

45101 | 49 App.:1434(f). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §614(f); added Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §3(a), 105 Stat. 956. |


(a)

(2) When the Administrator considers it appropriate in the interest of safety, the Administrator may prescribe regulations for conducting periodic recurring testing of airmen, crewmembers, airport security screening personnel, and other air carrier employees responsible for safety-sensitive functions for the use of alcohol or a controlled substance in violation of law or a Government regulation.

(b)

(2) When the Administrator considers it appropriate in the interest of safety, the Administrator may prescribe regulations for conducting periodic recurring testing of employees of the Administration responsible for safety-sensitive functions for use of alcohol or a controlled substance in violation of law or a Government regulation.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1221; Pub. L. 104–59, title III, §342(d), Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 609; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §139(1), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 640.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

45102(a) | 49 App.:1434(a)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §614(a); added Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §3(a), 105 Stat. 953. |

45102(b) | 49 App.:1434(a)(2). | |

45102(c) | 49 App.:1434(a)(3). |


In subsections (a)(2) and (b)(2), the word "also" is omitted as surplus.

**2001**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71 substituted "personnel" for "contract personnel" wherever appearing.

**1995**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–59, §342(d)(1), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: "In the interest of aviation safety, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall prescribe regulations not later than October 28, 1992, that establish a program requiring air carriers and foreign air carriers to conduct preemployment, reasonable suspicion, random, and post-accident testing of airmen, crewmembers, airport security screening contract personnel, and other air carrier employees responsible for safety-sensitive functions (as decided by the Administrator) for the use of alcohol or a controlled substance in violation of law or a United States Government regulation."

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104–59, §342(d)(2), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: "The Administrator shall establish a program of preemployment, reasonable suspicion, random, and post-accident testing for the use of alcohol or a controlled substance in violation of law or a Government regulation for employees of the Administration whose duties include responsibility for safety-sensitive functions."

Pub. L. 103–305, title V, §501, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1594, provided that, not later than 180 days after Aug. 23, 1994, the Secretary would complete a rulemaking proceeding and issue a final decision on whether there should be a reduction in the annualized rate required of random drug testing for personnel engaged in aviation activities.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1) used the alcohol or controlled substance when on duty;

(2) began or completed a rehabilitation program described in section 45105 of this title before using the alcohol or controlled substance; or

(3) refuses to begin or complete a rehabilitation program described in section 45105 of this title after a finding by the Administrator under this section.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1222; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §139(2), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 640.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

45103(a) | 49 App.:1434(b)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §614(b); added Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §3(a), 105 Stat. 954. |

45103(b) | 49 App.:1434(b)(2). | |

45103(c) | 49 App.:1434(b)(3). |


In subsection (b), the words "Notwithstanding subsection (a) of this section" are added for clarity.

**2001**—Pub. L. 107–71 substituted "screening employee" for "screening contract employee" wherever appearing.

In carrying out section 45102 of this title, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall develop requirements that—

(1) promote, to the maximum extent practicable, individual privacy in the collection of specimens;

(2) for laboratories and testing procedures for controlled substances, incorporate the Department of Health and Human Services scientific and technical guidelines dated April 11, 1988, and any amendments to those guidelines, including mandatory guidelines establishing—

(A) comprehensive standards for every aspect of laboratory controlled substances testing and laboratory procedures to be applied in carrying out this chapter, including standards requiring the use of the best available technology to ensure the complete reliability and accuracy of controlled substances tests and strict procedures governing the chain of custody of specimens collected for controlled substances testing;

(B) the minimum list of controlled substances for which individuals may be tested; and

(C) appropriate standards and procedures for periodic review of laboratories and criteria for certification and revocation of certification of laboratories to perform controlled substances testing in carrying out this chapter;

(3) require that a laboratory involved in controlled substances testing under this chapter have the capability and facility, at the laboratory, of performing screening and confirmation tests;

(4) provide that all tests indicating the use of alcohol or a controlled substance in violation of law or a United States Government regulation be confirmed by a scientifically recognized method of testing capable of providing quantitative information about alcohol or a controlled substance;

(5) provide that each specimen be subdivided, secured, and labeled in the presence of the tested individual and that a part of the specimen be retained in a secure manner to prevent the possibility of tampering, so that if the individual's confirmation test results are positive the individual has an opportunity to have the retained part tested by a 2d confirmation test done independently at another certified laboratory if the individual requests the 2d confirmation test not later than 3 days after being advised of the results of the first confirmation test;

(6) ensure appropriate safeguards for testing to detect and quantify alcohol in breath and body fluid samples, including urine and blood, through the development of regulations that may be necessary and in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services;

(7) provide for the confidentiality of test results and medical information (except information about alcohol or a controlled substance) of employees, except that this clause does not prevent the use of test results for the orderly imposition of appropriate sanctions under this chapter; and

(8) ensure that employees are selected for tests by nondiscriminatory and impartial methods, so that no employee is harassed by being treated differently from other employees in similar circumstances.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1222.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

45104 | 49 App.:1434(d). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §614(d); added Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §3(a), 105 Stat. 955. |


In this section, the word "samples" is omitted as surplus.

In clause (2), before subclause (A), the word "subsequent" is omitted as surplus.

In clause (3), the words "of any individual" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (4), the words "by any individual" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (5), the word "tested" is substituted for "assayed" for consistency. The words "2d confirmation test" are substituted for "independent test" for clarity and consistency.

In clause (6), the word "Secretary" is substituted for "Department" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1223; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(58), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4385.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

45105(a) | 49 App.:1434(c)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §614(c); added Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §3(a), 105 Stat. 954. |

45105(b) | 49 App.:1434(c)(2). |


In subsection (a), the words "of air carriers and foreign air carriers" are added for clarity.

This amends 49:45105(a) to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1224).

**1994**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "section 45102(a)(1)" for "section 45102(a)(1)(A)" in second sentence.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §554(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3380, provided that: "The [Federal Aviation] Administration shall continue to prioritize and support the Human Intervention Motivation Study (HIMS) program for flight crewmembers and the Flight Attendant Drug and Alcohol Program (FADAP) for flight attendants."

Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, §819, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 127, provided that: "Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012], the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall develop a Human Intervention Motivation Study program for cabin crew members employed by commercial air carriers in the United States."

(a)

(b)

(A) shall establish only requirements applicable to foreign air carriers that are consistent with international obligations of the United States; and

(B) shall consider applicable laws and regulations of foreign countries.

(2) The Secretaries of State and Transportation jointly shall request the governments of foreign countries that are members of the International Civil Aviation Organization to strengthen and enforce existing standards to prohibit crewmembers in international civil aviation from using alcohol or a controlled substance in violation of law or a United States Government regulation.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1224; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §139(3), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 640.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

45106(a) | 49 App.:1434(e)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §614(e); added Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §3(a), 105 Stat. 956. |

45106(b) | 49 App.:1434(e)(3). | |

45106(c) | 49 App.:1434(e)(2). |


In subsection (a), the word "prescribe" is substituted for "adopt" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The word "rule" is omitted as being synonymous with "regulation". The word "ordinance" is omitted as being included in "law" and "regulation". The words "actual" and "whether the provisions apply specifically to employees of an air carrier or foreign air carrier, or to the general public" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c) the word "prevent" is substituted for "restrict the discretion of" to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2001**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–71 substituted "screening employees" for "screening contract employees".

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §139(4), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 640; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(e), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3642.)

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(e)(1), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(e)(2), struck out at end "The Under Secretary of Transportation for Security, the Transportation Security Administration, and employees of the Transportation Security Administration whose duties include responsibility for security-sensitive functions shall be subject to and comply with such provisions in the same manner and to the same extent as the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, the Federal Aviation Administration, and employees of the Federal Aviation Administration whose duties include responsibility for safety-sensitive functions, respectively."


**2012**—Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §122(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 20, added item 45305.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §§273(b), 276(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3240, 3248, substituted "General provisions" for "Authority to impose fees" in item 45301, added items 45303 and 45304, and struck out former item 45303 "Maximum fees for private person services".

(a)

(1) Air traffic control and related services provided to aircraft other than military and civilian aircraft of the United States Government or of a foreign government that neither take off from, nor land in, the United States.

(2) Services (other than air traffic control services) provided to a foreign government or services provided to any entity obtaining services outside the United States, except that the Administrator shall not impose fees in any manner for production-certification related service performed outside the United States pertaining to aeronautical products manufactured outside the United States.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) The establishment or adjustment of a fee by the Administrator under this section.

(B) The validity of a determination of costs by the Administrator under paragraph (1), and the processes and procedures applied by the Administrator when reaching such determination.

(C) An allocation of costs by the Administrator under paragraph (1) to services provided, and the processes and procedures applied by the Administrator when establishing such allocation.

(4)

(5)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §273(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3239; amended Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §719, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 163; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §119(d), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 629; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §121, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 19; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §539(k), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3371.)

A prior section 45301, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1225; Pub. L. 103–305, title II, §209, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1589; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(76), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3396; Pub. L. 105–102, §3(d)(1)(C), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, related to authority to impose fees, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §§203, 273(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3227, 3239, effective 30 days after Oct. 9, 1996.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "United States Government" for "United States government".

**2012**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–95, §121(a), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) related to limitations on fees.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–95, §121(b), added subsec. (e).

**2001**—Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 107–71 substituted "reasonably" for "directly" and "Administration's costs, as determined by the Administrator," for "Administration's costs" and inserted "The Determination of such costs by the Administrator is not subject to judicial review." at end.

**2000**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 106–181, §719(1), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "Services (other than air traffic control services) provided to a foreign government."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–181, §719(2), added subsec. (d).

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Section effective on date that is 30 days after Oct. 9, 1996, see section 203 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §229, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2532, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(b)

"(c)

(a)

(b)

(1) $12 for issuing an airman's certificate to a pilot.

(2) $25 for registering an aircraft after the transfer of ownership.

(3) $15 for renewing an aircraft registration.

(4) $7.50 for processing a form for a major repair or alteration of a fuel tank or fuel system of an aircraft.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1225; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(59), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4385; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §122(c), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 20; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §539(j), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3371.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

45302(a) | 49 App.:1303 (note). | Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7214, 102 Stat. 4434. |

45302(b), (c) | 49 App.:1354(f)(1)–(3). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §313(f); added Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7207(c)(1), 102 Stat. 4427. |

45302(d) | 49 App.:1354(f)(4). |


In subsection (b), before clause (1), the text of 49 App.:1354(f)(3) is omitted as obsolete because the final regulations are effective. The word "impose" is substituted for "establish and collect" for consistency.

In subsection (d), the words "Money collected from fees imposed" are substituted for "The amount of fees collected" for clarity and consistency.

This amends 49:45302 because the final regulations are not yet effective.

**2018**—Subsecs. (d), (e)(1). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "44703(g)(2)" for "44703(f)(2)".

**2012**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–95 designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added par. (2).

**1994**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–429 added subsec. (e).

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7207(c)(4), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4428, as amended by Pub. L. 104–66, title II, §2041, Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 728, provided that: "During the 5-year period beginning after the date on which fees are first collected under section 313(f) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 [see subsec. (b) of this section], the Department of Transportation Inspector General shall conduct an annual audit of the collection and use of such fees for the purpose of ensuring that such fees do not exceed the costs for which they are collected and submit to Congress a report on the results of such audit."

[For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions of law requiring submittal to Congress of any annual, semiannual, or other regular periodic report listed in House Document No. 103–7 (in which the 30th item on page 4 identifies a reporting provision which, as subsequently amended, is contained in section 7207(c)(4) of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as a note above), see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance.]

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1) shall be credited to a separate account established in the Treasury and made available for Administration activities;

(2) shall be available immediately for expenditure but only for congressionally authorized and intended purposes; and

(3) shall remain available until expended.

(d)

(1) a list of fee collections by the Administration during the preceding fiscal year;

(2) a list of activities by the Administration during the preceding fiscal year that were supported by fee expenditures and appropriations;

(3) budget plans for significant programs, projects, and activities of the Administration, including out-year funding estimates;

(4) any proposed disposition of surplus fees by the Administration; and

(5) such other information as those committees consider necessary.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1)

(A)

(i) The total costs allocable to the use of air traffic services for that segment during such fiscal year.

(ii) The total revenues received from that segment during such fiscal year.

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(I) the inspector general shall provide the Administrator and Chief Operating Officer recommendations on how to revise the model;

(II) the Administrator and the Chief Operating Officer shall complete the calculations required by subparagraph (A) utilizing the revised model and resubmit the revised initial report required under subparagraph (A) to the inspector general; and

(III) not later than 3 months after completion of the revised initial report required under subparagraph (A), the inspector general shall review and determine the validity of the revised model used by the Administrator and the Chief Operating Officer to complete the calculations required by subparagraph (A).

(iii)

(C)

(D)

(2)

(A)

(i) The total costs allocable to the use of the air traffic services for that segment.

(ii) The total revenues received from that segment.

(B)

(C)

(3)

(A)

(i) Passenger air carriers conducting operations under part 121 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations.

(ii) All-cargo air carriers conducting operations under part 121 of such title.

(iii) Operators covered by part 125 of such title.

(iv) Air carriers and operators of piston-engine aircraft operating under part 135 of such title.

(v) Air carriers and operators of turbine-engine aircraft operating under part 135 of such title.

(vi) Foreign air carriers providing passenger air transportation.

(vii) Foreign air carriers providing all-cargo air transportation.

(viii) Operators of turbine-engine aircraft operating under part 91 of such title, excluding those operating under subpart (K) of such part.

(ix) Operators of piston-engine aircraft operating under part 91 of such title, excluding those operating under subpart (K) of such part.

(x) Operators covered by subpart (K) of part 91 of such title.

(xi) Operators covered by part 133 of such title.

(xii) Operators covered by part 136 of such title.

(xiii) Operators covered by part 137 of such title.

(xiv) Operators of public aircraft that qualify under section 40125.

(xv) Operators of aircraft that neither take off from, nor land in, the United States.

(B)

(4)

(A)

(i) used for the monitoring, directing, control, and guidance of aircraft or flows of aircraft and for the safe conduct of flight, including communications, navigation, and surveillance services and provision of aeronautical information; and

(ii) provided directly, or contracted for, by the Federal Aviation Administration.

(B)

(Added Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §276(a)(2), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3247; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §519, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3359.)

The Air Traffic Management System Performance Improvement Act of 1996, referred to in subsec. (f), is title II of Pub. L. 104–264, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3227. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1996 Amendment note set out under section 40101 of this title and Tables.

The date of enactment of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018, referred to in subsec. (g)(1)(A), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

A prior section 45303 was renumbered section 45304 of this title.

**2018**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 115–254 added subsec. (g).

Section effective on date that is 30 days after Oct. 9, 1996, see section 203 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may establish maximum fees that private persons may charge for services performed under a delegation to the person under section 44702(d) of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1225, §45303; renumbered §45304, Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §276(a)(1), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3247.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

45303 | 49 App.:1355(a) (last sentence related to fees). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §314(a) (last sentence related to fees), 72 Stat. 754. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |


In this section, the word "Administrator" in section 314(a) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 754) is retained on authority of 49:106(g). The words "services performed under a delegation to the person under section 44702(d) of this title" are substituted for "their services" because of the restatement.

(a)

(1) Registering an aircraft.

(2) Reregistering, replacing, or renewing an aircraft registration certificate.

(3) Issuing an original dealer's aircraft registration certificate.

(4) Issuing an additional dealer's aircraft registration certificate (other than the original).

(5) Issuing a special registration number.

(6) Issuing a renewal of a special registration number reservation.

(7) Recording a security interest in an aircraft or aircraft part.

(8) Issuing an airman certificate.

(9) Issuing a replacement airman certificate.

(10) Issuing an airman medical certificate.

(11) Providing a legal opinion pertaining to aircraft registration or recordation.

(b)

(1) is established and collected in a manner consistent with aviation safety agreements; and

(2) does not exceed the estimated costs of the services.

(c)

(d)

(1)

(A) be credited as offsetting collections to the account that finances the activities and services for which the fee is imposed;

(B) be available for expenditure only to pay the costs of activities and services for which the fee is imposed, including all costs associated with collecting the fee; and

(C) remain available until expended.

(2)

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §122(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 19; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title II, §244, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3260.)

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §244(1), substituted "Subject to subsection (c)" for "Subject to subsection (b)" in introductory provisions.

Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 115–254, §244(2), (3), added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsecs. (b) and (c) as (c) and (d), respectively.

(a)

(1) is conducted in person at the Civil Aviation Registry;

(2) could be conducted, as determined by the Administrator, with the same or greater level of efficiency by electronic or other remote means; and

(3) is not related to research or other non-commercial activities.

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §546(d), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3376.)

The date of enactment of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.


**2003**—Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, §601(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2563, added item 46111.

**2001**—Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §140(b)(8), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 641, substituted "Department of Transportation" for "Secretary of Transportation and Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" in item 46106.

(a)

(2) On the initiative of the Secretary, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, as appropriate, the Secretary, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may conduct an investigation, if a reasonable ground appears to the Secretary, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration for the investigation, about—

(A) a person violating this part or a requirement prescribed under this part; or

(B) any question that may arise under this part.

(3) The Secretary of Transportation, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may dismiss a complaint without a hearing when the Secretary, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration is of the opinion that the complaint does not state facts that warrant an investigation or action.

(4) After notice and an opportunity for a hearing and subject to section 40105(b) of this title, the Secretary of Transportation, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall issue an order to compel compliance with this part if the Secretary, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration finds in an investigation under this subsection that a person is violating this part.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1226; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §140(b)(1)–(3), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 641; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(f)(1)–(4), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3642.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46101(a)(1) | 49 App.:1482(a) (1st, 2d sentences). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1002(a), (b), 72 Stat. 788. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

46101(a)(2) | 49 App.:1482(b). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

46101(a)(3) | 49 App.:1482(a) (3d sentence). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

46101(a)(4) | 49 App.:1482(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1002(c), 72 Stat. 789; Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §25, 94 Stat. 47. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

46101(b) | 49 App.:1482(a) (4th, last sentences). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "the Secretary of Transportation (or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to aviation safety duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator) about a person violating this part or a requirement prescribed under this part" are substituted for "the Secretary of Transportation or the Board, as to matters within their respective jurisdictions . . . with respect to anything done or omitted to be done by any person in contravention of any provisions of this chapter, or of any requirement established pursuant thereto" for clarity and because of the restatement. The words "Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section" are added because of the restatement of the source provisions in subsection (b) of this section. The words "If the person complained against shall not satisfy the complaint and" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), before clause (A), the words "the Secretary of Transportation or the Administrator, as appropriate" are substituted for "The Secretary of Transportation or Board, with respect to matters within their respective jurisdictions" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "if a reasonable ground appears to the Secretary or Administrator for the investigation" are substituted for 49 App.:1482(b) (last sentence) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. Clause (A) is substituted for "in any case and as to any matter or thing within their respective jurisdictions, concerning which complaint is authorized to be made to or before the Secretary of Transportation or Board by any provision of this chapter . . . or relating to the enforcement of any of the provisions of this chapter" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(4), the words "an opportunity for a" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "compel compliance with this part" are substituted for "compel such person to comply therewith" for clarity. The words "in an investigation under this subsection" are substituted for "in any investigation instituted upon complaint or upon their own initiative" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "is violating this part" are substituted for "has failed to comply with any provision of this chapter or any requirement established pursuant thereto" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "with respect to matters within their jurisdiction" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(4), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration," for "Under Secretary," wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(2), substituted "or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "or Administrator" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(3), substituted "by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration)" for "by the Administrator)".

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(1), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary".

**2001**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(1), (2), inserted "the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary or" after "(or" and substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator" in two places.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(2), (3), in introductory provisions, substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator, as" for "of Transportation or the Administrator, as" and substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator" in two places.

Subsec. (a)(3), (4). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(2), substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(2), substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator" in two places.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §396, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3327, provided that: "Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall designate the appropriate legal counsel of the [Federal Aviation] Administration as an appropriate official for purposes of section 13.11 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations."

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1226; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §140(b)(1), (2), (4)–(6), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 641; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(f)(1)–(5), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3642.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46102(a) | 49 App.:1481 (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1001, 72 Stat. 788. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

46102(b) | 49 App.:1481 (3d, 4th sentences). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

46102(c) | 49 App.:1481 (last sentence). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

46102(d) | 49 App.:1481 (2d sentence). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In subsection (a), the cross-reference to chapter 7 of title 5 is omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (b), the text of 49 App.:1481 (4th sentence words after last comma) is omitted as obsolete. The words "National Transportation Safety Board" were substituted for "Board" in 49 App.:1481 (4th sentence) because 49 App.:1655(d) transferred all functions, duties, and powers of the Civil Aeronautics Board under titles VI and VII of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 775) to the Secretary of Transportation to be carried out through the former National Transportation Safety Board in the Department of Transportation. Title VI includes sections 602 and 609 [49 App.:1422, 1429], that provide for appeals to the Civil Aeronautics Board (subsequently transferred to the National Transportation Safety Board), and section 611(e) [49 App.:1431(e)], that provides for appeals to the National Transportation Safety Board. Under 49 App.:1902(a), the National Transportation Safety Board in the Department of Transportation was replaced by an independent National Transportation Safety Board outside the Department, and 49 App.:1903(a)(9)(A) gave the independent Board the authority to review appeals from actions of the Secretary under 49 App.:1422, 1429, and 1431(e).

In subsection (c), the words "vote and" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "officer or employee of the Administration" are substituted for "member" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "hearing or" are omitted as surplus. The words "referred to in subsection (a) of this section" are added for clarity.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(4), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration," for "Under Secretary," wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(3), substituted "by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration)" for "by the Administrator)".

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(1), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(5)(A), substituted "the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "the Administrator" in two places.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(5)(B), substituted "and Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "and Administrator" in two places.

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(2), substituted "or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "or Administrator".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(5)(C), substituted "the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, or an officer or employee of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "the Administrator, or an officer or employee of the Administration".

**2001**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(1), inserted "the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary or" after "(or".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(4), substituted ", the Under Secretary, and the Administrator" for "and the Administrator".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(2), (5), substituted ", Under Secretary, and Administrator" for "and Administrator" in two places and ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(6), inserted "the Under Secretary," after "Secretary,".

(a)

(2) The designation—

(A) shall be in writing and filed with the Secretary, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration; and

(B) may be changed in the same way as originally made.

(b)

(A) by personal service;

(B) on a designated agent; or

(C) by certified or registered mail to the person to be served or the designated agent of the person.

(2) The date of service made by certified or registered mail is the date of mailing.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1227; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §140(b)(1), (2), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 641; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(f)(1)–(4), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3642.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46103(a) | 49 App.:1485(b) (1st sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1005(b), 72 Stat. 794.. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

46103(b) | 49 App.:1485(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1005(c), 72 Stat. 794; restated Aug. 25, 1959, Pub. L. 86–199, 73 Stat. 427. |

46103(c) | 49 App.:1485(b) (last sentence). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "in a proceeding before" are added for clarity. The word "action" is substituted for "orders, decisions, and requirements" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "for and on behalf of said carrier" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2)(B), the words "from time to time" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1)(B), the words "in writing for the purpose" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1)(C), the word "addressed" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the word "date" is substituted for "time" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (c), the words "with like effect as if made personally upon such carrier" are omitted as surplus.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(3), substituted "by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration)" for "by the Administrator)".

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(1), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary".

Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(2), (4), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration," for "Under Secretary," and "or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "or Administrator".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(2), (4), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration," for "Under Secretary," and "or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "or Administrator".

**2001**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(1), inserted "the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary or" after "(or".

Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(2), substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(2), substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator".

(a)

(1) subpoena witnesses and records related to a matter involved in the hearing or investigation from any place in the United States to the designated place of the hearing or investigation;

(2) administer oaths;

(3) examine witnesses; and

(4) receive evidence at a place in the United States the Secretary, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration designates.

(b)

(c)

(2) A deposition may be taken before an individual designated by the Secretary, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration and having the power to administer oaths.

(3) Before taking a deposition, the party or the attorney of the party proposing to take the deposition must give reasonable notice in writing to the opposing party or the attorney of record of that party. The notice shall state the name of the witness and the time and place of taking the deposition.

(4) The testimony of a person deposed under this subsection shall be under oath. The person taking the deposition shall prepare, or cause to be prepared, a transcript of the testimony taken. The transcript shall be subscribed by the deponent. Each deposition shall be filed promptly with the Secretary, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.

(5) If the laws of a foreign country allow, the testimony of a witness in that country may be taken by deposition—

(A) by a consular officer or an individual commissioned by the Secretary, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration or agreed on by the parties by written stipulation filed with the Secretary, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration; or

(B) under letters rogatory issued by a court of competent jurisdiction at the request of the Secretary, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1227; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §140(b)(1), (2), (6), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 641; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(f)(1)–(4), (6), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3642.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46104(a) | 49 App.:1354(c) (related to this chapter). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§313(c) (related to this Act), 1004(a)–(h), 72 Stat. 753, 792. |

49 App.:1484(a) (related to member of the Board), (b) (1st sentence), (c) (1st sentence). | ||

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

46104(b) | 49 App.:1354(c) (related to this chapter). | |

49 App.:1484(c) (last sentence), (d). | ||

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

46104(c)(1) | 49 App.:1354(c) (related to this chapter). | |

49 App.:1484(e) (1st, last sentences). | ||

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

46104(c)(2) | 49 App.:1354(c) (related to this chapter). | |

49 App.:1484(e) (2d sentence). | ||

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

46104(c)(3) | 49 App.:1354(c) (related to this chapter). | |

49 App.:1484(e) (3d sentence). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

46104(c)(4) | 49 App.:1354(c) (related to this chapter). | |

49 App.:1484(f). | ||

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

46104(c)(5) | 49 App.:1354(c) (related to this chapter). | |

49 App.:1484(g). | ||

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

46104(d) | 49 App.:1354(c) (related to this chapter). | |

49 App.:1484(b) (last sentence), (h). | ||

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

46104(e) | 49 App.:1354(c) (related to this chapter). | |

49 App.:1484(a) (related to examiner). | ||

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In this section, the word "Administrator" in section 313(c) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 753) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

Subsection (a)(1) is substituted for "sign and issue subpenas", "shall have the power to require by subpena the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of all books, papers, and documents relating to any matter under investigation", and "The attendance of witnesses, and the production of books, papers, and documents, may be required from any place in the United States, at any designated place of hearing" in 49 App.:1484 for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), the words "petition a court of the United States to enforce the subpena" are substituted for "invoke the aid of any court of the United States in requiring attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents under the provisions of this section" in 49 App.:1484(c) to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "to enforce a subpena under this section" are substituted for "in case of contumacy or refusal to obey a subpena issued to any person, issue an order requiring such person to appear before the Board (and produce books, papers, or documents if so ordered) and give evidence touching the matter in question" in 49 App.:1484(d) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "pending before it, at any stage of such proceeding or investigation" in 49 App.:1484(e) are omitted as surplus. The words "a person to give" are substituted for "to be taken", and the words "to produce records" are added, for clarity and consistency. The last sentence is substituted for 49 App.:1484(e) (last sentence) for clarity and consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(4), the words "shall be cautioned . . . to testify the whole truth, and shall be carefully examined" in 49 App.:1484(f) are omitted as surplus. The words "shall be under oath" are substituted for "shall be required to swear (or affirm, if he so requests)" for consistency and because of 1:1.

In subsection (d), the words "that the witness and individual would have been" are added for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "fees, charges, or" and "on the subject" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the words "duly . . . for such purpose" are omitted as surplus. The words "employee appointed under section 3105 of title 5" are substituted for "examiner", and the words "subpena witnesses" are substituted for "sign and issue subpenas", for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "In all cases heard by an examiner or a single member" are omitted as surplus.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(6)(A), substituted "subpoena" for "subpena" wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(4), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration," for "Under Secretary," wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(2), substituted "or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "or Administrator" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(3), substituted "by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration)" for "by the Administrator)" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(1), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(6)(B), substituted "Subpoenas" for "Subpenas" in heading and "the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, or" for "the Administrator, or" in text.

**2001**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(1), in introductory provisions inserted "the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary or" after "(or".

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(2), substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(2), (6), inserted "the Under Secretary," after 'Secretary," and substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator".

Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(2), substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator" wherever appearing.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1228; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §140(b)(1), (2), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 641; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(f)(1)–(4), (7), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3642.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46105(a) | 49 App.:1485(a) (words before 1st proviso), (d), (e). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1005(a), (d)–(f), 72 Stat. 794. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

46105(b) | 49 App.:1485(f). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

46105(c) | 49 App.:1485(a) (provisos). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In subsection (a), the words "under its own terms or until superseded" are substituted for "until their further order, rule, or regulation, or for a specified period of time, as shall be prescribed in the order, rule, or regulation" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "amend" is added for consistency in the revised title. The text of 49 App.:1485(e) is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "without complaint" and "if he so orders" are omitted as surplus. The words "prescribe . . . issue" are substituted for "make" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "just and reasonable" and "as may be essential in the interest of safety in air commerce" are omitted as surplus. The words "without regard to this part and subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5" are substituted for "without answer or other form of pleading by the interested person or persons, and . . . hearing, or the making or filing of a report" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "over all others under this chapter" are omitted as surplus.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(4), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration," for "Under Secretary," wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(2), substituted "or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "or Administrator" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(3), substituted "by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration)" for "by the Administrator)".

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(1), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(7), substituted "When the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "When the Administrator".

**2001**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(1), (2), inserted "the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary or" after "(or" and substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(2), substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator".

The Secretary of Transportation (or the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to aviation safety duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration) may bring a civil action against a person in a district court of the United States to enforce this part or a requirement or regulation prescribed, or an order or any term of a certificate or permit issued, under this part. The action may be brought in the judicial district in which the person does business or the violation occurred.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1229; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §140(b)(1), (7), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 641; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(f)(1), (3), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3642.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46106 | 49 App.:1487(a) (related to Secretary and CAB). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1007(a) (related to Administrator and CAB), 72 Stat. 796. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |


The words "their duly authorized agents" are omitted as surplus. The words "may bring a civil action" are substituted for "may apply" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code and rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The word "prescribed" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "condition, or limitation" are omitted as being included in "term". The text of 49 App.:1487(a) (words after semicolon related to Secretary and CAB) is omitted as surplus because of 28:1651 and rule 81(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.).

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(3), substituted "by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration)" for "by the Administrator)".

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(1), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary".

**2001**—Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(7), substituted "Department of Transportation" for "Secretary of Transportation and Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" in section catchline.

Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(1), inserted "the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary or" after "(or".

(a)

(b)

(A) to enforce this part or a requirement or regulation prescribed, or an order or any term of a certificate or permit issued, under this part; and

(B) to prosecute a person violating this part or a requirement or regulation prescribed, or an order or any term of a certificate or permit issued, under this part.

(2) The costs and expenses of a civil action shall be paid out of the appropriations for the expenses of the courts of the United States.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1229; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §140(b)(1), (2), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 641; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(f)(1)–(4), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3642.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46107(a) | 49 App.:1487(a) (related to Attorney General). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1007(a) (related to Attorney General), 72 Stat. 796; Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §108, 88 Stat. 414. |

46107(b) | 49 App.:1487(b) (related to Secretary and CAB). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§1007(b) (related to Administrator and CAB), 1008 (related to Administrator and CAB), 72 Stat. 796. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

46107(c) | 49 App.:1488 (related to Secretary and CAB). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In subsection (a), the words "may bring a civil action" are substituted for "may apply" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code and rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The text of 49 App.:1487(a) (words after semicolon related to Attorney General) is omitted as surplus because of 28:1651 and rule 81(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "Attorney General" are substituted for "any district attorney of the United States to whom the Board or Secretary of Transportation may apply", and the words "under the direction of the Attorney General" are omitted, because of 28:503 and 509. The words "bring a civil action" are substituted for "institute . . . and to prosecute . . . all necessary proceedings" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code and rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In clauses (A) and (B), the words "prescribed" and "issued" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "condition, or limitation" are omitted as being included in "term".

In subsection (b)(2), the words "civil action" are substituted for "prosecutions" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (c), the words "civil action" are substituted for "proceeding in court" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code and rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

**2018**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(3), substituted "by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration)" for "by the Administrator)" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(4), which directed substitution of "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration," for "Under Secretary,", was executed by making the substitution in heading and text to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(2), which directed substitution of "or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "or Administrator", was executed by making the substitution in heading and text to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2001**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(1), in introductory provisions, inserted "the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary or" after "(or".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(2), substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator" in heading and text.

An interested person may bring a civil action in a district court of the United States against a person to enforce section 41101(a)(1) of this title. The action may be brought in the judicial district in which the defendant does business or the violation occurred.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1229.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46108 | 49 App.:1487(a) (related to party in interest). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1007(a) (related to party in interest), 72 Stat. 796. |


The words "interested person" are substituted for "party in interest" for consistency. The words "may bring a civil action" are substituted for "may apply" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code and rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The text of 49 App.:1487(a) (words after semicolon related to party in interest) is omitted as surplus because of 28:1651 and rule 81(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

A person interested in or affected by a matter under consideration in a proceeding before the Secretary of Transportation (or the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to aviation safety duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator) or civil action to enforce this part or a requirement or regulation prescribed, or an order or any term of a certificate or permit issued, under this part may be joined as a party or permitted to intervene in the proceeding or civil action.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1230; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(f)(8), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3642.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46109 | 49 App.:1489. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1009, 72 Stat. 796. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


The words "proceeding . . . or civil action" are substituted for "proceeding . . . whether such proceedings be instituted . . . or be begun originally in any court of the United States" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code and rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words "prescribed . . . issued" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "condition, or limitation" are omitted as being included in "term". The words "may be joined as a party or permitted to intervene" are substituted for "it shall be lawful to include as parties, or to permit the intervention of" for clarity. The text of 49 App.:1489 (words after semicolon) is omitted as surplus.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254 inserted "(or the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to aviation safety duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator)" after "Secretary of Transportation".

(a) 1 of section 114 may apply for review of the order by filing a petition for review in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit or in the court of appeals of the United States for the circuit in which the person resides or has its principal place of business. The petition must be filed not later than 60 days after the order is issued. The court may allow the petition to be filed after the 60th day only if there are reasonable grounds for not filing by the 60th day.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1230; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §140(b)(1), (2), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 641; Pub. L. 108–176, title II, §228, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2532; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(f)(1)–(4), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3642.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46110(a) | 49 App.:1486(a), (b) (as 1486(a), (b) relates to Secretary and CAB). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1006(a), (b), (e), (f) (as §1006(a), (b), (e), (f) relates to Administrator and CAB), 72 Stat. 795. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

46110(b) | 49 App.:1486(c) (related to Secretary and CAB). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1006(c) (related to Administrator and CAB), 72 Stat. 795; restated June 29, 1960, Pub. L. 86–546, §1, 74 Stat. 255. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

46110(c) | 49 App.:1486(d) (related to Secretary and CAB). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1006(d) (related to Administrator and CAB), 72 Stat. 795; restated Sept. 13, 1961, Pub. L. 87–225, §2, 75 Stat. 497. |

49 App.:1486(e) (1st sentence related to Secretary and CAB). | ||

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

46110(d) | 49 App.:1486(e) (last sentence) (related to Secretary and CAB). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

46110(e) | 49 App.:1486(f) (related to Secretary and CAB). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In subsections (a)–(d), the word "Administrator" in section 1006 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 795) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

In subsection (a), the words "affirmative or negative" are omitted as surplus. The words "is issued" are substituted for "the entry of" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b), the words "if any" are omitted as surplus. The words "of any proceeding" are added for clarity. The words "complained of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the word "amend" is added for consistency in the revised title. The word "interim" is substituted for "interlocutory" for clarity. The words "taking other appropriate action" are substituted for "by such mandatory or other relief as may be appropriate" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d), the words "made in the proceeding conducted by" are substituted for "urged before" for clarity.

Subsection (s) of section 114, referred to in subsec. (a), was redesignated subsec. (r) by Pub. L. 110–161, div. E, title V, §568(a), Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2092.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(4), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration," for "Under Secretary," wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(2), substituted "or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "or Administrator" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(3), substituted "by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration)" for "by the Administrator)".

Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(1), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary".

**2003**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–176, in first sentence, struck out "safety" before "duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator)" and substituted "in whole or in part under this part, part B, or subsection (l) or (s) of section 114" for "under this part".

**2001**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(1), inserted "the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary or" after "(or".

Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(b)(2), substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator" wherever appearing.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title VI, §601(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2561; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §539(l), div. K, title I, §1991(f)(9), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3371, 3643.)

Section 1(a) of the Classified Information Procedures Act, referred to in subsec. (g)(2)(A), is section 1(a) of Pub. L. 96–456, which is set out in the Appendix to Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(9)(D), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(9)(A), inserted "the" before "Federal Aviation Administration shall issue" and substituted "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration is notified by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Administrator is notified by the Under Secretary for Border and Transportation Security of the Department of Homeland Security".

Subsecs. (b), (c), (e). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(9)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "Administrator".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(f)(9)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "Administrator" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (g)(2)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §§539(l), 1991(f)(9)(C), made identical amendments, substituting "(18 U.S.C. App.))" for "(18 U.S.C. App.)".

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.


**2016**—Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2205(c), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 631, added item 46320.

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §185(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2518, added item 46319.

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §§509(b), 511(b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 141, 142, added items 46317 and 46318.

(a)

(A) chapter 401 (except sections 40103(a) and (d), 40105, 40116, and 40117), chapter 411, chapter 413 (except sections 41307 and 41310(b)–(f)), chapter 415 (except sections 41502, 41505, and 41507–41509), chapter 417 (except sections 41703, 41704, 41710, 41713, and 41714), chapter 419, subchapter II or III of chapter 421, chapter 423, chapter 441 (except section 44109), section 44502(b) or (c), chapter 447 (except sections 44717 and 44719–44723), chapter 448, chapter 449 (except sections 44902, 44903(d), 44904, 44907(a)–(d)(1)(A) and (d)(1)(C)–(f), and 44908), chapter 451, section 47107(b) (including any assurance made under such section), or section 47133 of this title;

(B) a regulation prescribed or order issued under any provision to which clause (A) of this paragraph applies;

(C) any term of a certificate or permit issued under section 41102, 41103, or 41302 of this title; or

(D) a regulation of the United States Postal Service under this part.

(2) A separate violation occurs under this subsection for each day the violation (other than a violation of section 41719) continues or, if applicable, for each flight involving the violation (other than a violation of section 41719).

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A) An individual (except an airman serving as an airman) or small business concern is liable to the Government for a civil penalty of not more than $10,000 for violating—

(i) chapter 401 (except sections 40103(a) and (d), 40105, 40106(b), 40116, and 40117), section 44502 (b) or (c), chapter 447 (except sections 44717–44723), chapter 448, chapter 449 (except sections 44902, 44903(d), 44904, and 44907–44909), chapter 451, or section 46314(a) of this title; or

(ii) a regulation prescribed or order issued under any provision to which clause (i) applies.

(B) A civil penalty of not more than $10,000 may be imposed for each violation under paragraph (1) committed by an individual or small business concern related to—

(i) the transportation of hazardous material;

(ii) the registration or recordation under chapter 441 of an aircraft not used to provide air transportation;

(iii) a violation of section 44718(d), relating to the limitation on construction or establishment of landfills;

(iv) a violation of section 44725, relating to the safe disposal of life-limited aircraft parts; or

(v) a violation of section 40127 or section 41705, relating to discrimination.

(C) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the maximum civil penalty for a violation of section 41719 committed by an individual or small business concern shall be $5,000 instead of $1,000.

(D) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the maximum civil penalty for a violation of section 41712 (including a regulation prescribed or order issued under such section) or any other regulation prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation by an individual or small business concern that is intended to afford consumer protection to commercial air transportation passengers shall be $2,500 for each violation.

(6) 1.—Notwithstanding paragraph (1), any employer (other than a governmental entity or airport operator) who employs an employee to whom an airport security badge or other identifier used to obtain access to a secure area of an airport is issued before, on, or after the date of enactment of this paragraph and who does not collect or make reasonable efforts to collect such badge from the employee on the date that the employment of the employee is terminated and does not notify the operator of the airport of such termination within 24 hours of the date of such termination shall be liable to the Government for a civil penalty not to exceed $10,000.

(7) 1.—

(A)

(B)

(b)

(2) An individual violating this subsection is liable to the Government for a civil penalty of not more than $2,000.

(c)

(A) a violation of subsection (b) of this section or chapter 411, chapter 413 (except sections 41307 and 41310(b)–(f)), chapter 415 (except sections 41502, 41505, and 41507–41509), chapter 417 (except sections 41703, 41704, 41710, 41713, and 41714), chapter 419, subchapter II of chapter 421, chapter 423, or section 44909 of this title.

(B) a violation of a regulation prescribed or order issued under any provision to which clause (A) of this paragraph applies.

(C) a violation of any term of a certificate or permit issued under section 41102, 41103, or 41302 of this title.

(D) a violation under subsection (a)(1) of this section related to the transportation of hazardous material.

(2) The Secretary shall give written notice of the finding of a violation and the civil penalty under paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(d)

(A) "flight engineer" means an individual who holds a flight engineer certificate issued under part 63 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations.

(B) "mechanic" means an individual who holds a mechanic certificate issued under part 65 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations.

(C) "pilot" means an individual who holds a pilot certificate issued under part 61 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations.

(D) "repairman" means an individual who holds a repairman certificate issued under part 65 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations.

(2) The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may impose a civil penalty for a violation of chapter 401 (except sections 40103(a) and (d), 40105, 40106(b), 40116, and 40117), chapter 441 (except section 44109), section 44502(b) or (c), chapter 447 (except sections 44717 and 44719–44723), chapter 448, chapter 451, section 46301(b), section 46302 (for a violation relating to section 46504), section 46318, section 46319, section 46320, or section 47107(b) (as further defined by the Secretary of Transportation under section 47107(k) and including any assurance made under section 47107(b)) of this title or a regulation prescribed or order issued under any of those provisions. The Secretary of Homeland Security may impose a civil penalty for a violation of chapter 449 (except sections 44902, 44903(d), 44907(a)–(d)(1)(A), 44907(d)(1)(C)–(f), 44908, and 44909), section 46302 (except for a violation relating to section 46504), or section 46303 of this title or a regulation prescribed or order issued under any of those provisions. The Secretary of Homeland Security or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall give written notice of the finding of a violation and the penalty.

(3) In a civil action to collect a civil penalty imposed by the Secretary of Homeland Security or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration under this subsection, the issues of liability and the amount of the penalty may not be reexamined.

(4) Notwithstanding paragraph (2) of this subsection, the district courts of the United States have exclusive jurisdiction of a civil action involving a penalty the Secretary of Homeland Security or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration initiates if—

(A) the amount in controversy is more than—

(i) $50,000 if the violation was committed by any person before the date of enactment of the Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act;

(ii) $400,000 if the violation was committed by a person other than an individual or small business concern on or after that date; or

(iii) $50,000 if the violation was committed by an individual or small business concern on or after that date;

(B) the action is in rem or another action in rem based on the same violation has been brought;

(C) the action involves an aircraft subject to a lien that has been seized by the Government; or

(D) another action has been brought for an injunction based on the same violation.

(5)(A) The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may issue an order imposing a penalty under this subsection against an individual acting as a pilot, flight engineer, mechanic, or repairman only after advising the individual of the charges or any reason the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration relied on for the proposed penalty and providing the individual an opportunity to answer the charges and be heard about why the order shall not be issued.

(B) An individual acting as a pilot, flight engineer, mechanic, or repairman may appeal an order imposing a penalty under this subsection to the National Transportation Safety Board. After notice and an opportunity for a hearing on the record, the Board shall affirm, modify, or reverse the order. The Board may modify a civil penalty imposed to a suspension or revocation of a certificate.

(C) When conducting a hearing under this paragraph, the Board is not bound by findings of fact of the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration but is bound by all validly adopted interpretations of laws and regulations the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration carries out and of written agency policy guidance available to the public related to sanctions to be imposed under this section unless the Board finds an interpretation is arbitrary, capricious, or otherwise not according to law.

(D) When an individual files an appeal with the Board under this paragraph, the order of the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration is stayed.

(6) An individual substantially affected by an order of the Board under paragraph (5) of this subsection, or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration when the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration decides that an order of the Board under paragraph (5) will have a significant adverse impact on carrying out this part, may obtain judicial review of the order under section 46110 of this title. The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall be made a party to the judicial review proceedings. Findings of fact of the Board are conclusive if supported by substantial evidence.

(7)(A) The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may impose a penalty on a person (except an individual acting as a pilot, flight engineer, mechanic, or repairman) only after notice and an opportunity for a hearing on the record.

(B) In an appeal from a decision of an administrative law judge as the result of a hearing under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall consider only whether—

(i) each finding of fact is supported by a preponderance of reliable, probative, and substantial evidence;

(ii) each conclusion of law is made according to applicable law, precedent, and public policy; and

(iii) the judge committed a prejudicial error that supports the appeal.

(C) Except for good cause, a civil action involving a penalty under this paragraph may not be initiated later than 2 years after the violation occurs.

(D) In the case of a violation of section 47107(b) of this title or any assurance made under such section—

(i) a civil penalty shall not be assessed against an individual;

(ii) a civil penalty may be compromised as provided under subsection (f); and

(iii) judicial review of any order assessing a civil penalty may be obtained only pursuant to section 46110 of this title.

(8) The maximum civil penalty the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, or Board may impose under this subsection is—

(A) $50,000 if the violation was committed by any person before the date of enactment of the Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act;

(B) $400,000 if the violation was committed by a person other than an individual or small business concern on or after that date; or

(C) $50,000 if the violation was committed by an individual or small business concern on or after that date.

(9) This subsection applies only to a violation occurring after August 25, 1992.

(e)

(1) the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation;

(2) with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of prior violations, the ability to pay, and any effect on the ability to continue doing business; and

(3) other matters that justice requires.

(f)

(i) chapter 401 (except sections 40103(a) and (d), 40105, 40116, and 40117), chapter 441 (except section 44109), section 44502(b) or (c), chapter 447 (except sections 44717 and 44719–44723), chapter 448, chapter 449 (except sections 44902, 44903(d), 44904, 44907(a)–(d)(1)(A) and (d)(1)(C)–(f), 44908, and 44909), or chapter 451 of this title; or

(ii) a regulation prescribed or order issued under any provision to which clause (i) of this subparagraph applies.

(B) The Postal Service may compromise the amount of a civil penalty imposed under subsection (a)(1)(D) of this section.

(2) The Government may deduct the amount of a civil penalty imposed or compromised under this subsection from amounts it owes the person liable for the penalty.

(g)

(h)

(A) a member of the armed forces of the United States.

(B) a civilian employee of the Department of Defense subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice.

(2) The appropriate military authority is responsible for taking necessary disciplinary action and submitting to the Secretary (or the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to aviation safety duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration) a timely report on action taken.

(i)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1231; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §112(c), title II, §207(c), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1575, 1588; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(60), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4385; Pub. L. 104–264, title V, §502(c), title VIII, §804(b), title XII, §1220(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3263, 3271, 3286; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(77), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3396; Pub. L. 105–102, §3(c)(4), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215; Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §222, title V, §§503(c), 504(b), 519(c), title VII, §§707(b), 720, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 102, 133, 134, 149, 158, 163; Pub. L. 106–424, §15, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1888; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §140(d)(1)–(4), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 642; Pub. L. 107–296, title XVI, §1602, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2312; Pub. L. 108–176, title V, §503(a)–(c), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2557, 2558; Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4027(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3727; Pub. L. 110–53, title XIII, §1302(b), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 392; Pub. L. 110–161, div. E, title V, §542, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2079; Pub. L. 112–74, div. D, title V, §564(a), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 981; Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §415(b), title VIII, §803, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 96, 119; Pub. L. 113–188, title XV, §1501(b)(2)(B), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2024; Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2205(b), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 631; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §372(e), title IV, §436, div. K, title I, §1991(g)(1), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3312, 3344, 3643.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46301(a) | 49 App.:1303 (note). | Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7214, 102 Stat. 4434. |

49 App.:1405 (last sentence). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §505 (last sentence), 72 Stat. 774. | |

49 App.:1471(a)(1) (1st, 2d sentences less subchapter VII). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §901(a)(1) (less title VII), 72 Stat. 783; restated July 10, 1962, Pub. L. 87–528, §12, 76 Stat. 149; Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §107, 88 Stat. 414; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §113(b), 88 Stat. 2162; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §35(a), 92 Stat. 1740; Aug. 8, 1985, Pub. L. 99–83, §551(b)(2), 99 Stat. 225; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §204(a)– (c), 101 Stat. 1519; Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7208(a), 102 Stat. 4429. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

46301(b) | 49 App.:1374(d)(2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §404(d)(2); added Dec. 22, 1987, Pub. L. 100–202, §328(a), 101 Stat. 1329–383. |

46301(c) | 49 App.:1471(a)(1) (3d, 5th sentences less subchapter VII). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

46301(d)(1) | 49 App.:1471(a)(3)(H). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §901(a)(3) (less (D)(v) (related to Administrator under title VII)); added Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7208(b), 102 Stat. 4429; restated Aug. 26, 1992, Pub. L. 102–345, §2(a), 106 Stat. 923; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §208, 106 Stat. 4895. |

46301(d)(2) | 49 App.:1303 (note). | Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7214, 102 Stat. 4434. |

49 App.:1471(a)(3)(A). | ||

46301(d)(3) | 49 App.:1471(a)(3)(B). | |

46301(d)(4) | 49 App.:1471(a)(3)(C). | |

46301(d)(5) | 49 App.:1471(a) (3)(D)(i)–(iv). | |

46301(d)(6) | 49 App.:1471(a) (3)(D)(v) (less Administrator under subch. VII). | |

46301(d)(7) | 49 App.:1471(a)(3)(E). | |

46301(d)(8) | 49 App.:1471(a)(3)(G). | |

46301(d)(9) | 49 App.:1471(a)(3)(F). | |

46301(e) | 49 App.:1471(a)(1) (4th sentence less subchapter VII). | |

46301(f) | 49 App.:1471(a)(2) (related to subchapter III, V, VI, or XII, §1501, 1514, or 1515(e)(2)(B), and Postal Service). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §901(a)(2) (related to title III, V, VI, or XII, §1101, 1114, or 1115(e)(2)(B), and Postmaster General), 72 Stat. 784; July 10, 1962, Pub. L. 87–528, §12, 76 Stat. 150; restated Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §35(b), 92 Stat. 1740; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §204(d), 101 Stat. 1519. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

46301(g) | 49 App.:1471(a)(1) (6th sentence less subchapter VII). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

46301(h) | 49 App.:1471(a)(1) (last sentence less subchapter VII). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). |


In this section, the word "prescribed" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "United States Postal Service" and "Postal Service" are substituted for "Postmaster General" because of section 4(a) of the Postal Reorganization Act (Public Law 91–375, 84 Stat. 773).

In subsections (a)(1)(C) and (c), the words "condition, or limitation" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), before clause (A), the words "occurring after December 30, 1987" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (b)(1), the word "providing" is substituted for "engaged in" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "in accordance with section 1471 of this Appendix" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "or his delegate" are omitted because of 49:322(b). The word "impose" is substituted for "assessed" for consistency. The words "amount of any such" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the word "impose" is substituted for "assess" for consistency.

In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words "the following definitions apply" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(2), the text of section 7214 of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (Public Law 100–690, 102 Stat 4434) is omitted as obsolete. The words "or the delegate of the Administrator" are omitted because of 49:322(b).

In subsection (d)(4)(C), the word "or" is substituted for "and" for clarity.

In subsection (d)(5)(B) and (7)(A), the words "in accordance with section 554 of title 5" are omitted for consistency in the revised title and because 5:554 applies to a hearing on the record unless otherwise stated.

In subsection (d)(5)(B), the words "consistent with this subsection" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(5)(C), the word "Administrator" is substituted for "Federal Aviation Administration" because of 49:106(b) and (g).

In subsection (d)(7)(B), before clause (i), the words "as the result of a hearing under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph" are added for clarity.

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "civil penalty under subsection (a)(3) of this section related to transportation of hazardous material" are substituted for "such penalty" for clarity. In clause (1), the word "committed" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(2), the word "imposed" is substituted for "when finally determined or fixed by order of the Board" for consistency. The words "agreed upon" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g), the word "imposing" is substituted for "assessing" for consistency.

In subsection (h)(2), the words "with respect thereto" are omitted as surplus. The word "Administrator" in section 901(a)(1) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 783) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

This amends 49:46301(a)(1)(A) and (2)(A), (c)(1)(A), (d)(2), and (f)(1)(A)(i) to correct erroneous cross-references.

These amend 49:46301(a)(1)(A) and (2)(A) to correct errors in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1231), to include in the cross-reference sections enacted after the cutoff date for the codification of title 49 as enacted by section 1 of the Act (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 745), and to make it easier to include future sections in the cross-reference by restating it in terms of chapters.

This makes a conforming amendment to 49:46301(a)(3).

These amend 49:46301(c)(1)(A), (d)(2), and (f)(1)(A)(i) to correct errors in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1231), to include in the cross-reference sections enacted after the cutoff date for the codification of title 49 as enacted by section 1 of the Act (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 745), and to make it easier to include future sections in the cross-reference by restating it in terms of chapters.

The date of enactment of this paragraph, referred to in subsec. (a)(6), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–161, which was approved Dec. 26, 2007.

The date of enactment of the Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(4)(A), (8), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 108–176, which was approved Dec. 12, 2003.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §372(e)(1), inserted "chapter 448," after "chapter 447 (except sections 44717 and 44719–44723),".

Subsec. (a)(5)(A)(i). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(g)(1)(A)(i), substituted "chapter 451" for "or chapter 451".

Pub. L. 115–254, §372(e)(2), inserted "chapter 448," after "chapter 447 (except sections 44717–44723),".

Subsec. (a)(5)(D). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(g)(1)(A)(ii), inserted "of Transportation" after "Secretary".

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 115–254, §436, added par. (7).

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(g)(1)(B)(i), substituted "defined by the Secretary of Transportation" for "defined by the Secretary" and "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall" for "Administrator shall".

Pub. L. 115–254, §372(e)(3), inserted "chapter 448," after "chapter 447 (except sections 44717 and 44719–44723),".

Subsec. (d)(3) to (7). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(g)(1)(B)(ii), substituted "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "Administrator" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (d)(8). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(g)(1)(B)(ii), (iii), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary" and "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "Administrator" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(g)(1)(C), inserted "of Transportation" after "Secretary" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (f)(1)(A)(i). Pub. L. 115–254, §372(e)(4), inserted "chapter 448," after "chapter 447 (except sections 44717 and 44719–44723),".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(g)(1)(D), substituted "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "Administrator".

Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(g)(1)(E), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to aviation safety duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary or the Administrator with respect to aviation safety duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator".

**2016**—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 114–190 inserted "section 46320," after "section 46319,".

**2014**—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 113–188 substituted "section 47107(k)" for "section 47107(l)".

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 112–95, §803(1), inserted "chapter 451," before "section 47107(b)".

Pub. L. 112–95, §415(b), inserted "chapter 423," after "chapter 421,".

Subsec. (a)(5)(A)(i). Pub. L. 112–95, §803(2)(B), inserted ", or chapter 451" after "44907–44909)".

Pub. L. 112–95, §803(2)(A), which directed the substitution of "chapter 449" for "or chapter 449", could not be executed because of the prior amendment by Pub. L. 112–74, §564(a). See 2011 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 112–95, §415(b), inserted "chapter 423," after "chapter 421,".

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 112–95, §803(3), substituted "44723), chapter 451," for "44723) or", "section 46302" for "46302", "section 46318, section 46319, or section 47107(b)" for "46318, or 47107(b)" in first sentence , and "section 46302" for "46302", "or section 46303 of this title" for "46303,", and "any of those provisions" for "such chapter 449" in second sentence.

Subsec. (f)(1)(A)(i). Pub. L. 112–95, §803(4), substituted "chapter 449" for "or chapter 449" and inserted ", or chapter 451" after "44909)".

**2011**—Subsec. (a)(5)(A)(i). Pub. L. 112–74 substituted "chapter 449" for "or chapter 449" and inserted ", or section 46314(a)" after "44909)".

**2007**—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 110–53 struck out "or another requirement under this title administered by the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" after "chapter 449".

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 110–161 added par. (6).

**2004**—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 108–458, §4027(a)(1)–(3), substituted "46302 (for a violation relating to section 46504)," for "46302, 46303,", "The Secretary of Homeland Security may" for "The Under Secretary of Transportation for Security may", "44909), 46302 (except for a violation relating to section 46504), 46303," for "44909)", and "The Secretary of Homeland Security or" for "The Under Secretary or".

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 108–458, §4027(a)(3), substituted "Secretary of Homeland Security or" for "Under Secretary or".

Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 108–458, §4027(a)(3), substituted "Secretary of Homeland Security or" for "Under Secretary or" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d)(4)(A). Pub. L. 108–458, §4027(a)(4), realigned margins.

**2003**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 108–176, §503(a)(1), substituted "$25,000 (or $1,100 if the person is an individual or small business concern)" for "$1,000" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 108–176, §503(a)(2), (3), struck out "or" before "section 47107(b)" and substituted "section), or section 47133" for "section)".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 108–176, §503(a)(5), substituted "section 41719" for "section 41715" in two places.

Pub. L. 108–176, §503(a)(4), redesignated par. (4) as (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "A person operating an aircraft for the transportation of passengers or property for compensation (except an airman serving as an airman) is liable to the Government for a civil penalty of not more than $10,000 for violating—

"(A) chapter 401 (except sections 40103(a) and (d), 40105, 40106(b), 40116, and 40117), section 44502(b) or (c), chapter 447 (except sections 44717–44723), or chapter 449 (except sections 44902, 44903(d), 44904, and 44907–44909) of this title; or

"(B) a regulation prescribed or order issued under any provision to which clause (A) of this paragraph applies."

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 108–176, §503(a)(4), redesignated par. (5) as (3) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: "A civil penalty of not more than $10,000 may be imposed for each violation under paragraph (1) of this subsection related to

"(A) the transportation of hazardous material;

"(B) the registration or recordation under chapter 441 of this title of an aircraft not used to provide air transportation;

"(C) a violation of section 44718(d), relating to the limitation on construction or establishment of landfills;

"(D) a violation of section 44725, relating to the safe disposal of life-limited aircraft parts; or

"(E) a violation of section 41705, relating to discrimination against handicapped individuals."

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 108–176, §503(a)(6), substituted "paragraph (1)" for "paragraphs (1) and (2)".

Pub. L. 108–176, §503(a)(4), redesignated par. (8) as (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (2).

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 108–176, §503(a)(7), added par. (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (3).

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 108–176, §503(a)(4), struck out heading and text of par. (6). Text read as follows: "Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the maximum civil penalty for violating section 41715 shall be $5,000 instead of $1,000."

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 108–176, §503(a)(4), struck out heading and text of par. (7). Text read as follows: "Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (4), the maximum civil penalty for violating section 40127 or 41712 (including a regulation prescribed or order issued under such section) or any other regulation prescribed by the Secretary that is intended to afford consumer protection to commercial air transportation passengers, shall be $2,500 for each violation."

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 108–176, §503(a)(4), redesignated par. (8) as (4).

Subsec. (d)(4)(A). Pub. L. 108–176, §503(b)(1), substituted "more than—" for "more than $50,000;" and added cls. (i) to (iii).

Subsec. (d)(8). Pub. L. 108–176, §503(b)(2), substituted "is—" for "is $50,000." and added subpars. (A) to (C).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 108–176, §503(c), added subsec. (i).

**2002**—Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 107–296 added par. (8).

**2001**—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(d)(1)(C), inserted "Under Secretary or" before "Administrator shall".

Pub. L. 107–71, §140(d)(1)(B), inserted after first sentence "The Under Secretary of Transportation for Security may impose a civil penalty for a violation of chapter 449 (except sections 44902, 44903(d), 44907(a)–(d)(1)(A), 44907(d)(1)(C)–(f), 44908, and 44909) or a regulation prescribed or order issued under such chapter 449."

Pub. L. 107–71, §140(d)(1)(A), which directed amendment of subsec. (d)(2) by striking out ", chapter 449 (except sections 44902, 44903(d), 44907(a)–(d)(1)(A) and (d)(1)(C)–(f), 44908, and 44909),", was executed by striking out ", chapter 449 (except sections 44902, 44903(d), 44904, 44907(a)–(d)(1)(A) and (d)(1)(C)–(f), 44908, and 44909)," before "or section 46301(b)", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (d)(3), (4). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(d)(2), substituted "Under Secretary or Administrator" for "Administrator".

Subsec. (d)(8). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(d)(3), substituted "Under Secretary, Administrator," for "Administrator".

Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(d)(4), inserted "the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary or" after "(or".

**2000**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 106–181, §§519(c), 720(1), substituted "subchapter II or III of chapter 421" for "subchapter II of chapter 421" and struck out "46302, 46303, or" before "47107(b) (including".

Subsec. (a)(3)(C). Pub. L. 106–181, §503(c), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (a)(3)(D), (E). Pub. L. 106–181, §§504(b), 707(b), added subpars. (D) and (E).

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 106–181, §222(b), inserted heading and realigned margins.

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 106–181, §222(a), added par. (7).

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 106–424 substituted "46301(b), 46302, 46303, 46318," for "46302, 46303,".

Subsec. (d)(7)(A). Pub. L. 106–181, §720(2), substituted "a penalty on a person" for "a penalty on an individual".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 106–181, §720(3), inserted "or the Administrator" after "Secretary".

**1997**—Subsecs. (a)(1)(A), (2)(A), (d)(2), (f)(1)(A)(i). Pub. L. 105–102 repealed Pub. L. 104–264, §§502(c), 1220(b). See 1996 Amendment notes below.

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(77)(A)(iii), (iv), inserted "or" after "46303," and struck out ", or 41715" after "under such section)".

Pub. L. 104–287, §5(77)(A)(ii), substituted "section 44502(b) or (c), chapter 447 (except sections 44717 and 44719–44723), chapter 449 (except sections 44902, 44903(d), 44904, 44907(a)–(d)(1)(A) and (d)(1)(C)–(f), and 44908), or section" for "or any of sections 44701(a) or (b), 44702–44716, 44901, 44903(b) or (c), 44905, 44906, 44907(d)(1)(B), 44909(a), 44912–44915, 44932–44938,".

Pub. L. 104–287, §5(77)(A)(i), substituted "chapter 413 (except sections 41307 and 41310(b)–(f)), chapter 415 (except sections 41502, 41505, and 41507–41509), chapter 417 (except sections 41703, 41704, 41710, 41713, and 41714)," for "any of sections 41301–41306, 41308–41310(a), 41501, 41503, 41504, 41506, 41510, 41511, 41701, 41702, 41705–41709, 41711, 41712, or 41731–41742,".

Pub. L. 104–264, §1220(b), which directed amendment of subpar. (A) by inserting "44718(d)," after "44716,", was repealed by Pub. L. 105–102.

Pub. L. 104–264, §502(c)(1), which directed amendment of subpar. (A) by inserting "44724," after "44718(d),", was repealed by Pub. L. 105–102.

Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(77)(B), substituted ", section 44502(b) or (c), chapter 447 (except sections 44717–44723), or chapter 449 (except sections 44902, 44903(d), 44904, and 44907–44909)" for "or any of sections 44701(a) or (b), 44702–44716, 44901, 44903(b) or (c), 44905, 44906, 44912–44915, or 44932–44938".

Pub. L. 104–264, §502(c)(2), which directed amendment of subpar. (A) by inserting "44724," after "44716,", was repealed by Pub. L. 105–102.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(77)(C), realigned margins of subpars. (A) and (B).

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 104–264, §804(b), amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: "In the case of a violation of section 47107(b) of this title, the maximum civil penalty for a continuing violation shall not exceed $50,000."

Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(77)(D)(ii), (iii), struck out "or" before "subchapter II" and inserted ", or section 44909" before "of this title".

Pub. L. 104–287, §5(77)(D)(i), substituted "chapter 413 (except sections 41307 and 41310(b)–(f)), chapter 415 (except sections 41502, 41505, and 41507–41509), chapter 417 (except sections 41703, 41704, 41710, 41713, and 41714)," for "any of sections 41301–41306, 41308–41310(a), 41501, 41503, 41504, 41506, 41510, 41511, 41701, 41702, 41705–41709, 41711, 41712, or 41731–41742,".

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(77)(E), substituted "section 44502(b) or (c), chapter 447 (except sections 44717 and 44719–44723), chapter 449 (except sections 44902, 44903(d), 44904, 44907(a)–(d)(1)(A) and (d)(1)(C)–(f), 44908, and 44909), or section" for "or any of sections 44701(a) or (b), 44702–44716, 44901, 44903(b) or (c), 44905, 44906, 44907(d)(1)(B), 44912–44915, 44932–44938,".

Pub. L. 104–264, §1220(b), which directed amendment of par. (2) by inserting "44718(d)," after "44716,", was repealed by Pub. L. 105–102.

Pub. L. 104–264, §502(c)(1), which directed amendment of par. (2) by inserting "44724," after "44718(d),", was repealed by Pub. L. 105–102.

Subsec. (f)(1)(A)(i). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(77)(F), substituted "section 44502(b) or (c), chapter 447 (except sections 44717 and 44719–44723), or chapter 449 (except sections 44902, 44903(d), 44904, 44907(a)–(d)(1)(A) and (d)(1)(C)–(f), 44908, and 44909)" for "or any of sections 44701(a) or (b), 44702–44716, 44901, 44903(b) or (c), 44905, 44906, 44907(d)(1)(B), 44912–44915, or 44932–44938".

Pub. L. 104–264, §1220(b), which directed amendment of cl. (i) by inserting "44718(d)," after "44716,", was repealed by Pub. L. 105–102.

Pub. L. 104–264, §502(c)(1), which directed amendment of cl. (i) by inserting "44724," after "44718(d),", was repealed by Pub. L. 105–102.

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(60)(A), substituted "any of sections 41301–41306" for "section 41301–41306" and "any of sections 44701(a)" for "section 44701(a)".

Pub. L. 103–305, §207(c)(1), inserted ", or 41715" before "of this title".

Pub. L. 103–305, §112(c)(1)(A), substituted "46303, 47107(b) (including any assurance made under such section)" for "or 46303".

Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(60)(B), substituted "any of sections 44701(a)" for "section 44701(a)".

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 103–305, §207(c)(2), inserted "(other than a violation of section 41715)" after "the violation" in two places.

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 103–305, §112(c)(1)(B), added par. (5).

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 103–305, §207(c)(3), added par. (6).

Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(60)(C), substituted "any of sections 41301–41306" for "section 41301–41306".

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(60)(B), substituted "any of sections 44701(a)" for "section 44701(a)".

Pub. L. 103–305, §112(c)(2), substituted "46303, or 47107(b) (as further defined by the Secretary under section 47107(l) and including any assurance made under section 47107(b))" for "or 46303".

Subsec. (d)(7)(D). Pub. L. 103–305, §112(c)(3), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (f)(1)(A)(i). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(60)(B), substituted "any of sections 44701(a)" for "section 44701(a)".

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 105–102, §3(c), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, provided that the amendment made by section 3(c)(4) is effective Oct. 9, 1996.

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–102 effective as if included in the provisions of the Act to which the amendment relates, see section 3(f) of Pub. L. 105–102, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

Amendment by section 502(c) of Pub. L. 104–264 applicable to any air carrier hiring an individual as a pilot whose application was first received by the carrier on or after the 120th day following Oct. 9, 1996, see section 502(d) of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 30305 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Amendment by section 207(c) of Pub. L. 103–305 effective Feb. 1, 1995, see section 207(d) of Pub. L. 103–305, set out as an Effective Date note under section 41719 of this title.

Pub. L. 102–345, §2(c), Aug. 26, 1992, 106 Stat. 925, provided that: "Notwithstanding subsections (a) and (b) of this section, sections 901(a)(3) and 905 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 [Pub. L. 85–726] as in effect on July 31, 1992, shall continue in effect on and after such date of enactment with respect to violations of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 occurring before such date of enactment."

Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2104, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 620, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) the number of incidents involving the beam from a laser pointer (as defined in section 39A of title 18, United States Code) being aimed at, or in the flight path of, an aircraft in the airspace jurisdiction of the United States;

"(2) the number of civil or criminal enforcement actions taken by the Federal Aviation Administration, the Department of Transportation, or another Federal agency with regard to the incidents described in paragraph (1), including the amount of the civil or criminal penalties imposed on violators;

"(3) the resolution of any incidents described in paragraph (1) that did not result in a civil or criminal enforcement action; and

"(4) any actions the Department of Transportation or another Federal agency has taken on its own, or in conjunction with other Federal agencies or local law enforcement agencies, to deter the type of activity described in paragraph (1).

"(b)

1 So in original. Words following initial word in par. heading probably should not be capitalized.

(a)

(b)

(2) The Government may deduct the amount of a civil penalty imposed or compromised under this section from amounts it owes the person liable for the penalty.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1234; Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4027(b), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3727.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46302(a) | 49 App.:1471(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §901(c); added Oct. 12, 1984, Pub. L. 98–473, §2014(a)(1), 98 Stat. 2189. |

46302(b) | 49 App.:1471(a)(2) (related to 1471(c)). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §901(a)(2) (related to §901(c)), 72 Stat. 784; July 10, 1962, Pub. L. 87–528, §12, 76 Stat. 150; restated Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §35(b), 92 Stat. 1740; Oct. 12, 1984, Pub. L. 98–473, §2014(b), 98 Stat. 2189. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


In subsection (a), the words "gives, or causes to be given" are substituted for "imparts or conveys or causes to be imparted or conveyed" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "attempt or", "a crime", and "which shall be recoverable in a civil action brought in the name of the United States" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "imposed under" are substituted for "provided for in" for consistency.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "imposed or compromised" are substituted for "The amount of such penalty when finally determined or fixed by order of the Board, or the amount agreed upon in compromise" to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2004**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 108–458 substituted "Secretary of Homeland Security and, for a violation relating to section 46504, the Secretary of Transportation," for "Secretary of Transportation".

(a)

(b)

(2) The Government may deduct the amount of a civil penalty imposed or compromised under this section from amounts it owes the individual liable for the penalty.

(c)

(1) a law enforcement officer of a State or political subdivision of a State, or an officer or employee of the Government, authorized to carry arms in an official capacity; or

(2) another individual the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration or the Secretary of Homeland Security by regulation authorizes to carry arms in an official capacity.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1234; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §140(d)(5), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 642; Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4027(c), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3727.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46303(a) | 49 App.:1471(d) (words after 3d comma). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §901(d); added Oct. 12, 1984, Pub. L. 98–473, §2014(a)(1), 98 Stat. 2189. |

46303(b) | 49 App.:1471(a)(2) (related to 1471(d)). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §901(a)(2) (related to §901(d)), 72 Stat. 784; July 10, 1962, Pub. L. 87–528, §12, 76 Stat. 150; restated Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §35(b), 92 Stat. 1740; Oct. 12, 1984, Pub. L. 98–473, §2014(b), 98 Stat. 2189. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

46303(c) | 49 App.:1471(d) (words before 3d comma). |


In subsection (a), the words "deadly or" and "which shall be recoverable in a civil action brought in the name of the United States" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "imposed under" are substituted for "provided for in" for consistency.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "imposed or compromised" are substituted for "The amount of such penalty when finally determined or fixed by order of the Board, or the amount agreed upon in compromise" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "State or political subdivision of a State" are substituted for "municipal or State government" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "or required" are omitted as surplus.

**2004**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 108–458, §4027(c)(1), substituted "Secretary of Homeland Security" for "Secretary of Transportation".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 108–458, §4027(c)(2), substituted "Secretary of Homeland Security" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security".

**2001**—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 107–71 inserted "or the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" after "Federal Aviation Administration".

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1) the civil penalty is paid;

(2) a compromise amount agreed on is paid;

(3) the aircraft is seized under a civil action in rem to enforce the lien;

(4) the Attorney General gives notice that a civil action will not be brought under subsection (b) of this section; or

(5) a bond (in an amount and with a surety the Secretary or Administrator prescribes), conditioned on payment of the penalty or compromise, is deposited with the Secretary or Administrator.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1235; Pub. L. 108–176, title V, §503(d)(2), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2559; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(g)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3644.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46304(a) | 49 App.:1471(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §§901(b), 903(b)(2), (3), 72 Stat. 784, 786. |

46304(b) | 49 App.:1473(b)(2). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

46304(c) | 49 App.:1473(b)(3). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In this section, the word "civil" is added before "penalty" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsections (b) and (c), the word "Administrator" in section 902(b)(2) and (3) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 786) is retained on authority of 49:106(g). The words "Attorney General" are substituted for "United States attorney for the judicial district in which the seizure is made" and "United States attorney" because of 28:503 and 509.

In subsection (b), the words "report on the seizure" are substituted for "report of the cause" for clarity. The words "bring a civil action in rem" are substituted for "institute proceedings" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words "that the action will not be brought" are substituted for "of his failure to so act" for clarity.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "under a civil action in rem" are substituted for "in pursuance of process of any court in proceedings in rem" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency.

**2018**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to aviation safety duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to aviation safety duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator".

**2003**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–176 struck out ", (2), or (3)" after "section 46301(a)(1)(A)–(C)".

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

A civil penalty under this chapter may be collected by bringing a civil action against the person subject to the penalty, a civil action in rem against an aircraft subject to a lien for a penalty, or both. The action shall conform as nearly as practicable to a civil action in admiralty, regardless of the place an aircraft in a civil action in rem is seized. However, a party may demand a jury trial of an issue of fact in an action involving a civil penalty under this chapter (except a penalty imposed by the Secretary of Transportation that formerly was imposed by the Civil Aeronautics Board) if the value of the matter in controversy is more than $20. Issues of fact tried by a jury may be reexamined only under common law rules.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1235.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46305 | 49 App.:1473(b)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §903(b)(1), 72 Stat. 786; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §36, 92 Stat. 1741. |

49 App.:1473(b)(4). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §903(b)(4), 72 Stat. 787. | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


The text of 49 App.:1473(b)(4) is omitted because of 28:ch. 131. The words "imposed or assessed" are omitted as surplus. The words "bringing a civil action" are substituted for "proceedings in personam", the words "civil action in rem" are substituted for "proceedings in rem", and the words "civil action" are substituted for "civil suits", for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words "regardless of the place an aircraft in a civil action in rem is seized" are substituted for 49 App.:1473(b)(1) (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "civil" is added after "involving a" for clarity. The words "(except a penalty imposed by the Secretary of Transportation that formerly was imposed by the Civil Aeronautics Board)" are substituted for "other than those assessed by the Board" because the Civil Aeronautics Board went out of existence and its duties and powers were transferred to the Secretary of Transportation.

(a)

(b)

(1) knowingly and willfully forges or alters a certificate authorized to be issued under this part;

(2) knowingly sells, uses, attempts to use, or possesses with the intent to use, such a certificate;

(3) knowingly and willfully displays or causes to be displayed on an aircraft a mark that is false or misleading about the nationality or registration of the aircraft;

(4) obtains a certificate authorized to be issued under this part by knowingly and willfully falsifying or concealing a material fact, making a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement, or making or using a false document knowing it contains a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry;

(5) owns an aircraft eligible for registration under section 44102 of this title and knowingly and willfully operates, attempts to operate, or allows another person to operate the aircraft when—

(A) the aircraft is not registered under section 44103 of this title or the certificate of registration is suspended or revoked; or

(B) the owner knows or has reason to know that the other person does not have proper authorization to operate or navigate the aircraft without registration for a period of time after transfer of ownership;

(6) knowingly and willfully operates or attempts to operate an aircraft eligible for registration under section 44102 of this title knowing that—

(A) the aircraft is not registered under section 44103 of this title;

(B) the certificate of registration is suspended or revoked; or

(C) the person does not have proper authorization to operate or navigate the aircraft without registration for a period of time after transfer of ownership;

(7) knowingly and willfully serves or attempts to serve in any capacity as an airman without an airman's certificate authorizing the individual to serve in that capacity;

(8) knowingly and willfully employs for service or uses in any capacity as an airman an individual who does not have an airman's certificate authorizing the individual to serve in that capacity; or

(9) operates an aircraft with a fuel tank or fuel system that has been installed or modified knowing that the tank, system, installation, or modification does not comply with regulations and requirements of the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.

(c)

(2) A person violating subsection (b) of this section shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both, if the violation is related to transporting a controlled substance by aircraft or aiding or facilitating a controlled substance violation and the transporting, aiding, or facilitating—

(A) is punishable by death or imprisonment of more than one year under a law of the United States or a State; or

(B) that is provided is related to an act punishable by death or imprisonment for more than one year under a law of the United States or a State related to a controlled substance (except a law related to simple possession of a controlled substance).

(3) A term of imprisonment imposed under paragraph (2) of this subsection shall be served in addition to, and not concurrently with, any other term of imprisonment imposed on the individual.

(d)

(2) An aircraft's use is presumed to have been related to a violation of, or to aid or facilitate a violation of—

(A) subsection (b)(1) of this section if the aircraft certificate of registration has been forged or altered;

(B) subsection (b)(3) of this section if there is an external display of false or misleading registration numbers or country of registration;

(C) subsection (b)(4) of this section if—

(i) the aircraft is registered to a false or fictitious person; or

(ii) the application form used to obtain the aircraft certificate of registration contains a material false statement;

(D) subsection (b)(5) of this section if the aircraft was operated when it was not registered under section 44103 of this title; or

(E) subsection (b)(9) of this section if the aircraft has a fuel tank or fuel system that was installed or altered—

(i) in violation of a regulation or requirement of the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration; or

(ii) if a certificate required to be issued for the installation or alteration is not carried on the aircraft.

(3) The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, the Administrator of Drug Enforcement, and the Commissioner shall agree to a memorandum of understanding to establish procedures to carry out this subsection.

(e)

(1) knowingly and willfully forges or alters an aircraft certificate of registration;

(2) knowingly sells, uses, attempts to use, or possesses with the intent to use, a fraudulent aircraft certificate of registration;

(3) knowingly and willfully displays or causes to be displayed on an aircraft a mark that is false or misleading about the nationality or registration of the aircraft; or

(4) obtains an aircraft certificate of registration from the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration by—

(A) knowingly and willfully falsifying or concealing a material fact;

(B) making a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement; or

(C) making or using a false document knowing it contains a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1235; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(78), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3397; Pub. L. 114–125, title VIII, §802(d)(2), Feb. 24, 2016, 130 Stat. 210.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46306(a) | 49 App.:1303 (note). | Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7214, 102 Stat. 4434. |

46306(b) | 49 App.:1472(b)(1), (2) (1st sentence cl. (A)). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §902(b)(1)–(4), 72 Stat. 784; Oct. 19, 1984, Pub. L. 98–499, §6, 98 Stat. 2316; restated Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7209(a), 102 Stat. 4429. |

46306(c)(1) | 49 App.:1472(b)(4). | |

46306(c)(2) | 49 App.:1472(b)(2) (1st sentence cl. (B)). | |

46306(c)(3) | 49 App.:1472(b)(2) (last sentence). | |

46306(d) | 49 App.:1472(b)(3). | |

46306(e) | 49 App.:1472(b)(5). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §902(b)(5); added Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §3401(a)(1), 100 Stat. 3207–99; Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7209(a), (b)(1), 102 Stat. 4429, 4432. |


In subsections (b)(9), (d), and (e), the word "Administrator" in section 902(b) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 784) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "Except as provided by subsection (c) of this section" are added for clarity. The words "It shall be unlawful for any person" and "upon conviction" are omitted as surplus. The words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "a fine of not more than $15,000" for consistency with title 18. In clause (1), the words "counterfeit" and "falsely make" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the words "covering up", "representation", and "writing" are omitted as surplus. In clause (7), the word "valid" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2), before clause (A), the words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "a fine of not more than $25,000" for consistency with title 18.

In subsection (d)(1) and (3), the words "Administrator of Drug Enforcement" are substituted for "Drug Enforcement Administration of the Department of Justice" and "Drug Enforcement Administration" because of section 5(a) of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973 (eff. July 1, 1973, 87 Stat. 1092). The words "Commissioner of Customs" and "Commissioner" are substituted for "United States Customs Service" because of 19:2071.

In subsection (d)(2)(A), the words "aircraft certificate of registration" are substituted for "registration" for consistency in this section. The words "counterfeited" and "falsely made" are omitted as surplus.

In subsections (d)(2)(C)(ii) and (e), the words "aircraft certificate of registration" are substituted for "aircraft registration certificate" for consistency with 49 App.:1401, restated in chapter 441 of the revised title.

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "this subsection or in any other provision of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "counterfeits" and "falsely makes" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4)(A), the words "covering up" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4)(B), the words "or representation" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4)(C), the words "writing or" are omitted as surplus.

This makes a clarifying amendment to 49:46306(c)(2)(B).

**1996**—Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104–287 inserted "that is" before "provided".

"Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection" substituted for "Commissioner of Customs" in subsec. (d)(1) on authority of section 802(d)(2) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the United States Customs Service of the Department of the Treasury, including functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 203(1), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. For establishment of U.S. Customs and Border Protection in the Department of Homeland Security, treated as if included in Pub. L. 107–296 as of Nov. 25, 2002, see section 211 of Title 6, as amended generally by Pub. L. 114–125, and section 802(b) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6.

A person that knowingly or willfully violates section 40103(b)(3) of this title or a regulation prescribed or order issued under section 40103(b)(3) shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned for not more than one year, or both.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1237.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46307 | 49 App.:1523. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1203, 72 Stat. 800. |


The words "In addition to the penalties otherwise provided for by this chapter" are omitted as surplus. The word "prescribed" is added for consistency in the revised title. The words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "a fine of not exceeding $10,000", and the words "shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor" are omitted, for consistency with title 18. The words "and upon conviction thereof" and "such fine and imprisonment" are omitted as surplus.

A person shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both, if the person—

(1) with intent to interfere with air navigation in the United States, exhibits in the United States a light or signal at a place or in a way likely to be mistaken for a true light or signal established under this part or for a true light or signal used at an air navigation facility;

(2) after a warning from the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, continues to maintain a misleading light or signal; or

(3) knowingly interferes with the operation of a true light or signal.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1238.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46308 | 49 App.:1472(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §902(c), 72 Stat. 784. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "a fine of not exceeding $5,000" for consistency with title 18. The words "such fine and imprisonment" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "used at" are substituted for "in connection with" for clarity. The words "airport or other" are omitted as being included in the definition of "air navigation facility" in section 40102(a) of the revised title. In clause (2), the word "due" is omitted as surplus. The word "Administrator" in section 902(c) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 784) is retained on authority of 49:106(g). In clause (3), the words "removes, extinguishes, or" are omitted as surplus.

(a)

(1) knowingly and willfully offers, grants, or gives, or causes to be offered, granted, or given, a rebate or other concession in violation of this part; or

(2) by any means knowingly and willfully assists, or willingly allows, a person to obtain transportation or services subject to this part at less than the price lawfully in effect.

(b)

(1) knowingly and willfully solicits, accepts, or receives a rebate of a part of a price lawfully in effect for the foreign air transportation of property, or a service related to the foreign air transportation; or

(2) knowingly solicits, accepts, or receives a privilege or facility related to a matter the Secretary of Transportation requires be specified in a currently effective tariff applicable to the foreign air transportation of property.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1238.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46309(a) | 49 App.:1472(d)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §902(d)(1), 72 Stat. 785; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub L. 93–623, §8(b), 88 Stat. 2105. |

46309(b) | 49 App.:1472(d)(2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §902(d)(2); added Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–623, §8(b), 88 Stat. 2106. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


In this section, the words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "a fine of not less than $100 and not more than $5,000" and "fined not less than $100, nor more than $5,000" for consistency with title 18. The words "for each offense" are omitted as surplus. The words "fares, or charges" are omitted as surplus because of the definition of "rate" in section 40102(a) of the revised title.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the word "representative" is omitted as surplus. The words "shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor" are omitted as superseded by 18:3559. The words "and, upon conviction thereof" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "device or" and "suffer or" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "by any means" are substituted for "in any manner or by any device" for consistency in this section and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clauses (1) and (2), the word "foreign" is added for clarity because only foreign air transportation has regulated prices. In clause (1), the word "rebate" is substituted for "refund or remittance" for consistency in this section. In clause (2), the word "favor" is omitted as being included in "privilege".

(a)

(1) failing to make a report or keep a record under this part;

(2) falsifying, mutilating, or altering a report or record under this part; or

(3) filing a false report or record under this part.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1238; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(56), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4385.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46310 | 49 App.:1472(e). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §902(e), 72 Stat. 785; restated Sept. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–121, 101 Stat. 792. |


In this section, the word "representative" is omitted as surplus. The words "account" and "memorandum" are omitted as being included in "record".

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "fined not more than $5,000 in the case of an individual and not more than $10,000 in the case of a person other than an individual" for consistency in this section and with title 18.

In subsection (b), the words "or representation" are omitted a surplus.

This amends 49:44711(a)(2)(B), (5), and (7) and 46310(b) to correct erroneous cross-references.

**1994**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–429 inserted "any of sections" before "44702–44716".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(1) the Secretary, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, officer, or employee acquires when inspecting the records of an air carrier; or

(2) is withheld from public disclosure under section 40115 of this title.

(b)

(1) the officer or employee is directed by the Secretary, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to disclose information that the Secretary, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration had ordered withheld; or

(2) the Secretary, Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, officer, or employee is directed by a court of competent jurisdiction to disclose the information.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1239; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §140(d)(6), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 642; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(g)(3), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3644.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46311(a), (b) | 49 App.:1472(f) (words before proviso). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §902(f), 72 Stat. 785. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

46311(c) | 49 App.:1472(f) (proviso). | |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In this section, the word "Administrator" in section 902(f) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 785) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "a fine of not more than $5,000" for consistency with title 18. The words "upon conviction thereof be subject for each offense" are omitted as surplus. The words "any fact or" are omitted as being included in "information". In clause (1), the words "the Secretary, Administrator, officer, or employee acquires" are substituted for "may come to his knowledge" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "or a judge thereof" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the word "duly" is omitted as surplus.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(g)(3)(C), substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(g)(3)(A)(i), in introductory provisions, substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to aviation safety duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to aviation safety duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator", "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall" for "Administrator shall", and "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration," for "Administrator,".

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(g)(3)(A)(ii), substituted "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "Administrator".

Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §1991(g)(3)(B), substituted "Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "Administrator" wherever appearing.

**2001**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(d)(6), in introductory provisions, inserted "the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary," after "Transportation," and "Under Secretary," after "Secretary," and substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator".

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(d)(6)(B) inserted "Under Secretary," after "Secretary,".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(d)(6)(C), substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator" in two places.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(d)(6)(B) inserted "Under Secretary," after "Secretary,".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(d)(6)(C), substituted ", Under Secretary, or Administrator" for "or Administrator".

(a)

(1) willfully delivers, or causes to be delivered, property containing hazardous material to an air carrier or to an operator of a civil aircraft for transportation in air commerce; or

(2) recklessly causes the transportation in air commerce of the property.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1239; Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §507, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 140; Pub. L. 109–59, title VII, §7128(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1909.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46312 | 49 App.:1472(h)(2). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §902(h)(2), 72 Stat. 785; restated Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–633, §113(c), 88 Stat. 2162. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "is guilty of an offense", "Upon conviction", and "for each offense" are omitted as surplus. The words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "a fine of not more than $25,000" for consistency with title 18. The word "prescribed" is substituted for "issued" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (1), the words "shipment, baggage, or other" are omitted as surplus.

**2005**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–59, §7128(a)(1), substituted "this part or chapter 51—" for "this part—" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §7128(a)(2), inserted "or chapter 51" after "under this part".

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b).

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

A person not obeying a subpoena or requirement of the Secretary of Transportation (or the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to aviation safety duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration) to appear and testify or produce records shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned for not more than one year, or both.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1239; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §140(d)(7), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 642; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(g)(4), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3644.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46313 | 49 App.:1472(g). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §902(g), 72 Stat. 785. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |


The word "Administrator" in section 902(g) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 785) is retained on authority of 49:106(g). The words "not obeying" are substituted for "who shall neglect or refuse . . . or to answer any lawful inquiry . . . in obedience to" to eliminate surplus words. The word "lawful" is omitted as surplus. The word "appear" is substituted for "attend" for clarity. The word "records" is substituted for "books, papers, or documents" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "if in his power to do so" are omitted as surplus. The words "shall be guilty of a misdemeanor" are omitted for consistency with title 18. The words "and, upon conviction thereof" are omitted as surplus. The words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "a fine of not less than $100 nor more than $5,000" for consistency with title 18.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "subpoena" for "subpena" and "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to aviation safety duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to aviation safety duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator".

**2001**—Pub. L. 107–71 inserted "the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary or" after "(or".

(a)

(b)

(2) A person violating subsection (a) of this section with intent to evade security procedures or restrictions or with intent to commit, in the aircraft or airport area, a felony under a law of the United States or a State shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned for not more than 10 years, or both.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1239; Pub. L. 112–74, div. D, title V, §564(b), (c), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 981.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46314 | 49 App.:1472(r). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §902(r); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §204(f)(2), 101 Stat. 1520. |


In subsection (b), the words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "a fine not to exceed $1,000" and "a fine not to exceed $10,000" for consistency with title 18.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "Upon conviction" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "airport area" are substituted for "secured area" for consistency in this section.

**2011**—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 112–74, §564(b), inserted "with intent to evade security procedures or restrictions or" after "of this section".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–74, §564(c), added subsec. (c).

(a)

(b)

(1) the person knowingly and willfully operates an aircraft in violation of a regulation or requirement of the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration related to the display of navigation or anticollision lights;

(2) the person is knowingly transporting a controlled substance by aircraft or aiding or facilitating a controlled substance offense; and

(3) the transporting, aiding, or facilitating—

(A) is punishable by death or imprisonment for more than one year under a law of the United States or a State; or

(B) is provided in connection with an act punishable by death or imprisonment for more than one year under a law of the United States or a State related to a controlled substance (except a law related to simple possession of a controlled substance).

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1240.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46315(a) | 49 App.:1303 (note). | Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7214, 102 Stat. 4434. |

46315(b) | 49 App.:1472(q). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §902(q); added Oct. 19, 1984, Pub. L. 98–499, §5(a), 98 Stat. 2315; restated Oct. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–570, §3401(b)(1), 100 Stat. 3207–100; Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7209(c)(1), (2)(A), 102 Stat. 4432. |


In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "a fine not exceeding $25,000" for consistency with title 18. In clause (2), the word "knowingly" is substituted for "and with knowledge of such act" to eliminate unnecessary words.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1240; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(79), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3397; Pub. L. 105–102, §3(d)(1)(D), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §140(d)(7), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 642; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(g)(5), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3645.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46316 | 49 App.:1472(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §902(a), 72 Stat. 784; restated July 10, 1962, Pub. L. 87–528, §13, 76 Stat. 150. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |


In subsection (a), the word "prescribed" is added for consistency in the revised title. The words "condition, or limitation of" are omitted as surplus. The word "Administrator" in section 902(a) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 784) is retained on authority of 49:106(g). The words "or in section 1474 of this Appendix" are omitted as surplus because 49 App.:1474 is not included in the revised title. The words "shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor" are omitted for consistency with title 18. The words "and upon conviction thereof" are omitted as surplus. The words "shall be fined under title 18" are substituted for "shall be subject for the first offense to a fine of not more than $500, and for any subsequent offense to a fine of not more than $2,000" for consistency with title 18.

In subsection (b), reference to 49 App.:ch. 20, subch. VII is omitted as unnecessary because subchapter VII is not restated in this part.

This amends 49:46316(b) to make it easier to include future sections in the cross-reference by restating it in terms of chapters.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to aviation safety duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect to aviation safety duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Administrator".

**2001**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–71 inserted "the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security with respect to security duties and powers designated to be carried out by the Under Secretary or" after "(or".

**1997**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–102 amended directory language of Pub. L. 104–287. See 1996 Amendment note below.

**1996**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–287, as amended by Pub. L. 105–102, substituted "chapter 447 (except section 44718(a)), and chapter 449 (except sections 44902, 44903(d), 44904, and 44907–44909)" for "and sections 44701(a) and (b), 44702–44716, 44901, 44903(b) and (c), 44905, 44906, 44912–44915, and 44932–44938".

Pub. L. 105–102, §3(d), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, provided that the amendment made by section 3(d)(1)(D) is effective Oct. 11, 1996.

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–102 effective as if included in the provisions of the Act to which the amendment relates, see section 3(f) of Pub. L. 105–102, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the Transportation Security Administration of the Department of Transportation, including the functions of the Secretary of Transportation, and of the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security, relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 203(2), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

(a)

(1) knowingly and willfully serves or attempts to serve in any capacity as an airman operating an aircraft in air transportation without an airman's certificate authorizing the individual to serve in that capacity; or

(2) knowingly and willfully employs for service or uses in any capacity as an airman to operate an aircraft in air transportation an individual who does not have an airman's certificate authorizing the individual to serve in that capacity.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) is punishable by death or imprisonment of more than 1 year under a Federal or State law; or

(B) is related to an act punishable by death or imprisonment for more than 1 year under a Federal or State law related to a controlled substance (except a law related to simple possession (as that term is used in section 46306(c)) of a controlled substance).

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §509(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 141.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §511(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 142; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §339(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3282.)

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254 inserted "or sexually" after "physically" in two places and substituted "$35,000" for "$25,000".

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §185(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2517.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2205(a), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 630.)


**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §539(m), div. K, title I, §1991(h)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3371, 3645, made identical amendments, striking out item 46503 "Repealed".

**2001**—Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §114(b), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 623, added item 46503 "Interference with security screening personnel".

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–322, title VI, §60003(b)(1), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1970, substituted "Repealed" for "Death penalty sentencing procedure for aircraft piracy" in item 46503.

In this chapter—

(1) "aircraft in flight" means an aircraft from the moment all external doors are closed following boarding—

(A) through the moment when one external door is opened to allow passengers to leave the aircraft; or

(B) until, if a forced landing, competent authorities take over responsibility for the aircraft and individuals and property on the aircraft.

(2) "special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States" includes any of the following aircraft in flight:

(A) a civil aircraft of the United States.

(B) an aircraft of the armed forces of the United States.

(C) another aircraft in the United States.

(D) another aircraft outside the United States—

(i) that has its next scheduled destination or last place of departure in the United States, if the aircraft next lands in the United States;

(ii) on which an individual commits an offense (as defined in the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft) if the aircraft lands in the United States with the individual still on the aircraft; or

(iii) against which an individual commits an offense (as defined in subsection (d) or (e) of article I, section I of the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation) if the aircraft lands in the United States with the individual still on the aircraft.

(E) any other aircraft leased without crew to a lessee whose principal place of business is in the United States or, if the lessee does not have a principal place of business, whose permanent residence is in the United States.

(3) an individual commits an offense (as defined in the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft) when the individual, when on an aircraft in flight—

(A) by any form of intimidation, unlawfully seizes, exercises control of, or attempts to seize or exercise control of, the aircraft; or

(B) is an accomplice of an individual referred to in subclause (A) of this clause.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1240.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46501(1) | 49 App.:1301(38) (words after 10th comma). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §101(38); added Oct. 14, 1970, Pub. L. 91–449, §1(1), 84 Stat. 921; restated Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §§102, 206, 88 Stat. 409, 419; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §17(b)(1), 91 Stat. 1286; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §2(b), 92 Stat. 1705; Oct. 12, 1984, Pub. L. 98–473, §2013(c), 98 Stat. 2189. |

49 App.:1472(n)(4). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §902(n)(2), (4); added Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §103(b), 88 Stat. 410, 411. | |

46501(2) | 49 App.:1301(38) (words before 10th comma). | |

46501(3) | 49 App.:1472(n)(2). |


In clause (2), before subclause (A), the words "any of the following" are substituted for "includes" for clarity. In subclause (B), the words "armed forces" are substituted for "national defense forces" because of 10:101. In subclause (D)(i), the word "place" is substituted for "point" for consistency in the revised title. The word "actually" is omitted as surplus. In subclause (D)(ii), the words "on which an individual commits" are substituted for "having . . . committed aboard" for clarity. In subclause (D)(iii), the words "against which an individual commits" are substituted for "regarding which an offense . . . is committed" for clarity. The words "(Montreal, September 23, 1971)" are omitted as surplus. In subclause (E), the words "the lessee does not have a principal place of business" are substituted for "none" for clarity.

In clause (3), the words "by force or threat thereof, or . . . other" are omitted as surplus.

(a)

(A) "aircraft piracy" means seizing or exercising control of an aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States by force, violence, threat of force or violence, or any form of intimidation, and with wrongful intent.

(B) an attempt to commit aircraft piracy is in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States although the aircraft is not in flight at the time of the attempt if the aircraft would have been in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States had the aircraft piracy been completed.

(2) An individual committing or attempting or conspiring to commit aircraft piracy—

(A) shall be imprisoned for at least 20 years; or

(B) notwithstanding section 3559(b) of title 18, if the death of another individual results from the commission or attempt, shall be put to death or imprisoned for life.

(b)

(A) shall be imprisoned for at least 20 years; or

(B) notwithstanding section 3559(b) of title 18, if the death of another individual results from the commission or attempt, shall be put to death or imprisoned for life.

(2) There is jurisdiction over the offense in paragraph (1) if—

(A) a national of the United States was aboard the aircraft;

(B) an offender is a national of the United States; or

(C) an offender is afterwards found in the United States.

(3) For purposes of this subsection, the term "national of the United States" has the meaning prescribed in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22)).

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1241; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(61), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4385; Pub. L. 104–132, title VII, §§721(a), 723(b), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1298, 1300.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46502(a)(1) | 49 App.:1472(i)(2), (3). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §902(i); added Sept. 5, 1961, Pub. L. 87–197, §1, 75 Stat. 466; Oct. 14, 1970, Pub. L. 91–449, §1(3), 84 Stat. 921; Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §§103(a), 104, 88 Stat. 410, 411. |

46502(a)(2) | 49 App.:1472(i)(1). | |

46502(b)(1) | 49 App.:1472(n)(1). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §902(n)(1), (3); added Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §103(b), 88 Stat. 410. |

46502(b)(2) | 49 App.:1472(n)(3). |


In subsection (a)(1)(B), the words "offense of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "as herein defined" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "the place of actual" are omitted as surplus. The words "as defined in paragraph (2) of this subsection" are omitted because of the restatement. The word "country" is substituted for "State" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

This amends 49:46502(a)(2)(B) and (b)(1)(B) to clarify the restatement of 49 App.:1472(i)(1)(B) and (n)(1)(B) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1241, 1242).

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 104–132, §723(b)(1), inserted "or conspiring" after "attempting".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104–132, §§721(a)(1), 723(b)(2), in introductory provisions, inserted "or conspiring to commit" after "committing" and struck out "and later found in the United States" after "jurisdiction of the United States".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 104–132, §721(a)(2), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "This subsection applies only if the place of takeoff or landing of the aircraft on which the individual commits the offense is located outside the territory of the country of registration of the aircraft."

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 104–132, §721(a)(3), added par. (3).

**1994**—Subsecs. (a)(2)(B), (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 103–429 inserted "notwithstanding section 3559(b) of title 18," before "if the death".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 109–177, title II, §211, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 230, provided that:

"(a)

" '(c) [Omitted, see below.]'.

"(b)

Pub. L. 103–322, title VI, §60003(c), as added by Pub. L. 109–177, title II, §211(a), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 230, provided that:

"(c)

The United States is a party to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, signed at The Hague, Dec. 16, 1970, entered into force as to the United States, Oct. 14, 1971, 22 UST 1641.

An individual in an area within a commercial service airport in the United States who, by assaulting a Federal, airport, or air carrier employee who has security duties within the airport, interferes with the performance of the duties of the employee or lessens the ability of the employee to perform those duties, shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned for not more than 10 years, or both. If the individual used a dangerous weapon in committing the assault or interference, the individual may be imprisoned for any term of years or life imprisonment.

(Added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §114(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 623.)

A prior section 46503, Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1242, provided for death penalty sentencing procedure for individuals convicted of aircraft piracy, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–322, title VI, §60003(b)(2), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1970.

An individual on an aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States who, by assaulting or intimidating a flight crew member or flight attendant of the aircraft, interferes with the performance of the duties of the member or attendant or lessens the ability of the member or attendant to perform those duties, or attempts or conspires to do such an act, shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned for not more than 20 years, or both. However, if a dangerous weapon is used in assaulting or intimidating the member or attendant, the individual shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1244; Pub. L. 107–56, title VIII, §811(i), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 382.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46504 | 49 App.:1472(j). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §902(j); added Sept. 5, 1961, Pub. L. 87–197, §1, 75 Stat. 466; Oct. 14, 1970, Pub. L. 91–449, §1(3), 84 Stat. 921. |


The words "or threatens" are omitted as being included in "intimidating". The words "(including any steward or stewardess)" are omitted as being included in "attendant". The words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "fined not more than $10,000" for consistency with title 18. The words "deadly or" are omitted as surplus.

**2001**—Pub. L. 107–56 inserted "or attempts or conspires to do such an act," before "shall be fined under title 18,".

(a)

(b)

(1) when on, or attempting to get on, an aircraft in, or intended for operation in, air transportation or intrastate air transportation, has on or about the individual or the property of the individual a concealed dangerous weapon that is or would be accessible to the individual in flight;

(2) has placed, attempted to place, or attempted to have placed a loaded firearm on that aircraft in property not accessible to passengers in flight; or

(3) has on or about the individual, or has placed, attempted to place, or attempted to have placed on that aircraft, an explosive or incendiary device.

(c)

(d)

(1) a law enforcement officer of a State or political subdivision of a State, or an officer or employee of the United States Government, authorized to carry arms in an official capacity;

(2) another individual the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration or the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration by regulation authorizes to carry a dangerous weapon in air transportation or intrastate air transportation; or

(3) an individual transporting a weapon (except a loaded firearm) in baggage not accessible to a passenger in flight if the air carrier was informed of the presence of the weapon.

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1244; Pub. L. 104–132, title VII, §705(b), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1295; Pub. L. 107–56, title VIII, §§810(g), 811(j), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 381, 382; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §140(d)(8), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 642; Pub. L. 115–254, div. K, title I, §1991(h)(1), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3645.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46505(a) | 49 App.:1472(l)(4). |
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §902(l)(4); added Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §502(c), 94 Stat. 59. |

46505(b) | 49 App.:1472(l)(1). |
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §902(l)(1); added Sept. 5, 1961, Pub. L. 87–197, §1, 75 Stat. 466; Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §203, 88 Stat. 417; restated Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §502(a), 94 Stat. 59; Oct. 12, 1984, Pub. L. 98–473, §2014(c)(1), 98 Stat. 2189. |

46505(c) | 49 App.:1472(l)(2). |
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §902(l)(2); added Sept. 5, 1961, Pub. L. 87–197, §1, 75 Stat. 466; restated Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §203, 88 Stat. 418; Oct. 12, 1984, Pub. L 98–473, §2014(c)(2), 98 Stat. 2189. |

46505(d) | 49 App.:1472(l)(3). |
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §902(l)(3); added Sept. 5, 1961, Pub. L. 87–197, §1, 75 Stat. 466; restated Aug. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–366, §203, 88 Stat. 418; Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §502(b), 94 Stat. 59. |


In subsection (a), the definition of "firearm" is merged with the definition of "loaded firearm" because the term "firearm" is only used in the defined term "loaded firearm".

In subsections (b) and (c), the words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "fined not more than $10,000" and "fined not more than $25,000" for consistency with title 18.

In subsections (b)(1) and (d)(2), the words "deadly or" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "baggage or other" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(3), the words "bomb or similar" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "State or political subdivision of a State" are substituted for "municipal or State government" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "or required" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(3), the word "contained" is omitted as surplus.

**2018**—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Security".

**2001**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–56, §810(g), substituted "20 years, or both, and, if death results to any person, shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life." for "15 years, or both."

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 107–71, §140(d)(8), inserted "or the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security" after "Federal Aviation Administration".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107–56, §811(j), added subsec. (e).

**1996**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–132, §705(b)(1), substituted "10 years" for "one year".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–132, §705(b)(2), substituted "15 years" for "5 years".

An individual on an aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States who commits an act that—

(1) if committed in the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States (as defined in section 7 of title 18) would violate section 113, 114, 661, 662, 1111, 1112, 1113, or 2111 or chapter 109A of title 18, shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned under that section or chapter, or both; or

(2) if committed in the District of Columbia would violate section 9 of the Act of July 29, 1892 (D.C. Code §22-1112), shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned under section 9 of the Act, or both.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1245.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46506 | 49 App.:1472(k). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §902(k); added Sept. 5, 1961, Pub. L. 87–197, §1, 75 Stat. 466; Oct. 14, 1970, Pub. L. 91–449, §1(3), 84 Stat. 921; Nov. 10, 1986, Pub. L. 99–646, §87(d)(8), 100 Stat. 3624; Nov. 14, 1986, Pub. L. 99–654, §3(b)(8), 100 Stat. 3664. |


In clause (1), the words "fined under title 18, imprisoned under that section or chapter, or both" are substituted for "punished as provided therein" for consistency with title 18.

In clause (2), the words "fined under title 18, imprisoned under section 9 of the Act, or both" are substituted for "punished as provided therein" for consistency with title 18.

Section 9 of the Act of July 29, 1892, referred to in par. (2), is section 9 of act July 29, 1892, ch. 320, 27 Stat. 324, which is not classified to the Code. Section 9 of the Act was reclassified to section 22–1312 of the D.C. Code (2014).

An individual shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both, if the individual—

(1) knowing the information to be false, willfully and maliciously or with reckless disregard for the safety of human life, gives, or causes to be given, under circumstances in which the information reasonably may be believed, false information about an alleged attempt being made or to be made to do an act that would violate section 46502(a), 46504, 46505, or 46506 of this title; or

(2)(A) threatens to violate section 46502(a), 46504, 46505, or 46506 of this title, or causes a threat to violate any of those sections to be made; and

(B) has the apparent determination and will to carry out the threat.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1245.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

46507 | 49 App.:1472(m). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §902(m); added Sept. 5, 1961, Pub. L. 87–197, §1, 75 Stat. 467; restated Oct. 12, 1984, Pub. L. 98–473, §2014(d)(1), 98 Stat. 2190. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "fined not more than $25,000" for consistency with title 18. In clauses (1) and (2), the words "a felony" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "gives, or causes to be given" are substituted for "imparts or conveys or causes to be imparted or conveyed" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "attempt or" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "threatens . . . or causes a threat . . . to be made" are substituted for "imparts or conveys or causes to be imparted or conveyed any threat" to eliminate unnecessary words.




**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §§140(b), 160(b), 166(c), title III, §395(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3211, 3221, 3226, 3327, added items 47124a, 47136, 47140, and 47143, substituted "Airport investment partnership program" for "Pilot program on private ownership of airports" in item 47134, and struck out former item 47136 "Inherently low-emission airport vehicle pilot program", item 47136a "Zero-emission airport vehicles and infrastructure", former item 47140 "Airport ground support equipment emissions retrofit pilot program", and item 47140a "Increasing the energy efficiency of airport power sources".

**2017**—Pub. L. 115–31, div. K, title I, §119F(b), May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 735, which directed amendment of the analysis for this chapter by adding item 47144 after item 47143, was executed by adding item 47144 after item 47142 to reflect the probable intent of Congress, because no item for section 47143 has been enacted.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §148(b), title V, §§511(c), 512(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 32, 108, 109, substituted "Resolution of disputes concerning airport fees" for "Resolution of airport-air carrier disputes concerning airport fees" in item 47129 and added items 47136a and 47140a.

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §§152(b), 158(b), 159(a)(2), 160(b), 181(b), title III, §304(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2507, 2509, 2510, 2513, 2515, 2538, added items 47138 to 47142, subchapter III heading, and items 47171 to 47175.

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §§123(a)(2), 132(b), 133(b), 134(b), 135(d)(4), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 74, 81–83, 85, struck out item 47132 "Pavement maintenance", added items 47135 to 47137, and substituted "conveyances" for "gifts" in item 47152.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §§142(c), 147(c)(2), 149(a)(2), title VIII, §804(c), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3221, 3223, 3226, 3271, substituted "grant program" for "grant pilot program" in item 47128 and added items 47132, 47133, and 47134.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §§113(b), 118(b), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1579, 1580, added items 47129 and 47130 and redesignated former item 47129 as 47131.

(a)

(1) that the safe operation of the airport and airway system is the highest aviation priority;

(2) that aviation facilities be constructed and operated to minimize current and projected noise impact on nearby communities;

(3) to give special emphasis to developing reliever airports;

(4) that appropriate provisions should be made to make the development and enhancement of cargo hub airports easier;

(5) to encourage the development of intermodal connections on airport property between aeronautical and other transportation modes and systems to serve air transportation passengers and cargo efficiently and effectively and promote economic development;

(6) that airport development projects under this subchapter provide for the protection and enhancement of natural resources and the quality of the environment of the United States;

(7) that airport construction and improvement projects that increase the capacity of facilities to accommodate passenger and cargo traffic be undertaken to the maximum feasible extent so that safety and efficiency increase and delays decrease;

(8) to ensure that nonaviation usage of the navigable airspace be accommodated but not allowed to decrease the safety and capacity of the airspace and airport system;

(9) that artificial restrictions on airport capacity—

(A) are not in the public interest;

(B) should be imposed to alleviate air traffic delays only after other reasonably available and less burdensome alternatives have been tried; and

(C) should not discriminate unjustly between categories and classes of aircraft;

(10) that special emphasis should be placed on converting appropriate former military air bases to civil use and identifying and improving additional joint-use facilities;

(11) that the airport improvement program should be administered to encourage projects that employ innovative technology (including integrated in-pavement lighting systems for runways and taxiways and other runway and taxiway incursion prevention devices), concepts, and approaches that will promote safety, capacity, and efficiency improvements in the construction of airports and in the air transportation system (including the development and use of innovative concrete and other materials in the construction of airport facilities to minimize initial laydown costs, minimize time out of service, and maximize lifecycle durability) and to encourage and solicit innovative technology proposals and activities in the expenditure of funding pursuant to this subchapter;

(12) that airport fees, rates, and charges must be reasonable and may only be used for purposes not prohibited by this subchapter; and

(13) that airports should be as self-sustaining as possible under the circumstances existing at each particular airport and in establishing new fees, rates, and charges, and generating revenues from all sources, airport owners and operators should not seek to create revenue surpluses that exceed the amounts to be used for airport system purposes and for other purposes for which airport revenues may be spent under section 47107(b)(1) of this title, including reasonable reserves and other funds to facilitate financing and cover contingencies.

(b)

(2) United States leadership in the world economy, the expanding wealth of the United States, the competitiveness of the industry of the United States, the standard of living, and the quality of life are at stake.

(3) A national intermodal transportation system is a coordinated, flexible network of diverse but complementary forms of transportation that transports passengers and property in the most efficient manner. By reducing transportation costs, these intermodal systems will enhance the ability of the industry of the United States to compete in the global marketplace.

(4) All forms of transportation, including aviation and other transportation systems of the future, will be full partners in the effort to reduce energy consumption and air pollution while promoting economic development.

(5) An intermodal transportation system consists of transportation hubs that connect different forms of appropriate transportation and provides users with the most efficient means of transportation and with access to commercial centers, business locations, population centers, and the vast rural areas of the United States, as well as providing links to other forms of transportation and to intercity connections.

(6) Intermodality and flexibility are paramount issues in the process of developing an integrated system that will obtain the optimum yield of United States resources.

(7) The United States transportation infrastructure must be reshaped to provide the economic underpinnings for the United States to compete in the 21st century global economy. The United States can no longer rely on the sheer size of its economy to dominate international economic rivals and must recognize fully that its economy is no longer a separate entity but is part of the global marketplace. The future economic prosperity of the United States depends on its ability to compete in an international marketplace that is teeming with competitors but in which a full one-quarter of the economic activity of the United States takes place.

(8) The United States must make a national commitment to rebuild its infrastructure through development of a national intermodal transportation system. The United States must provide the foundation for its industries to improve productivity and their ability to compete in the global economy with a system that will transport passengers and property in an efficient manner.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1) reliever airports; and

(2) heliports designated by the Secretary of Transportation to relieve congestion at commercial service airports by diverting aircraft passengers from fixed-wing aircraft to helicopter carriers.

(f)

(1) electronic or visual vertical guidance on each runway;

(2) grooving or friction treatment of each primary and secondary runway;

(3) distance-to-go signs for each primary and secondary runway;

(4) a precision approach system, a vertical visual guidance system, and a full approach light system for each primary runway;

(5) a nonprecision instrument approach for each secondary runway;

(6) runway end identifier lights on each runway that does not have an approach light system;

(7) a surface movement radar system at each category III airport;

(8) a taxiway lighting and sign system;

(9) runway edge lighting and marking;

(10) radar approach coverage for each airport terminal area; and

(11) runway and taxiway incursion prevention devices, including integrated in-pavement lighting systems for runways and taxiways.

(g)

(1)

(2)

(A) foster effective coordination between aviation planning and metropolitan planning;

(B) include an evaluation of aviation needs within the context of multimodal planning;

(C) consider passenger convenience, airport ground access, and access to airport facilities; and

(D) are integrated with metropolitan plans to ensure that airport development proposals include adequate consideration of land use and ground transportation access.

(3)

(h)

(1) natural resources, including fish and wildlife;

(2) natural, scenic, and recreation assets;

(3) water and air quality; or

(4) another factor affecting the environment.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1246; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §§104, 110, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1571, 1573; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(62), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4385; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §141, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3220; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §§121(a), (b), 137(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 74, 85; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §131, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 21.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47101(a)(1) | 49 App.:2201(a)(1), (2). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §§502(a)(1)–(3), (6), (b), 509(b)(5) (1st sentence, last sentence words before 11th comma), 96 Stat. 671, 672, 684. |

49 App.:2201(a)(9). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §502(a)(9), 96 Stat. 672; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §102(b)(1), (c)(1), 101 Stat. 1487. | |

49 App.:2201(a)(10). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §502(a)(10), 96 Stat. 672; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §102(b)(1), (c)(2), 101 Stat. 1487. | |

47101(a)(2) | 49 App.:2201(a)(8). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §502(a)(8), 96 Stat. 672; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §102(b)(1), 101 Stat. 1487. |

47101(a)(3) | 49 App.:2201(a)(6). | |

47101(a)(4) | 49 App.:2201(a)(7). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §502(a)(7); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §102(b)(2), 101 Stat. 1487. |

47101(a)(5) | 49 App.:2201(b) (1st sentence). | |

47101(a)(6) | 49 App.:2208(b)(5) (1st sentence). | |

47101(a)(7) | 49 App.:2201(a)(11). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §502(a)(11); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §102(c)(3), 101 Stat. 1488. |

47101(a)(8) | 49 App.:2201(a)(12). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §502(a)(12); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §102(c)(3), 101 Stat. 1488; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9109(a)(1), 104 Stat. 1388–356. |

47101(a)(9) | 49 App.:2201(a)(13). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §502(a)(13); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §102(c)(3), 101 Stat. 1488; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §§9103(2), 9109(a)(2), 104 Stat. 1388–354, 1388–356. |

47101(a)(10) | 49 App.:2201(a)(14). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §502(a)(14); added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9109(a)(3), 104 Stat. 1388–356. |

47101(b) | 49 App.:2201(c). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §502(c), (d); added Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §101, 106 Stat. 4875. |

47101(c) | 49 App.:2201(d). | |

47101(d) | 49 App.:2201(a)(5). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §502(a)(5), 96 Stat. 671; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9103(1), 104 Stat. 1388–354. |

47101(e) | 49 App.:2201(a)(3). | |

49 App.:2202(a)(20). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §503(a)(20), 96 Stat. 674; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §103(c)(1), 101 Stat. 1488. | |

47101(f) | 49 App.:2201(a)(4). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §502(a)(4), 96 Stat. 671; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §102(a), 101 Stat. 1487. |

47101(g) | 49 App.:2201(b) (2d, last sentences). | |

47101(h) | 49 App.:2208(b)(5) (last sentence words before 11th comma). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the text of 49 App.:2201(a)(2), (9), and (10) is omitted as executed. The words "It is the policy of the United States" are substituted for "The Congress hereby . . . declares" in 49 App.:2201(a) (words before cl. (1)), "it is in the national interest" in 49 App.:2201(a)(12), "are not in the public interest and" in 49 App.:2201(a)(13), "It is declared to be in the national interest to" in 49 App.:2201(b), and "It is declared to be national policy that" in 49 App.:2208(b)(5) for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (1), the word "is" is substituted for "will continue to be" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (2), the words "with due regard" are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the words "reliever airports make an important contribution to the efficient operation of the airport and airway system" are omitted as executed. In clause (4), the words "cargo hub airports play a critical role in the movement of commerce through the airport and airway system" are omitted as executed. In clause (5), the words "and promote" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the word "to" is substituted for "with due regard for the goals expressed therein of" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "The facilities provided may include" are substituted for "including" because of the restatement. Clause (2) is substituted for "reliever heliports" to incorporate the definition of that term from 49 App.:2202(a)(19) into this subsection.

In subsection (f), before clause (1), the words "the goal of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g), the words "formulated" and "due" are omitted as surplus. The words "process of developing airport plans and programs" are substituted for "process" for clarity.

This amends 49:47101(a)(12) to translate a cross-reference to the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982 (Public Law 97–248, 96 Stat. 671) to the corresponding cross-reference of title 49, United States Code.

**2012**—Subsec. (g)(2)(C), (D). Pub. L. 112–95 added subpar. (C) and redesignated former subpar. (C) as (D).

**2000**—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 106–181, §137(a), amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: "to encourage the development of transportation systems that use various modes of transportation in a way that will serve the States and local communities efficiently and effectively;".

Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 106–181, §121(a), inserted "(including integrated in-pavement lighting systems for runways and taxiways and other runway and taxiway incursion prevention devices)" after "employ innovative technology".

Subsec. (f)(11). Pub. L. 106–181, §121(b), added par. (11).

**1996**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–264 substituted "

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 103–305, §104, added par. (11).

Subsec. (a)(12). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "subchapter" for "Act".

Pub. L. 103–305, §110, added par. (12).

Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 103–305, §110, added par. (13).

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §163(a)–(c), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3224, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) the acquisition, use, lease, encumbrance, transfer, or disposal of land by an airport owner or operator;

"(2) any facility upon such land; or

"(3) any portion of such land or facility.

"(b)

"(1) any regulation ensuring—

"(A) the safe and efficient operation of aircraft or safety of people and property on the ground related to aircraft operations;

"(B) that an airport owner or operator receives not less than fair market value in the context of a commercial transaction for the use, lease, encumbrance, transfer, or disposal of land, any facilities on such land, or any portion of such land or facilities; or

"(C) that the airport pays not more than fair market value in the context of a commercial transaction for the acquisition of land or facilities on such land;

"(2) any regulation imposed with respect to land or a facility acquired or modified using Federal funding; or

"(3) any authority contained in—

"(A) a Surplus Property Act [of 1944, act Oct. 3, 1944, ch. 479, 58 Stat. 765] instrument of transfer, or

"(B) section 40117 of title 49, United States Code.

"(c)

Pub. L. 114–307, §1, Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1523, provided that: "The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may enter into a reimbursable agreement with a State or local government agency to carry out a project at an airport as to which notice is required under section 77.9 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, if the agreement—

"(1) includes measures for cost-effective completion of such project; and

"(2) would not negatively affect the safety or efficiency of the national airspace system."

Pub. L. 112–95, title III, §314, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 67, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) shall include, at a minimum—

"(i) goals to improve runway safety;

"(ii) near- and long-term actions designed to reduce the severity, number, and rate of runway incursions, losses of standard separation, and operational errors;

"(iii) time frames and resources needed for the actions described in clause (ii);

"(iv) a continuous evaluative process to track performance toward the goals referred to in clause (i); and

"(v) a review with respect to runway safety of every commercial service airport (as defined in section 47102 of title 49, United States Code) in the United States and proposed action to improve airport lighting, provide better signs, and improve runway and taxiway markings at those airports; and

"(B) shall address the increased runway safety risk associated with the expected increased volume of air traffic.

"(b)

"(1) identifying who is responsible for tracking operational errors, losses of standard separation, and runway incursions, including a process for lower level employees to report to higher supervisory levels and for frontline managers to receive the information in a timely manner;

"(2) conducting periodic random audits of the oversight process; and

"(3) ensuring proper accountability.

"(c)

Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §155(d), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 89, provided that: "The Secretary [of Transportation] shall ensure that gates and other facilities are made available at costs that are fair and reasonable to air carriers at covered airports (as defined in section 47106(f)(4) [47106(f)(3)] of title 49, United States Code) where a 'majority-in-interest clause' of a contract or other agreement or arrangement inhibits the ability of the local airport authority to provide or build new gates or other facilities."

Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §158, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 90, provided that: "Notwithstanding any provision of law that specifically restricts the number of runways at a single international airport, the Secretary [of Transportation] may obligate funds made available under chapters 471 and 481 of title 49, United States Code, for any project to construct a new runway at such airport, unless this section is expressly repealed."

Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §148, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3223, authorized the Secretary of Transportation until Sept. 30, 1998, to carry out a demonstration program to provide information on the use of innovative financing techniques for airport development projects to Congress and the National Civil Aviation Review Commission. See section 47135 of this title.

Pub. L. 104–264, title XII, §1203, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3280, provided that: "Notwithstanding any other provision of a law, rule, or grant assurance, an airport that is not a commercial service airport may be closed by its sponsor without any obligation to repay grants made under chapter 471 of title 49, United States Code, the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982 [see References in Text note set out under section 47108 of this title], or any other law if the airport is located within 2 miles of a United States Army depot which has been closed or realigned; except that in the case of disposal of the land associated with the airport, the part of the proceeds from the disposal that is proportional to the Government's share of the cost of acquiring the land shall be paid to the Secretary of Transportation for deposit in the Airport and Airway Trust Fund established under section 9502 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 9502)."

Pub. L. 103–305, title V, §520, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1601, required the Secretary to conduct a study on innovative approaches for using Federal funds to finance airport development as a means of supplementing financing available under the Airport Improvement Program and set out matters for the Secretary to consider and persons to consult, and provided that the Secretary would transmit to Congress a report on the results of the study not later than 12 months after Aug. 23, 1994.

In this subchapter—

(1) "air carrier airport" means a public airport regularly served by—

(A) an air carrier certificated by the Secretary of Transportation under section 41102 of this title (except a charter air carrier); or

(B) at least one air carrier—

(i) operating under an exemption from section 41101(a)(1) of this title that the Secretary grants; and

(ii) having at least 2,500 passenger boardings at the airport during the prior calendar year.

(2) "airport"—

(A) means—

(i) an area of land or water used or intended to be used for the landing and taking off of aircraft;

(ii) an appurtenant area used or intended to be used for airport buildings or other airport facilities or rights of way; and

(iii) airport buildings and facilities located in any of those areas; and

(B) includes a heliport.

(3) "airport development" means the following activities, if undertaken by the sponsor, owner, or operator of a public-use airport:

(A) constructing, repairing, or improving a public-use airport, including—

(i) removing, lowering, relocating, marking, and lighting an airport hazard; and

(ii) preparing a plan or specification, including carrying out a field investigation.

(B) acquiring for, or installing at, a public-use airport—

(i) a navigation aid or another aid (including a precision approach system) used by aircraft for landing at or taking off from the airport, including preparing the site as required by the acquisition or installation;

(ii) safety or security equipment, including explosive detection devices, universal access systems, and emergency call boxes, the Secretary requires by regulation for, or approves as contributing significantly to, the safety or security of individuals and property at the airport and integrated in-pavement lighting systems for runways and taxiways and other runway and taxiway incursion prevention devices;

(iii) equipment to remove snow, to measure runway surface friction, or for aviation-related weather reporting, including closed circuit weather surveillance equipment if the airport is located in Alaska;

(iv) firefighting and rescue equipment at an airport that serves scheduled passenger operations of air carrier aircraft designed for more than 9 passenger seats;

(v) aircraft deicing equipment and structures (except aircraft deicing fluids and storage facilities for the equipment and fluids);

(vi) interactive training systems;

(vii) windshear detection equipment that is certified by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration;

(viii) stainless steel adjustable lighting extensions approved by the Administrator;

(ix) engineered materials arresting systems as described in the Advisory Circular No. 150/5220–22 published by the Federal Aviation Administration on August 21, 1998, including any revision to the circular; and

(x) replacement of baggage conveyor systems, and reconfiguration of terminal baggage areas, that the Secretary determines are necessary to install bulk explosive detection devices; except that such activities shall be eligible for funding under this subchapter only using amounts apportioned under section 47114.

(C) acquiring an interest in land or airspace, including land for future airport development, that is needed—

(i) to carry out airport development described in subclause (A) or (B) of this clause; or

(ii) to remove or mitigate an existing airport hazard or prevent or limit the creation of a new airport hazard.

(D) acquiring land for, or constructing, a burn area training structure on or off the airport to provide live fire drill training for aircraft rescue and firefighting personnel required to receive the training under regulations the Secretary prescribes, including basic equipment and minimum structures to support the training under standards the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration prescribes.

(E) relocating after December 31, 1991, an air traffic control tower and any navigational aid (including radar) if the relocation is necessary to carry out a project approved by the Secretary under this subchapter or under section 40117.

(F) constructing, reconstructing, repairing, or improving an airport, or purchasing capital equipment for an airport, if necessary for compliance with the responsibilities of the operator or owner of the airport under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12101 et seq.), the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.), and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.), except constructing or purchasing capital equipment that would benefit primarily a revenue-producing area of the airport used by a nonaeronautical business.

(G) acquiring land for, or work necessary to construct, a pad suitable for deicing aircraft before takeoff at a commercial service airport, including constructing or reconstructing paved areas, drainage collection structures, treatment and discharge systems, appropriate lighting, paved access for deicing vehicles and aircraft, and including acquiring glycol recovery vehicles, but not including acquiring aircraft deicing fluids or constructing or reconstructing storage facilities for aircraft deicing equipment or fluids.

(H) routine work to preserve and extend the useful life of runways, taxiways, and aprons at nonhub airports and airports that are not primary airports, under guidelines issued by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.

(I) constructing, reconstructing, or improving an airport, or purchasing nonrevenue generating capital equipment to be owned by an airport, for the purpose of transferring passengers, cargo, or baggage between the aeronautical and ground transportation modes on airport property.

(J) constructing an air traffic control tower or acquiring and installing air traffic control, communications, and related equipment at an air traffic control tower under the terms specified in section 47124(b)(4).

(K) work necessary to construct or modify airport facilities to provide low-emission fuel systems, gate electrification, and other related air quality improvements at a commercial service airport if the airport is located in an air quality nonattainment or maintenance area (as defined in sections 171(2) and 175A of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7501(2); 7505a)) and if the airport would be able to receive emission credits, as described in section 47139.

(L) a project by a commercial service airport for the acquisition of airport-owned vehicles or ground support equipment equipped with low-emission technology if the airport is located in an air quality nonattainment or maintenance area (as defined in sections 171(2) and 175A of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7501(2); 7505a)), if the airport would be able to receive appropriate emission credits (as described in section 47139), and the vehicles are;

(i) used exclusively on airport property; or

(ii) used exclusively to transport passengers and employees between the airport and the airport's consolidated rental car facility or an intermodal surface transportation facility adjacent to the airport.

(M) construction of mobile refueler parking within a fuel farm at a nonprimary airport meeting the requirements of section 112.8 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations.

(N) terminal development under section 47119(a).

(O) acquiring and installing facilities and equipment to provide air conditioning, heating, or electric power from terminal-based, nonexclusive use facilities to aircraft parked at a public use airport for the purpose of reducing energy use or harmful emissions as compared to the provision of such air conditioning, heating, or electric power from aircraft-based systems.

(P) an on-airport project to improve the reliability and efficiency of the airport's power supply and to prevent power disruptions to the airfield, passenger terminal, and any other airport facilities, including the acquisition and installation of electrical generators, separation of the airport's main power supply from its redundant power supply, and the construction or modification of airport facilities to install a microgrid (as defined in section 641 of the United States Energy Storage Competitiveness Act of 2007 (42 U.S.C. 17231)).

(Q) converting or retrofitting vehicles and ground support equipment into eligible zero-emission vehicles and equipment (as defined in section 47136) and for acquiring, by purchase or lease, eligible zero-emission vehicles and equipment.

(R) predevelopment planning, including financial, legal, or procurement consulting services, related to an application or proposed application for an exemption under section 47134.

(4) "airport hazard" means a structure or object of natural growth located on or near a public-use airport, or a use of land near the airport, that obstructs or otherwise is hazardous to the landing or taking off of aircraft at or from the airport.

(5) "airport planning" means planning as defined by requirements the Secretary prescribes and includes—

(A) integrated airport system planning;

(B) developing an environmental management system; and

(C) developing a plan for recycling and minimizing the generation of airport solid waste, consistent with applicable State and local recycling laws, including the cost of a waste audit.

(6) "amount made available under section 48103" or "amount newly made available" means the amount authorized for grants under section 48103 as that amount may be limited in that year by a subsequent law, but as determined without regard to grant obligation recoveries made in that year or amounts covered by section 47107(f).

(7) "commercial service airport" means a public airport in a State that the Secretary determines has at least 2,500 passenger boardings each year and is receiving scheduled passenger aircraft service.

(8) "general aviation airport" means a public-use airport that is located in a State and that, as determined by the Secretary—

(A) does not have scheduled service; or

(B) has scheduled service with less than 2,500 passenger boardings each year.

(9) "integrated airport system planning" means developing for planning purposes information and guidance to decide the extent, kind, location, and timing of airport development needed in a specific area to establish a viable, balanced, and integrated system of public-use airports, including—

(A) identifying system needs;

(B) developing an estimate of systemwide development costs;

(C) conducting studies, surveys, and other planning actions, including those related to airport access, needed to decide which aeronautical needs should be met by a system of airports; and

(D) standards prescribed by a State, except standards for safety of approaches, for airport development at nonprimary public-use airports.

(10) "landed weight" means the weight of aircraft transporting only cargo in intrastate, interstate, and foreign air transportation, as the Secretary determines under regulations the Secretary prescribes.

(11) "large hub airport" means a commercial service airport that has at least 1.0 percent of the passenger boardings.

(12) "low-emission technology" means technology for vehicles and equipment whose emission performance is the best achievable under emission standards established by the Environmental Protection Agency and that relies exclusively on alternative fuels that are substantially nonpetroleum based, as defined by the Department of Energy, but not excluding hybrid systems or natural gas powered vehicles.

(13) "medium hub airport" means a commercial service airport that has at least 0.25 percent but less than 1.0 percent of the passenger boardings.

(14) "nonhub airport" means a commercial service airport that has less than 0.05 percent of the passenger boardings.

(15) "passenger boardings"—

(A) means, unless the context indicates otherwise, revenue passenger boardings in the United States in the prior calendar year on an aircraft in service in air commerce, as the Secretary determines under regulations the Secretary prescribes; and

(B) includes passengers who continue on an aircraft in international flight that stops at an airport in the 48 contiguous States, Alaska, or Hawaii for a nontraffic purpose.

(16) "primary airport" means a commercial service airport the Secretary determines to have more than 10,000 passenger boardings each year.

(17) "project" means a project, separate projects included in one project grant application, or all projects to be undertaken at an airport in a fiscal year, to achieve airport development or airport planning.

(18) "project cost" means a cost involved in carrying out a project.

(19) "project grant" means a grant of money the Secretary makes to a sponsor to carry out at least one project.

(20) "public agency" means—

(A) a State or political subdivision of a State;

(B) a tax-supported organization; or

(C) an Indian tribe or pueblo.

(21) "public airport" means an airport used or intended to be used for public purposes—

(A) that is under the control of a public agency; and

(B) of which the area used or intended to be used for the landing, taking off, or surface maneuvering of aircraft is publicly owned.

(22) "public-use airport" means—

(A) a public airport; or

(B) a privately-owned airport used or intended to be used for public purposes that is—

(i) a reliever airport; or

(ii) determined by the Secretary to have at least 2,500 passenger boardings each year and to receive scheduled passenger aircraft service.

(23) "reliever airport" means an airport the Secretary designates to relieve congestion at a commercial service airport and to provide more general aviation access to the overall community.

(24) "revenue producing aeronautical support facilities" means fuel farms, hangar buildings, self-service credit card aeronautical fueling systems, airplane wash racks, major rehabilitation of a hangar owned by a sponsor, or other aeronautical support facilities that the Secretary determines will increase the revenue producing ability of the airport.

(25) "small hub airport" means a commercial service airport that has at least 0.05 percent but less than 0.25 percent of the passenger boardings.

(26) "sponsor" means—

(A) a public agency that submits to the Secretary under this subchapter an application for financial assistance; and

(B) a private owner of a public-use airport that submits to the Secretary under this subchapter an application for financial assistance for the airport.

(27) "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and Guam.

(28) "terminal development" means—

(A) development of—

(i) an airport passenger terminal building, including terminal gates;

(ii) access roads servicing exclusively airport traffic that leads directly to or from an airport passenger terminal building; and

(iii) walkways that lead directly to or from an airport passenger terminal building; and

(B) the cost of a vehicle described in section 47119(a)(1)(B).

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1248; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §105, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1572; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §142(b)(1), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3221; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §§121(c), 122, 123(b), 137(b), title V, §514(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 74, 75, 85, 144; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §119(a)(1), (5), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 628, 629; Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §370(a), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 424; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §§141, 142, 159(b)(1), (d), title VIII, §801(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2503, 2510, 2511, 2586; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §132, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 21; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §165, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3225.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47102(1) | (no source). | |

47102(2) | 49 App.:2202(a)(1). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §503(a)(1), 96 Stat. 672; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §103(a), 101 Stat. 1488. |

49 App.:2202(a)(21). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §503(a)(13)–(19), (21)–(23), 96 Stat. 673, 674; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §103(c)(1), 101 Stat. 1488. | |

47102(3) | 49 App.:2202(a)(2). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §503(a)(2), 96 Stat. 672; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §103(b), 101 Stat. 1488; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9102, 104 Stat. 1388–354; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §112(a), (b), 106 Stat. 4880. |

47102(4) | 49 App.:2202(a)(3). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §503(a)(3)–(5), (7), (8), (b), 96 Stat. 673, 674. |

47102(5) | 49 App.:2202(a)(4). | |

47102(6) | 49 App.:2202(b). | |

47102(7) | 49 App.:2202(a)(5). | |

47102(8) | 49 App.:2202(a)(7). | |

47102(9) | 49 App.:2202(a)(9). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §503(a)(9); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §103(c)(2), 101 Stat. 1488. |

47102(10) | 49 App.:2202(a)(10). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §503(a)(10), 96 Stat. 673; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §103(c)(1), (d), 101 Stat. 1488; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §115, 106 Stat. 4881. |

47102(11) | 49 App.:2202(a)(12). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §503(a)(12), 96 Stat. 673; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §103(c)(1), (e), 101 Stat. 1488. |

47102(12) | 49 App.:2202(a)(13). | |

47102(13) | 49 App.:2202(a)(14). | |

47102(14) | 49 App.:2202(a)(15). | |

47102(15) | 49 App.:2202(a)(16). | |

47102(16) | 49 App.:2202(a)(8), (17). | |

47102(17) | 49 App.:2202(a)(18). | |

47102(18) | 49 App.:2202(a)(19). | |

47102(19) | 49 App.:2202(a)(22). | |

47102(20) | 49 App.:2202(a)(23). |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "In this subchapter" are substituted for "As used in this chapter" and "Whenever in this chapter reference is made to . . . such reference shall mean" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code and to eliminate unnecessary words.

Clause (1) restates the definition of "air carrier airport" that was contained in section 11(1) of the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970 as in effect both on February 18, 1980, and immediately before September 3, 1982. The clause is added to this section to eliminate the cross-references to definitions in section 11 of the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970 that are contained in the source provisions restated in sections 47106(d) and 47119(a) of the revised title. Because some of the terms used in the definition of "air carrier airport" were themselves defined in section 11, the definitions of those terms are incorporated in the definition added in clause (1) to the extent they differ from the definitions of those terms restated in this section. The words "Secretary of Transportation" and "Secretary" are substituted for "Civil Aeronautics Board" because of the transfer of authority under 49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E).

In clause (2), before subclause (A), the text of 49 App.:2202(a)(21) is omitted as surplus because the complete name of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section. In subclause (A)(iii), the words "those areas" are substituted for "thereon" for clarity.

In clause (3)(A), before subclause (i), the words "any work involved in" and "or portion thereof" are eliminated as unnecessary. The word "reconstructing" is omitted as being included in "constructing". In subclause (ii), the words "carrying out a field investigation" are substituted for "field investigations incidental thereto" for clarity.

In clause (3)(B), before subclause (i), the word "for" is substituted for "by" for clarity. In subclause (i), the words "required by the acquisition or installation" are substituted for "thereby required" for clarity. In subclause (ii), the word "individuals" is substituted for "persons" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In clause (3)(C), before subclause (i), the words "interest in land or airspace" are substituted for "land or of any interest therein, or of any easement through or other interest in airspace" to eliminate unnecessary words. In subclause (ii), the words "existing airport hazard . . . the creation of a new airport hazard" are added for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

In clause (3)(D), the words "any . . . work involved to" are omitted as surplus. The word "Secretary" is substituted for "Department of Transportation" because of 49:102(b). The words "Administrator of the" are added because of 49:106(b).

In clause (4), the word "near" is substituted for "in the vicinity of" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "obstructs or otherwise is hazardous to the landing or taking off" are substituted for "obstructs the airspace required for the flight of aircraft in landing or taking off . . . or is otherwise hazardous to such landing or taking off" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In clause (6), the words "for a fiscal year . . . for that fiscal year" are omitted as surplus. The words "authorized for grants" are substituted for "made available for obligation" for clarity and consistency. The word "law" is substituted for "Act of Congress" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "or limited" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (8), before subclause (A), the words "the initial as well as continuing" and "nature" are omitted as surplus. In subclause (C), the words "needed to decide which aeronautical needs should be met" are substituted for "as may be necessary to determine the short-, intermediate-, and long-range aeronautical demands required to be met" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "particular" is eliminated as unnecessary. In subclause (D), the word "prescribed" is substituted for "the establishment . . . of" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In clause (9), the words "scheduled and nonscheduled" are omitted as surplus. The word "cargo" is substituted for "property (including mail)" for consistency in the revised title.

In clause (10), before subclause (A), the words "passenger boardings" are substituted for "passengers enplaned" for clarity. In subclause (A), the words "domestic, territorial, and international", "in the States", "scheduled and nonscheduled", and "intrastate, interstate, and foreign" are omitted as surplus. In subclause (B), the words "who continue on an aircraft in" are substituted for "on board" for clarity. (See Cong. Rec., pp. S15296, 15297, Oct. 28, 1987, daily ed.). The words "that stops" are substituted for "which transit" for clarity. The word "located" is omitted as surplus.

In clause (12), the words "included in one project grant application" are substituted for "submitted together", and the words "or all projects to be undertaken" are substituted for "including the combined submission of all projects", for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

In clause (15)(A), the words "or any agency of a State, a municipality . . . other" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (19)(A), the words "either individually or jointly with one or more other public agencies" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (20), the words "the Commonwealth of" and "the Government of" are omitted as surplus.

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, referred to in par. (3)(F), is Pub. L. 101–336, July 26, 1990, 104 Stat. 327, which is classified principally to chapter 126 (§12101 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 12101 of Title 42 and Tables.

The Clean Air Act, referred to in par. (3)(F), is act July 14, 1955, ch. 360, 69 Stat. 322, which is classified generally to chapter 85 (§7401 et seq.) of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7401 of Title 42 and Tables.

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, referred to in par. (3)(F), is act June 30, 1948, ch. 758, as amended generally by Pub. L. 92–500, §2, Oct. 18, 1972, 86 Stat. 816, which is classified generally to chapter 26 (§1251 et seq.) of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1251 of Title 33 and Tables.

**2018**—Par. (3)(K). Pub. L. 115–254, §165(1)(A), substituted "7505a)) and if the airport would be able to receive" for "7505a) and if such project will result in an airport receiving appropriate".

Par. (3)(L). Pub. L. 115–254, §165(1)(B), added subpar. (L) and struck out former subpar. (L) which read as follows: "a project for the acquisition or conversion of vehicles and ground support equipment, owned by a commercial service airport, to low-emission technology, if the airport is located in an air quality nonattainment or maintenance area (as defined in sections 171(2) and 175A of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7501(2); 7505a) and if such project will result in an airport receiving appropriate emission credits as described in section 47139."

Par. (3)(P) to (R). Pub. L. 115–254, §165(1)(C), added subpars. (P) to (R).

Par. (5). Pub. L. 115–254, §165(2), substituted "requirements" for "regulations" in introductory provisions.

Par. (8). Pub. L. 115–254, §165(3), substituted "public-use" for "public" in introductory provisions.

**2012**—Par. (3)(B)(iv). Pub. L. 112–95, §132(a)(1), substituted "9" for "20".

Par. (3)(G). Pub. L. 112–95, §132(a)(2), inserted "and including acquiring glycol recovery vehicles," after "vehicles and aircraft,".

Par. (3)(M) to (O). Pub. L. 112–95, §132(a)(3), added subpars. (M) to (O).

Par. (5). Pub. L. 112–95, §132(b), amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: " 'airport planning' means planning as defined by regulations the Secretary prescribes and includes integrated airport system planning."

Par. (8). Pub. L. 112–95, §132(c)(3), added par. (8). Former par. (8) redesignated (9).

Pars. (9) to (23). Pub. L. 112–95, §132(c)(2), redesignated pars. (8) to (22) as (9) to (23), respectively. Former par. (23) redesignated (25).

Par. (24). Pub. L. 112–95, §132(d), added par. (24). Former par. (24) redesignated (26).

Pars. (25) to (27). Pub. L. 112–95, §132(c)(1), redesignated pars. (23) to (25) as (25) to (27), respectively.

Par. (28). Pub. L. 112–95, §132(e), added par. (28).

**2003**—Par. (3)(B)(x). Pub. L. 108–176, §142, inserted "; except that such activities shall be eligible for funding under this subchapter only using amounts apportioned under section 47114" before period at end.

Par. (3)(H). Pub. L. 108–176, §141, inserted "nonhub airports and" before "airports that are not primary airports".

Par. (3)(J). Pub. L. 108–176, §159(b)(1)(A), redesignated subpar. (M) as (J) and struck out former subpar. (J) which read as follows: "in fiscal year 2002, any additional security related activity required by law or by the Secretary after September 11, 2001, and before October 1, 2002."

Par. (3)(K), (L). Pub. L. 108–176, §159(b)(1), added subpars. (K) and (L) and struck out former subpars. (K) and (L) which read as follows:

"(K) in fiscal year 2002 with respect to funds apportioned under section 47114 in fiscal years 2001 and 2002, any activity, including operational activities, of an airport that is not a primary airport if that airport is located within the confines of enhanced class B airspace, as defined by Notice to Airmen FDC 1/0618 issued by the Federal Aviation Administration and the activity was carried out when any restriction in the Notice is in effect.

"(L) in fiscal year 2002, payments for debt service on indebtedness incurred to carry out a project at an airport owned or controlled by the sponsor or at a privately owned or operated airport passenger terminal financed by indebtedness incurred by the sponsor if the Secretary determines that such payments are necessary to prevent a default on the indebtedness."

Par. (3)(M). Pub. L. 108–176, §159(b)(1)(A), redesignated subpar. (M) as (J).

Pub. L. 108–7 added subpar. (M).

Par. (6). Pub. L. 108–176, §801(a)(6), added par. (6) and struck out former par. (6) which read as follows: " 'amount made available under section 48103 of this title' means the amount authorized for grants under section 48103 of this title as reduced by any law enacted after September 3, 1982."

Par. (10). Pub. L. 108–176, §801(a)(5), added par. (10). Former par. (10) redesignated (14).

Par. (10)(A), (B). Pub. L. 108–176, §801(a)(3), added subpars. (A) and (B) and struck out former subpars. (A) and (B) which read as follows:

"(A) means revenue passenger boardings on an aircraft in service in air commerce as the Secretary determines under regulations the Secretary prescribes; and

"(B) includes passengers who continue on an aircraft in international flight that stops at an airport in the 48 contiguous States, Alaska, or Hawaii for a nontraffic purpose."

Par. (11). Pub. L. 108–176, §159(d), amended section as amended by Pub. L. 108–176, §801, by adding par. (11).

Pub. L. 108–176, §801(a)(4), redesignated par. (11) as (15).

Pars. (12) to (18). Pub. L. 108–176, §801(a)(4), (5), added pars. (12) and (13) and redesignated pars. (10) to (14) as (14) to (18), respectively. Former pars. (15) to (18) redesignated (19) to (22), respectively.

Pars. (19), (20). Pub. L. 108–176, §801(a)(4), redesignated pars. (15) and (16) as (19) and (20), respectively. Former pars. (19) and (20) redesignated (24) and (25), respectively.

Pars. (21) and (22). Pub. L. 108–176, §801(a)(4), redesignated pars. (17) and (18) as pars. (21) and (22), respectively.

Par. (23). Pub. L. 108–176, §801(a)(2), added par. (23).

Pars. (24), (25). Pub. L. 108–176, §801(a)(1), redesignated pars. (19) and (20) as (24) and (25), respectively.

**2001**—Par. (3)(B)(x). Pub. L. 107–71, §119(a)(5), added cl. (x).

Par. (3)(J) to (L). Pub. L. 107–71, §119(a)(1), added subpars. (J) to (L).

**2000**—Par. (3)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 106–181, §121(c)(1), substituted ", universal access systems, and emergency call boxes," for "and universal access systems," and inserted "and integrated in-pavement lighting systems for runways and taxiways and other runway and taxiway incursion prevention devices" before semicolon at end.

Par. (3)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 106–181, §121(c)(2), inserted before semicolon at end ", including closed circuit weather surveillance equipment if the airport is located in Alaska".

Par. (3)(B)(vii), (viii). Pub. L. 106–181, §122, added cls. (vii) and (viii).

Par. (3)(B)(ix). Pub. L. 106–181, §514(a), added cl. (ix).

Par. (3)(H). Pub. L. 106–181, §123(b), added subpar. (H).

Par. (3)(I). Pub. L. 106–181, §137(b), added subpar. (I).

**1996**—Par. (3)(E). Pub. L. 104–264, §142(b)(1)(A), inserted "or under section 40117" before period at end.

Par. (3)(F). Pub. L. 104–264, §142(b)(1)(B), struck out "paid for by a grant under this subchapter and" after "airport, if".

**1994**—Par. (3)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 103–305 inserted ", including explosive detection devices and universal access systems," after "or security equipment".

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §162, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3223, provided that: "Notwithstanding section 47102 of title 49, United States Code, for fiscal years 2018 through 2023—

"(1) the definition of the term 'airport development' under that section includes the construction of a storage facility to shelter snow removal equipment or aircraft rescue and firefighting equipment that is owned by an airport sponsor and used exclusively to maintain safe airfield operations, up to the facility size necessary to accommodate the types and quantities of equipment prescribed by the FAA, regardless of whether Federal funding was used to acquire the equipment;

"(2) a storage facility to shelter snow removal equipment may exceed the facility size limitation described in paragraph (1) if the airport sponsor certifies to the Secretary that the following conditions are met:

"(A) The storage facility to be constructed will be used to store snow removal equipment exclusively used for clearing airfield pavement of snow and ice following a weather event.

"(B) The airport is categorized as a local general aviation airport in the Federal Aviation Administration's 2017–2021 National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS) report.

"(C) The 30-year annual snowfall normal of the nearest weather station based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Summary of Monthly Normals 1981–2010 exceeds 26 inches.

"(D) The airport serves as a base for a medical air ambulance transport aircraft.

"(E) The airport master record (Form 5010–1) effective on September 14, 2017 for the airport indicates 45 based aircraft consisting of single engine, multiple engine, and jet engine aircraft.

"(F) No funding under this section will be used for any portion of the storage facility designed to shelter maintenance and operations equipment that are not required for clearing airfield pavement of snow and ice.

"(G) The airport sponsor will complete design of the storage building not later than September 30, 2019, and will initiate construction of the storage building not later than September 30, 2020.

"(H) The area of the storage facility, or portion thereof, to be funded under this subsection [sic] does not exceed 6,000 square feet; and

"(3) the definition of the term 'terminal development' under that section includes the development of an airport access road that—

"(A) is located in a noncontiguous State;

"(B) is not more than 5 miles in length;

"(C) connects to the nearest public roadways of not more than the 2 closest census designated places; and

"(D) may provide incidental access to public or private property that is adjacent to the road and is not otherwise connected to a public road."

Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §159(b)(2), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2510, provided that:

"(A)

"(B)

For termination of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, see note set out preceding section 1681 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions.

(a)

(1) the rest of the transportation system, including connection to the surface transportation network; and

(2) forecasted technological developments in aeronautics.

(b)

(1) to the extent possible and as appropriate, consult with departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government, with public agencies, and with the aviation community; and

(2) make every reasonable effort to address the needs of air cargo operations and rotary wing aircraft operations.

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1251; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §152(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 32.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47103(a) | 49 App.:2203(a)(1) (2d–last sentences). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §504(a)(1), 96 Stat. 675; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §104(a)(1)(A), (2), 101 Stat. 1489. |

47103(b) | 49 App.:2203(a)(2). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §504(a)(2); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §104(a)(1)(B), 101 Stat. 1489. |

49 App.:2203(c). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §504(c), 96 Stat. 676. | |

47103(c) | 49 App.:2203(d)(1). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §504(d)(1), 96 Stat. 676; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §104(b)(2), 101 Stat. 1489. |

47103(d) | 49 App.:2203(a)(1) (1st sentence). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "shall maintain" and "In maintaining" are substituted for "In reviewing and revising" for clarity and consistency in the revised title. The word "named" is substituted for "After September 3, 1982, the revised national airport system plan shall be known as", and the words "the national defense requirements of the Secretary of Defense" are substituted for "requirements in support of the national defense as determined by the Secretary of Defense", to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "included in the plan may not be limited to meeting the needs of any particular" are substituted for "identified by this plan shall not be limited to the requirements of any" for clarity and consistency in this section. The words "among other things" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "In maintaining" are substituted for "In reviewing and revising" for consistency in this section. In clause (1), the words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government" are substituted for "Federal . . . agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clauses (2) and (3), the words "As soon as feasible following December 30, 1987" are omitted as obsolete. In clause (3), the word "legitimate" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "Secretary of Defense" are substituted for "Department of Defense" because of 10:133.

In subsection (d), the words "Not later than two years after September 3, 1982" are omitted as executed.

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(a)(1)(A), substituted "the airport system to" for "each airport to" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(a)(1)(B), substituted "system, including connection to the surface transportation network; and" for "system in the particular area;".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(a)(1)(C), substituted period at end for "; and".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(a)(1)(D), struck out par. (3) which read as follows: "forecasted developments in other modes of intercity transportation."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(a)(2), inserted "and" at end of par. (1), redesignated par. (3) as (2) and struck out ", Short Takeoff and Landing/Very Short Takeoff and Landing aircraft operations," after "air cargo operations", and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "consider tall structures that reduce safety or airport capacity; and".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(a)(3), struck out "status of the" before "plan".

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1) remaining available after that date under section 47117(b) of this title; or

(2) recovered by the United States Government from grants made under this chapter if the amounts are obligated only for increases under section 47108(b)(2) and (3) of this title in the maximum amount of obligations of the Government for any other grant made under this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1252; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §101(b), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1571; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(63), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4385; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §101(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3216; Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title I, §110(b)(2), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–587; Pub. L. 106–6, §2(b), Mar. 31, 1999, 113 Stat. 10; Pub. L. 106–31, title VI, §6002(b), May 21, 1999, 113 Stat. 113; Pub. L. 106–59, §1(b), Sept. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 482; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §101(b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 65; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §101(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2494; Pub. L. 110–190, §4(b), Feb. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 644; Pub. L. 110–253, §4(b), June 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2418; Pub. L. 110–330, §4(b), Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3718; Pub. L. 111–12, §4(b), Mar. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 1458; Pub. L. 111–69, §4(b), Oct. 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 2055; Pub. L. 111–116, §4(b), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3032; Pub. L. 111–153, §4(b), Mar. 31, 2010, 124 Stat. 1085; Pub. L. 111–161, §4(b), Apr. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1127; Pub. L. 111–197, §4(b), July 2, 2010, 124 Stat. 1354; Pub. L. 111–216, title I, §103, Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2349; Pub. L. 111–249, §4(b), Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2628; Pub. L. 111–329, §4(b), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3567; Pub. L. 112–7, §4(b), Mar. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 32; Pub. L. 112–16, §4(b), May 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 219; Pub. L. 112–21, §4(b), June 29, 2011, 125 Stat. 234; Pub. L. 112–27, §4(b), Aug. 5, 2011, 125 Stat. 271; Pub. L. 112–30, title II, §204(b), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 358; Pub. L. 112–91, §4(b), Jan. 31, 2012, 126 Stat. 4; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §101(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 15; Pub. L. 114–55, title I, §101(b), Sept. 30, 2015, 129 Stat. 523; Pub. L. 114–141, title I, §101(b), Mar. 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 323; Pub. L. 114–190, title I, §1101(b), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 617; Pub. L. 115–63, title I, §101(b), Sept. 29, 2017, 131 Stat. 1169; Pub. L. 115–141, div. M, title I, §101(b), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1046; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §111(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3199.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47104(a) | 49 App.:2202(a)(24). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §503(a)(24), 96 Stat. 674; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §103(c)(1), 101 Stat. 1488. |

49 App.:2204(a) (1st sentence). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §505(a) (1st sentence), 96 Stat. 676. | |

47104(b) | 49 App.:2204(b)(1) (1st sentence). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §505(b)(1), 96 Stat. 677; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9104(2), 104 Stat. 1388–355; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §102(b), 106 Stat. 4877. |

47104(c) | 49 App.:2204(b)(1) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), the words "project grants" are substituted for "grants . . . for airport development and airport planning by project grants" in 49 App.:2204(a) to eliminate unnecessary words and because of the definitions of "project" and "project grant" in section 47102 of the revised title.

In subsection (b), the words "and such authority shall exist with respect to funds available for the making of grants for any fiscal year or part thereof pursuant to subsection (a) of this section" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "except for obligations of amounts" are substituted for "except that nothing in this section shall preclude the obligation by grant agreement of apportioned funds" to eliminate unnecessary words.

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47104(c) | 49 App.:2204(b)(1) (last sentence). 49App.:2204 note. |
Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §505(b)(1) (last sentence), as amended May 26, 1994, Pub. L. 103–260, §109, 108 Stat. 700. |


In subsection (c), the text of section 109(b) of the Airport Improvement Program Temporary Extension Act of 1994 (Public Law 103–260, 108 Stat. 700) is omitted as executed.

**2018**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "2023," for "2018," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "September 30, 2018," for "March 31, 2018," in introductory provisions.

**2017**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–63 substituted "March 31, 2018," for "September 30, 2017," in introductory provisions.

**2016**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–190 substituted "September 30, 2017," for "July 15, 2016," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 114–141 substituted "July 15, 2016," for "March 31, 2016," in introductory provisions.

**2015**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–55 substituted "March 31, 2016," for "September 30, 2015," in introductory provisions.

**2012**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–95 substituted "After September 30, 2015," for "After February 17, 2012," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 112–91 substituted "February 17, 2012," for "January 31, 2012," in introductory provisions.

**2011**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–30 substituted "January 31, 2012," for "September 16, 2011," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 112–27 substituted "September 16, 2011," for "July 22, 2011," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 112–21 substituted "July 22, 2011," for "June 30, 2011," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 112–16 substituted "June 30, 2011," for "May 31, 2011," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 112–7 substituted "May 31, 2011," for "March 31, 2011," in introductory provisions.

**2010**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 111–329 substituted "March 31, 2011," for "December 31, 2010," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 111–249 substituted "December 31, 2010," for "September 30, 2010," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 111–216 substituted "September 30, 2010," for "August 1, 2010," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 111–197 substituted "August 1, 2010," for "July 3, 2010," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 111–161 substituted "July 3, 2010," for "April 30, 2010," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 111–153 substituted "April 30, 2010," for "March 31, 2010," in introductory provisions.

**2009**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 111–116 substituted "March 31, 2010," for "December 31, 2009," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 111–69 substituted "December 31, 2009," for "September 30, 2009," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 111–12 substituted "September 30, 2009," for "March 31, 2009," in introductory provisions.

**2008**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–330 substituted "March 31, 2009," for "September 30, 2008," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 110–253 substituted "September 30, 2008," for "June 30, 2008," in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 110–190 substituted "June 30, 2008," for "September 30, 2007," in introductory provisions.

**2003**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–176 substituted "September 30, 2007" for "September 30, 2003" in introductory provisions.

**2000**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–181 substituted "September 30, 2003," for "September 30, 1999," in introductory provisions.

**1999**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–59 substituted "September 30, 1999" for "August 6, 1999" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 106–31 substituted "August 6, 1999" for "May 31, 1999" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 106–6 substituted "May" for "March" in introductory provisions.

**1998**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–277 substituted "March 31, 1999" for "September 30, 1998" in introductory provisions.

**1996**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–264 substituted "1998" for "1996" in introductory provisions.

**1994**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–429 reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "After September 30, 1996, the Secretary may not incur obligations under subsection (b) of this section, except for obligations of amounts remaining available after that date under section 47117(b) of this title."

Pub. L. 103–305 substituted "After September 30, 1996, the Secretary" for "After September 30, 1993, the Secretary".

Pub. L. 110–253, §4(c), June 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2418, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 48103 of this title] shall take effect on July 1, 2008."

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §161, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3221, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(A) in consultation with airport operators and other aviation stakeholders, a pilot program at public-use airports to construct and operate remote towers in order to assess their operational benefits;

"(B) a selection process for participation in the pilot program; and

"(C) a clear process for the safety and operational certification of the remote towers.

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(3)

"(4)

"(A) to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that at least 2 different vendors of remote tower systems participate;

"(B) identify which air traffic control information and data will assist the Administrator in evaluating the feasibility, safety, costs, and benefits of remote towers;

"(C) implement processes necessary to collect the information and data identified in subparagraph (B);

"(D) develop criteria, in addition to considering possible selection criteria in paragraph (5), for the selection of airports that will best assist the Administrator in evaluating the feasibility, safety, costs, and benefits of remote towers, including the amount and variety of air traffic at an airport; and

"(E) prioritize the selection of airports that can best demonstrate the capabilities and benefits of remote towers, including applicants proposing to operate multiple remote towers from a single facility.

"(5)

"(A) 1 nonhub airport;

"(B) 3 airports that are not primary airports and that do not have existing air traffic control towers;

"(C) 1 airport that participates in the Contract Tower Program; and

"(D) 1 airport selected at the discretion of the Administrator.

"(6)

"(7)

"(A) detailing any benefits, costs, or safety improvements associated with the use of the remote towers; and

"(B) evaluating the feasibility of using remote towers, particularly in the Contract Tower Program, for airports without an air traffic control tower, to improve safety at airports with towers, or to reduce costs without impacting safety at airports with or without existing towers.

"(8)

"(9)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(10)

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §190, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3237, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

"(e)

"(1) will achieve the greatest reductions in aircraft noise, airport emissions, or airport water quality impacts either on an absolute basis or on a per dollar of funds expended basis; and

"(2) will be implemented by an eligible consortium.

"(f)

"(g)

"(h)

"(i)

"(j)

"(1)

"(A) Businesses incorporated in the United States.

"(B) Public or private educational or research organizations located in the United States.

"(C) Entities of State or local governments in the United States.

"(D) Federal laboratories.

"(2)

"(A) introduces new environmental mitigation techniques or technologies that have been proven in laboratory demonstrations;

"(B) proposes methods for efficient adaptation or integration of new concepts into airport operations; and

"(C) will demonstrate whether new techniques or technologies for environmental mitigation are—

"(i) practical to implement at or near multiple public-use airports; and

"(ii) capable of reducing noise, airport emissions, or water quality impacts in measurably significant amounts.

"(k)

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §139, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 85, authorized the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to establish a pilot program, subject to certain contract and cost specifications, under which design-build contracts could be used to carry out up to 7 projects at airports in the United States with a grant awarded under this section, and stipulated that this authorization would expire on Sept. 30, 2003.

(a)

(A) a sponsor; or

(B) a State, as the only sponsor, for an airport development project benefitting 1 or more airports in the State or for airport planning for projects for 1 or more airports in the State if—

(i) the sponsor of each airport gives written consent that the State be the applicant;

(ii) the Secretary is satisfied there is administrative merit and aeronautical benefit in the State being the sponsor; and

(iii) an acceptable agreement exists that ensures that the State will comply with appropriate grant conditions and other assurances the Secretary requires.

(2) Before deciding to undertake an airport development project at an airport under this subchapter, a sponsor shall consult with the airport users that will be affected by the project.

(3) This subsection does not authorize a public agency that is subject to the laws of a State to apply for a project grant in violation of a law of the State.

(b)

(1) shall describe the project proposed to be undertaken;

(2) may propose a project only for a public-use airport included in the current national plan of integrated airport systems;

(3) may propose airport development only if the development complies with standards the Secretary prescribes or approves, including standards for site location, airport layout, site preparation, paving, lighting, and safety of approaches; and

(4) shall be in the form and contain other information the Secretary prescribes.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) continue to provide technical assistance under subparagraph (A) until the standards are approved under paragraph (1); and

(ii) clearly indicate to the State the standards that are acceptable to the Secretary, considering, at a minimum, local conditions and locally available materials.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1253; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §§106, 107(a), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1572; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §183, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3233.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47105(a) (1)(A) | 49 App.:2208(a)(1) (1st sentence related to authority to submit applications). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §§509(a)(1), (c), (d), 511(c), 96 Stat. 682, 685, 688. |

47105(a) (1)(B) | 49 App.:2208(a)(3). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §509(a)(3); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §108, 101 Stat. 1498. |

47105(a)(2) | 49 App.:2210(c). | |

47105(a)(3) | 49 App.:2208(a)(1) (3d sentence). | |

47105(b) | 49 App.:2208(a)(1) (1st sentence related to form and contents, 2d, last sentences). | |

47105(c) | 49 App.:2208(c). | |

47105(d) | 49 App.:2208(d). | |

47105(e) | 49 App.:2208(e). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §509(e), 96 Stat. 685; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §106(b)(3)(B), 101 Stat. 1498. |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the words "Subject to the provisions of this subsection" are omitted as surplus. The words "for one or more projects" are omitted as surplus because of the definition of "project grant" in section 47102 of the revised title. Clause (A) is substituted for "(A) any public agency, or two or more public agencies acting jointly, or (B) any sponsor of a public-use airport, or two or more such sponsors, acting jointly" because of the definition of "sponsor" in section 47102 of the revised title.

In subsection (a)(2), the word "Before" is substituted for "In" as the more appropriate word. The words "at an airport" are substituted for "at which such project is proposed" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "airport users that will be affected by the project" are substituted for "affected parties" for clarity.

Subsection (a)(3) is substituted for 49 App.:2208(a)(1) (3d sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "shall describe" are substituted for "setting forth" for clarity.

In subsection (b)(2), the word "project" is substituted for "airport development or airport planning" because of the definition of "project" in section 47102 of the revised title. The words "prepared pursuant to section 2203 of the Appendix" are eliminated as unnecessary.

In subsection (c), the words "from time to time" are eliminated as unnecessary.

In subsection (d), the words "in connection with any project" are omitted as surplus. The words "that the sponsor will comply with this subchapter in carrying out the project" are substituted for "that such sponsor will comply with all of the statutory and administrative requirements imposed on such sponsor under this chapter in connection with such project" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "or discharge" are omitted as included in "affect". The words "including, but not limited to, the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.), section 303 of title 49, title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000b) [42 U.S.C. 2000d et seq.], title VIII of the Act of April 11, 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3601 et seq.), and the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970 (42 U.S.C. 4601 et seq.)" are omitted as included in "another law of the United States".

In subsection (e), the words "of an airport for which" are substituted for "to which" for clarity.

**2018**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254 designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added par. (2).

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 103–305, §106, in introductory provisions, substituted "1 or more airports" for "at least 2 airports" in two places and struck out "similar" before "projects".

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 103–305, §107(a), added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsec. (e) as (f).

(a)

(1) the project is consistent with plans (existing at the time the project is approved) of public agencies authorized by the State in which the airport is located to plan for the development of the area surrounding the airport;

(2) the project will contribute to carrying out this subchapter;

(3) enough money is available to pay the project costs that will not be paid by the United States Government under this subchapter;

(4) the project will be completed without unreasonable delay;

(5) the sponsor has authority to carry out the project as proposed;

(6) if the project is for an airport that has an airport master plan that includes the project, the master plan addresses issues relating to solid waste recycling at the airport, including—

(A) the feasibility of solid waste recycling at the airport;

(B) minimizing the generation of solid waste at the airport;

(C) operation and maintenance requirements;

(D) the review of waste management contracts; and

(E) the potential for cost savings or the generation of revenue; and

(7) if the project is at an airport that is listed as having an unclassified status under the most recent national plan of integrated airport systems (as described in section 47103), the project will be funded with an amount appropriated under section 47114(d)(3)(B) and is—

(A) for maintenance of the pavement of the primary runway;

(B) for obstruction removal for the primary runway;

(C) for the rehabilitation of the primary runway; or

(D) for a project that the Secretary considers necessary for the safe operation of the airport.

(b)

(1) the sponsor, a public agency, or the Government holds good title to the areas of the airport used or intended to be used for the landing, taking off, or surface maneuvering of aircraft, or that good title will be acquired;

(2) the interests of the community in or near which the project may be located have been given fair consideration; and

(3) the application provides touchdown zone and centerline runway lighting, high intensity runway lighting, or land necessary for installing approach light systems that the Secretary, considering the category of the airport and the kind and volume of traffic using it, decides is necessary for safe and efficient use of the airport by aircraft.

(c)

(A) only if the sponsor certifies to the Secretary that—

(i) an opportunity for a public hearing was given to consider the economic, social, and environmental effects of the location and the location's consistency with the objectives of any planning that the community has carried out;

(ii) the airport management board has voting representation from the communities in which the project is located or has advised the communities that they have the right to petition the Secretary about a proposed project; and

(iii) with respect to an airport development project involving the location of an airport, runway, or major runway extension at a medium or large hub airport, the airport sponsor has made available to and has provided upon request to the metropolitan planning organization in the area in which the airport is located, if any, a copy of the proposed amendment to the airport layout plan to depict the project and a copy of any airport master plan in which the project is described or depicted; and

(B) if the application is found to have a significant adverse effect on natural resources, including fish and wildlife, natural, scenic, and recreation assets, water and air quality, or another factor affecting the environment, only after finding that no possible and prudent alternative to the project exists and that every reasonable step has been taken to minimize the adverse effect.

(2) The Secretary may approve an application under this subchapter for an airport development project that does not involve the location of an airport or runway, or a major runway extension, at an existing airport without requiring an environmental impact statement related to noise for the project if—

(A) completing the project would allow operations at the airport involving aircraft complying with the noise standards prescribed for "stage 3" aircraft in section 36.1 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, to replace existing operations involving aircraft that do not comply with those standards; and

(B) the project meets the other requirements under this subchapter.

(3) At the Secretary's request, the sponsor shall give the Secretary a copy of the transcript of any hearing held under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection.

(4) The Secretary may make a finding under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection only after completely reviewing the matter. The review and finding must be a matter of public record.

(d)

(A) the Secretary provides the sponsor an opportunity for a hearing; and

(B) not later than 180 days after the later of the date of the application or the date the Secretary discovers the noncompliance, the Secretary finds that a violation has occurred.

(2) The 180-day period may be extended by—

(A) agreement between the Secretary and the sponsor; or

(B) the hearing officer if the officer decides an extension is necessary because the sponsor did not follow the schedule the officer established.

(3) A person adversely affected by an order of the Secretary withholding approval may obtain review of the order by filing a petition in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit or in the court of appeals of the United States for the circuit in which the project is located. The action must be brought not later than 60 days after the order is served on the petitioner.

(e)

(1) the fees charged to air carriers (including landing fees), and other costs that will be incurred by air carriers, for using the proposed airport;

(2) air transportation that will be provided in the geographic region of the proposed airport; and

(3) the availability and cost of providing air transportation to rural areas in such geographic region.

(f)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) that has more than .25 percent of the total number of passenger boardings each year at all such airports; and

(B) at which one or two air carriers control more than 50 percent of the passenger boardings.

(g)

(h)

(1) the role the airport plays with respect to medical emergencies and evacuations; and

(2) the role the airport plays in emergency or disaster preparedness in the community served by the airport.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1254; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §§108, 109, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1573; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §155(b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 88; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §123(a), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 630; Pub. L. 107–296, title IV, §426(b), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2187; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §187, title III, §305, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2518, 2539; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §§111(c)(2)(A)(i), 133, 134, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 18, 22; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §§148(a), 149, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3214, 3215.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47106(a) | 49 App.:2208(b) (1)(A)–(D). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §§503(a)(8), 509(b)(1)(A)– (D), (2)–(4), (5) (last sentence words after 11th comma), (6)(B)–(8), 96 Stat. 673, 683, 684. |

47106(b) | 49 App.:2202(a)(8). | |

49 App.:2208(b) (2)–(4). | ||

47106(c) (1)(A) | 49 App.:2208(b)(6)(A). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §509(b)(6)(A), 96 Stat. 684; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §113(b), 106 Stat. 4881. |

47106(c) (1)(B) | 49 App.:2208(b)(7)(A) (1st, 2d sentences). | |

47106(c) (1)(C) | 49 App.:2208(b)(5) (last sentence words between 11th and 12th commas and after last comma). | |

47106(c)(2) | 49 App.:2208(b)(8). | |

47106(c)(3) | 49 App.:2208(b)(6)(B). | |

47106(c)(4) | 49 App.:2208(b)(7)(A) (last sentence), (B). | |

47106(c)(5) | 49 App.:2208(b)(5) (last sentence words between 12th and last commas). | |

47106(d) | 49 App.:1731. | May 21, 1970, Pub. L. 91–258, 84 Stat. 219, §31; added Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §206, 94 Stat. 55; Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §524(e), 96 Stat. 697. |

47106(e) | 49 App.:2218(b) (related to application). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §519(b) (related to application); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §112(2), 101 Stat. 1504. |


In subsection (a)(1), the word "reasonably" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "carrying out" are substituted for "accomplishment of the purposes of" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "that portion of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(5), the words "which submitted the project grant application" and "legal" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "for an airport" are added for clarity. In clause (1), the words "or an agency thereof" are omitted surplus. In clause (3), the words "that the Secretary . . . decides is necessary" are substituted for "when it is determined by the Secretary that any such item is required" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1)(B), before subclause (i), the words "chief executive officer" are substituted for "Governor" because this chapter applies to the District of Columbia which does not have a Governor. The words "except that the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall make the certification instead of the chief executive officer if" are substituted for "In any case where . . . certification shall be obtained from such Administrator" for clarity. Subclause (i) is substituted for "such standards have not been approved" for clarity.

In subsection (c)(2), before clause (A), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law" are omitted as surplus. The words "that does not involve the location of an airport or runway, or a major runway extension" are substituted for "(other than an airport development project in which paragraph (7)(A) applies)" for clarity. The words "the preparation of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "statutory and administrative" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(4)(A), the words "to the Secretary" are added for clarity.

In subsection (c)(5), the words "full and" are omitted as surplus. The words "in writing" are omitted as surplus because of the requirement that the decision be a matter of public record.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "(as defined by section 1711(8) of this Appendix, as in effect on February 18, 1980)" are omitted because of the definition of "air carrier airport" in section 47102 of the revised title.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982 [49 App. U.S.C. 2201 et seq.]" and "single" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(1) and (2), the word "sponsor" is substituted for "applicant" for consistency.

In subsection (e)(1), before clause (A), the words "under this subchapter" are added for consistency in this section. The word "other" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(2)(A), the word "mutual" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(3), the words "adversely affected" are substituted for "aggrieved" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "the date on which" are omitted as surplus.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 115–254, §148(a)(2), inserted "that includes the project" before ", the master plan" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 115–254, §148(a)(1), (3), (4), added par. (7).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 115–254, §149, added subsec. (h).

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 112–95, §133, added par. (6).

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 112–95, §111(c)(2)(A)(i), substituted "charge" for "fee".

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 112–95, §134, struck out "patterns of air service," after "gate-use requirements," and ", and airfare levels (as compiled by the Department of Transportation) compared to other large airports" after "common facilities" and inserted "and" after "ground-side capacity,".

**2003**—Subsec. (c)(1)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 108–176, §305(1), inserted "and" after semicolon at end.

Pub. L. 108–176, §187, added cl. (iii).

Subsec. (c)(1)(B), (C). Pub. L. 108–176, §305(2), (3), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "only if the chief executive officer of the State in which the project will be located certifies in writing to the Secretary that there is reasonable assurance that the project will be located, designed, constructed, and operated in compliance with applicable air and water quality standards, except that the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall make the certification instead of the chief executive officer if—

"(i) the State has not approved any applicable State or local standards; and

"(ii) the Administrator has prescribed applicable standards; and".

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 108–176, §305(4), substituted "stage 3" for "stage 2".

Subsec. (c)(4), (5). Pub. L. 108–176, §305(5)–(7), redesignated par. (5) as (4), substituted "paragraph (1)(B)" for "paragraph (1)(C)", and struck out former par. (4) which read as follows:

"(4)(A) Notice of certification or of refusal to certify under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection shall be provided to the Secretary not later than 60 days after the Secretary receives the application.

"(B) The Secretary shall condition approval of the application on compliance with the applicable standards during construction and operation."

**2002**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 107–296 added subsec. (g).

**2001**—Subsec. (f)(3), (4). Pub. L. 107–71, which directed the amendment of section 47106(f) by adding par. (3) and redesignating former par. (3) as (4), without specifying the Code title to be amended, was executed by making the amendments to this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2000**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 106–181 added subsec. (f).

**1994**—Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 103–305 added subsec. (e), redesignated former subsec. (e) as (d), and struck out former subsec. (d) which read as follows:

"(d)

"(2) The Secretary may approve an application under this subchapter for an airport development project included in a project grant application involving the construction or extension of a runway at a general aviation airport located on both sides of a boundary line separating 2 counties within a State only if, before the application is submitted to the Secretary, the project is approved by the governing body of each village incorporated under the laws of the State and located entirely within 5 miles of the nearest boundary of the airport."

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 106–181, title III, §310, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 128, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the current level of coordination among Federal and State agencies in conducting environmental reviews in the planning and approval of airport improvement projects;

"(2) the role of public involvement in the planning and approval of airport improvement projects;

"(3) the staffing and other resources associated with conducting such environmental reviews; and

"(4) the time line for conducting such environmental reviews.

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §514(c), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 144, provided that: "In making grants under section 47104 of title 49, United States Code, for engineered materials arresting systems, the Secretary [of Transportation] shall require the sponsor to demonstrate that the effects of jet blasts have been adequately considered."

Pub. L. 106–181, title V, §514(d), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 144, provided that: "In any case in which an airport's runways are constrained by physical conditions, the Secretary [of Transportation] shall consider alternative means for ensuring runway safety (other than a safety overrun area) when prescribing conditions for grants for runway rehabilitation."

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §737, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 172, provided that: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in order to avoid unnecessary duplication of expense and effort, the Secretary [of Transportation] may authorize the use, in whole or in part, of a completed environmental assessment or environmental impact study for new construction projects on the air operations area of an airport, if the completed assessment or study was for a project at the airport that is substantially similar in nature to the new project. Any such authorized use shall meet all requirements of Federal law for the completion of such an assessment or study."

(a)

(1) the airport will be available for public use on reasonable conditions and without unjust discrimination;

(2) air carriers making similar use of the airport will be subject to substantially comparable charges—

(A) for facilities directly and substantially related to providing air transportation; and

(B) regulations and conditions, except for differences based on reasonable classifications, such as between—

(i) tenants and nontenants; and

(ii) signatory and nonsignatory carriers;

(3) the airport operator will not withhold unreasonably the classification or status of tenant or signatory from an air carrier that assumes obligations substantially similar to those already imposed on air carriers of that classification or status;

(4) a person providing, or intending to provide, aeronautical services to the public will not be given an exclusive right to use the airport, with a right given to only one fixed-base operator to provide services at an airport deemed not to be an exclusive right if—

(A) the right would be unreasonably costly, burdensome, or impractical for more than one fixed-base operator to provide the services; and

(B) allowing more than one fixed-base operator to provide the services would require reducing the space leased under an existing agreement between the one fixed-base operator and the airport owner or operator;

(5) fixed-base operators similarly using the airport will be subject to the same charges;

(6) an air carrier using the airport may service itself or use any fixed-base operator allowed by the airport operator to service any carrier at the airport;

(7) the airport and facilities on or connected with the airport will be operated and maintained suitably, with consideration given to climatic and flood conditions;

(8) a proposal to close the airport temporarily for a nonaeronautical purpose must first be approved by the Secretary;

(9) appropriate action will be taken to ensure that terminal airspace required to protect instrument and visual operations to the airport (including operations at established minimum flight altitudes) will be cleared and protected by mitigating existing, and preventing future, airport hazards;

(10) appropriate action, including the adoption of zoning laws, has been or will be taken to the extent reasonable to restrict the use of land next to or near the airport to uses that are compatible with normal airport operations;

(11) each of the airport's facilities developed with financial assistance from the United States Government and each of the airport's facilities usable for the landing and taking off of aircraft always will be available without charge for use by Government aircraft in common with other aircraft, except that if the use is substantial, the Government may be charged a reasonable share, proportionate to the use, of the cost of operating and maintaining the facility used;

(12) the airport owner or operator will provide, without charge to the Government, property interests of the sponsor in land or water areas or buildings that the Secretary decides are desirable for, and that will be used for, constructing at Government expense, facilities for carrying out activities related to air traffic control or navigation;

(13) the airport owner or operator will maintain a schedule of charges for use of facilities and services at the airport—

(A) that will make the airport as self-sustaining as possible under the circumstances existing at the airport, including volume of traffic and economy of collection; and

(B) without including in the rate base used for the charges the Government's share of costs for any project for which a grant is made under this subchapter or was made under the Federal Airport Act or the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970;

(14) the project accounts and records will be kept using a standard system of accounting that the Secretary, after consulting with appropriate public agencies, prescribes;

(15) the airport owner or operator will submit any annual or special airport financial and operations reports to the Secretary that the Secretary reasonably requests and make such reports available to the public;

(16) the airport owner or operator will maintain a current layout plan of the airport that meets the following requirements:

(A) the plan will be in a form the Secretary prescribes;

(B) the Secretary will review and approve or disapprove only those portions of the plan (or any subsequent revision to the plan) that materially impact the safe and efficient operation of aircraft at, to, or from the airport or that would adversely affect the safety of people or property on the ground adjacent to the airport as a result of aircraft operations, or that adversely affect the value of prior Federal investments to a significant extent;

(C) the owner or operator will not make or allow any alteration in the airport or any of its facilities unless the alteration—

(i) is outside the scope of the Secretary's review and approval authority as set forth in subparagraph (B); or

(ii) complies with the portions of the plan approved by the Secretary; and

(D) when an alteration in the airport or its facility is made that is within the scope of the Secretary's review and approval authority as set forth in subparagraph (B), and does not conform with the portions of the plan approved by the Secretary, and the Secretary decides that the alteration adversely affects the safety, utility, or efficiency of aircraft operations, or of any property on or off the airport that is owned, leased, or financed by the Government, then the owner or operator will, if requested by the Secretary—

(i) eliminate the adverse effect in a way the Secretary approves; or

(ii) bear all cost of relocating the property or its replacement to a site acceptable to the Secretary and of restoring the property or its replacement to the level of safety, utility, efficiency, and cost of operation that existed before the alteration was made, except in the case of a relocation or replacement of an existing airport facility that meets the conditions of section 47110(d);

(17) if any phase of such project has received funds under this subchapter, each contract and subcontract for program management, construction management, planning studies, feasibility studies, architectural services, preliminary engineering, design, engineering, surveying, mapping, and related services will be awarded in the same way that a contract for architectural and engineering services is negotiated under chapter 11 of title 40 or an equivalent qualifications-based requirement prescribed for or by the sponsor;

(18) the airport and each airport record will be available for inspection by the Secretary on reasonable request, and a report of the airport budget will be available to the public at reasonable times and places;

(19) the airport owner or operator will submit to the Secretary and make available to the public an annual report listing in detail—

(A) all amounts paid by the airport to any other unit of government and the purposes for which each such payment was made; and

(B) all services and property provided to other units of government and the amount of compensation received for provision of each such service and property;

(20) the airport owner or operator will permit, to the maximum extent practicable, intercity buses or other modes of transportation to have access to the airport, but the sponsor does not have any obligation under this paragraph, or because of it, to fund special facilities for intercity bus service or for other modes of transportation; and

(21) if the airport owner or operator and a person who owns an aircraft agree that a hangar is to be constructed at the airport for the aircraft at the aircraft owner's expense, the airport owner or operator will grant to the aircraft owner for the hangar a long-term lease that is subject to such terms and conditions on the hangar as the airport owner or operator may impose.

(b)

(A) the airport;

(B) the local airport system; or

(C) other local facilities owned or operated by the airport owner or operator and directly and substantially related to the air transportation of passengers or property.

(2) Paragraph (1) of this subsection does not apply if a provision enacted not later than September 2, 1982, in a law controlling financing by the airport owner or operator, or a covenant or assurance in a debt obligation issued not later than September 2, 1982, by the owner or operator, provides that the revenues, including local taxes on aviation fuel at public airports, from any of the facilities of the owner or operator, including the airport, be used to support not only the airport but also the general debt obligations or other facilities of the owner or operator.

(3) This subsection does not prevent the use of a State tax on aviation fuel to support a State aviation program or the use of airport revenue on or off the airport for a noise mitigation purpose.

(c)

(A)(i) the land may be needed for an aeronautical purpose (including runway protection zone) or serves as noise buffer land; and

(ii) revenue from interim uses of the land contributes to the financial self-sufficiency of the airport; and

(B) for land purchased with a grant the owner or operator received not later than December 30, 1987, the Secretary of Transportation or the department, agency, or instrumentality of the Government that made the grant was notified by the owner or operator of the use of the land and did not object to the use and the land is still being used for that purpose.

(2) The Secretary of Transportation may approve an application under this subchapter for an airport development project grant only if the Secretary receives written assurances, satisfactory to the Secretary, that if an airport owner or operator has received or will receive a grant for acquiring land and—

(A) if the land was or will be acquired for a noise compatibility purpose (including land serving as a noise buffer either by being undeveloped or developed in a way that is compatible with using the land for noise buffering purposes)—

(i) the owner or operator will dispose of the land at fair market value at the earliest practicable time after the land no longer is needed for a noise compatibility purpose;

(ii) the disposition will be subject to retaining or reserving an interest in the land necessary to ensure that the land will be used in a way that is compatible with noise levels associated with operating the airport; and

(iii) the part of the proceeds from disposing of the land that is proportional to the Government's share of the cost of acquiring the land will be reinvested in another project at the airport or transferred to another airport as the Secretary prescribes under paragraph (4); or

(B) if the land was or will be acquired for an airport purpose (except a noise compatibility purpose)—

(i) the owner or operator, when the land no longer is needed for an airport purpose, will dispose of the land at fair market value or make available to the Secretary an amount equal to the Government's proportional share of the fair market value;

(ii) the disposition will be subject to retaining or reserving an interest in the land necessary to ensure that the land will be used in a way that is compatible with noise levels associated with operating the airport; and

(iii) the part of the proceeds from disposing of the land that is proportional to the Government's share of the cost of acquiring the land will be reinvested in another project at the airport or transferred to another airport as the Secretary prescribes under paragraph (4).

(3) Proceeds referred to in paragraph (2)(A)(iii) and (B)(iii) of this subsection and deposited in the Airport and Airway Trust Fund are available as provided in subsection (f) of this section.

(4) In approving the reinvestment or transfer of proceeds under paragraph (2)(A)(iii) or (2)(B)(iii), the Secretary shall give preference, in descending order, to the following actions:

(A) Reinvestment in an approved noise compatibility project.

(B) Reinvestment in an approved project that is eligible for funding under section 47117(e).

(C) Reinvestment in an approved airport development project that is eligible for funding under section 47114, 47115, or 47117.

(D) Transfer to a sponsor of another public airport to be reinvested in an approved noise compatibility project at that airport.

(E) Payment to the Secretary for deposit in the Airport and Airway Trust Fund established under section 9502 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.

(5)(A) A lease at fair market value by an airport owner or operator of land acquired for a noise compatibility purpose using a grant provided under this subchapter shall not be considered a disposal for purposes of paragraph (2).

(B) The airport owner or operator may use revenues from a lease described in subparagraph (A) for an approved airport development project that is eligible for funding under section 47114, 47115, or 47117.

(C) The Secretary shall coordinate with each airport owner or operator to ensure that leases described in subparagraph (A) are consistent with noise buffering purposes.

(D) The provisions of this paragraph apply to all land acquired before, on, or after the date of enactment of this paragraph.

(d)

(e)

(2) An airport owner or operator may meet the percentage goal of paragraph (1) of this subsection by including any business operated through a management contract or subcontract. The dollar amount of a management contract or subcontract with a disadvantaged business enterprise shall be added to the total participation by disadvantaged business enterprises in airport concessions and to the base from which the airport's percentage goal is calculated. The dollar amount of a management contract or subcontract with a non-disadvantaged business enterprise and the gross revenue of business activities to which the management contract or subcontract pertains may not be added to this base.

(3) Except as provided in paragraph (4) of this subsection, an airport owner or operator may meet the percentage goal of paragraph (1) of this subsection by including the purchase from disadvantaged business enterprises of goods and services used in businesses conducted at the airport, but the owner or operator and the businesses conducted at the airport shall make good faith efforts to explore all available options to achieve, to the maximum extent practicable, compliance with the goal through direct ownership arrangements, including joint ventures and franchises.

(4)(A) In complying with paragraph (1) of this subsection, an airport owner or operator shall include the revenues of car rental firms at the airport in the base from which the percentage goal in paragraph (1) is calculated.

(B) An airport owner or operator may require a car rental firm to meet a requirement under paragraph (1) of this subsection by purchasing or leasing goods or services from a disadvantaged business enterprise. If an owner or operator requires such a purchase or lease, a car rental firm shall be permitted to meet the requirement by including purchases or leases of vehicles from any vendor that qualifies as a small business concern owned and controlled by a socially and economically disadvantaged individual or as a qualified HUBZone small business concern (as defined in section 31(b) of the Small Business Act).

(C) This subsection does not require a car rental firm to change its corporate structure to provide for direct ownership arrangements to meet the requirements of this subsection.

(5) This subsection does not preempt—

(A) a State or local law, regulation, or policy enacted by the governing body of an airport owner or operator; or

(B) the authority of a State or local government or airport owner or operator to adopt or enforce a law, regulation, or policy related to disadvantaged business enterprises.

(6) An airport owner or operator may provide opportunities for a small business concern owned and controlled by a socially and economically disadvantaged individual or a qualified HUBZone small business concern (as defined in section 31(b) of the Small Business Act) to participate through direct contractual agreement with that concern.

(7) An air carrier that provides passenger or property-carrying services or another business that conducts aeronautical activities at an airport may not be included in the percentage goal of paragraph (1) of this subsection for participation of small business concerns at the airport.

(8) Not later than April 29, 1993, the Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe regulations to carry out this subsection.

(f)

(1) subsection (c)(2)(A)(iii) of this section is available to the Secretary of Transportation to make a grant for airport development or airport planning under section 47104 of this title;

(2) subsection (c)(2)(B)(iii) of this section is available to the Secretary—

(A) to make a grant for a purpose described in section 47115(b) of this title; and

(B) for use under section 47114(d)(2) of this title at another airport in the State in which the land was disposed of under subsection (c)(2)(B)(ii) of this section; and

(3) subsection (c)(2)(B)(iii) of this section is in addition to an amount made available to the Secretary under section 48103 of this title and not subject to apportionment under section 47114 of this title.

(g)

(A) shall prescribe requirements for sponsors that the Secretary considers necessary; and

(B) may make a contract with a public agency.

(2) The Secretary of Transportation may approve an application for a project grant only if the Secretary is satisfied that the requirements prescribed under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection have been or will be met.

(h)

(1)

(A) publish notice of the proposed modification in the Federal Register; and

(B) provide an opportunity for comment on the proposal.

(2)

(i)

(j)

(A) "duty-free merchandise" and "duty-free sales enterprise" have the same meanings given those terms in section 555(b)(8) of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1555(b)(8)).

(B) "highway" and "Federal-aid system" have the same meanings given those terms in section 101(a) of title 23.

(2) Notwithstanding subsection (b)(1) of this section, Hawaii may use, for a project for construction or reconstruction of a highway on a Federal-aid system that is not more than 10 miles by road from an airport and that will facilitate access to the airport, revenue from the sales at off-airport locations in Hawaii of duty-free merchandise under a contract between Hawaii and a duty-free sales enterprise. However, the revenue resulting during a Hawaiian fiscal year may be used only if the amount of the revenue, plus amounts Hawaii receives in the fiscal year from all other sources for costs Hawaii incurs for operating all airports it operates and for debt service related to capital projects for the airports (including interest and amortization of principal costs), is more than 150 percent of the projected costs for the fiscal year.

(3)(A) Revenue from sales referred to in paragraph (2) of this subsection in a Hawaiian fiscal year that Hawaii may use may not be more than the amount that is greater than 150 percent as determined under paragraph (2).

(B) The maximum amount of revenue Hawaii may use under paragraph (2) of this subsection is $250,000,000.

(4) If a fee imposed or collected for rent, landing, or service from an aircraft operator by an airport operated by Hawaii is increased during the period from May 4, 1990, through December 31, 1994, by more than the percentage change in the Consumer Price Index of All Urban Consumers for Honolulu, Hawaii, that the Secretary of Labor publishes during that period and if revenue derived from the fee increases because the fee increased, the amount under paragraph (3)(B) of this subsection shall be reduced by the amount of the projected revenue increase in the period less the part of the increase attributable to changes in the Index in the period.

(5) Hawaii shall determine costs, revenue, and projected revenue increases referred to in this subsection and shall submit the determinations to the Secretary of Transportation. A determination is approved unless the Secretary disapproves it not later than 30 days after it is submitted.

(6) Hawaii is not eligible for a grant under section 47115 of this title in a fiscal year in which Hawaii uses under paragraph (2) of this subsection revenue from sales referred to in paragraph (2). Hawaii shall repay amounts it receives in a fiscal year under a grant it is not eligible to receive because of this paragraph to the Secretary of Transportation for deposit in the discretionary fund established under section 47115.

(7)(A) This subsection applies only to revenue from sales referred to in paragraph (2) of this subsection from May 5, 1990, through December 30, 1994, and to amounts in the Airport Revenue Fund of Hawaii that are attributable to revenue before May 4, 1990, on sales referred to in paragraph (2).

(B) Revenue from sales referred to in paragraph (2) of this subsection from May 5, 1990, through December 30, 1994, may be used under paragraph (2) in any Hawaiian fiscal year, including a Hawaiian fiscal year beginning after December 31, 1994.

(k)

(1)

(2)

(A) direct payments or indirect payments, other than payments reflecting the value of services and facilities provided to the airport;

(B) use of airport revenues for general economic development, marketing, and promotional activities unrelated to airports or airport systems;

(C) payments in lieu of taxes or other assessments that exceed the value of services provided; or

(D) payments to compensate nonsponsoring governmental bodies for lost tax revenues exceeding stated tax rates.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(A) any request by a sponsor or any other governmental entity to any airport for additional payments for services conducted off of the airport or for reimbursement for capital contributions or operating expenses shall be filed not later than 6 years after the date on which the expense is incurred; and

(B) any amount of airport funds that are used to make a payment or reimbursement as described in subparagraph (A) after the date specified in that subparagraph shall be considered to be an illegal diversion of airport revenues that is subject to subsection (m).

(l)

(1)

(2)

(m)

(1)

(A) review the audit or report;

(B) perform appropriate factfinding; and

(C) conduct a hearing and render a final determination concerning whether the illegal diversion of airport revenues asserted in the audit or report occurred.

(2)

(A) the finding; and

(B) the obligations of the sponsor to reimburse the airport involved under this paragraph.

(3)

(A) receives notification that the sponsor is required to reimburse an airport; and

(B) has had an opportunity to reimburse the airport, but has failed to do so.

(4)

(5)

(A)

(B)

(6)

(7)

(n)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(A) be the rate in effect on the date on which interest begins to accrue under paragraph (3); and

(B) remain at a rate fixed under subparagraph (A) during the duration of the indebtedness.

(o)

(p) Notwithstanding any written assurances prescribed in subsections (a) through (o), a general aviation airport with more than 300,000 annual operations may be exempt from having to accept scheduled passenger air carrier service, provided that the following conditions are met:

(1) No scheduled passenger air carrier has provided service at the airport within 5 years prior to January 1, 2002.

(2) The airport is located within or underneath the Class B airspace of an airport that maintains an airport operating certificate pursuant to section 44706 of title 49.

(3) The certificated airport operating under section 44706 of title 49 does not contribute to significant passenger delays as defined by DOT/FAA in the "Airport Capacity Benchmark Report 2001".

(q) An airport that meets the conditions of paragraphs (1) through (3) of subsection (p) is not subject to section 47524 of title 49 with respect to a prohibition on all scheduled passenger service.

(r)

(1)

(2)

(A) describes the requests;

(B) provides an explanation as to why the requests could not be accommodated; and

(C) provides a time frame within which, if any, the airport will be able to accommodate the requests.

(3)

(s)

(1)

(A) Aircraft of the person.

(B) Aircraft authorized by the person.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i) to pay airport access charges that, as determined by the airport sponsor, are comparable to those charged to tenants and operators on-airport making similar use of the airport;

(ii) to bear the cost of building and maintaining the infrastructure that, as determined by the airport sponsor, is necessary to provide aircraft located on the property adjacent to or near the airport access to the airfield of the airport;

(iii) to maintain the property for residential, noncommercial use for the duration of the agreement;

(iv) to prohibit access to the airport from other properties through the property of the property owner; and

(v) to prohibit any aircraft refueling from occurring on the property.

(3)

(t)

(1)

(2)

(A) originally entered into before the date of enactment of this subsection;

(B) under which a nominal lease rate is provided;

(C) under which the lessee is a Federal or State government entity; and

(D) that supports the operation of military aircraft by the Air Force or Air National Guard—

(i) at the airport; or

(ii) remotely from the airport.

(u)

(1)

(A) determining an airport's compliance with a grant assurance made under this section or any other provision of law; and

(B) the receipt of Federal financial assistance for airport development.

(2)

(A) used or intended to be used exclusively for recreational purposes; and

(B) constructed or under construction by a private individual at a general aviation airport.

(v)

(1)

(2)

(A) to an agreement regarding airport property that was initially entered into before the publication of the Federal Aviation Administration's Policy and Procedures Concerning the Use of Airport Revenue, dated February 16, 1999;

(B) if the agreement between the sponsor and the local government is subordinate to any existing or future agreements between the sponsor and the Secretary, including agreements related to a grant assurance under this section;

(C) to airport property that was acquired under a Federal airport development grant program;

(D) if the airport sponsor has provided a written statement to the Administrator that the property made available for a recreational purpose will not be needed for any aeronautical purpose during the next 10 years;

(E) if the agreement includes a term of not more than 2 years to prepare the airport property for the interim compatible recreational purpose and not more than 10 years of use for that purpose;

(F) if the recreational purpose will not impact the aeronautical use of the airport;

(G) if the airport sponsor provides a certification that the sponsor is not responsible for preparation, start-up, operations, maintenance, or any other costs associated with the recreational purpose; and

(H) if the recreational purpose is consistent with Federal land use compatibility criteria under section 47502.

(3)

(w)

(1)

(A) a lactation area in the sterile area of each passenger terminal building of the airport; and

(B) a baby changing table in at least one men's and at least one women's restroom in each passenger terminal building of the airport.

(2)

(A)

(i)

(I) a medium or large hub airport in fiscal year 2021 and each fiscal year thereafter; and

(II) an applicable small hub airport in fiscal year 2023 and each fiscal year thereafter.

(ii)

(I) the 3-year period consisting of 2020, 2021, and 2022; or

(II) any consecutive 3-year period beginning after 2020.

(B)

(C)

(3)

(A) "lactation area" means a room or similar accommodation that—

(i) provides a location for members of the public to express breast milk that is shielded from view and free from intrusion from the public;

(ii) has a door that can be locked;

(iii) includes a place to sit, a table or other flat surface, a sink or sanitizing equipment, and an electrical outlet;

(iv) is readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities, including individuals who use wheelchairs; and

(v) is not located in a restroom; and

(B) "sterile area" has the same meaning given that term in section 1540.5 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1256; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §§111(a), (c), 112(a), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1573, 1574; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §143, title VIII, §805(a), (b)(2), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3221, 3271, 3274; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), (80), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389, 3397; Pub. L. 105–135, title VI, §604(h)(1), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2634; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §125(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 75; Pub. L. 107–217, §3(n)(7), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1303; Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §321(a), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 411; Pub. L. 108–11, title II, §2702, Apr. 16, 2003, 117 Stat. 600; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §§144, 164, 165, title IV, §424, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2503, 2513, 2514, 2554; Pub. L. 110–330, §5(e), Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3718; Pub. L. 111–12, §5(d), Mar. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 1458; Pub. L. 111–69, §5(e), Oct. 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 2055; Pub. L. 111–116, §5(d), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3032; Pub. L. 111–153, §5(d), Mar. 31, 2010, 124 Stat. 1085; Pub. L. 111–161, §5(d), Apr. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1127; Pub. L. 111–197, §5(d), July 2, 2010, 124 Stat. 1354; Pub. L. 111–216, title I, §104(d), Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2349; Pub. L. 111–249, §5(e), Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2628; Pub. L. 111–329, §5(d), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3567; Pub. L. 112–7, §5(d), Mar. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 32; Pub. L. 112–16, §5(d), May 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 219; Pub. L. 112–21, §5(d), June 29, 2011, 125 Stat. 234; Pub. L. 112–27, §5(d), Aug. 5, 2011, 125 Stat. 271; Pub. L. 112–30, title II, §205(e), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 358; Pub. L. 112–91, §5(e), Jan. 31, 2012, 126 Stat. 4; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §§135, 136(a), title IV, §404, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 22, 23, 85; Pub. L. 113–188, title XV, §1501(b)(1), (2)(A), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2023, 2024; Pub. L. 114–55, title I, §102(a), Sept. 30, 2015, 129 Stat. 523; Pub. L. 114–141, title I, §102(a), Mar. 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 323; Pub. L. 114–190, title I, §1102(a), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 617; Pub. L. 114–238, §1, Oct. 7, 2016, 130 Stat. 972; Pub. L. 115–63, title I, §102(a), Sept. 29, 2017, 131 Stat. 1169; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title XVII, §1701(a)(4)(G)(i), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1796; Pub. L. 115–141, div. M, title I, §102(a), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1046; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §§131, 132(a), 163(d), 185, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3203–3205, 3224, 3234; Pub. L. 116–190, §2, Oct. 30, 2020, 134 Stat. 974.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47107(a) | 49 App.:2202(a)(6). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §§503(a)(6), 505(b)(2), 509(b)(1)(E), 511(a)(1)(B), (C), (2), (5)–(10), (b), 96 Stat. 673, 677, 683, 686, 687. |

49 App.:2208(b)(1)(E) (related to 49 App.:2210(a) (1)–(11), (15), (16)). | ||

49 App.:2210(a)(1)(A). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §511(a)(1)(A), 96 Stat. 686; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §109(a), 101 Stat. 1499. | |

49 App.:2210(a)(1)(B), (C), (2). | ||

49 App.:2210(a)(3). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §511(a)(3), 96 Stat. 686; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §109(b), 101 Stat. 1499. | |

49 App.:2210(a)(4). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §511(a)(4), 96 Stat. 686; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §109(c), 101 Stat. 1499. | |

49 App.:2210(a) (5)–(10). | ||

49 App.:2210(a)(11). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §511(a)(11), 96 Stat. 687; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §113(a), 106 Stat. 4881. | |

49 App.:2210(a)(15). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §511(a)(15); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §109(f), 101 Stat. 1500. | |

49 App.:2210(a)(16). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §511(a)(16); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §109(g), 101 Stat. 1501. | |

47107(b)(1), (2) | 49 App.:2208(b)(1)(E) (related to 49 App.:2210(a)(12)). | |

49 App.:2210(a)(12). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §511(a)(12), 96 Stat. 687; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §109(d), 101 Stat. 1499. | |

47107(b)(3) | 49 App.:2210(d). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §511(d); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §109(i), 101 Stat. 1501. |

47107(c)(1), (2) | 49 App.:2202(a)(24). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §503(a)(24), 96 Stat. 674; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §103(c)(1), 101 Stat. 1488. |

49 App.:2208(b)(1)(E) (related to 49 App.:2210(a)(13), (14)). | ||

49 App.:2210(a)(13). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §511(a)(13), 96 Stat. 688; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §109(e), 101 Stat. 1499. | |

49 App.:2210(a)(14). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §511(a)(14), 96 Stat. 688; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §109(e), 101 Stat. 1499; restated Dec. 15, 1989, Pub. L. 101–236, §4, 103 Stat. 2061. | |

47107(c)(3) | (no source). | |

47107(d) | 49 App.:2204(b)(2). | |

49 App.:2208(b)(1)(E) (related to 49 App.:2204(b)(2)). | ||

47107(e) | 49 App.:2208(b)(1)(E) (related to 49 App.:2210(a)(17)). | |

49 App.:2210(a)(17). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §511(a)(17); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §109(h), 101 Stat. 1501; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §117(a), 106 Stat. 4882. | |

49 App.:2210(h). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §511(h); added Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §117(b), 106 Stat. 4882. | |

49 App.:2210 (note). | Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §117(d), 106 Stat. 4883. | |

47107(f) | 49 App.:2210(e). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §511(e); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §109(j), 101 Stat. 1501. |

47107(g)(1) | 49 App.:2210(b) (1st, 2d sentences). | |

47107(g)(2) | 49 App.:2208(b)(1)(E) (related to 49 App.:2210(b)). | |

47107(h) | 49 App.:2210(f). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §511(f); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §109(k), 101 Stat. 1502. |

47107(i) | 49 App.:2210(b) (last sentence). | |

47107(j)(1) | 49 App.:2210(g)(4)(B), (D). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §511(g); added May 4, 1990, Pub. L. 101–281, §2, 104 Stat. 164. |

47107(j)(2) | 49 App.:2210(g)(1), (2)(B), (4)(A), (C). | |

47107(j)(3) | 49 App.:2210(g)(2)(C), (D). | |

47107(j)(4) | 49 App.:2210(g)(2)(E). | |

47107(j)(5) | 49 App.:2210(g)(2)(F). | |

47107(j)(6) | 49 App.:2210(g)(2)(G). | |

47107(j) (7)(A) | 49 App.:2210(g)(2)(A). | |

47107(j) (7)(B) | 49 App.:2210(g)(3). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "may approve a project grant application under this subchapter for an airport development project only if" are substituted for 49 App.:2208(b)(1)(E) (related to 49 App.:2210(a)) and the words "As a condition precedent to approval of an airport development project contained in a project grant application submitted under this chapter . . . shall" in 49 App.:2210(a) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the words "to which the project relates" and "fair and" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), before subclause (A), the words "including the requirement that" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The words "air carriers making similar use of the airport" are substituted for "each air carrier using such airport (whether as a tenant, nontenant, or subtenant of another air carrier tenant) . . . all such air carriers which make similar use of such airport" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "and which utilize similar facilities" are omitted because of the definition of "airport" in section 47102 of the revised title. The words "nondiscriminatory and" and "rates, fees, rentals, and other" are omitted as surplus. In subclause (B), before subclause (i), the words "except for differences based on" are substituted for "subject to" for clarity. In clause (3), the words "airport operator" are substituted for "airport" for clarity and consistency in this chapter. In clause (4), before subclause (A), the words "a right given to only one fixed-base operator to provide services at an airport" are substituted for "the providing of services at an airport by a single fixed-based operator" for clarity. In subclause (B), the words "the airport operator or owner" are substituted for "such airport" for clarity and consistency in this subchapter. Clause (5) is substituted for 49 App.:2210(a)(1)(B) for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (6), the words "allowed by the airport operator" are substituted for "authorized by the airport or permitted by the airport" for clarity and consistency in this chapter and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (9), the words "operations at" are added for clarity. The words "adequately", "removing, lowering, relocating, marking, or lighting or otherwise", and "the establishment or creation of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (10), the word "near" is substituted for "in the immediate vicinity of", and the word "uses" is substituted for "activities and purposes", to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "including landing and takeoff of aircraft" are omitted as surplus. In clause (12), the words "property interests of the sponsor in land or water areas or buildings" are substituted for "any areas of land or water, or estate therein, or rights in buildings of the sponsor" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "necessary or" are omitted as surplus. The words "for, and that will be used for, constructing . . . facilities for carrying out activities related to air traffic control or navigation" are substituted for "for use in connection with any air traffic control or navigation activities, or weather-reporting and communication activities related to air traffic control . . . for construction . . . of space or facilities for such purposes" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (13), before subclause (A), the words "schedule of charges" are substituted for "fee and rental structure" for clarity and consistency in this chapter. In subclause (A), the word "particular" is omitted as surplus. The word "including" is substituted for "taking into account such factors as" to eliminate unnecessary words. In subclause (B), the words "fees, rates, and" are omitted as surplus. The words "airport development or airport planning" are omitted because of the definition of "project" in section 47102 of the revised title. In clause (16), before subclause (A), the words "maintain . . . current" are substituted for "keep up to date at all times" to eliminate unnecessary words. In subclause (B), the words "be submitted to, and" and "amendment" are omitted as surplus. In subclauses (C) and (D), the words "changes or" and "change or", respectively, are omitted as surplus. In subclause (D)(ii), the words "was made" are added for clarity. In clause (17), the words "with respect to the project" are omitted as surplus. In clause (18), the words "duly authorized agent of" are omitted because of 49:322(b).

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "may approve a project grant application under this subchapter for an airport development project only if" are substituted for 49 App.:2208(b)(1)(E) (related to 49 App.:2210(a)(12)) and "As a condition precedent to approval of an airport development project contained in a project grant application submitted under this chapter . . . shall" in 49 App.:2210(a) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (C) the word "actual" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "Paragraph (1) of this subsection does not apply" are substituted for "except that . . . then this limitation on the use of all other revenues generated by the airport . . . shall not apply" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "law" is substituted for "provisions . . . in governing statutes" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "considered to be" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "department, agency, or instrumentality of the Government" are substituted for "Federal agency" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (c)(2), before clause (A), the words "may approve an application under this subchapter for an airport development project grant only if" are substituted for 49 App.:2208(b)(1)(E) (related to 49 App.:2210(a)(13), (14)) and "As a condition precedent to approval of an airport development project contained in a project grant application submitted under this chapter" in 49 App.:2210(a) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "has received or will receive" are substituted for "before, on, or after December 30, 1987" and "before, on, or after December 31, 1987" because of the restatement. In clauses (A)(ii) and (B)(ii), the words "or right" and "only" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A)(iii), the words "at the discretion of the Secretary" in 49 App.:2210(a)(13)(C) are omitted as surplus. In clause (B)(iii), the words "under this subchapter" are substituted for "at that airport or within the national airport system" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

Subsection (c)(3) is added for clarity.

In subsection (d), the words "may approve an application under this subchapter for an airport development project grant . . . only if" are substituted for 49 App.:2208(b)(1)(E) (related to 49 App.:2204(b)(2)) and "No obligation shall be incurred by the Secretary for airport development . . . unless" in 49 App.:2204(b) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e)(1), the words "may approve a project grant application under this subchapter for an airport development project only if" are substituted for 49 App.:2208(b)(1)(E) (related to 49 App.:2210(a)(17)) and "As a condition precedent to approval of an airport development project contained in a project grant application submitted under this chapter . . . shall" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "food, beverages, printed materials, or other" and "ground transportation, baggage carts, automobile rentals, or other" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(2)–(5), the words "disadvantaged business enterprise" are substituted for "DBE" for clarity.

In subsection (e)(4), the words "(as defined by the Secretary by regulation)" and "(as defined under section 2204(d)(2)(B) of this title)" are omitted as unnecessary because of paragraph (1) of this subsection.

In subsection (f)(2)(A), the words "at the discretion of the Secretary" are omitted as surplus. The words "at primary airports and reliever airports" are omitted as surplus because 49 App.:2206(c)(2), restated in section 47115(c) of the revised title, involves only primary and reliever airports.

In subsection (g)(1)(A), the words "consistent with the terms of this chapter" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g)(1)(B), the words "Among other steps to insure such compliance" and "on behalf of the United States" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g)(2), the words "by or . . . the authority of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (h), before clause (1), the words "proposes to" are omitted as surplus. The word "subchapter" is substituted for "Act" in section 511(f) of the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982, as added by section 109(k) of the Airport and Airway Safety and Capacity Expansion Act of 1987 (Public Law 100–223, 101 Stat. 1502), to correct a mistake.

In subsection (i), the words "a property interest in a land or water area or a building that the Secretary of Transportation uses to construct a facility" are substituted for "any area of land or water, or estate therein, or rights in buildings of the sponsor and constructs space or facilities thereon" for consistency in this section.

In subsection (j)(2), the words "the limitation on the use of revenues generated by airports contained in", "located", "of funds", and "(including revenues generated by such airports from other sources, unrestricted cash on hand, and Federal funds made available under this chapter for expenditure at such airports)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (j)(3)(A), the words "amount that is greater than 150 percent as determined" are substituted for "amount of the excess determined" for clarity.

In subsection (j)(3)(B), the words "in the aggregate" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (j)(4), the word "imposed" is substituted for "levied" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "for the use of airport facilities" and "a percentage which is" are omitted as surplus. The words "Secretary of Labor" are substituted for "Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor" because of 29:551 and 557.

In subsection (j)(5), the words "from fee increases" and "for approval" are omitted as surplus.

The Federal Airport Act, referred to in subsecs. (a)(13)(B) and (i), is act May 13, 1946, ch. 251, 60 Stat. 170, which was classified to chapter 14 (§1101 et seq.) of former Title 49, Transportation, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 91–258, title I, §52(a), May 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 235.

The Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970, referred to in subsecs. (a)(13)(B) and (i), is title I of Pub. L. 91–258, May 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 219, which was classified principally to chapter 25 (§1701 et seq.) of former Title 49, Transportation. Sections 1 through 30 of title I of Pub. L. 91–258, which enacted sections 1701 to 1703, 1711 to 1713, and 1714 to 1730 of former Title 49, and a provision set out as a note under section 1701 of former Title 49, were repealed by Pub. L. 97–248, title V, §523(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 695. Sections 31, 51, 52(a), (b)(4), (6), (c), (d), and 53 of title I of Pub. L. 91–258 were repealed by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, the first section of which enacted subtitles II, III, and V to X of Title 49, Transportation. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. For disposition of sections of former Title 49, see table at the beginning of Title 49.

Section 9502 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (c)(4)(E), is classified to section 9502 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

The date of enactment of this paragraph, referred to in subsec. (c)(5)(D), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–95, which was approved Feb. 14, 2012.

Section 31(b) of the Small Business Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(1), (4)(B), (6), is classified to section 657a(b) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.

Section 101(a) of title 23, referred to in subsec. (j)(1)(B), was subsequently amended, and section 101(a) no longer defines "Federal-aid system".

The enactment of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (s)(3), means the enactment of Pub. L. 112–95, which was approved Feb. 14, 2012.

The date of enactment of this paragraph, referred to in subsec. (s)(3), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (t)(2)(A), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–238, which was approved Oct. 7, 2016.

**2020**—Subsec. (w)(1). Pub. L. 116–190, §2(1), substituted "The Secretary of Transportation" for "In fiscal year 2021 and each fiscal year thereafter, the Secretary of Transportation".

Subsec. (w)(1)(B). Pub. L. 116–190, §2(2), substituted "at least one men's and at least one women's" for "one men's and one women's".

Subsec. (w)(2)(A). Pub. L. 116–190, §2(3), added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: "The requirement in paragraph (1) shall only apply to applications submitted by the airport sponsor of a medium or large hub airport."

Subsec. (w)(2)(B). Pub. L. 116–190, §2(4), substituted "October 5, 2018, complies with the requirement in paragraph (1)(A)" for "the date of enactment of this Act complies with the requirement in paragraph (1)".

Subsec. (w)(2)(C). Pub. L. 116–190, §2(5), substituted "paragraph (1)(A)" for "paragraph (1)".

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(16)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §163(d)(1), added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "the Secretary will approve the plan and any revision or modification before the plan, revision, or modification takes effect;".

Subsec. (a)(16)(C). Pub. L. 115–254, §163(d)(2), substituted "unless the alteration—" and cls. (i) and (ii) for "if the alteration does not comply with the plan the Secretary approves, and the Secretary is of the opinion that the alteration may affect adversely the safety, utility, or efficiency of the airport; and".

Subsec. (a)(16)(D). Pub. L. 115–254, §163(d)(3), which directed substitution of "when an alteration in the airport or its facility is made that is within the scope of the Secretary's review and approval authority as set forth in subparagraph (B), and does not conform with the portions of the plan approved by the Secretary, and the Secretary decides that the alteration adversely affects the safety, utility, or efficiency of aircraft operations, or of any property on or off the airport that is owned, leased, or financed by the Government, then the owner or operator will, if requested by the Secretary" for "when an alternation" and all that follows through "Secretary, will", was executed by making the substitution for "when an alteration in the airport or its facility is made that does not conform to the approved plan and that the Secretary decides adversely affects the safety, utility, or efficiency of any property on or off the airport that is owned, leased, or financed by the Government, the owner or operator, if requested by the Secretary, will" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 115–254, §131(1), substituted "if any phase of such project has received funds under this subchapter, each contract" for "each contract".

Subsec. (r)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §131(2), substituted "2023" for "2018".

Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "October 1, 2018" for "April 1, 2018".

Subsec. (s)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §185, added par. (3).

Subsecs. (u), (v). Pub. L. 115–254, §131(3), added subsecs. (u) and (v).

Subsec. (w). Pub. L. 115–254, §132(a), added subsec. (w).

**2017**—Subsec. (e)(1), (4)(B), (6). Pub. L. 115–91 substituted "section 31(b) of the Small Business Act" for "section 3(p) of the Small Business Act".

Subsec. (r)(3). Pub. L. 115–63 substituted "April 1, 2018" for "October 1, 2017".

**2016**—Subsec. (r)(3). Pub. L. 114–190 substituted "October 1, 2017" for "July 16, 2016".

Pub. L. 114–141 substituted "July 16, 2016" for "April 1, 2016".

Subsec. (t). Pub. L. 114–238 added subsec. (t).

**2015**—Subsec. (r)(3). Pub. L. 114–55 substituted "April 1, 2016" for "October 1, 2015".

**2014**—Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 113–188, §1501(b)(1), (2)(A)(i), redesignated subsec. (l) as (k) and struck out former subsec. (k). Prior to amendment, text of subsec. (k) read as follows: "The Secretary shall provide to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives an annual summary of the reports submitted to the Secretary under subsection (a)(19) of this section and under section 111(b) of the Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994."

Subsec. (k)(5). Pub. L. 113–188, §1501(b)(2)(A)(ii), substituted "subsection (m)(7)" for "subsection (n)(7)" in introductory provisions and "subsection (m)" for "subsection (n)" in subpar. (B).

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 113–188, §1501(b)(2)(A)(i), redesignated subsec. (m) as (l). Former subsec. (l) redesignated (k).

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 113–188, §1501(b)(2)(A)(i), (iii), redesignated subsec. (n) as (m) and substituted "subsections (b) and (k)" for "subsections (b) and (l)" in pars. (1) and (7) and "subsection (n)" for "subsection (o)" in pars. (4) and (6). Former subsec. (m) redesignated (l).

Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 113–188, §1501(b)(2)(A)(i), (iv), redesignated subsec. (o) as (n) and substituted "subsection (m)" for "subsection (n)" wherever appearing. Former subsec. (n) redesignated (m).

Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 113–188, §1501(b)(2)(A)(i), (v), redesignated subsec. (p) as (o) and substituted "subsection (n)" for "subsection (o)". Former subsec. (o) redesignated (n).

Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 113–188, §1501(b)(2)(A)(i), (vi), redesignated subsec. (q) as (p) and substituted "subsections (a) through (o)" for "subsections (a) through (p)" in introductory provisions. Former subsec. (p) redesignated (o).

Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 113–188, §1501(b)(2)(A)(i), (vii), redesignated subsec. (r) as (q) and substituted "paragraphs (1) through (3) of subsection (p)" for "subsections (q)(1) through (3)". Former subsec. (q) redesignated (p).

Subsecs. (r) to (t). Pub. L. 113–188, §1501(b)(2)(A)(i), redesignated subsecs. (s) and (t) as (r) and (s), respectively. Former subsec. (r) redesignated (q).

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(16)(D)(ii). Pub. L. 112–95, §135(a), inserted ", except in the case of a relocation or replacement of an existing airport facility that meets the conditions of section 47110(d)" before semicolon at end.

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 112–95, §135(b)(1)(A)(i), substituted "purpose (including land serving as a noise buffer either by being undeveloped or developed in a way that is compatible with using the land for noise buffering purposes)" for "purpose" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(2)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 112–95, §135(b)(1)(A)(ii), substituted "reinvested in another project at the airport or transferred to another airport as the Secretary prescribes under paragraph (4)" for "paid to the Secretary for deposit in the Airport and Airway Trust Fund established under section 9502 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 9502) or, as the Secretary prescribes, reinvested in an approved noise compatibility project, including the purchase of nonresidential buildings or property in the vicinity of residential buildings or property previously purchased by the airport as part of a noise compatibility program".

Subsec. (c)(2)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 112–95, §135(b)(1)(B), substituted "reinvested in another project at the airport or transferred to another airport as the Secretary prescribes under paragraph (4)" for "reinvested, on application to the Secretary, in another eligible airport development project the Secretary approves under this subchapter or paid to the Secretary for deposit in the Fund if another eligible project does not exist".

Subsec. (c)(4), (5). Pub. L. 112–95, §135(b)(2), added pars. (4) and (5).

Subsec. (s)(3). Pub. L. 112–95, §404, amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "This subsection shall cease to be effective beginning February 18, 2012."

Pub. L. 112–91 substituted "February 18, 2012." for "February 1, 2012."

Subsec. (t). Pub. L. 112–95, §136(a), added subsec. (t).

**2011**—Subsec. (s)(3). Pub. L. 112–30 substituted "February 1, 2012." for "September 17, 2011."

Pub. L. 112–27 substituted "September 17, 2011." for "July 23, 2011."

Pub. L. 112–21 substituted "July 23, 2011." for "July 1, 2011."

Pub. L. 112–16 substituted "July 1, 2011." for "June 1, 2011."

Pub. L. 112–7 substituted "June 1, 2011." for "April 1, 2011."

**2010**—Subsec. (s)(3). Pub. L. 111–329 substituted "April 1, 2011." for "January 1, 2011."

Pub. L. 111–249 substituted "January 1, 2011." for "October 1, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–216 substituted "October 1, 2010." for "August 2, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–197 substituted "August 2, 2010." for "July 4, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–161 substituted "July 4, 2010." for "May 1, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–153 substituted "May 1, 2010." for "April 1, 2010."

**2009**—Subsec. (s)(3). Pub. L. 111–116 substituted "April 1, 2010." for "January 1, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–69 substituted "January 1, 2010." for "October 1, 2009."

Pub. L. 111–12 substituted "October 1, 2009." for "April 1, 2009."

**2008**—Subsec. (s)(3). Pub. L. 110–330 substituted "April 1, 2009" for "October 1, 2008".

**2003**—Subsec. (a)(21). Pub. L. 108–176, §165, added par. (21).

Subsec. (c)(2)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 108–176, §164, inserted before semicolon at end ", including the purchase of nonresidential buildings or property in the vicinity of residential buildings or property previously purchased by the airport as part of a noise compatibility program".

Subsec. (l)(5)(A). Pub. L. 108–176, §144(a), inserted "or any other governmental entity" after "sponsor".

Subsec. (m)(1). Pub. L. 108–176, §144(b)(1), (2), substituted "include a provision in the compliance supplement provisions to" for "promulgate regulations that" and struck out "and opinion of the review" before "concerning the funding activities".

Subsec. (m)(3). Pub. L. 108–176, §144(b)(3), struck out heading and text of par. (3). Text read as follows: "The report submitted to the Secretary under this subsection shall include a specific determination and opinion regarding the appropriateness of the disposition of airport funds paid or transferred to a sponsor."

Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 108–7 added subsec. (q).

Subsec. (q)(2). Pub. L. 108–11, §2702(1), which directed the amendment of subsec. (q)(2) of section 321 of Pub. L. 108–7 by inserting "or underneath" before "the Class B airspace", was executed by making the insertion in subsec. (q)(2) of this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (q)(3). Pub. L. 108–11, §2702(2), (3), which directed the amendment of subsec. (q)(3) of section 321 of Pub. L. 108–7 by striking out "has sufficient capacity and" after "Title 49" and inserting "passenger" before "delays", was executed by inserting "passenger" before "delays" and striking out "has sufficient capacity and" after "title 49" in subsec. (q)(3) of this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 108–7 added subsec. (r).

Subsec. (s). Pub. L. 108–176, §424, added subsec. (s).

**2002**—Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 107–217 substituted "chapter 11 of title 40" for "title IX of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 541 et seq.)".

**2000**—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 106–181 amended heading and text of subsec. (h) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Before modifying an assurance required of a person receiving a grant under this subchapter and in effect after December 29, 1987, or to require compliance with an additional assurance from the person, the Secretary of Transportation must—

"(1) publish notice of the proposed modification in the Federal Register; and

"(2) provide an opportunity for comment on the proposal."

**1997**—Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 105–135, §604(h)(1)(A), inserted before period at end "or qualified HUBZone small business concerns (as defined in section 3(p) of the Small Business Act)".

Subsec. (e)(4)(B). Pub. L. 105–135, §604(h)(1)(B), which directed the amendment of subpar. (B) by inserting before the period "or as a qualified HUBZone small business concern (as defined in section 3(p) of the Small Business Act)", was executed by inserting the material before period at end of last sentence to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (e)(6). Pub. L. 105–135, §604(h)(1)(C), inserted "or a qualified HUBZone small business concern (as defined in section 3(p) of the Small Business Act)" after "disadvantaged individual".

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(20). Pub. L. 104–264, §143, added par. (20).

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), substituted "Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Public Works and Transportation".

Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(80), substituted "August 23, 1994" for "the date of the enactment of this subsection".

Subsec. (l)(5). Pub. L. 104–264, §805(b)(2), added par. (5).

Subsecs. (m) to (p). Pub. L. 104–264, §805(a), added subsecs. (m) to (p).

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(15). Pub. L. 103–305, §111(a)(1), inserted before semicolon at end "and make such reports available to the public".

Subsec. (a)(19). Pub. L. 103–305, §111(a)(2)–(4), added par. (19).

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 103–305, §111(c), added subsec. (k).

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 103–305, §112(a), added subsec. (l).

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–91 effective Jan. 1, 2020, see section 1701(j) of Pub. L. 115–91, set out as a note under section 657a of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.

Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §136(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 24, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to an agreement between an airport sponsor and a property owner (or an association representing such property owner) entered into before, on, or after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012]."

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–27 effective July 23, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–27, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–21 effective July 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–21, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–16 effective June 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–16, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–7 effective Apr. 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–7, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–329 effective Jan. 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–329, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–249 effective Oct. 1, 2010, see section 5(l) of Pub. L. 111–249, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–216 effective Aug. 2, 2010, see section 104(j) of Pub. L. 111–216, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–197 effective July 4, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–197, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–161 effective May 1, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–161, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–153 effective Apr. 1, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–153, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–116 effective Jan. 1, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–116, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–12 effective Apr. 1, 2009, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–12, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–330 effective Oct. 1, 2008, see section 5(l) of Pub. L. 110–330, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §321(b), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 411, provided that: "This section [amending this section] shall be effective upon enactment [Feb. 20, 2003], notwithstanding any other section of title 49."

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–135 effective Oct. 1, 1997, see section 3 of Pub. L. 105–135, set out as a note under section 631 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §125(e), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 76, provided that: "Nothing in any amendment made by this section [amending this section and sections 47125, 47151, and 47153 of this title] shall be construed to authorize the Secretary [of Transportation] to issue a waiver or make a modification referred to in such amendment."

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

Pub. L. 105–66, title III, §340, Oct. 27, 1997, 111 Stat. 1448, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) Congress has the authority under article I, section 8 of the Constitution to regulate the air commerce of the United States;

"(2) section 47107 of title 49, United States Code, prohibits the diversion of certain revenue generated by a public airport as a condition of receiving a project grant;

"(3) a grant recipient that uses airport revenues for purposes that are not airport-related in a manner inconsistent with chapter 471 of title 49, United States Code, illegally diverts airport revenues;

"(4) illegal diversion of airport revenues undermines the interest of the United States in promoting a strong national air transportation system;

"(5) the policy of the United States that airports should be as self-sustaining as possible and that revenues generated at airports should not be diverted from airport purposes was stated by Congress in 1982 and reaffirmed and strengthened in 1987, 1994, and 1996;

"(6) certain airports are constructed on lands that may have belonged, at one time, to Native Americans, Native Hawaiians, or Alaska Natives;

"(7) contrary to the prohibition against diverting airport revenues from airport purposes under section 47107 of title 49, United States Code, certain payments from airport revenues may have been made for the betterment of Native Americans, Native Hawaiians, or Alaska Natives based upon the claims related to lands ceded to the United States;

"(8) Federal law prohibits diversions of airport revenues obtained from any source whatsoever to occur in the future whether related to claims for periods of time prior to or after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 27, 1997]; and

"(9) because of the special circumstances surrounding such past diversions of airport revenues for the betterment of Native Americans, Native Hawaiians, or Alaska Natives, it is in the national interest that amounts from airport revenues previously received by any entity for the betterment of Native Americans, Native Hawaiians, or Alaska Natives, as specified in subsection (b) of this section, should not be subject to repayment.

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 104–264, title VIII, §802, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3270, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) section 47107 of title 49, United States Code, prohibits the diversion of certain revenue generated by a public airport as a condition of receiving a project grant;

"(2) a grant recipient that uses airport revenue for purposes that are not airport related in a manner inconsistent with chapter 471 of title 49, United States Code, illegally diverts airport revenues;

"(3) any diversion of airport revenues in violation of the condition referred to in paragraph (1) undermines the interest of the United States in promoting a strong national air transportation system that is responsive to the needs of airport users;

"(4) the Secretary and the Administrator have not enforced airport revenue diversion rules adequately and must have additional regulatory tools to increase enforcement efforts; and

"(5) sponsors who have been found to have illegally diverted airport revenues—

"(A) have not reimbursed or made restitution to airports in a timely manner; and

"(B) must be encouraged to do so.

"(b)

"(1) eliminating the ability of any State or political subdivision thereof that is a recipient of a project grant to divert airport revenues for purposes that are not related to an airport, in violation of section 47107 of title 49, United States Code;

"(2) imposing financial reporting requirements that are designed to identify instances of illegal diversions referred to in paragraph (1);

"(3) establishing a statute of limitations for airport revenue diversion actions;

"(4) clarifying limitations on revenue diversion that are permitted under chapter 471 of title 49, United States Code; and

"(5) establishing clear penalties and enforcement mechanisms for identifying and prosecuting airport revenue diversion."

Pub. L. 104–264, title VIII, §803, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3270, provided that: "For purposes of this title [see Short Title of 1996 Amendment note set out under section 40101 of this title], the following definitions apply:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

"(5)

Pub. L. 104–264, title VIII, §805(b)(1), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3273, provided that: "Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 9, 1996], the Secretary, acting through the Administrator, shall revise the policies and procedures established under section 47107(l) [now 47107(k)] of title 49, United States Code, to take into account the amendments made to that section by this title."

Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §111(b), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1574, provided that, within 180 days after Aug. 23, 1994, the Secretary of Transportation was to prescribe a uniform simplified format readily comprehensible to the public for reporting applicable to airports.

(a)

(b)

(2)(A) For a project receiving assistance under a grant approved under the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982 before October 1, 1987, the amount may be increased by not more than—

(i) 10 percent for an airport development project, except a project for acquiring an interest in land; and

(ii) 50 percent of the total increase in allowable project costs attributable to acquiring an interest in land, based on current creditable appraisals.

(B) An increase under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph may be paid only from amounts the Government recovers from other grants made under this subchapter.

(3) For a project receiving assistance under a grant approved under the Act, this subchapter, or chapter 475 of this title after September 30, 1987, the amount may be increased—

(A) for an airport development project, by not more than 15 percent; and

(B) for a grant after September 30, 1992, to acquire an interest in land for an airport (except a primary airport), by not more than the greater of the following, based on current creditable appraisals or a court award in a condemnation proceeding:

(i) 15 percent; or

(ii) 25 percent of the total increase in allowable project costs attributable to acquiring an interest in land.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1262; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §135(c), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 84; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §149(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2505; Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title I, §176(a), Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2427; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §152(e)(2), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 34.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47108(a) | 49 App.:2211(a). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §512(a), 96 Stat. 688; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §§106(b)(4), 110(c), 101 Stat. 1498, 1502. |

47108(b) | 49 App.:2211(b). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §512(b), 96 Stat. 688; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §110(a), 101 Stat. 1502; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §109, 106 Stat. 4879. |

47108(c) | 49 App.:2211(c). | |

47108(d) | 49 App.:2211(d). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §512(d); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §110(b), 101 Stat. 1502. |


In subsection (a), the words "on behalf of the United States" are omitted as surplus. The words "or sponsors" are omitted because of 1:1. The words "of the application" are omitted as surplus. The words "under section 47110 of this title" are added for clarity. The words "and conditions" are omitted as being included in "terms". The words "for the project" are added for clarity. The words "an offer of a grant for a project" are substituted for "In any case where the Secretary approves a project grant application for a project . . . the offer" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "(including future fiscal years)" are omitted as surplus. The words "An offer that is accepted in writing by the sponsor is an agreement binding on the Government and the sponsor" are substituted for "If and when an offer is accepted in writing by the sponsor, the offer and acceptance shall comprise an agreement constituting an obligation of the United States and of the sponsor" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "which have been or may be incurred" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "by a sponsor" are omitted as surplus. The words "amount the Government will pay" are substituted for "obligation of the United States" for clarity and consistency in this section.

In subsection (b)(2), the text of 49 App.:2211(b)(2) (last sentence) is restated to apply only to 49 App.:2211(b)(2) (1st sentence) to carry out the probable intent of Congress.

In subsection (b)(3)(B), the words "for fiscal year 1993 and thereafter" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (c), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law" are omitted as surplus. The words "a project receiving assistance under" are added for consistency.

In subsection (d), the word "sponsor" is substituted for "grant recipient" for clarity. The words "amount the Government may pay" are substituted for "obligation of the United States authorized" for clarity and consistency in this section.

The Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982, referred to in subsec. (b)(2)(A), (3), is title V of Pub. L. 97–248, Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 671, which was classified principally to chapter 31 (§2201 et seq.) of former Title 49, Transportation, and was substantially repealed by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, and reenacted by the first section thereof as this subchapter.

The Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970, referred to in subsec. (c), is title I of Pub. L. 91–258, May 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 219, which was classified principally to chapter 25 (§1701 et seq.) of former Title 49. Sections 1 through 30 of title I of Pub. L. 91–258, which enacted sections 1701 to 1703, 1711 to 1713, and 1714 to 1730 of former Title 49, and a provision set out as a note under section 1701 of former Title 49, were repealed by Pub. L. 97–248, title V, §523(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 695. Sections 31, 51, 52(a), (b)(4), (6), (c), (d), and 53 of title I of Pub. L. 91–258 were repealed by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, the first section of which enacted subtitles II, III, and V to X of Title 49, Transportation. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. For disposition of sections of former Title 49, see table at the beginning of Title 49.

**2012**—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 112–95 substituted "accordance with section 47119(a)" for "accordance with section 47110(d)(2)" and "allowable under section 47119(a)" for "allowable under section 47110(d)".

**2005**—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 109–115 added par. (3).

**2003**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–176 inserted "or 47114(d)(3)(A)" after "under section 47114(c)".

**2000**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–181 added subsec. (e).

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §143, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 644, provided that: "In the case of a grant for land acquisition issued to an airport under chapter 471 of title 49, United States Code, prior to January 1, 1995, the Secretary of Transportation may waive the provisions of section 47108 of such title and provide an upward adjustment in the maximum obligation of the United States under that chapter to assist the airport in funding land acquisition costs (and associated eligible costs) that increased as a result of a judicial order."

[For definitions of "airport" and "United States" used in section 143 of Pub. L. 107–71, set out above, see section 133 of Pub. L. 107–71, set out as a note under section 40102 of this title.]

(a)

(1) 75 percent for a project at a medium or large hub airport;

(2) not more than 90 percent for a project funded by a grant issued to and administered by a State under section 47128, relating to the State block grant program;

(3) 90 percent for a project at any other airport;

(4) 70 percent for a project funded by the Administrator from the discretionary fund under section 47115 at an airport receiving an exemption under section 47134; and

(5) 95 percent for a project that—

(A) the Administrator determines is a successive phase of a multiphase construction project for which the sponsor received a grant in fiscal year 2011; and

(B) for which the United States Government's share of allowable project costs would otherwise be capped at 90 percent under paragraph (2) or (3).

(b)

(1) 25 percent;

(2) one-half of the percentage that the area of unappropriated and unreserved public lands and nontaxable Indian lands in the State is of the total area of the State; or

(3) the percentage necessary to increase the Government's share to the percentage that applied on June 30, 1975, under section 17(b) of the Act.

(c)

(1)

(A) the State contained unappropriated and unreserved public lands and nontaxable Indian lands of more than 5 percent of the total area of all lands in the State on August 3, 1979; and

(B) the application under subsection (b), does not increase the Government's share of allowable costs of the project.

(2) The Government's share of allowable project costs determined under this subsection shall not exceed the lesser of 93.75 percent or the highest percentage Government share applicable to any project in any State under subsection (b), except that at a primary non-hub and non-primary commercial service airport located in a State as set forth in paragraph (1) of this subsection that is within 15 miles of another State as set forth in paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Government's share shall be an average of the Government share applicable to any project in each of the States.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(1) is receiving essential air service for which compensation was provided to an air carrier under subchapter II of chapter 417; and

(2) is located in an area that meets one or more of the criteria established in section 301(a) of the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 3161(a)), as determined by the Secretary of Commerce.

(g)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) 180 days after the date on which the eligibility of covered equipment for Airport Improvement Program funding under the authority described in paragraph (2) terminates or is discontinued by the Administrator; or

(B) 5 years after the date of enactment of this subsection.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1264; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §114, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1579; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §149(c), title XII, §1211, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3227, 3282; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §126, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 76; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §119(a)(4), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 629; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §§162, 163, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2513; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §137, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 24; Pub. L. 113–235, div. K, title I, §119F, Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2704; Pub. L. 115–31, div. K, title I, §119E, May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 734; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §134, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3209; Pub. L. 117–254, §2(a), Dec. 20, 2022, 136 Stat. 2361.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47109(a) | 49 App.:2209(a), (b). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §510, 96 Stat. 685. |

47109(b) | 49 App.:2209(c). | |

47109(c) | 49 App.:2212(b)(5). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §513(b)(5), 96 Stat. 691; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §111(a)(2), 101 Stat. 1503; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §110(b), 106 Stat. 4880. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section" are substituted for "Except as otherwise provided in this chapter" because subsections (b) and (c) restate the only parts of the chapter that provide exceptions to the general rule stated in subsection (a). In clauses (1) and (2), the words "for a project" are substituted for "payable on account of any project contained in an approved project grant application submitted in accordance with this chapter" in 49 App.:2209(a) and "payable on account of any project contained in an approved project grant application" in 49 App.:2209(b) for consistency in this chapter and to eliminate unnecessary words. A project cost is allowable only if it is incurred under a grant agreement made under the chapter, and a grant agreement may be made only if the project grant application is approved. In clause (1), the words "number of passenger boardings" are substituted for "enplaning . . . of the . . . passengers enplaned" because of the definition of "passenger boardings" in section 47102 of the revised title.

In subsection (b), the words "If, under subsection (a) of this section, the Government's share of allowable costs . . . is less than the share applied on June 30, 1975, under section 17(b) of the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970" and "(3) the percentage necessary to increase the Government's share to the percentage that applied on June 30, 1975, under section 17(b) of the Act" are substituted for 49 App.:2209(c) (last sentence) for clarity. The words "of the total of all lands therein" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "Notwithstanding subsections (a) and (b) of this section" are substituted for "Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter" because subsections (a) and (b) are the only other parts of the chapter that specify the United States Government's share of allowable project costs.

Section 17(b) of the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970, referred to in subsec. (b), is section 17(b) of Pub. L. 91–258, which was classified to section 1717(b) of former Title 49, Transportation, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 97–248, title V, §523(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 695.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (g)(3)(B), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 117–254, which was approved Dec. 20, 2022.

**2022**—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 117–254 added subsec. (g).

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §134(1), substituted "medium or large hub airport;" for "primary airport having at least .25 percent of the total number of passenger boardings each year at all commercial service airports;".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 115–254, §134(2), added par. (5) and struck out former par. (5) which read as follows: "for fiscal year 2002, 100 percent for a project described in section 47102(3)(J), 47102(3)(K), or 47102(3)(L)."

**2017**—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 115–31 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Government's share of allowable project costs determined under this subsection shall not exceed the lesser of 93.75 percent or the highest percentage Government share applicable to any project in any State under subsection (b), except that at a primary non-hub airport located in a State as set forth in paragraph (1) of this subsection that is within 15 miles of another State as set forth in paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Government's share shall be an average of the Government share applicable to any project in each of the States."

**2014**—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 113–235 inserted before period at end ", except that at a primary non-hub airport located in a State as set forth in paragraph (1) of this subsection that is within 15 miles of another State as set forth in paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Government's share shall be an average of the Government share applicable to any project in each of the States".

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–95, §137(1), substituted "otherwise provided in this section" for "provided in subsection (b) or subsection (c) of this section" in introductory provisions.

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 112–95, §137(2), added subsecs. (e) and (f).

**2003**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–176, §162(b), substituted "Except as provided in subsection (b) or subsection (c)" for "Except as provided in subsection (b)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 108–176, §163, substituted "70 percent" for "40 percent".

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 108–176, §162(a), added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsec. (c) as (d).

**2001**—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 107–71 added par. (5).

**2000**—Subsec. (a)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 106–181 added par. (2) and redesignated former pars. (2) and (3) as (3) and (4), respectively.

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 104–264, §149(c), added par. (3).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–264, §1211, added subsec. (c).

**1994**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–305, §114(1), substituted "subsection (b)" for "subsections (b) and (c)".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–305, §114(2), struck out subsec. (c) which read as follows: "(c)

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 117–254, §2(b), Dec. 20, 2022, 136 Stat. 2361, provided that: "Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 20, 2022], the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall conduct an outreach effort to make airports aware of the higher cost share authority established in section 47109(g) of title 49, United States Code, as added by subsection (a)."

Pub. L. 117–254, §2(d), Dec. 20, 2022, 136 Stat. 2362, provided that: "The amendments made by this Act [amending this section] shall apply to amounts that first become available in fiscal year 2023 or thereafter."

Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §161, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2513, as amended by Pub. L. 110–190, §4(c), Feb. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 644; Pub. L. 110–253, §3(c)(3), June 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2418; Pub. L. 110–330, §5(i), Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3718; Pub. L. 111–12, §5(h), Mar. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 1458; Pub. L. 111–69, §5(i), Oct. 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 2055; Pub. L. 111–116, §5(h), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3032; Pub. L. 111–153, §5(h), Mar. 31, 2010, 124 Stat. 1085; Pub. L. 111–161, §5(h), Apr. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1127; Pub. L. 111–197, §5(h), July 2, 2010, 124 Stat. 1354; Pub. L. 111–216, title I, §104(h), Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2350; Pub. L. 111–249, §5(i), Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2628; Pub. L. 111–329, §5(h), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3567; Pub. L. 112–7, §5(h), Mar. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 32; Pub. L. 112–16, §5(h), May 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 219; Pub. L. 112–21, §5(h), June 29, 2011, 125 Stat. 234; Pub. L. 112–27, §5(h), Aug. 5, 2011, 125 Stat. 271; Pub. L. 112–30, title II, §205(i), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 358; Pub. L. 112–91, §5(i), Jan. 31, 2012, 126 Stat. 4, provided that: "Notwithstanding section 47109(a) of title 49, United States Code, the Government's share of allowable project costs for a grant made in any of fiscal years 2009 through 2011, or in the portion of fiscal year 2012 ending before February 18, 2012, under chapter 471 of that title for a project described in paragraph (2) or (3) of that section shall be 95 percent."

[Pub. L. 110–253, §3(c)(3), which directed amendment of section 161 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out above, by substituting "fiscal year 2008." for "fiscal year 2008 before July 1, 2008.", was executed by substituting "fiscal year 2008," for "fiscal year 2008 before July 1, 2008," to reflect the probable intent of Congress.]

(a)

(b)

(1)(A) if the cost necessarily is incurred in carrying out the project in compliance with the grant agreement made for the project under this subchapter, including any cost a sponsor incurs related to an audit the Secretary requires under section 47121(b) or (d) of this title and any cost of moving a Federal facility impeding the project if the rebuilt facility is of an equivalent size and type; or

(B) if the cost is an incentive payment incurred in carrying out the project described in subparagraph (A) that is to be provided to a contractor upon early completion of a project, if—

(i) such payment does not exceed the lesser of 5 percent of the initial construction contract amount or $1,000,000;

(ii) the level of contractor's control of, or access to, the worksite necessary to shorten the duration of the project does not negatively impact the operation of the airport;

(iii) the contract specifies application of the incentive structure in the event of unforeseeable, non-weather delays beyond the control of the contractor;

(iv) nothing in any agreement with the contractor prevents the airport operator from retaining responsibility for the safety, efficiency, and capacity of the airport during the execution of the grant agreement; and

(v) the Secretary determines that the use of an incentive payment is likely to increase airport capacity or efficiency or result in cost savings as a result of shortening the project's duration;

(2)(A) if the cost is incurred after the grant agreement is executed and is for airport development or airport planning carried out after the grant agreement is executed;

(B) if the cost is incurred after June 1, 1989, by the airport operator (regardless of when the grant agreement is executed) as part of a Government-approved noise compatibility program (including project formulation costs) and is consistent with all applicable statutory and administrative requirements;

(C) if the Government's share is paid only with amounts apportioned under paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 47114(c) or section 47114(d)(3)(A) and if the cost is incurred—

(i) after September 30, 1996;

(ii) before a grant agreement is executed for the project; and

(iii) in accordance with an airport layout plan approved by the Secretary and with all statutory and administrative requirements that would have been applicable to the project if the project had been carried out after the grant agreement had been executed; or

(D) if the cost is for airport development and is incurred before execution of the grant agreement, but in the same fiscal year as execution of the grant agreement, and if—

(i) the cost was incurred before execution of the grant agreement because the airport has a shortened construction season due to climatic conditions in the vicinity of the airport;

(ii) the cost is in accordance with an airport layout plan approved by the Secretary and with all statutory and administrative requirements that would have been applicable to the project if the project had been carried out after execution of the grant agreement, including submission of a complete grant application to the appropriate regional or district office of the Federal Aviation Administration;

(iii) the sponsor notifies the Secretary before authorizing work to commence on the project;

(iv) the sponsor has an alternative funding source available to fund the project; and

(v) the sponsor's decision to proceed with the project in advance of execution of the grant agreement does not affect the priority assigned to the project by the Secretary for the allocation of discretionary funds;

(3) to the extent the cost is reasonable in amount;

(4) if the cost is not incurred in a project for airport development or airport planning for which other Government assistance has been granted;

(5) if the total costs allowed for the project are not more than the amount stated in the grant agreement as the maximum the Government will pay (except as provided in section 47108(b) of this title);

(6) if the cost is for a project not described in section 47102(3) for acquiring for use at a commercial service airport vehicles and ground support equipment owned by an airport that include low-emission technology, but only to the extent of the incremental cost of equipping such vehicles or equipment with low-emission technology, as determined by the Secretary; and

(7) if the cost is incurred on a measure to improve the efficiency of an airport building (such as a measure designed to meet one or more of the criteria for being considered a high-performance green building as set forth under section 401(13) of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (42 U.S.C. 17061(13))) and—

(A) the measure is for a project for airport development;

(B) the measure is for an airport building that is otherwise eligible for construction assistance under this subchapter; and

(C) if the measure results in an increase in initial project costs, the increase is justified by expected savings over the life cycle of the project.

(c)

(1) necessarily incurred in formulating an airport development project, including costs incurred for field surveys, plans and specifications, property interests in land or airspace, and administration or other incidental items that would not have been incurred except for the project; or

(2) necessarily and directly incurred in developing the work scope of an airport planning project.

(d)

(1) the Government's share of such costs will be paid with funds apportioned to the airport sponsor under section 47114(c)(1) or 47114(d);

(2) the Secretary determines that the relocation or replacement is required due to a change in the Secretary's design standards; and

(3) the Secretary determines that the change is beyond the control of the airport sponsor.

(e)

(2) Paragraph (1) of this subsection applies to a project—

(A) about which the sponsor notifies the Secretary, before the project begins, of the sponsor's intent to carry out the project;

(B) that will comply with all statutory and administrative requirements that would apply to the project if it were carried out with amounts made available under this subchapter; and

(C) that meets the criteria of section 47115(d) and, if for a project at a commercial service airport having at least 0.25 percent of the boardings each year at all such airports, the Secretary decides will enhance system-wide airport capacity significantly.

(3) A letter of intent issued under paragraph (1) of this subsection is not an obligation of the Government under section 1501 of title 31, and the letter is not deemed to be an administrative commitment for financing. An obligation or administrative commitment may be made only as amounts are provided in authorization and appropriation laws.

(4) The total estimated amount of future Government obligations covered by all outstanding letters of intent under paragraph (1) of this subsection may not be more than the amount authorized to carry out section 48103 of this title, less an amount reasonably estimated by the Secretary to be needed for grants under section 48103 that are not covered by a letter.

(5)

(6)

(7)

(A) the application was approved in fiscal year 2019; and

(B) the project meets all other requirements set forth in this chapter.

(f)

(1) constructing a public parking facility for passenger automobiles;

(2) constructing, altering, or repairing part of an airport building, except to the extent the building will be used for facilities or activities directly related to the safety of individuals at the airport;

(3) decorative landscaping; or

(4) providing or installing sculpture or art works.

(g)

(h)

(i)

(1) update Advisory Circular No. 150/5220–25 to specify which systems have been studied; and

(2) within 180 days after such research is concluded, issue a final report on the use of avian radar systems in the national airspace system.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1264; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §115, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1579; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(64), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4385; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §144, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3222; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §127, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 76; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §119(a)(2), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 628; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §§145, 149(b), 159(c), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2504, 2505, 2511; Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title I, §176(b), Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2427; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §§111(c)(2)(A)(ii), 138, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 18, 25; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §184(b), title V, §539(n), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3234, 3371; Pub. L. 117–186, §2, Oct. 10, 2022, 136 Stat. 2199.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47110(a) | 49 App.:2212(a) (1st, last sentences). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §513(a), 96 Stat. 689; Aug. 4, 1989, Pub. L. 101–71, §3, 103 Stat. 181. |

47110(b) | 49 App.:2212(a) (2d sentence cls. (1), (2) (words before period), (3), (4)). | |

47110(c) | 49 App.:2212(a) (2d sentence cl. (2) (words after period)). | |

47110(d) | 49 App.:2212(b)(1), (6). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §513(b)(1), (6), 96 Stat. 691; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §110(a), 106 Stat. 4879. |

47110(e) | 49 App.:2212(d). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §513(d); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §111(c), 101 Stat. 1503; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §111, 106 Stat. 4880. |

47110(f) | 49 App.:2212(c). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §513(c), 96 Stat. 691; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §111(b), 101 Stat. 1503; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §107(c)(2), 106 Stat. 4879. |


In subsection (a), the words "for airport development or airport planning" are omitted because of the definition of "project" in section 47102 of the revised title. The text of 49 App.:2212(a) (last sentence) is omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a).

In subsection (b)(1), the word "approved" is omitted as surplus because a project that was not approved could not be carried out in compliance with a grant agreement. The words "in compliance with the grant agreement made for the project under this subchapter" are substituted for "in conformity with the terms and conditions of the grant agreement entered into in connection with the project" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "sponsor" is substituted for "recipient" for clarity.

In subsection (b)(2)(A), the words "with respect to the project" are omitted as unnecessary because "the grant agreement" means "the grant agreement made for the project" referred to in clause (1) of this subsection. The words "under the project" are omitted as surplus.

Subsection (b)(3) is substituted for "in the opinion of the Secretary it is reasonable in amount, and if the Secretary determines that a project cost is unreasonable in amount, the Secretary may allow as an allowable project cost only so much of such project cost as the Secretary determines to be reasonable" to eliminate unnecessary words.

Subsection (b)(5) is substituted for "except that in no event may the Secretary allow project costs in excess of the definite amount stated in the grant agreement except to the extent authorized by section 2211(b) of this Appendix" for consistency in this section.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "The Secretary may decide that a project cost . . . is allowable" are substituted for "However, the allowable costs of a project . . . may include . . . and the allowable costs of a project . . . may include" for clarity and consistency in the revised title. The words "incurred after May 13, 1946, and before the date the grant agreement is executed" are substituted for "which were incurred prior to the execution of the grant agreement and subsequent to May 13, 1946" and "which were incurred subsequent to May 13, 1946" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the words "preparation of", "acquisition of", "by the sponsor specifically in connection with the accomplishment of the project for airport development" are omitted as surplus. The words "property interests in land or airspace" are substituted for "land or interests therein or easements through or other interests in airspace" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the words "The Secretary may decide that the cost . . . is allowable" are substituted for "the Secretary may approve, as allowable project costs" and "The Secretary shall approve project costs allowable under paragraph (1) of this subsection" for clarity and consistency in this section. In clause (B), the words "the boundaries of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (C), the words "and conditions" are omitted as being included in "terms".

In subsection (d)(2), the words "In making a decision under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Secretary may approve as allowable costs" are substituted for "In the case of a commercial service airport . . . the Secretary may approve, under the preceding sentence as allowable project costs" for consistency in this subsection.

In subsection (e)(1), the word "sponsor" is substituted for "applicant" for consistency. The words "stipulated as" and "Subject to the provisions of this paragraph" are omitted as surplus. The word "reimburse" is substituted for "make payments under paragraph (2) of this subsection" and "pay" for clarity. The words "payable on account of such project in accordance with such letter of intent" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(2), before clause (A), the text of 49 App.:2212(d)(1)(C) (last sentence) is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (e)(3), the words "A letter of intent issued" are substituted for "action" for clarity. The word "deemed" before "an obligation" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f)(2), the words "of a hangar or" are omitted as being included in "airport building".

The source credits for all of subsection (b) are included for clarity though only subsection (b)(2) is affected by the amendment. The source credits for 49:47110(c) are included to correct a mistake on p. 405 of H. R. Rept. 103–180 (103d Cong., 1st Sess., July 15, 1993).

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47110(b) | 49 App.:2212(a) (2d sentence cls. (1), (2)(A) (words before period), (B), (3), (4)). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §513(a) (2d sentence), as amended May 26, 1994, Pub. L. 103–260, §106, 108 Stat. 699. |

47110(c) | 49 App.:2212(a) (2d sentence cl. (2)(A) (words after period). |


In subsection (b)(2)(C)(ii), the words "before the cost is incurred" are added for clarity.

**2022**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 117–186, §2(a), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (e)(7). Pub. L. 117–186, §2(b), substituted "

**2018**—Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §539(n)(1), substituted "compatibility" for "compatability".

Subsec. (b)(2)(D)(i). Pub. L. 115–254, §539(n)(2), substituted "climatic" for "climactic".

Subsec. (e)(7). Pub. L. 115–254, §184(b), added par. (7).

**2012**—Subsec. (b)(2)(D). Pub. L. 112–95, §138(a), amended subpar. (D) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (D) read as follows: "if the cost is incurred after September 11, 2001, for a project described in section 47102(3)(J), 47102(3)(K), or 47102(3)(L) and shall not depend upon the date of execution of a grant agreement made under this subchapter;".

Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 112–95, §138(b), added par. (7).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–95, §138(c), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) related to terminal development costs.

Subsec. (e)(5). Pub. L. 112–95, §111(c)(2)(A)(ii), substituted "charge" for "fee".

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 112–95, §138(d), inserted "construction" before "costs of revenue producing" and struck out ", including fuel farms and hangars," before "are allowable".

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 112–95, §138(e), added subsec. (i).

**2005**—Subsec. (d)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–115, which directed amendment of section 47110(d)(2)(A), without specifying the title to be amended, by substituting "(A) except as provided in section 47108(e)(3), the" for "(A) the", was executed to this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2003**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 108–176, §145, inserted "and any cost of moving a Federal facility impeding the project if the rebuilt facility is of an equivalent size and type" before semicolon at end.

Subsec. (b)(2)(C). Pub. L. 108–176, §149(b)(1), substituted "or section 47114(d)(3)(A)" for "of this title" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 108–176, §159(c), added par. (6).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 108–176, §149(b)(2), inserted "or section 47114(d)(3)(A)" after "of section 47114(c)" and substituted "of the project" for "of project".

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 108–176, §149(b)(3), added subsec. (h).

**2001**—Subsec. (b)(2)(D). Pub. L. 107–71 added subpar. (D).

**2000**—Subsec. (e)(2)(C). Pub. L. 106–181, §127(1), added subpar. (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: "the Secretary decides will enhance system-wide airport capacity significantly and meets the criteria of section 47115(d) of this title."

Subsec. (e)(5). Pub. L. 106–181, §127(2), added par. (5) and struck out former par. (5) which read as follows: "A letter of intent issued under paragraph (1) of this subsection may not condition the obligation of amounts on the imposition of a passenger facility fee."

**1996**—Subsec. (b)(2)(C). Pub. L. 104–264, §144(a), amended subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (C) read as follows: "if the Government's share is paid only with amounts apportioned under section 47114(c)(1)(A) and (2) of this title and if the cost is incurred—

"(i) during the fiscal year ending September 30, 1994;

"(ii) before a grant agreement is executed for the project but according to an airport layout plan the Secretary approves before the cost is incurred and all applicable statutory and administrative requirements that would apply to the project if the agreement had been executed; and

"(iii) for work related to a project for which a grant agreement previously was executed during the fiscal year ending September 30, 1994;".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–264, §144(b), added subsec. (g).

**1994**—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 103–429 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "if the cost is incurred—

"(A) after the grant agreement is executed and is for airport development or airport planning carried out after the grant agreement is executed; or

"(B) after June 1, 1989, by the airport operator (regardless of when the grant agreement is executed) as part of a Government-approved noise compatibility program (including project formulation costs) and is consistent with all applicable statutory and administrative requirements;".

Subsec. (e)(6). Pub. L. 103–305 added par. (6).

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §367, Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 423, provided that:

"(a) The Under Secretary of Transportation for Security [now Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration] may issue a letter of intent to an airport committing to obligate from future budget authority an amount, not more than the Federal Government's share of the project's cost, for an airport security improvement project (including interest costs and costs of formulating the project) at the airport. The letter shall establish a schedule under which the Under Secretary will reimburse the airport for the Government's share of the project's costs, as amounts become available, if the airport, after the Under Secretary issues the letter, carries out the project without receiving amounts under Chapter 471 of title 49 [United States Code].

"(b) The airport shall notify the Under Secretary of the airport's intent to carry out the airport security improvement project before the project begins.

"(c) A letter of intent may be issued under this section only if—

"(1) The airport security improvement project to which the letter applies involves the replacement of baggage conveyer systems or the reconfiguration of terminal baggage areas in order to install explosive detection systems; and

"(2) The Under Secretary determines that the project will improve security or will improve the efficiency of the airport without lessening security.

"(d) A letter of intent issued under this section is not an obligation of the Government under section 1501 of title 31 [United States Code], and the letter is not deemed to be an administrative commitment for financing. An obligation or administrative commitment may be made only as amounts are provided in authorization and appropriations laws.

"(e) The Government's share of the project's cost shall be 75 percent for a project at an airport having at least 0.25 percent of the total number of passenger boardings each year at all airports and 90 percent for a project at any other airport.

"(f) Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit the obligation of amounts pursuant to a letter of intent under this section in the same fiscal year as the letter of intent is issued.

"(g) The Under Secretary shall notify the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations, the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, and the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee at least 3 days prior to the issuance of a letter of intent under this section.

"(h) There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $500,000,000 in each of fiscal years 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007."

Pub. L. 102–388, title III, §320, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1546, provided that: "The authority conferred by section 513(d) of the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982, as amended [see subsec. (e) of this section], to issue letters of intent shall remain in effect subsequent to September 30, 1992. Letters of intent may be issued under such subsection to applicants determined to be qualified under such Act [substantially repealed by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, and reenacted by first section thereof as this subchapter]: *Provided*, That, notwithstanding any other provision of law, all such letters of intent in excess of $10,000,000 shall be submitted for approval to the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives; the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and the Committee on Public Works and Transportation [now Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure] of the House of Representatives." Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 102–143, title III, §320, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 942.

Pub. L. 101–516, title III, §320, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2181.

Pub. L. 101–164 title III, §326, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1096.

Pub. L. 100–457, title III, §334, Sept. 30, 1988, 102 Stat. 2153.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(A) notifies the sponsor and provides an opportunity for a hearing; and

(B) finds that the sponsor has violated the agreement.

(2) The 180-day period may be extended by—

(A) agreement of the Secretary and the sponsor; or

(B) the hearing officer if the officer decides an extension is necessary because the sponsor did not follow the schedule the officer established.

(3) A person adversely affected by an order of the Secretary withholding a payment may apply for review of the order by filing a petition in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit or in the court of appeals of the United States for the circuit in which the project is located. The petition must be filed not later than 60 days after the order is served on the petitioner.

(e) 1 under section 40117 of this title. Such applications may thereafter be approved only upon a finding by the Secretary that such corrective action as the Secretary requires has been taken to address the violation and that the violation no longer exists.

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1266; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §112(b), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1575; Pub. L. 113–188, title XV, §1501(b)(2)(C), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2024.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47111(a) | 49 App.:2213 (1st, 2d sentences). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §514, 96 Stat. 691. |

47111(b) | 49 App.:2213 (3d, 4th sentences). | |

47111(c) | 49 App.:2213 (last sentence). | |

47111(d) | 49 App.:2218(b) (related to payment). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §519(b) (related to payment); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §112(2), 101 Stat. 1504. |


In subsection (a), the words "the terms of" are omitted as surplus. The words "totaling" and "total" are substituted for "in an aggregate amount" and "aggregate" for consistency in the revised title. The words "from time to time" are omitted as surplus. The words "before the project is completed" are substituted for "in advance of accomplishment of the airport project to which the payments relate" for consistency in this chapter and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), the words "at any time" are omitted as surplus. The words "project for which an advance payment was made has not been completed within a reasonable time" are substituted for "any airport development to which the advance payments relate has not been accomplished within a reasonable time or the project is not completed" for clarity, for consistency in this chapter, and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d)(1) and (2), the word "sponsor" is substituted for "recipient" and "grant recipient" for clarity.

In subsection (d)(2)(A), the word "mutual" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(3), the words "adversely affected" are substituted for "aggrieved" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "the date on which" are omitted as surplus.

**2014**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 113–188 substituted "section 47107(k)" for "section 47107(l)".

**1994**—Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 103–305 added subsecs. (e) and (f).

1 So in original. Probably should be "charge".

(a)

(b)

(c)

(A) "disabled veteran" has the same meaning given that term in section 2108 of title 5.

(B) "Vietnam-era veteran" means an individual who served on active duty (as defined in section 101 of title 38) in the armed forces for more than 180 consecutive days, any part of which occurred after August 4, 1964, and before May 8, 1975, and who was discharged or released from active duty in the armed forces under honorable conditions.

(C) "Afghanistan-Iraq war veteran" means an individual who served on active duty (as defined in section 101 of title 38) in the armed forces in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation New Dawn, Operation Inherent Resolve, Operation Freedom's Sentinel, or any successor contingency operation to such operations for more than 180 consecutive days, any part of which occurred after September 11, 2001, and before the date prescribed by presidential proclamation or by law as the last day of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation New Dawn, Operation Inherent Resolve, Operation Freedom's Sentinel, or any successor contingency operation to such operations (whichever is later), and who was discharged or released from active duty in the armed forces under honorable conditions.

(D) "Persian Gulf veteran" means an individual who served on active duty in the armed forces in the Southwest Asia theater of operations during the Persian Gulf War for more than 180 consecutive days, any part of which occurred after August 2, 1990, and before the date prescribed by presidential proclamation or by law, and who was discharged or released from active duty in the armed forces under honorable conditions.

(2) A contract involving labor for carrying out an airport development project under a grant agreement under this subchapter must require that preference in the employment of labor (except in executive, administrative, and supervisory positions) be given to Vietnam-era veterans, Persian Gulf veterans, Afghanistan-Iraq war veterans, disabled veterans, and small business concerns (as defined in section 3 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 632)) owned and controlled by disabled veterans when they are available and qualified for the employment.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1267; Pub. L. 107–217, §3(n)(8), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1303; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §139, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 26; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §135, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3209.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47112(a) | 49 App.:2214(a). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §515, 96 Stat. 691. |

47112(b) | 49 App.:2214(b). | |

47112(c) | 49 App.:2214(c). |


In this section, the words "for an airport development project carried out under a grant agreement under this subchapter" are substituted for "on any project for airport development contained in an approved project grant application submitted in accordance with this chapter" in 49 App.:2214(a), "on projects for airport development approved under this chapter" in 49 App.:2214(b), and "under project grants for airport development approved under this chapter" in 49 App.:2214(c) for clarity and consistency in this section. See H.R. Rept. No. 97–760, 97th Cong., 2d Sess., p. 715 (1982).

In subsection (a), the words "or sponsors" are omitted because of 1:1.

In subsection (b), the words "must require contractors to pay labor minimum wage rates" are substituted for "shall contain provisions establishing minimum rates of wages . . . which contractors shall pay to skilled and unskilled labor" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "proposals" is omitted as included in "bids".

Subsection (c)(1)(A) is substituted for "a disabled veteran is an individual described in section 2108(2) of title 5" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (c)(1)(B), the words "after August 4, 1964, and before May 8, 1975" are substituted for "during the period beginning August 5, 1964, and ending May 7, 1975" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "must require that" are substituted for "shall contain such provisions as are necessary to insure that", and the words "when they are available and qualified for the employment" are substituted for "However, this preference shall apply only where the individuals are available and qualified to perform the work to which the employment relates", to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2018**—Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "Operation New Dawn, Operation Inherent Resolve, Operation Freedom's Sentinel, or any successor contingency operation to such operations for more" for "or Operation New Dawn for more" and "Operation New Dawn, Operation Inherent Resolve, Operation Freedom's Sentinel, or any successor contingency operation to such operations (whichever is later)" for "or Operation New Dawn (whichever is later)".

**2012**—Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 112–95, §139(1)(A), substituted "discharged or released from active duty in" for "separated from".

Subsec. (c)(1)(C), (D). Pub. L. 112–95, §139(1)(B), added subpars. (C) and (D).

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 112–95, §139(2), substituted "Vietnam-era veterans, Persian Gulf veterans, Afghanistan-Iraq war veterans, disabled veterans, and small business concerns (as defined in section 3 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 632)) owned and controlled by disabled veterans" for "Vietnam-era veterans and disabled veterans".

**2002**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–217 substituted "sections 3141–3144, 3146, and 3147 of title 40" for "the Act of March 3, 1931 (known as the Davis-Bacon Act) (40 U.S.C. 276a—276a–5)".

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §156(a), (b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3217, 3218, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §154, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 35, which provided that the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration review as early as possible construction projects in States in which the weather prevents major projects from being carried out before May 1, was repealed by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §156(c), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3218.

(a)

(1) "small business concern"—

(A) has the meaning given the term in section 3 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 632); but

(B) in the case of a concern in the construction industry, a concern shall be considered a small business concern if the concern meets the size standard for the North American Industry Classification System Code 237310, as adjusted by the Small Business Administration;

(2) "socially and economically disadvantaged individual" has the same meaning given that term in section 8(d) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 637(d)) and relevant subcontracting regulations prescribed under section 8(d), except that women are presumed to be socially and economically disadvantaged; and

(3) the term "qualified HUBZone small business concern" has the meaning given that term in section 31(b) of the Small Business Act.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) who is required to provide a written assurance under this section or section 47107(e) that the airport owner or operator will meet the percentage goal of subsection (b) of this section or section 47107(e)(1), as the case may be; or

(B) who is responsible for determining whether or not a small business concern qualifies as a small business concern owned and controlled by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals under this section or section 47107(e).

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1268; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(65), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4386; Pub. L. 105–135, title VI, §604(h)(2), Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2635; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §140(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 27; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title XVII, §1701(a)(4)(G)(ii), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1796; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §150, title V, §539(o), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3215, 3371.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47113(a) | 49 App.:2204(d)(2). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §505(d); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §105(f), 101 Stat. 1493; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §117(c), 106 Stat. 4883. |

47113(b) | 49 App.:2204(d)(1). | |

47113(c) | 49 App.:2204(d)(4). | |

47113(d) | 49 App.:2204(d)(3). |


In subsection (a)(1)(B), the words "or individuals" are omitted because of 1:1.

In subsection (a)(2), the reference is to section 8(c) of the Act because 15:637(d) was redesignated as 15:637(c) by section 3 of the Women's Business Development Act of 1991 (Public Law 102–191, 105 Stat. 1591).

In subsection (b), the words "beginning after September 30, 1987" are omitted as obsolete.

This amends 49:47113(a)(2) to correct erroneous cross-references.

Section 31(b) of the Small Business Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(3), is classified to section 657a(b) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (e)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–95, which was approved Feb. 14, 2012.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §150, amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: " 'small business concern'—

"(A) has the same meaning given that term in section 3 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 632); but

"(B) does not include a concern, or group of concerns controlled by the same socially and economically disadvantaged individual, that has average annual gross receipts over the prior 3 fiscal years of more than $16,015,000, as adjusted by the Secretary of Transportation for inflation;".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §539(o), substituted "(15 U.S.C. 632(p))" for "(15 U.S.C. 632(o))".

**2017**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 115–91 substituted "section 31(b) of the Small Business Act" for "section 3(p) of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 632(o))".

**2012**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–95 added subsec. (e).

**1997**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–135, §604(h)(2)(A), substituted semicolon for period at end of par. (1), substituted "; and" for period at end of par. (2), and added par. (3).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–135, §604(h)(2)(B), inserted "or qualified HUBZone small business concerns" before period at end.

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "8(d)" for "8(c)" in two places and "637(d))" for "637(c))".

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–91 effective Jan. 1, 2020, see section 1701(j) of Pub. L. 115–91, set out as a note under section 657a of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–135 effective Oct. 1, 1997, see section 3 of Pub. L. 105–135, set out as a note under section 631 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §157, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3218, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) While significant progress has occurred due to the establishment of the airport disadvantaged business enterprise program (sections 47107(e) and 47113 of title 49, United States Code), discrimination and related barriers continue to pose significant obstacles for minority- and women-owned businesses seeking to do business in airport-related markets across the Nation. These continuing barriers merit the continuation of the airport disadvantaged business enterprise program.

"(2) Congress has received and reviewed testimony and documentation of race and gender discrimination from numerous sources, including congressional hearings and roundtables, scientific reports, reports issued by public and private agencies, news stories, reports of discrimination by organizations and individuals, and discrimination lawsuits. This testimony and documentation shows that race- and gender-neutral efforts alone are insufficient to address the problem.

"(3) This testimony and documentation demonstrates that discrimination across the Nation poses a barrier to full and fair participation in airport-related businesses of women business owners and minority business owners in the racial groups detailed in parts 23 and 26 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, and has impacted firm development and many aspects of airport-related business in the public and private markets.

"(4) This testimony and documentation provides a strong basis that there is a compelling need for the continuation of the airport disadvantaged business enterprise program and the airport concessions disadvantaged business enterprise program to address race and gender discrimination in airport-related business.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) whether requirements relating to the inclusion of prompt payment language in contracts are being satisfied;

"(ii) whether and how airports are enforcing prompt payment requirements;

"(iii) the processes by which covered complaints are received and resolved by airports;

"(iv) whether improvements need to be made to—

"(I) better track covered complaints received by airports; and

"(II) assist the resolution of covered complaints in a timely manner;

"(v) whether changes to prime contractor specifications need to be made to ensure prompt payments to subcontractors; and,

"(vi) whether changes to prime contractor specifications need to be made to ensure prompt payment of retainage to subcontractors.

"(C)

"(3)

"(A)

"(B)

Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §140(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 27, provided that: "Congress finds the following:

"(1) While significant progress has occurred due to the establishment of the airport disadvantaged business enterprise program (49 U.S.C. 47107(e) and 47113), discrimination and related barriers continue to pose significant obstacles for minority- and women-owned businesses seeking to do business in airport-related markets across the Nation. These continuing barriers merit the continuation of the airport disadvantaged business enterprise program.

"(2) Congress has received and reviewed testimony and documentation of race and gender discrimination from numerous sources, including congressional hearings and roundtables, scientific reports, reports issued by public and private agencies, news stories, reports of discrimination by organizations and individuals, and discrimination lawsuits. This testimony and documentation shows that race- and gender-neutral efforts alone are insufficient to address the problem.

"(3) This testimony and documentation demonstrates that discrimination across the Nation poses a barrier to full and fair participation in airport-related businesses of women business owners and minority business owners in the racial groups detailed in parts 23 and 26 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, and has impacted firm development and many aspects of airport-related business in the public and private markets.

"(4) This testimony and documentation provides a strong basis that there is a compelling need for the continuation of the airport disadvantaged business enterprise program and the airport concessions disadvantaged business enterprise program to address race and gender discrimination in airport-related business."

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(A)

(i) $7.80 for each of the first 50,000 passenger boardings at the airport during the prior calendar year;

(ii) $5.20 for each of the next 50,000 passenger boardings at the airport during the prior calendar year;

(iii) $2.60 for each of the next 400,000 passenger boardings at the airport during the prior calendar year;

(iv) $.65 for each of the next 500,000 passenger boardings at the airport during the prior calendar year; and

(v) $.50 for each additional passenger boarding at the airport during the prior calendar year.

(B)

(C)

(i) the amount to be apportioned to a sponsor under subparagraph (A) shall be increased by doubling the amount that would otherwise be apportioned;

(ii) the minimum apportionment to a sponsor under subparagraph (B) shall be $1,000,000 rather than $650,000; and

(iii) the maximum apportionment to a sponsor under subparagraph (B) shall be $26,000,000 rather than $22,000,000.

(D)

(E)

(i) passenger boardings at the airport fell below 10,000 in the calendar year used to calculate the apportionment;

(ii) the airport had at least 10,000 passenger boardings in the calendar year prior to the calendar year used to calculate apportionments to airport sponsors in a fiscal year; and

(iii) the cause of the shortfall in passenger boardings was a temporary but significant interruption in service by an air carrier to that airport due to an employment action, natural disaster, or other event unrelated to the demand for air transportation at the affected airport.

(F) 1 for each of fiscal years 2018 through 2020 an amount based on the number of passenger boardings at the airport during calendar year 2012 if the airport—

(i) had 10,000 or more passenger boardings during calendar year 2012;

(ii) had fewer than 10,000 passenger boardings during the calendar year used to calculate the apportionment for fiscal year 2018, 2019, or 2020, as applicable, under subparagraph (A); and

(iii) had scheduled air service at any point in the calendar year used to calculate the apportionment.

(G)

(H)

(I)

(J) Special rule for fiscal years 2022 and 2023.—Notwithstanding subparagraph (A) and the absence of scheduled passenger aircraft service at an airport, the Secretary shall apportion in fiscal years 2022 and 2023 to the sponsor of the airport an amount based on the number of passenger boardings at the airport during whichever of the following years that would result in the highest apportioned amount:

(i) Calendar year 2018.

(ii) Calendar year 2019.

(iii) The prior full calendar year prior to the current fiscal year.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(d)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(2)

(A) 0.66 percent of the apportioned amount to Guam, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands.

(B) Except as provided in paragraph (4), 49.67 percent of the apportioned amount for airports, excluding primary airports but including reliever and nonprimary commercial service airports, in States not named in subparagraph (A) in the proportion that the population of each of those States bears to the total population of all of those States.

(C) Except as provided in paragraph (4), 49.67 percent of the apportioned amount for airports, excluding primary airports but including reliever and nonprimary commercial service airports, in States not named in subparagraph (A) in the proportion that the area of each of those States bears to the total area of all of those States.

(3)

(A) To each airport, excluding primary airports but including reliever and nonprimary commercial service airports, in States the lesser of—

(i) $150,000; or

(ii) 1/5 of the most recently published estimate of the 5-year costs for airport improvement for the airport, as listed in the national plan of integrated airport systems developed by the Federal Aviation Administration under section 47103.

(B) Any remaining amount to States as follows:

(i) 0.62 percent of the remaining amount to Guam, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands.

(ii) Except as provided in paragraph (4), 49.69 percent of the remaining amount for airports, excluding primary airports but including reliever and nonprimary commercial service airports, in States not named in clause (i) in the proportion that the population of each of those States bears to the total population of all of those States.

(iii) Except as provided in paragraph (4), 49.69 percent of the remaining amount for airports, excluding primary airports but including reliever and nonprimary commercial service airports, in States not named in clause (i) in the proportion that the area of each of those States bears to the total area of all of those States.

(C) During fiscal years 2019 and 2020—

(i) an airport that accrued apportionment funds under subparagraph (A) in fiscal year 2013 that is listed as having an unclassified status under the most recent national plan of integrated airport systems shall continue to accrue apportionment funds under subparagraph (A) at the same amount the airport accrued apportionment funds in fiscal year 2013, subject to the conditions of this paragraph;

(ii) notwithstanding the period of availability as described in section 47117(b), an amount apportioned to an airport under clause (i) shall be available to the airport only during the fiscal year in which the amount is apportioned; and

(iii) notwithstanding the waiver permitted under section 47117(c)(2), an airport receiving apportionment funds under clause (i) may not waive its claim to any part of the apportioned funds in order to make the funds available for a grant for another public-use airport.

(D) An airport that re-establishes its classified status shall be eligible to accrue apportionment funds pursuant to subparagraph (A) so long as such airport retains its classified status.

(4)

(5)

(A) such State requests the use of such specifications; and

(B) the Secretary determines that—

(i) safety will not be negatively affected; and

(ii) the life of the pavement, with necessary maintenance and upkeep, will not be shorter than it would be if constructed using Administration standards.

(6)

(7)

(A) received scheduled or unscheduled air service from a large certificated air carrier (as defined in part 241 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, or such other regulations as may be issued by the Secretary under the authority of section 41709) in the calendar year used to calculate the apportionment; and

(B) had more than 10,000 passenger boardings in the calendar year used to calculate the apportionment.

(e)

(1)

(A) for each primary airport at least as much as would be apportioned for the airport under subsection (c)(1) of this section; and

(B) a total amount at least equal to the minimum amount required to be apportioned to airports in Alaska in the fiscal year ending September 30, 1980, under section 15(a)(3)(A) of the Act.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(f)

(1)

(A) in the case of a charge of $3.00 or less—

(i) except as provided in clause (ii), 50 percent of the projected revenues from the charge in the fiscal year but not by more than 50 percent of the amount that otherwise would be apportioned under this section; or

(ii) with respect to an airport in Hawaii, 50 percent of the projected revenues from the charge in the fiscal year but not by more than 50 percent of the excess of—

(I) the amount that otherwise would be apportioned under this section; over

(II) the amount equal to the amount specified in subclause (I) multiplied by the percentage of the total passenger boardings at the applicable airport that are comprised of interisland passengers; and

(B) in the case of a charge of more than $3.00—

(i) except as provided in clause (ii), 75 percent of the projected revenues from the charge in the fiscal year but not by more than 75 percent of the amount that otherwise would be apportioned under this section; or

(ii) with respect to an airport in Hawaii, 75 percent of the projected revenues from the charge in the fiscal year but not by more than 75 percent of the excess of—

(I) the amount that otherwise would be apportioned under this section; over

(II) the amount equal to the amount specified in subclause (I) multiplied by the percentage of the total passenger boardings at the applicable airport that are comprised of interisland passengers.

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(g)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1268; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(66), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4386; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §121, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3217; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §§104(a)–(d), 105(c), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 67–71; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §§146, 147, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2504; Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title I, §109, Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2402; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §§111(c)(2)(A)(iii), 141–143, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 18, 28, 29; Pub. L. 114–190, title II, §2301, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 638; Pub. L. 115–63, title I, §102(b), Sept. 29, 2017, 131 Stat. 1169; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §§136, 148(b), 151, 164, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3210, 3214, 3215, 3225; Pub. L. 116–260, div. L, title IV, §422, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1909.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47114(a), (b) | 49 App.:2206(a) (words before cl. (1)). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §507(a)(1), (3), (b)(2), (4)–(5)(C), (E), (6), 96 Stat. 679; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §426(a), (d), 96 Stat. 2167, 2168; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §106(a), 101 Stat. 1494, 1496. |

47114(c) (1)(A) | 49 App.:2206(a)(1). | |

49 App.:2206(e)(1). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §507(e), (f), 96 Stat. 679; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §426(a), (d), 96 Stat. 2167, 2168; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §106(a), 101 Stat. 1497; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9112(b), 104 Stat. 1388–362. | |

47114(c) (1)(B) | 49 App.:2206(b)(1). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §507(a)(2), (b)(1), (3), (5)(F), 96 Stat. 679; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §426(a), (d), 96 Stat. 2167, 2168; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §106(a), 101 Stat. 1494, 1496; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §106, 106 Stat. 4878. |

47114(c)(2) | 49 App.:2206(a)(2), (b)(4), (e)(2). | |

47114(c)(3) | 49 App.:2206(b)(2), (3). | |

47114(d)(1) | 49 App.:2206(f). | |

47114(d)(2) | 49 App.:2206(a)(3). | |

47114(d)(3) | 49 App.:2206(b)(6). | |

47114(e) | 49 App.:2206(b) (5)(A)–(C), (E), (F). | |

47114(f) | 49 App.:2206(b)(7). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §507(b)(7); added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9111, 104 Stat. 1388–362. |


In subsection (a), the word "newly" is substituted for "and not previously apportioned" for clarity. The words "made available" are substituted for "authorized to be obligated" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (c)(1)(A), the words "during the prior calendar year" are substituted for 49 App.:2206(b) for clarity.

In subsection (c)(2)(A), the word "cargo" is substituted for "property (including mail)" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "The total of all amounts apportioned under paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection may not be more than 44 percent of the amount subject to apportionment for a fiscal year" are substituted for 49 App.:2206(b)(2)(A) and (3)(A) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "If this paragraph requires reduction of an amount that otherwise would be apportioned under this subsection" are substituted for "In any case in which apportionments in a fiscal year would be reduced by subparagraph (A)" for clarity.

In subsection (d)(2)(A), the words "the Commonwealth of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(2)(B) and (C), the words "except as provided in paragraph (3) of this subsection" are added, and the words "49.5 percent of the apportioned amount" are substituted for "1/2 of the remaining 99 percent", for clarity.

In subsection (d)(3), before clause (A), the words "Notwithstanding subsection (a)(3)(B) of this section" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(1), before clause (A), the words "Instead of apportioning amounts for airports in Alaska under subsections (c) and (d) of this section" are substituted for "Notwithstanding any other provision of subsection (a) of this section" for clarity.

In subsection (e)(2), the words "be construed as" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), the words "which, but for this paragraph, would be" the first time they appear are omitted as surplus. The words "but not by more than" are substituted for "The maximum reduction in an apportionment to a sponsor of an airport as a result of this paragraph in a fiscal year shall be" to eliminate unnecessary words.

Revision notes for 49:47114(c)(3)(A) are included to reflect changes made for clarity and to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1269).

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47114(c) (1)(B) | 49 App.:2206(b)(1). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §507(b)(1), as amended May 26, 1994, Pub. L. 103–260, §103, 108 Stat. 698. |

47114(c) (3)(B) | 49 App.:2206(b)(3). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §507(b)(3), as amended May 26, 1994, Pub. L. 103–260, §102, 108 Stat. 698. |


In subsection (c)(3)(A) and (B), the words "If this subparagraph requires reduction of an amount that otherwise would be apportioned under this subsection" are substituted for "In any case in which apportionments in a fiscal year would be reduced by subparagraph (A)" for clarity.

In subsection (c)(3)(A), the words "Except as provided in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph" are added for clarity. The words "the total of all amounts apportioned under paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection may not be more than 49.5 percent of the amount subject to apportionment for a fiscal year" are substituted for 49 App.:2206(b)(2)(A), as in effect on July 4, 1994, for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(3)(B), the words "the total of all amounts apportioned under paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection may not be more than 44 percent of the amount subject to apportionment for that fiscal year" are substituted for 49 App.:2206(b)(3)(A), as in effect on July 4, 1994, for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

Section 15(a) of the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970, referred to in subsec. (e)(1), is section 15(a) of Pub. L. 91–258, which was classified to section 1715(a) of former Title 49, Transportation, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 97–248, title V, §523(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 695.

**2020**—Subsec. (c)(1)(J). Pub. L. 116–260 added subpar. (J).

**2018**—Subsec. (c)(1)(F) to (H). Pub. L. 115–254, §151, added subpars. (F) to (H) and struck out former subpar. (F) which related to apportionment of funds for fiscal years 2017 and 2018 to sponsors of primary airports.

Subsec. (c)(1)(I). Pub. L. 115–254, §164, added subpar. (I).

Subsec. (d)(3)(C), (D). Pub. L. 115–254, §148(b), added subpars. (C) and (D).

Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 115–254, §136, amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(A)

"(i) safety will not be negatively affected; and

"(ii) the life of the pavement will not be shorter than it would be if constructed using Administration standards.

"(B)

**2017**—Subsec. (c)(1)(F). Pub. L. 115–63 struck out "for fiscal year 2017" after "rule" in heading and substituted "for each of fiscal years 2017 and 2018 an amount" for "for fiscal year 2017 an amount" in introductory provisions.

**2016**—Subsec. (c)(1)(F). Pub. L. 114–190 amended subpar. (F) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), for an airport that had more than 10,000 passenger boardings and scheduled passenger aircraft service in calendar year 2007, but in either calendar year 2009 or 2010, or in both years, the number of passenger boardings decreased to a level below 10,000 boardings per year at such airport, the Secretary may apportion in each of fiscal years 2012 and 2013 to the sponsor of such airport an amount equal to the amount apportioned to that sponsor in fiscal year 2009."

**2012**—Subsec. (c)(1)(F), (G). Pub. L. 112–95, §141(b), added subpar. (F) and struck out former subpars. (F) and (G) which related, respectively, to special rules for fiscal years 2004 and 2005 and to special rule for fiscal year 2006.

Subsec. (d)(7). Pub. L. 112–95, §141(a), added par. (7).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–95, §111(c)(2)(A)(iii), substituted "charge" for "fee" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (f)(1)(A), (B). Pub. L. 112–95, §143, added subpars. (A) and (B) and struck out former subpars. (A) and (B) which read as follows:

"(A) in the case of a charge of $3.00 or less, 50 percent of the projected revenues from the charge in the fiscal year but not by more than 50 percent of the amount that otherwise would be apportioned under this section; and

"(B) in the case of a charge of more than $3.00, 75 percent of the projected revenues from the charge in the fiscal year but not by more than 75 percent of the amount that otherwise would be apportioned under this section."

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 112–95, §142, added subsec. (g).

**2005**—Subsec. (c)(1)(G). Pub. L. 109–115 added subpar. (G).

**2003**—Subsec. (c)(1)(F). Pub. L. 108–176, §146(a), added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 108–176, §147(1), struck out "

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 108–176, §147(2), substituted "3.5 percent" for "3 percent".

Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 108–176, §146(b)(1), substituted "

Subsec. (f)(3)(B). Pub. L. 108–176, §146(b)(2), substituted "fiscal year 2004" for "fiscal years 2000 through 2003".

**2000**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 106–181, §104(a)(2)(A), (C), inserted headings for par. (1) and subpar. (A) and realigned margins.

Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 106–181, §104(a)(1)(A), (2)(B), (C), inserted heading, substituted "$650,000" for "$500,000", and realigned margins.

Subsec. (c)(1)(C) to (E). Pub. L. 106–181, §104(a)(1)(B), added subpars. (C) to (E).

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 106–181, §104(b)(1), substituted "3 percent" for "2.5 percent".

Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 106–181, §104(b)(2), substituted "In any fiscal year in which the total amount made available under section 48103 is less than $3,200,000,000, not more than" for "Not more than".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–181, §104(c), amended heading and text of subsec. (d) generally, revising and restating as pars. (1) to (6) provisions formerly contained in pars. (1) to (3).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–181, §104(d)(1), substituted "Supplemental" for "Alternative" in heading.

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 106–181, §104(d)(2), (5), inserted heading, realigned margins, and in introductory provisions substituted "Notwithstanding" for "Instead of apportioning amounts for airports in Alaska under" and "airports in Alaska" for "those airports".

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 106–181, §104(d)(3), (5), inserted heading and realigned margins.

Subsec. (e)(3), (4). Pub. L. 106–181, §104(d)(4), added pars. (3) and (4) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: "Airports referred to in this subsection include those public airports that received scheduled service as of September 3, 1982, but were not apportioned amounts in the fiscal year ending September 30, 1980, under section 15(a) of the Act because the airports were not under the control of a State or local public agency."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 106–181, §105(c), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, realigned margins, substituted "Subject to paragraph (3), an amount" for "An amount" and "an amount equal to—" and subpars. (A) and (B) for "an amount equal to 50 percent of the projected revenues from the fee in the fiscal year but not by more than 50 percent of the amount that otherwise would be apportioned under this section.", and added pars. (2) and (3).

**1996**—Subsec. (c)(1)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 104–264, §121(a)(1)(B), substituted "of the next 500,000 passenger boardings" for "additional passenger boarding".

Subsec. (c)(1)(A)(v). Pub. L. 104–264, §121(a)(1)(A), (C), (D), added cl. (v).

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 104–264, §121(a)(2)(A), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows:

"(2)(A) The Secretary shall apportion to the sponsors of airports served by aircraft providing air transportation of only cargo with a total annual landed weight of more than 100,000,000 pounds for each fiscal year an amount equal to 3.5 percent of the amount subject to apportionment each year, allocated among those airports in the proportion that the total annual landed weight of those aircraft landing at each of those airports bears to the total annual landed weight of those aircraft landing at all those airports. However, not more than 8 percent of the amount apportioned under this paragraph may be apportioned for any one airport.

"(B) Landed weight under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph is the landed weight of aircraft landing at each of those airports and all those airports during the prior calendar year."

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 104–264, §121(a)(3), struck out par. (3) which read as follows:

"(3)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, the total of all amounts apportioned under paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection may not be more than 49.5 percent of the amount subject to apportionment for a fiscal year. If this subparagraph requires reduction of an amount that otherwise would be apportioned under this subsection, the Secretary shall reduce proportionately the amount apportioned to each sponsor of an airport under paragraphs (1) and (2) until the 49.5 percent limit is achieved.

"(B) If a law limits the amount subject to apportionment to less than $1,900,000,000 for a fiscal year, the total of all amounts apportioned under paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection may not be more than 44 percent of the amount subject to apportionment for that fiscal year. If this subparagraph requires reduction of an amount that otherwise would be apportioned under this subsection, the Secretary shall reduce proportionately the amount apportioned to each sponsor of an airport under paragraphs (1) and (2) until the 44 percent limit is achieved."

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 104–264, §121(b)(1), substituted "18.5" for "12" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d)(2)(A). Pub. L. 104–264, §121(b)(2), substituted "0.66" for "one".

Subsec. (d)(2)(B), (C). Pub. L. 104–264, §121(b)(3), (4), substituted "49.67" for "49.5" and "excluding primary airports but including reliever and nonprimary commercial service airports," for "except primary airports and airports described in section 47117(e)(1)(C) of this title,".

**1994**—Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(66)(A), substituted "$500,000" for "$400,000".

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(66)(B), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), substituted "Except as provided in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, the" for "The", "49.5" for "44" in two places, and "If this subparagraph" for "If this paragraph", and added subpar. (B).

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §125, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3220, which provided that the amendments made by subtitle B (§§121–125) of title I of Pub. L. 104–264, amending this section and sections 47115, 47117, and 47118 of this title, were to cease to be effective on Sept. 30, 1998, and that on and after such date, sections 47114, 47115, 47117, and 47118 of this title were to read as if such amendments had not been enacted, was repealed by Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title I, §110(a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–587, effective Sept. 29, 1998.

Amendment by section 6(66)(B) of Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §119(b), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 629, provided that, for the purpose of carrying out this section, for fiscal year 2003, the Secretary would use, in lieu of passenger boardings at an airport during the prior calendar year, the greater of the number of passenger boardings at that airport during 2000 or 2001.

For termination of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, see note set out preceding section 1681 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions.

1 So in original. Probably means "subparagraph (A)".

(a)

(1) amounts subject to apportionment for a fiscal year that are not apportioned under section 47114(c)–(e) of this title; and

(2) 12.5 percent of amounts not apportioned under section 47114 of this title because of section 47114(f).

(b)

(c)

(1) to preserve and enhance capacity, safety, and security at primary and reliever airports; and

(2) to carry out airport noise compatibility planning and programs at primary and reliever airports.

(d)

(1)

(A) the effect that the project will have on overall national transportation system capacity;

(B) the benefit and cost of the project, including, in the case of a project at a reliever airport, the number of operations projected to be diverted from a primary airport to the reliever airport as a result of the project, as well as the cost savings projected to be realized by users of the local airport system;

(C) the financial commitment from non-United States Government sources to preserve or improve airport capacity;

(D) the airport improvement priorities of the States to the extent such priorities are not in conflict with subparagraphs (A) and (B);

(E) the projected growth in the number of passengers or aircraft that will be using the airport at which the project will be carried out; and

(F) the ability of the project to foster United States competitiveness in securing global air cargo activity at a United States airport.

(2)

(A) funding has been provided for all other projects qualifying for funding during the fiscal year under this chapter that have attained a higher score under the numerical priority system employed by the Secretary in administering the fund; and

(B) the sponsor will be able to commence the work identified in the project application in the fiscal year in which the grant is made or within 6 months after the grant is made, whichever is later.

(e)

(f)

(1)

(2)

(g)

(1)

(A) $148,000,000; plus

(B) the total amount required from the fund to carry out in the fiscal year letters of intent issued before January 1, 1996, under section 47110(e) of this title or the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982.

The amount credited is exclusive of amounts that have been apportioned in a prior fiscal year under section 47114 of this title and that remain available for obligation.

(2)

(3)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(A)

(B) 1 used to provide grants at—

(i) airports that are eligible for apportionment under section 47114(d)(3); and

(ii) nonhub and small hub airports.

(4)

(A)

(i) $1,020,000,000 for fiscal year 2019.

(ii) $1,041,000,000 for fiscal year 2020.

(iii) $1,064,000,000 for fiscal year 2021.

(iv) $1,087,000,000 for fiscal year 2022.

(v) $1,110,000,000 for fiscal year 2023.

(B)

(k)

(1)

(A) the Secretary has approved the application of an airport sponsor under section 47134(b) in fiscal year 2019; and

(B) the grant will—

(i) satisfy an obligation incurred by an airport sponsor under section 47110(e) or funded by a nonpublic sponsor for an airport development project on the airport; or

(ii) provide partial Federal reimbursement for airport development (as defined in section 47102) on the airport layout plan initiated in the fiscal year in which the application was approved, or later, for over a period of not more than 10 years.

(2)

(A) subsection (c) of this section;

(B) section 47117(e); or

(C) any other apportionment formula, special apportionment category, or minimum percentage set forth in this chapter.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1270; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §112(d), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1576; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(67), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4386; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §§122, 145, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3218, 3222; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(81), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3397; Pub. L. 106–6, §§5, 8(a), Mar. 31, 1999, 113 Stat. 10, 11; Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §119(a)(3), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 628; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §§148, 188, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2504, 2519; Pub. L. 110–253, §3(c)(5), June 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2418; Pub. L. 110–330, §5(f), Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3718; Pub. L. 111–12, §5(e), Mar. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 1458; Pub. L. 111–69, §5(f), Oct. 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 2055; Pub. L. 111–116, §5(e), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3032; Pub. L. 111–153, §5(e), Mar. 31, 2010, 124 Stat. 1085; Pub. L. 111–161, §5(e), Apr. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1127; Pub. L. 111–197, §5(e), July 2, 2010, 124 Stat. 1354; Pub. L. 111–216, title I, §104(e), Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2349; Pub. L. 111–249, §5(f), Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2628; Pub. L. 111–329, §5(e), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3567; Pub. L. 112–7, §5(e), Mar. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 32; Pub. L. 112–16, §5(e), May 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 219; Pub. L. 112–21, §5(e), June 29, 2011, 125 Stat. 234; Pub. L. 112–27, §5(e), Aug. 5, 2011, 125 Stat. 271; Pub. L. 112–30, title II, §205(f), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 358; Pub. L. 112–91, §5(f), Jan. 31, 2012, 126 Stat. 4; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §144, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 29; Pub. L. 114–55, title I, §102(b), Sept. 30, 2015, 129 Stat. 523; Pub. L. 114–141, title I, §102(b), Mar. 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 323; Pub. L. 114–190, title I, §1102(b), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 617; Pub. L. 115–63, title I, §102(c), Sept. 29, 2017, 131 Stat. 1169; Pub. L. 115–141, div. M, title I, §102(b), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1046; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §§117(a), 158, 184(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3201, 3219, 3234.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47115(a) | 49 App.:2206(c)(1) (1st, 2d sentences). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §507(c), 96 Stat. 679; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §426(a), (d), 96 Stat. 2167, 2168; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §106(a), 101 Stat. 1496; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9112(a), 104 Stat. 1388–362. |

47115(b) | 49 App.:2206(c)(1) (3d, last sentences). | |

47115(c) | 49 App.:2206(c)(2). | |

47115(d) | 49 App.:2206(c)(3). | |

47115(e) | 49 App.:2206(c)(4). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "The Secretary of Transportation has a discretionary fund" are added for clarity. In clause (1), the words "subject to apportionment for a fiscal year" are substituted for "which are made available for a fiscal year under section 2204 of this Appendix" and "which have not been previously apportioned by the Secretary" for consistency with section 47114 of the revised title.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "Subject to section 2207(d) of this Appendix and paragraph (4) of this subsection" and "pursuant to paragraph (1) and distributed by the Secretary under this subsection in a fiscal year beginning after September 30, 1987" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), before clause (1), the words "at airports" are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the words "airport operator or other" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the words "submitted in compliance with this chapter" and "portion of" are omitted as surplus.

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47115(f) | 49 App.:2206(c)(5). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §507(c)(5), as added May 26, 1994, Pub. L. 103–260, §104(a), 108 Stat. 698. |

49 App.:2206 (note). | May 26, 1994, Pub. L. 103–260, §104(b), 108 Stat. 699. |


In subsection (f), the text of section 104(b) of the Airport Improvement Program Temporary Extension Act of 1994 (Public Law 103–260, 108 Stat. 699) is omitted as executed.

This sets out the date of enactment of 49:47115(f), as enacted by section 112(d) of the Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994 (Public Law 103–305, 108 Stat. 1576).

This redesignates 49:47115(f), as enacted by section 6(67) of the Act of October 31, 1994 (Public Law 103–429, 108 Stat. 4386), as 49:47115(g).

The Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982, referred to in subsec. (g)(1)(B), is title V of Pub. L. 97–248, Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 671, which was classified principally to chapter 31 (§2201 et seq.) of former Title 49, Transportation, and was substantially repealed by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, and reenacted by the first section thereof as this subchapter.

**2018**—Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 115–254, §117(a)(3), substituted "fiscal years 2018 through 2023" for "fiscal years 2012 through 2018".

Pub. L. 115–254, §117(a)(1), (2), redesignated subsec. (j) as (i) and struck out former subsec. (i). Prior to amendment, text of subsec. (i) read as follows: "In order to assure that funding under this subchapter is provided to the greatest needs, the Secretary, in selecting a project described in section 47102(3)(J) for a grant, shall consider the non-federal resources available to sponsor, the use of such non-federal resources, and the degree to which the sponsor is providing increased funding for the project."

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 115–254, §158, added subsec. (j).

Pub. L. 115–254, §117(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (j) as (i).

Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "2018" for "2017 and for the period beginning on October 1, 2017, and ending on March 31, 2018".

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 115–254, §184(a), added subsec. (k).

**2017**—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 115–63 inserted "and for the period beginning on October 1, 2017, and ending on March 31, 2018" after "fiscal years 2012 through 2017".

**2016**—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 114–190 substituted "fiscal years 2012 through 2017," for "fiscal years 2012 through 2015 and for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on July 15, 2016,".

Pub. L. 114–141 substituted "July 15, 2016" for "March 31, 2016".

**2015**—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 114–55 inserted "and for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on March 31, 2016" after "fiscal years 2012 through 2015".

**2012**—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 112–95 substituted "For fiscal years 2012 through 2015," for "For fiscal years 2004 through 2011, and for the portion of fiscal year 2012 ending before February 18, 2012,".

Pub. L. 112–91 substituted "February 18, 2012," for "February 1, 2012,".

**2011**—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 112–30 substituted "fiscal years 2004 through 2011, and for the portion of fiscal year 2012 ending before February 1, 2012," for "fiscal years 2004 through 2010, and for the portion of fiscal year 2011 ending before September 17, 2011,".

Pub. L. 112–27 substituted "September 17, 2011," for "July 23, 2011,".

Pub. L. 112–21 substituted "July 23, 2011," for "July 1, 2011,".

Pub. L. 112–16 substituted "July 1, 2011," for "June 1, 2011,".

Pub. L. 112–7 substituted "June 1, 2011," for "April 1, 2011,".

**2010**—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 111–329 substituted "April 1, 2011," for "January 1, 2011,".

Pub. L. 111–249 inserted "and for the portion of fiscal year 2011 ending before January 1, 2011," after "2010,".

Pub. L. 111–216 substituted "fiscal years 2004 through 2010," for "fiscal years 2004 through 2009, and for the portion of fiscal year 2010 ending before August 2, 2010,".

Pub. L. 111–197 substituted "August 2, 2010," for "July 4, 2010,".

Pub. L. 111–161 substituted "July 4, 2010," for "May 1, 2010,".

Pub. L. 111–153 substituted "May 1, 2010," for "April 1, 2010,".

**2009**—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 111–116 substituted "April 1, 2010," for "January 1, 2010,".

Pub. L. 111–69 inserted "and for the portion of fiscal year 2010 ending before January 1, 2010," after "2009,".

Pub. L. 111–12 substituted "2009," for "2008, and for the portion of fiscal year 2009 ending before April 1, 2009,".

**2008**—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 110–330 inserted "and for the portion of fiscal year 2009 ending before April 1, 2009," after "2008,".

Pub. L. 110–253 substituted "fiscal years 2004 through 2008," for "fiscal years 2004 through 2007,".

**2003**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–176, §148, amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) listed six things the Secretary was required to consider in selecting a project for a grant to preserve and enhance capacity as described in subsection (c)(1) of this section.

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 108–176, §188, added subsec. (j).

**2001**—Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 107–71 added subsec. (i).

**1999**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 106–6, §8(a)(1), substituted "12.5" for "25".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–6, §8(a)(2), struck out at end "However, 50 percent of amounts not apportioned under section 47114 of this title because of section 47114(f) and added to the fund is available for making grants for projects at small hub airports (as defined in section 41731 of this title)."

Subsec. (g)(4). Pub. L. 106–6, §5, which directed the amendment of section 47115(g) by striking paragraph (4), without specifying the Code title to be amended, was executed by striking heading and text of par. (4) of subsec. (g) of this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Text read as follows: "For a fiscal year in which the amount credited to the fund under this subsection exceeds $300,000,000, the Secretary shall allocate the amount of such excess as follows:

"(A) 1/3 shall be made available to airports for which apportionments are made under section 47114(d) of this title.

"(B) 1/3 shall be made available for airport noise compatibility planning under section 47505(a)(2) of this title and for carrying out noise compatibility programs under section 47504(c)(1) of this title.

"(C) 1/3 shall be made available to current or former military airports for which grants may be made under section 47117(e)(1)(B) of this title."

**1996**—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 104–264, §145(a)(1), substituted ", including, in the case of a project at a reliever airport, the number of operations projected to be diverted from a primary airport to the reliever airport as a result of the project, as well as the cost savings projected to be realized by users of the local airport system;" for "; and".

Subsec. (d)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 104–264, §145(a)(2), (3), added pars. (4) to (6).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(81)(B), which directed that subsec. (f), as enacted by Pub. L. 103–429, be redesignated (g), could not be executed because of amendment by Pub. L. 104–264, §122, which struck out that subsec. See below.

Pub. L. 104–264, §122, struck out subsec. (f), relating to minimum amount to be credited, which read as follows:

"(f)

"(2) In a fiscal year in which the amount credited under subsection (a) of this section is less than $325,000,000, the total amount calculated under paragraph (3) of this subsection shall be reduced by an amount that, when credited to the fund, together with the amount credited under subsection (a), equals $325,000,000.

"(3) For a fiscal year, the total amount available to reduce to carry out paragraph (2) of this subsection is the total of the amounts determined under sections 47114(c)(1)(A) and (2) and (d) and 47117(e) of this title. Each amount shall be reduced by an equal percentage to achieve the reduction."

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(81)(A), substituted "August 23, 1994" for "the date of the enactment of this subsection".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–264, §122, added subsec. (g).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 104–264, §145(b), added subsec. (h).

**1994**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 103–429 added subsec. (f) relating to minimum amount to be credited.

Pub. L. 103–305 added subsec. (f) relating to consideration of diversion of revenues in awarding discretionary grants.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–27 effective July 23, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–27, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–21 effective July 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–21, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–16 effective June 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–16, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–7 effective Apr. 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–7, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–329 effective Jan. 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–329, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–249 effective Oct. 1, 2010, see section 5(l) of Pub. L. 111–249, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–216 effective Aug. 2, 2010, see section 104(j) of Pub. L. 111–216, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–197 effective July 4, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–197, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–161 effective May 1, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–161, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–153 effective Apr. 1, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–153, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–116 effective Jan. 1, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–116, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–12 effective Apr. 1, 2009, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–12, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–330 effective Oct. 1, 2008, see section 5(l) of Pub. L. 110–330, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–253 effective July 1, 2008, see section 3(d) of Pub. L. 110–253, set out as a note under section 9502 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by section 5(81)(B) of Pub. L. 104–287 effective Sept. 30, 1998, see section 8(2) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 47117 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

1 So in original. The word "be" probably should appear.

(a)

(b)

(1) one-seventh for grants for projects at small hub airports; and

(2) the remaining amounts based on the following:

(A) one-third for grants to sponsors of public-use airports (except commercial service airports).

(B) two-thirds for grants to sponsors of each commercial service airport that each year has less than .05 percent of the total boardings in the United States in that year.

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) eligible and justified airport development projects; or

(B) additional hangar space.

(3)

(e)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1271; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §146, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3223; Pub. L. 106–6, §8(b), Mar. 31, 1999, 113 Stat. 11; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §128, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 76; Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §801(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2587; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §§152, 154, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3216, 3217.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47116(a) | 49 App.:2206(d)(1) (words before "to be distributed"). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §507(d); added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9112(b), 104 Stat. 1388–362. |

47116(b) | 49 App.:2206(d)(1) (words after "small airport fund"), (2), (3). | |

47116(c) | 49 App.:2206(d)(4). |


In subsection (a), the words "The Secretary of Transportation has a small airport fund" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "under this subsection" are omitted as surplus. In clauses (1) and (2), the words "used" and "making" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the word "pilot" is added for consistency with section 47128 of the revised title.

**2018**—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §154, amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "In making grants to sponsors described in subsection (b)(1), the Secretary shall give priority consideration to airport development projects to support operations by turbine powered aircraft if the non-Federal share of the project is at least 40 percent."

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §152, added par. (3).

**2003**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 108–176 struck out "(as defined in section 41731 of this title)" after "small hub airports".

**2000**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–181, §128(c), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, realigned margins, and added par. (2).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–181, §128(a), added subsec. (e).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 106–181, §128(b), added subsec. (f).

**1999**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–6, §8(b)(1), substituted "87.5" for "75".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–6, §8(b)(2), added pars. (1) and (2) and redesignated former pars. (1) and (2) as subpars. (A) and (B), respectively, of par. (2).

**1996**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–264 added subsec. (d).

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) amounts made available under paragraph (2)(A) shall be used for grants for projects in accordance with section 47115(d)(2) at airports eligible to receive an apportionment under section 47114(d)(2) or (3)(A), whichever is applicable; and

(ii) amounts made available under paragraph (2)(A) that are not obligated by July 1 of the fiscal year in which the funds will expire shall be made available for all projects in accordance with section 47115(d)(2).

(B)

(c)

(2)

(d)

(1) section 47114(d)(2)(A) of this title is available for grants for airports located in the State; and

(2) section 47114(d)(2)(B) or (C) of this title is available for grants for airports described in section 47114(d)(2)(B) or (C) and located in the State.

(e)

(A) At least 35 percent, but not more than $300,000,000, for grants for airport noise compatibility planning under section 47505(a)(2), for carrying out noise compatibility programs under section 47504(c), for noise mitigation projects approved in an environmental record of decision for an airport development project under this title, for compatible land use planning and projects carried out by State and local governments under section 47141, for airport development described in section 47102(3)(Q), for airport development described in section 47102(3)(F), 47102(3)(K), or 47102(3)(L) to comply with the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.), and for water quality mitigation projects to comply with the Act of June 30, 1948 (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.), approved in an environmental record of decision for an airport development project under this title. The Secretary may count the amount of grants made for such planning and programs with funds apportioned under section 47114 in that fiscal year in determining whether or not the requirements of the preceding sentence are being met in that fiscal year.

(B) At least 4 percent to sponsors of current or former military airports designated by the Secretary under section 47118(a) of this title for grants for developing current and former military airports to improve the capacity of the national air transportation system and to sponsors of noncommercial service airports for grants for operational and maintenance expenses at any such airport if the amount of such grants to the sponsor of the airport does not exceed $30,000 in that fiscal year, if the Secretary determines that the airport is adversely affected by the closure or realignment of a military base, and if the sponsor of the airport certifies that the airport would otherwise close if the airport does not receive the grant.

(C) In any fiscal year in which the total amount made available under section 48103 is $3,200,000,000 or more, at least two-thirds of 1 percent for grants to sponsors of reliever airports which have—

(i) more than 75,000 annual operations;

(ii) a runway with a minimum usable landing distance of 5,000 feet;

(iii) a precision instrument landing procedure;

(iv) a minimum number of aircraft, to be determined by the Secretary, based at the airport; and

(v) been designated by the Secretary as a reliever airport to an airport with 20,000 hours of annual delays in commercial passenger aircraft takeoffs and landings.

(2) If the Secretary decides that an amount required to be used for grants under paragraph (1) of this subsection cannot be used for a fiscal year because there are insufficient qualified grant applications, the amount the Secretary determines cannot be used is available during the fiscal year for grants for other airports or for other purposes for which amounts are authorized for grants under section 48103 of this title.

(3)

(A) Chicago O'Hare International Airport;

(B) LaGuardia Airport;

(C) John F. Kennedy International Airport; and

(D) Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport.

(f)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(4)

(g)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1271; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §116(a), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1579; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(68), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4387; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §§123, 124(d), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3219, 3220; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(82), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3397; Pub. L. 105–102, §3(c)(1), (2), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215; Pub. L. 106–6, §7, Mar. 31, 1999, 113 Stat. 10; Pub. L. 106–31, title VI, §6002(d), May 21, 1999, 113 Stat. 113; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §§104(e)–(g), 129, title II, §231(f), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 70, 77, 114; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §§149(c), 150, 151, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2505, 2506; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §145, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 30; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §§155, 192(b), title V, §539(p), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3217, 3241, 3371.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47117(a) | 49 App.:2207(b)(1) (related to purposes for which funds may be used). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §§506(e)(4), 508(b), 96 Stat. 679, 681. |

49 App.:2207(c) (1st sentence related to purposes for which funds are available). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §508(c), 96 Stat. 682; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §106(b)(2)(C), 101 Stat. 1498. | |

47117(b) | 49 App.:2207(a). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §508(a), 96 Stat. 681; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §106(b)(2)(A), (B), 101 Stat. 1497. |

47117(c)(1) | 49 App.:2207(b)(1) (related to airports at which funds may be used). | |

47117(c)(2) | 49 App.:2207(b)(2). | |

47117(d) | 49 App.:2207(c) (1st sentence related to airports at which funds are available, last sentence). | |

47117(e) | 49 App.:2202(a)(11). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §503(a)(11), 96 Stat. 673; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §103(c)(1), 101 Stat. 1488. |

49 App.:2207(d). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §508(d), 96 Stat. 682; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §§106(b)(2)(D), 107, 101 Stat. 1498; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9109(b), 104 Stat. 1388–356; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §§107(a), 108, 106 Stat. 4878, 4879. | |

47117(f) | 49 App.:2206(b)(5)(D). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §507(b)(5)(D), 96 Stat. 679; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §426(a), (d), 96 Stat. 2167, 2168; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §106(a), 101 Stat. 1496. |

47117(g) | 49 App.:2207(e)(1). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §508(e)(1); added Oct. 2, 1982, Pub. L. 97–276, §167, 96 Stat. 1204; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §106(b)(2)(E), 101 Stat. 1498. |

49 App.:2207(e)(2). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §508(e)(2); added Oct. 2, 1982, Pub. L. 97–276, §167, 96 Stat. 1205. | |

47117(h) | 49 App.:2205(e)(4). |


In subsection (b), the words "for grants" are added, and the word "apportioned" is substituted for "first authorized to be obligated", for clarity. The words "established by section 2206(c) of this Appendix" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2), the word "if" is substituted for "on the condition that" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "in" is substituted for "which is a part of" for clarity.

Subsection (d) is substituted for 49 App.:2207(c) (1st sentence related to airports at which funds are available) for clarity. The text of 49 App.:2207(c) (last sentence) is omitted as surplus because of section 47105(a) of the revised title.

In subsection (e)(1), the words "The Secretary shall use . . . (A) . . . for grants . . . (B) . . . for grants . . . (C) . . . for grants . . . (D) . . . for . . . grants . . . (E) . . . for grants" are substituted for "shall be distributed" and "shall be obligated" for clarity and consistency in the revised title. Clause (C)(ii) is substituted for 49 App.:2207(d)(3)(B) and (C) to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (E), the references to fiscal years 1991 and 1992 are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (e)(2), the words "for each fiscal year" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(3), the words "an amount required to be used for grants under paragraph (1) of this subsection cannot be used" are substituted for "he will not be able to distribute the amount of funds required to be distributed under paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4) of this subsection" for consistency. The words "submitted in compliance with this chapter" are omitted as surplus. The words "cannot be used" are substituted for "will not be distributed" for consistency. The words "for which amounts are" are added for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

Subsection (f) is substituted for 49 App.:2206(b)(5)(D) for clarity and consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (g)(1), the words "and (3)" are omitted because 49 App.:2207(e)(3) has expired. The words "at his discretion" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g)(2)(A), the words "made available" are substituted for "authorized" for clarity.

In subsection (h), the words "to make grants" are substituted for "to obligate to an airport by grant agreement" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the unobligated balance of" are omitted as surplus. The words "limits that authority" are substituted for "limits the application of this paragraph" for clarity. The words "in addition to the amounts authorized for that fiscal year by section 2204 of this Appendix" are omitted as surplus.

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47117(e) | 49 App.:2207(d). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §508(d), as amended May 26, 1994, Pub. L. 103–260, §105, 108 Stat. 699. |


This amends 49:47117(e)(1)(B) because of the redesignation of 49:47504(c)(1)(C) and (D) as 49:47504(c)(2)(C) and (D) by section 6(71)(C) of the Act of October 31, 1994 (Public Law 103–429, 108 Stat. 4387).

This amends 49:47117(g)(1) because of the redesignation of 49:47105(e) as 49:47105(f) by section 107(a)(1) of the Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994 (Public Law 103–305, 108 Stat. 1572).

The Clean Air Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(1)(A), is act July 14, 1955, ch. 360, 69 Stat. 322, which is classified generally to chapter 85 (§7401 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7401 of Title 42 and Tables.

The Act of June 30, 1948, referred to in subsec. (e)(1)(A), is act June 30, 1948, ch. 758, as amended generally by Pub. L. 92–500, §2, Oct. 18, 1972, 86 Stat. 816, known as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, which is classified generally to chapter 26 (§1251 et seq.) of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1251 of Title 33 and Tables.

**2018**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §155, designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, substituted "Except as provided in paragraph (2), if the amount" for "If the amount", and added par. (2).

Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §192(b), inserted "for airport development described in section 47102(3)(Q)," after "under section 47141,".

Subsec. (e)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §539(p), which directed substitution of "At least" for "at least" in section 47117(e)(1)(B), without specifying the Code title to be amended, was executed by making the substitution in subsec. (e)(1)(B) of this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**2012**—Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 112–95 substituted "At least 35 percent, but not more than $300,000,000," for "At least 35 percent", "et seq.), and for water quality mitigation projects to comply with the Act of June 30, 1948 (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.), approved in an environmental record of decision for an airport development project under this title." for "et seq.).", and "the requirements of the preceding sentence are" for "such 35 percent requirement is" and struck out "and" after "47141,".

**2003**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–176, §150, substituted "nonhub airport or any airport that is not a commercial service airport" for "primary airport that had less than .05 percent of the total boardings in the United States in the preceding calendar year".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 108–176, §149(c), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "A sponsor of a primary airport may make an agreement with the Secretary of Transportation waiving any part of the amount apportioned for the airport under section 47114(c)(1) of this title if the Secretary makes the waived amount available for a grant for another public-use airport in the same State or geographical area as the primary airport."

Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 108–176, §151, substituted "At least 35 percent" for "At least 34 percent", "section 47505(a)(2)," for "section 47505(a)(2) of this title and", ", for noise mitigation projects approved in an environmental record of decision for an airport development project under this title, for compatible land use planning and projects carried out by State and local governments under section 47141, and for airport development described in section 47102(3)(F), 47102(3)(K), or 47102(3)(L) to comply with the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.)." for "of this title.", and "35 percent requirement" for "34 percent requirement".

**2000**—Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 106–181, §104(e), substituted "34 percent" for "31 percent" in two places.

Subsec. (e)(1)(C). Pub. L. 106–181, §104(f), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 106–181, §231(f), added par. (3).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 106–181, §129, amended subsec. (f) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (f) read as follows:

"(f)

"(2) The Secretary may make a grant under paragraph (1) of this subsection only if the Secretary decides that—

"(A) the total amount used for grants for the fiscal year under section 48103 of this title will not be more than the amount made available under section 48103 for that fiscal year; and

"(B) the amounts authorized for grants under section 48103 of this title for later fiscal years are sufficient for grants of the apportioned amounts that were not used for grants under the apportionment during the fiscal year and that remain available under subsection (b) of this section."

Pub. L. 106–181, §104(g), redesignated subsec. (g) as (f) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (f). Text read as follows: "The Secretary may not make a grant for a commercial service airport in Alaska of more than 110 percent of the amount apportioned for the airport for a fiscal year under section 47114(e) of this title."

Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 106–181, §104(g), redesignated subsecs. (g) and (h) as (f) and (g), respectively.

**1999**—Subsec. (e)(1)(B). Pub. L. 106–31 struck out "for each of fiscal years 1997 and 1998" after "4 percent".

Pub. L. 106–6 made amendment identical to that made by Pub. L. 105–102, §3(c)(2). See 1997 Amendment note below.

**1997**—Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 105–102, §3(c)(1)(B), added Pub. L. 104–264, §123(d). See 1996 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (e)(1)(B). Pub. L. 105–102, §3(c)(2), repealed Pub. L. 104–264, §124(d). See 1996 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 105–102, §3(c)(1)(A), amended Pub. L. 104–264, §123(b)(6). See 1996 Amendment note below.

**1996**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–264, §123(a), inserted "or the 3 fiscal years immediately following that year in the case of a primary airport that had less than .05 percent of the total boardings in the United States in the preceding calendar year" before period at end of first sentence.

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 104–264, §123(b)(1), substituted "available to the discretionary fund under section 47115" for "made available under section 48103" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104–264, §123(d), as added by Pub. L. 105–102, §3(c)(1)(B), substituted "47504(c)" for "47504(c)(1)".

Pub. L. 104–264, §123(b)(4), (5), substituted "At least 31" for "at least 12.5" and inserted at end "The Secretary may count the amount of grants made for such planning and programs with funds apportioned under section 47114 in that fiscal year in determining whether or not such 31 percent requirement is being met in that fiscal year."

Pub. L. 104–264, §123(b)(2), (3), redesignated subpar. (B) as (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: "at least 5 percent for grants for reliever airports."

Subsec. (e)(1)(B). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(82)(A), which directed the amendment of subpar. (B) by substituting "47504(c)" for "47504(c)(1)", could not be executed because "47504(c)(1)" did not appear in text of subpar. (B) subsequent to amendment by Pub. L. 104–264. See below.

Pub. L. 104–264, §124(d), which directed the amendment of subpar. (B) by substituting "1996, 1997, and 1998" for "and 1996,", was repealed by Pub. L. 105–102, §3(c)(2).

Pub. L. 104–264, §123(b)(6), as amended by Pub. L. 105–102, §3(c)(1)(A), substituted "at least 4 percent for each of fiscal years 1997 and 1998" for "at least 2.25 percent for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993, and at least 2.5 percent for each of the fiscal years ending September 30, 1994, 1995, and 1996,".

Pub. L. 104–264, §123(b)(3), (7), redesignated subpar. (E) as (B) and inserted before period at end "and to sponsors of noncommercial service airports for grants for operational and maintenance expenses at any such airport if the amount of such grants to the sponsor of the airport does not exceed $30,000 in that fiscal year, if the Secretary determines that the airport is adversely affected by the closure or realignment of a military base, and if the sponsor of the airport certifies that the airport would otherwise close if the airport does not receive the grant". Former subpar. (B) redesignated (A).

Subsec. (e)(1)(C), (D). Pub. L. 104–264, §123(b)(2), struck out subpars. (C) and (D) which read as follows:

"(C) at least 1.5 percent for grants for—

"(i) nonprimary commercial service airports; and

"(ii) public airports (except commercial service airports) that were eligible for United States Government assistance from amounts apportioned under section 15(a)(3) of the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970, and to which section 15(a)(3)(A)(I) or (II) of the Act applied during the fiscal year that ended September 30, 1981.

"(D) at least .75 percent for integrated airport system planning grants to planning agencies designated by the Secretary and authorized by the laws of a State or political subdivision of a State to do planning for an area of the State or subdivision in which a grant under this chapter is to be used."

Subsec. (e)(1)(E). Pub. L. 104–264, §123(b)(3), redesignated subpar. (E) as (B).

Subsec. (e)(2), (3). Pub. L. 104–264, §123(c), redesignated par. (3) as (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "A grant from the amount apportioned under section 47114(e) of this title may not be included as part of the 1.5 percent required to be used for grants under paragraph (1)(C) of this subsection."

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(82)(B), substituted "47105(f)" for "47105(e)".

**1994**—Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(68)(A), substituted "5 percent" for "10 percent".

Subsec. (e)(1)(C). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(68)(B), substituted "1.5 percent" for "2.5 percent" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e)(1)(D). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(68)(C), substituted ".75 percent" for ".5 percent".

Subsec. (e)(1)(E). Pub. L. 103–305 substituted ", 1995, and 1996" for ", and 1995".

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(68)(D), substituted "1.5 percent" for "2.5 percent".

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 105–102, §3(c), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, provided that the amendment made by section 3(c)(1)(B) is effective Oct. 9, 1996.

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–102 effective as if included in the provisions of the Act to which the amendment relates, see section 3(f) of Pub. L. 105–102, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Section 8(2) of Pub. L. 104–287, as amended by Pub. L. 105–102, §3(d)(2)(B), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, provided that: "The amendments made by section 5(81)(B), (82)(A), and (83)(A) [amending this section and sections 47115 and 47118 of this title] shall take effect on September 30, 1998."

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

(a)

(1) the airport is a former military installation closed or realigned under—

(A) section 2687 of title 10;

(B) section 201 of the Defense Authorization Amendments and Base Closure and Realignment Act (10 U.S.C. 2687 note); or

(C) section 2905 of the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1990 (10 U.S.C. 2687 note);

(2) the airport is a military installation with both military and civil aircraft operations; or

(3) the airport is—

(A) a former military installation that, at any time after December 31, 1965, was owned and operated by the Department of Defense; and

(B) a nonhub primary airport.

(b)

(c)

(1) reduce delays at an airport with more than 20,000 hours of annual delays in commercial passenger aircraft takeoffs and landings;

(2) enhance airport and air traffic control system capacity in a metropolitan area or reduce current and projected flight delays; or

(3) preserve or enhance minimum airfield infrastructure facilities at former military airports to support emergency diversionary operations for transoceanic flights in locations—

(A) within United States jurisdiction or control; and

(B) where there is a demonstrable lack of diversionary airports within the distance or flight-time required by regulations governing transoceanic flights.

(d)

(e)

(1) may not be leased for more than 10 years; and

(2) is not subject to majority in interest clauses.

(f)

(1)

(2)

(g)

(h)

(1) to preserve or enhance minimum airfield infrastructure facilities described in subsection (c)(3); and

(2) necessary to meet the minimum safety and emergency operational requirements established under part 139 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1273; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §116(b)–(d), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1579; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §124(a)–(c), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3219, 3220; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(83), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3397; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §130, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 78; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §153, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2507; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §146, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 30; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §137, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3210.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47118(a) | 49 App.:2207(f)(1). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §508(f)(1); added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9109(c), 104 Stat. 1388–356; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §107(b), 106 Stat. 4878. |

47118(b) | 49 App.:2207(f)(2). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §508(f)(2)–(5); added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9109(c), 104 Stat. 1388–356. |

47118(c) | 49 App.:2207(f)(3). | |

47118(d) | 49 App.:2207(f)(4). | |

47118(e) | 49 App.:2207(f)(5). | |

47118(f) | 49 App.:2207(f)(6). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §508(f)(6); added Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §107(c)(1), 106 Stat. 4878. |


In subsection (d), the word "Grants" is substituted for "to participate in the program", and the word "grants" is substituted for "participation in the program", for clarity and consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "at the discretion" and "with Federal funding" are omitted as surplus.

This sets out the date of enactment of 49:47118(a) (last sentence).

This makes a clarifying amendment to 49:47118(e) because 49:47109(c) was struck by section 114(b) of the Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994 (Public Law 103–305, 108 Stat. 1579).

Section 201 of the Defense Authorization Amendments and Base Closure and Realignment Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(B), is section 201 of Pub. L. 100–526, which is set out in a note under section 2687 of Title 10, Armed Forces.

Section 2905 of the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(C), is section 2905 of Pub. L. 101–510, which is set out in a note under section 2687 of Title 10.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 115–254 added par. (3).

**2012**—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 112–95, §146(a), added par. (3).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 112–95, §146(b), substituted "Airports" for "Airport" in heading and "3 of the airports bearing designations under subsection (a) may be general aviation airports that were former military installations" for "one of the airports bearing a designation under subsection (a) may be a general aviation airport that was a former military installation" in text.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 112–95, §146(c), added subsec. (h).

**2003**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 108–176, §153(1), substituted "From amounts the Secretary distributes to an airport under section 47115, $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2004 and 2005, and $7,000,000 for each fiscal year thereafter, is available" for "Not more than $7,000,000 for each airport from amounts the Secretary distributes under section 47115 of this title for a fiscal year is available" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 108–176, §153(2), (3), inserted par. (1) designation and heading, substituted "From amounts the Secretary distributes to an airport under section 47115, $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2004 and 2005, and $7,000,000 for each fiscal year thereafter, is available" for "Not more than a total of $7,000,000 for each airport from amounts the Secretary distributes under section 47115 of this title for fiscal years beginning after September 30, 1992, is available", and added par. (2).

**2000**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–181, §130(a)(1)(A), substituted "15" for "12" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 106–181, §130(a)(1)(B), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "the Secretary finds that such grants would—

"(A) reduce delays at an airport with more than 20,000 hours of annual delays in commercial passenger aircraft takeoffs and landings; or

"(B) enhance airport and air traffic control system capacity in a metropolitan area or reduce current and projected flight delays."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–181, §130(a)(2), added subsec. (c) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (c). Text read as follows: "In carrying out this section, the Secretary shall consider only current or former military airports that, when at least partly converted to civilian commercial or reliever airports as part of the national air transportation system, will enhance airport and air traffic control system capacity in major metropolitan areas and reduce current and projected flight delays."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–181, §130(a)(3), substituted "47117(e)(1)(B)" for "47117(e)(1)(E)", "periods, each not to exceed 5 fiscal years," for "5-fiscal-year periods", and "each such subsequent period" for "each such subsequent 5-fiscal-year period".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–181, §130(b), substituted "$7,000,000" for "$5,000,000".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 106–181, §130(c), in heading, substituted "Hangars, and Air Cargo Terminals" for "and Hangars" and, in text, substituted "$7,000,000" for "$4,000,000" and inserted "and air cargo terminals of an area that is 50,000 square feet or less" before period at end.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 106–181, §130(a)(4), added subsec. (g).

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(83)(A), which directed amendment of subsec. (a) by substituting "before August 24, 1994" for "on or before the date of the enactment of this sentence", could not be executed because the phrase to be amended did not appear subsequent to amendment by Pub. L. 104–264, §124(a). See below.

Pub. L. 104–264, §124(a), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows:

"(a)

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–264, §124(b), substituted "designation, and for subsequent 5-fiscal-year periods if the Secretary determines that the airport satisfies the designation criteria under subsection (a) at the beginning of each such subsequent 5-fiscal-year period." for "designation."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(83)(B), substituted "Not" for "Notwithstanding section 47109(c) of this title, not".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–264, §124(c), amended subsec. (f) by substituting "Utilities, and Hangars" for "and Utilities" in heading and "for fiscal years beginning after September 30, 1992," for "for the fiscal years ending September 30, 1993–1996," and "utilities, and hangars" for "and utilities" in text.

**1994**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–305, §116(b), substituted "15" for "12" and inserted at end "The Secretary may only designate an airport for such grants (other than an airport designated for such grants on or before the date of the enactment of this sentence) if the Secretary finds that grants under such section for projects at such airport would reduce delays at an airport with more than 20,000 hours of annual delays in commercial passenger aircraft takeoffs and landings."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–305, §116(c), struck out at end "If an airport does not have a level of passengers getting on aircraft during that 5-year period that qualifies the airport as a small hub airport (as defined on January 1, 1990) or reliever airport, the Secretary may redesignate the airport for grants for additional fiscal years that the Secretary decides."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 103–305, §116(d), substituted "September 30, 1993–1996" for "September 30, 1993–1995".

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by section 5(83)(A) of Pub. L. 104–287 effective Sept. 30, 1998, see section 8(2) of Pub. L. 104–287, as amended, set out as a note under section 47117 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(A) if the sponsor certifies that the airport, on the date the grant application is submitted to the Secretary, has—

(i) all the safety equipment required for certification of the airport under section 44706;

(ii) all the security equipment required by regulation; and

(iii) provided for access by passengers to the area of the airport for boarding or exiting aircraft that are not air carrier aircraft;

(B) if the cost is directly related to—

(i) moving passengers and baggage in air commerce within the airport, including vehicles for moving passengers between terminal facilities and between terminal facilities and aircraft; or

(ii) installing security cameras in the public area of the interior and exterior of the terminal; and

(C) under terms necessary to protect the interests of the Government.

(2)

(A) except as provided in section 47108(e)(3), the airport does not have more than .05 percent of the total annual passenger boardings in the United States; and

(B) the sponsor certifies that any needed airport development project affecting safety, security, or capacity will not be deferred because of the Secretary's approval.

(3)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) that was a nonhub airport in the most recent year used to calculate apportionments under section 47114;

(B) that is a designated airport under section 47118 in fiscal year 2003; and

(C) at which terminal development is carried out between January 2003 and August 2004,

is available to repay immediately money borrowed and used to pay the costs for such terminal development if those costs would be allowable project costs under subsection (a).

(4)

(A) the sponsor submits the certification required under subsection (a);

(B) the Secretary decides that using the amount to repay the borrowed money will not defer an airport development project outside the terminal area at that airport; and

(C) amounts available for airport development under this subchapter will not be used for additional terminal development projects at the airport for at least 1 year beginning on the date the grant is used to repay the borrowed money.

(5)

(c)

(1) to a sponsor of a primary airport, any part of amounts apportioned to the sponsor for the fiscal year under section 47114(c)(1) of this title to pay project costs allowable under subsection (a);

(2) on approval of the Secretary, not more than $200,000 of the amount that may be distributed for the fiscal year from the discretionary fund established under section 47115 of this title—

(A) to a sponsor of a nonprimary commercial service airport to pay project costs allowable under subsection (a); and

(B) to a sponsor of a reliever airport for the types of project costs allowable under subsection (a), including project costs allowable for a commercial service airport that each year does not have more than .05 percent of the total boardings in the United States;

(3) for use by a primary airport that each year does not have more than .05 percent of the total boardings in the United States, any part of amounts that may be distributed for the fiscal year from the discretionary fund and small airport fund to pay project costs allowable under subsection (a);

(4) not more than $25,000,000 to pay project costs allowable for the fiscal year under subsection (a) for projects at commercial service airports that were not eligible for assistance for terminal development during the fiscal year ending September 30, 1980, under section 20(b) of the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970; or

(5) to a sponsor of a nonprimary airport, any part of amounts apportioned to the sponsor for the fiscal year under section 47114(d)(3)(A) for project costs allowable under subsection (a).

(d)

(e)

(f) Limitation on Discretionary Funds.—The Secretary may distribute not more than $20,000,000 from the discretionary fund established under section 47115 for terminal development projects at a nonhub airport or a small hub airport that is eligible to receive discretionary funds under section 47108(e)(3).

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1274; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §117, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1579; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(69), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4387; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §152(b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 87; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §§149(d), 166, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2505, 2514; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §152(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 33; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §§132(b), 138, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3206, 3210.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47119(a) | 49 App.:2212(b)(4). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §513(b)(4), 96 Stat. 690; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §106(b)(5)(B), 101 Stat. 1498. |

47119(b) | 49 App.:2212(b)(2). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §513(b)(2), 96 Stat. 690; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §§106(b)(5)(A), 111(a)(1), 101 Stat. 1498, 1503. |

49 App.:2212(b)(3). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §513(b)(3), 96 Stat. 690. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "(within the meaning of section 11(1) of the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970 [49 App. U.S.C. 1711(1)] as in effect immediately before September 3, 1982)" are omitted because of the definition of "air carrier airport" in section 47102 of the revised title. The words "after June 30, 1970" are substituted for "on or after July 1, 1970" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "to repay immediately money borrowed and used to pay the costs for terminal development at the airport, if those costs would be allowable project costs under section 47110(d) of this title" are substituted for "for the immediate retirement of the principal of bonds or other evidences of indebtedness the proceeds of which were used for that part of the terminal development at such airport the cost of which would be allowable under paragraph (1) of this subsection" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "In a fiscal year" are added for clarity. In clause (2), the words "from the discretionary fund" are substituted for "sums to be distributed at the discretion of the Secretary under section 2206(c) of this Appendix" for clarity and consistency in this chapter. In clause (3), the words "for projects" are added for clarity.

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47119(b) | 49 App.:2212(b)(2). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §513(b)(2), as amended May 26, 1994, Pub. L. 103–260, §107, 108 Stat. 700. |


In subsection (b)(3), the words "from the discretionary fund and small airport fund" are substituted for "sums to be distributed at the discretion of the Secretary under section 2206(c) and 2206(d) of this Appendix" for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

Section 20(b) of the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970, referred to in subsec. (c)(4), is section 20(b) of Pub. L. 91–258, which was classified to section 1720(b) of former Title 49, Transportation, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 97–248, title V, §523(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 695.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §138, substituted "directly related to—" for "directly related to", inserted cl. (i) designation before "moving passengers and", substituted "; or" for "; and", and added cl. (ii). Amendments were executed to this section to reflect the probable intent of Congress, notwithstanding directory language amending section 47119(a)(1)(B), without specifying the Code title to be amended.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §132(b), added par. (3).

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(b)(2), added subsec. (a). Former subsec. (a) redesignated (b).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (a) as (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (c).

Subsec. (b)(3), (4)(A). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(b)(4), substituted "subsection (a)" for "section 47110(d)".

Subsec. (b)(4)(B). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(b)(3), substituted "Secretary" for "Secretary of Transportation".

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(b)(5), substituted "subsections (c)(1) and (c)(2)" for "subsection (b)(1) and (2)".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (b) as (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (c)(1), (2)(A). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(b)(6), substituted "subsection (a)" for "section 47110(d) of this title".

Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(b)(7), substituted "subsection (a)" for "section 47110(d)".

Subsec. (c)(3), (4). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(b)(6), substituted "subsection (a)" for "section 47110(d) of this title".

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(b)(7), substituted "subsection (a)" for "section 47110(d)".

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(b)(1), redesignated subsecs. (c) and (d) as (d) and (e), respectively.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(b)(8), added subsec. (f).

**2003**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–176, §166, amended heading and text of subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "An amount apportioned under section 47114 of this title and made available to the sponsor of an air carrier airport at which terminal development was carried out after June 30, 1970, and before July 12, 1976, or, in the case of a commercial service airport which annually had less than 0.05 percent of the total enplanements in the United States, between January 1, 1992, and October 31, 1992, is available to repay immediately money borrowed and used to pay the costs for terminal development at the airport, if those costs would be allowable project costs under section 47110(d) of this title if they had been incurred after September 3, 1982. An amount is available for a grant under this subsection—

"(1) only if—

"(A) the sponsor submits the certification required under section 47110(d) of this title;

"(B) the Secretary of Transportation decides that using the amount to repay the borrowed money will not defer an airport development project outside the terminal area at that airport; and

"(C) amounts available for airport development under this subchapter will not be used for additional terminal development projects at the airport for at least 3 years beginning on the date the grant is used to repay the borrowed money; and

"(2) subject to the limitations in subsection (b)(1) and (2) of this section."

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 108–176, §149(d), added par. (5).

**2000**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–181 added subsec. (d).

**1994**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–305, §117(1), inserted "or, in the case of a commercial service airport which annually had less than 0.05 percent of the total enplanements in the United States, between January 1, 1992, and October 31, 1992," after "July 12, 1976,".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(69)(B), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "to a sponsor of a nonprimary commercial service airport, not more than $200,000 of the amount that may be distributed for the fiscal year from the discretionary fund to pay project costs allowable under section 47110(d) of this title; or".

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(69)(B), added par. (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (4).

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(69)(A), redesignated par. (3) as (4).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–305, §117(2), added subsec. (c).

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1274; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §162, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 91.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47120 | 49 App.:2208(b)(9). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §509(b)(9), 96 Stat. 685. |


The words "In making a grant under this subchapter" are substituted for "In establishing priorities for distribution of funds available pursuant to section 2206 of this Appendix" for consistency in this chapter and to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b).

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1) that disclose—

(A) the amount and disposition by the sponsor of the proceeds of the grant;

(B) the total cost of the plan or program for which the grant is given or used; and

(C) the amounts and kinds of costs of the plan or program provided by other sources; and

(2) that make it easier to carry out an audit.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1274; Pub. L. 104–316, title I, §127(f), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3840.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47121(a) | 49 App.:2217(a) (1st sentence). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §518, 96 Stat. 693. |

47121(b) | 49 App.:2217(b) (1st sentence). | |

47121(c) | 49 App.:2217(c). | |

47121(d) | 49 App.:2217(b) (last sentence). | |

47121(e) | 49 App.:2217(a) (last sentence). | |

47121(f) | 49 App.:2217(d). |


In subsections (a)–(d), the word "sponsor" is substituted for "recipient of a grant under this chapter" and "recipient" for clarity.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "The Secretary may require records" are substituted for "including records" for clarity. In clause (1), before subclause (A), the word "fully" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "or any of their duly authorized representatives" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(b) and 31:711. The words "may audit and examine" are substituted for "shall have access for the purpose of audit and examination" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "books, documents, papers" are omitted as being included in "records".

In subsection (e), the words "minimum necessary to carry out" are substituted for "that such requirements are kept to the minimum level necessary for the proper administration of" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (f), the words "or any officer or employee under the control of either of them" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(b) and 31:711.

**1996**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–316, in first sentence, substituted "Secretary" for "Comptroller General", in second sentence, substituted "The Comptroller General may" for "Not later than April 15 of each year, the Comptroller General shall", and struck out at end "The Comptroller General shall prescribe regulations necessary to carry out this subsection."

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1275.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47122(a) | 49 App.:2218(a). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §519(a), 96 Stat. 694; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §112(1), 101 Stat. 1504. |

47122(b) | 49 App.:1354(c) (related to Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §313(c) (related to Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982), 72 Stat. 753; Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §524(a)(2), 96 Stat. 696. |


Subsection (a) is substituted for 49 App.:2218(a) to eliminate unnecessary words.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A) an airport sponsored by an Indian tribal government; or

(B) an airport located on an Indian reservation.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1275; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §153, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3216.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47123 | 49 App.:2219. | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §520, 96 Stat. 694. |


The words "as the Secretary deems" and "the purposes of" are omitted as surplus. The words "The regulations shall be similar to those in effect under" are substituted for "and may enforce this section, and any rules promulgated under this section, through agency and department provisions and rules which shall be similar to those established and in effect under" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words and because "rules" and "regulations" are synonymous. The words "The provisions of . . . and not in lieu of the provisions of" are omitted as surplus. The word "is" is substituted for "shall be considered to be" to eliminate unnecessary words.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 88–352, July 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 241. Title VI of the Act is classified generally to subchapter V (§2000d et seq.) of chapter 21 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2000a of Title 42 and Tables.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b).

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(i) for the 1-year period after such determination is made; or

(ii) if an appeal of such determination is requested, for the 1-year period described in subsection (d)(4)(D)..1

(C)

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) utilize for purposes of cost-benefit analyses, current, actual, site-specific data, forecast estimates, or airport master plan data provided by a facility owner or operator and verified by the Secretary; and

(ii) approve for participation only facilities willing to fund a pro rata share of the operating costs of the air traffic control tower to achieve a 1-to-1 benefit-to-cost ratio using actual site-specific contract tower operating costs in any case in which there is an operating air traffic control tower, as required for eligibility under the Contract Tower Program.

(C)

(i) Air traffic control towers that are participating in the Contract Tower Program but have been notified that they will be terminated from such program because the Secretary has determined that the benefit-to-cost ratio for their continuation in such program is less than 1.0.

(ii) Air traffic control towers that the Secretary determines have a benefit-to-cost ratio of at least .50.

(iii) Air traffic control towers of the Federal Aviation Administration that are closed as a result of the air traffic controllers strike in 1981.

(iv) Air traffic control towers located at airports or points at which an air carrier is receiving compensation under the essential air service program under this chapter.

(v) Air traffic control towers located at airports that are prepared to assume partial responsibility for maintenance costs.

(vi) Air traffic control towers located at airports with safety or operational problems related to topography, weather, runway configuration, or mix of aircraft.

(vii) Air traffic control towers located at an airport at which the community has been operating the tower at its own expense.

(D)

(E)

(F)

(G)

(4)

(A)

(i) a primary airport—

(I) from amounts made available under sections 47114(c)(1) and 47114(c)(2) for the construction or improvement of a nonapproach control tower, as defined by the Secretary, and for the acquisition and installation of air traffic control, communications, and related equipment to be used in that tower;

(II) from amounts made available under sections 47114(c)(1) and 47114(c)(2) for reimbursement for the cost of construction or improvement of a nonapproach control tower, as defined by the Secretary, incurred after October 1, 1996, if the sponsor complied with the requirements of sections 47107(e), 47112(b), and 47112(c) in constructing or improving that tower; and

(III) from amounts made available under sections 47114(c)(1) and 47114(c)(2) for reimbursement for the cost of acquiring and installing in that tower air traffic control, communications, and related equipment that was acquired or installed after October 1, 1996, including remote air traffic control tower equipment certified by the Federal Aviation Administration; and

(ii) a public-use airport that is not a primary airport—

(I) from amounts made available under sections 47114(c)(2) and 47114(d) for the construction or improvement of a nonapproach control tower, as defined by the Secretary, and for the acquisition and installation of air traffic control, communications, and related equipment to be used in that tower;

(II) from amounts made available under sections 47114(c)(2) and 47114(d)(3)(A) for reimbursement for the cost of construction or improvement of a nonapproach control tower, as defined by the Secretary, incurred after October 1, 1996, if the sponsor complied with the requirements of sections 47107(e), 47112(b), and 47112(c) in constructing or improving that tower; and

(III) from amounts made available under sections 47114(c)(2) and 47114(d)(3)(A) for reimbursement for the cost of acquiring and installing in that tower air traffic control, communications, and related equipment that was acquired or installed after October 1, 1996, including remote air traffic control tower equipment certified by the Federal Aviation Administration.

(B)

(i)(I) the sponsor is a participant in the Federal Aviation Administration Contract Tower Program or the Cost-share Program; or

(II) construction of a nonapproach control tower would qualify the sponsor to be eligible to participate in such program;

(ii) the sponsor certifies that it will pay not less than 10 percent of the cost of the activities for which the sponsor is receiving assistance under this paragraph;

(iii) the Secretary affirmatively accepts the proposed contract tower into a contract tower program under this section and certifies that the Secretary will seek future appropriations to pay the Federal Aviation Administration's cost of the contract to operate the tower to be constructed under this paragraph;

(iv) the sponsor certifies that it will pay its share of the cost of the contract to operate the tower to be constructed under this paragraph; and

(v) in the case of a tower to be constructed under this paragraph from amounts made available under section 47114(d)(2) or 47114(d)(3)(B), the Secretary certifies that—

(I) the Federal Aviation Administration has consulted the State within the borders of which the tower is to be constructed and the State supports the construction of the tower as part of its State airport capital plan; and

(II) the selection of the tower for funding is based on objective criteria.

(c)

(d)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(i) by more than 25 percent from the previous year; or

(ii) by more than 55 percent cumulatively in the preceding 3-year period.

(2)

(A) The Federal Aviation Administration's actual cost of wages and benefits of personnel working at the tower.

(B) The Federal Aviation Administration's actual telecommunications costs directly associated with the tower.

(C) The Federal Aviation Administration's costs of purchasing and installing any air traffic control equipment that would not have been purchased or installed except as a result of the operation of the tower.

(D) The Federal Aviation Administration's actual travel costs associated with maintaining air traffic control equipment that is owned by the Administration and would not be maintained except as a result of the operation of the tower.

(E) Other actual costs of the Federal Aviation Administration directly associated with the tower that would not be incurred except as a result of the operation of the tower (excluding costs for noncontract tower-related personnel and equipment, even if the personnel or equipment is located in the contract tower building).

(3)

(4)

(A) The Secretary shall provide the airport (or the State or local government having jurisdiction over the airport) at least 90 days following the date of receipt of the determination to submit to the Secretary a request for an appeal of the determination, together with updated or additional data in support of the appeal.

(B) Upon receipt of a request for an appeal submitted pursuant to subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall—

(i) transmit to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration any updated or additional data submitted in support of the appeal; and

(ii) provide the Administrator not more than 90 days to review the data and provide a response to the Secretary based on the review.

(C) After receiving a response from the Administrator pursuant to subparagraph (B), the Secretary shall—

(i) provide the airport, State, or local government that requested the appeal at least 30 days to review the response; and

(ii) withhold from taking further action in connection with the appeal during that 30-day period.

(D) If, after completion of the appeal procedures with respect to the determination, the Secretary requires the tower to transition into the Cost-share Program, the Secretary shall not require a cost-share payment from the airport, State, or local government for 1 year following the last day of the 30-day period described in subparagraph (C).

(e)

(1)

(2)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1276; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §131, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 78; Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §370(b)(1), (2), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 425, 426; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §105, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2498; Pub. L. 112–55, div. C, title I, §119, Nov. 18, 2011, 125 Stat. 649; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §147, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 30; Pub. L. 113–76, div. L, title I, §118, Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 581; Pub. L. 113–235, div. K, title I, §118, Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2704; Pub. L. 114–55, title I, §102(c), Sept. 30, 2015, 129 Stat. 523; Pub. L. 114–141, title I, §102(c), Mar. 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 323; Pub. L. 114–190, title I, §1102(c), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 617; Pub. L. 115–63, title I, §102(d), Sept. 29, 2017, 131 Stat. 1169; Pub. L. 115–141, div. M, title I, §102(c), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1046; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §133(a)–(c), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3206–3208.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47124(a) | 49 App.:2222. | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §526, 96 Stat. 698. |

47124(b)(1) | 49 App.:2222 (note). | Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §306, 101 Stat. 1526. |

47124(b)(2) | 49 App.:1344(h). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 747, §303(h); added Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §201(a), 106 Stat. 4890. |


In subsection (a), the words "In the powers granted under section 2218 of this Appendix" and "contract or other" are omitted as surplus. The word "relieves" is substituted for "contain, among others, a provision relieving", and the words "from any liability arising out of, or related to" are substituted for "of any and all liability for the payment of any claim or other obligation arising out of or in connection with", to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "in effect" are omitted as surplus. The words "on December 30, 1987" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b)(2), the word "Secretary" is substituted for "Administrator" for consistency in the chapter.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(B), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

**2018**—Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §133(a)(1), substituted "under the Contract Tower Program" for "under the program continued under this paragraph" and "exceeds the benefit—" and cls. (i) and (ii) for "exceeds the benefit for a period of 18 months after such determination is made".

Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 115–254, §133(c)(1), substituted "the Cost-share Program" for "the program established under paragraph (3)".

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §133(c)(2)(A), substituted "Cost-share program" for "Contract air traffic control tower program" in heading.

Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §133(c)(2)(B), substituted "Contract Tower Program" for "contract tower program established under subsection (a) and continued under paragraph (1) (in this paragraph referred to as the 'Contract Tower Program')".

Subsec. (b)(3)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §133(c)(2)(C), substituted "In carrying out the Cost-share Program" for "In carrying out the program" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Pub. L. 115–254, §133(c)(2)(D), substituted "participate in the Cost-share Program" for "participate in the program" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(3)(D). Pub. L. 115–254, §133(a)(2), substituted "under the Cost-share Program" for "under the program" and inserted at end "Airports with air service provided under part 121 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, and more than 25,000 passenger enplanements in calendar year 2014 shall be exempt from any cost-share requirement under this paragraph."

Subsec. (b)(3)(E). Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "2012 through 2018" for "2012 through 2017 and not more than $5,160,822 for the period beginning on October 1, 2017, and ending on March 31, 2018,".

Subsec. (b)(3)(F). Pub. L. 115–254, §133(c)(2)(E), substituted "the Contract Tower Program" for "the program continued under paragraph (1)".

Subsec. (b)(3)(G). Pub. L. 115–254, §133(a)(4), added subpar. (G).

Subsec. (b)(4)(A)(i)(III), (ii)(III). Pub. L. 115–254, §133(a)(3)(A), inserted ", including remote air traffic control tower equipment certified by the Federal Aviation Administration" after "1996".

Subsec. (b)(4)(B)(i)(I). Pub. L. 115–254, §133(a)(3)(B), substituted "Contract Tower Program or the Cost-share Program" for "contract tower program established under subsection (a) and continued under paragraph (1) or the pilot program established under paragraph (3)".

Subsec. (b)(4)(C). Pub. L. 115–254, §133(a)(3)(C), struck out subpar. (C). Text read as follows: "The Federal share of the cost of construction of a nonapproach control tower under this paragraph may not exceed $2,000,000."

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 115–254, §133(b), added subsecs. (d) and (e).

**2017**—Subsec. (b)(3)(E). Pub. L. 115–63 inserted "and not more than $5,160,822 for the period beginning on October 1, 2017, and ending on March 31, 2018," after "fiscal years 2012 through 2017".

**2016**—Subsec. (b)(3)(E). Pub. L. 114–190 substituted "fiscal years 2012 through 2017" for "fiscal years 2012 through 2015 and not more than $8,193,750 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on July 15, 2016,".

Pub. L. 114–141 substituted "$8,193,750 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on July 15, 2016," for "$5,175,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on March 31, 2016,".

**2015**—Subsec. (b)(3)(E). Pub. L. 114–55 inserted "and not more than $5,175,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on March 31, 2016," after "fiscal years 2012 through 2015".

**2014**—Subsec. (b)(3)(D). Pub. L. 113–76 and Pub. L. 113–235, which identically directed substitution of "benefit, with the maximum allowable local cost share capped at 20 percent." for "benefit.", could not be executed because of the prior amendment by Pub. L. 112–55. See 2011 Amendment note below.

**2012**—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 112–95, §147(a)(1), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), inserted par. and subpar. headings, and added subpars. (B) and (C).

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 112–95, §147(a)(2), inserted heading.

Subsec. (b)(3)(E), (F). Pub. L. 112–95, §147(b), added subpars. (E) and (F) and struck out former subpar. (E). Prior to amendment, text of subpar. (E) read as follows: "Of the amounts appropriated pursuant to section 106(k), not more than $6,500,000 for fiscal 2004, $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2005, $7,500,000 for fiscal year 2006, and $8,000,000 for fiscal year 2007 may be used to carry out this paragraph."

Subsec. (b)(4)(C). Pub. L. 112–95, §147(c), substituted "$2,000,000" for "$1,500,000".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–95, §147(d), added subsec. (c).

**2011**—Subsec. (b)(3)(D). Pub. L. 112–55 substituted "benefit, with the maximum allowable local cost share capped at 20 percent." for "benefit."

**2003**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–176, §105(1), added subsec. (a) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (a). Text read as follows: "The Secretary of Transportation shall ensure that an agreement under this subchapter with a State or a political subdivision of a State to allow the State or subdivision to operate an airport facility in the State or subdivision relieves the United States Government from any liability arising out of, or related to, acts or omissions of employees of the State or subdivision in operating the airport facility."

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 108–176, §105(2), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "The Secretary may make a contract, on a sole source basis, with a State or a political subdivision of a State to allow the State or subdivision to operate an airport traffic control tower classified as a level I (Visual Flight Rules) tower if the Secretary decides that the State or subdivision has the capability to comply with the requirements of this paragraph. The contract shall require that the State or subdivision comply with applicable safety regulations in operating the facility and with applicable competition requirements in making a subcontract to perform work to carry out the contract."

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 108–176, §105(3)(A), (B), struck out "

Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 108–7, §370(b)(2)(A), substituted "nonapproach control towers, as defined by the Secretary," for "Level I air traffic control towers, as defined by the Secretary,".

Subsec. (b)(3)(E). Pub. L. 108–176, §105(3)(C), substituted "$6,500,000 for fiscal 2004, $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2005, $7,500,000 for fiscal year 2006, and $8,000,000 for fiscal year 2007" for "$6,000,000 per fiscal year".

Pub. L. 108–7, §370(b)(2)(B), substituted "Of" for "Subject to paragraph (4)(D), of".

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 108–7, §370(b)(1), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, par. authorized the Secretary to provide grants under this subchapter to not more than two airport sponsors for the construction of a low-level activity visual flight rule (level 1) air traffic control tower.

Subsec. (b)(4)(C). Pub. L. 108–176, §105(4), substituted "$1,500,000" for "$1,100,000".

**2000**—Subsec. (b)(3), (4). Pub. L. 106–181 added pars. (3) and (4).

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §370(b)(3), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 426, provided that: "Notwithstanding the amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 47102 of this title], the towers for which assistance is being provided on the day before the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 20, 2003] under section 47124(b)(4) of title 49, United States Code, as in effect on such day, may continue to be provided such assistance under the terms of such section."

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §133(d), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3209, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §370(c), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 426, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) shall be negotiated under such procedures as the Administrator considers necessary to ensure the integrity of the selection process, the safety of air travel, and to protect the interests of the United States;

"(B) may provide a lease option to the United States, to be exercised at the discretion of the Administrator, to occupy any general-purpose space in a facility covered by the agreement;

"(C) shall not require, unless specifically determined otherwise by the Administrator, Federal ownership of a facility covered under the agreement after the expiration of the agreement;

"(D) shall describe the consideration, duties, and responsibilities for which the United States and the private entity are responsible;

"(E) shall provide that the United States will not be liable for any action, debt, or liability of any entity created by the agreement;

"(F) shall provide that the private entity may not execute any instrument or document creating or evidencing any indebtedness with respect to a facility covered by the agreement unless such instrument or document specifically disclaims any liability of the United States under the instrument or document; and

"(G) shall include such other terms and conditions as the Administrator considers appropriate."

Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §370(d), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 427, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

Pub. L. 103–305, title V, §508, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1596, provided that: "The Secretary shall take appropriate action to assist communities where the Secretary deems such assistance appropriate in obtaining the installation of a Level I Contract Tower for those communities."

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(d) 1 only if—

(1) the Administrator determines, based on information in the possession of the Administrator, that the Administrator may withhold the information in accordance with section 552a of title 5, United States Code; or

(2) the information is submitted pursuant to a voluntary safety reporting program covered by section 40123 of title 49, United States Code.

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §395(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3326.)

Section 2 of the Pilot's Bill of Rights, referred to in subsec. (a)(5), is section 2 of Pub. L. 112–153, which is set out as a note under section 44703 of this title.

The date of enactment of the Fairness for Pilots Act, referred to in subsec. (c), is the date of enactment of subtitle C of title III of div. B of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.

1 So in original. Probably should be "this section".

(a)

(b)

(1) a national park, national monument, national recreation area, or similar area under the administration of the National Park Service;

(2) a unit of the National Wildlife Refuge System or similar area under the jurisdiction of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service; or

(3) a national forest or Indian reservation.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1276; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §125(b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 75.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47125(a) | 49 App.:2215(a), (b). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §516, 96 Stat. 692. |

47125(b) | 49 App.:2215(c). |


In subsection (a), the text of 49 App.:2215(a) (last sentence) is omitted as surplus because a "property interest in land or airspace" necessarily includes "title to . . . land or any easement through . . . airspace". The words "when necessary" are substituted for "whenever the Secretary determines that use of any lands owned or controlled by the United States is reasonably necessary for", and the words "for the future development" are substituted for "including lands reasonably necessary to meet future development", to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "not later than 4 months after receiving the request" are substituted for "Upon receipt of a request from the Secretary under this section" and "within a period of four months after receipt of the Secretary's request" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "make the conveyance" are substituted for "perform any acts and to execute any instruments necessary to make the conveyance requested", and the words "that the property interest conveyed reverts to the Government . . . to the extent it is not" are substituted for "the property interest conveyed shall revert to the United States in the event that the lands in question are not" and "If only a part of the property interest conveyed is not developed for airport purposes, or used in a manner consistent with the terms of the conveyance, only that particular part shall, at the option of the Secretary, revert to the United States", to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the terms of" are omitted as surplus.

**2000**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–181 inserted at end "Before waiving a condition that property be used for an aeronautical purpose under the preceding sentence, the Secretary must provide notice to the public not less than 30 days before waiving such condition."

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 to be construed to authorize Secretary of Transportation to issue waiver or make a modification referred to in such amendment, see section 125(e) of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 47107 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, §817, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 127, as amended by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §141, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3211, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) The applicable airport, city, or county shall agree that in conveying any interest in the real property which the United States conveyed to the airport, city, or county, the airport, city, or county will receive consideration for such interest that is equal to its fair market value.

"(2) Any consideration received by the airport, city, or county under paragraph (1) shall be used exclusively for the development, improvement, operation, or maintenance of a public airport by the airport, city, or county.

"(3) Any other conditions required by the Secretary."

A person (including an officer, agent, or employee of the United States Government or a public agency) shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both, if the person, with intent to defraud the Government, knowingly makes—

(1) a false statement about the kind, quantity, quality, or cost of the material used or to be used, or the quantity, quality, or cost of work performed or to be performed, in connection with the submission of a plan, map, specification, contract, or estimate of project cost for a project included in a grant application submitted to the Secretary of Transportation for approval under this subchapter;

(2) a false statement or claim for work or material for a project included in a grant application approved by the Secretary under this subchapter; or

(3) a false statement in a report or certification required under this subchapter.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1277.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47126 | 49 App.:2216. | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §517, 96 Stat. 693. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "association, firm, or corporation" are omitted because of 1:1. The words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "a fine of not to exceed $10,000" for consistency with title 18. In clauses (1)–(3), the words "false representation" are omitted as surplus. In clauses (1) and (2), the words "false report" are omitted as surplus. The words "included in a grant application" are added for clarity and consistency in this chapter. In clause (3), the words "to be made" are omitted as surplus.

(a)

(b)

(1) affects an airport in an area with an operating regional rapid transit system with existing facilities reasonably near the airport;

(2) includes connection of the airport terminal to that system;

(3) is consistent with and supports a regional airport system plan adopted by the planning agency for the region and submitted to the Secretary; and

(4) improves access to air transportation for individuals residing or working in the region by encouraging the optimal balance of use of airports in the region.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1277.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47127(a) | 49 App.:1713a(1). | July 12, 1976, Pub. L. 94–353, §23(a), 90 Stat. 884. |

47127(b) | 49 App.:1713a(2). |


In subsection (a), the words "To improve" are substituted for "which he determines will assist the improvement of" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(2), the word "facilities" is omitted as surplus.

Section 13(b) of the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970, referred to in subsec. (a), is section 13(b) of Pub. L. 91–258, which was classified to section 1713(b) of former Title 49, Transportation, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 97–248, title V, §523(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 695.

(a)

(b)

(1) deciding the State has an organization capable of effectively administering a block grant made under this section;

(2) deciding the State uses a satisfactory airport system planning process;

(3) deciding the State uses a programming process acceptable to the Secretary;

(4) finding that the State has agreed to comply with United States Government standard requirements for administering the block grant, including the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.), State and local environmental policy acts, Executive orders, agency regulations and guidance, and other Federal environmental requirements; and

(5) finding that the State has agreed to provide the Secretary with program information the Secretary requires.

(c)

(d)

(1) coordinate and consult with the State;

(2) use the environmental analysis prepared by the State for the project or activity if such analysis is adequate; and

(3) as necessary, consult with the State to describe the supplemental analysis the State must provide to meet applicable Federal requirements.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1277; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(70), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4387; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §147(a)–(c)(1), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3223; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(84), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3397; Pub. L. 105–102, §3(d)(1)(E), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §138, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 85; Pub. L. 112–95, title V, §502, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 103; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §139, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3210.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47128(a) | 49 App.:2227(a) (1st sentence), (b) (1st sentence). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §534; added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §116, 101 Stat. 1507; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9114, 104 Stat. 1388–364; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §116, 106 Stat. 4881. |

47128(b)(1) | 49 App.:2227(c) (1st, 2d sentences). | |

47128(b)(2) | 49 App.:2227(b) (last sentence). | |

47128(c) | 49 App.:2227(c) (last sentence). | |

47128(d) | 49 App.:2227(a) (last sentence), (d). |


In subsection (a), the words "Not later than 180 days after December 30, 1987" and "to become effective on October 1, 1989" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (b)(1)(A), the words "agency or" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1)(D), the words "procedural and other" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the text of 49 App.:2227(d) is omitted as executed.

This amends 49:47128(c) to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1278).

This makes a clarifying amendment to the catchline for 49:47128(d).

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsec. (b)(4), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "not more than 20 qualified States for each fiscal year" for "not more than 9 qualified States for fiscal years 2000 and 2001 and 10 qualified States for each fiscal year thereafter".

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–95, §502(a), substituted "issue guidance" for "prescribe regulations" in first sentence and "guidance" for "regulations" in second sentence.

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 112–95, §502(b), inserted before semicolon ", including the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.), State and local environmental policy acts, Executive orders, agency regulations and guidance, and other Federal environmental requirements".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–95, §502(c), added subsec. (d).

**2000**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–181 substituted "9 qualified States for fiscal years 2000 and 2001 and 10 qualified States for each fiscal year thereafter" for "8 qualified States for fiscal year 1997 and 9 qualified States for each fiscal year thereafter".

**1997**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–102 repealed Pub. L. 104–287, §5(84). See 1996 Amendment note below.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–264, §147(c)(1)(A), substituted "grant program" for "grant pilot program" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–264, §147(a)(1), (c)(1)(B), substituted "block grant program" for "block grant pilot program" and "8 qualified States for fiscal year 1997 and 9 qualified States for each fiscal year thereafter" for "7 qualified States".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–264, §147(a)(2), (3), struck out "(1)" before "A State wishing", redesignated subpars. (A) to (E) as pars. (1) to (5), respectively, and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "For the fiscal years ending September 30, 1993–1996, the States selected shall include Illinois, Missouri, and North Carolina."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–264, §147(b), substituted "(b)(2) or (b)(3)" for "(b)(1)(B) or (C)" and inserted at end "In carrying out this subsection, the Secretary shall permit a State to use the priority system of the State if such system is not inconsistent with the national priority system."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(84), which directed amendment of heading by striking "and report", was repealed by Pub. L. 105–102.

Pub. L. 104–264, §147(c)(1)(C), struck out subsec. (d) which read as follows:

"(d)

**1994**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "subsection (b)(1)(B) or (C)" for "subsection (b)(2) or (3)".

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 105–102, §3(d), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, provided that the amendment made by section 3(d)(1)(E) is effective Oct. 11, 1996.

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–102 effective as if included in the provisions of the Act to which the amendment relates, see section 3(f) of Pub. L. 105–102, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(A) a written request for such determination is filed with the Secretary by such owner or operator; or

(B) a written complaint requesting such determination is filed with the Secretary by an affected air carrier or foreign air carrier within 60 days after such carrier receives written notice of the establishment or increase of such fee.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(b)

(1) the procedures for acting upon any written request or complaint filed under subsection (a)(1); and

(2) the standards or guidelines that shall be used by the Secretary in determining under this section whether an airport fee is reasonable.

(c)

(1) Not more than 120 days after an air carrier or foreign air carrier files with the Secretary a written complaint relating to an airport fee, the Secretary shall issue a final order determining whether such fee is reasonable.

(2) Within 30 days after such complaint is filed with the Secretary, the Secretary shall dismiss the complaint if no significant dispute exists or shall assign the matter to an administrative law judge; and thereafter the matter shall be handled in accordance with part 302 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, or as modified by the Secretary to ensure an orderly disposition of the matter within the 120-day period and any specifically applicable provisions of this section.

(3) The administrative law judge shall issue a recommended decision within 60 days after the complaint is assigned or within such shorter period as the Secretary may specify.

(4) If the Secretary, upon the expiration of 120 days after the filing of the complaint, has not issued a final order, the decision of the administrative law judge shall be deemed to be the final order of the Secretary.

(5) Any party to the dispute may seek review of a final order of the Secretary under this subsection in the Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit or the court of appeals in the circuit where the airport which gives rise to the written complaint is located.

(6) Any findings of fact in a final order of the Secretary under this subsection, if supported by substantial evidence, shall be conclusive if challenged in a court pursuant to this subsection. No objection to such a final order shall be considered by the court unless objection was urged before an administrative law judge or the Secretary at a proceeding under this subsection or, if not so urged, unless there were reasonable grounds for failure to do so.

(d)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(2)

(e)

(1) a fee imposed pursuant to a written agreement with air carriers or foreign air carriers using the facilities of an airport;

(2) a fee imposed pursuant to a financing agreement or covenant entered into prior to August 23, 1994; or

(3) any other existing fee not in dispute as of August 23, 1994.

(f)

(1) the rights of any party under any existing written agreement between an air carrier or foreign air carrier and the owner or operator of an airport; or

(2) the ability of an airport to meet its obligations under a financing agreement, or covenant, that is in force as of August 23, 1994.

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §113(a)(2), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1577; amended Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §149(d), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3227; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(85), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3397; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §148(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 31.)

This amends 49:47129(a)(1) to conform to the style of title 49.

These set out the date of enactment of 49:47129.

A prior section 47129 was renumbered section 47131 of this title.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–95, §148(a)(1), substituted "Resolution of disputes concerning airport fees" for "Resolution of airport-air carrier disputes concerning airport fees" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–95, §148(a)(6), (7), substituted "air carriers or foreign air carriers" for "air carriers" and "(as those terms are defined in section 40102)" for "(as defined in section 40102 of this title)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 112–95, §148(a)(4), substituted "air carrier or foreign air carrier" for "air carrier".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 112–95, §148(a)(4), substituted "air carrier or foreign air carrier" for "air carrier".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–95, §148(a)(2), inserted "and Foreign Air Carrier" after "Carrier" in heading.

Subsec. (d)(1)(A) to (C). Pub. L. 112–95, §148(a)(4), substituted "air carrier or foreign air carrier" for "air carrier" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 112–95, §148(a)(3)–(5), inserted "and foreign air carrier" after "carrier" in heading and, in text, substituted "air carrier's or foreign air carrier's" for "air carrier's" in two places and "air carrier or foreign air carrier" for "air carrier".

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 112–95, §148(a)(6), substituted "air carriers or foreign air carriers" for "air carriers".

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 112–95, §148(a)(4), substituted "air carrier or foreign air carrier" for "air carrier".

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(85)(A), substituted "of this title" for "of this subtitle" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 104–264 added par. (4).

Subsecs. (b), (e)(2). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(85)(B), substituted "August 23, 1994" for "the date of the enactment of this section".

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(85)(C), substituted "August 23, 1994" for "such date of enactment".

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(85)(B), substituted "August 23, 1994" for "the date of the enactment of this section".

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may award a contract, using sole source or limited source authority, or enter into a cooperative agreement with, or provide a grant from amounts made available under section 48103 to, a private company or entity for the collection of airport safety data. In the event that a grant is provided under this section, the United States Government's share of the cost of the data collection shall be 100 percent.

(Added Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §118(a), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1580; amended Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §154, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2507.)

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–176 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may contract, using sole source or limited source authority, for the collection of airport safety data."

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1) a summary of airport development and planning completed;

(2) a summary of individual grants issued;

(3) an accounting of discretionary and apportioned funds allocated;

(4) the allocation of appropriations; and

(5) a detailed statement listing airports that the Secretary believes are not in compliance with grant assurances or other requirements with respect to airport lands and including the circumstances of such noncompliance, the timelines for corrective action, and the corrective action the Secretary intends to take to bring the airport sponsor into compliance.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1278, §47129; renumbered §47131, Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §113(a)(1), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1577; amended Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §722, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 165; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §152(c), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 34.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47129 | 49 App.:2220. | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §521, 96 Stat. 694. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "on activities carried out" are substituted for "describing his operations" for clarity.

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–95 substituted "June 1" for "April 1" in introductory provisions, added pars. (1) to (4), and struck out former pars. (1) to (4) which read as follows:

"(1) a detailed statement of airport development completed;

"(2) the status of each project undertaken;

"(3) the allocation of appropriations;

"(4) an itemized statement of expenditures and receipts; and".

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, added par. (5) of subsec. (a), and added subsec. (b).

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–305 renumbered section 47129 of this title as this section.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Section, added Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §142(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3221, temporarily directed the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to issue guidelines to carry out not more than 10 pavement maintenance pilot projects.

Repeal applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1) the airport;

(2) the local airport system; or

(3) any other local facility that is owned or operated by the person or entity that owns or operates the airport that is directly and substantially related to the air transportation of passengers or property.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) the sale is approved by the Secretary;

(B) funding is provided under this subchapter for any portion of the public sponsor's acquisition of airport land; and

(C) an amount equal to the remaining unamortized portion of any airport improvement grant made to that airport for purposes other than land acquisition, amortized over a 20-year period, plus an amount equal to the Federal share of the current fair market value of any land acquired with an airport improvement grant made to that airport on or after October 1, 1996, is repaid to the Secretary by the private owner.

(3)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 104–264, title VIII, §804(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3271; amended Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §149(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 32.)

**2012**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–95, designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added pars. (2) and (3).

Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §149(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 32, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to grants issued on or after October 1, 1996."

Except as otherwise specifically provided, section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, §813, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 124, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) enters into a written agreement with the Administrator that sets forth a 5-year capital improvement program for the airport, which—

"(A) includes the projected costs for the operation, maintenance, and capacity needs of the airport in order to comply with applicable design and safety standards of the Administration; and

"(B) appropriately adjusts such costs to account for inflation;

"(2) agrees in writing—

"(A) to waive all rights to receive entitlement funds or discretionary funds to be used at the airport under section 47114 or 47115 of title 49, United States Code, during the 5-year period of the capital improvement plan described in paragraph (1);

"(B) to perpetually comply with sections 47107(b) and 47133 of such title, unless granted specific exceptions by the Administrator in accordance with this section; and

"(C) to operate the airport as a public-use airport, unless the Administrator specifically grants a request to allow the airport to close; and

"(3) complies with all grant assurance obligations in effect as of the date of the enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012] during the 20-year period beginning on the date of enactment of this Act.

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A)

(i) in the case of a primary airport, by at least 65 percent of the scheduled air carriers serving the airport and by scheduled and nonscheduled air carriers whose aircraft landing at the airport during the preceding calendar year, had a total landed weight during the preceding calendar year of at least 65 percent of the total landed weight of all aircraft landing at the airport during such year; or

(ii) in the case of a nonprimary airport, by the Secretary after the airport has consulted with at least 65 percent of the owners of aircraft based at that airport, as determined by the Secretary.

(B)

(C)

(2)

(3)

(c)

(1) The airport will continue to be available for public use on reasonable terms and conditions and without unjust discrimination.

(2) The operation of the airport will not be interrupted in the event that the purchaser or lessee becomes insolvent or seeks or becomes subject to any State or Federal bankruptcy, reorganization, insolvency, liquidation, or dissolution proceeding or any petition or similar law seeking the dissolution or reorganization of the purchaser or lessee or the appointment of a receiver, trustee, custodian, or liquidator for the purchaser or lessee or a substantial part of the purchaser or lessee's property, assets, or business.

(3) The purchaser or lessee will maintain, improve, and modernize the facilities of the airport through capital investments and will submit to the Secretary a plan for carrying out such maintenance, improvements, and modernization.

(4) Every fee of the airport imposed on an air carrier on the day before the date of the lease of the airport will not increase faster than the rate of inflation unless a higher amount is approved—

(A) by at least 65 percent of the air carriers serving the airport; and

(B) by air carriers whose aircraft landing at the airport during the preceding calendar year had a total landed weight during the preceding calendar year of at least 65 percent of the total landed weight of all aircraft landing at the airport during such year.

(5) The percentage increase in fees imposed on general aviation aircraft at the airport will not exceed the percentage increase in fees imposed on air carriers at the airport.

(6) Safety and security at the airport will be maintained at the highest possible levels.

(7) The adverse effects of noise from operations at the airport will be mitigated to the same extent as at a public airport.

(8) Any adverse effects on the environment from airport operations will be mitigated to the same extent as at a public airport.

(9) Any collective bargaining agreement that covers employees of the airport and is in effect on the date of the sale or lease of the airport will not be abrogated by the sale or lease.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1) imposing a passenger facility charge under section 40117 of this title;

(2) receiving apportionments under section 47114 of this title; or

(3) collecting reasonable rental charges, landing fees, and other service charges from aircraft operators under section 40116(e)(2) of this title.

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(Added Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §149(a)(1), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3224; amended Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §155(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2508; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §§111(c)(2)(A)(iv), 156, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 18, 36; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §160(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3220.)

The Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is title V of Pub. L. 97–248, Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 671, which was classified principally to chapter 31 (§2201 et seq.) of former Title 49, Transportation, and was substantially repealed by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, and reenacted by the first section thereof as this subchapter.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §160(a)(1), substituted "Airport investment partnership program" for "Pilot program on private ownership of airports" in section catchline.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §160(a)(2), struck out ", with respect to not more than 10 airports," after "approve" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §160(a)(3), substituted "If the Secretary grants an exemption to a sponsor pursuant to paragraph (1), the Secretary shall grant an exemption to the sponsor" for "The Secretary may grant an exemption to a sponsor".

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §160(a)(4), substituted "If the Secretary grants an exemption to a sponsor pursuant to paragraph (1), the Secretary shall grant an exemption to the corresponding purchaser or lessee" for "The Secretary may grant an exemption to a purchaser or lessee".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, §160(a)(5), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) related to participation of general aviation airports and large hub airports.

Subsecs. (l), (m). Pub. L. 115–254, §160(a)(6), added subsec. (l) and struck out former subsecs. (l) and (m) which related to report on implementation of the pilot program and defined "general aviation airport", respectively.

**2012**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–95, §156, substituted "10 airports" for "5 airports" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 112–95, §111(c)(2)(A)(iv), substituted "charge" for "fee".

**2003**—Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 108–176, §155(a)(1), added cls. (i) and (ii) and struck out former cls. (i) and (ii) which read as follows:

"(i) by at least 65 percent of the air carriers serving the airport; and

"(ii) by air carriers whose aircraft landing at the airport during the preceding calendar year had a total landed weight during the preceding calendar year of at least 65 percent of the total landed weight of all aircraft landing at the airport during such year."

Subsec. (b)(1)(B), (C). Pub. L. 108–176, §155(a)(2), (3), added subpar. (B) and redesignated former subpar. (B) as (C).

Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §155(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2508, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall not affect any application submitted before the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2003]."

Except as otherwise specifically provided, section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) payment of interest;

(B) commercial bond insurance and other credit enhancement associated with airport bonds for eligible airport development;

(C) flexible non-Federal matching requirements; and

(D) use of funds apportioned under section 47114 for the payment of principal and interest of terminal development for costs incurred before the date of the enactment of this section.

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §132(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 80; amended Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §156, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2508.)

The date of enactment of the Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 108–176, which was approved Dec. 12, 2003.

The date of the enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(D), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–181, which was approved Apr. 5, 2000.

**2003**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–176 inserted ", after the date of enactment of the Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act," after "approve" in first sentence.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1) activities associated with the acquisition, by purchase or lease, and operation of eligible zero-emission vehicles and equipment, including removable power sources for such vehicles; and

(2) the construction or modification of infrastructure to facilitate the delivery of fuel, power or services necessary for the use of such vehicles.

(b)

(1) used exclusively on airport property; or

(2) used exclusively to transport passengers and employees between the airport and—

(A) nearby facilities which are owned or controlled by the airport or which otherwise directly support the functions or services provided by the airport; or

(B) an intermodal surface transportation facility adjacent to the airport.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(A) technical assistance; and

(B) project management support to assist the airport with the solicitation, acquisition, and deployment of zero-emission vehicles, related equipment, and supporting infrastructure.

(2)

(A) a nonprofit organization selected by the Secretary; or

(B) a university transportation center receiving grants under section 5505 in the region of the airport.

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(1)

(2)

(j)

(1)

(A) used exclusively on airport property; or

(B) used exclusively to transport passengers and employees between the airport and—

(i) nearby facilities which are owned or controlled by the airport or which otherwise directly support the functions or services provided by the airport; or

(ii) an intermodal surface transportation facility adjacent to the airport.

(2)

(3)

(A) a zero-emission vehicle as defined in section 88.102–94 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations; or

(B) a vehicle that produces zero exhaust emissions of any criteria pollutant (or precursor pollutant) under any possible operational modes and conditions.

(Added Pub. L. 112–95, title V, §511(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 107, §47136a; renumbered §47136 and amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §§166(b)(1), 192(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3226, 3239.)

A prior section 47136, added Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §133(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 81; amended Pub. L. 112–95, title V, §511(d), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 108, related to inherently low-emission airport vehicle pilot program, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §166(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3226.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §166(b)(1), renumbered section 47136a of this title as this section.

Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 115–254, §192(a)(1), added subsecs. (a) and (b) and struck out former subsecs. (a) and (b) which related to the establishment of a zero-emission vehicle pilot program and location in air quality nonattainment areas, respectively.

Subsecs. (d) to (j). Pub. L. 115–254, §192(a)(2), added subsecs. (d) to (j) and struck out former subsecs. (d) to (f) which related to Federal share of project costs, technical assistance, and materials identifying best practices, respectively.

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §192(c), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3241, provided that:

"(1)

"(A) to facilitate the deployment of commercially viable zero-emission airport vehicles, technology, and related infrastructure; and

"(B) to minimize the risk of deploying such vehicles, technology, and infrastructure.

"(2)

"(A)

"(B)

"(3)

"(A)

"(i) conduct a national solicitation for applications for assistance under the program; and

"(ii) select the recipients of assistance under the program on a competitive basis.

"(B)

"(i) the ability of an applicant to contribute significantly to deploying zero-emission technology as the technology relates to airport operations;

"(ii) the financing plan and cost-share potential of the applicant; and

"(iii) other factors, as the Secretary determines appropriate.

"(C)

"(4)

"(A) to review and conduct demonstrations of zero-emission technologies and related infrastructure at airports;

"(B) to evaluate the credibility of new, unproven vehicle and energy-efficient technologies in various aspects of airport operations prior to widespread investment in the technologies by airports and the aviation industry;

"(C) to collect data and make the recipient's findings available to airports, so that airports can evaluate the applicability of new technologies to their facilities; and

"(D) to report the recipient's findings to the Secretary.

"(5)

"(A)

"(B)

"(6)

"(A)

"(B)

"(i) described [sic] in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and exempt from tax under section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986;

"(ii) a university transportation center receiving grants under section 5505 of title 49, United States Code; or

"(iii) any other Federal or non-Federal entity as the Secretary considers appropriate."

(a)

(b)

(1) evaluates and tests the benefits of innovative aviation security systems or related technology, including explosives detection systems, for the purpose of improving aviation and aircraft physical security, access control, and passenger and baggage screening; and

(2) provides testing and evaluation of airport security systems and technology in an operational, testbed environment.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §134(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 83; amended Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §157, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2508.)

**2003**—Subsecs. (e) to (g). Pub. L. 108–176 added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsecs. (e) and (f) as (f) and (g), respectively.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A) to enable the State or political subdivision to purchase development rights in order to ensure that the airport property will continue to be available for use as a public airport; and

(B) subject to a requirement that the State or political subdivision acquire an easement or other appropriate covenant requiring that the airport shall remain a public use airport in perpetuity.

(2)

(c)

(1) grant application and approval procedures; and

(2) requirements for the content of the instrument recording the purchase of the development rights.

(d)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §152(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2506.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1) The provision of credits is consistent with the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7402 et seq.).

(2) Credits generated by the emissions reductions are kept by the airport sponsor and may only be used for purposes of any current or future general conformity determination under the Clean Air Act or as offsets under the Environmental Protection Agency's new source review program for projects on the airport or associated with the airport.

(3) Credits are calculated and provided to airports on a consistent basis nationwide.

(4) Credits are provided to airport sponsors in a timely manner.

(5) The establishment of a method to assure the Secretary that, for any specific airport project for which funding is being requested, the appropriate credits will be granted.

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §158(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2508; amended Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §§111(c)(2)(A)(v), 152(d), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 18, 34; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §166(b)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3226.)

The Clean Air Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), (2), is act July 14, 1955, ch. 360, 69 Stat. 322, which is classified generally to chapter 85 (§7401 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7401 of Title 42 and Tables.

**2018**—Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 115–254 redesignated subsec. (d) as (c) and struck out former subsec. (c). Prior to amendment, text of subsec. (c) read as follows: "The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, in consultation with the Secretary, shall determine how to provide appropriate emissions credits to airport projects previously approved under section 47136 consistent with the guidance and conditions specified in subsection (a)."

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(d)(1), struck out "47102(3)(F)," after "40117(a)(3)(G)," in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(d)(2), struck out "47102(3)(F)," after "grant for a project described in section" and "47103(3)(F)," after "40117(a)(3)(G),".

Pub. L. 112–95, §111(c)(2)(A)(v), substituted "charge" for "fee".

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2) 1 deferred by requesting a grant under this section, to the Secretary at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary may require.

(Added Pub. L. 112–95, title V, §512(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 109, §47140a; renumbered §47140 and amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §§166(b)(1), 171, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3226, 3227.)

A prior section 47140, added Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §159(a)(1), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2509, related to airport ground support equipment emissions retrofit pilot program, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §166(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3226.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §166(b)(1), renumbered section 47140a of this title as this section.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §171(a), inserted ", and to reimburse the airport sponsor for the costs incurred in conducting the assessment" before period at end.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–254, §171(b), inserted ", including a certification that no safety projects are being be deferred by requesting a grant under this section," after "an application".

(a)

(1) the airport operator has not submitted a noise compatibility program to the Secretary under section 47504 or has not updated such program within the preceding 10 years; and

(2) the land use plan or project meets the requirements of this section.

(b)

(1) have the authority to plan and adopt land use control measures, including zoning, in the planning area in and around a large or medium hub airport;

(2) enter into an agreement with the airport owner or operator that the development of the land use compatibility plan will be done cooperatively; and

(3) provide written assurance to the Secretary that it will achieve, to the maximum extent possible, compatible land uses consistent with Federal land use compatibility criteria under section 47502(3) and that those compatible land uses will be maintained.

(c)

(1) assurances satisfactory to the Secretary that the plan—

(A) is reasonably consistent with the goal of reducing existing noncompatible land uses and preventing the introduction of additional noncompatible land uses;

(B) addresses ways to achieve and maintain compatible land uses, including zoning, building codes, and any other land use compatibility measures under section 47504(a)(2) that are within the authority of the State or unit of local government to implement;

(C) uses noise contours provided by the airport operator that are consistent with the airport operation and planning, including any noise abatement measures adopted by the airport operator as part of its own noise mitigation efforts;

(D) does not duplicate, and is not inconsistent with, the airport operator's noise compatibility measures for the same area; and

(E) has been approved jointly by the airport owner or operator and the State or unit of local government; and

(2) such other assurances as the Secretary determines to be necessary to carry out this section.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §160(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2511; amended Pub. L. 110–253, §3(c)(2), June 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2417; Pub. L. 110–330, §5(g), Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3718; Pub. L. 111–12, §5(f), Mar. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 1458; Pub. L. 111–69, §5(g), Oct. 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 2055; Pub. L. 111–116, §5(f), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3032; Pub. L. 111–153, §5(f), Mar. 31, 2010, 124 Stat. 1085; Pub. L. 111–161, §5(f), Apr. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1127; Pub. L. 111–197, §5(f), July 2, 2010, 124 Stat. 1354; Pub. L. 111–216, title I, §104(f), Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2349; Pub. L. 111–249, §5(g), Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2628; Pub. L. 111–329, §5(f), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3567; Pub. L. 112–7, §5(f), Mar. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 32; Pub. L. 112–16, §5(f), May 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 219; Pub. L. 112–21, §5(f), June 29, 2011, 125 Stat. 234; Pub. L. 112–27, §5(f), Aug. 5, 2011, 125 Stat. 271; Pub. L. 112–30, title II, §205(g), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 358; Pub. L. 112–91, §5(g), Jan. 31, 2012, 126 Stat. 4; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §153, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 34; Pub. L. 114–55, title I, §102(d), Sept. 30, 2015, 129 Stat. 523; Pub. L. 114–141, title I, §102(d), Mar. 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 323; Pub. L. 114–190, title I, §1102(d), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 617; Pub. L. 115–63, title I, §102(e), Sept. 29, 2017, 131 Stat. 1169; Pub. L. 115–141, div. M, title I, §102(d), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1046; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §117(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3201.)

**2018**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "September 30, 2023" for "September 30, 2018".

Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "September 30, 2018" for "March 31, 2018".

**2017**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–63 substituted "March 31, 2018" for "September 30, 2017".

**2016**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 114–190 substituted "September 30, 2017" for "July 15, 2016".

Pub. L. 114–141 substituted "July 15, 2016" for "March 31, 2016".

**2015**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 114–55 substituted "March 31, 2016" for "September 30, 2015".

**2012**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–95 amended subsec. (f) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "This section shall not be in effect after February 17, 2012."

Pub. L. 112–91 substituted "February 17, 2012." for "January 31, 2012."

**2011**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–30 substituted "January 31, 2012." for "September 16, 2011."

Pub. L. 112–27 substituted "September 16, 2011." for "July 22, 2011."

Pub. L. 112–21 substituted "July 22, 2011." for "June 30, 2011."

Pub. L. 112–16 substituted "June 30, 2011." for "May 31, 2011."

Pub. L. 112–7 substituted "May 31, 2011." for "March 31, 2011."

**2010**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 111–329 substituted "March 31, 2011." for "December 31, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–249 substituted "December 31, 2010." for "September 30, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–216 substituted "September 30, 2010." for "August 1, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–197 substituted "August 1, 2010." for "July 3, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–161 substituted "July 3, 2010." for "April 30, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–153 substituted "April 30, 2010." for "March 31, 2010."

**2009**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 111–116 substituted "March 31, 2010." for "December 31, 2009."

Pub. L. 111–69 substituted "December 31, 2009." for "September 30, 2009."

Pub. L. 111–12 substituted "September 30, 2009." for "March 31, 2009."

**2008**—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 110–330 substituted "March 31, 2009" for "September 30, 2008".

Pub. L. 110–253 substituted "September 30, 2008" for "September 30, 2007".

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–27 effective July 23, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–27, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–21 effective July 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–21, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–16 effective June 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–16, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–7 effective Apr. 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 112–7, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–329 effective Jan. 1, 2011, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–329, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–249 effective Oct. 1, 2010, see section 5(l) of Pub. L. 111–249, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–216 effective Aug. 2, 2010, see section 104(j) of Pub. L. 111–216, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–197 effective July 4, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–197, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–161 effective May 1, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–161, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–153 effective Apr. 1, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–153, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–116 effective Jan. 1, 2010, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–116, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–12 effective Apr. 1, 2009, see section 5(j) of Pub. L. 111–12, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–330 effective Oct. 1, 2008, see section 5(l) of Pub. L. 110–330, set out as a note under section 40117 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–253 effective July 1, 2008, see section 3(d) of Pub. L. 110–253, set out as a note under section 9502 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, §822, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 128, as amended by Pub. L. 114–55, title I, §102(j), Sept. 30, 2015, 129 Stat. 523; Pub. L. 114–141, title I, §102(h), Mar. 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 323; Pub. L. 114–190, title I, §1102(k), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 618; Pub. L. 115–63, title I, §102(j), Sept. 29, 2017, 131 Stat. 1170; Pub. L. 115–141, div. M, title I, §102(h), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1046; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §117(d), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3201, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) to support joint planning, engineering, design, and environmental permitting of projects, including the assembly and redevelopment of property purchased with noise mitigation funds made available under section 48103 of such title or passenger facility revenue collected under section 40117 of such title; and

"(2) to encourage airport-compatible land uses and generate economic benefits to the local airport authority and adjacent community.

"(c)

"(1) the operator has received approval for a noise compatibility program under section 47504 of such title; and

"(2) the operator demonstrates, as determined by the Administrator—

"(A) a readiness to implement cooperative land use management and redevelopment plans with neighboring local jurisdictions; and

"(B) the probability of a clear economic benefit to neighboring local jurisdictions and financial return to the airport through the implementation of those plans.

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(1) made to enable the airport operator and local jurisdictions undertaking community redevelopment efforts to expedite those efforts;

"(2) subject to a requirement that the local jurisdiction governing the property interests subject to the redevelopment efforts has adopted and will continue in effect zoning regulations that permit airport-compatible redevelopment; and

"(3) subject to a requirement that, in determining the part of the proceeds from disposing of land that is subject to repayment and reinvestment requirements under section 47107(c)(2)(A) of such title, the total amount of a grant issued under the pilot program that is attributable to the redevelopment of such land shall be added to other amounts that must be repaid or reinvested under that section upon disposal of such land by the airport operator.

"(g)

"(1) shall be available to the Secretary for, giving preference to the actions in descending order—

"(A) reinvestment in an approved noise compatibility project at the applicable airport;

"(B) reinvestment in another approved project at the airport that is eligible for funding under section 47117(e) of such title;

"(C) reinvestment in an approved airport development project at the airport that is eligible for funding under section 47114, 47115, or 47117 of such title;

"(D) transfer to an operator of another public airport to be reinvested in an approved noise compatibility project at such airport; and

"(E) deposit in the Airport and Airway Trust Fund established under section 9502 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 9502);

"(2) shall be available in addition to amounts authorized under section 48103 of such title;

"(3) shall not be subject to any limitation on grant obligations for any fiscal year; and

"(4) shall remain available until expended.

"(h)

"(1)

"(2)

"(i)

"(j)

"(k)

(a)

(1) the Administrator approves the application using criteria established by the Administrator;

(2) the design-build contract is in a form that is approved by the Administrator;

(3) the Administrator is satisfied that the contract will be executed pursuant to competitive procedures and contains a schematic design adequate for the Administrator to approve the grant;

(4) use of a design-build contract will be cost effective and expedite the project;

(5) the Administrator is satisfied that there will be no conflict of interest; and

(6) the Administrator is satisfied that the selection process will be as open, fair, and objective as the competitive bid system and that at least 3 or more bids will be submitted for each project under the selection process.

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §181(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2515.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1) the Administrator determines that such systems and sensors would improve safety or capacity in the National Airspace System; and

(2) the non-movement area surveillance surface display systems and sensors supplement existing movement area systems and sensors at the selected airports established under other programs administered by the Administrator.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) provides the required transmit and receive data formats consistent with the National Airspace System architecture at the appropriate service delivery point;

(B) is on-airport; and

(C) is airport operated.

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §140(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3210.)

(a)

(b)

(1) the airport is a public-use airport;

(2) the airport is listed in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems of the Federal Aviation Administration;

(3) the runway safety area of the airport was damaged as a result of a natural disaster;

(4) the airport was denied funding under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 4121 et seq.) 1 with respect to the disaster;

(5) the operator of the airport has exhausted all legal remedies, including legal action against any parties (or insurers thereof) whose action or inaction may have contributed to the need for the repair of the runway safety area;

(6) there is still a demonstrated need for the runway safety area to accommodate current or imminent aeronautical demand; and

(7) the cost of repairing or replacing the runway safety area is reasonable in relation to the anticipated operational benefit of repairing the runway safety area, as determined by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.

(Added Pub. L. 115–31, div. K, title I, §119F(a), May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 734.)

The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(4), is Pub. L. 93–288, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 143, which is classified principally to chapter 68 (§5121 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5121 of Title 42 and Tables.

Section 119F(a) of Pub. L. 115–31, which directed amendment of "subchapter I of chapter 471" by adding at the end this section, was executed by adding this section at the end of subchapter I of chapter 471 of this title to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1) that the Secretary of Transportation decides is—

(A) desirable for developing, improving, operating, or maintaining a public airport (as defined in section 47102 of this title);

(B) reasonably necessary to fulfill the immediate and foreseeable future requirements for developing, improving, operating, or maintaining a public airport; or

(C) needed for developing sources of revenue from nonaviation businesses at a public airport; and

(2) if the Administrator of General Services approves the conveyance and decides the interest is not best suited for industrial use.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1278; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §§125(c), 135(d)(1), 136, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 75, 84, 85; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §152(f), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 34.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47151(a) | 49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |

50 App.:1622(g)(1). | Oct. 3, 1944, ch. 479, 58 Stat. 765, §13(g)(1); added July 30, 1947, ch. 404, §2, 61 Stat. 678; Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1402(c), 72 Stat. 807; May 21, 1970, Pub. L. 91–258, §52(b)(6), 84 Stat. 235; Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §524(c), 96 Stat. 696. | |

47151(b) | 49 App.:1655(c)(1). | |

50 App.:1622b. | Oct. 1, 1949, ch. 589, §3, 63 Stat. 700; Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1402(c), 72 Stat. 807. | |

47151(c) | 50 App.:1622(g)(5), (6). | Oct. 3, 1944, ch. 479, 58 Stat. 765, §13(g)(5), (6); added July 30, 1947, ch. 404, §2, 61 Stat. 680. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act" are omitted as surplus. The words "Subject to sections 47152 and 47153 of this title" are substituted for "but subject to the terms, conditions, reservations, and restrictions hereinafter provided for" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "a department, agency, or instrumentality of the executive branch of the United States Government or a wholly owned Government corporation" are substituted for "any disposal agency designated pursuant to this Act" for clarity because disposal agencies were Government agencies designated under 50 App.:1619(a), that was repealed by section 602(a)(1) of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (ch. 288, 63 Stat. 399), and Government agencies were all departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the executive branch of the United States Government and wholly owned Government corporations. The word "give" is substituted for "convey or dispose of . . . without monetary consideration to the United States", to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "municipality" is omitted as being included in "political subdivision". The words "of a State" are added for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The word "organization" is substituted for "institution" for consistency in the revised title. The words "all of the right, title, and . . . of the United States . . . and to . . . real or personal" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1)(A), the words "essential, suitable, or" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1)(B), the words "of the grantee" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "Administrator of General Services" are substituted for "[War Assets] Administrator" in section 13(g)(1) of the Surplus Property Act of 1944 (ch. 479, 58 Stat. 765) because of section 105 of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (ch. 288, 63 Stat. 381). The words "and decides the interest is not best suited for industrial use" are substituted for "(exclusive of property the highest and best use of which is determined by the Administrator of General Services to be industrial and which shall be so classified for disposal without regard to the provisions of this subsection)" to eliminate unnecessary words.

Subsection (b) is substituted for 50 App.:1622b to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c), the text of 50 App.:1622(g)(5) is omitted as obsolete because 50 App.:1621, 1622(f), and 1627(e) were repealed by section 602(a)(1) of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (ch. 288, 63 Stat. 399). The words "An interest in surplus property that could be used at a public airport" are substituted for "All surplus property within the purview of this subsection" for clarity. The words "elsewhere in this Act or other applicable" are omitted as surplus. The word "law" is substituted for "Federal Statute" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

**2012**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–95 struck out "(other than real property that is subject to section 2687 of title 10, section 201 of the Defense Authorization Amendments and Base Closure and Realignment Act (10 U.S.C. 2687 note), or section 2905 of the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1990 (10 U.S.C. 2687 note))" after "subsection (a)".

**2000**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–181, §135(d)(1)(A)(i), substituted "convey to" for "give" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 106–181, §135(d)(1)(A)(ii), substituted "conveyance" for "gift".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–181, §135(d)(1)(B), substituted "conveying" for "giving" and "conveyance" for "gift".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–181, §135(d)(1)(C), substituted "Conveyed" for "Given" in heading and "conveyed" for "given" in text.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–181, §125(c), added subsec. (d).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–181, §136, added subsec. (e).

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Nothing in amendment by section 125(c) of Pub. L. 106–181 to be construed to authorize Secretary of Transportation to issue waiver or make a modification referred to in such amendment, see section 125(e) of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 47107 of this title.

Except as provided in section 47153 of this title, the following terms apply to a conveyance of an interest in surplus property under this subchapter:

(1) A State, political subdivision of a State, or tax-supported organization receiving the interest may use, lease, salvage, or dispose of the interest for other than airport purposes only after the Secretary of Transportation gives written consent that the interest can be used, leased, salvaged, or disposed of without materially and adversely affecting the development, improvement, operation, or maintenance of the airport at which the property is located.

(2) The interest shall be used and maintained for public use and benefit without unreasonable discrimination.

(3) A right may not be vested in a person, excluding others in the same class from using the airport at which the property is located—

(A) to conduct an aeronautical activity requiring the operation of aircraft; or

(B) to engage in selling or supplying aircraft, aircraft accessories, equipment, or supplies (except gasoline and oil), or aircraft services necessary to operate aircraft (including maintaining and repairing aircraft, aircraft engines, propellers, and appliances).

(4) The State, political subdivision, or tax-supported organization accepting the interest shall clear and protect the aerial approaches to the airport by mitigating existing, and preventing future, airport hazards.

(5) During a national emergency declared by the President or Congress, the United States Government is entitled to use, control, or possess, without charge, any part of the public airport at which the property is located. However, the Government shall—

(A) pay the entire cost of maintaining the part of the airport it exclusively uses, controls, or possesses during the emergency;

(B) contribute a reasonable share, consistent with the Government's use, of the cost of maintaining the property it uses nonexclusively, or over which the Government has nonexclusive control or possession, during the emergency; and

(C) pay a fair rental for use, control, or possession of improvements to the airport made without Government assistance.

(6) The Government is entitled to the nonexclusive use, without charge, of the landing area of an airport at which the property is located. The Secretary may limit the use of the landing area if necessary to prevent unreasonable interference with use by other authorized aircraft. However, the Government shall—

(A) contribute a reasonable share, consistent with the Government's use, of the cost of maintaining and operating the landing area; and

(B) pay for damages caused by its use of the landing area if its use of the landing area is substantial.

(7) The State, political subdivision, or tax-supported organization accepting the interest shall release the Government from all liability for damages arising under an agreement that provides for Government use of any part of an airport owned, controlled, or operated by the State, political subdivision, or tax-supported organization on which, adjacent to which, or in connection with which, the property is located.

(8) When a term under this section is not satisfied, any part of the interest in the property reverts to the Government, at the option of the Government, as the property then exists.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1279; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §135(d)(2), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 85.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47152 | 49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |

50 App.:1622(g)(2). | Oct. 3, 1944, ch. 479, 58 Stat. 765, §13(g)(2); added July 30, 1947, ch. 404, §2, 61 Stat. 678; Oct. 1, 1949, ch. 589, §1, 63 Stat. 700; Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1402(c), 72 Stat. 807. |


In this section, before paragraph (1), the words "conditions, reservations, and restrictions" and "the authority of" are omitted as surplus. In paragraph (1), the words "A State, political subdivision of a State, or tax-supported organization receiving the interest" are substituted for "grantee or transferee" for clarity. The words "sold" and "disposed of under the authority of this subsection" are omitted as surplus. In paragraph (2), the words "transferred for airport purposes" are omitted as surplus. In paragraph (3), before clause (A), the words "For the purpose of this condition, an exclusive right is defined to mean" and "any exclusive right to" are omitted because of the restatement. The words "exclusive" and "(either directly or indirectly)" are omitted as surplus. The words "or persons" are omitted because of 1:1. The words "disposed of" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the word "particular" is omitted as surplus. In paragraph (4), the words "removing, lowering, relocating, marking, or lighting or otherwise" and "the establishment or creation of" are omitted as surplus. In paragraphs (5)–(7), the words "or used" are omitted as surplus. In paragraph (5), before clause (A), the words "exclusive or nonexclusive" and "as it may desire" are omitted as surplus. In clause (A), the word "pay" is substituted for "be responsible for" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "during the emergency" are substituted for "during the period of such use, possession, or control" to eliminate unnecessary words and for clarity. In clause (B), the words "be obligated to" are omitted as surplus. The words "during the emergency" are added for clarity. In clause (C), the words "exclusively or nonexclusively" are omitted as surplus. In paragraph (6), before clause (A), the words "as may be determined at any time" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "be obligated to" are omitted as surplus. In paragraph (7), the words "The State, political subdivision, or tax-supported organization accepting the interest" are substituted for "Any public agency accepting a conveyance or transfer of surplus property under the provisions of this subsection" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in this section. The words "any and . . . it may be under for restoration or other . . lease or other" are omitted as surplus. The text of 50 App.:1622(g)(2)(G) (proviso) is omitted because 49 App.:1116 was repealed by section 52(a) of the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970 (Public Law 91–258, 84 Stat. 235). Paragraph (8) is substituted for 50 App.:1622(g)(2)(H) to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181 substituted "conveyances" for "gifts" in section catchline and "conveyance" for "gift" in introductory provisions.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(A) the property no longer serves the purpose for which it was conveyed; or

(B) the waiver will not prevent carrying out the purpose for which the conveyance was made and is necessary to advance the civil aviation interests of the United States.

(2) The Secretary of Transportation shall waive a term under paragraph (1) of this subsection on terms the Secretary considers necessary to protect or advance the civil aviation interests of the United States.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1280; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §§125(d), 135(d)(3), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 76, 85.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47153(a) | 49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |

50 App.:1622c. | Oct. 1, 1949, ch. 589, §4, 63 Stat. 700; Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1402(c), 72 Stat. 807. | |

47153(b) | 49 App.:1655(c)(1). | |

50 App.:1622(g)(3). | Oct. 3, 1944, ch. 479, 58 Stat. 765, §13(g)(3); added July 30, 1947, ch. 404, §2, 61 Stat. 680; Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1402(c), 72 Stat. 807. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law" and "further" are omitted as surplus. The word "waive" is substituted for "grant releases from" and "and to convey, quitclaim, or release any right or interest reserved to the United States by" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "a term of a gift of an interest in property under this subchapter" are substituted for "any of the terms, conditions, reservations, and restrictions contained in . . . any such instrument of disposal" for clarity and consistency. In clause (1), the words "transferred by such instrument" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the text of 50 App.:1622c (last proviso) is omitted as executed. The words "protect or" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "In making any disposition of surplus property under this subsection" are omitted as surplus. The words "Secretary of a military department" are substituted for "the Secretary of the Army, or the Secretary of the Navy" for consistency with other titles of the United States Code and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "Secretary of the Army" are substituted for "Secretary of War" in section 13(g)(3) of the Surplus Property Act of 1944 (ch. 479, 58 Stat. 765) because of section 205(a) of the National Security Act of 1947 (ch. 343, 61 Stat. 501). The Secretary of the Air Force is included in "Secretary of a military department" because of section 207(a) and (f) of the National Security Act of 1947 (ch. 343, 61 Stat. 502, 503). The word "waive" is substituted for "omit from the instrument of disposal" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in this subchapter. The words "conditions, reservations, and restrictions" are omitted as surplus.

**2000**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 106–181, §135(d)(3), substituted "conveyance" for "gift" in introductory provisions and subpar. (B) and "conveyed" for "given" in subpar. (A).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–181, §125(d), added subsec. (c).

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Nothing in amendment by section 125(d) of Pub. L. 106–181 to be construed to authorize Secretary of Transportation to issue waiver or make a modification referred to in such amendment, see section 125(e) of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 47107 of this title.

(a)

(1) provides for better coordination among the Federal, regional, State, and local agencies concerned with the preparation of environmental impact statements or environmental assessments under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.);

(2) provides that all environmental reviews, analyses, opinions, permits, licenses, and approvals that must be issued or made by a Federal agency or airport sponsor for such a project will be conducted concurrently, to the maximum extent practicable; and

(3) provides that any environmental review, analysis, opinion, permit, license, or approval that must be issued or made by a Federal agency or airport sponsor for such a project will be completed within a time period established by the Secretary, in cooperation with the agencies identified under subsection (d) with respect to the project.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) the importance or urgency of the project;

(ii) the potential for undertaking the environmental review under existing emergency procedures under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.);

(iii) the need for cooperation and concurrent reviews by other Federal or State agencies;

(iv) the prospect for undue delay if the project is not designated for priority review; and

(v) for aviation security projects, the views of the Department of Homeland Security.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1)

(2)

(h)

(i)

(1)

(2)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(m)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §304(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2534; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §191(a), title V, §539(q), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3238, 3371.)

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1), (b)(3)(B)(ii), and (l), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§4321 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of Title 42 and Tables.

Executive Order No. 13274, referred to in subsec. (m), is set out as a note under section 301 of this title.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §191(a)(1), inserted "general aviation airport construction or improvement projects," after "congested airports," in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(2), (3). Pub. L. 115–254, §191(a)(2), added par. (2) and redesignated former par. (2) as (3).

Subsecs. (c)(1), (d), (h), (k). Pub. L. 115–254, §191(a)(3)–(6), substituted "subsection (b)(3)" for "subsection (b)(2)".

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 115–254, §539(q), substituted "4321" for "4371".

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §302, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2533, provided that: "Congress finds that—

"(1) airports play a major role in interstate and foreign commerce;

"(2) congestion and delays at our Nation's major airports have a significant negative impact on our Nation's economy;

"(3) airport capacity enhancement projects at congested airports are a national priority and should be constructed on an expedited basis;

"(4) airport capacity enhancement projects must include an environmental review process that provides local citizenry an opportunity for consideration of and appropriate action to address environmental concerns; and

"(5) the Federal Aviation Administration, airport authorities, communities, and other Federal, State, and local government agencies must work together to develop a plan, set and honor milestones and deadlines, and work to protect the environment while sustaining the economic vitality that will result from the continued growth of aviation."

Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §308, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2539, provided that: "Nothing in this subtitle [subtitle A (§§301–309) of title III of Pub. L. 108–176, enacting this subchapter, amending sections 40104, 47106, and 47504 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section], including any amendment made by this title [enacting this subchapter and amending sections 40104, 40128, 47106, 47503, and 47504 of this title], shall preempt or interfere with—

"(1) any practice of seeking public comment;

"(2) any power, jurisdiction, or authority that a State agency or an airport sponsor has with respect to carrying out an airport capacity enhancement project; and

"(3) any obligation to comply with the provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4371 [4321] et seq.) and the regulations issued by the Council on Environmental Quality to carry out such Act."

Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §309, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2540, provided that: "The coordinated review process required under the amendments made by this subtitle [enacting this subchapter and amending sections 40104, 47106, and 47504 of this title] shall apply to an airport capacity enhancement project at a congested airport whether or not the project is designated by the Secretary of Transportation as a high-priority transportation infrastructure project under Executive Order 13274 [49 U.S.C. 301 note] (67 Fed. Reg. 59449; relating to environmental stewardship and transportation infrastructure project reviews)."

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §304(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2537.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1) to facilitate the timely processing, review, and completion of environmental activities associated with an airport development project;

(2) to conduct special environmental studies related to an airport project funded with Federal funds;

(3) to conduct special studies or reviews to support approved noise compatibility measures described in part 150 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations;

(4) to conduct special studies or reviews to support environmental mitigation in a record of decision or finding of no significant impact by the Federal Aviation Administration; and

(5) to facilitate the timely processing, review, and completion of environmental activities associated with new or amended flight procedures, including performance-based navigation procedures, such as required navigation performance procedures and area navigation procedures.

(b)

(c)

(1) shall be credited as offsetting collections to the account that finances the activities and services for which the funds are accepted;

(2) shall be available for expenditure only to pay the costs of activities and services for which the funds are accepted; and

(3) shall remain available until expended.

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §304(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2537; amended Pub. L. 112–95, title V, §503, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 103.)

Section 337 of the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2002, referred to in subsec. (d), is section 337 of Pub. L. 107–87, Dec. 18, 2001, 115 Stat. 862, which is not classified to the Code.

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–95 substituted "services of consultants—" for "services of consultants in order to facilitate the timely processing, review, and completion of environmental activities associated with an airport development project." and added pars. (1) to (5).

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

In addition to the amounts authorized to be appropriated under section 106(k), there is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Transportation, out of the Airport and Airway Trust Fund established under section 9502 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 9502), $4,200,000 for fiscal year 2004 and for each fiscal year thereafter to facilitate the timely processing, review, and completion of environmental activities associated with airport capacity enhancement projects at congested airports.

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §304(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2538.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

In this subchapter, the following definitions apply:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) a project for construction or extension of a runway, including any land acquisition, taxiway, or safety area associated with the runway or runway extension; and

(B) such other airport development projects as the Secretary may designate as facilitating a reduction in air traffic congestion and delays.

(4)

(A) has as its primary purpose reducing the risk of injury to persons or damage to aircraft and property, as determined by the Administrator; and

(B)(i) is needed to respond to a recommendation from the National Transportation Safety Board, as determined by the Administrator; or

(ii) is necessary for an airport to comply with part 139 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (relating to airport certification).

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(A) a project for the construction or extension of a runway, including any land acquisition, helipad, taxiway, safety area, apron, or navigational aids associated with the runway or runway extension, at a general aviation airport, a reliever airport, or a commercial service airport that is not a primary airport (as such terms are defined in section 47102); and

(B) any other airport development project that the Secretary designates as facilitating aviation capacity building projects at a general aviation airport.

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §304(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2538; amended Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §152(g), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 34; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §191(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3239.)

**2018**—Par. (8). Pub. L. 115–254 added par. (8).

**2012**—Par. (2). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(g)(1), substituted "2004 or any successor report" for "2001".

Par. (7). Pub. L. 112–95, §152(g)(2), added par. (7).

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.


In this chapter—

(1) "airport property" means an interest in property used or useful in operating and maintaining an airport.

(2) "airway property" means an interest in property used or useful in operating and maintaining a ground installation, facility, or equipment desirable for the orderly and safe operation of air traffic, including air navigation, air traffic control, airway communication, and meteorological facilities.

(3) "foreign territory" means an area—

(A) over which no government or a government of a foreign country has sovereignty;

(B) temporarily under military occupation by the United States Government; or

(C) occupied or administered by the Government or a government of a foreign country under an international agreement.

(4) "territory outside the continental United States" means territory outside the 48 contiguous States and the District of Columbia.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1280.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47301(1)–(3) | 49 App.:1151. | June 16, 1948, ch. 473, §2, 62 Stat. 450; Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1403, 72 Stat. 808. |

47301(4) | (no source). |


In this section, the words "the purposes of" and "The term" are omitted as surplus.

In clauses (1) and (2), the words "real or personal", "directly or indirectly", "administration", and "(including parts and components thereof)" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (1), the words "including . . . (1) land; (2) runways, strips, taxiways, and parking aprons; (3) buildings, structures, improvements, and facilities, whether or not used in connection with the landing and take-off of aircraft; and (4) equipment . . . furniture, vehicles, and supplies" are omitted as being included in "an interest in property".

In clause (2), the words "necessary or" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (3), before subclause (A), the words "of land or water" are omitted as surplus. In subclause (A), the words "no government or a government of a foreign country" are substituted for "no nation or a nation other than the United States" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "(including territory of undetermined sovereignty and the high seas)" are omitted as surplus. In subclause (C), the words "government of a foreign country" are substituted for "other nation" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

Clause (4) is derived from the source provisions of the chapter and is included to avoid repeating the phrase "territory (including Alaska) outside the continental limits of the United States".

(a)

(1) the Secretary of Transportation may acquire, establish, and construct airport property and airway property (except meteorological facilities) in foreign territory; and

(2) the Secretary of Commerce may acquire, establish, and construct meteorological facilities in foreign territory.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1281.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47302(a), (b) | 49 App.:1152. | June 16, 1948, ch. 473, §3, 62 Stat. 451; Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1403, 72 Stat. 808. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

47302(c) | 49 App.:1154. | June 16, 1948, ch. 473, §5, 62 Stat. 451. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In this chapter, the words "government of a foreign country" are substituted for "foreign government" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In this section, the title "Secretary of Commerce" is substituted for "Chief of the Weather Bureau of the Department of Commerce" in section 3, and "Chief of the Weather Bureau" in section 5, of the International Aviation Facilities Act (ch. 473, 62 Stat. 451) because of sections 1 and 2 of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1965 (eff. July 13, 1965, 79 Stat. 1318).

In subsection (a), the words "by contract or otherwise" are omitted as surplus. The words "airport property and airway property (except meteorological facilities)" and "meteorological facilities" are substituted for "within their respective fields" for clarity.

In subsection (b), the words "for the airport" are substituted for "for such purpose" for clarity. The words "by the Congress" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "on behalf of the United States" are omitted as surplus. The words "sold or provided" are substituted for "supplied or . . . performed" for consistency in this chapter. The words "by the Secretary of Transportation or the Secretary of Commerce, either directly or indirectly" and "the authority of" are omitted as surplus. The words "or the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938, as amended" are omitted as obsolete because the Act was repealed by section 1401(b) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 806). The words "including the operation of airport property and airway property in such countries, the training of foreign nationals, the rendering of technical assistance and advice to such countries, and the performance of other similar services" are omitted as being included in "facilities or services sold or provided". The words "or both" are substituted for "or (C) in part as provided under clause (A) and in part as provided under clause (B)" to eliminate unnecessary words.

Subject to the concurrence of the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Transportation or Commerce, as appropriate, may train a foreign citizen in a subject related to aeronautics and essential to the orderly and safe operation of civil aircraft. The training may be provided—

(1) directly by the appropriate Secretary or jointly with another department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government;

(2) through a public or private agency of the United States (including a State or municipal educational institution); or

(3) through an international organization.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1281.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47303 | 49 App.:1153. | June 16, 1948, ch. 473, §4, 62 Stat. 451. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |


In this section, before clause (1), the title "Secretary of Commerce" is substituted for "Chief of the Weather Bureau" in section 4 of the International Aviation Facilities Act (ch. 473, 62 Stat. 451) because of sections 1 and 2 of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1965 (eff. July 13, 1965, 79 Stat. 1318). The words "within or outside the United States" are omitted as surplus. The word "citizen" is substituted for "nationals" as being more appropriate. In clause (1), the word "jointly" is substituted for "or in conjunction" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government" are substituted for "United States Government agency" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

(a)

(b)

(1) the Secretary of the military department finds that the property or facility is no longer required exclusively for military purposes; and

(2) the Secretary of Transportation or Commerce, as appropriate, decides that the transfer is or may be necessary to carry out this chapter.

(c)

(A) the approval of the Secretary of Defense; and

(B) each obligation assumed by the United States Government under an agreement between the Government and the Republic of Panama.

(2) The Secretary of a military department may transfer without charge to the Secretary of Transportation property located in the Republic of Panama when the Secretary of Transportation decides that the transfer may be useful in carrying out this chapter.

(3) Subsection (b) of this section (related to the Secretary of Transportation) and section 47302(a) and (b) of this title do not apply in carrying out this subsection.

(d)

(2) On the recommendation of the Secretary of Transportation or Commerce, as appropriate, the Secretary of a military department may decide not to act under paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1281.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47304(a) | 49 App.:1155. | June 16, 1948, ch. 473, §§6, 8(a), (b), 62 Stat. 452; Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1403, 72 Stat. 808. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

47304(b) | 49 App.:1157(a), (b). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

47304(c)(1) | 49 App.:1156(a), (b). 49 App.:1655(c)(1). |
June 16, 1948, ch. 473, §§7, 9, 62 Stat. 452, 453. |

47304(c)(2) | 49 App.:1156(c). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

47304(c)(3) | 49 App.:1156(d). | |

47304(d) | 49 App.:1158. | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In this section, the title "Secretary of Commerce" is substituted for "Chief of the Weather Bureau" in sections 6, 8, and 9 of the International Aviation Facilities Act (ch. 473, 62 Stat. 452) because of sections 1 and 2 of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1965 (eff. July 13, 1965, 79 Stat. 1318).

In subsection (a), the words "including consideration agreed on" are substituted for "including provision for receiving, on behalf of the United States, such payment or other consideration for the property so transferred as may be agreed upon" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsections (b) and (c), the words "Secretary of a military department" are substituted for "National Military Establishment" (subsequently changed to "department of the Department of Defense" because of section 12(a) of the National Security Act Amendments of 1949 (ch. 412, 63 Stat. 591)) because of 5:102 and 10:101.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "if any, as may be . . . in specific cases", "at its discretion", and "therefor" are omitted as surplus. The word "except" is substituted for "exclusive of" for consistency in this chapter. The word "controls" is substituted for "in the possession of" for clarity. The word "considered" is omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "the purposes of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), reference to the Canal Zone is omitted because of the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "and to do all things necessary in connection with the" are omitted as surplus. The word "airway" is added for consistency in this chapter. In clause (B), the words "treaty, convention, or" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "in its discretion", "therefor", "airport property or airway property or other real or personal", and "the purposes of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "as determined by the Secretary of the department which made the transfer" are omitted as surplus. The words "(with any improvements to it)" are substituted for "together with any improvements or additions made thereto" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "or persons" are omitted because of 1:1.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "decide not to act" are substituted for "in any case . . . waive any right or privilege conferred or reserved" to eliminate unnecessary words.

(a)

(1) adapt the property or facility to the needs of civil aeronautics;

(2) lease the property or facility for not more than 20 years;

(3) make a contract, or provide directly, for facilities and services;

(4) make reasonable charges for aeronautical services; and

(5) acquire an interest in property.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1282; Pub. L. 111–350, §5(o)(9), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3854.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47305(a) | 49 App.:1159(a) (1st sentence), (b). | June 16, 1948, ch. 473, §10(a) (1st sentence), (b)–(d), 62 Stat. 453, 454. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |

47305(b) | 49 App.:1159(c). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

47305(c) | 49 App.:1160. | June 16, 1948, ch. 473, §12, 62 Stat. 454; Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §1403, 72 Stat. 808; Jan. 3, 1975, Pub. L. 93–623, §3, 88 Stat. 2103. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||

47305(d) | 49 App.:1159(d). | |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). |


In this section, the title "Secretary of Commerce" is substituted for "Chief of the Weather Bureau" in section 10(b)–(d), and for "Chief of the Weather Bureau" and "Weather Bureau" in section 12, of the International Aviation Facilities Act (ch. 473, 62 Stat. 454) because of sections 1 and 2 of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1965 (eff. July 13, 1965, 79 Stat. 1318).

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "do and perform, by contract or otherwise, all acts and things necessary or incident to" and "pursuant to this chapter or any other provision of law" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "from time to time" and "by construction, installation, reengineering, relocation, or otherwise" are omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:1159(a)(2) is omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). In clause (2), the words "under such conditions as he may deem proper" and "space or" are omitted as surplus. The words "for not more than 20 years" are substituted for "and for such periods as may be desirable (not to exceed twenty years)" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "for purposes essential or appropriate to their consolidation, operation, protection, and administration under this chapter" are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the words "the sale of fuel, oil, equipment, food and supplies, hotel accommodations, and other" and "necessary or desirable for the operation and administration of such properties" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the word "reasonable" is substituted for "just and reasonable" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "(including but not limited to landing fees and fees for the use of communication services)" are omitted as surplus. In clause (5), the words "by purchase or otherwise, real or personal" and "which he may consider necessary for the purposes of this section" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "including handling charges" are omitted as surplus. The words "facilities and services sold or provided" are substituted for "of the fuel, oil, equipment, food, supplies, services, shelter, or other assistance or services sold or furnished" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "under subsection (a)(3) and (4) of this section" are added for clarity. The words "if any" are omitted as surplus. The words "deposited in the Treasury as" are substituted for "credited to" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (c), the words "use personnel and facilities of the United States Government most advantageously and without unnecessary duplication" are substituted for "to the end that personnel and facilities of existing United States Government agencies shall be utilized to the fullest possible advantage and not be unnecessarily duplicated" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "request" is substituted for "arrange for" for clarity. The words "department, agency, or instrumentality of the Government" are substituted for "other United States Government agencies" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "on a reimbursable basis" are substituted for "and to reimburse any such agency for such service out of funds appropriated to the Department of Transportation or the Department of Commerce, as the case may be" to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2011**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 111–350 substituted "Section 6101(b) to (d) of title 41" for "Section 3709 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5)".

Act May 9, 1956, ch. 241, 70 Stat. 146, provided: "That the Congress of the United States hereby approves the extension, from year to year, until June 30, 1999, of a lease of certain land comprising part of Annette Island, Alaska, for use by the Civil Aeronautics Administration [now the Federal Aviation Administration] as an airport, entered into by the United States of America and the Council of the Annette Island Reserve on December 13, 1948, section 5 of which lease provides that no renewal thereof shall extend beyond June 30, 1959, unless approved by Congress."

A person that knowingly and willfully violates a regulation prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation to carry out this chapter shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned for not more than 6 months, or both.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1283.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47306 | 49 App.:1159(a) (last sentence). | June 16, 1948, ch. 473, §10(a) (last sentence), 62 Stat. 454. |

49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. |


The word "prescribed" is substituted for "issued" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "if such violation is committed in any area under the civil jurisdiction of the United States" are omitted as surplus. The words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "a fine of not more than $500", and the words "be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor" are omitted, for consistency with title 18.



**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title VII, §743(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3413, added item 47511.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–95, title V, §506(b)(3), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 106, which directed amendment of the analysis for subchapter II of this chapter by substituting "Penalties" for "Penalties for violating sections 47528–47530" in item 47531 and by adding item 47534, was executed to the analysis for this chapter to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–429, §6(72)(B), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4388, added item 47510.

Pub. L. 103–305, title III, §308(b), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1594, added item 47509.

In this subchapter—

(1) "airport" means a public-use airport as defined in section 47102 of this title.

(2) "airport operator" means—

(A) for an airport serving air carriers that have certificates from the Secretary of Transportation, any person holding an airport operating certificate issued under section 44706 of this title; and

(B) for any other airport, the person operating the airport.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1284.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47501(1) | 49 App.:2101(1). | Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §101(1), 94 Stat. 50; restated Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §524(b)(1), 96 Stat. 696; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §103(f), 101 Stat. 1489. |

49 App.:2101(3). | Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §101(3), 94 Stat. 50. | |

47501(2) | 49 App.:2101(2). | Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §101(2), 94 Stat. 50; restated Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §524(b)(2), 96 Stat. 696. |

49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. |


In this section, the words "the term" are omitted as surplus.

In clause (1), the text of 49 App.:2101(3) is omitted as surplus because the complete name of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section.

In clause (2), the word "valid" is omitted as surplus.

Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title X, §1087, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3877, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §175, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3228, provided that: "When proposing a new area navigation departure procedure, or amending an existing procedure that would direct aircraft between the surface and 6,000 feet above ground level over noise sensitive areas, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall consider the feasibility of dispersal headings or other lateral track variations to address community noise concerns, if—

"(1) the affected airport operator, in consultation with the affected community, submits a request to the Administrator for such a consideration;

"(2) the airport operator's request would not, in the judgment of the Administrator, conflict with the safe and efficient operation of the national airspace system; and

"(3) the effect of a modified departure procedure would not significantly increase noise over noise sensitive areas, as determined by the Administrator."

Pub. L. 112–95, title V, §510, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 107, provided that: "Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012], each owner or operator of a large hub airport (as defined in section 40102(a) of title 49, United States Code) shall publish on an Internet Web site of the airport a telephone number to receive aviation noise complaints related to the airport."

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §745, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 178, as amended by Pub. L. 106–528, §7(a), Nov. 22, 2000, 114 Stat. 2521, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the threshold of noise at which health begins to be affected;

"(2) the effectiveness of noise abatement programs at airports located in the United States;

"(3) the impacts of aircraft noise on communities, including schools; and

"(4) the noise assessment practices of the Federal Aviation Administration and whether such practices fairly and accurately reflect the burden of noise on communities.

"(c)

"(d)

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §747, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 179, required the Secretary of Transportation to conduct a study on the effects of nonmilitary helicopter noise on individuals in densely populated areas in the continental United States and develop recommendations for the reduction of the effects of nonmilitary helicopter noise, focusing on air traffic control procedures to address helicopter noise problems and the needs of law enforcement, considering the views of representatives of the helicopter industry, and report to Congress a report on the study not later than 1 year after Apr. 5, 2000.

After consultation with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and United States Government, State, and interstate agencies that the Secretary of Transportation considers appropriate, the Secretary shall by regulation—

(1) establish a single system of measuring noise that—

(A) has a highly reliable relationship between projected noise exposure and surveyed reactions of individuals to noise; and

(B) is applied uniformly in measuring noise at airports and the surrounding area;

(2) establish a single system for determining the exposure of individuals to noise resulting from airport operations, including noise intensity, duration, frequency, and time of occurrence; and

(3) identify land uses normally compatible with various exposures of individuals to noise.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1284.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47502 | 49 App.:2102. | Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §102, 94 Stat. 50. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "Not later than the last day of the twelfth month which begins after February 18, 1980" are omitted as obsolete.

(a)

(1) be prepared in consultation with public agencies and planning authorities in the area surrounding the airport; and

(2) comply with regulations prescribed under section 47502 of this title.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) the forecast period of the applicable noise exposure map submitted by an airport operator under subsection (a); or

(B) the implementation period of the airport operator's noise compatibility program.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1284; Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §324, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2542; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §174, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3228.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47503(a) | 49 App.:2103(a)(1). | Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §103(a), 94 Stat. 50. |

47503(b) | 49 App.:2103(a)(2). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "After the effective date of the regulations promulgated in accordance with section 2102 of this Appendix" are omitted as executed. The words "of an airport" and "at such airport" are omitted as surplus. The word "how" is substituted for "the ways, if any, in which" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the words "planning authorities" are substituted for "planning agencies" for consistency.

In subsection (b), the words "to the Secretary" are added for clarity. The words "after the submission to the Secretary of a noise exposure map under paragraph (1)" are omitted as surplus.

**2018**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–254 amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "If, in an area surrounding an airport, a change in the operation of the airport would establish a substantial new noncompatible use, or would significantly reduce noise over existing noncompatible uses, that is not reflected in either the existing conditions map or forecast map currently on file with the Federal Aviation Administration, the airport operator shall submit a revised noise exposure map to the Secretary showing the new noncompatible use or noise reduction."

**2003**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–176, §324(1), substituted "a forecast period that is at least 5 years in the future" for "1985," in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–176, §324(2), added subsec. (b) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (b). Text read as follows: "If a change in the operation of an airport will establish a substantial new noncompatible use in an area surrounding the airport, the airport operator shall submit a revised noise exposure map to the Secretary showing the new noncompatible use."

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §322, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2540, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

(a)

(A) consulting with public agencies and planning authorities in the area surrounding the airport, United States Government officials having local responsibility for the airport, and air carriers using the airport; and

(B) notice and an opportunity for a public hearing.

(2) A program submitted under paragraph (1) of this subsection shall state the measures the operator has taken or proposes to take to reduce existing noncompatible uses and prevent introducing additional noncompatible uses in the area covered by the map. The measures may include—

(A) establishing a preferential runway system;

(B) restricting the use of the airport by a type or class of aircraft because of the noise characteristics of the aircraft;

(C) constructing barriers and acoustical shielding and soundproofing public buildings;

(D) using flight procedures to control the operation of aircraft to reduce exposure of individuals to noise in the area surrounding the airport; and

(E) acquiring land, air rights, easements, development rights, and other interests to ensure that the property will be used in ways compatible with airport operations.

(b)

(A) does not place an unreasonable burden on interstate or foreign commerce;

(B) is reasonably consistent with achieving the goal of reducing noncompatible uses and preventing the introduction of additional noncompatible uses; and

(C) provides for necessary revisions because of a revised map submitted under section 47503(b) of this title.

(2) A program (except as the program is related to flight procedures referred to in subsection (a)(2)(D) of this section) is deemed to be approved if the Secretary does not act within the 180-day period.

(3) The Secretary shall submit any part of a program related to flight procedures referred to in subsection (a)(2)(D) of this section to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration. The Administrator shall approve or disapprove that part of the program.

(4) The Secretary shall not approve in fiscal years 2004 through 2007 a program submitted under subsection (a) if the program requires the expenditure of funds made available under section 48103 for mitigation of aircraft noise less than 65 DNL.

(c)

(A) an airport operator submitting the program; and

(B) a unit of local government in the area surrounding the airport, if the Secretary decides the unit is able to carry out the project.

(2)

(A) for projects to soundproof residential buildings—

(i) if the airport operator received approval for a grant for a project to soundproof residential buildings pursuant to section 301(d)(4)(B) of the Airport and Airway Safety and Capacity Expansion Act of 1987;

(ii) if the airport operator submits updated noise exposure contours, as required by the Secretary; and

(iii) if the Secretary determines that the proposed projects are compatible with the purposes of this chapter;

(B) to an airport operator and unit of local government referred to in paragraph (1)(A) or (1)(B) of this subsection to soundproof residential buildings located on residential properties, and to acquire residential properties, at which noise levels are not compatible with normal operations of an airport—

(i) if the airport operator amended an existing local aircraft noise regulation during calendar year 1993 to increase the maximum permitted noise levels for scheduled air carrier aircraft as a direct result of implementation of revised aircraft noise departure procedures mandated for aircraft safety purposes by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration for standardized application at airports served by scheduled air carriers;

(ii) if the airport operator submits updated noise exposure contours, as required by the Secretary; and

(iii) if the Secretary determines that the proposed projects are compatible with the purposes of this chapter;

(C) to an airport operator and unit of local government referred to in paragraph (1)(A) or (1)(B) of this subsection to carry out any part of a program developed before February 18, 1980, or before implementing regulations were prescribed, if the Secretary decides the program is substantially consistent with reducing existing noncompatible uses and preventing the introduction of additional noncompatible uses and the purposes of this chapter will be furthered by promptly carrying out the program;

(D) to an airport operator and unit of local government referred to in paragraph (1)(A) or (1)(B) of this subsection to soundproof a building in the noise impact area surrounding the airport that is used primarily for educational or medical purposes and that the Secretary decides is adversely affected by airport noise;

(E) to an airport operator of a congested airport (as defined in section 47175) and a unit of local government referred to in paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection to carry out a project to mitigate noise in the area surrounding the airport if the project is included as a commitment in a record of decision of the Federal Aviation Administration for an airport capacity enhancement project (as defined in section 47175) even if that airport has not met the requirements of part 150 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations; and

(F) to an airport operator of a congested airport (as defined in section 47175) and a unit of local government referred to in paragraph (1)(B) to carry out a project to mitigate noise, if the project—

(i) consists of—

(I) replacement windows, doors, and the installation of through-the-wall air conditioning units; or

(II) a contribution of the equivalent costs to be used for reconstruction if reconstruction is the preferred local solution;

(ii) is located at a school near the airport; and

(iii) is included in a memorandum of agreement entered into before September 30, 2002, even if the airport has not met the requirements of part 150 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, and only if the financial limitations of the memorandum are applied.

(3) An airport operator may agree to make a grant made under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection available to a public agency in the area surrounding the airport if the Secretary decides the agency is able to carry out the project.

(4) The Government's share of a project for which a grant is made under this subsection is the greater of—

(A) 80 percent of the cost of the project; or

(B) the Government's share that would apply if the amounts available for the project were made available under subchapter I of chapter 471 of this title for a project at the airport.

(5) The provisions of subchapter I of chapter 471 of this title related to grants apply to a grant made under this chapter, except—

(A) section 47109(a) and (b) of this title; and

(B) any provision that the Secretary decides is inconsistent with, or unnecessary to carry out, this chapter.

(6)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) shall be credited as offsetting collections to the account that finances the activities and services for which the funds are accepted;

(B) shall be available for expenditure only to pay the costs of activities and services for which the funds are accepted; and

(C) shall remain available until expended.

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1285; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §119, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1580; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(71), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4387; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §154, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 88; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §189, title III, §306, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2519, 2539; Pub. L. 112–95, title V, §§504, 505, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 104; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title X, §1044, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1958.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47504(a) | 49 App.:2104(a). | Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §104(a), 94 Stat. 51; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §301(a), 101 Stat. 1523. |

47504(b) | 49 App.:2104(b). | Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §104(b), (d), 94 Stat. 52, 53. |

47504(c) | 49 App.:2104(c). | Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §104(c), 94 Stat. 52; Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §524(b)(4), 96 Stat. 696; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §301(b), (c), 101 Stat. 1523; Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §336, 105 Stat. 947. |

47504(d) | 49 App.:2104(d). |


In subsection (a)(1)(A), the words "the officials of" are omitted as surplus. The words "planning authorities" are substituted for "planning agencies" for consistency.

In subsection (a)(2)(A), the word "establishing" is substituted for "the implementation of" for consistency.

In subsection (a)(2)(B), the words "the implementation of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "to him" and "the measures to be undertaken in carrying out" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the word "achieving" is substituted for "obtaining" for clarity. The word "existing" is omitted as surplus.

Subsection (b)(2) is substituted for 49 App.:2104(b) (3d sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1)(B) and (2), the words "for which grant applications are made in accordance with such noise compatibility programs" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "incur obligations to" and "further . . . under this section" are omitted as surplus. In clause (C), the words "to carry out any part of a program" are substituted for "any project to carry out a noise compatibility program", and the words "or before implementing regulations were prescribed" are substituted for "or the promulgation of its implementing regulations", for clarity and consistency. The words "the purposes of" before "reducing" are omitted as surplus. The word "noncompatible" is added after "existing" for clarity and consistency. In clause (D), the words "for any project" and "determined to be" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "in turn" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(4), before clause (A), the words "All of" and "made under section 505 of that Act" are omitted as surplus. The word "except" is substituted for "unless" for clarity. In clause (1), the words "relating to United States share of project costs" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "the purposes of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "by the Secretary or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration" are omitted as surplus.

This redesignates 49:47504(c)(1)(C) and (D) as 49:47504(c)(2)(C) and (D) because the subject matter is similar to that of 49:47504(c)(2)(A) and (B) that was added by section 119(2) of the Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994 (Public Law 103–305, 108 Stat. 1580).

Section 301(d)(4)(B) of the Airport and Airway Safety and Capacity Expansion Act of 1987, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(A)(i), is section 301(d)(4)(B) of Pub. L. 100–223, which was set out as a note under section 2104 of former Title 49, Transportation, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379.

**2018**—Subsec. (c)(2)(F). Pub. L. 115–232 added subpar. (F).

**2012**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–95, §504, added subsec. (e).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–95, §505, added subsec. (f).

**2003**—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 108–176, §189, added par. (4).

Subsec. (c)(2)(C)–(E). Pub. L. 108–176, §306, realigned margins of subpars. (C) and (D) and added subpar. (E).

**2000**—Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 106–181 added par. (6).

**1994**—Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(71)(A), inserted "and" after semicolon at end.

Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(71)(B), substituted a period for semicolon at end.

Subsec. (c)(1)(C), (D). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(71)(C), redesignated par. (1)(C) as (2)(C) and (1)(D) as (2)(D).

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 103–305, §119(2), added par. (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3).

Subsec. (c)(2)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(71)(D), struck out "and" after semicolon at end.

Subsec. (c)(2)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(71)(E), substituted a semicolon for period at end.

Subsec. (c)(2)(C), (D). Pub. L. 103–429, §6(71)(F), substituted "to an airport operator and unit of local government referred to in paragraph (1)(A) or (1)(B) of this subsection" for "an airport operator or unit of local government referred to in clause (A) or (B) of this paragraph".

Pub. L. 103–429, §6(71)(C), redesignated par. (1)(C) as (2)(C) and (1)(D) as (2)(D).

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 103–305, §119(1), redesignated par. (2) as (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (4).

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 103–305, §119(3), struck out "paragraph (1) of" before "this subsection" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 103–305, §119(1), redesignated par. (3) as (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (5).

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 103–305, §119(1), redesignated par. (4) as (5).

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1) a noise exposure map and related information under section 47503 of this title, including the cost of obtaining the information; or

(2) a noise compatibility program under section 47504 of this title.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1286.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47505 | 49 App.:2103(b). | Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §103(b), 94 Stat. 51; restated Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §524(b)(3), 96 Stat. 696. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "incur obligations to" are omitted as surplus.

(a)

(1) after acquiring the interest, there was a significant—

(A) change in the type or frequency of aircraft operations at the airport;

(B) change in the airport layout;

(C) change in flight patterns; or

(D) increase in nighttime operations; and

(2) the damages resulted from the change or increase.

(b)

(1) before the person acquired the interest, notice of the existence of the map was published at least 3 times in a newspaper of general circulation in the county in which the property is located; or

(2) the person is given a copy of the map when acquiring the interest.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1286.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47506 | 49 App.:2107. | Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §107, 94 Stat. 53. |


In subsection (a)(2), the words "for which recovery is sought have" are omitted as surplus.

No part of a noise exposure map or related information described in section 47503 of this title that is submitted to, or prepared by, the Secretary of Transportation and no part of a list of land uses the Secretary identifies as normally compatible with various exposures of individuals to noise may be admitted into evidence or used for any other purpose in a civil action asking for relief for noise resulting from the operation of an airport.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1287.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47507 | 49 App.:2106. | Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §106, 94 Stat. 53. |


The words "land uses which are" are omitted as surplus. The words "civil action" are substituted for "suit or action" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "damages or other" are omitted as surplus.

(a)

(1) the Secretary prescribed for new subsonic aircraft in regulations of the Secretary in effect on January 1, 1977; or

(2) of the International Civil Aviation Organization that are substantially compatible with standards of the Secretary for new subsonic aircraft in regulations of the Secretary at parts 36 and 91 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, prescribed between January 2, 1977, and January 1, 1982.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1287.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47508(a) | 49 App.:2122(a) (1st sentence words before last comma, last sentence). | Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §302(a), 94 Stat. 56. |

47508(b) | 49 App.:2122(a) (1st sentence words after last comma). | |

47508(c) | 49 App.:2122(a) (2d sentence). |


In this section, the word "providing" is substituted for "engaging in" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a), the words "acting through the Administrator" and "acting through the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration (14 CFR part 36)" are omitted for consistency. Section 6(c)(1) of the Department of Transportation Act (Public Law 89–670, 80 Stat. 938) transferred all duties and powers of the Federal Aviation Agency and the Administrator to the Secretary of Transportation. However, the Secretary was to carry out certain provisions through the Administrator. In addition, various laws enacted since then have vested duties and powers in the Administrator. All provisions of law the Secretary is required to carry out through the Administrator are included in 49:106(g). Before clause (1), the words "If, by January 1, 1980, the International Civil Aviation Organization (hereafter referred to as 'ICAO') does not reach an agreement" and "commence a rulemaking to" and 49 App.:2122(a) (last sentence) are omitted as executed. In clause (1), the words "as such regulations were" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "on noise standards and an international schedule" and "(annex 16)" are omitted as surplus. The words "of the Secretary for new subsonic aircraft in regulations of the Secretary at parts 36 and 91 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, prescribed between January 2, 1977, and January 1, 1982" are substituted for "set forth in such regulations issued by the Secretary (14 CFR parts 36 and 91) during the 5-year period thereafter" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (b), the words "in effect" are omitted as surplus.

Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §325, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2542, provided that: "Not later than April 1, 2005, the Secretary of Transportation shall issue final regulations to implement Chapter 4 noise standards, consistent with the recommendations adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization."

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §726, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 167, as amended by Pub. L. 113–188, title XV, §1501(f), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2025, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) are performance based and can be achieved by use of a full range of certifiable noise reduction technologies;

"(2) protect the useful economic value of existing Stage 3 aircraft in the United States fleet;

"(3) ensure that United States air carriers and aircraft engine and hushkit manufacturers are not competitively disadvantaged;

"(4) use dynamic economic modeling capable of determining impacts on all aircraft in service in the United States fleet; and

"(5) continue the use of a balanced approach to address aircraft environmental issues, taking into account aircraft technology, land use planning, economic feasibility, and airspace operational improvements."

Pub. L. 102–581, title III, §304, Oct. 31, 1992, 106 Stat. 4896, as amended by Pub. L. 109–155, title VII, §706(b), Dec. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2937, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(c)

"(d)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 103–305, title III, §308(a), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1593; amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(86), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3398.)

**1996**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "August 23, 1994" for "the date of the enactment of this section".

Notwithstanding another law or a regulation prescribed or order issued under that law, the tradeoff provisions contained in appendix C of part 36 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, apply in deciding whether an aircraft complies with subpart I of part 91 of title 14.

(Added Pub. L. 103–429, §6(72)(A), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4387.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47510 | 49 App.:2125. | Feb. 18, 1980, Pub. L. 96–193, §305, 94 Stat. 57. |


The word "prescribed" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "subpart I of part 91" are substituted for "subpart E of part 91" because of the restatement of part 91. See 54 Fed. Reg. 34321 (Aug. 18, 1989).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title VII, §743(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3413.)

Congress finds that—

(1) aviation noise management is crucial to the continued increase in airport capacity;

(2) community noise concerns have led to uncoordinated and inconsistent restrictions on aviation that could impede the national air transportation system;

(3) a noise policy must be carried out at the national level;

(4) local interest in aviation noise management shall be considered in determining the national interest;

(5) community concerns can be alleviated through the use of new technology aircraft and the use of revenues, including those available from passenger facility charges, for noise management;

(6) revenues controlled by the United States Government can help resolve noise problems and carry with them a responsibility to the national airport system;

(7) revenues derived from a passenger facility charge may be applied to noise management and increased airport capacity; and

(8) a precondition to the establishment and collection of a passenger facility charge is the prescribing by the Secretary of Transportation of a regulation establishing procedures for reviewing airport noise and access restrictions on operations of stage 2 and stage 3 aircraft.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1287; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §111(c)(2)(A)(vi), (B), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 18.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47521 | 49 App.:2151. | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9302, 104 Stat. 1388–378. |


**2012**—Par. (5). Pub. L. 112–95, §111(c)(2)(B), substituted "charges" for "fees".

Pars. (7), (8). Pub. L. 112–95, §111(c)(2)(A)(vi), substituted "charge" for "fee".

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §172, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3227, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) the airport—

"(A) is certified under part 139 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations;

"(B) has a runway that—

"(i) is longer than 8,000 feet and not less than 200 feet wide; and

"(ii) is load bearing with a pavement classification number of not less than 38; and

"(C) has a maintenance facility with a maintenance certificate issued under part 145 of such title; and

"(2) the operator of the stage 2 aircraft operates not more than 10 flights per month using that aircraft.

"(b)

"(1) the date that is 10 years after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018]; or

"(2) the date on which the Administrator determines that no stage 2 aircraft remain in service.

"(c)

"(1)

"(2)

In this subchapter—

(1) "air carrier", "air transportation", and "United States" have the same meanings given those terms in section 40102(a) of this title.

(2) "stage 3 noise levels" means the stage 3 noise levels in part 36 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, in effect on November 5, 1990.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1288.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47522 | 49 App.:2157(h). | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9308(h), 104 Stat. 1388–384. |


The definitions are made applicable to all of subchapter II, rather than only to those provisions based on 49 App.:2157 as in the source provisions, because the defined terms appear in several sections of subchapter II and it is assumed they are intended to have the same meaning in each of those sections.

(a)

(b)

(1) the ability of air carriers to achieve capacity growth consistent with the projected rate of growth for the airline industry;

(2) the impact of competition in the airline and air cargo industries;

(3) the impact on nonhub and small community air service; and

(4) the impact on new entry into the airline industry.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1288.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47523 | 49 App.:2152. | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9303, 104 Stat. 1388–378. |


In this section, the text of 49 App.:2152(c) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (a), the words "(hereinafter in this chapter referred to as the 'Secretary')" are omitted because of the restatement. The words "this subchapter" (the first time they appear) are substituted for "the findings, determinations, and provisions of this chapter" to eliminate unnecessary words.

Subsection (b) is tabulated for clarity.

(a)

(b)

(1) an analysis of the anticipated or actual costs and benefits of the existing or proposed restriction;

(2) a description of alternative restrictions;

(3) a description of the alternative measures considered that do not involve aircraft restrictions; and

(4) a comparison of the costs and benefits of the alternative measures to the costs and benefits of the proposed restriction.

(c)

(A) a restriction on noise levels generated on either a single event or cumulative basis;

(B) a restriction on the total number of stage 3 aircraft operations;

(C) a noise budget or noise allocation program that would include stage 3 aircraft;

(D) a restriction on hours of operations; and

(E) any other restriction on stage 3 aircraft.

(2) Not later than 180 days after the Secretary receives an airport or aircraft operator's request for approval of an airport noise or access restriction on the operation of a stage 3 aircraft, the Secretary shall approve or disapprove the restriction. The Secretary may approve the restriction only if the Secretary finds on the basis of substantial evidence that—

(A) the restriction is reasonable, nonarbitrary, and nondiscriminatory;

(B) the restriction does not create an unreasonable burden on interstate or foreign commerce;

(C) the restriction is not inconsistent with maintaining the safe and efficient use of the navigable airspace;

(D) the restriction does not conflict with a law or regulation of the United States;

(E) an adequate opportunity has been provided for public comment on the restriction; and

(F) the restriction does not create an unreasonable burden on the national aviation system.

(3) Paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection do not apply if the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, before November 5, 1990, has formed a working group (outside the process established by part 150 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations) with a local airport operator to examine the noise impact of air traffic control procedure changes at the airport. However, if an agreement on noise reductions at that airport is made between the airport proprietor and one or more air carriers or foreign air carriers that constitute a majority of the carrier use of the airport, this paragraph applies only to a local action to enforce the agreement.

(4) The Secretary may reevaluate an airport noise or access restriction previously agreed to or approved under this subsection on request of an aircraft operator able to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Secretary that there has been a change in the noise environment of the affected airport that justifies a reevaluation. The Secretary shall establish by regulation procedures for conducting a reevaluation. A reevaluation—

(A) shall be based on the criteria in paragraph (2) of this subsection; and

(B) may be conducted only after 2 years after a decision under paragraph (2) of this subsection has been made.

(d)

(1) a local action to enforce a negotiated or executed airport noise or access agreement between the airport operator and the aircraft operators in effect on November 5, 1990;

(2) a local action to enforce a negotiated or executed airport noise or access restriction agreed to by the airport operator and the aircraft operators before November 5, 1990;

(3) an intergovernmental agreement including an airport noise or access restriction in effect on November 5, 1990;

(4) a subsequent amendment to an airport noise or access agreement or restriction in effect on November 5, 1990, that does not reduce or limit aircraft operations or affect aircraft safety;

(5)(A) an airport noise or access restriction adopted by an airport operator not later than October 1, 1990, and stayed as of October 1, 1990, by a court order or as a result of litigation, if any part of the restriction is subsequently allowed by a court to take effect; or

(B) a new restriction imposed by an airport operator to replace any part of a restriction described in subclause (A) of this clause that is disallowed by a court, if the new restriction would not prohibit aircraft operations in effect on November 5, 1990; or

(6) a local action that represents the adoption of the final part of a program of a staged airport noise or access restriction if the initial part of the program was adopted during 1988 and was in effect on November 5, 1990.

(e)

(1) agreed to by the airport proprietor and aircraft operators;

(2) approved by the Secretary as required by subsection (c)(1) of this section; or

(3) rescinded.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1288; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §111(c)(2)(A)(vii), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 18.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47524(a) | 49 App.:2153(a)(1). | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9304(a)(1)– (2)(C), (3)–(g), 104 Stat. 1388–379. |

47524(b) | 49 App.:2153(a)(2)(A), (c). | |

47524(c)(1) | 49 App.:2153(a)(2)(B), (b). | |

47524(c)(2) | 49 App.:2153(d). | |

47524(c)(3) | 49 App.:2153(a)(2)(D). | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9304(a)(2)(D), 104 Stat. 1388–380; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §136(a), 106 Stat. 4889. |

47524(c)(4) | 49 App.:2153(f), (g). | |

47524(d) | 49 App.:2153(a)(2)(C). | |

47524(e) | 49 App.:2153(e). |


In subsection (a), the words "shall provide for establishing" are substituted for "shall require the establishment . . . of" as being more appropriate. The words "in accordance with the provisions of this section" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "proposed after October 1, 1990" are substituted for 49 App.:2153(a)(2)(A) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "not in effect on October 1, 1990" are substituted for 49 App.:2153(a)(2)(B) to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the words "direct or indirect" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2)(A)–(D) and (F), the word "proposed" is omitted as surplus. In clause (D), the word "existing" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(4), the words "that justifies a reevaluation" are substituted for "and that a review and reevaluation . . . of the previously approved or agreed to noise restriction is therefore justified" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d)(6), the words "calendar year" are omitted as surplus.

**2012**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–95 substituted "charge" for "fee" in introductory provisions.

The Secretary of Transportation shall conduct a study and decide on the application of section 47524(a)–(d) of this title to airport noise and access restrictions on the operation of stage 2 aircraft with a maximum weight of not more than 75,000 pounds. In making the decision, the Secretary shall consider—

(1) noise levels produced by those aircraft relative to other aircraft;

(2) the benefits to general aviation and the need for efficiency in the national air transportation system;

(3) the differences in the nature of operations at airports and the areas immediately surrounding the airports;

(4) international standards and agreements on aircraft noise; and

(5) other factors the Secretary considers necessary.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1291.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47525 | 49 App.:2154. | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9305, 104 Stat. 1388–382. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "conduct a study and decide on" are substituted for "determine by a study" for clarity. The words "with a maximum weight of not more than" are substituted for "weighing less than" for consistency with sections 47528 and 47529 of the revised title.

Unless the Secretary of Transportation is satisfied that an airport is not imposing an airport noise or access restriction not in compliance with this subchapter, the airport may not—

(1) receive money under subchapter I of chapter 471 of this title; or

(2) impose a passenger facility charge under section 40117 of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1291; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §111(c)(2)(A)(viii), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 18.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47526 | 49 App.:2156. | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9307, 104 Stat. 1388–382. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "Under no conditions" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "or collect" are omitted as surplus.

**2012**—Par. (2). Pub. L. 112–95 substituted "charge" for "fee".

When a proposed airport noise or access restriction is disapproved under this subchapter, the United States Government shall assume liability for noise damages only to the extent that a taking has occurred as a direct result of the disapproval. The United States Court of Federal Claims has exclusive jurisdiction of a civil action under this section.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1291.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47527 | 49 App.:2155. | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9306, 104 Stat. 1388–382. |


The words "under this subchapter" are added for clarity. The words "has exclusive jurisdiction of a civil action under this section" are substituted for "Action for the resolution of such a case shall be brought solely in" for clarity and consistency. The words "Court of Federal Claims" are substituted for "Claims Court" to reflect the change of name of the Court by section 902(b) of the Federal Courts Administration Act of 1992 (Public Law 102–572, 106 Stat. 4516).

(a)

(b)

(2) The Secretary may grant a waiver under this subsection if the Secretary finds it would be in the public interest. In making the finding, the Secretary shall consider the effect of granting the waiver on competition in the air carrier industry and on small community air service.

(3) A waiver granted under this subsection may not permit the operation of stage 2 aircraft in the United States after December 31, 2003.

(c)

(1) a detailed economic analysis of the impact of the phaseout date for stage 2 aircraft on competition in the airline industry, including—

(A) the ability of air carriers to achieve capacity growth consistent with the projected rate of growth for the airline industry;

(B) the impact of competition in the airline and air cargo industries;

(C) the impact on nonhub and small community air service; and

(D) the impact on new entry into the airline industry; and

(2) an analysis of the impact of aircraft noise on individuals residing near airports.

(d)

(1) each air carrier shall submit to the Secretary an annual report on the progress the carrier is making toward complying with the requirements of this section and regulations prescribed under this section; and

(2) the Secretary shall submit to Congress an annual report on the progress being made toward that compliance.

(e)

(2)(A) An air carrier or foreign air carrier may not operate in Hawaii, or between a place in Hawaii and a place outside the 48 contiguous States, a greater number of stage 2 aircraft with a maximum weight of more than 75,000 pounds than it operated in Hawaii, or between a place in Hawaii and a place outside the 48 contiguous States, on November 5, 1990.

(B) An air carrier that provided turnaround service in Hawaii on November 5, 1990, using stage 2 aircraft with a maximum weight of more than 75,000 pounds may include in the number of aircraft authorized under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph all stage 2 aircraft with a maximum weight of more than 75,000 pounds that were owned or leased by that carrier on that date, whether or not the aircraft were operated by the carrier on that date.

(3) An air carrier may provide turnaround service in Hawaii using stage 2 aircraft with a maximum weight of more than 75,000 pounds only if the carrier provided the service on November 5, 1990.

(4) An air carrier operating stage 2 aircraft under this subsection may transport stage 2 aircraft to or from the 48 contiguous States on a nonrevenue basis in order—

(A) to perform maintenance (including major alterations) or preventative maintenance on aircraft operated, or to be operated, within the limitations of paragraph (2)(B); or

(B) conduct operations within the limitations of paragraph (2)(B).

(f)

(1)

(A) sell, lease, or use the aircraft outside the contiguous 48 States;

(B) scrap the aircraft;

(C) obtain modifications to the aircraft to meet stage 3 noise levels;

(D) perform scheduled heavy maintenance or significant modifications on the aircraft at a maintenance facility located in the contiguous 48 States;

(E) deliver the aircraft to an operator leasing the aircraft from the owner or return the aircraft to the lessor;

(F) prepare or park or store the aircraft in anticipation of any of the activities described in subparagraphs (A) through (E); or

(G) divert the aircraft to an alternative airport in the contiguous 48 States on account of weather, mechanical, fuel, air traffic control, or other safety reasons while conducting a flight in order to perform any of the activities described in subparagraphs (A) through (F).

(2)

(g)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1291; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(5) [title II, §231(a), (b)(1)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–300, 1501A–301; Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §721(a)–(c)(1), (d), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 164, 165.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47528(a) | 49 App.:2157(a). | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9308(a)–(c), (g), 104 Stat. 1388–382, 1388–383. |

47528(b) | 49 App.:2157(b). | |

47528(c) | 49 App.:2157(c). | |

47528(d) | 49 App.:2157(g). | |

47528(e) | 49 App.:2157(i). | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, 104 Stat. 1388–382, §9308(i); added Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §349(b), 105 Stat. 949. |


In subsection (e), the words "the State of" are omitted as surplus. The words "place" and "places" are substituted for "point" and "points" for consistency in title the revised title.

In subsection (e)(1), the words "the operation of" are omitted as surplus. The words "places only in Hawaii" are substituted for "two or more points, all of which are within the State of Hawaii" to eliminate unnecessary words.

The date of the enactment of the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–181, which was approved Apr. 5, 2000.

The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (f)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–181, which was approved Apr. 5, 2000.

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181, §721(a), repealed Pub. L. 106–113, §1000(a)(5) [title II, §231]. See 1999 Amendment notes and Construction of 2000 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–181, §721(b)(1), (c)(1), substituted "subsection (b) or (f)" for "subsection (b)" and inserted "(for which an airworthiness certificate other than an experimental certificate has been issued by the Administrator)" after "civil subsonic turbojet".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 106–181, §721(d), in first sentence, inserted "or foreign air carrier" after "air carrier", and, in last sentence, inserted "or, in the case of a foreign air carrier, the 15th day following the date of the enactment of the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century" after "January 1, 1999,".

Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 106–181, §721(b)(2), added par. (4).

Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 106–181, §721(b)(3), added subsecs. (f) and (g).

**1999**—Pub. L. 106–113, §1000(a)(5) [title II, §231(a)], which directed the amendment of section 47528 by substituting "subsection (b) or (f)" for "subsection (b)" in subsec. (a), adding a par. (4) to subsec. (e), and adding subsec. (f) at the end, without specifying the Code title to be amended, was repealed by Pub. L. 106–181, §721(a). See Construction of 2000 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–113, §1000(a)(5) [title II, §231(b)(1)], which inserted "(for which an airworthiness certificate other than an experimental certificate has been issued by the Administrator)" after "civil subsonic turbojet", was repealed by Pub. L. 106–181, §721(a). See Construction of 2000 Amendment note below.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §721(c)(2), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 165, provided that: "Regulations contained in title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, that implement section 47528 of title 49, United States Code, and related provisions shall be deemed to incorporate the amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] on the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 5, 2000]."

Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §721(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 164, provided that: "Section 231 of H.R. 3425 of the 106th Congress, as enacted into law by section 1000(a)(5) of Public Law 106–113 [amending this section], is repealed and the provisions of law amended by such section shall be read as if such section had not been enacted into law."

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions in subsec. (d)(2) of this section relating to the requirement that the Secretary submit an annual report to Congress, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and the 7th item on page 132 of House Document No. 103–7.

(a)

(1) complies with the stage 3 noise levels; or

(2) was purchased by the person importing the aircraft into the United States under a legally binding contract made before November 5, 1990.

(b)

(c)

(1) was owned on November 5, 1990, by—

(A) a corporation, trust, or partnership organized under the laws of the United States or a State (including the District of Columbia);

(B) an individual who is a citizen of the United States; or

(C) an entity that is owned or controlled by a corporation, trust, partnership, or individual described in subclause (A) or (B) of this clause; and

(2) enters the United States not later than 6 months after the expiration of a lease agreement (including any extension) between an owner described in clause (1) of this subsection and a foreign carrier.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1292.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47529 | 49 App.:2158. | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9309, 104 Stat. 1388–384; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §136(b), 106 Stat. 4889. |


Sections 47528(a)–(d) and 47529 of this title do not apply to aircraft used only to provide air transportation outside the 48 contiguous States. A civil subsonic turbojet aircraft with a maximum weight of more than 75,000 pounds that is imported into a noncontiguous State or a territory or possession of the United States after November 4, 1990, may be used to provide air transportation in the 48 contiguous States only if the aircraft complies with the stage 3 noise levels.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1293.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47530 | 49 App.:2157(d). | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9308(d), 104 Stat. 1388–383; Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, §349(a), 105 Stat. 949. |


A person violating section 47528, 47529, 47530, or 47534 of this title or a regulation prescribed under any of those sections is subject to the same civil penalties and procedures under chapter 463 of this title as a person violating section 44701(a) or (b) or any of sections 44702–44716 of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1293; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(73), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4388; Pub. L. 112–95, title V, §506(b)(1), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 106.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47531 | 49 App.:2157(e). | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9308(e), 104 Stat. 1388–383. |


This amends 49:47531 to correct a grammatical error and erroneous cross-references.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–95 struck out "for violating sections 47528–47530" after "Penalties" in section catchline and substituted "47529, 47530, or 47534" for "47529, or 47530" in text.

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "section 47528" for "sections 47528" and inserted "any of" before "those" and "any of sections" before "44702–44716".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

An action taken by the Secretary of Transportation under any of sections 47528–47531 or 47534 of this title is subject to judicial review as provided under section 46110 of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1293; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(74), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4388; Pub. L. 112–95, title V, §506(b)(2), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 106.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47532 | 49 App.:2157(f). | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9308(f), 104 Stat. 1388–383. |


This amends 49:47532 to correct an erroneous cross-reference.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–95 inserted "or 47534" after "47528–47531".

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–429 inserted "any of" before "sections".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Except as provided by section 47524 of this title, this subchapter does not affect—

(1) law in effect on November 5, 1990, on airport noise or access restrictions by local authorities;

(2) any proposed airport noise or access restriction at a general aviation airport if the airport proprietor has formally initiated a regulatory or legislative process before October 2, 1990; or

(3) the authority of the Secretary of Transportation to seek and obtain legal remedies the Secretary considers appropriate, including injunctive relief.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1293.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

47533 | 49 App.:2153(h). | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9304(h), 104 Stat. 1388–382. |


(a)

(b)

(c)

(1) To sell, lease, or use the aircraft outside the 48 contiguous States.

(2) To scrap the aircraft.

(3) To obtain modifications to the aircraft to meet stage 3 noise levels.

(4) To perform scheduled heavy maintenance or significant modifications on the aircraft at a maintenance facility located in the contiguous 48 States.

(5) To deliver the aircraft to an operator leasing the aircraft from the owner or return the aircraft to the lessor.

(6) To prepare, park, or store the aircraft in anticipation of any of the activities described in paragraphs (1) through (5).

(7) To provide transport of persons and goods in the relief of an emergency situation.

(8) To divert the aircraft to an alternative airport in the 48 contiguous States on account of weather, mechanical, fuel, air traffic control, or other safety reasons while conducting a flight in order to perform any of the activities described in paragraphs (1) through (7).

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 112–95, title V, §506(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 105.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (e)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–95, which was approved Feb. 14, 2012.


**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §115, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3201, struck out item 48112 "Adjustment to AIP program funding".

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §104(b), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2497, added item 48114.

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §§107(b), 108(b), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 73, 74, added items 48112 and 48113.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §§102(b)(2), 103(d)(2), title II, §275(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3216, 3217, 3247, inserted "and equipment" after "facilities" in item 48101, substituted "Operations and maintenance" for "Certain direct costs and joint air navigation services" in item 48104, and added item 48111.

(a)

(1) $3,330,000,000 for fiscal year 2018.

(2) $3,398,000,000 for fiscal year 2019.

(3) $3,469,000,000 for fiscal year 2020.

(4) $3,547,000,000 for fiscal year 2021.

(5) $3,624,000,000 for fiscal year 2022.

(6) $3,701,000,000 for fiscal year 2023.

(b)

(c)

(1) The implementation and use of upgrades to the current automated surface observation system/automated weather observing system, if the upgrade is successfully demonstrated.

(2) The acquisition and construction of remote towers (as defined in section 161 of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018).

(3) The remediation and elimination of identified cybersecurity vulnerabilities in the air traffic control system.

(4) The construction of facilities dedicated to improving the cybersecurity of the National Airspace System.

(5) Systems associated with the Data Communications program.

(6) The infrastructure, sustainment, and the elimination of the deferred maintenance backlog of air navigation facilities and other facilities for which the Federal Aviation Administration is responsible.

(7) The modernization and digitization of the Civil Aviation Registry.

(8) The construction of necessary Priority 1 National Airspace System facilities.

(9) Cost-beneficial construction, rehabilitation, or retrofitting programs designed to reduce Federal Aviation Administration facility operating costs.

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1294; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §102(a), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1571; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §102(a), (b)(1), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3216; Pub. L. 106–6, §3, Mar. 31, 1999, 113 Stat. 10; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §102, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 65; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §102, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2494; Pub. L. 110–330, §7, Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3719; Pub. L. 111–12, §7, Mar. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 1458; Pub. L. 111–69, §7, Oct. 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 2056; Pub. L. 111–116, §7, Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3033; Pub. L. 111–153, §7, Mar. 31, 2010, 124 Stat. 1086; Pub. L. 111–161, §7, Apr. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1128; Pub. L. 111–197, §7, July 2, 2010, 124 Stat. 1354; Pub. L. 111–216, title I, §106, Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2350; Pub. L. 112–30, title II, §207, Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 359; Pub. L. 112–91, §7, Jan. 31, 2012, 126 Stat. 4; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §102, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 16; Pub. L. 114–55, title I, §104, Sept. 30, 2015, 129 Stat. 524; Pub. L. 114–141, title I, §104, Mar. 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 323; Pub. L. 114–190, title I, §1104, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 618; Pub. L. 115–63, title I, §105, Sept. 29, 2017, 131 Stat. 1170; Pub. L. 115–141, div. M, title I, §105, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1047; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §112, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3200.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

48101(a) | 49 App.:2202(a)(24). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §503(a)(24), 96 Stat. 674; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §103(c)(1), 101 Stat. 1488. |

49 App.:2205(a)(1) (1st sentence). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §506(a)(1), 96 Stat. 677; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §105(a)(2), 101 Stat. 1490; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9105(b), 104 Stat. 1388–355; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §103(a), 106 Stat. 4877. | |

48101(b) | 49 App.:2202(a)(24). | |

49 App.:2205(a)(2) (1st sentence). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §506(a)(2), 96 Stat. 677; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §105(a)(2), 101 Stat. 1490; restated Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §103(b), 106 Stat. 4877. | |

48101(c) | 49 App.:2205(a)(1) (last sentence), (2) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), the words "to the Secretary of Transportation" are added for clarity and consistency in this chapter. The words "for fiscal years beginning after September 30, 1990" and "$2,500,000,000 for fiscal year 1991" are omitted as obsolete.

Section 161 of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), is section 161 of Pub. L. 115–254, which is set out as a note under section 47104 of this title.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(1) to (4). Pub. L. 115–254, §112(a), added pars. (1) to (4) and struck out former pars. (1) to (4) which read as follows:

"(1) $2,731,000,000 for fiscal year 2012.

"(2) $2,715,000,000 for fiscal year 2013.

"(3) $2,730,000,000 for fiscal year 2014.

"(4) $2,730,000,000 for fiscal year 2015."

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 115–254, §112(a), added par. (5) and struck out former par. (5) which read as follows: "$2,855,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2016 through 2018."

Pub. L. 115–141, §105(1), substituted "2016 through 2018" for "2016 and 2017".

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 115–254, §112(a), added par. (6).

Pub. L. 115–141, §105(2), struck out par. (6) which read as follows: "$1,423,589,041 for the period beginning on October 1, 2017, and ending on March 31, 2018."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §112(b)(2), substituted "may be used for the following:" and pars. (1) to (9) for "may be necessary may be used for the implementation and use of upgrades to the current automated surface observation system/automated weather observing system, if the upgrade is successfully demonstrated."

Pub. L. 115–254, §112(b)(1), substituted "Authorized Expenditures" for "Automated Surface Observation System/Automated Weather Observing System Upgrade" in heading.

**2017**—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 115–63 added par. (6).

**2016**—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 114–190 amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: "$2,058,333,333 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on July 15, 2016."

Pub. L. 114–141 amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: "$1,300,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on March 31, 2016."

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 114–55 added par. (5).

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–95, §102(a), added pars. (1) to (4) and struck out former pars. (1) to (8) which authorized appropriations for fiscal years 2004 through 2011, and for the period beginning Oct. 1, 2011, and ending Feb. 17, 2012.

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 112–91 amended par. (8) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (8) read as follows: "$917,704,544 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on January 31, 2012."

Subsecs. (c) to (i). Pub. L. 112–95, §102(b), redesignated subsecs. (f) and (g) as (c) and (d), respectively, and struck out former subsecs. (c), (d), (e), (h), and (i), which related, respectively, to enhanced safety and security for aircraft operations in the Gulf of Mexico, operational benefits of wake vortex advisory system, ground-based precision navigational aids, standby power efficiency program, and pilot program to provide incentives for development of new technologies.

**2011**—Subsec. (a)(7), (8). Pub. L. 112–30 added pars. (7) and (8).

**2010**—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 111–216 amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (6) read as follows: "$2,453,539,493 for the period beginning on October 1, 2009, and ending on August 1, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–197 amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (6) read as follows: "$2,220,252,132 for the period beginning on October 1, 2009, and ending on July 3, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–161 amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (6) read as follows: "$1,712,785,083 for the 7-month period beginning on October 1, 2009."

Pub. L. 111–153 amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (6) read as follows: "$1,466,888,500 for the 6-month period beginning on October 1, 2009."

**2009**—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 111–12 substituted "$2,742,095,000 for fiscal year 2009" for "$1,360,188,750 for the 6-month period beginning on October 1, 2008".

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 111–116 amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (6) read as follows: "$733,444,250 for the 3-month period beginning on October 1, 2009."

Pub. L. 111–69 added par. (6).

**2008**—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 110–330 added par. (5).

**2003**—Subsec. (a)(1) to (5). Pub. L. 108–176, §102(1), added pars. (1) to (4) and struck out formers par. (1) to (5) which read as follows:

"(1) $2,131,000,000 for fiscal year 1999.

"(2) $2,689,000,000 for fiscal year 2000.

"(3) $2,656,765,000 for fiscal year 2001.

"(4) $2,914,000,000 for fiscal year 2002.

"(5) $2,981,022,000 for fiscal year 2003."

Subsecs. (b) to (e). Pub. L. 108–176, §102(2), (3), added subsecs. (c) to (e), redesignated former subsec. (c) as (b), and struck out former subsecs. (b), (d) and (e), which related, respectively, to major airway capital investment plan changes, universal access systems, and the Alaska National Air Space Interfacility Communications System.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 108–176, §102(4), struck out "for fiscal years beginning after September 30, 2000" after "appropriated under subsection (a)" and inserted "may be used" after "may be necessary".

Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 108–176, §102(5), added subsecs. (h) and (i).

**2000**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–181, §102(a), added pars. (1) to (5) and struck out former pars. (1) to (3) which read as follows:

"(1) $2,068,000,000 for fiscal year 1997.

"(2) $2,129,000,000 for fiscal year 1998.

"(3) $2,131,000,000 for fiscal year 1999."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–181, §102(b), added subsec. (d).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–181, §102(c), added subsec. (e).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 106–181, §102(d), added subsec. (f).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 106–181, §102(e), added subsec. (g).

**1999**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 106–6 added par. (3).

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–264, §102(b)(1), inserted "and equipment" after "facilities" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–264, §102(a), added pars. (1) and (2) and struck out former pars. (1) to (4) which read as follows:

"(1) For the fiscal years ending September 30, 1991–1993, $8,200,000,000.

"(2) For the fiscal years ending September 30, 1991–1994, $10,724,000,000.

"(3) For the fiscal years ending September 30, 1991–1995, $13,394,000,000.

"(4) For the fiscal years ending September 30, 1991–1996, $16,129,000,000."

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–305, §102(a)(1), substituted "For" for "for".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103–305, §102(a)(2), substituted "For" for "for" and "$10,724,000,000" for "$11,100,000,000".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 103–305, §102(a)(3), substituted "For" for "for" and "$13,394,000,000" for "$14,000,000,000".

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 103–305, §102(a)(4), added par. (4).

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §184, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2517, directed the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to report to the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the House of Representatives Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure every 6 months on the 10 largest programs funded under this section until Dec. 12, 2007.

Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §106(a)–(c), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 72, 73, which related to budget resources made available from the Airport and Airway Trust Fund through fiscal year 2003, was repealed by Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §104(c), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2497.

(a)

(1) for fiscal year 2004, $346,317,000, including—

(A) $65,000,000 for Improving Aviation Safety;

(B) $24,000,000 for Weather Safety Research;

(C) $27,500,000 for Human Factors and Aeromedical Research;

(D) $30,000,000 for Environmental Research and Development, of which $20,000,000 shall be for research activities related to reducing community exposure to civilian aircraft noise or emissions;

(E) $7,000,000 for Research Mission Support;

(F) $10,000,000 for the Airport Cooperative Research Program;

(G) $1,500,000 for carrying out subsection (h) of this section;

(H) $42,800,000 for Advanced Technology Development and Prototyping;

(I) $30,300,000 for Safe Flight 21;

(J) $90,800,000 for the Center for Advanced Aviation System Development;

(K) $9,667,000 for Airports Technology-Safety; and

(L) $7,750,000 for Airports Technology-Efficiency;

(2) for fiscal year 2005, $356,192,000, including—

(A) $65,705,000 for Improving Aviation Safety;

(B) $24,260,000 for Weather Safety Research;

(C) $27,800,000 for Human Factors and Aeromedical Research;

(D) $30,109,000 for Environmental Research and Development, of which $20,000,000 shall be for research activities related to reducing community exposure to civilian aircraft noise or emissions;

(E) $7,076,000 for Research Mission Support;

(F) $10,000,000 for the Airport Cooperative Research Program;

(G) $1,650,000 for carrying out subsection (h) of this section;

(H) $43,300,000 for Advanced Technology Development and Prototyping;

(I) $31,100,000 for Safe Flight 21;

(J) $95,400,000 for the Center for Advanced Aviation System Development;

(K) $2,200,000 for Free Flight Phase 2;

(L) $9,764,000 for Airports Technology-Safety; and

(M) $7,828,000 for Airports Technology-Efficiency;

(3) for fiscal year 2006, $352,157,000, including—

(A) $66,447,000 for Improving Aviation Safety;

(B) $24,534,000 for Weather Safety Research;

(C) $28,114,000 for Human Factors and Aeromedical Research;

(D) $30,223,000 for Environmental Research and Development, of which $20,000,000 shall be for research activities related to reducing community exposure to civilian aircraft noise or emissions;

(E) $7,156,000 for Research Mission Support;

(F) $10,000,000 for the Airport Cooperation Research Program;

(G) $1,815,000 for carrying out subsection (h) of this section;

(H) $42,200,000 for Advanced Technology Development and Prototyping;

(I) $23,900,000 for Safe Flight 21;

(J) $100,000,000 for the Center for Advanced Aviation System Development;

(K) $9,862,000 for Airports Technology-Safety; and

(L) $7,906,000 for Airports Technology-Efficiency;

(4) for fiscal year 2007, $356,261,000, including—

(A) $67,244,000 for Improving Aviation Safety;

(B) $24,828,000 for Weather Safety Research;

(C) $28,451,000 for Human Factors and Aeromedical Research;

(D) $30,586,000 for Environmental Research and Development, of which $20,000,000 shall be for research activities related to reducing community exposure to civilian aircraft noise or emissions;

(E) $7,242,000 for Research Mission Support;

(F) $10,000,000 for the Airport Cooperation Research Program;

(G) $1,837,000 for carrying out subsection (h) of this section;

(H) $42,706,000 for Advanced Technology Development and Prototyping;

(I) $24,187,000 for Safe Flight 21;

(J) $101,200,000 for the Center for Advanced Aviation System Development;

(K) $9,980,000 for Airports Technology-Safety; and

(L) $8,000,000 for Airports Technology-Efficiency;

(5) $171,000,000 for fiscal year 2009;

(6) $190,500,000 for fiscal year 2010;

(7) $170,000,000 for fiscal year 2011;

(8) $168,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2012 through 2015;

(9) $166,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2016 and 2017;

(10) $189,000,000 for fiscal year 2018;

(11) $194,000,000 for fiscal year 2019;

(12) $199,000,000 for fiscal year 2020;

(13) $204,000,000 for fiscal year 2021;

(14) $209,000,000 for fiscal year 2022; and

(15) $214,000,000 for fiscal year 2023.

(b)

(2) As safety related activities shall be the highest research priority, at least 70 percent of the amount appropriated under subsection (a) of this section shall be for safety research and development projects.

(3) At least 15 percent of the amount appropriated under subsection (a) of this section shall be for long-term research projects.

(c)

(2) The Secretary may transfer more than 10 percent of an authorized amount to or from a category only after—

(A) submitting a written explanation of the proposed transfer to the Committees on Science and Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committees on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and Appropriations of the Senate; and

(B) 30 days have passed after the explanation is submitted or each Committee notifies the Secretary in writing that it does not object to the proposed transfer.

(d)

(2) The Administrator shall submit to the Committees on Science and Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a report on expenditures made under paragraph (1) of this subsection for each fiscal year. The report shall be submitted not later than 60 days after the end of the fiscal year.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(1)

(A) research projects to be carried out at primarily undergraduate institutions and technical colleges;

(B) research projects that combine research at primarily undergraduate institutions and technical colleges with other research supported by the Federal Aviation Administration;

(C) research on future training requirements on projected changes in regulatory requirements for aircraft maintenance and power plant licensees; or

(D) research on the impact of new technologies and procedures, particularly those related to aircraft flight deck and air traffic management functions, on training requirements for pilots and air traffic controllers.

(2)

(3)

(A) the relevance of the proposed research to technical research needs identified by the Federal Aviation Administration;

(B) the scientific and technical merit of the proposed research; and

(C) the potential for participation by undergraduate students in the proposed research.

(4)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1294; Pub. L. 103–305, title III, §302, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1589; Pub. L. 104–264, title XI, §§1102, 1103, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3278; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), (74), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389, 3396; Pub. L. 105–155, §§2, 3, Feb. 11, 1998, 112 Stat. 5; Pub. L. 106–181, title IX, §901, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 194; Pub. L. 108–176, title VII, §§701, 707, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2574, 2582; Pub. L. 110–330, §8, Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3719; Pub. L. 111–12, §8, Mar. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 1459; Pub. L. 111–69, §8, Oct. 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 2056; Pub. L. 111–116, §8, Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3033; Pub. L. 111–153, §8, Mar. 31, 2010, 124 Stat. 1086; Pub. L. 111–161, §8, Apr. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1128; Pub. L. 111–197, §8, July 2, 2010, 124 Stat. 1355; Pub. L. 111–216, title I, §107, Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2350; Pub. L. 112–30, title II, §208, Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 359; Pub. L. 112–91, §8, Jan. 31, 2012, 126 Stat. 4; Pub. L. 112–95, title IX, §901(a), (b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 137; Pub. L. 114–55, title I, §105, Sept. 30, 2015, 129 Stat. 524; Pub. L. 114–141, title I, §105, Mar. 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 324; Pub. L. 114–190, title I, §1105, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 618; Pub. L. 115–63, title I, §106, Sept. 29, 2017, 131 Stat. 1170; Pub. L. 115–141, div. M, title I, §106, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1047; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title VII, §703, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3409.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

48102(a) | 49 App.:2202(a)(24). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §503(a)(24), 96 Stat. 674; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §103(c)(1), 101 Stat. 1488. |

49 App.:2205(b)(2) (1st sentence). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §506(b)(2), 96 Stat. 678; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §105(b)(1), 101 Stat. 1490; Nov. 3, 1988, Pub. L. 100–591, §7, 102 Stat. 3014; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9202, 104 Stat. 1388–372; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §302, 106 Stat. 4895. | |

48102(b) | 49 App.:2205(b)(2) (last sentence). | |

48102(c) | 49 App.:2205(b)(3). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §506(b)(3), (5), 96 Stat. 678; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §105(b)(1), 101 Stat. 1491. |

48102(d) | 49 App.:2205(b)(4). | Sept. 30, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §506(b)(4), 96 Stat. 678; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §105(b)(1), 101 Stat. 1491; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9203, 104 Stat. 1388–373. |

48102(e) | 49 App.:1353 (note). | Nov. 3, 1988, Pub. L. 100–591, §8(d), 102 Stat. 3016; Nov. 17, 1988, Pub. L. 100–685, §604, 102 Stat. 4103. |

48102(f) | 49 App.:2205(b)(5). |


In subsections (a) and (b), as to applicability of section 305(b) of the Airport and Airway Safety, Capacity, Noise Improvement, and Intermodal Transportation Act of 1992 (Pub. L. 102–581, 106 Stat. 4896), see section 6(b) of the bill.

In subsection (a)(1), the word "solely" is omitted as surplus. Before clause (1), the words "to the Secretary of Transportation" are added for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of this subsection" and "in each of fiscal years 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1992" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(2), the reference to fiscal years 1988–1992 and the words "by the Administrator for research and development" are omitted as surplus.

The date of the enactment of the FAA Research, Engineering, and Development Authorization Act of 1998, referred to in subsec. (h)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 105–155, which was approved Feb. 11, 1998.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §703(a)(1), struck out "and, for each of fiscal years 2012 through 2015, under subsection (g)" after "this title" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 115–254, §703(a)(2), (3), added par. (10) and struck out former par. (10) which read as follows: "$176,500,000 for fiscal year 2018."

Pub. L. 115–141 amended par. (10) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (10) read as follows: "$88,008,219 for the period beginning on October 1, 2017 and ending on March 31, 2018."

Subsec. (a)(11) to (15). Pub. L. 115–254, §703(a)(2), (3), added pars. (11) to (15).

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §703(b)(1), substituted "prioritize safety in considering" for "consider".

Subsec. (b)(2), (3). Pub. L. 115–254, §703(b)(2)–(4), added par. (2), redesignated former par. (2) as (3), and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: "At least 3 percent of the amount appropriated under subsection (a) of this section shall be available to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to make grants under section 44511 of this title."

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 115–254, §703(c), amended subsec. (g) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (g) authorized certain programs described in the research, engineering, and development account of the national aviation research plan required under section 44501(c).

**2017**—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 115–63 added par. (10).

**2016**—Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 114–190 amended par. (9) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (9) read as follows: "$124,093,750 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on July 15, 2016."

Pub. L. 114–141 amended par. (9) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (9) read as follows: "$78,375,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on March 31, 2016."

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 114–55 added par. (9).

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–95, §901(a)(1), substituted "of this title and, for each of fiscal years 2012 through 2015, under subsection (g)" for "of this title" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1) to (15). Pub. L. 112–95, §901(a)(2)–(5), redesignated pars. (9) to (15) as (1) to (7), respectively, inserted "and" at end of par. (3)(K), struck out "and" at end of par. (3)(L), added par. (8), and struck out former pars. (1) to (8) which related to appropriations for fiscal years 1995 to 2002.

Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 112–95, §901(a)(5), struck out par. (16) which read as follows: "$64,092,459 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on February 17, 2012."

Pub. L. 112–91 amended par. (16) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (16) read as follows: "$57,016,885 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on January 31, 2012."

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 112–95, §901(b), added subsec. (g).

**2011**—Subsec. (a)(15), (16). Pub. L. 112–30 added pars. (15) and (16).

**2010**—Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 111–216 amended par. (14) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (14) read as follows: "$159,184,932 for the period beginning on October 1, 2009, and ending on August 1, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–197 amended par. (14) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (14) read as follows: "$144,049,315 for the period beginning on October 1, 2009, and ending on July 3, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–161 amended par. (14) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (14) read as follows: "$111,125,000 for the 7-month period beginning on October 1, 2009."

Pub. L. 111–153 amended par. (14) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (14) read as follows: "$92,500,000 for the 6-month period beginning on October 1, 2009."

**2009**—Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 111–12 substituted "$171,000,000 for fiscal year 2009" for "$85,507,500 for the 6-month period beginning on October 1, 2008".

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 111–116 amended par. (14) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (14) read as follows: "$46,250,000 for the 3-month period beginning on October 1, 2009."

Pub. L. 111–69 added par. (14).

**2008**—Subsec. (a)(11) to (13). Pub. L. 110–330 struck out "and" at end of subpar. (K) of par. (11), substituted "; and" for period at end of subpar. (L) of par. (12), and added par. (13).

**2003**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–176, §701(1), substituted "for conducting civil aviation research and development under sections 44504" for "to carry out sections 44504" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(9) to (12). Pub. L. 108–176, §701(2)–(4), added pars. (9) to (12).

Subsec. (h)(1)(D). Pub. L. 108–176, §707, added subpar. (D).

**2000**—Subsec. (a)(6) to (8). Pub. L. 106–181 added pars. (6) to (8).

**1998**—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 105–155, §2, added par. (4).

Subsec. (a)(4)(J). Pub. L. 105–155, §3(b), inserted ", of which $750,000 shall be for carrying out the grant program established under subsection (h)" after "projects and activities".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 105–155, §2, added par. (5).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 105–155, §3(a), added subsec. (h).

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 104–264, §1102, added par. (3).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–264, §1103, substituted "

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(74), substituted "Committees on Science" for "Committees on Science, Space, and Technology".

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(74), substituted "Committees on Science" for "Committees on Science, Space, and Technology".

Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), substituted "Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Public Works and Transportation".

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(1), (2). Pub. L. 103–305 inserted pars. (1) and (2) and struck out former pars. (1) and (2) which read as follows:

"(1) for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993—

"(A) $14,700,000 only for management and analysis projects and activities.

"(B) $87,000,000 only for capacity and air traffic management technology projects and activities.

"(C) $28,000,000 only for communications, navigation, and surveillance projects and activities.

"(D) $7,700,000 only for weather projects and activities.

"(E) $6,800,000 only for airport technology projects and activities.

"(F) $44,000,000 only for aircraft safety technology projects and activities.

"(G) $41,100,000 only for system security technology projects and activities.

"(H) $31,000,000 only for human factors and aviation medicine projects and activities.

"(I) $4,500,000 for environment and energy projects and activities.

"(J) $5,200,000 for innovative and cooperative research projects and activities.

"(2) for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1994, $297,000,000."

Committee on Science of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Science and Technology of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007. Committee on Science and Technology of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Jan. 5, 2011.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 105–155, §4, Feb. 11, 1998, 112 Stat. 6, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

(a)

(1) $3,350,000,000 for fiscal year 2018;

(2) $3,350,000,000 for fiscal year 2019;

(3) $3,350,000,000 for fiscal year 2020;

(4) $3,350,000,000 for fiscal year 2021;

(5) $3,350,000,000 for fiscal year 2022; and

(6) $3,350,000,000 for fiscal year 2023.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1296; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §101(a), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1570; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §101(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3216; Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title I, §110(b)(1), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–587; Pub. L. 106–6, §2(a), Mar. 31, 1999, 113 Stat. 10; Pub. L. 106–31, title VI, §6002(a), May 21, 1999, 113 Stat. 113; Pub. L. 106–59, §1(a), Sept. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 482; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §101(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 65; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §101(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2494; Pub. L. 110–190, §4(a)(1), Feb. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 643; Pub. L. 110–253, §4(a), June 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2418; Pub. L. 110–330, §4(a)(1), Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3717; Pub. L. 111–12, §4(a), Mar. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 1457; Pub. L. 111–69, §4(a)(1), Oct. 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 2054; Pub. L. 111–116, §4(a)(1), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3031; Pub. L. 111–153, §4(a)(1), Mar. 31, 2010, 124 Stat. 1084; Pub. L. 111–161, §4(a)(1), Apr. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1126; Pub. L. 111–197, §4(a)(1), July 2, 2010, 124 Stat. 1353; Pub. L. 111–249, §4(a)(1), Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2627; Pub. L. 111–329, §4(a)(1), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3566; Pub. L. 112–7, §4(a)(1), Mar. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 31; Pub. L. 112–16, §4(a)(1), May 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 218; Pub. L. 112–21, §4(a)(1), June 29, 2011, 125 Stat. 233; Pub. L. 112–27, §4(a)(1), Aug. 5, 2011, 125 Stat. 270; Pub. L. 112–30, title II, §204(a)(1), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 357; Pub. L. 112–91, §4(a)(1), Jan. 31, 2012, 126 Stat. 3; Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §101(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 15; Pub. L. 114–55, title I, §101(a)(1), Sept. 30, 2015, 129 Stat. 522; Pub. L. 114–141, title I, §101(a)(1), Mar. 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 322; Pub. L. 114–190, title I, §1101(a), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 617; Pub. L. 115–63, title I, §101(a)(1), Sept. 29, 2017, 131 Stat. 1169; Pub. L. 115–141, div. M, title I, §101(a), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1046; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §111(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3199.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

48103 | 49 App.:2202(a)(24). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §503(a)(24), 96 Stat. 674; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §103(c)(1), 101 Stat. 1488. |

49 App.:2204(a) (2d sentence). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §505(a) (2d sentence), 96 Stat. 676; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §426(b)(1)–(5), 96 Stat. 2167; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §105(e), 101 Stat. 1493; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9104(1), 104 Stat. 1388–355; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §102(a), 106 Stat. 4876. |


In this section, references to the aggregate amounts for fiscal years ending before October 1, 1987–1992, are omitted as obsolete. The words "of which $475,000,000 shall be credited to the supplementary discretionary fund established by section 2206(a)(3)(B)" are omitted as executed. In restating section 505(a) (2d sentence) of the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982 (Public Law 97–248, 96 Stat. 676), the cross-reference to the discretionary fund was retained but is incorrect because of the restatement of section 507 of the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982 (Public Law 97–248, 96 Stat. 679) by section 426(a) of the Highway Improvement Act of 1982 (Public Law 97–424, 96 Stat. 2167). See section 47115 of the revised title.

Section 9502 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (a), is classified to section 9502 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

**2018**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "section 47504(c)—" and pars. (1) to (6) for "section 47504(c) $3,350,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2012 through 2018."

Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "2012 through 2018." for "2012 through 2017 and $1,670,410,959 for the period beginning on October 1, 2017, and ending on March 31, 2018."

**2017**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–63 inserted before period at end "and $1,670,410,959 for the period beginning on October 1, 2017, and ending on March 31, 2018".

**2016**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–190 substituted "fiscal years 2012 through 2017." for "fiscal years 2012 through 2015 and $2,652,083,333 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on July 15, 2016.."

Pub. L. 114–141 substituted "$2,652,083,333 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on July 15, 2016." for "$1,675,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on March 31, 2016".

**2015**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–55 inserted "and $1,675,000,000 for the period beginning on October 1, 2015, and ending on March 31, 2016" before period at end.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–95 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section listed amounts available out of the Airport and Airway Trust Fund for fiscal years 2004 through 2011 and for the period beginning on Oct. 1, 2011, and ending on Feb. 17, 2012.

Par. (9). Pub. L. 112–91 amended par. (9) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (9) read as follows: "$1,181,270,492 for the period beginning on October 1, 2011, and ending on January 31, 2012."

**2011**—Par. (8). Pub. L. 112–30 added par. (8) and struck out former par. (8) which read as follows: "$3,380,178,082 for the period beginning on October 1, 2010, and ending on September 16, 2011."

Pub. L. 112–27 added par. (8) and struck out former par. (8) which read as follows: "$2,840,890,411 for the period beginning on October 1, 2010, and ending on July 22, 2011."

Pub. L. 112–21 added par. (8) and struck out former par. (8) which read as follows: "$2,636,250,000 for the 9-month period beginning on October 1, 2010."

Pub. L. 112–16 added par. (8) and struck out former par. (8) which read as follows: "$2,466,666,667 for the 8-month period beginning on October 1, 2010."

Par. (8). Pub. L. 112–7 added par. (8) and struck out two former pars. (8) which read as follows:

"(8) $925,000,000 for the 3-month period beginning on October 1, 2010.

"(8) $1,850,000,000 for the 6-month period beginning on October 1, 2010."

Par. (9). Pub. L. 112–30, §204(a)(1)(B), added par. (9).

**2010**—Par. (6). Pub. L. 111–329, §4(a)(1)(A), which directed striking out "and" at the end, could not be executed because the word "and" did not appear subsequent to amendment by Pub. L. 111–249.

Pub. L. 111–249, §4(a)(1)(A), struck out "and" at the end.

Par. (7). Pub. L. 111–329, §4(a)(1)(B), which directed substitution of "; and" for the period at the end, could not be executed because no period appeared subsequent to amendment by Pub. L. 111–249.

Pub. L. 111–249, §4(a)(1)(B), substituted "; and" for the period at the end.

Pub. L. 111–197 amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: "$3,024,657,534 for the period beginning on October 1, 2009, and ending on July 3, 2010."

Pub. L. 111–161 amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: "$2,333,333,333 for the 7-month period beginning on October 1, 2009."

Pub. L. 111–153 amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: "$2,000,000,000 for the 6-month period beginning on October 1, 2009."

Par. (8). Pub. L. 111–329, §4(a)(1)(C), added par. (8) relating to the 6-month period beginning on October 1, 2010.

Pub. L. 111–249, §4(a)(1)(C), added par. (8) relating to the 3-month period beginning on October 1, 2010.

**2009**—Par. (6). Pub. L. 111–12 substituted "$3,900,000,000 for fiscal year 2009" for "$1,950,000,000 for the 6-month period beginning on October 1, 2008".

Par. (7). Pub. L. 111–116 amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: "$1,000,000,000 for the 3-month period beginning on October 1, 2009."

Par. (7). Pub. L. 111–69 added par. (7).

**2008**—Par. (5). Pub. L. 110–253 amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: "$2,756,250,000 for the 9-month period beginning October 1, 2007."

Pub. L. 110–190 added par. (5).

Par. (6). Pub. L. 110–330 added par. (6).

**2003**—Pub. L. 108–176, §101(a)(1), substituted "September 30, 2003" for "September 30, 1998" in introductory provisions.

Pars. (1) to (5). Pub. L. 108–176, §101(a)(2), added pars. (1) to (4) and struck out former pars. (1) to (5) which read as follows:

"(1) $2,410,000,000 for fiscal year 1999;

"(2) $2,475,000,000 for fiscal year 2000;

"(3) $3,200,000,000 for fiscal year 2001;

"(4) $3,300,000,000 for fiscal year 2002; and

"(5) $3,400,000,000 for fiscal year 2003."

**2000**—Pub. L. 106–181 substituted "shall be—" along with pars. (1) to (5) and concluding provisions for "shall be $2,410,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999."

**1999**—Pub. L. 106–59 substituted "$2,410,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999." for "$2,050,000,000 for the period beginning October 1, 1998 and ending August 6, 1999."

Pub. L. 106–31 substituted "$2,050,000,000 for the period beginning October 1, 1998 and ending August 6, 1999." for "$1,607,000,000 for the 8-month period beginning October 1, 1998.".

Pub. L. 106–6 substituted "$1,607,000,000 for the 8-month period beginning October 1, 1998." for "$1,205,000,000 for the six-month period beginning October 1, 1998".

**1998**—Pub. L. 105–277 substituted "September 30, 1998" for "September 30, 1996" and "$1,205,000,000 for the six-month period beginning October 1, 1998" for "$2,280,000,000 for fiscal years ending before October 1, 1997, and $4,627,000,000 for fiscal years ending before October 1, 1998."

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–264 substituted "September 30, 1996" for "September 30, 1981" and "$2,280,000,000 for fiscal years ending before October 1, 1997, and $4,627,000,000 for fiscal years ending before October 1, 1998." for "$17,583,500,000 for fiscal years ending before October 1, 1994, $19,744,500,000 for fiscal years ending before October 1, 1995, and $21,958,500,000 for fiscal years ending before October 1, 1996."

**1994**—Pub. L. 103–305 substituted "The total amounts which shall be available after September 30, 1981, to the Secretary of Transportation" for "Not more than a total of $15,966,700,000 is available to the Secretary of Transportation for the fiscal years ending September 30, 1982–1993," and inserted before period at end "shall be $17,583,500,000 for fiscal years ending before October 1, 1994, $19,744,500,000 for fiscal years ending before October 1, 1995, and $21,958,500,000 for fiscal years ending before October 1, 1996".

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–253 effective July 1, 2008, see section 4(c) of Pub. L. 110–253, set out as a note under section 47104 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §159, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 90, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

The balance of the money available in the Airport and Airway Trust Fund established under section 9502 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 9502) may be appropriated to the Secretary of Transportation out of the Fund for—

(1) direct costs the Secretary incurs to flight check, operate, and maintain air navigation facilities referred to in section 44502(a)(1)(A) of this title safely and efficiently; and

(2) the costs of services provided under international agreements related to the joint financing of air navigation services assessed against the United States Government.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1296; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §102(b), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1571; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §103(b), (d)(1), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3216; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(87), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3398; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §106(d), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 73; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, §539(r), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3371.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

48104(a) | 49 App.:2202(a)(24). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §503(a)(24), 96 Stat. 674; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §103(c)(1), 101 Stat. 1488. |

49 App.:2205(c)(1). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §506(c)(1), 96 Stat. 678; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §105(g)(2)(A), (C), 101 Stat. 1494. | |

48104(b) | 49 App.:2205(c)(2). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §506(c)(2), 96 Stat. 678; Jan. 6, 1983, Pub. L. 97–424, §426(c), 96 Stat. 2168; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §105(g)(2)(B), (C), 101 Stat. 1494. |

49 App.:2205(c)(3). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §506(c)(3); added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §105(c)(1), 101 Stat. 1492; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9107(a), 104 Stat. 1388–355. | |

49 App.:2205(c)(4). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §506(c)(4); added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9107(b), 104 Stat. 1388–355; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §103(c)(1), 106 Stat. 4877. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Except as provided in this section" are added for clarity. The words "to the Secretary of Transportation" are added for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (b), the text of 49 App.:2205(c)(2) and (3) and the reference to fiscal years 1991 and 1992 in 49 App:2205(c)(4) are omitted as obsolete.

This makes a clarifying amendment to the catchline for 49:48104(b).

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, which directed substitution of "The" for "(a)

**2000**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–181, §106(d)(1), struck out "Except as provided in this section," before "the balance of the money" in introductory provisions.

Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 106–181, §106(d)(2), struck out heading and text of subsecs. (b) and (c), which set out funding limitations for fiscal year 1993 and fiscal years 1994 to 1998, respectively.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–264, §103(d)(1), substituted "Operations and maintenance" for "Certain direct costs and joint air navigation services" in section catchline.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–264, §103(b)(1), (2), substituted "1998" for "1996" in heading and "1994 through 1998" for "1994, 1995, and 1996" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 104–264, §103(b)(3), substituted "72.5 percent" for "70 percent".

**1994**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–305, §102(b)(1), (2), inserted "

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–305, §102(b)(3), added subsec. (c).

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

To sustain the aviation weather reporting programs of the Federal Aviation Administration, the Secretary of Transportation may expend from amounts available under section 48104 of this title not more than the following amounts:

(1) for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993, $35,596,000.

(2) for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1994, $37,800,000.

(3) for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1995, $39,000,000.

(4) $39,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2019 through 2023.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1296; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §114, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3201.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

48105 | 49 App.:2205(d). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §506(d), 96 Stat. 678; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §105(c)(2), 101 Stat. 1493; Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §§9108, 9204, 104 Stat. 1388–355, 1388–373; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §103(d), 106 Stat. 4877. |


The words "for fiscal years beginning after September 30, 1982" are omitted as obsolete. The words "Secretary of Commerce" are substituted for "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration" because of 15:1501. The words "The Federal Aviation Administration with" are omitted as surplus.

**2018**—Pub. L. 115–254, §114(1), substituted "To sustain the aviation weather reporting programs of the Federal Aviation Administration, the Secretary of Transportation" for "To reimburse the Secretary of Commerce for the cost incurred by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of providing weather reporting services to the Federal Aviation Administration, the Secretary of Transportation" in introductory provisions.

Par. (4). Pub. L. 115–254, §114(2), added par. (4).

Amounts are available from the Airport and Airway Trust Fund established under section 9502 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 9502) to carry out section 44510 of this title. The amounts remain available until expended.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1296.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

48106 | 49 App.:1354a (2d sentence). | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–516, (2d sentence in par. under heading "Facilities and Equipment"), 104 Stat. 2160. |

Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, (2d sentence in par. under heading "Facilities and Equipment"), 105 Stat. 922. | ||

Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, (2d sentence in par. under heading "Facilities and Equipment"), 106 Stat. 1526. |


This section is substituted for the source provisions for clarity and because of the restatement.

After the review under section 44912(b) of this title is completed, necessary amounts may be appropriated to the Secretary of Transportation out of the Airport and Airway Trust Fund established under section 9502 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 9502) to make grants under section 44912(a)(4)(A).

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1297.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

48107 | 49 App.:1357(d)(9). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §316(d)(9); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–604, §107, 104 Stat. 3077. |


The words "to the Secretary of Transportation" are added for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

(a)

(b)

(2) Amounts in the Fund may be appropriated for administrative expenses of the Department of Transportation or a component of the Department only to the extent authorized by section 48104 of this title.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1297; Pub. L. 103–305, title I, §102(c), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1571; Pub. L. 104–264, title I, §103(c), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3216.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

48108(a) | 49 App.:2202(a)(24). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §503(a)(24), 96 Stat. 674; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §103(c)(1), 101 Stat. 1488. |

49 App.:2205(e)(2). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §506(e)(2), 96 Stat. 679; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §105(g)(3), 101 Stat. 1494. | |

48108(b)(1) | 49 App.:2205(e)(1). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §506(e)(1), 96 Stat. 679; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §105(d)(1), 101 Stat. 1493. |

48108(b)(2) | 49 App.:2205(e)(3). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §506(e)(3), 96 Stat. 679. |

48108(c) | 49 App.:2205(e)(5). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §506(e)(5), 96 Stat. 679; Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §105(d)(2), 101 Stat. 1493; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §103(c)(2), 106 Stat. 4877. |


In subsection (a), the words "for each fiscal year" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary" are omitted as surplus. The reference to "this chapter" is intended to include sections 48106 and 48107 of the revised title for accuracy because the source provisions for those sections were enacted after the source provisions being restated in this section.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "for any fiscal year" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "be construed as" and "the purposes described in" are omitted as surplus.

**1996**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–264 substituted "1998" for "1996".

**1994**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–305 substituted "1996" for "1995".

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

When the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration submits to the Secretary of Transportation, the President, or the Director of the Office of Management and Budget any budget information, legislative recommendation, or comment on legislation about amounts authorized in section 48101 or 48102 of this title, the Administrator concurrently shall submit a copy of the information, recommendation, or comment to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Committees on Transportation and Infrastructure and Appropriations of the House, the President of the Senate, and the Committees on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and Appropriations of the Senate.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1297; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(9), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

48109 | 49 App.:2205(f). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, §506(f), 96 Stat. 679. |


The words "Director of the Office of Management and Budget" are substituted for "Office of Management and Budget" because of 31:502(a). The words "or transmits . . . budget estimate, budget request, supplemental budget estimate, or other" and "thereof" are omitted as surplus.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287 substituted "Transportation and Infrastructure" for "Public Works and Transportation".

For the fiscal years ending September 30, 1993–1995, amounts necessary to carry out section 44515 of this title may be appropriated to the Secretary of Transportation out of the Airport and Airway Trust Fund established under section 9502 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 9502). The amounts remain available until expended.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1297.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

48110 | 49 App.:1354 (note). | Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §119(d), 106 Stat. 4884. |


The words "to the Secretary of Transportation" are added for clarity and consistency in this chapter.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(d)

(1) as an exercise of the rulemaking power of the Senate and as such they are deemed a part of the rules of the Senate and they supersede other rules only to the extent that they are inconsistent therewith; and

(2) with full recognition of the constitutional right of the Senate to change the rules (so far as relating to the procedure of the Senate) at any time, in the same manner and to the same extent as in the case of any other rule of the Senate.

(Added Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §275(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3246.)

Section 274(c) of the Air Traffic Management System Performance Improvement Act of 1996, referred to in subsec. (a), is section 274(c) of Pub. L. 104–264, which is set out as a note under section 40101 of this title.

Section effective on date that is 30 days after Oct. 9, 1996, see section 203 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Section, added Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §107(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 73, related to adjustment to AIP program funding.

Before reprogramming any amounts appropriated under section 106(k), 48101(a), or 48103, for which notification of the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required, the Secretary of Transportation shall transmit a written explanation of the proposed reprogramming to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives.

(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title I, §108(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 73.)

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1)

(A)

(i) in fiscal year 2013, be equal to 90 percent of the estimated level of receipts plus interest credited to the Airport and Airway Trust Fund for that fiscal year; and

(ii) in fiscal years 2014 through 2018, be equal to the sum of—

(I) 90 percent of the estimated level of receipts plus interest credited to the Airport and Airway Trust Fund for that fiscal year; and

(II) the actual level of receipts plus interest credited to the Airport and Airway Trust Fund for the second preceding fiscal year minus the total amount made available for obligation from the Airport and Airway Trust Fund for the second preceding fiscal year.

Such amounts may be used only for the aviation investment programs listed in subsection (b)(1).

(B)

(2)

(b)

(1)

(A) 69–8106–0–7–402 (Grants in Aid for Airports).

(B) 69–8107–0–7–402 (Facilities and Equipment).

(C) 69–8108–0–7–402 (Research and Development).

(D) 69–8104–0–7–402 (Trust Fund Share of Operations).

(2)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title I, §104(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2496; amended Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §104, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 16; Pub. L. 114–55, title I, §106(a), Sept. 30, 2015, 129 Stat. 524; Pub. L. 114–190, title I, §1106(a), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 618; Pub. L. 115–63, title I, §107(a), Sept. 29, 2017, 131 Stat. 1170; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §116, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3201.)

Section 9502 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is classified to section 9502 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Section 257 of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is classified to section 907 of Title 2, The Congress.

**2018**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "in fiscal years 2014 through 2018" for "in fiscal year 2014 and each fiscal year thereafter" in introductory provisions.

**2017**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 115–63, §107(a)(1), substituted "2018" for "2017".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 115–63, §107(a)(2), substituted "2018" for "2017".

**2016**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 114–190, §1106(a)(1), substituted "fiscal year 2017," for "fiscal year 2016,".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 114–190, §1106(a)(2), substituted "fiscal year 2017" for "fiscal year 2016".

**2015**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 114–55, §106(a)(1), substituted "2016' for "2015".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 114–55, §106(a)(2), substituted "2016" for "2015".

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 112–95, §104(a), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The total budget resources made available from the Airport and Airway Trust Fund each fiscal year through fiscal year 2007 pursuant to sections 48101, 48102, 48103, and 106(k) of title 49, United States Code, shall be equal to the level of receipts plus interest credited to the Airport and Airway Trust Fund for that fiscal year. Such amounts may be used only for aviation investment programs listed in subsection (b)."

Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 112–95, §104(b), substituted "subsection (b)(1)" for "subsection (b)".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 112–95, §104(c), substituted "2015" for "2007".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 112–95, §104(d), substituted "Estimated level" for "Level" in heading and "estimated level of receipts plus interest" for "level of receipts plus interest" in text.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 112–95, §104(e), substituted "2015" for "2007".

Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.


(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §277(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3248.)

Section 9502 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (a), is classified to section 9502 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Section effective on date that is 30 days after Oct. 9, 1996, see section 203 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.

Section, added Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §118(c)(1), Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 627; amended Pub. L. 108–458, title IV, §4029, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3727; Pub. L. 110–53, title XVI, §1618, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 489, related to aviation security funding.


**2012**—Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §150, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 32, struck out item 49108 "Limitations".

Congress finds that—

(1) the 2 federally owned airports in the metropolitan area of the District of Columbia constitute an important and growing part of the commerce, transportation, and economic patterns of Virginia, the District of Columbia, and the surrounding region;

(2) Baltimore/Washington International Airport, owned and operated by Maryland, is an air transportation facility that provides service to the greater Metropolitan Washington region together with the 2 federally owned airports, and timely Federal-aid grants to Baltimore/Washington International Airport will provide additional capacity to meet the growing air traffic needs and to compete with other airports on a fair basis;

(3) the United States Government has a continuing but limited interest in the operation of the 2 federally owned airports, which serve the travel and cargo needs of the entire Metropolitan Washington region as well as the District of Columbia as the national seat of government;

(4) operation of the Metropolitan Washington Airports by an independent local authority will facilitate timely improvements at both airports to meet the growing demand of interstate air transportation occasioned by the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 (Public Law 95–504; 92 Stat. 1705);

(5) all other major air carrier airports in the United States are operated by public entities at the State, regional, or local level;

(6) any change in status of the 2 airports must take into account the interest of nearby communities, the traveling public, air carriers, general aviation, airport employees, and other interested groups, as well as the interests of the United States Government and State governments involved;

(7) in recognition of a perceived limited need for a Federal role in the management of these airports and the growing local interest, the Secretary of Transportation has recommended a transfer of authority from the Federal to the local/State level that is consistent with the management of major airports elsewhere in the United States;

(8) an operating authority with representation from local jurisdictions, similar to authorities at all major airports in the United States, will improve communications with local officials and concerned residents regarding noise at the Metropolitan Washington Airports;

(9) a commission of congressional, State, and local officials and aviation representatives has recommended to the Secretary that transfer of the federally owned airports be as a unit to an independent authority to be created by Virginia and the District of Columbia; and

(10) the Federal interest in these airports can be provided through a lease mechanism which provides for local control and operation.

(Added Pub. L. 105–102, §2(26), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2206.)

RevisedSection | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

49101 | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6002, 100 Stat. 1783–373. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6002, 100 Stat. 3341–376. |


In clause (4), the word "authority" is substituted for "agency" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, referred to in par. (4), is Pub. L. 95–504, Oct. 24, 1978, 92 Stat. 1705, which was classified principally to sections of former Title 49, Transportation. The Act was substantially repealed by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, the first section of which enacted subtitles II, III, and V to X of Title 49, Transportation. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. For disposition of sections of former Title 49, see Table at the beginning of Title 49.

A prior section 49101 was renumbered section 50101 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 105–102, §2(26), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2207.)

RevisedSection | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

49102(a) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6003(a), 100 Stat. 1783–374. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6003(a), 100 Stat. 3341–377. | ||

49102(b) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6003(b), 100 Stat. 1783–374. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6003(b), 100 Stat. 3341–377. |


In subsection (b), the words "and conditions" are omitted as being included in "terms".

A prior section 49102 was renumbered section 50102 of this title.

In this chapter—

(1) "Airports Authority" means the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, a public authority created by Virginia and the District of Columbia consistent with the requirements of section 49106 of this title.

(2) "employee" means any permanent Federal Aviation Administration personnel employed by the Metropolitan Washington Airports on June 7, 1987.

(3) "Metropolitan Washington Airports" means Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport and Washington Dulles International Airport.

(4) "Washington Dulles International Airport" means the airport constructed under the Act of September 7, 1950 (ch. 905, 64 Stat. 770), and includes the Dulles Airport Access Highway and Right-of-way, including the extension between Interstate Routes I–495 and I–66.

(5) "Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport" means the airport described in the Act of June 29, 1940 (ch. 444, 54 Stat. 686).

(Added Pub. L. 105–102, §2(26), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2207; amended Pub. L. 105–154, §2(a)(1)(D), Feb. 6, 1998, 112 Stat. 3.)

RevisedSection | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

49103 | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6004, 100 Stat. 1783–374. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6004, 100 Stat. 3341–377. |


In this section, the text of section 6004(1) and (5) of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Act of 1986 (Public Law 99–500, 100 Stat. 1783–374, 1783–375, Public Law 99–591, 100 Stat. 3341–378) is omitted as surplus because the complete names of the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Secretary of Transportation are used the first time those terms appear in a section.

In clause (1), the words "an organization within the Federal Aviation Administration" are omitted as surplus.

Act of September 7, 1950, ch. 905, 64 Stat. 770, referred to in par. (4), was classified to subchapter II (§2421 et seq.) of chapter 33 of former Title 49, Transportation, and was omitted from the Code when subtitles II, III, and V to X of Title 49, Transportation, were enacted by Pub. L. 103–272, July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 745.

Act of June 29, 1940, ch. 444, 54 Stat. 686, referred to in par. (5), was classified to subchapter I (§2401 et seq.) of chapter 33 of former Title 49, Transportation, and was omitted from the Code when subtitles II, III, and V to X of Title 49, Transportation, were enacted by Pub. L. 103–272, July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 745.

A prior section 49103 was renumbered section 50103 of this title.

**1998**—Pars. (3), (5). Pub. L. 105–154 substituted "Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport" for "Washington National Airport".

Pub. L. 105–154, §1, Feb. 6, 1998, 112 Stat. 3, provided that: "The airport described in the Act entitled 'An Act to provide for the administration of the Washington National Airport, and for other purposes', approved June 29, 1940 (54 Stat. 686) [section 2401 et seq. of former Title 49, Transportation, see References in Text note above], and known as the Washington National Airport, shall be known and designated as the 'Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport'."

Pub. L. 105–154, §2(b), Feb. 6, 1998, 112 Stat. 4, provided that: "Any reference in a law, map, regulation, document, paper, or other record of the United States to the Washington National Airport shall be deemed to be a reference to the 'Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport'."

(a)

(1) The Airports Authority shall operate, maintain, protect, promote, and develop the Metropolitan Washington Airports as a unit and as primary airports serving the Metropolitan Washington area.

(2)(A) In this paragraph, "airport purposes" means a use of property interests (except a sale) for—

(i) aviation business or activities;

(ii) activities necessary or appropriate to serve passengers or cargo in air commerce;

(iii) nonprofit, public use facilities that are not inconsistent with the needs of aviation; or

(iv) a business or activity not inconsistent with the needs of aviation that has been approved by the Secretary.

(B) During the period of the lease, the real property constituting the Metropolitan Washington Airports shall be used only for airport purposes.

(C) If the Secretary decides that any part of the real property leased to the Airports Authority under this chapter is used for other than airport purposes, the Secretary shall—

(i) direct that the Airports Authority take appropriate measures to have that part of the property be used for airport purposes; and

(ii) retake possession of the property if the Airports Authority fails to have that part of the property be used for airport purposes within a reasonable period of time, as the Secretary decides.

(3) The Airports Authority is subject to section 47107(a)–(c) and (e) of this title and to the assurances and conditions required of grant recipients under the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982 (Public Law 97–248; 96 Stat. 671) as in effect on June 7, 1987. Notwithstanding section 47107(b) of this title, all revenues generated by the Metropolitan Washington Airports shall be expended for the capital and operating costs of the Metropolitan Washington Airports.

(4) In acquiring by contract supplies or services for an amount estimated to be more than $200,000, or awarding concession contracts, the Airports Authority to the maximum extent practicable shall obtain complete and open competition through the use of published competitive procedures. By a vote of 7 members, the Airports Authority may grant exceptions to the requirements of this paragraph.

(5)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, all regulations of the Metropolitan Washington Airports (14 CFR part 159) become regulations of the Airports Authority as of June 7, 1987, and remain in effect until modified or revoked by the Airports Authority under procedures of the Airports Authority.

(B) Sections 159.59(a) and 159.191 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, do not become regulations of the Airports Authority.

(C) The Airports Authority may not increase or decrease the number of instrument flight rule takeoffs and landings authorized by the High Density Rule (14 CFR 93.121 et seq.) at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport on October 18, 1986, and may not impose a limitation on the number of passengers taking off or landing at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport.

(D) Subparagraph (C) does not apply to any increase in the number of instrument flight rule takeoffs and landings necessary to implement exemptions granted by the Secretary under section 41718.

(6)(A) Except as specified in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, the Airports Authority shall assume all rights, liabilities, and obligations of the Metropolitan Washington Airports on June 7, 1987, including leases, permits, licenses, contracts, agreements, claims, tariffs, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and litigation related to those rights and obligations, regardless whether judgment has been entered, damages awarded, or appeal taken. The Airports Authority must cooperate in allowing representatives of the Attorney General and the Secretary adequate access to employees and records when needed for the performance of duties and powers related to the period before June 7, 1987. The Airports Authority shall assume responsibility for the Federal Aviation Administration's Master Plans for the Metropolitan Washington Airports.

(B) The procedure for disputes resolution contained in any contract entered into on behalf of the United States Government before June 7, 1987, continues to govern the performance of the contract unless otherwise agreed to by the parties to the contract. Claims for monetary damages founded in tort, by or against the Government as the owner and operator of the Metropolitan Washington Airports, arising before June 7, 1987, shall be adjudicated as if the lease had not been entered into.

(C) The Administration is responsible for reimbursing the Employees' Compensation Fund, as provided in section 8147 of title 5, for compensation paid or payable after June 7, 1987, in accordance with chapter 81 of title 5 for any injury, disability, or death due to events arising before June 7, 1987, whether or not a claim was filed or was final on that date.

(D) The Airports Authority shall continue all collective bargaining rights enjoyed by employees of the Metropolitan Washington Airports before June 7, 1987.

(7) The Comptroller General may conduct periodic audits of the activities and transactions of the Airports Authority in accordance with generally accepted management principles, and under regulations the Comptroller General may prescribe. An audit shall be conducted where the Comptroller General considers it appropriate. All records and property of the Airports Authority shall remain in possession and custody of the Airports Authority.

(8) The Airports Authority shall develop a code of ethics and financial disclosure to ensure the integrity of all decisions made by its board of directors and employees. The code shall include standards by which members of the board will decide, for purposes of section 49106(d) of this title, what constitutes a substantial financial interest and the circumstances under which an exception to the conflict of interest prohibition may be granted.

(9) A landing fee imposed for operating an aircraft or revenues derived from parking automobiles—

(A) at Washington Dulles International Airport may not be used for maintenance or operating expenses (excluding debt service, depreciation, and amortization) at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport; and

(B) at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport may not be used for maintenance or operating expenses (excluding debt service, depreciation, and amortization) at Washington Dulles International Airport.

(10) The Airports Authority shall compute the fees and charges for landing general aviation aircraft at the Metropolitan Washington Airports on the same basis as the landing fees for air carrier aircraft, except that the Airports Authority may require a minimum landing fee that is not more than the landing fee for aircraft weighing 12,500 pounds.

(11) The Secretary shall include other terms applicable to the parties to the lease that are consistent with, and carry out, this chapter.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(Added Pub. L. 105–102, §2(26), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2207; amended Pub. L. 105–154, §2(a)(1)(D), Feb. 6, 1998, 112 Stat. 3; Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §231(e)(2), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 113; Pub. L. 112–95, title IV, §414(e), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 92.)

RevisedSection | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

49104(a) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §§6005(a), (d), 6007(d) (last sentence), 100 Stat. 1783–375, 1783–376, 1783–380. |

Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6005(c), 100 Stat. 1783–376; Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §902, 110 Stat. 3274. | ||

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §§6005(a), (d), 6007(d) (last sentence), 100 Stat. 3341–378, 3341–379, 3341–383. | ||

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6005(c), 100 Stat. 3341–379; Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §902, 110 Stat. 3274. | ||

49104(b) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6005(b), 100 Stat. 1783–375. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6005(b), 100 Stat. 3341–378. | ||

49104(c) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6005(e), 100 Stat. 1783–378. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6005(e), 100 Stat. 3341–381. | ||

49104(d) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6010, 100 Stat. 1783–385. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6010, 100 Stat. 3341–388. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the text of section 6005(a) and (d) of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Act of 1986 (Public Law 99–500, 100 Stat. 1783–375, 1783–378, Public Law 99–591, 100 Stat. 3341–378, 3341–381) is omitted as executed. The words "conditions and requirements" are omitted as surplus. In clause (5)(B), the words "(relating to new-technology aircraft)" and "(relating to violations of Federal Aviation Administration regulations as Federal misdemeanors)" are omitted as surplus. In clause (5)(C), the words "after the date the lease takes effect" are omitted as obsolete. In clause (6)(A), the words "(tangible and incorporeal, present and executory)" are omitted as surplus. The words "The Airports Authority must" are substituted for "Before the date the lease takes effect, the Secretary shall also assure that the Airports Authority has agreed to" to eliminate obsolete words. The words "duties and powers" are substituted for "functions" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (7), the words "or places" are omitted because of 1:1. The words "books, accounts . . . reports, files, papers" are omitted as being included in "reports". In clause (8), the words "for purposes of section 49106(d) of this title" are added for clarity. In clause (9), before subclause (A), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law" are omitted as surplus. In clause (11), the words "and conditions" are omitted as being included in "terms".

In subsection (b), the text of section 6005(b)(2) of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Act of 1986 (Public Law 99–500, 100 Stat. 1783–375, Public Law 99–591, 100 Stat. 3341–378) is omitted as executed.

Section 6005(a) of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Act of 1986, referred to in subsec. (a), is section 6005(a) of Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–375, and Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–378, which was classified to section 2454(a) of former Title 49, Transportation, and was repealed and reenacted as subsec. (a) of this section by Pub. L. 105–102, §§2(26), 5(b), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205, 2217.

The Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982, referred to in subsec. (a)(3), is title V of Pub. L. 97–248, Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 671, which was classified principally to chapter 31 (§2201 et seq.) of former Title 49, Transportation, and was substantially repealed by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, and reenacted by the first section thereof as subchapter I of chapter 471 of Title 49, Transportation.

A prior section 49104 was renumbered section 50104 of this title.

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 112–95 added cl. (iv).

**2000**—Subsec. (a)(5)(D). Pub. L. 106–181 added subpar. (D).

**1998**—Subsec. (a)(5)(C), (9)(A), (B). Pub. L. 105–154 substituted "Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport" for "Washington National Airport" wherever appearing.

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

(a)

(1) should pursue the improvement, construction, and rehabilitation of the facilities at Washington Dulles International Airport and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport simultaneously; and

(2) to the extent practicable, should cause the improvement, construction, and rehabilitation proposed by the Secretary of Transportation to be completed at Washington Dulles International Airport and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport within 5 years after March 30, 1988.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 105–102, §2(26), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2210; amended Pub. L. 105–154, §2(a)(1)(D), Feb. 6, 1998, 112 Stat. 3.)

RevisedSection | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

49105(a) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6006(a), 100 Stat. 1783–378. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6006(a), 100 Stat. 3341–381. | ||

49105(b) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6006(b), 100 Stat. 1783–379. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6006(b), 100 Stat. 3341–382. |


A prior section 49105 was renumbered section 50105 of this title.

**1998**—Subsec. (a)(1), (2). Pub. L. 105–154 substituted "Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport" for "Washington National Airport".

(a)

(1) a public body corporate and politic with the powers and jurisdiction—

(A) conferred upon it jointly by the legislative authority of Virginia and the District of Columbia or by either of them and concurred in by the legislative authority of the other jurisdiction; and

(B) that at least meet the specifications of this section and section 49108 1 of this title;

(2) independent of Virginia and its local governments, the District of Columbia, and the United States Government; and

(3) a political subdivision constituted only to operate and improve the Metropolitan Washington Airports as primary airports serving the Metropolitan Washington area.

(b)

(A) to acquire, maintain, improve, operate, protect, and promote the Metropolitan Washington Airports for public purposes;

(B) to issue bonds from time to time in its discretion for public purposes, including paying any part of the cost of airport improvements, construction, and rehabilitation and the acquisition of real and personal property, including operating equipment for the airports;

(C) to acquire real and personal property by purchase, lease, transfer, or exchange;

(D) to exercise the powers of eminent domain in Virginia that are conferred on it by Virginia;

(E) to levy fees or other charges; and

(F) to make and maintain agreements with employee organizations to the extent that the Federal Aviation Administration was authorized to do so on October 18, 1986.

(2) Bonds issued under paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection—

(A) are not a debt of Virginia, the District of Columbia, or a political subdivision of Virginia or the District of Columbia; and

(B) may be secured by the Airports Authority's revenues generally, or exclusively from the income and revenues of certain designated projects whether or not any part of the projects are financed from the proceeds of the bonds.

(c)

(A) 7 members appointed by the Governor of Virginia;

(B) 4 members appointed by the Mayor of the District of Columbia;

(C) 3 members appointed by the Governor of Maryland; and

(D) 3 members appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(2) The chairman of the board shall be appointed from among the members by majority vote of the members and shall serve until replaced by majority vote of the members.

(3) Members of the board shall be appointed to the board for 6 years, except that of the members first appointed by the President after October 9, 1996, one shall be appointed for 4 years. Any member of the board shall be eligible for reappointment for 1 additional term. A member shall not serve after the expiration of the member's term(s).

(4) A member of the board—

(A) may not hold elective or appointive political office;

(B) serves without compensation except for reasonable expenses incident to board functions; and

(C) must reside within the Washington Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, except that a member of the board appointed by the President must be a registered voter of a State other than Maryland, Virginia, or the District of Columbia.

(5) A vacancy in the board shall be filled in the manner in which the original appointment was made. A member appointed to fill a vacancy occurring before the expiration of the term for which the member's predecessor was appointed shall be appointed only for the remainder of that term.

(6)(A) Not more than 2 of the members of the board appointed by the President may be of the same political party.

(B) In carrying out their duties on the board, members appointed by the President shall ensure that adequate consideration is given to the national interest.

(C) A member appointed by the President may be removed by the President for cause. A member appointed by the Mayor of the District of Columbia, the Governor of Maryland or the Governor of Virginia may be removed or suspended from office only for cause and in accordance with the laws of jurisdiction 2 from which the member is appointed.

(7) Ten votes are required to approve bond issues and the annual budget.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 105–102, §2(26), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2210; amended Pub. L. 105–225, §7(c)(1)(A), (B), Aug. 12, 1998, 112 Stat. 1511; Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §231(i), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 115; Pub. L. 112–55, div. C, title I, §191, Nov. 18, 2011, 125 Stat. 671.)

RevisedSection | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

49106(a) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6007(a), (b), 100 Stat. 1783–379. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6007(a), (b), 100 Stat. 3341–382. | ||

49106(b) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6007(c), 100 Stat. 1783–379. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6007(c), 100 Stat. 3341–382. | ||

49106(c) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6007(e), 100 Stat. 1783–380; Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §903, 110 Stat. 3275. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6007(e), 100 Stat. 3341–383; Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §903, 110 Stat. 3275. | ||

49106(d) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6007(d) (1st, 2d sentences), 100 Stat. 1783–379. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6007(d) (1st, 2d sentences), 100 Stat. 3341–382. | ||

49106(e) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6007(f), 100 Stat. 1783–382; Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §904(a), 110 Stat. 3276. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6007(f), 100 Stat. 3341–385; Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §904(a), 110 Stat. 3276. | ||

49106(f) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6007(h), 100 Stat. 1783–382; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, title VII, §7002(e), 105 Stat. 2200; Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §904(b), 110 Stat. 3276. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6007(h), 100 Stat. 3341–385; Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, title VII, §7002(e), 105 Stat. 2200; Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §904(b), 110 Stat. 3276. | ||

49106(g) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6007(g), as added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, title VII, §7002(h), 105 Stat. 2202; Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §904(a), 110 Stat. 3276. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6007(g), as added Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240, title VII, §7002(h), 105 Stat. 2202; Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §904(a), 110 Stat. 3276. |


In subsection (b)(2)(A), the words "Virginia, the District of Columbia" are substituted for "either jurisdiction" for clarity.

In subsection (c)(6)(C), the words "the limitations described in" are omitted as unnecessary. The word "until" is substituted for "for the period beginning on October 1, 1997, and ending on the first day on which" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d), the words "The Airports Authority shall be subject to a conflict-of-interest provision providing that" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g), the words "Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure" are substituted for "Committee on Public Works and Transportation" because of the amendment of clause 1(q) of Rule X of the Rules of the House of Representatives by section 202(a) of H. Res. 6, approved January 4, 1995.

Section 49108 of this title, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(B), was repealed by Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §150, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 32.

**2011**—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 112–55, §191(a)(1), substituted "17 members" for "13 members" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 112–55, §191(a)(2), substituted "7 members" for "5 members".

Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 112–55, §191(a)(3), substituted "4 members" for "3 members".

Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 112–55, §191(a)(4), substituted "3 members" for "2 members".

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 112–55, §191(b), substituted "Any member of the board shall be eligible for reappointment for 1 additional term. A member shall not serve after the expiration of the member's term(s)." for "A member may serve after the expiration of that member's term until a successor has taken office."

Subsec. (c)(6)(C). Pub. L. 112–55, §191(c), inserted at end "A member appointed by the Mayor of the District of Columbia, the Governor of Maryland or the Governor of Virginia may be removed or suspended from office only for cause and in accordance with the laws of jurisdiction from which the member is appointed."

Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 112–55, §191(d), substituted "Ten votes" for "Eight votes".

**2000**—Subsec. (c)(6)(C), (D). Pub. L. 106–181 redesignated subpar. (D) as (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: "The members to be appointed under paragraph (1)(D) of this subsection must be appointed before October 1, 1997. If the deadline is not met, the Secretary of Transportation and the Airports Authority are subject to the limitations of section 49108 of this title until all members referred to in paragraph (1)(D) are appointed."

**1998**—Subsec. (b)(1)(F). Pub. L. 105–225, §7(c)(1)(A), substituted "1986" for "1996".

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 105–225, §7(c)(1)(B), substituted "to the board" for "by the board".

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Pub. L. 105–225, §7(c)(3), Aug. 12, 1998, 112 Stat. 1512, provided that: "The amendments made by this subsection [amending this section and sections 49107 and 49111 of this title and provisions set out as a note preceding section 101 of this title] are effective as of November 20, 1997."

1 See References in Text note below.

2 So in original. Probably should be preceded by "the".

(a)

(2) Employee protection arrangements made under this section shall ensure, during the 50-year lease term, the continuation of all collective bargaining rights enjoyed by transferred employees retained by the Airports Authority.

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 105–102, §2(26), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2212; amended Pub. L. 105–225, §7(c)(1)(C), Aug. 12, 1998, 112 Stat. 1511.)

RevisedSection | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

49107(a) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6008(a)–(d), (f), 100 Stat. 1783–382, 1783–383. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6008(a)–(d), (f), 100 Stat. 3341–385, 3341–387. | ||

49107(b) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6008(e), 100 Stat. 1783–383. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6008(e), 100 Stat. 3341–386. | ||

49107(c) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6008(g), 100 Stat. 1783–384. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6008(g), 100 Stat. 3341–387. |


In subsection (a)(1), the text of section 6008(a), (b)(2d and last sentences), (c), (d), and (f) of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Act of 1986 (Public Law 99–500, 100 Stat, 1783–382, 1783–383, Public Law 99–591, 100 Stat. 3341–385, 3341–386, 3341–387) is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (c), the words "duty or power" are substituted for "functions" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

**1998**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–225 substituted "is subject to subchapter III" for "is subject to subchapter II".

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–225 effective Nov. 20, 1997, see section 7(c)(3) of Pub. L. 105–225, set out as a note under section 49106 of this title.

Pub. L. 106–554, §1(a)(3) [title VI, §636], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–164, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) is employed as a member of the police force of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (hereafter in this section referred to as an 'MWAA police officer'); and

"(2) is subject to the Civil Service Retirement System or the Federal Employees' Retirement System by virtue of section 49107(b) of title 49, United States Code.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) an MWAA police officer; or

"(B) a member of the police force of the Federal Aviation Administration (hereafter in this section referred to as an 'FAA police officer').

"(c)

"(1) it is made before the employee separates from service with the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, but in no event later than 1 year after the regulations under this subsection take effect; and

"(2) it is accompanied by payment of an amount equal to, with respect to all prior service of such employee which is described in subsection (b)(2)—

"(A) the employee deductions that would have been required for such service under chapter 83 or 84 of title 5, U.S.C. (as the case may be) if such election had then been in effect, minus

"(B) the total employee deductions and contributions under such chapter 83 and 84 (as applicable) that were actually made for such service,

taking into account only amounts required to be credited to the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund. Any amount under paragraph (2) shall be computed with interest, in accordance with section 8334(e) of such title 5.

"(d)

"(e)

"(1) the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (or its designee) concerning any service performed by an individual as an MWAA police officer; and

"(2) the Federal Aviation Administration (or its designee) concerning any service performed by an individual as an FAA police officer.

"(f)

"(1)

"(2)

Section, added Pub. L. 105–102, §2(26), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2213; amended Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §231(h), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 115; Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §804, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2587; Pub. L. 110–330, §5(h), Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3718; Pub. L. 111–12, §5(g), Mar. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 1458; Pub. L. 111–69, §5(h), Oct. 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 2055; Pub. L. 111–116, §5(g), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3032; Pub. L. 111–153, §5(g), Mar. 31, 2010, 124 Stat. 1085; Pub. L. 111–161, §5(g), Apr. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1127; Pub. L. 111–197, §5(g), July 2, 2010, 124 Stat. 1354; Pub. L. 111–216, title I, §104(g), Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2350; Pub. L. 111–249, §5(h), Sept. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 2628; Pub. L. 111–329, §5(g), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3567; Pub. L. 112–7, §5(g), Mar. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 32; Pub. L. 112–16, §5(g), May 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 219; Pub. L. 112–21, §5(g), June 29, 2011, 125 Stat. 234; Pub. L. 112–27, §5(g), Aug. 5, 2011, 125 Stat. 271; Pub. L. 112–30, title II, §205(h), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 358; Pub. L. 112–91, §5(h), Jan. 31, 2012, 126 Stat. 4, related to limitations on Secretary of Transportation's authority to approve an application of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority.

An air carrier may not operate an aircraft nonstop in air transportation between Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport and another airport that is more than 1,250 statute miles away from Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport.

(Added Pub. L. 105–102, §2(26), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2213; amended Pub. L. 105–154, §2(a)(1)(D), Feb. 6, 1998, 112 Stat. 3.)

RevisedSection | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

49109 | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6012, 100 Stat. 1783–385. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6012, 100 Stat. 3341–388. |


**1998**—Pub. L. 105–154 substituted "Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport" for "Washington National Airport" in two places.

The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority shall continue in effect and enforce section 4.2(1) and (2) of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Regulations, as in effect on February 1, 1995. The district courts of the United States have jurisdiction to compel the Airports Authority and its officers and employees to comply with this section. The Attorney General or an aggrieved party may bring an action on behalf of the United States Government.

(Added Pub. L. 105–102, §2(26), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2213.)

RevisedSection | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

49110 | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6013, as added Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §906, 110 Stat. 3277. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6013, as added Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §906, 110 Stat. 3277. |


The words "Except as provided by subsection (b)" and "the requirements of" are omitted as unnecessary.

(a)

(1) the Metropolitan Washington Airports are deemed to be public airports for purposes of chapter 471 of this title; and

(2) the Act of June 29, 1940 (ch. 444, 54 Stat. 686), the First Supplemental Civil Functions Appropriations Act, 1941 (ch. 780, 54 Stat. 1030), and the Act of September 7, 1950 (ch. 905, 64 Stat. 770), do not apply to the operation of the Metropolitan Washington Airports, and the Secretary of Transportation is relieved of all responsibility under those Acts.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(2) The Airports Authority shall consult with—

(A) the Commission and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation before undertaking any major alterations to the exterior of the main terminal at Washington Dulles International Airport; and

(B) the Commission before undertaking development that would alter the skyline of Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport when viewed from the opposing shoreline of the Potomac River or from the George Washington Parkway.

(Added Pub. L. 105–102, §2(26), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2213; amended Pub. L. 105–154, §2(a)(1)(D), Feb. 6, 1998, 112 Stat. 3; Pub. L. 105–225, §7(c)(1)(D), Aug. 12, 1998, 112 Stat. 1511; Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §231(j)(1), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 115; Pub. L. 107–217, §3(n)(9), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1303.)

RevisedSection | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

49111(a) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6009(a), 100 Stat. 1783–384. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6009(a), 100 Stat. 3341–387. | ||

49111(b) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6009(b), 100 Stat. 1783–384; Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §904(c)(1), 110 Stat. 3276. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6009(b), 100 Stat. 3341–387; Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §904(c)(1), 110 Stat. 3276. | ||

49111(c) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6009(c), 100 Stat. 1783–384. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6009(c), 100 Stat. 3341–387. | ||

49111(d) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6009(d), 100 Stat. 1783–384. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6009(d), 100 Stat. 3341–387. | ||

49111(e) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6009(e), 100 Stat. 1783–384. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6009(e), 100 Stat. 3341–388. |


In subsection (a)(1), the word "deemed" is substituted for "considered" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (e), the text of section 6009(e)(2) of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Act of 1986 (Public Law 99–500, 100 Stat. 1783–385, Public Law 99–591, 100 Stat. 3341–388) is omitted as executed.

Section 6005 of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Act of 1986, referred to in subsec. (a), is section 6005 of Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–375, and Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–378, which was classified to section 2454 of former Title 49, Transportation, and was repealed and reenacted as this section by Pub. L. 105–102, §§2(26), 5(b), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205, 2217.

Act of June 29, 1940, ch. 444, 54 Stat. 686, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), was classified to subchapter I (§2401 et seq.) of chapter 33 of former Title 49, Transportation, and was omitted from the Code when subtitles II, III, and V to X of Title 49, Transportation, were enacted by Pub. L. 103–272, July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 745.

The First Supplemental Civil Functions Appropriations Act, 1941, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is act Oct. 9, 1940, ch. 780, 54 Stat. 1030. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

Act of September 7, 1950, ch. 905, 64 Stat. 770, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), was classified to subchapter II (§2421 et seq.) of chapter 33 of former Title 49, Transportation, and was omitted from the Code when subtitles II, III, and V to X of Title 49, Transportation, were enacted by Pub. L. 103–272, July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 745.

**2002**—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 107–217 substituted "section 8722 of title 40" for "section 5 of the Act of June 6, 1924 (40 U.S.C. 71d),".

**2000**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–181 struck out heading and text of subsec. (e). Text read as follows: "The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may not increase the number of instrument flight rule takeoffs and landings authorized for air carriers by the High Density Rule (14 CFR 93.121 et seq.) at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport on October 18, 1986, and may not decrease the number of those takeoffs and landings except for reasons of safety."

**1998**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–225 substituted "retention by" for "retention of".

Subsecs. (c), (d)(2)(B), (e). Pub. L. 105–154 substituted "Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport" for "Washington National Airport".

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–225 effective Nov. 20, 1997, see section 7(c)(3) of Pub. L. 105–225, set out as a note under section 49106 of this title.

(a)

(b) 1 of this title from the day after the day the order is issued.

(2) Any action of the Airports Authority that was required to be submitted to the Board of Review under section 6007(f)(4) of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Act of 1986 (Public Law 99–500; 100 Stat. 1783–380; Public Law 99–599; 100 Stat. 3341–383) before October 9, 1996, remains in effect and may not be set aside only because of a judicial order invalidating certain functions of the Board.

(Added Pub. L. 105–102, §2(26), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2214.)

RevisedSection | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

49112(a) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6011, 100 Stat. 1783–385; Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §904(c)(2), 110 Stat. 3276. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6011, 100 Stat. 3341–388; Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §904(c)(2), 110 Stat. 3276. | ||

49112(b)(1) | (uncodified). | Oct. 18, 1986, Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, §6014, as added Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §907, 110 Stat. 3277. |

Oct. 30, 1986, Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, §6014, as added Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §907, 110 Stat. 3277. | ||

49112(b)(2) | (uncodified). | Oct. 9, 1996, Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §904(d), 110 Stat. 3276. |


In subsection (a), the word "thereby" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "the limitations described in" are omitted as unnecessary.

The Metropolitan Washington Airports Amendments Act of 1996, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is title IX of Pub. L. 104–264, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3274, which amended the Metropolitan Washington Airports Act of 1986, title VI of Pub. L. 99–500, Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–373, and title VI of Pub. L. 99–591, Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–376, as amended. The Metropolitan Washington Airports Act of 1986 was classified generally to subchapter III (§2451 et seq.) of chapter 33 of former Title 49, Transportation, and was repealed and reenacted as this chapter by Pub. L. 105–102, §§2(26), 5(b), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205, 2217.

Section 49108 of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), was repealed by Pub. L. 112–95, title I, §150, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 32.

Section 6007(f)(4) of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Act of 1986, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is section 6007(f)(4) of Pub. L. 99–500, title VI, Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–379, and Pub. L. 99–591, title VI, Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–382, which related to a Board of Review and was classified to section 2456(f)(4) of former Title 49, Transportation. Subsec. (f) of section 6007 was repealed and subsec. (g) redesignated (f) by Pub. L. 104–264, title IX, §904(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3276. Section 6007 was subsequently repealed and reenacted as section 49106 of Title 49, Transportation, by Pub. L. 105–102, §§2(26), 5(b), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2205, 2217, and does not contain provisions relating to a Board of Review.

1 See References in Text note below.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(88)(A), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3398, redesignated part D of this subtitle as this part.


**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(88)(B), (C), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3398, redesignated chapter 491 of this title as this chapter and items 49101 to 49105 as 50101 to 50105, respectively.

(a)

(b)

(1) applying subsection (a) would be inconsistent with the public interest;

(2) the steel and goods produced in the United States are not produced in a sufficient and reasonably available amount or are not of a satisfactory quality;

(3) when procuring a facility or equipment under section 44502(a)(2) or 44509, subchapter I of chapter 471 (except section 47127), or chapter 481 (except sections 48102(e), 48106, 48107, and 48110) of this title—

(A) the cost of components and subcomponents produced in the United States is more than 60 percent of the cost of all components of the facility or equipment; and

(B) final assembly of the facility or equipment has occurred in the United States; or

(4) including domestic material will increase the cost of the overall project by more than 25 percent.

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1298, §49101; renumbered §50101 and amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(88)(D), (89), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3398.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

49101(a) | 49 App.:2226a(a). | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9129, 104 Stat. 1388–371. |

49101(b) | 49 App.:2226a(b). | |

49101(c) | 49 App.:2226a(c). |


In this chapter, the word "goods" is substituted for "product" and "products" for consistency.

In subsection (a), the words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law" are omitted as surplus. The words "after November 5, 1990" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "The Secretary may waive" are substituted for "shall not apply" for consistency. In clause (2), the words "steel and goods" are substituted for "materials and products" for consistency. In clause (4), the word "contract" is omitted as surplus.

This makes a clarifying amendment to 49:50101(a) and (b)(3), 50102, 50104(b)(1), and 50105, as redesignated by clause (88)(D) of this section, because 49:47106(d) was struck by section 108(1) of the Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994 (Public Law 103–305, 108 Stat. 1573).

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(88)(D), renumbered section 49101 of this title as this section.

Subsecs. (a), (b)(3). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(89), substituted "section 47127" for "sections 47106(d) and 47127".

Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title I, §167, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3227, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) make publicly available, in an easily identifiable location on the website of the Department of Transportation, a detailed written justification of the waiver determination; and

"(2) provide an informal public notice and comment opportunity on the waiver determination.

"(b)

Pub. L. 103–305, title III, §305, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1592, provided that:

"(a)

"(2) A person who violates paragraph (1) shall not be eligible for any contract for a procurement carried out with amounts authorized under this title [enacting section 47509 of this title, amending sections 44505 and 48102 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 40101 of this title], including any subcontract under such a contract pursuant to the debarment, suspension, and ineligibility procedures in subpart 9.4 of chapter 1 of title 48, Code of Federal Regulations, or any successor procedures thereto.

"(b)

"(2) This subsection shall apply only to procurements made for which—

"(A) amounts are authorized by this title to be made available; and

"(B) solicitations for bids are issued after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 23, 1994].

"(3) The Secretary, before January 1, 1995, shall report to the Congress on procurements covered under this subsection of products that are not domestic products.

"(c)

"(1) that is manufactured or produced in the United States; and

"(2) at least 50 percent of the cost of the articles, materials, or supplies of which are mined, produced, or manufactured in the United States."

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior authorization act: Pub. L. 102–581, title III, §305, Oct. 31, 1992, 106 Stat. 4896.

Pub. L. 103–305, title III, §306, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1593, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

A person or enterprise domiciled or operating under the laws of a foreign country may not make a contract or subcontract under section 106(k), 44502(a)(2), or 44509, subchapter I of chapter 471 (except section 47127), or chapter 481 (except sections 48102(e), 48106, 48107, and 48110) of this title or subtitle B of title IX of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–508, 104 Stat. 1388–353) if the government of that country unfairly maintains, in government procurement, a significant and persistent pattern of discrimination against United States goods or services that results in identifiable harm to United States businesses, that the President identifies under section 305(g)(1)(A) of the Trade Agreements Act of 1979 (19 U.S.C. 2515(g)(1)(A)).

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1298, §49102; renumbered §50102 and amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(88)(D), (89), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3398.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

49102 | 49 App.:2226c. | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9131, 104 Stat. 1388–372; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §118(b), 106 Stat. 4883. |


The words "government of that country" are substituted for "that government" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

This makes a clarifying amendment to 49:50101(a) and (b)(3), 50102, 50104(b)(1), and 50105, as redesignated by clause (88)(D) of this section, because 49:47106(d) was struck by section 108(1) of the Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994 (Public Law 103–305, 108 Stat. 1573).

Subtitle B of title IX of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, referred to in text, is subtitle B (§§9101–9131) of title IX of Pub. L. 101–508, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–353, known as the Aviation Safety and Capacity Expansion Act of 1990. Sections 9102 to 9105, 9107 to 9112(b), 9113 to 9115, 9118, 9121 to 9123, 9124 "Sec. 613(c)", 9125, 9127, and 9129 to 9131 of title IX of Pub. L. 101–508 were repealed by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, the first section of which enacted subtitles II, III, and V to X of Title 49, Transportation. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. For disposition of sections of former Title 49, see table at the beginning of Title 49.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(89), substituted "section 47127" for "sections 47106(d) and 47127".

Pub. L. 104–287, §5(88)(D), renumbered section 49102 of this title as this section.

(a)

(1) "domestic firm" means a business entity incorporated, and conducting business, in the United States.

(2) "foreign firm" means a business entity not described in clause (1) of this subsection.

(b)

(1) the Administrator decides, and the Secretary of Commerce and the United States Trade Representative concur, that the public interest requires making the contract with the domestic firm, considering United States international obligations and trade relations;

(2) the difference between the bids submitted by the foreign firm and the domestic firm is not more than 6 percent;

(3) the final product of the domestic firm will be assembled completely in the United States; and

(4) at least 51 percent of the final product of the domestic firm will be produced in the United States.

(c)

(1) compelling national security considerations require that subsection (b) of this section not apply; or

(2) the Trade Representative decides that making the contract would violate the multilateral trade agreements (as defined in section 3501(4) of title 19) or an international agreement to which the United States is a party.

(d)

(1) an amount is authorized by section 48102(a), (b), or (d) of this title to be made available for the fiscal years ending September 30, 1991, and September 30, 1992; and

(2) a solicitation for bid is issued after November 5, 1990.

(e)

(1) contracts to which this section applies that are made with foreign firms in the fiscal years ending September 30, 1991, and September 30, 1992;

(2) the number of contracts that meet the requirements of subsection (b) of this section, but that the Trade Representative decides would violate the multilateral trade agreements (as defined in section 3501(4) of title 19) or an international agreement to which the United States is a party; and

(3) the number of contracts made under this section.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1298, §49103; renumbered §50103, Pub. L. 104–287, §5(88)(D), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3398; amended Pub. L. 106–36, title I, §1002(i), June 25, 1999, 113 Stat. 134.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

49103(a) | 49 App.:2226d(e). | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9207, 104 Stat. 1388–375. |

49103(b) | 49 App.:2226d(a). | |

49103(c) | 49 App.:2226d(b). | |

49103(d) | 49 App.:2226d(c). | |

49103(e) | 49 App.:2226d(d). |


In subsection (a), the text of 49 App.:2226d(e)(1) is omitted because the complete name of the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration is used the first time the term appears in a section.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "Subject to subsections (c) and (d) of this section" are added to alert the reader to the limitations in those subsections. In clause (1), the words "requires making the contract with the domestic firm" are substituted for "so requires" for clarity. The words "considering United States international obligations and trade relations" are substituted for "In determining under this subsection whether the public interest so requires, the Administrator shall take into account United States international obligations and trade relations" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (4), the words "when completely assembled" are omitted as surplus. The words "produced in the United States" are substituted for "domestically produced" for consistency with clause (3).

In subsection (c), the words "(1) such applicability would not be in the public interest" are omitted as redundant to subsection (b)(1) of the revised section.

In subsection (e)(1), the words "foreign firms" are substituted for "foreign entities" for consistency in the revised section.

Subsection (e)(3) is substituted for "the number of contracts covered under this subtitle (including the amendments made by this subtitle) and awarded based upon the parameters of this section" to eliminate unnecessary words.

**1999**—Subsecs. (c)(2), (e)(2). Pub. L. 106–36 substituted "multilateral trade agreements (as defined in section 3501(4) of title 19)" for "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade".

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287 renumbered section 49103 of this title as this section.

(a)

(1) "project" has the same meaning given that term in section 47102 of this title.

(2) each foreign instrumentality and each territory and possession of a foreign country administered separately for customs purposes is a separate foreign country.

(3) an article substantially produced or manufactured in a foreign country is a product of the country.

(4) a service provided by a person that is a national of a foreign country or that is controlled by a national of a foreign country is a service of the country.

(b)

(2) Paragraph (1) of this subsection does not apply when the Secretary of Transportation decides that—

(A) applying paragraph (1) to the product, service, or project is not in the public interest;

(B) a product or service of the same class or type and of satisfactory quality is not produced or offered in the United States, or in a foreign country not listed under subsection (d)(1) of this section, in a sufficient and reasonably available amount; and

(C) the project cost will increase by more than 20 percent if the product or service is excluded.

(c)

(d)

(2) The Trade Representative shall publish in the Federal Register—

(A) annually the list required under paragraph (1) of this subsection; and

(B) any modification of the list made before the next list is published.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1299, §49104; renumbered §50104 and amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(88)(D), (89), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3398.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

49104(a)(1) | (no source). | |

49104(a)(2)– (4) | 49 App.:2226(d). | Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, 96 Stat. 324, §533; added Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, §115, 101 Stat. 1505. |

49104(b) | 49 App.:2226(a). | |

49104(c) | 49 App.:2226(b). | |

49104(d) | 49 App.:2226(c). |


Subsection (a)(1) is added for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "subchapter I of chapter 471 of this title (except sections 47106(d) and 47127)" are substituted for "Act" in section 533(a)(1) of the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1982, as added by section 115 of the Airport and Airway Safety and Capacity Expansion Act of 1987 (Public Law 100–223, 101 Stat. 1505) to correct a mistake.

In subsection (b)(2), before clause (A), the words "with respect to the use of a product or service in a project" are omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the words "or service" are added for clarity and consistency in this section. In clause (C), the words "overall" and "contract" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "the date which is", "the date on which", "or not", and "and equitable" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "finds under subsection (c) of this section is denying fair market opportunities" are substituted for "with respect to which an affirmative determination is made under subsection (b)" for clarity.

In subsection (d)(2)(A), the word "entire" is omitted as surplus.

This makes a clarifying amendment to 49:50101(a) and (b)(3), 50102, 50104(b)(1), and 50105, as redesignated by clause (88)(D) of this section, because 49:47106(d) was struck by section 108(1) of the Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994 (Public Law 103–305, 108 Stat. 1573).

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(88)(D), renumbered section 49104 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104–287, §5(89), substituted "section 47127" for "sections 47106(d) and 47127".

If the Secretary of Transportation decides that a person intentionally affixed a "Made in America" label to goods sold in or shipped to the United States that are not made in the United States, the Secretary shall declare the person ineligible, for not less than 3 nor more than 5 years, to receive a contract or grant from the United States Government related to a contract made under section 106(k), 44502(a)(2), or 44509, subchapter I of chapter 471 (except section 47127), or chapter 481 (except sections 48102(e), 48106, 48107, and 48110) of this title or subtitle B of title IX of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–508, 104 Stat. 1388–353). The Secretary may bring a civil action to enforce this section in any district court of the United States.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1300, §49105; renumbered §50105 and amended Pub. L. 104–287, §5(88)(D), (89), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3398.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

49105 | 49 App.:2226b. | Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, §9130, 104 Stat. 1388–372; Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §118(a), 106 Stat. 4883. |


This makes a clarifying amendment to 49:50101(a) and (b)(3), 50102, 50104(b)(1), and 50105, as redesignated by clause (88)(D) of this section, because 49:47106(d) was struck by section 108(1) of the Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994 (Public Law 103–305, 108 Stat. 1573).

Subtitle B of title IX of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, referred to in text, is subtitle B (§§9101–9131) of title IX of Pub. L. 101–508, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–353, known as the Aviation Safety and Capacity Expansion Act of 1990. Sections 9102 to 9105, 9107 to 9112(b), 9113 to 9115, 9118, 9121 to 9123, 9124 "Sec. 613(c)", 9125, 9127, and 9129 to 9131 of title IX of Pub. L. 101–508 were repealed by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, the first section of which enacted subtitles II, III, and V to X of Title 49, Transportation. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. For disposition of sections of former Title 49, Transportation, see table at the beginning of Title 49.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–287, §5(89), substituted "section 47127" for "sections 47106(d) and 47127".

Pub. L. 104–287, §5(88)(D), renumbered section 49105 of this title as this section.



**2020**—Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §§104(b), 109(b), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2219, 2224, added items 60142 and 60143.

**2016**—Pub. L. 114–183, §12(d)(1), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 524, added item 60141.

**2012**—Pub. L. 112–90, §§6(c)(2), 23(b), 28(b), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1910, 1919, 1921, added items 60138 to 60140.

**2006**—Pub. L. 109–468, §§2(b)(3), 6(b), 8(b), 12(b), Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3489, 3491, 3492, 3495, added items 60134 to 60137.

**2002**—Pub. L. 107–355, §§6(c), 9(c), 11(b), 13(a)(2), 15(b), 16(b), 20(a)(2)(B), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2993, 2995, 2997, 3001, 3006, 3008, 3010, substituted "Purpose and general authority" for "General authority" in item 60102 and "Population encroachment and rights-of-way" for "Population encroachment" in item 60127 and added items 60129 to 60133.

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–304, §§5(f)[(b)], 15(c)[(b)], 16(b), 18(b)(2), 20(e), Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3800, 3803, 3804, substituted "State pipeline safety program certifications" for "State certifications" in item 60105, "State pipeline safety agreements" for "State agreements" in item 60106, "State pipeline safety grants" for "State grants" in item 60107, and "Biennial reports" for "Annual reports" in item 60124 and added items 60126, 60127, and 60128.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Mar. 22, 2012, 77 F.R. 18891, provided:

Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies

In an economy that relies on oil, rising prices at the pump affect all of us. With crude oil prices controlling about three-quarters of gasoline prices, the most important driver of the price here at home is the world oil price—making our economy vulnerable to events halfway around the globe. There are no quick fixes to this problem. In the long run we need to reduce America's dependence on oil—which is why my Administration is implementing historic fuel economy standards for cars and trucks, launching new programs to improve energy efficiency in our buildings, and facilitating the safe and responsible development of our natural gas resources.

But for the foreseeable future, we will continue to rely on oil to help fuel our transportation system. As a result, we must safely and responsibly develop our oil resources here at home, as part of an all-of-the-above energy strategy to grow our economy and make us more secure.

Because of rising oil production, more efficient cars and trucks, and a world-class refining sector that last year was a net exporter of petroleum products for the first time in 60 years, we have cut net imports by a million barrels a day in the last year alone. By reducing our dependence on foreign oil, we will make our Nation more secure and improve our trade balance—creating jobs and supporting domestic industry.

In order to realize these potential benefits, we need an energy infrastructure system that can keep pace with advances in production. To promote American energy sources, we must not only extract oil—we must also be able to transport it to our world-class refineries, and ultimately to consumers.

The need for infrastructure is particularly acute right now. Because of advances in drilling technology that allow us to tap new oil deposits, we are producing more oil from unconventional sources—places like the Eagle Ford Shale in South Texas, where production grew by more than 200 percent last year, or the Bakken formation of North Dakota and Montana, where output has increased tenfold in the last 5 years alone. In States like North Dakota, Montana, and Colorado, rising production is outpacing the capacity of pipelines to deliver the oil to refineries.

Cushing, Oklahoma, is a prime example. There, in part due to rising domestic production, more oil is flowing in than can flow out, creating a bottleneck that is dampening incentives for new production while restricting oil from reaching state-of-the-art refineries on the Gulf Coast. Moving forward on a pipeline from Cushing to Port Arthur, Texas, could create jobs, promote American energy production, and ultimately benefit consumers.

Although expanding and modernizing our Nation's pipeline infrastructure will not lower prices right away, it is a vital part of a sustained strategy to continue to reduce our reliance on foreign oil and enhance our Nation's energy security. Therefore, as part of my Administration's broader efforts to improve the performance of Federal permitting and review processes, we must make pipeline infrastructure a priority, ensuring the health, safety, and security of communities and the environment while supporting projects that can contribute to economic growth and a secure energy future. In doing so, the Federal Government must work in partnership with State, local, and tribal governments, which play a central role in the siting and permitting of pipelines; and, we must protect our natural resources and address the concerns of local communities.

*Expedited Review of Pipeline Projects from Cushing to Port Arthur and Other Domestic Pipeline Infrastructure Projects*. (a) To address the existing bottleneck in Cushing, as well as other current or anticipated bottlenecks, agencies shall, to the maximum extent practicable and consistent with available resources and applicable laws (including those relating to public safety, public health, and environmental protection), coordinate and expedite their reviews, consultations, and other processes as necessary to expedite decisions related to domestic pipeline infrastructure projects that would contribute to a more efficient domestic pipeline system for the transportation of crude oil, such as a pipeline from Cushing to Port Arthur. This subsection shall be implemented consistent with my Executive Order of March 22, 2012 (Improving Performance of Federal Permitting and Review of Infrastructure Projects), and applicable projects shall have their status tracked on the online Federal Infrastructure Projects Dashboard referenced therein.

(b) In expediting reviews pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, agencies shall, to the maximum extent practicable and consistent with applicable law, utilize and incorporate information from prior environmental reviews and studies conducted in connection with previous applications for similar or overlapping infrastructure projects so as to avoid duplicating effort.

*General Provisions*. (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) the authority granted by law to a department or agency, or the head thereof; or

(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget related to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(b) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(c) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

(d) The Director of the Office of Management and Budget is hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.

Barack Obama.

(a)

(1) "existing liquefied natural gas facility"—

(A) means a liquefied natural gas facility for which an application to approve the site, construction, or operation of the facility was filed before March 1, 1978, with—

(i) the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (or any predecessor); or

(ii) the appropriate State or local authority, if the facility is not subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission under the Natural Gas Act (15 U.S.C. 717 et seq.); but

(B) does not include a facility on which construction is begun after November 29, 1979, without the approval;

(2) "gas" means natural gas, flammable gas, or toxic or corrosive gas;

(3) "gas pipeline facility" includes a pipeline, a right of way, a facility, a building, or equipment used in transporting gas or treating gas during its transportation;

(4) "hazardous liquid" means—

(A) petroleum or a petroleum product;

(B) nonpetroleum fuel, including biofuel, that is flammable, toxic, or corrosive or would be harmful to the environment if released in significant quantities; and

(C) a substance the Secretary of Transportation decides may pose an unreasonable risk to life or property when transported by a hazardous liquid pipeline facility in a liquid state (except for liquefied natural gas);

(5) "hazardous liquid pipeline facility" includes a pipeline, a right of way, a facility, a building, or equipment used or intended to be used in transporting hazardous liquid;

(6) "interstate gas pipeline facility" means a gas pipeline facility—

(A) used to transport gas; and

(B) subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission under the Natural Gas Act (15 U.S.C. 717 et seq.);

(7) "interstate hazardous liquid pipeline facility" means a hazardous liquid pipeline facility used to transport hazardous liquid in interstate or foreign commerce;

(8) "interstate or foreign commerce"—

(A) related to gas, means commerce—

(i) between a place in a State and a place outside that State; or

(ii) that affects any commerce described in subclause (A)(i) of this clause; and

(B) related to hazardous liquid, means commerce between—

(i) a place in a State and a place outside that State; or

(ii) places in the same State through a place outside the State;

(9) "intrastate gas pipeline facility" means a gas pipeline facility and transportation of gas within a State not subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission under the Natural Gas Act (15 U.S.C. 717 et seq.);

(10) "intrastate hazardous liquid pipeline facility" means a hazardous liquid pipeline facility that is not an interstate hazardous liquid pipeline facility;

(11) "liquefied natural gas" means natural gas in a liquid or semisolid state;

(12) "liquefied natural gas accident" means a release, burning, or explosion of liquefied natural gas from any cause, except a release, burning, or explosion that, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, does not pose a threat to public health or safety, property, or the environment;

(13) "liquefied natural gas conversion" means conversion of natural gas into liquefied natural gas or conversion of liquefied natural gas into natural gas;

(14) "liquefied natural gas pipeline facility"—

(A) means a gas pipeline facility used for transporting or storing liquefied natural gas, or for liquefied natural gas conversion, in interstate or foreign commerce; but

(B) does not include any part of a structure or equipment located in navigable waters (as defined in section 3 of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796));

(15) "municipality" means a political subdivision of a State;

(16) "new liquefied natural gas pipeline facility" means a liquefied natural gas pipeline facility except an existing liquefied natural gas pipeline facility;

(17) "person", in addition to its meaning under section 1 of title 1 (except as to societies), includes a State, a municipality, and a trustee, receiver, assignee, or personal representative of a person;

(18) "pipeline facility" means a gas pipeline facility and a hazardous liquid pipeline facility;

(19) "pipeline transportation" means transporting gas and transporting hazardous liquid;

(20) "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico;

(21) "transporting gas"—

(A) means—

(i) the gathering, transmission, or distribution of gas by pipeline, or the storage of gas, in interstate or foreign commerce; and

(ii) the movement of gas through regulated gathering lines; but

(B) does not include gathering gas (except through regulated gathering lines) in a rural area outside a populated area designated by the Secretary as a nonrural area;

(22) "transporting hazardous liquid"—

(A) means—

(i) the movement of hazardous liquid by pipeline, or the storage of hazardous liquid incidental to the movement of hazardous liquid by pipeline, in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce; and

(ii) the movement of hazardous liquid through regulated gathering lines; but

(B) does not include moving hazardous liquid through—

(i) gathering lines (except regulated gathering lines) in a rural area;

(ii) onshore production, refining, or manufacturing facilities; or

(iii) storage or in-plant piping systems associated with onshore production, refining, or manufacturing facilities;

(23) "risk management" means the systematic application, by the owner or operator of a pipeline facility, of management policies, procedures, finite resources, and practices to the tasks of identifying, analyzing, assessing, reducing, and controlling risk in order to protect employees, the general public, the environment, and pipeline facilities;

(24) "risk management plan" means a management plan utilized by a gas or hazardous liquid pipeline facility owner or operator that encompasses risk management;

(25) "Secretary" means the Secretary of Transportation; and

(26) "underground natural gas storage facility" means a gas pipeline facility that stores natural gas in an underground facility, including—

(A) a depleted hydrocarbon reservoir;

(B) an aquifer reservoir; or

(C) a solution-mined salt cavern reservoir.

(b)

(B) In defining "gathering line" for gas, the Secretary—

(i) shall consider functional and operational characteristics of the lines to be included in the definition; and

(ii) is not bound by a classification the Commission establishes under the Natural Gas Act (15 U.S.C. 717 et seq.).

(2)(A) Not later than October 24, 1995, the Secretary, if appropriate, shall prescribe standards defining the term "regulated gathering line". In defining the term, the Secretary shall consider factors such as location, length of line from the well site, operating pressure, throughput, and the composition of the transported gas or hazardous liquid, as appropriate, in deciding on the types of lines that functionally are gathering but should be regulated under this chapter because of specific physical characteristics.

(B)(i) The Secretary also shall consider diameter when defining "regulated gathering line" for hazardous liquid.

(ii) The definition of "regulated gathering line" for hazardous liquid may not include a crude oil gathering line that has a nominal diameter of not more than 6 inches, is operated at low pressure, and is located in a rural area that is not unusually sensitive to environmental damage.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §§1(e), 4(s), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1301, 1371; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(90), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3398; Pub. L. 104–304, §§3, 20(f), Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3793, 3805; Pub. L. 109–468, §7, Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3491; Pub. L. 112–90, §14, Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1914; Pub. L. 114–183, §12(a), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 522.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60101(a)(1) | 49 App.:1671(10). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §2(10), 82 Stat. 720; Oct. 11, 1976, Pub. L. 94–477, §3(2), 90 Stat. 2073; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §151, 93 Stat. 998. |

49 App.:1671(14). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §2(11)–(17); added Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §151, 93 Stat. 998. | |

49 App.:2001(11). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §202(1)–(4) (1st–27th words), (5)–(9), (11), 93 Stat. 1003, 1004. | |

60101(a)(2) | 49 App.:1671(2). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §2(1), (2), (4) (1st–32d words), (5), (6), 82 Stat. 720. |

60101(a)(3) | 49 App.:1671(4) (1st–32d words). | |

60101(a)(4) | 49 App.:2001(2). | |

60101(a)(5) | 49 App.:2001(4) (1st–27th words). | |

60101(a)(6) | 49 App.:1671(8). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §2(8), 82 Stat. 720; Oct. 11, 1976, Pub. L. 94–477, §3(1), 90 Stat. 2073; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §109(b) (related to §2(8)), 93 Stat. 996. |

60101(a)(7) | 49 App.:2001(5). | |

60101(a) (8)(A) | 49 App.:1671(17). | |

60101(a) (8)(B) | 49 App.:2001(7). | |

60101(a)(9) | 49 App.:1671(9). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §2(9); added Oct. 11, 1976, Pub. L. 94–477, §3(2), 90 Stat. 2073; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§109(b) (related to §2(9)), 151, 93 Stat. 996, 998. |

60101(a)(10) | 49 App.:2001(6). | |

60101(a)(11) | 49 App.:1671(11). | |

60101(a)(12) | 49 App.:1671(16). | |

60101(a)(13) | 49 App.:1671(13). | |

60101(a)(14) | 49 App.:1671(12). | |

60101(a)(15) | 49 App.:1671(6). | |

49 App.:2001(9). | ||

60101(a)(16) | 49 App.:1671(15). | |

60101(a)(17) | 49 App.:1671(1). | |

49 App.:2001(1). | ||

60101(a)(18), (19) | (no source). | |

60101(a)(20) | 49 App.:1671(5). | |

49 App.:2001(8). | ||

60101(a)(21) | 49 App.:1671(3). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §2(3), 82 Stat. 720; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §152(b)(1), 93 Stat. 1001. |

60101(a)(22) | 49 App.:2001(3). | |

60101(b) | 49 App.:1688. | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §21; added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §109(b), 106 Stat. 3295. |

49 App.:2016. | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §220; added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §208(b), 106 Stat. 3303. |


In this chapter, the words "liquefied natural gas" are substituted for "LNG" for clarity. The word "authority" is substituted for "agency" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "gas" and "hazardous liquid" are added where applicable because of the restatement.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the text of 49 App.:1671(10) and 2001(11) is omitted because the complete name of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section. The words "As used" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1)(A), the words "Federal Energy Regulatory Commission" and "Commission" are substituted for "Department of Energy" because under 42:7171(a) and 7172(a)(1) the Commission is statutorily independent of the Department and has the responsibility for siting, construction, and operating applications. In clauses (3) and (5), the words "without limitation, new and existing" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4)(B), the words "or material" are omitted as surplus. In clause (6), before subclause (A), the word "pipeline" is substituted for "transmission" for clarity and consistency. In clause (8)(A), before subclause (i), the words "trade, traffic, transportation, exchange, or other" are omitted as surplus. In subclause (ii), the words "trade, transportation, exchange, or other" are omitted as surplus. In clause (8)(B), the word "place" is substituted for "point" for clarity and consistency in the revised title. In clause (9), before subclause (A), the word "facility" is substituted for "transportation" for clarity and consistency. In clause (12), the words "resulting from" and the text of 49 App.:1671(16)(A)–(D) are omitted as surplus. In clause (13), the words "(liquefaction or solidification)" and "(vaporization)" are omitted as surplus. In clauses (14) and (16), the word "pipeline" is added for clarity. In clause (15), the words "city, county, or any other" are omitted as surplus. In clause (17), the words "in addition to its meaning under section 1 of title 1 (except as to societies)" are substituted for "any individual, firm, joint venture, partnership, corporation, association . . . cooperative association, or joint stock association" to eliminate unnecessary words, for clarity, and for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. Clauses (18) and (19) are added because of the restatement. In clause (20), the words "of the United States" are substituted for "of the several" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In clause (21)(B), the words "outside a populated area" are substituted for "which lie outside the limits of any incorporated or unincorporated city, town, village, or any other designated residential or commercial area such as a subdivision, a business or shopping center, a community development, or any similar populated area" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (22)(B)(i), the word "area" is substituted for "locations" for consistency.

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60101(a)(21), (22) | 49 App.:1671 (note). | Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §109(a), 106 Stat. 3294. |

49 App.:2001 (note). | Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §208(a), 106 Stat. 3303. |


Section 4(s) reflects an amendment to the restatement required by sections 109(a) and 208(a) of the Pipeline Safety Act of 1992 (Public Law 102–508, 106 Stat. 3294, 3303).

This amends 49:60101 for consistency with the style of title 49.

The Natural Gas Act, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1)(A)(ii), (6)(B), (9) and (b)(1)(B)(ii), is act June 21, 1938, ch. 556, 52 Stat. 821, which is classified generally to chapter 15B (§717 et seq.) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 717w of Title 15 and Tables.

The amendments by section 4(s) of Pub. L. 103–272 to pars. (21) and (22) of subsec. (a) of this section were executed after the amendments by Pub. L. 104–304 to those pars. pursuant to the effective date provisions of section 4(s). See Effective Date of 1994 Amendment note and 1994 and 1996 Amendment notes below.

**2016**—Subsec. (a)(21)(B). Pub. L. 114–183, §12(a)(1), substituted "nonrural area;" for "nonrural area."

Subsec. (a)(22)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 114–183, §12(a)(2), substituted "facilities;" for "facilities."

Subsec. (a)(26). Pub. L. 114–183, §12(a)(3)–(5), added par. (26).

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(4)(B), (C). Pub. L. 112–90 added subpar. (B) and redesignated former subpar. (B) as (C).

**2006**—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 109–468, §7(1), added par. (6) and struck out former par. (6) which defined "interstate gas pipeline facility".

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 109–468, §7(2), added par. (9) and struck out former par. (9) which defined "intrastate gas pipeline facility".

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–287 inserted heading.

Subsec. (a)(1) to (20). Pub. L. 104–304, §3(a)(1), substituted semicolon for period at end of pars. (1) to (20).

Subsec. (a)(21)(B). Pub. L. 104–304, §3(a)(2), added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "does not include gathering gas in a rural area outside a populated area designated by the Secretary as a nonrural area;". See Codification note above.

Pub. L. 104–304, §3(a)(1), substituted semicolon for period at end. See Codification note above.

Subsec. (a)(22). Pub. L. 104–304, §3(a)(1), substituted semicolon for period at end. See Codification note above.

Subsec. (a)(23) to (25). Pub. L. 104–304, §3(a)(3), added pars. (23) to (25).

Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104–304, §20(f), substituted "prescribe standards defining" for "define by regulation".

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 104–304, §§3(b), 20(f), inserted ", if appropriate," after "Not later than October 24, 1995, the Secretary" and substituted "prescribe standards defining" for "define by regulation".

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(21), (22). Pub. L. 103–272, §4(s), amended pars. (21) and (22) generally. Prior to amendment, pars. (21) and (22) defined "transporting gas" and "transporting hazardous liquid".

Pub. L. 103–272, §4(s), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1371, provided that the amendment made by that section is effective on the date the regulation required under subsec. (b) of this section is effective. See regulations effective Apr. 14, 2006, 71 F.R. 13289, and July 3, 2008, 73 F.R. 31634.

Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, §1(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2210, provided that: "This division [enacting sections 60142, 60143, and 60303 of this title, amending sections 6107, 60102, 60105, 60108, 60109, 60117, 60118, 60122, 60125, 60129, 60130 and 60134 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 60102, 60103, 60105, 60108, and 60109 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under this section and section 60109 of this title] may be cited as the 'Protecting our Infrastructure of Pipelines and Enhancing Safety Act of 2020' or the 'PIPES Act of 2020'."

Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title II, §201, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2237, provided that: "This title [amending sections 60102, 60105, and 60109 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 60103 and 60105 of this title] may be cited as the 'Leonel Rondon Pipeline Safety Act'."

Pub. L. 114–183, §1(a), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 514, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 60141 and 60302 of this title, amending this section and sections 6107, 60103, 60106 to 60109, 60115, 60117, 60124, 60125, and 60130 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 108, 60102, 60103, 60108, 60109, and 60117 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the 'Protecting our Infrastructure of Pipelines and Enhancing Safety Act of 2016' or the 'PIPES Act of 2016'."

Pub. L. 112–90, §1(a), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1904, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 60138 to 60140 of this title, amending this section, sections 6103, 6107, 60102, 60107 to 60109, 60117 to 60120, 60122, 60125, 60130, 60132, and 60134 of this title, and section 1321 of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 6103, 60108, 60109, 60117, and 60132 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the 'Pipeline Safety, Regulatory Certainty, and Job Creation Act of 2011'."

Pub. L. 109–468, §1(a), Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3486, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 6109 and 60134 to 60137 of this title, amending this section and sections 6107, 60102, 60105, 60107, 60109, 60114, 60117, 60118, 60122, 60125, and 60130 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 60102 and 60117 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the 'Pipeline Inspection, Protection, Enforcement, and Safety Act of 2006'."

Pub. L. 107–355, §1(a), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2985, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 60129 to 60133 of this title, amending sections 6103 to 6105, 6107, 60102, 60104, 60106, 60109, 60110, 60112, 60114 to 60118, 60120, 60122, 60123, 60125, and 60127 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1135, 60101, 60102, 60108, 60109, 60114, 60122, and 60131 of this title and section 717m of Title 15, Commerce and Trade] may be cited as the 'Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002'."

Pub. L. 104–304, §1, Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3793, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 60126 to 60128 of this title, amending this section and sections 60102, 60105 to 60110, 60113 to 60118, 60123 to 60125 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 60301 of this title] may be cited as the 'Accountable Pipeline Safety and Partnership Act of 1996'."

Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §123, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2236, provided that: "Nothing in this title [enacting sections 60142, 60143, and 60303 of this title, amending sections 6107, 60102, 60108, 60109, 60117, 60118, 60122, 60125, 60129, 60130 and 60134 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 60102, 60103, 60108, and 60109 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under this section and section 60109 of this title] or an amendment made by this title may be construed to affect the authority of the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency under the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.), the authority of the Secretary of the Interior under the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 181 et seq.), or the authority of any State, to regulate a release of pollutants or hazardous substances to air, water, or land, including through the establishment and enforcement of requirements relating to such release."

For transfer of duties, powers, and authority of Research and Special Programs Administration under this chapter to the Administrator of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, see section 2(b) of Pub. L. 108–426, set out as a note under section 108 of this title.

Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §102, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2214, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) review the inspector training programs provided at the Inspector Training and Qualifications Division of the Administration in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and

"(2) determine whether any of the programs referred to in paragraph (1), or any portions of the programs, could be provided online through teletraining or another type of distance learning.

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) 224 for fiscal year 2021.

"(B) 235 for fiscal year 2022.

"(C) 247 for fiscal year 2023.

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) special pay rates permitted under section 5305 of title 5, United States Code;

"(B) repayment of student loans permitted under section 5379 of that title;

"(C) tuition assistance permitted under chapter 41 of that title;

"(D) recruitment incentives permitted under section 5753 of that title; and

"(E) retention incentives permitted under section 5754 of that title.

"(2)

"(3)

Pub. L. 109–468, §24, Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3500, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) communication of national, State, and local safety information to pipeline operators;

"(2) distribution of technical resources and training to support current and future Federal mandates; and

"(3) evaluation of program outcomes.

"(c)

"(1) safety and security of pipeline systems;

"(2) incident and risk management for such systems;

"(3) integrity management for such systems;

"(4) consequence modeling for such systems;

"(5) detection of encroachments and monitoring of rights-of-way for such systems; and

"(6) vulnerability assessment of such systems at both project and national levels.

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(e)

Pub. L. 107–355, §12, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2997, as amended by Pub. L. 109–468, §26, Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3501; Pub. L. 112–90, §32(f), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1923; Pub. L. 114–183, §§2(e), 22(b)(2), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 516, 529; Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §101(g), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2214, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(c)

"(1) materials inspection;

"(2) stress and fracture analysis, detection of cracks, abrasion, and other abnormalities inside pipelines that lead to pipeline failure, and development of new equipment or technologies that are inserted into pipelines to detect anomalies;

"(3) internal inspection and leak detection technologies, including detection of leaks at very low volumes;

"(4) methods of analyzing content of pipeline throughput;

"(5) pipeline security, including improving the real-time surveillance of pipeline rights-of-way, developing tools for evaluating and enhancing pipeline security and infrastructure, reducing natural, technological, and terrorist threats, and protecting first response units and persons near an incident;

"(6) risk assessment methodology, including vulnerability assessment and reduction of third-party damage;

"(7) communication, control, and information systems surety;

"(8) fire safety of pipelines;

"(9) improved excavation, construction, and repair technologies;

"(10) corrosion detection and improving methods, best practices, and technologies for identifying, detecting, preventing, and managing internal and external corrosion and other safety risks; and

"(11) other appropriate elements.

The results of activities carried out under paragraph (10) shall be used by the participating agencies to support development and improvement of national consensus standards.

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(A)

"(B)

"(C)

"(i) at least 30 percent of the costs of technology research and development activities may be carried out using non-Federal sources;

"(ii) at least 20 percent of the costs of basic research and development with universities may be carried out using non-Federal sources; and

"(iii) up to 100 percent of the costs of research and development for purely governmental purposes may be carried out using Federal funds.

"(e)

"(f)

"(g)

"(h)

"(1) implement processes and procedures to ensure that activities listed under subsection (c), to the greatest extent practicable, produce results that are peer-reviewed by independent experts and not by persons or entities that have a financial interest in the pipeline, petroleum, or natural gas industries, or that would be directly impacted by the results of the projects; and

"(2) submit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a report describing the processes and procedures implemented under paragraph (1).

"(i)

Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, §2, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2211, provided that: "In this Act [div. R of Pub. L. 116–260, see Short Title of 2020 Amendment note above]:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

Pub. L. 112–90, §1(c), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1904, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A) apply to any or all of the owners or operators of pipeline facilities;

(B) may apply to the design, installation, inspection, emergency plans and procedures, testing, construction, extension, operation, replacement, and maintenance of pipeline facilities; and

(C) shall include a requirement that all individuals who operate and maintain pipeline facilities shall be qualified to operate and maintain the pipeline facilities.

(3)

(b)

(1)

(A) practicable; and

(B) designed to meet the need for—

(i) gas pipeline safety, or safely transporting hazardous liquids, as appropriate; and

(ii) protecting the environment.

(2)

(A) relevant available—

(i) gas pipeline safety information;

(ii) hazardous liquid pipeline safety information; and

(iii) environmental information;

(B) the appropriateness of the standard for the particular type of pipeline transportation or facility;

(C) the reasonableness of the standard;

(D) based on a risk assessment, the reasonably identifiable or estimated benefits expected to result from implementation or compliance with the standard;

(E) based on a risk assessment, the reasonably identifiable or estimated costs expected to result from implementation or compliance with the standard;

(F) comments and information received from the public; and

(G) the comments and recommendations of the Technical Pipeline Safety Standards Committee, the Technical Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Standards Committee, or both, as appropriate.

(3)

(A) identify the regulatory and nonregulatory options that the Secretary considered in prescribing a proposed standard;

(B) identify the costs and benefits associated with the proposed standard;

(C) include—

(i) an explanation of the reasons for the selection of the proposed standard in lieu of the other options identified; and

(ii) with respect to each of those other options, a brief explanation of the reasons that the Secretary did not select the option; and

(D) identify technical data or other information upon which the risk assessment information and proposed standard is based.

(4)

(A)

(i) submit any risk assessment information prepared under paragraph (3) of this subsection to the Technical Pipeline Safety Standards Committee, the Technical Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Standards Committee, or both, as appropriate; and

(ii) make that risk assessment information available to the general public.

(B)

(i) an evaluation of the merit of the data and methods used; and

(ii) any recommended options relating to that risk assessment information and the associated standard that the committee determines to be appropriate.

(C)

(i) shall review the report;

(ii) shall provide a written response to the committee that is the author of the report concerning all significant peer review comments and recommended alternatives contained in the report; and

(iii) may revise the risk assessment and the proposed standard before promulgating the final standard.

(5)

(6)

(A) the standard is the product of a negotiated rulemaking, or other rulemaking including the adoption of industry standards that receives no significant adverse comment within 60 days of notice in the Federal Register;

(B) based on a recommendation (in which three-fourths of the members voting concur) by the Technical Pipeline Safety Standards Committee, the Technical Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Standards Committee, or both, as applicable, the Secretary waives the requirements; or

(C) the Secretary finds, pursuant to section 553(b)(3)(B) of title 5, United States Code, that notice and public procedure are not required.

(7)

(A) describes the implementation of the risk assessment requirements of this section, including the extent to which those requirements have affected regulatory decisionmaking and pipeline safety; and

(B) includes any recommendations that the Secretary determines would make the risk assessment process conducted pursuant to the requirements under this chapter a more effective means of assessing the benefits and costs associated with alternative regulatory and nonregulatory options in prescribing standards under the Federal pipeline safety regulatory program under this chapter.

(c)

(A) notifies an operator of proposed demolition, excavation, tunneling, or construction near or affecting the facility;

(B) requires an operator to identify a pipeline facility that may be affected by the proposed demolition, excavation, tunneling, or construction, to prevent damaging the facility; and

(C) the Secretary decides will protect a facility adequately against a hazard caused by demolition, excavation, tunneling, or construction.

(2) To the extent a public safety program referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection is not available, the Secretary shall prescribe standards requiring an operator to take action the Secretary prescribes to provide services comparable to services that would be available under a public safety program.

(3) The Secretary may include in the standards prescribed under subsection (a) of this section a requirement that an operator of a hazardous liquid pipeline facility participate in a public safety program meeting the requirements of paragraph (1) of this subsection or maintain and carry out a damage prevention program that provides services comparable to services that would be available under a public safety program.

(4)

(A) Not later than one year after the date of enactment of the Accountable Pipeline Safety and Accountability Act of 1996,1 and annually thereafter, the owner or operator of each interstate gas pipeline facility shall provide to the governing body of each municipality in which the interstate gas pipeline facility is located, a map identifying the location of such facility.

(B)(i) Not later than June 1, 1998, the Secretary shall survey and assess the public education programs under section 60116 and the public safety programs under section 60102(c) and determine their effectiveness and applicability as components of a model program. In particular, the survey shall include the methods by which operators notify residents of the location of the facility and its right of way, public information regarding existing One-Call programs, and appropriate procedures to be followed by residents of affected municipalities in the event of accidents involving interstate gas pipeline facilities.

(ii) Not later than one year after the survey and assessment are completed, the Secretary shall institute a rulemaking to determine the most effective public safety and education program components and promulgate if appropriate, standards implementing those components on a nationwide basis. In the event that the Secretary finds that promulgation of such standards are not appropriate, the Secretary shall report to Congress the reasons for that finding.

(d)

(1) the business name, address, and telephone number, including an operations emergency telephone number, of the operator;

(2) accurate maps and a supplementary geographic description, including an identification of areas described in regulations prescribed under section 60109 of this title, that show the location in the State of—

(A) major gas pipeline facilities of the operator, including transmission lines and significant distribution lines; and

(B) major hazardous liquid pipeline facilities of the operator;

(3) a description of—

(A) the characteristics of the operator's pipelines in the State; and

(B) products transported through the operator's pipelines in the State;

(4) the manual that governs operating and maintaining pipeline facilities in the State;

(5) an emergency response plan describing the operator's procedures for responding to and containing releases, including—

(A) identifying specific action the operator will take on discovering a release;

(B) liaison procedures with State and local authorities for emergency response; and

(C) communication and alert procedures for immediately notifying State and local officials at the time of a release; and

(6) other information the Secretary considers useful to inform a State of the presence of pipeline facilities and operations in the State.

(e)

(1) for a gas pipeline facility, shall include an identification of each facility passing through an area described in regulations prescribed under section 60109 of this title but shall exclude equipment used with the compression of gas; and

(2) for a hazardous liquid pipeline facility, shall include an identification of each facility and gathering line passing through an area described in regulations prescribed under section 60109 of this title, whether the facility or gathering line otherwise is subject to this chapter, but shall exclude equipment associated only with the pipeline pumps or storage facilities.

(f)

(1)

(A) the design and construction of new natural gas transmission pipeline or hazardous liquid pipeline facilities, and

(B) when the replacement of existing natural gas transmission pipeline or hazardous liquid pipeline facilities or equipment is required, the replacement of such existing facilities be carried out, to the extent practicable, in a manner so as to accommodate the passage through such natural gas transmission pipeline or hazardous liquid pipeline facilities of instrumented internal inspection devices (commonly referred to as "smart pigs"). The Secretary may extend such standards to require existing natural gas transmission pipeline or hazardous liquid pipeline facilities, whose basic construction would accommodate an instrumented internal inspection device to be modified to permit the inspection of such facilities with instrumented internal inspection devices.

(2)

(g)

(h)

(A) condition that is a hazard to life, property, or the environment; and

(B) safety-related condition that causes or has caused a significant change or restriction in the operation of a pipeline facility.

(2)

(A) the Secretary;

(B) the appropriate State authority or, where no appropriate State authority exists, to the Governor of a State where the subject of the Safety Related Condition report occurred; and

(C) the appropriate Tribe where the subject of the Safety Related Condition report occurred.

(3)

(A) State emergency response commission established pursuant to section 301 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act of 1986 (42 U.S.C. 11001);

(B) Tribal emergency response commission or emergency planning committee (as defined in part 355 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation));

(C) local emergency planning committee established pursuant to section 301 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act of 1986 (42 U.S.C. 11001); or

(D) other public agency responsible for emergency response.

(i)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(j)

(2) Not later than 2 years after the survey and assessment are completed, the Secretary shall prescribe standards on the circumstances under which an operator of a hazardous liquid pipeline facility must use an emergency flow restricting device or other procedure, system, or equipment described in paragraph (1) of this subsection on the facility.

(k)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) are subject to safety regulations of the United States Coast Guard; or

(B) serve refining, manufacturing, or truck, rail, or vessel terminal facilities if the pipeline is less than 1 mile long (measured outside the facility grounds) and does not cross an offshore area or a waterway currently used for commercial navigation,

until regulations issued under paragraph (1) become effective. After such regulations become effective, the Secretary may retain or remove those exceptions as appropriate.

(4)

(5)

(6)

(l)

(m)

(n)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(o)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(p)

(q)

(1)

(A) to meet the need for gas pipeline safety, as determined by the Secretary; and

(B) to protect the environment.

(2)

(A)

(i) the type of pipeline;

(ii) the location of the pipeline;

(iii) the material of which the pipeline is constructed; and

(iv) the materials transported by the pipeline.

(B)

(i) are hazardous to human safety or the environment; or

(ii) have the potential to become explosive or otherwise hazardous to human safety.

(3)

(A)

(i) require the use of advanced leak detection technologies and practices described in subparagraph (B);

(ii) identify any scenarios where operators may use leak detection practices that depend on human senses; and

(iii) include a schedule for repairing or replacing each leaking pipe, except a pipe with a leak so small that it poses no potential hazard, with appropriate deadlines.

(B)

(i) for new and existing gas distribution pipeline facilities, technologies and practices to detect pipeline leaks—

(I) through continuous monitoring on or along the pipeline; or

(II) through periodic surveys with handheld equipment, equipment mounted on mobile platforms, or other means using commercially available technology;

(ii) for new and existing gas transmission pipeline facilities, technologies and practices to detect pipeline leaks through—

(I) equipment that is capable of continuous monitoring; or

(II) periodic surveys with handheld equipment, equipment mounted on mobile platforms, or other means using commercially available technology; and

(iii) for regulated gathering lines in Class 2 locations, Class 3 locations, or Class 4 locations, technologies and practices to detect pipeline leaks through—

(I) equipment that is capable of continuous monitoring; or

(II) periodic surveys with handheld equipment, equipment mounted on mobile platforms, or other means using commercially available technology.

(4)

(A)

(i) may not reduce the frequency of surveys required under any other provision of this chapter or stipulated by regulation as of the date of enactment of this subsection; and

(ii) may not extend the duration of any timelines for the repair or remediation of leaks that are stipulated by regulation as of the date of enactment of this subsection.

(B)

(C)

(r)

(1) establishing communication with first responders and other relevant public officials, as soon as practicable, beginning from the time of confirmed discovery, as determined by the Secretary, by the operator of a gas pipeline emergency involving a release of gas from a distribution system of that operator that results in—

(A) a fire related to an unintended release of gas;

(B) an explosion;

(C) 1 or more fatalities; or

(D) the unscheduled release of gas and shutdown of gas service to a significant number of customers, as determined by the Secretary;

(2) establishing general public communication through an appropriate channel—

(A) as soon as practicable, as determined by the Secretary, after a gas pipeline emergency described in paragraph (1); and

(B) that provides information regarding—

(i) the emergency described in subparagraph (A); and

(ii) the status of public safety; and

(3) the development and implementation of a voluntary, opt-in system that would allow operators of distribution systems to rapidly communicate with customers in the event of an emergency.

(s)

(1) responding to overpressurization indications, including specific actions and an order of operations for immediately reducing pressure in or shutting down portions of the gas distribution system, if necessary; and

(2) a detailed procedure for the management of the change process, which shall—

(A) be applied to significant technology, equipment, procedural, and organizational changes to the distribution system; and

(B) ensure that relevant qualified personnel, such as an engineer with a professional engineer licensure, subject matter expert, or other employee who possesses the necessary knowledge, experience, and skills regarding natural gas distribution systems, review and certify construction plans for accuracy, completeness, and correctness.

(t)

(1)

(A) to identify and manage traceable, reliable, and complete records, including maps and other drawings, critical to ensuring proper pressure controls for a gas distribution system, and updating these records as needed, while collecting and identifying other records necessary for risk analysis on an opportunistic basis; and

(B) to ensure that the records required under subparagraph (A) are—

(i) accessible to all personnel responsible for performing or overseeing relevant construction or engineering work; and

(ii) submitted to, or made available for inspection by, the Secretary or the relevant State authority with a certification in effect under section 60105.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(A)

(i) the risk of the gas pressure in the distribution system exceeding, by a common mode of failure, the maximum allowable operating pressure (as described in section 192.623 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation)) allowed under Federal law (including regulations) is minimized;

(ii) the gas pressure of a low-pressure distribution system is monitored, particularly at or near the location of critical pressure-control equipment;

(iii) the regulator station has secondary or backup pressure-relieving or overpressure-protection safety technology, such as a relief valve or automatic shutoff valve, or other pressure-limiting devices appropriate for the configuration and siting of the station and, in the case of a regulator station that employs the primary and monitor regulator design, the operator shall eliminate the common mode of failure or provide backup protection capable of either shutting the flow of gas, relieving gas to the atmosphere to fully protect the distribution system from overpressurization events, or there must be technology in place to eliminate a common mode of failure; and

(iv) if the Secretary determines that it is not operationally possible for an operator to implement the requirements under clause (iii), the Secretary shall require such operator to identify actions in their plan that minimize the risk of an overpressurization event.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1304; Pub. L. 104–304, §§4, 20(g), Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3794, 3805; Pub. L. 107–355, §§20(a)(1), (2)(A), 23, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 3009, 3011; Pub. L. 109–468, §4, Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3490; Pub. L. 112–90, §§4, 12, 15, 18(b), 24, Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1906, 1913, 1915, 1916, 1919; Pub. L. 113–30, §1, Aug. 9, 2013, 127 Stat. 510; Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §§113, 118, 121, title II, §§203, 204, 206, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2228, 2234, 2236, 2239–2241.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60102(a)(1) | 49 App.:1672(a)(1) (1st, 2d sentences). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §3(a)(1) (1st, 2d, 7th, 8th sentences), 82 Stat. 721; Oct. 11, 1976, Pub. L. 94–477, §4(1), 90 Stat. 2073; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§101(a), 109(c)–(e), 93 Stat. 990, 996; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §101(a)(1), (2), 106 Stat. 3290. |

49 App.:1672(a)(1) (3d sentence). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §3(a)(1) (3d sentence); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §101, 102 Stat. 2806; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §106(1), 102 Stat. 3293. | |

49 App.:2002(a)(1) (1st, 2d sentences). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 203(a)(1), 93 Stat. 1004; Oct. 22, 1986, Pub. L. 99–516, §3(b)(1)(A), 100 Stat. 2966; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §201(a)(1), 106 Stat. 3299. | |

49 App.:2002(c) (1st sentence). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §203(c) (1st sentence), (e), (f), 93 Stat. 1004. | |

49 App.:2002(c) (2d sentence). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §203(c) (2d sentence); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §201, 102 Stat. 2809; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §205(1), 106 Stat. 3302. | |

60102(a)(2) | 49 App.:1672(a)(1) (4th, 5th sentences). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §3(a)(1) (4th, 5th sentences); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §106(2), 102 Stat. 3293. |

49 App.:2002(c) (3d, 4th sentences). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §203(c) (3d, 4th sentences); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §205(2), 106 Stat. 3302. | |

60102(b) | 49 App.:1672(a)(1) (7th, 8th sentences). | |

49 App.:2002(a)(1) (last sentence). | ||

49 App.:2002(b) (1st sentence). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §203(b) (1st sentence), 93 Stat. 1004; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §201(a)(3), 106 Stat. 3300. | |

60102(c)(1), (2) | 49 App.:1672(a)(2). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §3(a)(2); added Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§101(a), 109(c), 93 Stat. 990, 996. |

60102(c)(3) | 49 App.:2002(e). | |

60102(d) | 49 App.:1672(e). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §3(e); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §102, 102 Stat. 2806; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §102(b), 106 Stat. 3291. |

49 App.:2002(i). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §203(i); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §202, 102 Stat. 2810; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §202(b), 106 Stat. 3301. | |

60102(e) | 49 App.:1672(f). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §3(f); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §102, 102 Stat. 2806; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §102(a)(1), 106 Stat. 3290. |

49 App.:2002(j). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §203(j); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §202, 102 Stat. 2810; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §202(a)(1), 106 Stat. 3300. | |

60102(f) | 49 App.:1672(g). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §3(g); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §108(b), 102 Stat. 2808; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §103, 106 Stat. 3291. |

49 App.:2002(k). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §203(k); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §207(b), 102 Stat. 2812; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §203, 106 Stat. 3301. | |

60102(g) | 49 App.:1672(b). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §3(b), 82 Stat. 721; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §109(c), (f), 93 Stat. 996. |

49 App.:2002(f). | ||

60102(h) | 49 App.:1672(a)(3). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §3(a)(3); added Oct. 22, 1986, Pub. L. 99–516, §3(a)(1), 100 Stat. 2965; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §101(a)(3), 106 Stat. 3290. |

49 App.:2002(a)(2). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §203(a)(2); added Oct. 22, 1986, Pub. L. 99–516, §3(b)(1)(B), 100 Stat. 2966; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §201(a)(2), 106 Stat. 3300. | |

60102(i) | 49 App.:2015. | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §219; added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §211(a), 102 Stat. 2813. |

49 App.:2015 (note). | Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §211(c), 102 Stat. 2813. | |

60102(j) | 49 App.:2002(n). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §203(n); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §212, 106 Stat. 3304. |

60102(k) | 49 App.:2002(b) (last sentence). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §203(b) (last sentence); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §206, 106 Stat. 3302. |


In this section, the word "Federal" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the word "prescribe" is substituted for "by regulation, establish" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. Standards are made applicable to transporters of gas and to owners and operators of gas pipeline facilities because of 49 App.:1677(a)(1), restated in section 60118 of the revised title.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "Except as provided in section 60103 of this title" are added for clarity. In clause (3), the word "proposed" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "Not later than 12 months after November 30, 1979" are omitted as executed. The word "gas" is added because of the restatement. In clause (B), the word "specific" is omitted as surplus. In clause (C), the words "will protect" are substituted for "is being carried out in a manner . . . to assure protection" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c)(2) and (3), the words "to the public with respect to that operator's pipeline facilities which are" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2), the word "prescribe" is substituted for "provide" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "participate in a public safety program meeting the requirements of paragraph (1) of this subsection" are substituted for 49 App.:2002(e)(1) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d), before clause (1), the words "Not later than 1 year after October 31, 1988" are omitted as obsolete. The word "prescribe" is substituted for "establish by regulation" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The word "maintain" is substituted for "provide, and revise as necessary" and "completed and maintained" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "as the case may be" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), before subclause (A), the words "map or" and "appropriate" are omitted as surplus. In clause (5)(B), the word "government" is omitted as surplus and for consistency in this chapter. In clause (6), the words "and necessary" are omitted as surplus.

In subsections (e) and (f), the word "prescribe" is substituted for "by regulation, establish" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "not later than 1 year after October 31, 1988" are omitted as obsolete. The words "complete and" and "and to revise as appropriate thereafter" are omitted as surplus.

In subsections (e)(2) and (k), the words "regulation under" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (g), the words "and amendments thereto" and "recited" are omitted as surplus. The word "different" is substituted for "earlier or later" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "or amending" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (h)(1), before clause (A), the words "Not later than 12 months after October 22, 1986" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (i), the words "In addition to hazardous liquids", "under this chapter", and "as necessary and appropriate" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (k), the words "In exercising any discretion under this chapter" are omitted as surplus. The word "because" is substituted for "on the basis of the fact that" to eliminate unnecessary words.

The date of enactment of the Accountable Pipeline Safety and Accountability Act of 1996, referred to in subsec. (c)(4)(A), probably means the date of enactment of the Accountable Pipeline Safety and Partnership Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104–304, which amended this section and was approved Oct. 12, 1996.

The date of enactment of this paragraph, referred to in subsec. (i)(2)(B), and the date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsecs. (n) and (p), are the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–90, which was approved Jan. 3, 2012.

The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (m), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 107–355, which was approved Dec. 17, 2002.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsecs. (q) to (t), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 116–260, which was approved Dec. 27, 2020.

**2020**—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 116–260, §118, substituted "chapter" for "Chapter" and inserted ", including safety and environmental benefits," after "benefits".

Subsec. (h)(2), (3). Pub. L. 116–260, §121, added pars. (2) and (3) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "The Secretary must receive the report not later than 5 working days after a representative of a person to which this section applies first establishes that the condition exists. Notice of the condition shall be given concurrently to appropriate State authorities."

Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 116–260, §113, added subsec. (q).

Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 116–260, §203, added subsec. (r).

Subsec. (s). Pub. L. 116–260, §204, added subsec. (s).

Subsec. (t). Pub. L. 116–260, §206, added subsec. (t).

**2013**—Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 113–30 substituted "3 years" for "1 year" and struck out "guidance or" before "a regulation" and ", on an Internet Web site" before period at end.

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 112–90, §18(b), substituted "any or all of the owners or operators" for "owners and operators".

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 112–90, §15, designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added pars. (2) and (3).

Subsec. (j)(3). Pub. L. 112–90, §4(1), struck out par. (3). Text read as follows:

"(A) Not later than June 1, 1998, the Secretary shall survey and assess the effectiveness of remotely controlled valves to shut off the flow of natural gas in the event of a rupture of an interstate natural gas pipeline facility and shall make a determination about whether the use of remotely controlled valves is technically and economically feasible and would reduce risks associated with a rupture of an interstate natural gas pipeline facility.

"(B) Not later than one year after the survey and assessment are completed, if the Secretary has determined that the use of remotely controlled valves is technically and economically feasible and would reduce risks associated with a rupture of an interstate natural gas pipeline facility, the Secretary shall prescribe standards under which an operator of an interstate natural gas pipeline facility must use a remotely controlled valve. These standards shall include, but not be limited to, requirements for high-density population areas."

Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 112–90, §4(2), added subsec. (n).

Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 112–90, §12, added subsec. (o).

Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 112–90, §24, added subsec. (p).

**2006**—Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 109–468 amended heading and text of subsec. (k) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary may not provide an exception to this chapter for a hazardous liquid pipeline facility only because the facility operates at low internal stress."

**2002**—Pub. L. 107–355, §20(a)(2)(A), substituted "Purpose and general authority" for "General authority" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–355, §20(a)(1), inserted subsec. heading, added par. (1), redesignated former par. (1) as (2), realigned margins, and substituted "

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 107–355, §23, added subsec. (m).

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104–304, §4(a)(1), struck out "transporters of gas and hazardous liquid and to" after "apply to".

Subsec. (a)(1)(C). Pub. L. 104–304, §4(a)(2), added subpar. (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: "shall include a requirement that all individuals responsible for the operation and maintenance of pipeline facilities be tested for qualifications and certified to operate and maintain those facilities."

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 104–304, §4(a)(3), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "As the Secretary considers appropriate, the operator of a pipeline facility may make the certification under paragraph (1)(C) of this subsection. Testing and certification under paragraph (1)(C) shall address the ability to recognize and react appropriately to abnormal operating conditions that may indicate a dangerous situation or a condition exceeding design limits."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–304, §4(b), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "A standard prescribed under subsection (a) of this section shall be practicable and designed to meet the need for gas pipeline safety, for safely transporting hazardous liquid, and for protecting the environment. Except as provided in section 60103 of this title, when prescribing the standard the Secretary shall consider—

"(1) relevant available—

"(A) gas pipeline safety information; or

"(B) hazardous liquid pipeline information;

"(2) the appropriateness of the standard for the particular type of pipeline transportation or facility;

"(3) the reasonableness of the standard; and

"(4) the extent to which the standard will contribute to public safety and the protection of the environment."

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 104–304, §4(g), added par. (4).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–304, §4(c), inserted "as required by the standards prescribed under this chapter" after "operating the facility", substituted "to make the information available" for "to provide the information", and inserted "as determined by the Secretary" after "to the Secretary and an appropriate State official".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–304, §4(d)(2), substituted "transportation" for "transmission" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 104–304, §4(d)(1), in introductory provisions, directed striking out "and, to the extent the Secretary considers necessary, an operator of a gathering line that is not a regulated gather line (as defined under section 60101(b)(2) of this title)," after "subject to this chapter", which was executed by striking out text which read in part "regulated gathering line" instead of "regulated gather line", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 104–304, §4(e)(1), added heading and text of par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: "The Secretary shall prescribe minimum safety standards requiring that the design and construction of a new gas pipeline transmission facility or hazardous liquid pipeline facility, and the required replacement of an existing gas pipeline transmission facility, hazardous liquid pipeline facility, or equipment, be carried out, to the extent practicable, in a way that accommodates the passage through the facility of an instrumented internal inspection device (commonly referred to as a 'smart pig'). The Secretary may apply the standard to an existing gas or hazardous liquid transmission facility and require the facility to be changed to allow the facility to be inspected with an instrumented internal inspection device if the basic construction of the facility will accommodate the device."

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 104–304, §§4(e)(2), 20(g), inserted heading, realigned margins, inserted ", if necessary, additional" after "the Secretary shall prescribe", and substituted "standards" for "regulations" in two places.

Subsecs. (i), (j)(2). Pub. L. 104–304, §20(g), substituted "standards" for "regulations".

Subsec. (j)(3). Pub. L. 104–304, §4(h), added par. (3).

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 104–304, §4(f), added subsec. (l).

Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §117, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2234, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) operators; and

"(2) pipeline contractors working for multiple operators in multiple States.

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 117–103, div. L, title I, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 720, provided in part: "That the Secretary of Transportation shall issue a final rule on automatic and remote-controlled shut-off valves and hazardous liquid pipeline facilities leak detection systems as required under section 4 [amending this section] and section 8 [enacting provisions set out as a note under section 60108 of this title] of the Pipeline Safety, Regulatory Certainty, and Job Creation Act of 2011 (Public Law 112–90), respectively, not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Mar. 15, 2022]".

Pub. L. 116–94, div. H, title I, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2968, provided in part: "That no later than 90 days after enactment of this Act [Dec. 20, 2019], the Secretary of Transportation shall initiate a rulemaking on automatic and remote-controlled shut-off valves and hazardous liquid pipeline facilities leak detection systems as required under section 4 [amending this section] and section 8 [enacting provisions set out as a note under section 60108 of this title] of the Pipeline Safety, Regulatory Certainty, and Job Creation Act of 2011 (Public Law 112–90), respectively, and shall issue a final rule no later than one year after enactment of this Act."

Pub. L. 116–6, div. G, title I, Feb. 15, 2019, 133 Stat. 427, provided in part: "That the Secretary of Transportation shall issue a final rule to expand the applicability of comprehensive oil spill response plans within 90 days of enactment of this Act [Feb. 15, 2019]".

Pub. L. 115–141, div. L, title I, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1001, provided in part: "That the Secretary of Transportation shall issue a final rule to expand the applicability of comprehensive oil spill response plans within 5 days of enactment of this Act [Mar. 23, 2018]."

Pub. L. 115–31, div. K, title I, May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 752, provided in part: "That the Secretary of Transportation shall issue a final rule to expand the applicability of comprehensive oil spill response plans no later than August 1, 2017".

Pub. L. 114–113, div. L, title I, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2861, provided in part: "That no later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 2015], the Secretary of Transportation shall initiate a rulemaking to expand the applicability of comprehensive oil spill response plans, and shall issue a final rule no later than one year after the date of enactment of this Act."

Pub. L. 114–183, §18, June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 527, provided that: "Each owner or operator of a hazardous liquid pipeline facility required to prepare a response plan pursuant to part 194 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, shall—

"(1) consider the impact of a discharge into or on navigable waters or adjoining shorelines, including those that may be covered in whole or in part by ice; and

"(2) include procedures and resources for responding to such discharge in the plan."

Pub. L. 109–468, §19, Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3498, as amended by Pub. L. 110–244, title III, §302(j), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1618, provided that: "Not later than June 1, 2008, the Secretary of Transportation shall issue standards that implement the following recommendations contained in the National Transportation Safety Board's report entitled 'Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) in Liquid Pipelines' and adopted November 29, 2005:

"(1) Implementation of the American Petroleum Institute's Recommended Practice 1165 for the use of graphics on the supervisory control and data acquisition screens.

"(2) Implementation of a standard for pipeline companies to review and audit alarms on monitoring equipment.

"(3) Implementation of standards for pipeline controller training that include simulator or noncomputerized simulations for controller recognition of abnormal pipeline operating conditions, in particular, leak events."

Pub. L. 107–355, §24, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 3011, provided that: "Within 90 days after receiving recommendations for improvements to pipeline safety from an advisory committee appointed by the Governor of any State, the Secretary of Transportation shall respond in writing to the committee setting forth what action, if any, the Secretary will take on those recommendations and the Secretary's reasons for acting or not acting upon any of the recommendations."

1 See References in Text note below.

(a)

(1) kind and use of the facility;

(2) existing and projected population and demographic characteristics of the location;

(3) existing and proposed land use near the location;

(4) natural physical aspects of the location;

(5) medical, law enforcement, and fire prevention capabilities near the location that can cope with a risk caused by the facility;

(6) need to encourage remote siting; and

(7) national security.

(b)

(1) the characteristics of material to be used in constructing the facility and of alternative material;

(2) design factors;

(3) the characteristics of the liquefied natural gas to be stored or converted at, or transported by, the facility; and

(4) the public safety factors of the design and of alternative designs, particularly the ability to prevent and contain a liquefied natural gas spill.

(c)

(A) under this chapter; or

(B) under another law, and the standard is not prescribed at the time the authority is applied.

(2)(A) Any design, installation, construction, initial inspection, or initial testing standard prescribed under this chapter after March 1, 1978, may provide that the standard applies to any part of a replacement component of a liquefied natural gas pipeline facility if the component or part is placed in service after the standard is prescribed and application of the standard—

(i) does not make the component or part incompatible with other components or parts; or

(ii) is not impracticable otherwise.

(B) Any location standard prescribed under this chapter after March 1, 1978, does not apply to any part of a replacement component of an existing liquefied natural gas pipeline facility.

(3) A design, installation, construction, initial inspection, or initial testing standard does not apply to a liquefied natural gas pipeline facility existing when the standard is adopted.

(d)

(1) the conditions, features, and type of equipment and structures that make up or are used in connection with the facility;

(2) the fire prevention and containment equipment at the facility;

(3) security measures to prevent an intentional act that could cause a liquefied natural gas accident;

(4) maintenance procedures and equipment;

(5) the training of personnel in matters specified by this subsection; and

(6) other factors and conditions related to the safe handling of liquefied natural gas.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1307; Pub. L. 114–183, §27(a), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 531.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60103(a) | 49 App.:1674a(a) (1)(A), (d)(1), (e). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §6; added Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §152(a), 93 Stat. 999. |

60103(b) | 49 App.:1674a(a) (1)(B), (2), (d)(2), (e). | |

60103(c)(1), (2) | 49 App.:1674a(c)(1). | |

60103(c)(3) | 49 App.:1674a(c)(3). | |

60103(d) | 49 App.:1674a(b), (d)(3), (e). | |

60103(e) | 49 App.:1674a(f). | |

60103(f) | 49 App.:1674a(a)(3). | |

60103(g) | 49 App.:1674a(c)(2). |


In subsections (a), (b), and (d), the words "general safety" are omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:1674a(e) is omitted for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsections (a) and (b), before each clause (1), the words "Not later than 180 days after November 30, 1979" are omitted as executed. The word "prescribe" is substituted for "establish by regulation" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "with respect to standards relating to the location of any new LNG facility" are omitted because of the restatement. In clause (2), the word "involved" is omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the words "meteorological, geological, topographical, seismic, and other" are omitted as surplus. In clause (5), the word "existing" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the text of 49 App.:1674a(a)(2) (1st sentence) is omitted as executed. The text of 49 App.:1674a(a)(2) (last sentence) is omitted as surplus. The words "with respect to standards applicable to the design, installation, construction, initial inspection, and initial testing of any new LNG facility" are omitted because of the restatement. In clause (1), the words "thermal resistance and other" are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the words "(such as multiple diking, insulated concrete, and vapor containment barriers)" are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the words "(for example, whether it is to be in a liquid or semisolid state)" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the words "under such a design" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1) and (2), the word "prescribed" is substituted for "issued" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "if the standard is to be applied" are added for clarity. The word "either" is omitted as surplus. In clause (B), the word "Federal" is omitted as surplus. The words "the authority is applied" are substituted for "such authority was exercised" for clarity.

In subsection (c)(2)(A), before clause (i), the words "design, installation, construction, initial inspection, or initial testing standard prescribed under this chapter after March 1, 1978" are substituted for "Any such standard (other than one affecting location)" for clarity. In clause (i), the words "of the facility involved" are omitted as surplus. In clause (ii), the word "otherwise" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), before clause (1), the words "Not later than 270 days after November 30, 1979" are omitted as executed. The words "with respect to standards for the operation and maintance [sic] of any LNG facility" are omitted because of the restatement. In clause (3), the words "to be used with respect to the operation of such facility" and "sabotage or other" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the text of 49 App.:1674a(f) (related to 49 App.:1672(a)(1) (8th, last sentences), (c), and (d)) is omitted as surplus because those provisions apply to all standards prescribed under the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Public Law 90–481, 82 Stat. 720).

In subsection (f), the words "Secretary of Energy" are substituted for "Department of Energy" because of 42:7131. The words "or local" are added for clarity. The words "in the case of any facility not subject to the jurisdiction of the Department under the Natural Gas Act" are omitted as surplus.

**2016**—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 114–183 added par. (7).

Pub. L. 114–183, §27(c), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 532, provided that: "Nothing in this section [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as a note below] shall be construed to limit the Secretary's authority under chapter 601 of title 49, United States Code, to regulate liquefied natural gas pipeline facilities."

Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §110, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2224, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) review the minimum operating and maintenance standards prescribed under section 60103(d) of title 49, United States Code; and

"(2) based on the review under paragraph (1), update the standards described in that paragraph applicable to large-scale liquefied natural gas facilities (other than peak shaving facilities) to provide for a risk-based regulatory approach for such facilities, consistent with this section.

"(b)

"(1) are developed and applied in a manner consistent with this section; and

"(2) achieve a level of safety that is equivalent to, or greater than, the level of safety required by the standards prescribed as of the date of enactment of this Act under—

"(A) section 60103(d) of title 49, United States Code; and

"(B) part 193 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on the date of enactment of this Act).

"(c)

"(1) to develop and maintain written safety information identifying hazards associated with—

"(A) the processes of liquefied natural gas conversion, storage, and transport;

"(B) equipment used in the processes; and

"(C) technology used in the processes;

"(2) to conduct a hazard assessment, including the identification of potential sources of accidental releases;

"(3)(A) to consult with employees and representatives of employees on the development and execution of hazard assessments under paragraph (2); and

"(B) to provide employees access to the records of the hazard assessments and any other records required under the updated standards;

"(4) to establish a system to respond to the findings of a hazard assessment conducted under paragraph (2) that addresses prevention, mitigation, and emergency responses;

"(5) to review, when a design change occurs, the most recent hazard assessment conducted under paragraph (2) and the response system established under paragraph (4);

"(6) to develop and implement written operating procedures for the processes of liquefied natural gas conversion, storage, and transport;

"(7)(A) to provide written safety and operating information to employees; and

"(B) to train employees in operating procedures with an emphasis on addressing hazards and using safe practices;

"(8) to ensure contractors and contract employees are provided appropriate information and training;

"(9) to train and educate employees and contractors in emergency response;

"(10) to establish a quality assurance program to ensure that equipment, maintenance materials, and spare parts relating to the operations and maintenance of liquefied natural gas facilities are fabricated and installed consistent with design specifications;

"(11) to establish maintenance systems for critical process-related equipment, including written procedures, employee training, appropriate inspections, and testing of that equipment to ensure ongoing mechanical integrity;

"(12) to conduct pre-start-up safety reviews of all newly installed or modified equipment;

"(13) to establish and implement written procedures to manage change to processes of liquefied natural gas conversion, storage, and transport, technology, equipment, and facilities; and

"(14)(A) to investigate each incident that results in, or could have resulted in—

"(i) loss of life;

"(ii) destruction of private property; or

"(iii) a major accident; and

"(B) to have operating personnel—

"(i) review any findings of an investigation under subparagraph (A); and

"(ii) if appropriate, take responsive measures.

"(d)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) an anticipated schedule for the implementation of the requirements described in subsection (c); and

"(B) an overview of the process for implementation.

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(f)

"(1) the authority of the Secretary under this title [enacting sections 60142, 60143, and 60303 of this title, amending sections 6107, 60102, 60108, 60109, 60117, 60118, 60122, 60125, 60129, 60130 and 60134 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 60101, 60102, 60108, and 60109 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 60101 and section 60109 of this title] to act in the case of an emergency; or

"(2) the authority of the Secretary under sections 60118 through 60123 of title 49, United States Code.

"(g)

Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §111, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2226, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2) LNG.—The term 'LNG' means liquefied natural gas.

"(3)

"(A) LNG facilities that represent the broad array of LNG facilities operating in the United States;

"(B) States, Indian Tribes, and units of local government;

"(C) postsecondary education;

"(D) labor organizations;

"(E) safety organizations; or

"(F) Federal regulatory agencies of jurisdiction, which may include—

"(i) the [Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety] Administration;

"(ii) the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission;

"(iii) the Department of Energy;

"(iv) the Occupational Safety and Health Administration;

"(v) the Coast Guard; and

"(vi) the Maritime Administration.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1)

"(A) the resources necessary to establish the Center; and

"(B) the manner in which the Center will carry out the functions described in subsection (d).

"(2)

"(d)

"(1) furthering the expertise of the Federal Government in the operations, management, and regulatory practices of LNG facilities through—

"(A) the use of performance-based principles;

"(B) experience and familiarity with LNG operational facilities; and

"(C) increased communication with LNG experts to learn and support state-of-the-art operational practices;

"(2) acting as a repository of information on best practices for the operation of LNG facilities; and

"(3) facilitating collaboration among LNG sector stakeholders.

"(e)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) take into account the strategic value of locating resources in close proximity to LNG facilities; and

"(B) locate the Center in the State with the largest LNG production capacity, as determined by the total capacity (in billion cubic feet per day) of LNG production authorized by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission under section 3 of the Natural Gas Act (15 U.S.C. 717b) as of the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 27, 2020].

"(f)

"(g)

"(1) to provide for joint operation of the Center; and

"(2) to provide necessary administrative services for the Center."

Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §114(d), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2232, provided that:

"(1)

"(A) discussing—

"(i) the best available technologies or practices to prevent or minimize, without compromising pipeline safety, the release of natural gas when making planned repairs, replacements, or maintenance to a pipeline facility;

"(ii) the best available technologies or practices to prevent or minimize, without compromising pipeline safety, the release of natural gas when the operator intentionally vents or releases natural gas, including blowdowns; and

"(iii) pipeline facility designs that, without compromising pipeline safety, mitigate the need to intentionally vent natural gas; and

"(B) recommending a timeline for updating pipeline safety regulations, as the Secretary determines to be appropriate, to address the matters described in subparagraph (A).

"(2)

Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title II, §205, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2240, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) the number of operators of natural gas distribution systems who have implemented a pipeline safety management system in accordance with the standard established by the American Petroleum Institute entitled 'Pipeline Safety Management System Requirements' and numbered American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice 1173;

"(2) the progress made by operators of natural gas distribution systems who have implemented, or are in the process of implementing, a pipeline safety management system described in paragraph (1); and

"(3) the feasibility of an operator of a natural gas distribution system implementing a pipeline safety management system described in paragraph (1) based on the size of the operator as measured by—

"(A) the number of customers the operator has; and

"(B) the amount of natural gas the operator transports.

"(b)

"(c)

"(1) promote and assess pipeline safety management systems frameworks developed by operators of natural gas distribution systems and described in the report under subsection (a), including—

"(A) if necessary, using independent third-party evaluators; and

"(B) through a system that promotes self-disclosure of—

"(i) errors; and

"(ii) deviations from regulatory standards; and

"(2) if a deviation from a regulatory standard is identified during the development and application of a pipeline safety management system, certify that—

"(A) due consideration will be given to factors such as flawed procedures, honest mistakes, or lack of understanding; and

"(B) the operators and regulators use the most appropriate tools to fix the deviation, return to compliance, and prevent the recurrence of the deviation, including—

"(i) root cause analysis; and

"(ii) training, education, or other appropriate improvements to procedures or training programs."

Pub. L. 114–183, §27(b), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 532, provided that: "The Secretary of Transportation shall review and update the minimum safety standards prescribed pursuant to section 60103 of title 49, United States Code, for permanent, small scale liquefied natural gas pipeline facilities."

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(2) In a proceeding under section 3 or 7 of the Natural Gas Act (15 U.S.C. 717b or 717f), each applicant for authority to import natural gas or to establish, construct, operate, or extend a gas pipeline facility subject to an applicable safety standard shall certify that it will design, install, inspect, test, construct, operate, replace, and maintain a gas pipeline facility under those standards and plans for inspection and maintenance under section 60108 of this title. The certification is binding on the Secretary of Energy and the Commission except when an appropriate enforcement agency has given timely written notice to the Commission that the applicant has violated a standard prescribed under this chapter.

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1308; Pub. L. 107–355, §3(a), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2986.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60104(a) | 49 App.:1672(c). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §3(c), 82 Stat. 721; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§104(a)(2), (c), 109(c), 93 Stat. 992, 994, 996. |

49 App.:2002(g). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§202(4) (28th–last words), 203(c) (last sentence), (g), 93 Stat. 1003, 1004, 1005. | |

60104(b) | 49 App.:1672(a)(1) (6th sentence). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §3(a)(1) (6th, 9th, last sentences), 82 Stat. 721; Oct. 11, 1976, Pub. L. 94–477, §4(2), 90 Stat. 2073; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§101(a), 109(c), (e), 93 Stat. 990, 996; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §116, 106 Stat. 3298. |

49 App.:2002(c) (last sentence). | ||

60104(c) | 49 App.:1672(a)(1) (9th, last sentences). | |

49 App.:2002(d). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §203(d), 93 Stat. 1004; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §215, 106 Stat. 3305. | |

60104(d) | 49 App.:1676(a). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §9(a), 82 Stat. 725; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§109(i), 152(a), (b)(3), 93 Stat. 997, 999, 1001; Oct. 30, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §105(1), 102 Stat. 2807. |

60104(e) | 49 App.:1671(4) (33d–last words). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §2(4) (33d–last words), 82 Stat. 720. |

49 App.:2001(4) (28th–last words). |


Subsection (a) is substituted for 49 App.:1672(c) (last sentence) and 2002(g) (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 49 App.:1672(c) (1st sentence) and 2002(g) (1st sentence) is omitted as unnecessary because 5:ch. 5, subch. II applies unless otherwise stated.

In subsection (c), the words "prescribed under this chapter" are added for clarity. The words "after the Federal minimum standards become effective" in 49 App.:1672(a) (last sentence) are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "waiving compliance" are substituted for "action upon application for waiver" and "acting on the waiver application" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the provisions of" are omitted as surplus. The word "authority" is substituted for "commission" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "and conclusive" are omitted as being included in "binding". The words "Secretary of Energy" are substituted for "Department of Energy" because of 42:7231.

**2002**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–355 inserted at end "Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, a State authority may enforce a requirement of a one-call notification program of the State if the program meets the requirements for one-call notification programs under this chapter or chapter 61."

(a)

(b)

(1) has regulatory jurisdiction over the standards and practices to which the certification applies;

(2) has adopted, by the date of certification, each applicable standard prescribed under this chapter or, if a standard under this chapter was prescribed not later than 120 days before certification, is taking steps to adopt that standard;

(3) is enforcing each adopted standard through ways that include inspections conducted by State employees meeting the qualifications the Secretary prescribes under section 60107(d)(1)(C) of this title;

(4) is encouraging and promoting the establishment of a program designed to prevent damage by demolition, excavation, tunneling, or construction activity to the pipeline facilities to which the certification applies that subjects persons who violate the applicable requirements of that program to civil penalties and other enforcement actions that are substantially the same as are provided under this chapter, and addresses the elements in section 60134(b);

(5) may require record maintenance, reporting, and inspection substantially the same as provided under section 60117 of this title;

(6) may require that plans for inspection and maintenance under section 60108 (a) and (b) of this title be filed for approval;

(7) may enforce safety standards of the authority under a law of the State by injunctive relief and civil penalties substantially the same as provided under sections 60120 and 60122(a)(1) and (b)–(f) of this title;

(8) has the capability to sufficiently review and evaluate the adequacy of the plans and manuals described in section 60109(e)(7)(C)(i); and

(9) has a sufficient number of employees described in paragraph (3) to ensure safe operations of pipeline facilities, updating the State Inspection Calculation Tool to take into account factors including—

(A) the number of miles of natural gas and hazardous liquid pipelines in the State, including the number of miles of cast iron and bare steel pipelines;

(B) the number of services in the State;

(C) the age of the gas distribution system in the State; and

(D) environmental factors that could impact the integrity of the pipeline, including relevant geological issues.

(c)

(A) the name and address of each person to whom the certification applies that is subject to the safety jurisdiction of the State authority;

(B) each accident or incident reported during the prior 12 months by that person involving a fatality, personal injury requiring hospitalization, or property damage or loss of more than an amount the Secretary establishes (even if the person sustaining the fatality, personal injury, or property damage or loss is not subject to the safety jurisdiction of the authority), any other accident the authority considers significant, and a summary of the investigation by the authority of the cause and circumstances surrounding the accident or incident;

(C) the record maintenance, reporting, and inspection practices conducted by the authority to enforce compliance with safety standards prescribed under this chapter to which the certification applies, including the number of inspections of pipeline facilities the authority made during the prior 12 months; and

(D) any other information the Secretary requires.

(2) The report included in the first certification submitted under subsection (a) of this section is only required to state information available at the time of certification.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1309; Pub. L. 104–304, §20(a), Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3804; Pub. L. 109–468, §2(b)(1), Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3487; Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title II, §202(b)(1), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2239.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60105(a) | 49 App.:1674(a) (1st sentence words before "that such State agency"). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §5(a), 82 Stat. 722; Aug. 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–401, §1, 86 Stat. 616; Oct. 11, 1976, Pub. L. 94–477, §5(a), 90 Stat. 2073; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§101(b), 103(a), (b)(3), 109(g), (h)(1), 93 Stat. 990, 991, 996; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §104, 96 Stat. 2543; Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §§103, 303(b)(1), 102 Stat. 2807, 2816; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §§110(a), 111, 106 Stat. 3295. |

49 App.:2004(a) (1st sentence words before "that such State agency"). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §205(a), 93 Stat. 1006; Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §203, 102 Stat. 2810; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §§209(a), 210, 106 Stat. 3304. | |

60105(b) | 49 App.:1674(a) (1st sentence words after "an annual certification"). | |

49 App.:2004(a) (1st sentence words after "an annual certification"). | ||

60105(c) | 49 App.:1674(a) (2d, 3d sentences). | |

49 App.:2004(a) (2d, last sentences). | ||

60105(d) | 49 App.:1674(e). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §5(e), 82 Stat. 724; Oct. 11, 1976, Pub. L. 94–477, §5(c), 90 Stat. 2074; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §103(b)(2)(B), 93 Stat. 991. |

49 App.:2004(e). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §205(c) (related to certification), (e), (f), 93 Stat. 1007, 1008. | |

60105(e) | 49 App.:1674(c) (related to certification). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §5(c) (related to certification); added Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §103(b)(2)(C), 93 Stat. 991. |

49 App.:2004(c) (related to certification). | ||

60105(f) | 49 App.:1674(a) (4th, last sentences). | |

49 App.:2004(f). |


In subsection (a), the words "applicable to same" are omitted as surplus. The words "for the facilities and transportation that complies with subsections (b) and (c) of this section" are added for clarity.

In subsections (b) and (c), the words "to which the certification applies" and "to whom the certification applies" are added because of the restatement.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "Federal safety" and "pursuant to State law" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(7), the words "injunctive relief and civil penalties" are substituted for "injunctive and monetary sanctions" for clarity and consistency.

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the word "annual" is omitted as surplus. The words "in such form as the Secretary may by regulation provide" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a). In clause (B), the words "or loss" are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (C), the words "a detail of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "with respect" and "new or amended Federal" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the words "conduct whatever . . . may be necessary" and "fully" are omitted as surplus. The words "with the Secretary" are substituted for "in any monitoring of their programs" for clarity.

In subsection (f), the words "prescribed under this chapter" are added for clarity. The word "reasonable" is omitted as surplus.

**2020**—Subsec. (b)(8), (9). Pub. L. 116–260 added pars. (8) and (9).

**2006**—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 109–468 amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) read as follows: "is encouraging and promoting programs designed to prevent damage by demolition, excavation, tunneling, or construction activity to the pipeline facilities to which the certification applies;".

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–304 substituted "State pipeline safety program certifications" for "State certifications" in section catchline.

Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title II, §202(b)(2), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2239, provided that: "The Secretary [of Transportation] shall promulgate regulations to require that a State authority with a certification in effect under section 60105 of title 49, United States Code, has a sufficient number of qualified inspectors to ensure safe operations, as determined by the State Inspection Calculation Tool and other factors determined to be appropriate by the Secretary."

Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title II, §202(b)(3), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2239, provided that: "Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 27, 2020], the Secretary [of Transportation] shall promulgate regulations to implement the amendments made by this subsection [amending this section]."

(a)

(1) establish an adequate program for record maintenance, reporting, and inspection designed to assist compliance with applicable safety standards prescribed under this chapter; and

(2) prescribe procedures for approval of plans of inspection and maintenance substantially the same as required under section 60108 (a) and (b) of this title.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) the agreement allowing participation of the State authority is consistent with the Secretary's program for inspection and consistent with the safety policies and provisions provided under this chapter;

(B) the interstate participation agreement would not adversely affect the oversight responsibilities of intrastate pipeline transportation by the State authority;

(C) the State is carrying out a program demonstrated to promote preparedness and risk prevention activities that enable communities to live safely with pipelines;

(D) the State meets the minimum standards for State one-call notification set forth in chapter 61; and

(E) the actions planned under the agreement would not impede interstate commerce or jeopardize public safety.

(3)

(A) the State authority fails to comply with the terms of the agreement;

(B) implementation of the agreement has resulted in a gap in the oversight responsibilities of intrastate pipeline transportation by the State authority; or

(C) continued participation by the State authority in the oversight of interstate pipeline transportation has had an adverse impact on pipeline safety.

(4)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) issue an order under section 60118(b) or take other appropriate enforcement actions to ensure compliance with this chapter; or

(B) provide the State authority with a written explanation as to why the Secretary has determined not to take such actions.

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(A) implementation of such agreement has resulted in a gap in the oversight responsibilities of intrastate pipeline transportation by the State authority;

(B) the State actions under the agreement have failed to meet the requirements under subsection (b); or

(C) continued participation by the State authority in the oversight of interstate pipeline transportation would not promote pipeline safety.

(3)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1310; Pub. L. 104–304, §20(b), Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3804; Pub. L. 107–355, §4, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2986; Pub. L. 114–183, §§13, 24(b), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 524, 530.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60106(a) | 49 App.:1674(b) (1st sentence). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §5(b), 82 Stat. 723; Oct. 11, 1976, Pub. L. 94–477, §5(b), 90 Stat. 2074; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§103(b)(1), 109(h)(2), 93 Stat. 991, 996. |

49 App.:2004(b) (1st sentence). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §205(b), (c) (related to agreement), (g), 93 Stat. 1007, 1008. | |

60106(b) | 49 App.:1674(b) (last sentence). | |

49 App.:2004(b) (last sentence). | ||

60106(c) | 49 App.:1674(c) (related to agreement). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §5(c) (related to agreement); added Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §103(b)(2)(C), 93 Stat. 991. |

49 App.:2004(c) (related to agreement). | ||

60106(d) | 49 App.:1674(f). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §5(f), 82 Stat. 724; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §103(b) (2)(B), 93 Stat. 991. |

49 App.:2004(g). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the word "annual" is omitted as surplus. The words "to take necessary action" are substituted for "to assume responsibility for, and carry out" for clarity. The words "on behalf of the Secretary" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "applicable . . . prescribed under this chapter" are added for clarity. The word "Federal" is omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the word "prescribe" is substituted for "establish" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b), the words "action taken in carrying out an agreement" are substituted for "its program" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "conduct whatever . . . may be necessary" and "fully" are omitted as surplus. The words "with the Secretary" are substituted for "in any monitoring of their programs" for clarity.

Enactment of the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is the enactment of Pub. L. 107–355, which was approved Dec. 17, 2002.

**2016**—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 114–183, §24(b), added par. (4).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 114–183, §13, added subsec. (f).

**2002**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–355, §4(a)(1), substituted "

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–355, §4(a)(3), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (c).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–355, §4(a)(2), (c), redesignated subsec. (b) as (c), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted par. heading, realigned margins, and added par. (2). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–355, §4(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107–355, §4(a)(2), (b), redesignated subsec. (d) as (e), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary may end an agreement made under this section when the Secretary finds that the State authority has not complied with any provision of the agreement. The Secretary shall give the authority notice and an opportunity for a hearing before ending an agreement. The finding and decision to end the agreement shall be published in the Federal Register and may not become effective for at least 15 days after the date of publication."

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–304 substituted "State pipeline safety agreements" for "State agreements" in section catchline.

(a)

(1) to carry out a safety program under a certification under section 60105 of this title or an agreement under section 60106 of this title; or

(2) to act as an agent of the Secretary on interstate gas pipeline facilities or interstate hazardous liquid pipeline facilities.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(A) the form of, and way of filing, an application under this section;

(B) reporting and fiscal procedures the Secretary considers necessary to ensure the proper accounting of money of the Government; and

(C) qualifications for a State to meet to receive a payment under this section, including qualifications for State employees who perform inspection activities under section 60105 or 60106 of this title.

(2) The qualifications prescribed under paragraph (1)(C) of this subsection may—

(A) consider the experience and training of the employee;

(B) order training or other requirements; and

(C) provide for approval of qualifications on a conditional basis until specified requirements are met.

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1311; Pub. L. 104–304, §20(c), Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3804; Pub. L. 109–468, §2(c), (d), Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3489; Pub. L. 112–90, §19, Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1916; Pub. L. 114–183, §17, June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 526.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60107(a) | 49 App.:1674(d)(1) (1st sentence). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §5(d)(1), (3), (4), 82 Stat. 724; Aug. 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–401, §2, 86 Stat. 616; Aug. 30, 1974, Pub. L. 93–403, §2, 88 Stat. 802; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §103(b)(2)(B), 93 Stat. 991. |

49 App.:2004(d)(1) (1st sentence). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §205(d)(1), (3), (4), 93 Stat. 1008. | |

60107(b) | 49 App.:1674(d)(1) (2d, last sentences). | |

49 App.:2004(d)(1) (2d, last sentences). | ||

60107(c) | 49 App.:1674(d)(2). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §5(d)(2); added Aug. 30, 1974, Pub. L. 93–403, §2, 88 Stat. 802; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§103(b)(2)(B), 109(h)(3), 93 Stat. 991, 996; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §7002(b)(1), 100 Stat. 139. |

49 App.:1674(d)(3). | ||

49 App.:2004(d)(2). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §205(d)(2), 93 Stat. 1008; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §7002(b)(2), 100 Stat. 139. | |

49 App.:2004(d)(3). | ||

60107(d) (1)(A), (B) | 49 App.:1674(d)(4). | |

49 App.:2004(d)(4). | ||

60107(d) (1)(C), (2) | 49 App.:1674(d)(5). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §5(d)(5); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §104, 102 Stat. 2807. |

49 App. 2004(d)(5). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §205(d)(5); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §204, 102 Stat. 2811. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Except as otherwise provided in this section" and "out of funds appropriated or otherwise made available" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the word "payment" is substituted for "funds" for clarity. The words "the total State amount spent" are substituted for "the aggregate expenditures of funds for the State", and the words "at least equal the average amount spent" are substituted for "be maintained at a level which does not fall below the average level of such expenditures", to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the words "that ended June 30, 1967, and June 30, 1968" are substituted for "last two . . . preceding August 12, 1968" for clarity. In clause (2), the words "that ended September 30, 1978, and September 30, 1979" are substituted for "last two . . . preceding November 30, 1979" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "the Federal grants-in-aid provisions of", "for payments to aid in the conduct of pipeline safety programs in accordance with paragraph (1) of this subsection", and "with necessary adjustments on account of overpayments and underpayments" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d)(1), before clause (A), the word "prescribe" is substituted for "by regulation, provide for" and "establish by regulation" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (C), the words "to receive a payment under this section" are substituted for "in order to participate in the pipeline safety grant program under this subsection", and the words "under section 60105 or 60106 of this title" are substituted for "pursuant to either an annual certification by a State agency or an agreement relating to inspection between a State agency and the Secretary", to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d)(2), before clause (A), the words "qualifications prescribed" are substituted for "regulations" for clarity and consistency.

**2016**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 114–183, §17(1), added subsec. (b) and struck out former subsec. (b). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "After notifying and consulting with a State authority, the Secretary may withhold any part of a payment when the Secretary decides that the authority is not carrying out satisfactorily a safety program or not acting satisfactorily as an agent. The Secretary may pay an authority under this section only when the authority ensures the Secretary that it will provide the remaining costs of a safety program and that the total State amount spent for a safety program (excluding grants of the United States Government) will at least equal the average amount spent for gas and hazardous liquid safety programs for the 3 fiscal years prior to the fiscal year in which the Secretary makes the payment, except when the Secretary waives this requirement. For each of fiscal years 2012 and 2013, the Secretary shall grant such a waiver to a State if the State can demonstrate an inability to maintain or increase the required funding share of its safety program at or above the level required by this subsection due to economic hardship in that State. For fiscal year 2014, and each fiscal year thereafter, the Secretary may grant such a waiver to a State if the State can make the demonstration described in the preceding sentence."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 114–183, §17(2), added subsec. (e).

**2012**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–90 inserted at end "For each of fiscal years 2012 and 2013, the Secretary shall grant such a waiver to a State if the State can demonstrate an inability to maintain or increase the required funding share of its safety program at or above the level required by this subsection due to economic hardship in that State. For fiscal year 2014, and each fiscal year thereafter, the Secretary may grant such a waiver to a State if the State can make the demonstration described in the preceding sentence."

**2006**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–468, §2(c), substituted "not more than 80 percent" for "not more than 50 percent" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–468, §2(d), substituted "spent for gas and hazardous liquid safety programs for the 3 fiscal years prior to the fiscal year in which the Secretary makes the payment, except when the Secretary waives this requirement." for "spent—

"(1) for a gas safety program, for the fiscal years that ended June 30, 1967, and June 30, 1968; and

"(2) for a hazardous liquid safety program, for the fiscal years that ended September 30, 1978, and September 30, 1979."

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–304 substituted "State pipeline safety grants" for "State grants" in section catchline.

(a)

(2) If the Secretary or a State authority responsible for enforcing standards prescribed under this chapter decides that a plan required under paragraph (1) of this subsection is inadequate for safe operation, the Secretary or authority shall require the person to revise the plan. Revision may be required only after giving notice and an opportunity for a hearing. A plan required under paragraph (1) must be practicable and designed to meet the need for pipeline safety, must meet the requirements of any regulations promulgated under section 60102(q), and must include terms designed to enhance the ability to discover safety-related conditions described in section 60102(h)(1) of this title. In deciding on the adequacy of a plan, the Secretary or authority shall consider—

(A) relevant available pipeline safety information;

(B) the appropriateness of the plan for the particular kind of pipeline transportation or facility;

(C) the reasonableness of the plan;

(D) the extent to which the plan will contribute to—

(i) public safety;

(ii) eliminating hazardous leaks and minimizing releases of natural gas from pipeline facilities; and

(iii) the protection of the environment; and

(E) the extent to which the plan addresses the replacement or remediation of pipelines that are known to leak based on the material (including cast iron, unprotected steel, wrought iron, and historic plastics with known issues), design, or past operating and maintenance history of the pipeline.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(b)

(A) the location of the pipeline facility.

(B) the type, size, age, manufacturer, method of construction, construction material, and condition of the pipeline facility.

(C) the nature and volume of material transported through the pipeline facility.

(D) the pressure at which that material is transported.

(E) climatic, geologic, and seismic characteristics (including soil characteristics) and conditions of the area in which the pipeline facility is located.

(F) existing and projected population and demographic characteristics of the area in which the pipeline facility is located.

(G) for a hazardous liquid pipeline facility, the proximity of the area in which the facility is located to an area that is unusually sensitive to environmental damage.

(H) the frequency of leaks.

(I) other factors the Secretary decides are relevant to the safety of pipeline facilities.

(2) To the extent and in amounts provided in advance in an appropriation law, the Secretary shall decide on the frequency of inspection under paragraph (1) of this subsection. The Secretary may reduce the frequency of an inspection of a master meter system.

(3) Testing under this subsection shall use the most appropriate technology practicable.

(c)

(A) "abandoned" means permanently removed from service.

(B) "pipeline facility" includes an underwater abandoned pipeline facility.

(C) if a pipeline facility has no operator, the most recent operator of the facility is deemed to be the operator of the facility.

(2)(A) Not later than May 16, 1993, on the basis of experience with the inspections under section 3(h)(1)(A) of the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 or section 203(l)(1)(A) of the Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Act of 1979, as appropriate, and any other information available to the Secretary, the Secretary shall establish a mandatory, systematic, and, where appropriate, periodic inspection program of—

(i) all offshore pipeline facilities; and

(ii) any other pipeline facility crossing under, over, or through waters where a substantial likelihood of commercial navigation exists, if the Secretary decides that the location of the facility in those waters could pose a hazard to navigation or public safety.

(B) In prescribing standards to carry out subparagraph (A) of this paragraph—

(i) the Secretary shall identify what is a hazard to navigation with respect to an underwater abandoned pipeline facility; and

(ii) for an underwater pipeline facility abandoned after October 24, 1992, the Secretary shall include requirements that will lessen the potential that the facility will pose a hazard to navigation and shall consider the relationship between water depth and navigational safety and factors relevant to the local marine environment.

(3)(A) The Secretary shall establish by regulation a program requiring an operator of a pipeline facility described in paragraph (2) of this subsection to report a potential or existing navigational hazard involving that pipeline facility to the Secretary through the appropriate Coast Guard office.

(B) The operator of a pipeline facility described in paragraph (2) of this subsection that discovers any part of the pipeline facility that is a hazard to navigation shall mark the location of the hazardous part with a Coast-Guard-approved marine buoy or marker and immediately shall notify the Secretary as provided by the Secretary under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph. A marine buoy or marker used under this subparagraph is deemed a pipeline sign or right-of-way marker under section 60123(c) of this title.

(4)(A) The Secretary shall establish a standard that each pipeline facility described in paragraph (2) of this subsection that is a hazard to navigation is buried not later than 6 months after the date the condition of the facility is reported to the Secretary. The Secretary may extend that 6-month period for a reasonable period to ensure compliance with this paragraph.

(B) In prescribing standards for subparagraph (A) of this paragraph for an underwater pipeline facility abandoned after October 24, 1992, the Secretary shall include requirements that will lessen the potential that the facility will pose a hazard to navigation and shall consider the relationship between water depth and navigational safety and factors relevant to the local marine environment.

(5)(A) Not later than October 24, 1994, the Secretary shall establish standards on what is an exposed offshore pipeline facility and what is a hazard to navigation under this subsection.

(B) Not later than 6 months after the Secretary establishes standards under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, or October 24, 1995, whichever occurs first, the operator of each offshore pipeline facility not described in section 3(h)(1)(A) of the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 or section 203(l)(1)(A) of the Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Act of 1979, as appropriate, shall inspect the facility and report to the Secretary on any part of the facility that is exposed or is a hazard to navigation. This subparagraph applies only to a facility that is between the high water mark and the point at which the subsurface is under 15 feet of water, as measured from mean low water. An inspection that occurred after October 3, 1989, may be used for compliance with this subparagraph if the inspection conforms to the requirements of this subparagraph.

(C) The Secretary may extend the time period specified in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph for not more than 6 months if the operator of a facility satisfies the Secretary that the operator has made a good faith effort, with reasonable diligence, but has been unable to comply by the end of that period.

(6)(A) The operator of a pipeline facility abandoned after October 24, 1992, shall report the abandonment to the Secretary in a way that specifies whether the facility has been abandoned properly according to applicable United States Government and State requirements.

(B) Not later than October 24, 1995, the operator of a pipeline facility abandoned before October 24, 1992, shall report to the Secretary reasonably available information related to the facility, including information that a third party possesses. The information shall include the location, size, date, and method of abandonment, whether the facility has been abandoned properly under applicable law, and other relevant information the Secretary may require. Not later than April 24, 1994, the Secretary shall specify how the information shall be reported. The Secretary shall ensure that the Government maintains the information in a way accessible to appropriate Government agencies and State authorities.

(C) The Secretary shall request that a State authority having information on a collision between a vessel and an underwater pipeline facility report the information to the Secretary in a timely way and make a reasonable effort to specify the location, date, and severity of the collision. Chapter 35 of title 44 does not apply to this subparagraph.

(7) The Secretary may not exempt from this chapter an offshore hazardous liquid pipeline facility only because the pipeline facility transfers hazardous liquid in an underwater pipeline between a vessel and an onshore facility.

(8) If, after reviewing existing Federal and State regulations for hazardous liquid gathering lines located offshore in the United States, including within the inlets of the Gulf of Mexico, the Secretary determines it is appropriate, the Secretary shall issue regulations, after notice and an opportunity for a hearing, subjecting offshore hazardous liquid gathering lines and hazardous liquid gathering lines located within the inlets of the Gulf of Mexico to the same standards and regulations as other hazardous liquid gathering lines. The regulations issued under this paragraph shall not apply to production pipelines or flow lines.

(d)

(A) the extent to which each operator has adopted a plan for the safe management and replacement of cast iron;

(B) the elements of the plan, including the anticipated rate of replacement; and

(C) the progress that has been made.

(2) Chapter 35 of title 44 does not apply to the conduct of the survey.

(3) This subsection does not prevent the Secretary from developing Government guidelines or standards for cast iron gas pipelines as the Secretary considers appropriate.

(4) Not later than December 31, 2012, and every 2 years thereafter, the Secretary shall conduct a follow-up survey to measure the progress that owners and operators of pipeline facilities have made in adopting and implementing their plans for the safe management and replacement of cast iron gas pipelines.

(e)

(1) within 30 days, conduct a post-inspection briefing with the owner or operator of the gas or hazardous liquid pipeline facility inspected outlining any concerns; and

(2) within 90 days, to the extent practicable, provide the owner or operator with written preliminary findings of the inspection.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1312; Pub. L. 104–304, §§6, 20(h), Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3800, 3805; Pub. L. 112–90, §§7(a), 18(a), 21(c), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1910, 1916, 1917; Pub. L. 114–183, §7(a), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 518; Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §114(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2230.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60108(a)(1) | 49 App.:1680(a) (1st, 2d sentences). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §13(a), 82 Stat. 726; Oct. 11, 1976, Pub. L. 94–477, §6, 90 Stat. 2075; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§104(b), 105(a), 93 Stat. 992, 994; Oct. 22, 1986, Pub. L. 99–516, §3(a)(2), 100 Stat. 2966; Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §108(a)(1), 102 Stat. 2808; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §102(c), 106 Stat. 3291. |

49 App.:2009(a) (1st, 2d sentences). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §210(a), 93 Stat. 1011; Oct. 22, 1986, Pub. L. 99–516, §3(b)(2), 100 Stat. 2966; Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §207(c), 102 Stat. 2812. | |

60108(a)(2) | 49 App.:1680(a) (3d–5th, last sentences). | |

49 App.:2009(a) (3d sentence 1st–18th words, last sentence). | ||

49 App.:2009(b). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §210(b), 93 Stat. 1012; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §202(c)(1), 106 Stat. 3301. | |

60108(a)(3) | 49 App.:1680(a) (6th sentence). | |

49 App.:2009(a) (3d sentence 19th–last words). | ||

60108(b)(1) | 49 App.:1680(b)(1) (1st sentence), (2). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §13(b); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §108(a)(2), 102 Stat. 2808. |

49 App.:2009(d)(1) (1st sentence), (2). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §210(d); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §207(a), 102 Stat. 2811; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §202(c)(2) (related to §210(d)(2)(D)), 106 Stat. 3301. | |

60108(b)(2) | 49 App.:1680(b)(1) (2d, 3d sentences). | |

49 App.:2009(d)(1) (2d, 3d sentences). | ||

60108(b)(3) | 49 App.:1680(b)(1) (last sentence). | |

49 App.:2009(d)(1) (last sentence). | ||

60108(c)(1) | 49 App.:1672(h)(6)(A), (D). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §3(h)(6); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §117, 106 Stat. 3298. |

49 App.:2002(l)(7)(A), (D). |
Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §203(l)(7); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §216, 106 Stat. 3306. |
|

60108(c) (2)(A) | 49 App.:1672(h)(3). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §3(h)(1)–(4); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–599, §1(a), 104 Stat. 3038; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §108(1)–(4), 106 Stat. 3293. |

49 App.:2002(l)(3). |
Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §203(l)(1)–(4); added Nov. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–599, §1(b), 104 Stat. 3039; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §207(1)–(4), 106 Stat. 3302. |
|

60108(c) (2)(B) | 49 App.:1672(h)(6) (B)(i), (ii) (related to paragraph (3)). | |

49 App.:2002(l)(7) (B)(i), (ii) (related to paragraph (3)). |
||

60108(c)(3) | 49 App.:1672(h)(1), (2). | |

49 App.:2002(l)(1), (2). |
||

60108(c) (4)(A) | 49 App.:1672(h)(4). | |

49 App.:2002(l)(4). |
||

60108(c) (4)(B) | 49 App.:1672(h) (6)(B)(ii) (related to paragraph (4)). | |

49 App.:2002(l) (7)(B)(ii) (related to paragraph (4)). |
||

60108(c)(5) | 49 App.:1672(h)(5). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §3(h)(5); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §108(5), 106 Stat. 3294. |

49 App.:2002(l)(6). |
Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §203(l)(5), (6); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §207(5), 106 Stat. 3302. |
|

60108(c)(6) | 49 App.:1672(h)(6)(C). | |

49 App.:2002(l)(7)(C). |
||

60108(c)(7) | 49 App.:2002(l)(5). |
|

60108(d) | 49 App.:1680(c). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §13(c); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §107, 106 Stat. 3293. |


In subsection (a)(1), the word "prepare" is omitted as surplus. The words "or offices" are omitted because of 1:1. The words "in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary or appropriate State agency" in 49 App.:1680(a) (1st sentence), "in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary or, where a certification or agreement pursuant to section 2004 of this Appendix is in effect, by the appropriate State agency" in 49 App.:2009(a) (1st sentence), and "by regulation" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a) and sections 60102–60105 of the revised title.

In subsection (a)(2), before clause (A), the words "the Secretary or" are added for clarity. The words "at any time" in 49 App.:1680(a) (3d sentence) are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(3), the word "appropriate" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "to ensure the safety of such pipeline facilities" and "factors" are omitted as surplus. In clause (G), the words "if any" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(2), the text of 49 App.:1680(b)(1) (3d sentence) and 2009(d)(1) (3d sentence) is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (c)(1)(B), the words "except with respect to the initial inspection required under paragraph (1)" are omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (c)(1)(C), the word "current" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(2)(B), before clause (i), the words "to carry out" are substituted for "under" because the Secretary does not prescribe regulations under 49 App.:1672(h)(3) or 2002(l)(3).

In subsection (c)(3), the text of 49 App.:1672(h)(1) and 2002(l)(1) is omitted as executed.

In subsection (c)(4)(A), the text of 49 App.:1672(h)(4)(A) and 2002(l)(4)(A) is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (c)(5)(A), the words "for the purposes of this paragraph" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(5)(C), the words "an additional period of" and "and care" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(6)(C), the words "relating to coordination of Federal information policies" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(7), the words "regulation under" are omitted as surplus. The word "because" is substituted for "on the basis of the fact that" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "(relating to coordination of Federal information policy)" are omitted as surplus.

The date of enactment of this subparagraph, referred to in subsec. (a)(3)(A), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 116–260, which was approved Dec. 27, 2020.

Section 3(h)(1)(A) of the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(A), (5)(B), is section 3(h)(1)(A) of Pub. L. 90–481, which was classified to section 1672(h)(1)(A) of former Title 49, Transportation, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379. For further details, see Historical and Revision Notes above.

Section 203(l)(1)(A) of the Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Act of 1979, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(A), (5)(B), is section 203(l)(1)(A) of Pub. L. 96–129, which was classified to section 2002(l)(1)(A) of former Title 49, Transportation, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379. For further details, see Historical and Revision Notes above.

**2020**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 116–260, §114(a)(1)(A)(i), in introductory provisions, inserted ", must meet the requirements of any regulations promulgated under section 60102(q)," after "the need for pipeline safety".

Subsec. (a)(2)(D), (E). Pub. L. 116–260, §114(a)(1)(A)(ii), (iii), added subpars. (D) and (E) and struck out former subpar. (D) which read as follows: "the extent to which the plan will contribute to public safety and the protection of the environment."

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 116–260, §114(a)(1)(B), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: "A plan required under this subsection shall be made available to the Secretary or State authority on request under section 60117 of this title."

Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 116–260, §114(a)(2), inserted "construction material," after "method of construction,".

**2016**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 114–183 added subsec. (e).

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–90, §18(a), substituted "a gas pipeline" for "an intrastate gas pipeline".

Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 112–90, §21(c), added par. (8).

Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 112–90, §7(a), added par. (4).

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–304, §6(1), struck out "transporting gas or hazardous liquid or" after "Each person" and "a person".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 104–304, §6(2), struck out after first sentence "However, an inspection must occur at least once every 2 years."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–304, §6(3), substituted "

Subsec. (c)(2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 104–304, §6(4), added cl. (ii) and struck out former cl. (ii) which read as follows: "any other pipeline facility crossing under, over, or through navigable waters (as defined by the Secretary) if the Secretary decides that the location of the facility in those navigable waters could pose a hazard to navigation or public safety."

Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104–304, §20(h)(1), substituted "standards" for "regulations" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(4)(A). Pub. L. 104–304, §20(h)(2), substituted "establish a standard" for "require by regulation".

Subsecs. (c)(4)(B), (d)(3). Pub. L. 104–304, §20(h)(1), substituted "standards" for "regulations".

For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §114(b), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2231, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 27, 2020], each pipeline operator shall update the inspection and maintenance plan prepared by the operator under section 60108(a) of title 49, United States Code, to address the elements described in the amendments to that section made by subsection (a)."

Pub. L. 114–183, §10, June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 520, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration;

"(2) industry stakeholders, including operators of pipeline facilities, inspection technology, coating, and cathodic protection vendors, and pipeline inspection organizations;

"(3) safety advocacy groups;

"(4) research institutions;

"(5) State public utility commissions or State officials responsible for pipeline safety oversight;

"(6) State pipeline safety inspectors;

"(7) labor representatives; and

"(8) other entities, as determined appropriate by the Secretary.

"(c)

"(1) the need for, and the identification of, a system to ensure that dig verification data are shared with in-line inspection operators to the extent consistent with the need to maintain proprietary and security-sensitive data in a confidential manner to improve pipeline safety and inspection technology;

"(2) ways to encourage the exchange of pipeline inspection information and the development of advanced pipeline inspection technologies and enhanced risk analysis;

"(3) opportunities to share data, including dig verification data between operators of pipeline facilities and in-line inspector vendors to expand knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of in-line inspection technology and methodologies;

"(4) options to create a secure system that protects proprietary data while encouraging the exchange of pipeline inspection information and the development of advanced pipeline inspection technologies and enhanced risk analysis;

"(5) means and best practices for the protection of safety- and security-sensitive information and proprietary information; and

"(6) regulatory, funding, and legal barriers to sharing the information described in paragraphs (1) through (4).

"(d)

Pub. L. 114–183, §11, June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 521, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) a description of any efforts underway to test a secure information-sharing system for the purpose described in subsection (a);

"(2) a description of any progress in establishing common standards for maintaining, collecting, and presenting pipeline safety regulatory inspection data, and a methodology for sharing the data;

"(3) a description of any inadequacies or gaps in State and Federal inspection, enforcement, geospatial, or other pipeline safety regulatory inspection data;

"(4) a description of the potential safety benefits of a national integrated pipeline safety regulatory inspection database; and

"(5) recommendations, including those of stakeholders for how to implement a secure information-sharing system that protects proprietary and security sensitive information and data for the purpose described in subsection (a).

"(c)

"(d)

"(1) after submission of the report required under subsection (a); or

"(2) upon notification to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate of the need to establish such database prior to the submission of the report under subsection (a)."

Pub. L. 114–183, §29, June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 532, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) An examination of different reporting requirements or standards for lost and unaccounted for natural gas to different agencies, the reasons for any such discrepancies, and recommendations for harmonizing and improving the accuracy of reporting.

"(2) An analysis of whether separate or alternative reporting could better measure the amounts and identify the location of lost and unaccounted for natural gas from natural gas distribution systems.

"(3) A description of potential safety issues associated with natural gas that is lost and unaccounted for from natural gas distribution systems.

"(4) An assessment of whether alternate reporting and measures will resolve any safety issues identified under paragraph (3), including an analysis of the potential impact, including potential savings, on rate payers and end users of natural gas products of such reporting and measures.

"(c)

Pub. L. 114–183, §30, June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 533, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) encourage the repair and replacement of leaking natural gas distribution pipelines or systems that pose a safety threat, such as timelines to repair leaks and limits on cost recovery from ratepayers; and

"(2) may create barriers for entities to conduct work to repair and replace leaking natural gas pipelines or distribution systems.

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 112–90, §8, Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1911, provided that:

"(a)

"(1)

"(2)

"(A) an analysis of the technical limitations of current leak detection systems, including the ability of the systems to detect ruptures and small leaks that are ongoing or intermittent, and what can be done to foster development of better technologies; and

"(B) an analysis of the practicability of establishing technically, operationally, and economically feasible standards for the capability of such systems to detect leaks, and the safety benefits and adverse consequences of requiring operators to use leak detection systems.

"(b)

"(1)

"(A) the date that is 1 year after the date of completion of the report under subsection (a); or

"(B) the date that is 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act.

"(2)

"(3)

"(A) require operators of hazardous liquid pipeline facilities to use leak detection systems where practicable; and

"(B) establish technically, operationally, and economically feasible standards for the capability of such systems to detect leaks.

"(4)

"(A)

"(B)

[Terms used in section 8 of Pub. L. 112–90, set out above, have the meaning given those terms in this chapter, see section 1(c)(1) of Pub. L. 112–90, set out as a note under section 60101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 107–355, §25, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 3011, required the Secretary of Transportation to conduct a study to determine whether cable-suspension pipeline bridges pose structural or other risks warranting particularized attention in connection with pipeline operators risk assessment programs and whether particularized inspection standards need to be developed by the Department of Transportation to recognize the peculiar risks posed by such bridges and to transmit a report detailing the results of the completed study within 2 years after Dec. 17, 2002.

Pub. L. 102–508, title III, §307, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3309, directed Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with State and other Federal agencies having authority over underwater natural gas and hazardous liquid pipeline facilities and with pipeline owners and operators, fishing and maritime industries, and other affected groups, to submit to Congress, not later than 3 years after Oct. 24, 1992, report and recommendations on abandonment of such pipeline facilities, including analysis of problems caused by such facilities, alternative methods to abandonment, as well as navigational, safety, economic, and environmental impacts associated with abandonment, and further authorized Secretary to require, based on findings of such study, additional appropriate actions to prevent hazards to navigation in connection with such facilities.

(a)

(1) establish criteria for identifying—

(A) by operators of gas pipeline facilities, each gas pipeline facility (except a natural gas distribution line) located in a high-density population area; and

(B) by operators of hazardous liquid pipeline facilities and gathering lines—

(i) each hazardous liquid pipeline facility, whether otherwise subject to this chapter, that crosses waters where a substantial likelihood of commercial navigation exists or that is located in an area described in the criteria as a high-density population area; and

(ii) each hazardous liquid pipeline facility and gathering line, whether otherwise subject to this chapter, located in an area that the Secretary, in consultation with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, describes as unusually sensitive to environmental damage if there is a hazardous liquid pipeline accident; and

(2) provide that the identification be carried out through the inventory required under section 60102(e) of this title.

(b)

(1) locations near pipeline rights-of-way that are critical to drinking water, including intake locations for community water systems and critical sole source aquifer protection areas; and

(2) locations near pipeline rights-of-way that are part of the Great Lakes or have been identified as coastal beaches, certain coastal waters, critical wetlands, riverine or estuarine systems, national parks, wilderness areas, wildlife preservation areas or refuges, wild and scenic rivers, or critical habitat areas for threatened and endangered species.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(A) A baseline integrity assessment of each of the operator's facilities in areas identified pursuant to subsection (a)(1) and defined in chapter 192 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, including any subsequent modifications, by internal inspection device, pressure testing, direct assessment, or an alternative method that the Secretary determines would provide an equal or greater level of safety. The operator shall complete such assessment not later than 10 years after the date of enactment of this subsection. At least 50 percent of such facilities shall be assessed not later than 5 years after such date of enactment. The operator shall prioritize such facilities for assessment based on all risk factors, including any previously discovered defects or anomalies and any history of leaks, repairs, or failures. The operator shall ensure that assessments of facilities with the highest risks are given priority for completion and that such assessments will be completed not later than 5 years after such date of enactment.

(B) Subject to paragraph (5), periodic reassessments of the facility, at a minimum of once every 7 calendar years, using methods described in subparagraph (A). The Secretary may extend such deadline for an additional 6 months if the operator submits written notice to the Secretary with sufficient justification of the need for the extension.

(C) Clearly defined criteria for evaluating the results of assessments conducted under subparagraphs (A) and (B) and for taking actions based on such results.

(D) A method for conducting an analysis on a continuing basis that integrates all available information about the integrity of the facility and the consequences of releases from the facility.

(E) A description of actions to be taken by the operator to promptly address any integrity issue raised by an evaluation conducted under subparagraph (C) or the analysis conducted under subparagraph (D).

(F) A description of measures to prevent and mitigate the consequences of releases from the facility.

(G) A method for monitoring cathodic protection systems throughout the pipeline system of the operator to the extent not addressed by other regulations.

(H) If the Secretary raises a safety concern relating to the facility, a description of the actions to be taken by the operator to address the safety concern, including issues raised with the Secretary by States and local authorities under an agreement entered into under section 60106.

(4)

(5)

(6)

(A) The minimum requirements described in paragraph (3).

(B) The type or frequency of inspections or testing of pipeline facilities, in addition to the minimum requirements of paragraph (3)(B).

(C) The manner in which the inspections or testing are conducted.

(D) The criteria used in analyzing results of the inspections or testing.

(E) The types of information sources that must be integrated in assessing the integrity of a pipeline facility as well as the manner of integration.

(F) The nature and timing of actions selected to address the integrity of a pipeline facility.

(G) Such other factors as the Secretary determines appropriate to ensure that the integrity of a pipeline facility is addressed and that appropriate mitigative measures are adopted to protect areas identified under subsection (a)(1).

In prescribing those standards, the Secretary shall ensure that all inspections required are conducted in a manner that minimizes environmental and safety risks, and shall take into account the applicable level of protection established by national consensus standards organizations.

(7)

(A) changes to valves or the establishment or modification of systems that monitor pressure and detect leaks based on the operator's risk analysis; and

(B) the use of emergency flow restricting devices.

(8)

(9)

(A)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(B)

(C)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(A)

(i) would provide a greater level of safety than direct assessment of the pipelines; and

(ii) is feasible.

(B)

(i) the results of the study under subparagraph (A); and

(ii) recommendations based on that study, if any.

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A)

(i) the service line is installed or entirely replaced after June 1, 2008;

(ii) the service line operates continuously throughout the year at a pressure not less than 10 pounds per square inch gauge;

(iii) the service line is not connected to a gas stream with respect to which the operator has had prior experience with contaminants the presence of which could interfere with the operation of an excess flow valve;

(iv) the installation of an excess flow valve on the service line is not likely to cause loss of service to the residence or interfere with necessary operation or maintenance activities, such as purging liquids from the service line; and

(v) an excess flow valve meeting performance standards developed under section 60110(e) of title 49, United States Code, is commercially available to the operator, as determined by the Secretary.

(B)

(C)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(A)

(i) the risks resulting from the presence of cast iron pipes and mains in the distribution system; and

(ii) the risks that could lead to or result from the operation of a low-pressure distribution system at a pressure that makes the operation of any connected and properly adjusted low-pressure gas burning equipment unsafe, as determined by the Secretary.

(B)

(i) considers factors other than past observed abnormal operating conditions (as defined in section 192.803 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation)) in ranking risks and identifying measures to mitigate those risks; and

(ii) may not determine that there are no potential consequences associated with low probability events unless that determination is otherwise supported by engineering analysis or operational knowledge.

(C)

(i)

(I) the distribution integrity management plan of the operator;

(II) the emergency response plan under section 60102(d)(5); and

(III) the procedural manual for operations, maintenance, and emergencies under section 60102(d)(4).

(ii)

(iii)

(D)

(i)

(I)

(II)

(aa) shall not use subclause (I) as justification to reduce funding, decertify, or penalize in any way under section 60105, 60106, or 60107 a State authority that has in effect a certification under section 60105 or an agreement under section 60106; and

(bb) shall—

(AA) submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committees on Transportation and Infrastructure and Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives a list of States found to be noncompliant with subclause (I) during the annual program evaluation; and

(BB) provide a written notice to each State authority described in item (aa) that is not in compliance with the requirements of subclause (I).

(ii)

(I) on significant change to the plans or procedural manual, as applicable;

(II) on significant change to the gas distribution system of the operator, as applicable; and

(III) not less frequently than once every 5 years.

(iii)

(iv)

(f)

(1) the signing officer has reviewed the report; and

(2) to the best of such officer's knowledge and belief, the report is true and complete.

(g)

(1)

(A) using internal inspection technology appropriate for the integrity threat are completed not less often than once every 12 months; and

(B) using pipeline route surveys, depth of cover surveys, pressure tests, external corrosion direct assessment, or other technology that the operator demonstrates can further the understanding of the condition of the pipeline facility are completed on a schedule based on the risk that the pipeline facility poses to the high consequence area in which the pipeline facility is located, but not less often than once every 12 months.

(2)

(A) that is not an offshore pipeline facility; and

(B) any portion of which is located at depths greater than 150 feet under the surface of the water.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1315; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(75), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4388; Pub. L. 104–304, §§7, 20(i), Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3800, 3805; Pub. L. 107–355, §14(a), (b), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 3002, 3005; Pub. L. 109–468, §§9, 14, 16, Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3493, 3496; Pub. L. 112–90, §§5(e), 22, Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1908, 1917; Pub. L. 114–183, §§19(a), 25, June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 527, 530; Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §§108(b)(1), 120(b), (d), 122, title II, §202(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2223, 2235–2237.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60109(a) (1)(A) | 49 App.:1672(i)(1) (1st sentence), (2). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §3(i); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §102(a)(2), 106 Stat. 3291. |

60109(a) (1)(B) | 49 App.:2002(m)(1) (1st sentence). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §203(m); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §202(a)(2), 106 Stat. 3300. |

60109(a)(2) | 49 App.:1672(i)(1) (last sentence). | |

49 App.:2002(m)(1) (2d sentence). | ||

60109(b) | 49 App.:2002(m)(1) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a)(1)(B)(i) and (ii), the words "regulation under" and "or not" are omitted as surplus.

This amends 49:60109(a)(2) to correct an error in the codification enacted by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1315).

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsecs. (c) and (d), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 107–355, which was approved Dec. 17, 2002.

The date of enactment of this paragraph, referred to in subsecs. (c)(12)(B) and (e)(7)(A), (C)(i), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 116–260, which was approved Dec. 27, 2020.

The date of enactment of the Pipeline Safety, Regulatory Certainty, and Job Creation Act of 2011, referred to in subsec. (e)(3)(B), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–90, which was approved Jan. 3, 2012.

The Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, referred to in subsec. (f), is Pub. L. 106–229, June 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 464, which is classified principally to chapter 96 (§7001 et seq.) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7001 of Title 15 and Tables.

**2020**—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 116–260, §120(b), substituted "certain coastal waters" for "marine coastal waters".

Subsec. (c)(12). Pub. L. 116–260, §122, added par. (12).

Subsec. (e)(7). Pub. L. 116–260, §202(a), added par. (7).

Subsec. (g)(1)(B). Pub. L. 116–260, §120(d)(1), inserted ", but not less often than once every 12 months" before period at end.

Subsec. (g)(4). Pub. L. 116–260, §108(b)(1), substituted "section 60117(d)" for "section 60117(c)".

Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 116–260, §120(d)(2), added par. (5).

**2016**—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 114–183, §19(a), substituted "are part of the Great Lakes or have been identified as coastal beaches, marine coastal waters," for "have been identified as".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 114–183, §25, added subsec. (g).

**2012**—Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 112–90, §5(e), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "Subject to paragraph (5), periodic reassessment of the facility, at a minimum of once every 7 years, using methods described in subparagraph (A)."

Subsec. (e)(3)(B), (C). Pub. L. 112–90, §22, added subpar. (B) and redesignated former subpar. (B) as (C).

**2006**—Subsec. (c)(9)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 109–468, §14, reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "If the Secretary determines that a risk analysis or integrity management program does not comply with the requirements of this subsection or regulations issued as described in paragraph (2), or is inadequate for the safe operation of a pipeline facility, the Secretary shall act under section 60108(a)(2) to require the operator to revise the risk analysis or integrity management program."

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–468, §9, added subsec. (e).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–468, §16, added subsec. (f).

**2002**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–355, §14(a), added subsec. (c).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–355, §14(b), added subsec. (d).

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–304, §20(i), substituted "standards" for "regulations" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1)(B)(i). Pub. L. 104–304, §7(a), substituted "waters where a substantial likelihood of commercial navigation exists" for "a navigable waterway (as the Secretary defines by regulation)".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–304, §7(b), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "When describing an area that is unusually sensitive to environmental damage if there is a hazardous liquid pipeline accident, the Secretary shall consider including—

"(1) earthquake zones and areas subject to landslides and other substantial ground movements;

"(2) areas of likely ground water contamination if a hazardous liquid pipeline facility ruptures;

"(3) freshwater lakes, rivers, and waterways; and

"(4) river deltas and other areas subject to soil erosion or subsidence from flooding or other water action where a hazardous liquid pipeline facility is likely to become exposed or undermined."

**1994**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103–429 substituted "section 60102(e)" for "section 60102(c)".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §115, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2232, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) review all comments submitted in response to the advance notice of proposed rulemaking entitled 'Pipeline Safety: Class Location Change Requirements' (83 Fed. Reg. 36861 (July 31, 2018));

"(2) complete any other activities or procedures necessary—

"(A) to make a determination whether to publish a notice of proposed rulemaking; and

"(B) if a positive determination is made under subparagraph (A), to advance in the rulemaking process, including by taking any actions required under section 60115 of title 49, United State Code; and

"(3) consider the issues raised in the report to Congress entitled 'Evaluation of Expanding Pipeline Integrity Management Beyond High-Consequence Areas and Whether Such Expansion Would Mitigate the Need for Gas Pipeline Class Location Requirements' prepared by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration and submitted to Congress on June 8, 2016, including the adequacy of existing integrity management programs.

"(b)

"(c)

Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §120(c), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2235, provided that: "The Secretary [of Transportation] shall complete the revision to regulations required under section 19(b) of the PIPES Act of 2016 (49 U.S.C. 60109 note; Public Law 114–183) (as amended by subsection (a)) [set out below] by not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 27, 2020]."

Pub. L. 114–183, §19(b), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 527, as amended by Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §120(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2235, provided that:

"(1)

"(A)

"(i) the territorial sea of the United States;

"(ii) the Great Lakes and their connecting waters; and

"(iii) the marine and estuarine waters of the United States up to the head of tidal influence.

"(B)

"(2)

Pub. L. 112–90, §5, Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1907, provided that:

"(a)

"(1) whether integrity management system requirements, or elements thereof, should be expanded beyond high-consequence areas; and

"(2) with respect to gas transmission pipeline facilities, whether applying integrity management program requirements, or elements thereof, to additional areas would mitigate the need for class location requirements.

"(b)

"(1) The continuing priority to enhance protections for public safety.

"(2) The continuing importance of reducing risk in high-consequence areas.

"(3) The incremental costs of applying integrity management standards to pipelines outside of high-consequence areas where operators are already conducting assessments beyond what is required under chapter 601 of title 49, United States Code.

"(4) The need to undertake integrity management assessments and repairs in a manner that is achievable and sustainable, and that does not disrupt pipeline service.

"(5) The options for phasing in the extension of integrity management requirements beyond high-consequence areas, including the most effective and efficient options for decreasing risks to an increasing number of people living or working in proximity to pipeline facilities.

"(6) The appropriateness of applying repair criteria, such as pressure reductions and special requirements for scheduling remediation, to areas that are not high-consequence areas.

"(c)

"(1) expansion of integrity management requirements, or elements thereof, beyond high-consequence areas; and

"(2) with respect to gas transmission pipeline facilities, whether applying the integrity management program requirements, or elements thereof, to additional areas would mitigate the need for class location requirements.

"(d)

"(e)

"(f)

"(1)

"(A) the date that is 1 year after the date of completion of the report under subsection (c); or

"(B) the date that is 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act.

"(2)

"(3)

"(A)

"(i) integrity management system requirements, or elements thereof, should be expanded beyond high-consequence areas; and

"(ii) with respect to gas transmission pipeline facilities, applying integrity management program requirements, or elements thereof, to additional areas would mitigate the need for class location requirements.

"(B)

"(i) expand integrity management system requirements, or elements thereof, beyond high-consequence areas; and

"(ii) remove redundant class location requirements for gas transmission pipeline facilities that are regulated under an integrity management program adopted and implemented under section 60109(c)(2) of title 49, United States Code.

"(4)

"(A)

"(B)

"(g)

"(1) whether risk-based reassessment intervals are a more effective alternative for managing risks to pipelines in high-consequence areas once baseline assessments are complete when compared to the reassessment interval specified in section 60109(c)(3)(B) of title 49, United States Code;

"(2) the number of anomalies found in baseline assessments required under section 60109(c)(3)(A) of title 49, United States Code, as compared to the number of anomalies found in reassessments required under section 60109(c)(3)(B) of such title; and

"(3) the progress made in implementing the recommendations in GAO Report 06–945 and the current relevance of those recommendations that have not been implemented."

[Terms used in section 5 of Pub. L. 112–90, set out above, have the meaning given those terms in this chapter, see section 1(c)(1) of Pub. L. 112–90, set out as a note under section 60101 of this title. For definition of "high-consequence area" as used in section 5 of Pub. L. 112–90, see section 1(c)(2) of Pub. L. 112–90, set out as a note under section 60101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 112–90, §29, Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1921, provided that: "In identifying and evaluating all potential threats to each pipeline segment pursuant to parts 192 and 195 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, an operator of a pipeline facility shall consider the seismicity of the area."

[Terms used in section 29 of Pub. L. 112–90, set out above, have the meaning given those terms in this chapter, see section 1(c)(1) of Pub. L. 112–90, set out as a note under section 60101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 107–355, §14(d), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 3005, required the Comptroller General to study the 7-year reassessment interval required by section 60109(c)(3)(B) of title 49 and to transmit to Congress a report on the study not later than 4 years after Dec. 17, 2002.

(a)

(1) a natural gas distribution system installed after the effective date of regulations prescribed under this section; and

(2) any other natural gas distribution system when repair to the system requires replacing a part to accommodate installing excess flow valves.

(b)

(1) the system design pressure;

(2) the system operating pressure;

(3) the types of customers to which the distribution system supplies gas, including hospitals, schools, and commercial enterprises;

(4) the technical feasibility and cost of installing, operating, and maintaining the valve;

(5) the public safety benefits of installing the valve;

(6) the location of customer meters; and

(7) other factors the Secretary considers relevant.

(c)

(A) the availability of excess flow valves for installation in the system;

(B) safety benefits to be derived from installation; and

(C) costs associated with installation, maintenance, and replacement.

(2) The standards shall provide that, except when installation is required under subsection (b) of this section, excess flow valves shall be installed at the request of the customer if the customer will pay all costs associated with installation.

(d)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1316; Pub. L. 104–304, §§8, 20(j), Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3800, 3805; Pub. L. 107–355, §21(1), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 3010.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60110(a) | 49 App.:1672(j)(5). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §3(j); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §104, 106 Stat. 3291. |

60110(b) | 49 App.:1672(j)(1). | |

60110(c) | 49 App.:1672(j)(2). | |

60110(d) | 49 App.:1672(j)(3). | |

60110(e) | 49 App.:1672(j)(4). |


In subsection (a)(2), the words "in a manner" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "on when" are substituted for "prescribing the circumstances, if any, under which" to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2002**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–355 substituted "circumstances, if any, under which an operator" for "circumstances under which an operator" in introductory provisions.

**1996**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–304, §20(j), substituted "standards" for "regulations" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104–304, §8(1), which directed the insertion of ", if any," after "circumstances" in the first sentence of subsection (b)(1), could not be executed because the word "circumstances" did not appear in subsec. (b)(1).

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 104–304, §8(2), inserted ", operating, and maintaining" after "cost of installing".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 104–304, §20(j), substituted "standards" for "regulations" after "prescribe" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 104–304, §8(3), inserted ", maintenance, and replacement" after "installation".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 104–304, §20(j), substituted "standards" for "regulations".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–304, §8(4), inserted after first sentence "The Secretary may adopt industry accepted performance standards in order to comply with the requirement under the preceding sentence."

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1317.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60111(a) | 49 App.:1674b(b)(1), (c). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §7(b)(1)–(3), (c); added Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §153, 93 Stat. 1002. |

60111(b) | 49 App.:1674b(b)(2). | |

60111(c) | 49 App.:1674b(b)(3). |


In subsection (a), the words "is not maintaining adequate insurance or otherwise", the text of 49 App.:1674b(c), and the words "and serve upon" and "a statement of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "in accordance with section 554 of title 5" are omitted for consistency in the revised title and because 5:554 applies to a hearing on the record unless otherwise stated. The words "to be held" and "cause as to" are omitted as surplus. The words "the Secretary considers adequate" are substituted for "indicated in the notice under paragraph (1)" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

Subsection (c) is substituted for 49 App.:1674b(b)(3) to eliminate unnecessary words.

(a)

(1) operation of the facility is or would be hazardous to life, property, or the environment; or

(2) the facility is or would be constructed or operated, or a component of the facility is or would be constructed or operated, with equipment, material, or a technique that the Secretary decides is hazardous to life, property, or the environment.

(b)

(1) the characteristics of the pipe and other equipment used in the pipeline facility, including the age, manufacture, physical properties, and method of manufacturing, constructing, or assembling the equipment;

(2) the nature of the material the pipeline facility transports, the corrosive and deteriorative qualities of the material, the sequence in which the material are 1 transported, and the pressure required for transporting the material;

(3) the aspects of the area in which the pipeline facility is located, including climatic and geologic conditions and soil characteristics;

(4) the proximity of the area in which the hazardous liquid pipeline facility is located to environmentally sensitive areas;

(5) the population density and population and growth patterns of the area in which the pipeline facility is located;

(6) any recommendation of the National Transportation Safety Board made under another law; and

(7) other factors the Secretary considers appropriate.

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) the Secretary, after notice and an opportunity for a hearing, determines that the employee's actions did not contribute substantially to the cause of the accident; or

(B) the Secretary determines the employee has been re-qualified or re-trained as provided for in section 60131 and can safely perform those activities.

(3)

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1317; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(76), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4388; Pub. L. 107–355, §§8(a), 10(b), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2993, 2995.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60112(a) | 49 App.:1679b(b)(1) (1st sentence words before 3d comma), (2). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §12(b)(1)–(5); added Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §104(b), 93 Stat. 993; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §101(b), 106 Stat. 3290. |

49 App.:2008(b)(1) (1st sentence words before 3d comma), (2). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §209(b)(1)–(5), 93 Stat. 1010; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §201(b), 106 Stat. 3300. | |

60112(b) | 49 App.:1679b(b)(3). | |

49 App.:2008(b)(3). | ||

60112(c) | 49 App.:1679b(b)(6). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §12(b)(6); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §113(a), 106 Stat. 3296. |

49 App.:2008(b)(6). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §209(b)(6); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §213(a), 106 Stat. 3305. | |

60112(d) | 49 App.:1679b(b)(1) (1st sentence words after 3d comma, last sentence). | |

49 App.:2008(b)(1) (1st sentence words after 3d comma, last sentence). | ||

60112(e) | 49 App.:1679b(b)(4), (5). | |

49 App.:2008(b)(4), (5). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the word "reasonable" and the text of 49 App.:1679b(b)(1) (last sentence) and 2008(b)(1) (last sentence) are omitted as surplus. Clauses (1) and (2) are substituted for "that any pipeline facility is hazardous to life or property" and 49 App.:1679b(b)(2) and 2008(b)(2) to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "involved" and "(including its resistance to corrosion and deterioration)" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(5), the words "in connection with any investigation conducted by the Board" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "responsible for pipeline safety" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the text of 49 App.:1679b(b)(4) and 2008(b)(4) is omitted because of 28:516 and 1331.

This amends 49:60112(d) to clarify the restatement of 49 App.:1679b(b)(1) and 2008(b)(1) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1317).

**2002**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–355, §8(a)(1), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "After notice and an opportunity for a hearing, the Secretary of Transportation may decide a pipeline facility is hazardous if the Secretary decides the facility is—

"(1) hazardous to life, property, or the environment; or

"(2) constructed or operated, or a component of the facility is constructed or operated, with equipment, material, or a technique the Secretary decides is hazardous to life, property, or the environment."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–355, §10(b), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, realigned margins, and added pars. (2) and (3).

Pub. L. 107–355, §8(a)(2), substituted "is or would be hazardous" for "is hazardous".

**1994**—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–429 inserted before period at end ", including suspended or restricted use of the facility, physical inspection, testing, repair, replacement, or other appropriate action".

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–429 effective July 5, 1994, see section 9 of Pub. L. 103–429, set out as a note under section 321 of this title.

1 So in original. Probably should be "is".

Not later than October 24, 1993, the Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe standards requiring an operator of a natural gas distribution pipeline that does not maintain customer-owned natural gas service lines up to building walls to advise its customers of—

(1) the requirements for maintaining those lines;

(2) any resources known to the operator that could assist customers in carrying out the maintenance;

(3) information the operator has on operating and maintaining its lines that could assist customers; and

(4) the potential hazards of not maintaining the lines.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1318; Pub. L. 104–304, §§9, 20(k), Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3801, 3805.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60113(a) | 49 App.:1685(b). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §18(b); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §115(a)(2), 106 Stat. 3296. |

60113(b) | 49 App.:1672(k). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §3(k); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §115(c), 106 Stat. 3297. |


**1996**—Pub. L. 104–304 struck out subsec. (a) designation and heading, substituted "standards" for "regulations", and struck out subsec. (b), which read as follows:

"(b)

Pub. L. 102–508, title I, §115(b), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3296, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

"(4)

(a)

(1) a requirement that the system apply to all areas of the State containing underground pipeline facilities.

(2) a requirement that a person, including a government employee or contractor, intending to engage in an activity the Secretary decides could cause physical damage to an underground facility must contact the appropriate system to establish if there are underground facilities present in the area of the intended activity.

(3) a requirement that all operators of underground pipeline facilities participate in an appropriate one-call notification system.

(4) qualifications for an operator of a facility, a private contractor, or a State or local authority to operate a system.

(5) procedures for advertisement and notice of the availability of a system.

(6) a requirement about the information to be provided by a person contacting the system under clause (2) of this subsection.

(7) a requirement for the response of the operator of the system and of the facility after they are contacted by an individual under this subsection.

(8) a requirement that each State decide whether the system will be toll free.

(9) a requirement for sanctions substantially the same as provided under sections 60120 and 60122 of this title.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1) may not engage in a demolition, excavation, tunneling, or construction activity in a State that has adopted a one-call notification system without first using that system to establish the location of underground facilities in the demolition, excavation, tunneling, or construction area;

(2) may not engage in such demolition, excavation, tunneling, or construction activity in disregard of location information or markings established by a pipeline facility operator pursuant to subsection (b); and

(3) and who causes damage to a pipeline facility that may endanger life or cause serious bodily harm or damage to property—

(A) may not fail to promptly report the damage to the owner or operator of the facility; and

(B) if the damage results in the escape of any flammable, toxic, or corrosive gas or liquid, may not fail to promptly report to other appropriate authorities by calling the 911 emergency telephone number.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1318; Pub. L. 104–287, §5(91), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3398; Pub. L. 104–304, §20(d), Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3804; Pub. L. 107–355, §§3(b), 21(2), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2986, 3010; Pub. L. 109–468, §2(a)(1), (e), Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3486, 3489.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60114(a) | 49 App.:1687(b), (e). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §20(a)–(e); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §303(a), 102 Stat. 2814. |

60114(b) | 49 App.:1687(c). | |

60114(c) | 49 App.:1687(h). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §20(h); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §304(a), 106 Stat. 3308. |

60114(d) | 49 App.:1687(a). | |

60114(e) | 49 App.:1687(d). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Not later than 18 months after October 31, 1988" are omitted as obsolete. The words "as described in subsection (a)" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "or systems" are omitted because of 1:1. In clause (8), the words "or not" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "all of the requirements established under" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "contractor, excavator, or other" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), before clause (1), the words "When apportioning the amount appropriated to carry out" are substituted for "In making allocations under" for consistency with section 60107 of the revised title. In clause (2), the words "shall withhold part of a payment under section 60107 of this title" are substituted for "such State may not receive the full reimbursement under such sections to which it would otherwise be entitled" for clarity and consistency.

This amends 49:60114(a)(9) to clarify the restatement of 49 App.:1687(b) by section 1 of the Act of July 5, 1994 (Public Law 103–272, 108 Stat. 1319), because the requirement for substantially the same sanctions was not intended to include criminal penalties.

**2006**—Subsecs. (d) to (g). Pub. L. 109–468 added subsecs. (d) to (g).

**2002**—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 107–355, §3(b), inserted ", including a government employee or contractor," after "person".

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 107–355, §21(2), redesignated subsec. (d) as (c).

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 104–287 and Pub. L. 104–304, §20(d)(1), amended par. (9) identically, substituting "60120 and 60122" for "60120, 60122, and 60123".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–304, §20(d)(2), (3), redesignated subsec. (c) as (b) and struck out former subsec. (b) which read as follows:

"(b)

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–304, §20(d)(3), redesignated subsec. (c) as (b).

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 104–304, §20(d)(2), (3), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d) and struck out former subsec. (d) which read as follows:

"(d)

"(1) shall consider whether a State has adopted or is seeking adoption of a one-call notification system under this section; and

"(2) shall withhold part of a payment under section 60107 of this title when the Secretary decides a State has not adopted, or is not seeking adoption of, a one-call notification system."

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–287 effective July 5, 1994, see section 8(1) of Pub. L. 104–287, set out as a note under section 5303 of this title.

Pub. L. 107–355, §17, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 3008, provided that: "Within 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], the Secretary of Transportation shall, in conjunction with the Federal Communications Commission, facility operators, excavators, and one-call notification system operators, provide for the establishment of a 3-digit nationwide toll-free telephone number system to be used by State one-call notification systems."

(a)

(b)

(2) The Technical Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Standards Committee is composed of 15 members appointed by the Secretary after consulting with public and private agencies concerned with the technical aspect of transporting hazardous liquid or operating a hazardous liquid pipeline facility. Each member must be experienced in the safety regulation of transporting hazardous liquid and of hazardous liquid pipeline facilities or technically qualified, by training, experience, or knowledge in at least one field of engineering applicable to transporting hazardous liquid or operating a hazardous liquid pipeline facility, to evaluate hazardous liquid pipeline safety standards or risk management principles.

(3) The members of each committee are appointed as follows:

(A) 5 individuals selected from departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government and of the States.

(B) 5 individuals selected from the natural gas or hazardous liquid industry, as appropriate, after consulting with industry representatives.

(C) 5 individuals selected from the general public.

(4)(A) Two of the individuals selected for each committee under paragraph (3)(A) of this subsection must be State officials. The Secretary shall consult with national organizations representing State commissioners or utility regulators before making a selection under this subparagraph.

(B) At least 3 of the individuals selected for each committee under paragraph (3)(B) of this subsection must be currently in the active operation of natural gas pipelines or hazardous liquid pipeline facilities, as appropriate. At least 1 of the individuals selected for each committee under paragraph (3)(B) shall have education, background, or experience in risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis. The Secretary shall consult with the national organizations representing the owners and operators of pipeline facilities before selecting individuals under paragraph (3)(B).

(C) Two of the individuals selected for each committee under paragraph (3)(C) of this subsection must have education, background, or experience in environmental protection or public safety. At least 1 of the individuals selected for each committee under paragraph (3)(C) shall have education, background, or experience in risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis. At least one individual selected for each committee under paragraph (3)(C) may not have a financial interest in the pipeline, petroleum, or natural gas industries.

(D) None of the individuals selected for a committee under paragraph (3)(C) may have a significant financial interest in the pipeline, petroleum, or gas industry.

(5) Within 90 days of the date of enactment of the PIPES Act of 2016, the Secretary shall fill all vacancies on the Technical Pipeline Safety Standards Committee, the Technical Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Standards Committee, and any other committee established pursuant to this section. After that period, the Secretary shall fill a vacancy on any such committee not later than 60 days after the vacancy occurs.

(c)

(A) the Technical Pipeline Safety Standards Committee each standard proposed under this chapter for transporting gas and for gas pipeline facilities including the risk assessment information and other analyses supporting each proposed standard; and

(B) the Technical Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Standards Committee each standard proposed under this chapter for transporting hazardous liquid and for hazardous liquid pipeline facilities including the risk assessment information and other analyses supporting each proposed standard.

(2) Not later than 90 days after receiving the proposed standard and supporting analyses, the appropriate committee shall prepare and submit to the Secretary a report on the technical feasibility, reasonableness, cost-effectiveness, and practicability of the proposed standard and include in the report recommended actions. The Secretary shall publish each report, including any recommended actions and minority views. The report if timely made is part of the proceeding for prescribing the standard. The Secretary is not bound by the conclusions of the committee. However, if the Secretary rejects the conclusions of the committee, the Secretary shall publish the reasons.

(3) The Secretary may prescribe a standard after the end of the 90-day period.

(d)

(2) If requested by the Secretary, a committee shall make policy development recommendations to the Secretary.

(e)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1319; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §308(m), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 948; Pub. L. 104–304, §10, Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3801; Pub. L. 107–355, §20(b), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 3010; Pub. L. 114–183, §6, June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 518.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60115(a) | 49 App.:1673(a) (1st sentence). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §4(a), 82 Stat. 722; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §102(a), 93 Stat. 991; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §105(1), 106 Stat. 3293. |

49 App.:2003(a) (1st sentence). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §204(a), 93 Stat. 1005; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §204(1), 106 Stat. 3301. | |

60115(b)(1) | 49 App.:1673(a) (last sentence words before colon). | |

60115(b)(2) | 49 App.:2003(a) (last sentence words before colon). | |

60115(b)(3), (4) | 49 App.:1671(7). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §2(7), 82 Stat. 720; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §109(a), 93 Stat. 996. |

49 App.:1673(a) (last sentence words after colon). | ||

49 App.:2001(10). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§202(10), 204(c), 93 Stat. 1004, 1006. | |

49 App.:2003(a) (last sentence words after colon). | ||

60115(c) | 49 App.:1673(b) (1st–5th sentences). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §4(b), 82 Stat. 722; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §102(b), 93 Stat. 991; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §101 (related to §4(b)), 96 Stat. 2543; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §105(2), 106 Stat. 3293. |

49 App.:2003(b) (1st–5th sentences). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §204(b), 93 Stat. 1006; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §101 (related to §204(b)), 96 Stat. 2543; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §204(2), 106 Stat. 3302. | |

60115(d) | 49 App.:1673(b) (6th sentence). | |

49 App.:2003(b) (6th sentence). | ||

60115(e) | 49 App.:1673(b) (7th, last sentences). | |

49 App.:2003(b) (7th, last sentences). | ||

60115(f) | 49 App.:1673(c). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §4(c), 82 Stat. 722; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §102(c), 93 Stat. 991. |

49 App.:2003(c). |


In subsection (a), the words "Not later than 12 months after November 30, 1979" and "and appoint the initial members of the Committee" in 49 App.:2003(a) (1st sentence) are omitted as executed.

In subsection (b)(3)(A)–(C), the word "individuals" is substituted for "members" for consistency.

In subsection (b)(3)(A), the words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government and of the States" are substituted for "governmental agencies, including State and Federal Governments" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b)(3)(B), the words "as appropriate" are added because of the restatement.

In subsection (b)(4), the words "representatives of" are omitted as surplus. The words "section 10344(f) of this title" are substituted for "subchapter III of chapter 103 of title 49" for clarity.

In subsection (c)(1)(A) and (B), the words "or any proposed amendment to a standard under this chapter, for its consideration" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1)(B), the words "After the Committee has been established and its members appointed" in 49 App.:2003(b) are omitted as executed.

In subsection (c)(2), the words "or amendment", "by the Committee", "of the majority", and "for rejection thereof" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "final . . . or a final amendment to a standard at any time" are omitted as surplus. The words "the end of the 90-day period" are substituted for "the 90th day after its submission to the Committee, whether or not the Committee has reported on such standard or amendment" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d), the words "for his consideration" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the words "(or his designee)" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(b). The words "at least" are substituted for "not less frequently than" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "calendar" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), the words "The Secretary may establish the pay" are substituted for "may be compensated at a rate to be fixed by the Secretary" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "of the Committee" after "Members", "actual", and "then currently" are omitted as surplus. The reference to section 5376 of title 5 is substituted for the reference to section 5332 of title 5 because of section 529 of the Treasury, Postal Service and General Government Appropriations Act, 1991 (Public Law 101–509, 104 Stat. 1442). The words "A member is entitled to expenses under section 5703 of title 5" are substituted for 49 App.:1673(c) (2d sentence) and 2003(c) (2d sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "for any purpose" are omitted as surplus. The words "This subsection does not apply to members regularly employed by the Government" are substituted for "other than Federal employees" for clarity.

The date of the enactment of the Accountable Pipeline Safety and Partnership Act of 1996, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 104–304, which was approved Oct. 12, 1996.

The date of enactment of the PIPES Act of 2016, referred to in subsec. (b)(5), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–183, which was approved June 22, 2016.

**2016**—Subsec. (b)(4)(A). Pub. L. 114–183, §6(a), substituted "State officials. The Secretary shall consult with national organizations representing State commissioners or utility regulators before making a selection under this subparagraph." for "State commissioners. The Secretary shall consult with the national organization of State commissions before selecting those 2 individuals."

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 114–183, §6(b), added par. (5).

**2002**—Subsec. (b)(4)(D). Pub. L. 107–355 added subpar. (D).

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–304, §10(a), inserted at end "The committees referred to in the preceding sentence shall serve as peer review committees for carrying out this chapter. Peer reviews conducted by the committees shall be treated for purposes of all Federal laws relating to risk assessment and peer review (including laws that take effect after the date of the enactment of the Accountable Pipeline Safety and Partnership Act of 1996) as meeting any peer review requirements of such laws."

Subsec. (b)(1), (2). Pub. L. 104–304, §10(b)(1), (2), inserted before period at end "or risk management principles".

Subsec. (b)(3)(B). Pub. L. 104–304, §10(b)(3), substituted "5" for "4".

Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Pub. L. 104–304, §10(b)(4), substituted "5" for "6".

Subsec. (b)(4)(B). Pub. L. 104–304, §10(b)(5), inserted at end "At least 1 of the individuals selected for each committee under paragraph (3)(B) shall have education, background, or experience in risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis. The Secretary shall consult with the national organizations representing the owners and operators of pipeline facilities before selecting individuals under paragraph (3)(B)."

Subsec. (b)(4)(C). Pub. L. 104–304, §10(b)(6), inserted after first sentence "At least 1 of the individuals selected for each committee under paragraph (3)(C) shall have education, background, or experience in risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis."

Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104–304, §10(c)(1), inserted before semicolon "including the risk assessment information and other analyses supporting each proposed standard".

Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 104–304, §10(c)(2), inserted before period at end "including the risk assessment information and other analyses supporting each proposed standard".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 104–304, §10(c)(3)–(6), inserted "and supporting analyses" after "receiving the proposed standard", "and submit to the Secretary" after "prepare", "cost-effectiveness," after "reasonableness,", "and include in the report recommended actions" after "practicability of the proposed standard", and "any recommended actions and" after "including".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–304, §10(d), substituted "up to 4 times" for "twice".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–304, §10(e), substituted "

**1995**—Subsec. (b)(4)(A). Pub. L. 104–88 struck out "(referred to in section 10344(f) of this title)" after "commissions".

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1321; Pub. L. 104–304, §11, Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3802; Pub. L. 107–355, §5, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2988.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60116 | 49 App.:1685(a). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §18(a); added Oct. 11, 1976, Pub. L. 94–477, §8, 90 Stat. 2075; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §104(b), 93 Stat. 992; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §115(a)(1), 106 Stat. 3296. |


The date of enactment of the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002, referred to in subsec. (b), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 107–355, which was approved Dec. 17, 2002.

**2002**—Pub. L. 107–355 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Under regulations the Secretary of Transportation prescribes, each owner or operator of a gas pipeline facility shall carry out a program to educate the public on the use of a one-call notification system prior to excavation, the possible hazards associated with gas leaks, and the importance of reporting gas odors and leaks to the appropriate authority. The Secretary may develop material suitable for use in the program."

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–304 substituted "owner or operator of a gas pipeline facility" for "person transporting gas", inserted "the use of a one-call notification system prior to excavation," after "educate the public on", and inserted comma after "gas leaks".

(a)

(b)

(1)

(A) allow the respondent to request the use of a consent agreement and consent order to resolve any matter of fact or law asserted;

(B) allow the respondent and the agency to convene 1 or more meetings—

(i) for settlement or simplification of the issues; or

(ii) to aid in the disposition of issues;

(C) require that the case file in an enforcement proceeding include all agency records pertinent to the matters of fact and law asserted;

(D) allow the respondent to reply to each post-hearing submission of the agency;

(E) allow the respondent to request that a hearing be held, and an order be issued, on an expedited basis;

(F) require that the agency have the burden of proof, presentation, and persuasion in any enforcement matter;

(G) require that any order contain findings of relevant fact and conclusions of law;

(H) require the Office of Pipeline Safety to file a post-hearing recommendation not later than 30 days after the deadline for any post-hearing submission of a respondent;

(I) require an order on a petition for reconsideration to be issued not later than 120 days after the date on which the petition is filed; and

(J) allow an operator to request that an issue of controversy or uncertainty be addressed through a declaratory order in accordance with section 554(e) of title 5.

(2)

(A) noticed to the public on the website of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration; and

(B) in the case of a formal hearing (as defined in section 190.3 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation)), open to the public.

(3)

(A)

(i) the charging documents;

(ii) the written response of the respondent, if filed; and

(iii) any consent agreement, consent order, order, or judgment resulting from a hearing under this chapter.

(B)

(i)

(I) review information on pipeline enforcement actions that the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration makes publicly available on the internet; and

(II) submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committees on Transportation and Infrastructure and Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives a report on that review, including any recommendations under clause (iii).

(ii)

(I) a description of the process that the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration uses to collect and record enforcement information;

(II) an assessment of whether and, if so, how the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration ensures that enforcement information is made available to the public in an accessible manner; and

(III) an assessment of the information described in clause (i)(I).

(iii)

(I) any improvements that could be made to the accessibility of the information described in clause (i)(I);

(II) whether and, if so, how the information described in clause (i)(I) could be made more transparent; and

(III) any other recommendations that the Comptroller General of the United States considers appropriate.

(4)

(A) an emergency order under subsection (p);

(B) a safety order under subsection (m); or

(C) a corrective action order under section 60112.

(c)

(1) maintain records, make reports, and provide information the Secretary requires; and

(2) make the records, reports, and information available when the Secretary requests.

The Secretary may require owners and operators of gathering lines to provide the Secretary information pertinent to the Secretary's ability to make a determination as to whether and to what extent to regulate gathering lines.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(2) Each report related to research and demonstration projects and related activities is public information.

(g)

(1) notifying the appropriate State official in the State in which the facility is located; and

(2) attempting to negotiate a mutually acceptable plan for testing with the owner of the facility and, when the Secretary considers appropriate, the National Transportation Safety Board.

(h)

(i)

(1) advise, assist, and cooperate with other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government, the States, and public and private agencies and persons in planning and developing safety standards and ways to inspect and test to decide whether those standards have been complied with;

(2) consult with and make recommendations to other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government, State and local governments, and public and private agencies and persons to develop and encourage activities, including the enactment of legislation, that will assist in carrying out this chapter and improve State and local pipeline safety programs; and

(3) participate in a proceeding involving safety requirements related to a liquefied natural gas facility before the Commission or a State authority.

(j)

(2) In consultation with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Secretary shall establish procedures to notify the Administration of any pipeline accident in which an excavator that has caused damage to a pipeline may have violated a regulation of the Administration.

(k)

(l)

(m)

(1)

(2)

(A) the considerations specified in paragraphs (1) through (6) of section 60112(b);

(B) the likelihood that the condition will impair the serviceability of a pipeline;

(C) the likelihood that the condition will worsen over time; and

(D) the likelihood that the condition is present or could develop on other areas of the pipeline.

(n)

(1)

(2)

(o)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(i) has design and construction costs totaling at least $2,500,000,000, as periodically adjusted by the Secretary to take into account increases in the Consumer Price Index for all-urban consumers published by the Department of Labor, based on—

(I) the cost estimate provided to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission in an application for a certificate of public convenience and necessity for a gas pipeline facility or an application for authorization for a liquefied natural gas pipeline facility; or

(II) a good faith estimate developed by the person proposing a hazardous liquid pipeline facility and submitted to the Secretary; or

(ii) uses new or novel technologies or design, as determined by the Secretary.

(2)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(4)

(p)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) The impact of the emergency order on public health and safety.

(ii) The impact, if any, of the emergency order on the national or regional economy or national security.

(iii) The impact of the emergency order on the ability of owners and operators of pipeline facilities to maintain reliability and continuity of service to customers.

(B)

(3)

(A) the violation, condition, or practice that constitutes or is causing the imminent hazard;

(B) the entities subject to the order;

(C) the restrictions, prohibitions, or safety measures imposed;

(D) the standards and procedures for obtaining relief from the order;

(E) how the order is tailored to abate the imminent hazard and the reasons the authorities under section 60112 and subsection (m) are insufficient to do so; and

(F) how the considerations were taken into account pursuant to paragraph (2).

(4)

(5)

(6)

(A)

(B)

(7)

(A)

(B)

(8)

(9)

(A) alter, amend, or limit the Secretary's obligations under, or the applicability of, section 553 of title 5; or

(B) provide the authority to amend the Code of Federal Regulations.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1321; Pub. L. 103–429, §6(77), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4388; Pub. L. 104–304, §§12, 19, Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3802, 3804; Pub. L. 107–355, §7, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2993; Pub. L. 109–468, §§11, 13, 17, Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3494–3496; Pub. L. 112–90, §13(a), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1913; Pub. L. 114–183, §16, June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 525; Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §108(a), (b)(2), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2221, 2223.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60117(a) | 49 App.:1681(a) (1st sentence words before semicolon). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §14(a) (1st sentence), 82 Stat. 727; restated Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§104(b), 106, 93 Stat. 992, 994. |

49 App.:1681(a) (last sentence). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §14(a) (last sentence); added Oct. 11, 1984, Pub. L. 98–464, §7(a), 98 Stat. 1823. | |

49 App.:2010(a) (1st sentence words before semicolon). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §211(a) (1st sentence), 93 Stat. 1012. | |

49 App.:2010(a) (last sentence). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §211(a) (last sentence); added Oct. 11, 1984, Pub. L. 98–464, §7(b), 98 Stat. 1823. | |

60117(b) | 49 App.:1681(b). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §14(b)–(e), 82 Stat. 727; restated Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§104(b), 106, 93 Stat. 992, 995. |

49 App.:2010(b). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §211(b)–(e), 93 Stat. 1012. | |

60117(c) | 49 App.:1681(c). | |

49 App.:2010(c). | ||

60117(d) | 49 App.:1681(e) (1st sentence). | |

49 App.:2010(e) (1st sentence). | ||

60117(e) | 49 App.:1681(d). | |

49 App.:2010(d). | ||

60117(f) | 49 App.:1681(a) (1st sentence words after semicolon). | |

49 App.:1681(a) (2d sentence). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §14(a) (2d sentence); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §109, 102 Stat. 2809. | |

49 App.:2010(a) (1st sentence words after semicolon). | ||

49 App.:2010(a) (2d sentence). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §211(a) (2d sentence); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §208, 102 Stat. 2812. | |

60117(g) | 49 App.:1682(a). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §15(a), 82 Stat. 727; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§104(b), 109(j)(2), (k), 155(b), 93 Stat. 992, 997, 1003. |

49 App.:2011(a). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §212(a)–(c), 93 Stat. 1013. | |

60117(h)(1) | 49 App.:1682(b). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §15(b), 82 Stat. 727; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§104(b), 109(j)(2), 93 Stat. 992, 997. |

49 App.:2011(b). | ||

60117(h)(2) | 49 App.:1682(c). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §15(c); added Aug. 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–401, §3, 86 Stat. 616; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§104(b), 109(j)(2), 93 Stat. 992, 997. |

49 App.:2011(c). | ||

60117(h)(3) | 49 App.:1682(d). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §15(d); added Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §155(a), 93 Stat. 1003. |

60117(i) | 49 App.:1676(b). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §9(b); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §105(2), 102 Stat. 2807. |

49 App.:2011(d). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §212(d); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §209, 102 Stat. 2812. | |

60117(j) | 49 App.:1681(e) (last sentence). | |

49 App.:2010(e) (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), the words "to the extent necessary . . . his responsibilities under" and "relevant" are omitted as surplus. The words "documents and" are omitted as being included in "records". The words "directly or, by contract, or otherwise" are omitted as surplus.

In subsections (b), before clause (1), and (c), the words "has acted or . . . acting" are omitted as surplus. The word "prescribed" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "establish and" and "reasonably" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "enter premises to" are substituted for "enter upon" for clarity and consistency. The words "and examine" and "to the extent such records and properties are relevant" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "related to a confidential matter" are substituted for "which information contains or relates to a trade secret . . . shall be considered confidential for the purpose of that section" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "All information reported to or otherwise" are omitted as surplus. The words "an officer, employee, or agent" are substituted for "his representative" for consistency. The word "only" is substituted for "except that such information" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "when relevant" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e)(1), the words "civil, criminal, or other" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (f), before clause (1), the words "however . . . exercise authority under this section to" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the word "affected" is omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the word "attempting" is substituted for "make every effort" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "for testing" and "the Secretary considers" are added for clarity.

In subsection (g), the words "with respect to matters under their jurisdiction" in 49 App.:2011(a) are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (h)(1) and (2), the word "instrumentalities" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (h)(1), the word "Federal" before "safety" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (h)(3), the words "as a matter of right intervene or otherwise" and the text of 49 App.:1682(d) (last sentence) are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (i), the words "Not later than 1 year after October 31, 1988" are omitted as obsolete. The words "departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Government and State authorities" are substituted for "agencies of the United States and of the States" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (j), the words "by the Secretary or any officer, employee, or agent under his control" are omitted as surplus. The words "to have the information" are substituted for "duly" for clarity.

This amends 49:60117(i) by restating section 304(c) of the Pipeline Safety Act of 1992 (Public Law 102–508, 106 Stat. 3308) as 49:60117(i)(2).

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60117(i)(2) | 49 App.:1682 (note). | Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §304(c), 106 Stat. 3308. |


The date of enactment of the PIPES Act of 2020, referred to in subsec. (b)(3)(B)(i), is the date of enactment of div. R of Pub. L. 116–260, which was approved Dec. 27, 2020.

The date of enactment of the PIPES Act of 2016 and such date of enactment, referred to in subsec. (p)(7), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–183, which was approved June 22, 2016.

**2020**—Subsecs. (b) to (p). Pub. L. 116–260, §108(a), added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsecs. (b) to (o) as (c) to (p), respectively.

Subsec. (p)(3)(E). Pub. L. 116–260, §108(b)(2), substituted "subsection (m)" for "60117(l)".

**2016**—Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 114–183 added subsec. (o).

**2012**—Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 112–90 amended subsec. (n) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

**2006**—Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 109–468, §13, reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "If the Secretary decides that a pipeline facility has a potential safety-related condition, the Secretary may order the operator of the facility to take necessary corrective action, including physical inspection, testing, repair, replacement, or other appropriate action to remedy the safety-related condition."

Subsecs. (m), (n). Pub. L. 109–468, §§11, 17, added subsecs. (m) and (n).

**2002**—Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 107–355 added subsec. (l).

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–304, §19, inserted "and promotional activities relating to prevention of damage to pipeline facilities" after "and training activities".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–304, §12(1), (3), substituted "owning" for "transporting gas or hazardous liquid" and inserted at end "The Secretary may require owners and operators of gathering lines to provide the Secretary information pertinent to the Secretary's ability to make a determination as to whether and to what extent to regulate gathering lines."

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 104–304, §12(2), added subsec. (k).

**1994**—Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 103–429 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).

Pub. L. 112–90, §20(a), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1916, provided that:

"(1)

"(A) requiring hearings under sections 60112, 60117, 60118, and 60122 of title 49, United States Code, to be convened before a presiding official;

"(B) providing the opportunity for any person requesting a hearing under section 60112, 60117, 60118, or 60122 of such title to arrange for a transcript of the hearing, at the expense of the requesting person;

"(C) ensuring expedited review of any order issued pursuant to section 60112(e) of such title;

"(D) implementing a separation of functions between personnel involved with the investigation and prosecution of an enforcement case and advising the Secretary on findings and determinations; and

"(E) prohibiting ex-parte communication relevant to the question to be decided in such a case by parties to an investigation or hearing.

"(2)

"(A) define the term 'presiding official' to mean the person who conducts any hearing relating to civil penalty assessments, compliance orders, safety orders, or corrective action orders; and

"(B) require that the presiding official be an attorney on the staff of the Deputy Chief Counsel of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration that is not engaged in investigative or prosecutorial functions, including the preparation of notices of probable violations, notices relating to civil penalty assessments, notices relating to compliance, or notices of proposed corrective actions.

"(3)

Pub. L. 114–183, §14, June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 524, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

"(3)

Pub. L. 112–90, §9, Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1912, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) establish time limits for telephonic or electronic notification of an accident or incident to require such notification at the earliest practicable moment following confirmed discovery of an accident or incident and not later than 1 hour following the time of such confirmed discovery;

"(2) review procedures for owners and operators of pipeline facilities and the National Response Center to provide thorough and coordinated notification to all relevant State and local emergency response officials, including 911 emergency call centers, for the jurisdictions in which those pipeline facilities are located in the event of an accident or incident, and revise such procedures as appropriate; and

"(3) require such owners and operators to revise their initial telephonic or electronic notice to the Secretary and the National Response Center with an estimate of the amount of the product released, an estimate of the number of fatalities and injuries, if any, and any other information determined appropriate by the Secretary within 48 hours of the accident or incident, to the extent practicable.

"(c)

[Terms used in section 9 of Pub. L. 112–90, set out above, have the meaning given those terms in this chapter, see section 1(c)(1) of Pub. L. 112–90, set out as a note under section 60101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 112–90, §13(b), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1914, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Jan. 3, 2012], the Secretary of Transportation shall issue guidance to clarify the meaning of the term 'new or novel technologies or design' as used in section 60117(n)(1)(B)(ii) [now 49 U.S.C. 60117(o)(1)(B)(ii)] of title 49, United States Code, as amended by subsection (a) of this section."

Pub. L. 112–90, §25, Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1919, provided that:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1)

"(2)

[Terms used in section 25 of Pub. L. 112–90, set out above, have the meaning given those terms in this chapter, see section 1(c)(1) of Pub. L. 112–90, set out as a note under section 60101 of this title.]

Pub. L. 112–90, §30, Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1921, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Jan. 3, 2012], the Secretary of Transportation shall develop and implement a protocol for consulting with Indian tribes to provide technical assistance for the regulation of pipelines that are under the jurisdiction of Indian tribes."

Pub. L. 109–468, §15, Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3496, provided that: "Not later than December 31, 2007, the Secretary of Transportation shall review the incident reporting requirements for operators of natural gas pipelines and modify the reporting criteria as appropriate to ensure that the incident data gathered accurately reflects incident trends over time, taking into consideration the recommendations from the Comptroller General in GAO report 06–946."

Pub. L. 109–468, §20, Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3498, provided that: "Not later than December 31, 2007, the Secretary of Transportation shall amend accident reporting forms to require operators of gas and hazardous liquid pipelines to provide data related to controller fatigue."

(a)

(1) comply with applicable safety standards prescribed under this chapter, except as provided in this section or in section 60126;

(2) prepare and carry out a plan for inspection and maintenance required under section 60108(a) and (b) of this title;

(3) allow access to or copying of records, make reports and provide information, and allow entry or inspection required under subsections (a) through (e) of section 60117 of this title; and

(4) conduct a risk analysis, and adopt and implement an integrity management program, for pipeline facilities as required under section 60109(c).

(b)

(c)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(2)

(A)

(i) it is in the public interest to grant the waiver;

(ii) the waiver is not inconsistent with pipeline safety; and

(iii) the waiver is necessary to address an actual or impending emergency involving pipeline transportation, including an emergency caused by a natural or manmade disaster.

(B)

(3)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(A) make available to the Secretary or the Board all records and information that in any way pertain to the accident or incident, including integrity management plans and test results; and

(B) afford all reasonable assistance in the investigation of the accident or incident.

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1322; Pub. L. 104–304, §13, Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3802; Pub. L. 107–355, §§10(a), (c), 14(c), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2995, 2996, 3005; Pub. L. 109–468, §10, Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3494; Pub. L. 112–90, §2(b), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1905; Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §108(b)(3), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2223.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60118(a) | 49 App.:1677(a). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §10(a), 82 Stat. 725; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §[§] 105(b), 109(h)(4), 152(a), 93 Stat. 994, 996, 999. |

49 App.:2006(a). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§203(h), 207(a), (b)(1), 93 Stat. 1005, 1009. | |

60118(b) | 49 App.:1677(b)(1). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §10(b)(1); added Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§104(a)(1), 152(a), 93 Stat. 992, 999. |

49 App.:2006(b)(1). | ||

60118(c) | 49 App.:1672(d) (1st, 2d sentences). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §3(d), 82 Stat. 721; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §[§] 104(d), 109(c), 152(b)(2), 93 Stat. 994, 996, 1001. |

49 App.:2002(h) (1st, 2d sentences). | ||

60118(d) | 49 App.:1672(d) (3d–last sentences). | |

49 App.:2002(h) (3d–last sentences). |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "at all times after the date . . . takes effect . . . the requirements of" are omitted as surplus. The words "except as provided in this section" are added for clarity.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "establish and" in 49 App.:2006(a)(2) and "and comply with such plan" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the word "prescribed" is substituted for "issued" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The word "particular" is omitted as surplus. The words "a person must take to comply" are substituted for "required of the person to whom the order is issued" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c), the words "any part of" are substituted for "in whole or in part" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "and to such extent" and "he determines that . . . of compliance with such standard" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "to which the certification or agreement applies" are added for clarity. The words "to the granting of the waiver" and "any State agency action granting" are omitted as surplus. The words "shall provide a prompt opportunity for a hearing" are substituted for "shall afford such agency a prompt opportunity to present its request for waiver, with opportunity for hearing" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

**2020**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 116–260 substituted "subsections (a) through (e) of section 60117" for "section 60117(a)–(d)".

**2012**—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–90 amended subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "If the Secretary or the National Transportation Safety Board investigate an accident involving a pipeline facility, the operator of the facility shall make available to the Secretary or the Board all records and information that in any way pertain to the accident (including integrity management plans and test results), and shall afford all reasonable assistance in the investigation of the accident."

**2006**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–468 reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "On application of a person owning or operating a pipeline facility, the Secretary by order may waive compliance with any part of an applicable standard prescribed under this chapter on terms the Secretary considers appropriate, if the waiver is not inconsistent with pipeline safety. The Secretary shall state the reasons for granting a waiver under this subsection. The Secretary may act on a waiver only after notice and an opportunity for a hearing."

**2002**—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 107–355, §14(c), added par. (4).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107–355, §10(a), added subsec. (e).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 107–355, §10(c), added subsec. (f).

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–304, §13(a)(1), struck out "transporting gas or hazardous liquid or" after "person" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–304, §13(a)(2), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: "comply with applicable safety standards prescribed under this chapter, except as provided in this section;".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–304, §13(b), reenacted subsec. heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary of Transportation may issue orders directing compliance with this chapter or a regulation prescribed under this chapter. An order shall state clearly the action a person must take to comply."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–304, §13(c), substituted "owning" for "transporting gas or hazardous liquid".

(a)

(2) A judgment of a court under paragraph (1) of this subsection may be reviewed only by the Supreme Court under section 1254 of title 28. A remedy under paragraph (1) is in addition to any other remedies provided by law.

(3) A judicial review of agency action under this section shall apply the standards of review established in section 706 of title 5.

(b)

(2) A judgment of a court under paragraph (1) of this subsection may be reviewed only by the Supreme Court under section 1254(1) of title 28.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1323; Pub. L. 112–90, §§2(d), 20(b), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1905, 1917.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60119(a)(1) | 49 App.:1675(a). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §8(a), 82 Stat. 724; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§104(e)(2), 152(a), 93 Stat. 994, 999; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §102, 96 Stat. 2543. |

49 App.:2005(a). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §206(a), 93 Stat. 1009; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, §103, 96 Stat. 2543. | |

60119(a)(2) | 49 App.:1675(b), (c). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §8(b), (c), 82 Stat. 724; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§104(e)(3), 152(a), 93 Stat. 994, 999. |

49 App.:1675(d), (e). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §8(d), (e), 82 Stat. 725; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §152(a), 93 Stat. 999. | |

49 App.:2005(b)–(e). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §206(b)–(e), 93 Stat. 1009. | |

60119(b)(1) | 49 App.:1674b(b) (4)(A), (B). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §7(b)(4); added Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §153, 93 Stat. 1002. |

60119(b)(2) | 49 App.:1674b(b) (4)(C). |


In this section, the word "judicial" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(1), the words "Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section" are added for clarity. The words "who is or will be . . . or aggrieved" are omitted as surplus. The word "prescribed" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The word "Circuit" is added to complete the proper title of the Court. The word "resides" is substituted for "located" for clarity and for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "or other officer designated by him for that purpose" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(b).

In subsection (a)(2), the text of 49 App.:1675(b) and 2005(b) is omitted as surplus because of 28:1331 and because 5:ch. 7 applies in the absence of an exception. The text of 49 App.:1675(d) and 2005(d) is omitted as covered by rule 43 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words "affirming or setting aside, in whole or in part, any such regulation or order of the Secretary" are omitted as surplus. The words "may be reviewed only" are substituted for "shall be final, subject to review" for consistency. The words "and not in substitution for" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "adversely affected" are substituted for "aggrieved" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The word "only" is omitted as surplus. The text of 49 App.:1674b(b)(4)(B) (1st sentence) is omitted as surplus because 28:2112 applies in the absence of an exception. The text of 49 App.:1674b(b)(4)(B) (2d sentence) is omitted as surplus and because of 28:1651.

In subsection (b)(2), the words "and decree" are omitted as surplus. The words "may be reviewed only" are substituted for "shall be final, except that such judgment and decree shall be subject to review" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "upon certiorari" are omitted as surplus because of 28:1254(1).

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–90, §2(d)(1), substituted ", Orders, and Other Final Agency Actions" for "and Waiver Orders" in heading.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–90, §2(d)(2), substituted "order issued under this chapter" for "order issued about an application for a waiver under section 60118(c) or (d) of this title".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 112–90, §20(b), added par. (3).

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1323; Pub. L. 107–355, §8(b)(3), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2993; Pub. L. 112–90, §2(c), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1905.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60120(a)(1) | 49 App.:1677(b)(2). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §10(b)(2); added Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§104(a)(1), 152(a), 93 Stat. 992, 999. |

49 App.:1679b(a)(1). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §12(a); added Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §104(b), 93 Stat. 993. | |

49 App.:2006(b)(2). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§207(b)(2), (c), 209(a), 93 Stat. 1009, 1010. | |

49 App.:2008(a)(1). | ||

60120(a)(2) | 49 App.:1681(f). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §14(f); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §112(b), 106 Stat. 3295. |

49 App.:2010(f). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §211(f); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §211(b), 106 Stat. 3304. | |

60120(b) | 49 App.:1679b(a)(2). | |

49 App.:2008(a)(2). | ||

60120(c) | 49 App.:1677(c). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §10(c), 82 Stat. 725; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§104(a)(1), 152(a), 93 Stat. 992, 999. |

49 App.:2006(c). |


In subsection (a)(1), the text of 49 App.:1677(b)(2) and 2006(b)(2) and the words "shall have jurisdiction to determine such actions" in 49 App.:1679b(a)(1) and 2008(a)(1) are omitted as redundant and because of 28:1331 and 1345. The word "civil" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code and because of rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words "to enforce this chapter" are substituted for "for equitable relief to redress or restrain a violation by any person of a provision of this chapter" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "prescribed" is substituted for "issued" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "necessary or . . . mandatory or prohibitive injunctive relief, interim equitable relief, and" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "the Attorney General may bring a civil action in a district court of the United States" are substituted for "such district court shall, upon the request of the Attorney General . . . have jurisdiction to issue to such person an order" for clarity and consistency and because of 28:1331 and 1345. The words "contumacy or" are omitted as surplus. The word "premises" is added for clarity and consistency. The words "or examine" are omitted as being included in "inspect".

In subsection (b), the words "mandatory or prohibitive" are omitted as surplus. The words "the defendant may demand a jury trial" are substituted for "trial shall be by the court or, upon demand of the accused, by a jury" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (c), the words "common law or statutory" are omitted as surplus.

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–90 added at end "The maximum amount of civil penalties for administrative enforcement actions under section 60122 shall not apply to enforcement actions under this section."

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–355 reenacted subsec. heading without change, added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1), inserted par. (2) heading and realigned margins. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: "On the request of the Secretary of Transportation, the Attorney General may bring a civil action in an appropriate district court of the United States to enforce this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter. The court may award appropriate relief, including punitive damages."

(a)

(A) may bring the action only after 60 days after the person has given notice of the violation to the Secretary of Transportation or to the appropriate State authority (when the violation is alleged to have occurred in a State certified under section 60105 of this title) and to the person alleged to have committed the violation;

(B) may not bring the action if the Secretary or authority has begun and diligently is pursuing an administrative proceeding for the violation; and

(C) may not bring the action if the Attorney General of the United States, or the chief law enforcement officer of a State, has begun and diligently is pursuing a judicial proceeding for the violation.

(2) The Secretary shall prescribe the way in which notice is given under this subsection.

(3) The Secretary, with the approval of the Attorney General, or the Attorney General may intervene in an action under paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(b)

(1) based on the actual time spent and the reasonable expenses of the attorney for legal services provided to a person under this section; and

(2) computed at the rate prevailing for providing similar services for actions brought in the court awarding the fee.

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1324.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60121(a)(1) | 49 App.:1686(a), (b) (1st sentence). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §19; added Oct. 11, 1976, Pub. L. 94–477, §8, 90 Stat. 2075; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §104(b), 93 Stat. 992. |

49 App.:2014(a), (b) (1st sentence). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §215, 93 Stat. 1014. | |

60121(a)(2) | 49 App.:1686(b) (last sentence). | |

49 App.:2014(b) (last sentence). | ||

60121(a)(3) | 49 App.:1686(c). | |

49 App.:2014(c). | ||

60121(b) | 49 App.:1686(e). | |

49 App.:2014(e). | ||

60121(c) | 49 App.:1686(f). | |

49 App.:2014(f). | ||

60121(d) | 49 App.:1686(d). | |

49 App.:2014(d). |


In subsection (a)(1), before clause (A), the text of 49 App.:1686(a) (last sentence, words after the comma) and 2014(a) (last sentence, words after the comma) is omitted as surplus because the amount in controversy is no longer a criterion. The word "bring" is substituted for "commence" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "mandatory or prohibitive", "including interim equitable relief", "State, municipality, or", and "alleged to be" are omitted as surplus. The word "prescribed" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "by regulation" are omitted as surplus because of 49:322(a).

In subsection (a)(3), the words "as a matter of right" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "in the interest of justice" and "of suit, including" are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words "by an attorney" and "advice and other" are omitted as surplus. The words "provided to a person under this section" are substituted for "providing . . . in connection with representing a person in an action brought under this section" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (c), the word "Federal" is omitted as surplus. The words "prescribed under this chapter" are added for clarity.

In subsection (d), the words "enforcement of this chapter or any order or regulation under this chapter or to seek any other" are omitted as surplus.

(a)

(2) A person violating a standard or order under section 60103 or 60111 of this title is liable to the Government for a civil penalty of not more than $50,000 for each violation. A penalty under this paragraph may be imposed in addition to penalties imposed under paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(3) A person violating section 60129, or an order issued thereunder, is liable to the Government for a civil penalty of not more than $1,000 for each violation. The penalties provided by paragraph (1) do not apply to a violation of section 60129 or an order issued thereunder.

(b)

(1) the Secretary shall consider—

(A) the nature, circumstances, and gravity of the violation, including adverse impact on the environment;

(B) with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of prior violations, and any effect on ability to continue doing business;

(C) good faith in attempting to comply; and

(D) self-disclosure and correction of violations, or actions to correct a violation, prior to discovery by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration; and

(2) the Secretary may consider—

(A) the economic benefit gained from the violation without any reduction because of subsequent damages; and

(B) other matters that justice requires.

(c)

(2) The Secretary may compromise the amount of a civil penalty imposed under this section before referral to the Attorney General.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1325; Pub. L. 107–355, §§6(b), 8(b)(1), (2), 21(3), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2992, 2993, 3010; Pub. L. 109–468, §2(a)(2), Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3487; Pub. L. 112–90, §2(a), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1905; Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §107, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2221.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60122(a)(1) | 49 App.:1679a(a)(1), (3) (1st sentence). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §11(a); added Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§104(b), 154, 93 Stat. 992, 1002; Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §106, 102 Stat. 2807; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §§112(a), 304(b), 106 Stat. 3295, 3308. |

49 App.:2007(a)(1), (2) (1st sentence). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §208(a), (b), (d), 93 Stat. 1009, 1010; Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §205, 102 Stat. 2811; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §211(a), 106 Stat. 3304. | |

60122(a)(2) | 49 App.:1679a(a)(2). | |

60122(b) | 49 App.:1679a(a)(3) (last sentence). | |

49 App.:2007(a)(2) (last sentence). | ||

60122(c) | 49 App.:1679a(b) (1st sentence). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §11(b), (d); added Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §104(b), 93 Stat. 992, 993. |

49 App.:2007(b) (1st sentence). | ||

60122(d) | 49 App.:1679a(b) (2d sentence). | |

49 App.:2007(b) (2d sentence). | ||

60122(e) | 49 App.:1679a(b) (last sentence). | |

49 App.:2007(b) (last sentence). | ||

60122(f) | 49 App.:1679a(d). | |

49 App.:2007(d). |


In subsection (a)(1), the word "prescribed" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "including any order issued under sections 1677(b) and 1679b(b)" in 49 App.:1679a(a)(1) and "including any order issued under section 2006(b) or 2008(b)" in 49 App.:2007(a)(1) are omitted as surplus. The word "occurs" is added for clarity.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "is determined by the Secretary to have" are omitted as surplus. The words "for each violation" are added for clarity and consistency. The word "imposed" is substituted for "to which such person may be subject" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(2), the word "violator" is substituted for "the person found to have committed the violation" for consistency and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the penalty" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(1), the words "The Secretary may request the Attorney General to bring a civil action" are substituted for "in an action brought by the Attorney General on behalf of the United States" for clarity, to eliminate unnecessary words, and because of 28:2461 and rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.).

In subsection (d), the words "imposed or compromised under this section" are substituted for "of the penalty, when finally determined (or agreed upon in compromise)" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency. The words "liable for the penalty" are substituted for "charged" for clarity.

In subsection (f), the words "Separate penalties . . . prescribed under this chapter . . . may not be imposed under this chapter" are substituted for "Nothing in this title shall be construed to authorize . . . penalties" for clarity.

**2020**—Subsec. (b)(1)(D). Pub. L. 116–260 added subpar. (D).

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–90, §2(a)(1), substituted "$200,000" for "$100,000" and "$2,000,000" for "$1,000,000".

Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 112–90, §2(a)(2), struck out "the ability to pay," after "violations,".

**2006**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–468 substituted "60114(b), 60114(d)," for "60114(b)".

**2002**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107–355, §21(3), substituted "section 60114(b)" for "section 60114(c)".

Pub. L. 107–355, §8(b)(1), substituted "$100,000" for "$25,000" and "$1,000,000" for "$500,000".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 107–355, §6(b), added par. (3).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–355, §8(b)(2), substituted "under this section—" and pars. (1) and (2) for "under this section, the Secretary shall consider—

"(1) the nature, circumstances, and gravity of the violation;

"(2) with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of prior violations, the ability to pay, and any effect on ability to continue doing business;

"(3) good faith in attempting to comply; and

"(4) other matters that justice requires."

Pub. L. 107–355, §8(d), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2994, required the Comptroller General to study the actions, policies, and procedures of the Secretary of Transportation for assessing and collecting fines and penalties on operators of hazardous liquid and gas transmission pipelines, and to report, not later than 1 year after Dec. 17, 2002, the results of the study to certain committees of Congress.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1) knowingly and willfully engages in an excavation activity—

(A) without first using an available one-call notification system to establish the location of underground facilities in the excavation area; or

(B) without paying attention to appropriate location information or markings the operator of a pipeline facility establishes; and

(2) subsequently damages—

(A) a pipeline facility that results in death, serious bodily harm, or actual damage to property of more than $50,000;

(B) a pipeline facility, and knows or has reason to know of the damage, but does not report the damage promptly to the operator of the pipeline facility and to other appropriate authorities; or

(C) a hazardous liquid pipeline facility that results in the release of more than 50 barrels of product.

Penalties under this subsection may be reduced in the case of a violation that is promptly reported by the violator.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1325; Pub. L. 104–304, §§14, 18(b)(1), Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3803, 3804; Pub. L. 107–56, title VIII, §§810(h), 811(k), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 381, 382; Pub. L. 107–355, §§3(c), 8(c), 21(4), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2986, 2994, 3010.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60123(a) | 49 App.:1679a(c)(1). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §11(c)(1); added Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §104(b), 93 Stat. 992; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §304(b), 106 Stat. 3308. |

49 App.:2007(c)(1). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §208(c)(1), (2), 93 Stat. 1010. | |

60123(b) | 49 App.:1679a(c)(2). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §11(c)(2); added Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §104(b), 93 Stat. 992. |

49 App.:2007(c)(2). | ||

60123(c) | 49 App.:1679a(c)(3). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §11(c)(3); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §107, 102 Stat. 2807. |

49 App.:2007(c)(3). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, 93 Stat. 989, §208(c)(3); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §206, 102 Stat. 2811. | |

60123(d) | 49 App.:1687(g). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §20(g); added Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §304(a), 106 Stat. 3307. |


In this section, the words "upon conviction . . . subject, for each offense, to" and "a term" are omitted as surplus.

In subsections (a)–(c), the words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "a fine of not more than $25,000" and "a fine of not more than $5,000" for consistency with title 18.

In subsection (a), the word "prescribed" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "including any order issued under section 1677(b) and 1679b(b) of this Appendix" in 49 App.:1679a(c)(1) and "including any order issued under section 2006(b) or 2008(b) of the Appendix" in 49 App.:2007(c)(1) are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the word "damaging" is substituted for "injures", and the word "damage" is substituted for "injure", for clarity.

**2002**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–355, §21(4), substituted "60114(b)" for "60114(c)".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–355, §8(c), substituted "gas pipeline facility, an" for "gas pipeline facility or" and inserted ", or either an intrastate gas pipeline facility or intrastate hazardous liquid pipeline facility that is used in interstate or foreign commerce or in any activity affecting interstate or foreign commerce" after "liquid pipeline facility".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–355, §3(c)(1), (4), struck out "knowingly and willfully" after "if the person" in introductory provisions and inserted concluding provisions.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 107–355, §3(c)(2), inserted "knowingly and willfully" before "engages".

Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 107–355, §3(c)(3), added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "a pipeline facility that does not report the damage promptly to the operator of the pipeline facility and to other appropriate authorities; or".

**2001**—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–56 struck out ", or attempting to damage or destroy," before "an interstate gas pipeline facility", inserted ", or attempting or conspiring to do such an act," before "shall be fined under title 18," and substituted "20 years, or both, and, if death results to any person, shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life." for "15 years, or both."

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–304, §18(b)(1), substituted ", 60118(a), or 60128" for "or 60118(a)".

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 104–304, §14, added subpar. (B) and redesignated former subpar. (B) as (C).

(a)

(1) a thorough compilation of the leak repairs, accidents, and casualties and a statement of cause when investigated and established by the National Transportation Safety Board.

(2) a list of applicable pipeline safety standards prescribed under this chapter including identification of standards prescribed during the year.

(3) a summary of the reasons for each waiver granted under section 60118(c) and (d) of this title.

(4) an evaluation of the degree of compliance with applicable safety standards, including a list of enforcement actions and compromises of alleged violations by location and company name.

(5) a summary of outstanding problems in carrying out this chapter, in order of priority.

(6) an analysis and evaluation of—

(A) research activities, including their policy implications, completed as a result of the United States Government and private sponsorship;

(B) technological progress in safety achieved; and

(C) a summary of each research and development project carried out with Federal and non-Federal entities pursuant to section 12 of the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002 and a review of how the project affects safety.

(7) a list, with a brief statement of the issues, of completed or pending judicial actions under this chapter.

(8) the extent to which technical information was distributed to the scientific community and consumer-oriented information was made available to the public.

(9) a compilation of certifications filed under section 60105 of this title that were—

(A) in effect; or

(B) rejected in any part by the Secretary and a summary of the reasons for each rejection.

(10) a compilation of agreements made under section 60106 of this title that were—

(A) in effect; or

(B) ended in any part by the Secretary and a summary of the reasons for ending each agreement.

(11) a description of the number and qualifications of State pipeline safety inspectors in each State for which a certification under section 60105 of this title or an agreement under section 60106 of this title is in effect and the number and qualifications of inspectors the Secretary recommends for that State.

(12) recommendations for legislation the Secretary considers necessary—

(A) to promote cooperation among the States in improving—

(i) gas pipeline safety; or

(ii) hazardous liquid pipeline safety programs; and

(B) to strengthen the national gas pipeline safety program.

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1326; Pub. L. 104–66, title I, §1121(l), Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 724; Pub. L. 104–304, §15(a), Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3803; Pub. L. 114–183, §22(b)(1), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 529.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60124(a) | 49 App.:1683(a). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §16(a), 82 Stat. 728; Oct. 11, 1976, Pub. L. 94–477, §7, 90 Stat. 2075; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§104(b), 107, 109(l), (m), 93 Stat. 992, 995, 997; Oct. 11, 1984, Pub. L. 98–464, §3(a), 98 Stat. 1821; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §110(b), 106 Stat. 3295. |

49 App.:1683(b). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §16(b), 82 Stat. 728; Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §104(b), 93 Stat. 992. | |

49 App.:2012(a). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §213(a), 93 Stat. 1013; Oct. 11, 1984, Pub. L. 98–464, §3(b), 98 Stat. 1821; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §209(b), 106 Stat. 3304. | |

49 App.:2012(b). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §213(b), (c), 93 Stat. 1014. | |

60124(b) | 49 App.:2012(c). |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "prepare and" and "comprehensive" are omitted as surplus. The words "the following information" are added for clarity. The words "about the prior year" are substituted for "occurring in such year", "established or in effect in such year", "during such year", and "during the preceding calendar year" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (2), the word "Federal" is omitted as surplus. The word "prescribed" is substituted for "established or in effect" and "established" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code and to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "newly" is omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the words "for the transportation of gas and pipeline facilities" in 49 App.:1683(a)(4) and "for the transportation of hazardous liquids and pipeline facilities" in 49 App.:2012(a)(4) are omitted because of the restatement. In clause (5), the words "in carrying out" are substituted for "confronting the administration of" for consistency. In clause (9), before subclause (A), the words "by State agencies (including municipalities)" are omitted as surplus. In clauses (9)(B) and (10)(B), the words "in any part" are added for clarity. In clause (10), before subclause (A), the words "with State agencies (including municipalities)" are omitted as surplus. In clause (12), before subclause (A), the word "additional" is omitted as surplus. In subclause (A), the word "several" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "annual" and "the report requirements of" are omitted as surplus.

Section 12 of the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002, referred to in subsec. (a)(6)(C), is section 12 of Pub. L. 107–355, which is set out as a note under section 60101 of this title.

**2016**—Subsec. (a)(6)(C). Pub. L. 114–183 added subpar. (C).

**1996**—Pub. L. 104–304, §15(a)(1), substituted "Biennial" for "Annual" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–304, §15(a)(2), inserted first sentence and struck out former first sentence which read as follows: "The Secretary of Transportation shall submit to Congress not later than August 15 of each odd-numbered year a report on carrying out this chapter for the prior calendar year for gas and a report on carrying out this chapter for the prior calendar year for hazardous liquid."

**1995**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–66 substituted "of each odd-numbered year" for "of each year" in first sentence of introductory provisions.

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions of law requiring submittal to Congress of any annual, semiannual, or other regular periodic report listed in House Document No. 103–7 (in which the 7th and 9th items on page 135 identify reporting provisions which, as subsequently amended, are contained in this section), see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

(a)

(1)

(A) $156,400,000 for fiscal year 2021, of which—

(i) $9,000,000 shall be used to carry out section 12 of the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002 (49 U.S.C. 60101 note; Public Law 107–355); and

(ii) $63,000,000 shall be used for making grants;

(B) $158,500,000 for fiscal year 2022, of which—

(i) $9,000,000 shall be used to carry out section 12 of the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002 (49 U.S.C. 60101 note; Public Law 107–355); and

(ii) $66,000,000 shall be used for making grants; and

(C) $162,700,000 for fiscal year 2023, of which—

(i) $9,000,000 shall be used to carry out section 12 of the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002 (49 U.S.C. 60101 note; Public Law 107–355); and

(ii) $69,000,000 shall be used for making grants.

(2)

(A) $27,000,000 for fiscal year 2021, of which—

(i) $3,000,000 shall be used to carry out section 12 of the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002 (49 U.S.C. 60101 note; Public Law 107–355); and

(ii) $11,000,000 shall be used for making grants;

(B) $27,650,000 for fiscal year 2022, of which—

(i) $3,000,000 shall be used to carry out section 12 of the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002 (49 U.S.C. 60101 note; Public Law 107–355); and

(ii) $12,000,000 shall be used for making grants; and

(C) $28,700,000 for fiscal year 2023, of which—

(i) $3,000,000 shall be used to carry out section 12 of the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002 (49 U.S.C. 60101 note; Public Law 107–355); and

(ii) $13,000,000 shall be used for making grants.

(3)

(4)

(A) $1,520,000 to carry out section 102(b)(1) of the PIPES Act of 2020, of which—

(i) $1,292,000 shall be from amounts made available under paragraph (1)(A); and

(ii) $228,000 shall be from amounts made available under paragraph (2)(A);

(B) $2,300,000 to carry out section 102(b)(2)(A) of the PIPES Act of 2020, of which—

(i) $1,955,000 shall be from amounts made available under paragraph (1)(A); and

(ii) $345,000 shall be from amounts made available under paragraph (2)(A);

(C) $1,600,000 to carry out section 102(b)(2)(B) of the PIPES Act of 2020, of which—

(i) $1,360,000 shall be from amounts made available under paragraph (1)(B); and

(ii) $240,000 shall be from amounts made available under paragraph (2)(B);

(D) $1,800,000 to carry out section 102(b)(2)(C) of the PIPES Act of 2020, of which—

(i) $1,530,000 shall be from amounts made available under paragraph (1)(C); and

(ii) $270,000 shall be from amounts made available under paragraph (2)(C);

(E) $2,455,000 to carry out section 102(c) of the PIPES Act of 2020 in fiscal year 2021, of which—

(i) $2,086,750 shall be from amounts made available under paragraph (1)(A); and

(ii) $368,250 shall be from amounts made available under paragraph (2)(A);

(F) $2,455,000 to carry out section 102(c) of the PIPES Act of 2020 in fiscal year 2022, of which—

(i) $2,086,750 shall be from amounts made available under paragraph (1)(B); and

(ii) $368,250 shall be from amounts made available under paragraph (2)(B); and

(G) $2,455,000 to carry out section 102(c) of the PIPES Act of 2020 in fiscal year 2023, of which—

(i) $2,086,750 shall be from amounts made available under paragraph (1)(C); and

(ii) $368,250 shall be from amounts made available under paragraph (2)(C).

(b)

(1)

(2)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1327; Pub. L. 104–304, §21, Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3805; Pub. L. 107–355, §22, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 3010; Pub. L. 109–468, §18(a)–(c), Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3497, 3498; Pub. L. 112–90, §32(a), (b), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1922; Pub. L. 114–183, §2(a), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 514; Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §101(a), (d), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2211, 2213.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60125(a) | 49 App.:1684(a) (1st sentence). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, §17(a), 82 Stat. 729; Aug. 22, 1972, Pub. L. 92–401, §4, 86 Stat. 616; Aug. 30, 1974, Pub. L. 93–403, §3, 88 Stat. 802; Oct. 11, 1976, Pub. L. 94–477, §2(1), 90 Stat. 2073; restated Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §§104(b), 108, 93 Stat. 992, 996; Oct. 11, 1984, Pub. L. 98–464, §1(a), 98 Stat. 1821; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §§7001, 7002(b)(4), 100 Stat. 139; Oct. 22, 1986, Pub. L. 99–516, §1(a), 100 Stat. 2965; Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §§110, 303(b)(2), 102 Stat. 2809, 2816; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §114, 106 Stat. 3296. |

60125(b) | 49 App.:2013(a) (1st sentence). | Nov. 30, 1979, Pub. L. 96–129, §214(a), 93 Stat. 1014; Oct. 11, 1984, Pub. L. 98–464, §2(a), 98 Stat. 1821; Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §§7002(b)(3), 7004, 100 Stat. 139, 140; Oct. 22, 1986, Pub. L. 99–516, §2, 100 Stat. 2965; Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §210, 102 Stat. 2812; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §214, 106 Stat. 3305. |

60125(c)(1) | 49 App.:1684(c). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §17(c); added Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §7002(a), 100 Stat. 139; Oct. 22, 1986, Pub. L. 99–516, §1(b), 100 Stat. 2965; Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §301(a), 102 Stat. 2813; Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102–508, §301, 106 Stat. 3307. |

60125(c)(2), (3) | 49 App.:1684(d). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §17(d); added Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §7002(a), 100 Stat. 139; Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §301(b), 102 Stat. 2813. |

60125(d) | 49 App.:1687(f). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §20(f); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §303(a), 102 Stat. 2816. |

60125(e) | 49 App.:1684(a) (2d, last sentences). | |

49 App.:2013(a) (last sentence). | ||

60125(f) | 49 App.:1684(e). | Aug. 12, 1968, Pub. L. 90–481, 82 Stat. 720, §17(e); added Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §301(c), 102 Stat. 2814. |


In this section, references to fiscal years ending September 30, 1980, 1981, and 1985–1992, are omitted as expired.

In subsection (a), the words "(except sections 60107 and 60114(b))" are substituted for "(other than provisions for which funds are authorized to be appropriated under subsection . . . (c) of this section or section 1687 of this Appendix)" to eliminate unnecessary words. The reference to subsection (b) is omitted as obsolete.

In subsection (b), the words "(except sections 60107" are substituted for "(other than provisions for which funds are authorized to be appropriated under . . . section 1684(c) of this Appendix)" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "subsection (b) of this section or" are omitted as obsolete. The reference to section 60114(b) of the revised title is added for clarity.

In subsection (c)(1) and (2), the words "the Federal grants-in-aid provisions of" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c)(3), the words "the amount of" are omitted as surplus. The word "program" is added for consistency in this chapter. The words "made to a State" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (e), the text of 49 App.:1684(a) (last sentence) is omitted as expired.

In subsection (f)(5), the words "made available" are omitted as surplus.

Section 9509(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is classified to section 9509(a) of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Section 102 of the PIPES Act of 2020, referred to in subsec. (a)(4), is section 102 of div. R of Pub. L. 116–260, which is set out as a note under section 60101 of this title.

**2020**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 116–260, §101(a), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a) which authorized appropriations for fiscal years 2016 to 2019 to carry out provisions related to gas and hazardous liquid from fees collected under section 60301 in par. (1), from the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund in par. (2), and from fees collected under section 60302 in par. (3).

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 116–260, §101(d), substituted "fiscal years 2021 through 2023" for "fiscal years 2012 through 2015".

**2016**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–183, §2(a)(1), substituted "there is authorized to be appropriated to the Department of Transportation from fees collected under section 60301—" for "there is authorized to be appropriated to the Department of Transportation for each of fiscal years 2012 through 2015, from fees collected under section 60301, $90,679,000, of which $4,746,000 is for carrying out such section 12 and $36,194,000 is for making grants." and added subpars. (A) to (D).

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 114–183, §2(a)(2), substituted "there is authorized to be appropriated from the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund to carry out the provisions of this chapter related to hazardous liquid and section 12 of the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002 (49 U.S.C. 60101 note; Public Law 107–355)—" for "there is authorized to be appropriated for each of fiscal years 2012 through 2015 from the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund to carry out the provisions of this chapter related to hazardous liquid and section 12 of the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002 (49 U.S.C. 60101 note; Public Law 107–355), $18,573,000, of which $2,174,000 is for carrying out such section 12 and $4,558,000 is for making grants." and added subpars. (A) to (D).

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 114–183, §2(a)(3), added par. (3).

**2012**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–90, §32(a), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) authorized appropriations and trust fund amounts for gas and hazardous liquid transportation for fiscal years 2007 through 2010.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 112–90, §32(b), substituted "2012 through 2015" for "2007 through 2010".

**2006**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–468, §18(a), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) authorized appropriations for gas and hazardous liquid transportation for fiscal years 2003 through 2006.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–468, §18(b), redesignated subsec. (d) as (b) and struck out former subsec. (b) which limited appropriation amounts for fiscal years 2003 through 2006 to carry out section 60107 of this title.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 109–468, §18(c)(1), inserted at end "To the extent that such grants are used to train emergency responders, such training shall ensure that emergency responders have the ability to protect nearby persons, property, and the environment from the effects of accidents or incidents involving gas or hazardous liquid pipelines, in accordance with existing regulations."

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 109–468, §18(c)(2), substituted "$10,000,000" for "$6,000,000" and "2007 through 2010" for "2003 through 2006".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–468, §18(b), redesignated subsec. (e) as (c) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (c). Text read as follows: "Of the amounts available in the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, $8,000,000 shall be transferred to the Secretary of Transportation, as provided in appropriation Acts, to carry out programs authorized in this chapter for each of fiscal years 2003 through 2006."

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 109–468, §18(b), redesignated subsecs. (d) and (e) as (b) and (c), respectively.

**2002**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–355, §22(a), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "To carry out this chapter (except for sections 60107 and 60114(b)) related to gas and hazardous liquid, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Department of Transportation—

"(1) $19,448,000 for fiscal year 1996;

"(2) $20,028,000 for fiscal year 1997, of which $14,600,000 is to be derived from user fees for fiscal year 1997 collected under section 60301 of this title;

"(3) $20,729,000 for fiscal year 1998, of which $15,100,000 is to be derived from user fees for fiscal year 1998 collected under section 60301 of this title;

"(4) $21,442,000 for fiscal year 1999, of which $15,700,000 is to be derived from user fees for fiscal year 1999 collected under section 60301 of this title; and

"(5) $22,194,000 for fiscal year 2000, of which $16,300,000 is to be derived from user fees for fiscal year 2000 collected under section 60301 of this title."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–355, §22(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (c) as (b) and struck out former subsec. (b) which read as follows:

"(b)

"(1) $1,728,500 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993.

"(2) $1,866,800 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1994.

"(3) $2,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1995."

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 107–355, §22(b)(2), added subpars. (A) to (D) and struck out former subpars. (A) to (H) which read as follows:

"(A) $7,750,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993.

"(B) $9,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1994.

"(C) $10,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1995.

"(D) $12,000,000 for fiscal year 1996.

"(E) $14,000,000 for fiscal year 1997, of which $12,500,000 is to be derived from user fees for fiscal year 1997 collected under section 60301 of this title.

"(F) $14,490,000 for fiscal year 1998, of which $12,900,000 is to be derived from user fees for fiscal year 1998 collected under section 60301 of this title.

"(G) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1999, of which $13,300,000 is to be derived from user fees for fiscal year 1999 collected under section 60301 of this title.

"(H) $15,524,000 for fiscal year 2000, of which $13,700,000 is to be derived from user fees for fiscal year 2000 collected under section 60301 of this title."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–355, §22(c), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (b).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–355, §22(b)(1), (c), added subsec. (d) and struck out former subsec. (d) which read as follows:

"(d)

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 107–355, §22(d), struck out "or (b) of this section" after "under subsection (a)".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 107–355, §22(b)(1), struck out subsec. (f) which read as follows:

"(f)

"(2) A grant under this subsection is available to a State that after December 31, 1987—

"(A) undertakes a new responsibility under section 60105 of this title; or

"(B) implements a one-call damage prevention program established under State law.

"(3) This subsection does not authorize a State to receive more than 50 percent of its allowable pipeline safety costs from a grant under this chapter.

"(4) A State may receive not more than $75,000 under this subsection.

"(5) Amounts under this subsection remain available until expended."

**1996**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–304, §21(a)(1), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a) which read as follows:

"(a)

"(1) $6,857,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1993.

"(2) $7,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1994.

"(3) $7,500,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1995."

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 104–304, §21(b), added subpars. (D) to (H).

(a)

(1)

(A) to demonstrate, through the voluntary participation by owners and operators of gas pipeline facilities and hazardous liquid pipeline facilities, the application of risk management; and

(B) to evaluate the safety and cost-effectiveness of the program.

(2)

(A) may exempt an owner or operator of the pipeline facility covered under the project (referred to in this subsection as a "covered pipeline facility"), from the applicability of all or a portion of the requirements under this chapter that would otherwise apply to the covered pipeline facility; and

(B) shall exempt, for the period of the project, an owner or operator of the covered pipeline facility, from the applicability of any new standard that the Secretary promulgates under this chapter during the period of that participation, with respect to the covered facility.

(b)

(1) invite owners and operators of pipeline facilities to submit risk management plans for timely approval by the Secretary;

(2) require, as a condition of approval, that a risk management plan submitted under this subsection contain measures that are designed to achieve an equivalent or greater overall level of safety than would otherwise be achieved through compliance with the standards contained in this chapter or promulgated by the Secretary under this chapter;

(3) provide for—

(A) collaborative government and industry training;

(B) methods to measure the safety performance of risk management plans;

(C) the development and application of new technologies;

(D) the promotion of community awareness concerning how the overall level of safety will be maintained or enhanced by the demonstration project;

(E) the development of models that categorize the risks inherent to each covered pipeline facility, taking into consideration the location, volume, pressure, and material transported or stored by that pipeline facility;

(F) the application of risk assessment and risk management methodologies that are suitable to the inherent risks that are determined to exist through the use of models developed under subparagraph (E);

(G) the development of project elements that are necessary to ensure that—

(i) the owners and operators that participate in the demonstration project demonstrate that they are effectively managing the risks referred to in subparagraph (E); and

(ii) the risk management plans carried out under the demonstration project under this subsection can be audited;

(H) a process whereby an owner or operator of a pipeline facility is able to terminate a risk management plan or, with the approval of the Secretary, to amend, modify, or otherwise adjust a risk management plan referred to in paragraph (1) that has been approved by the Secretary pursuant to that paragraph to respond to—

(i) changed circumstances; or

(ii) a determination by the Secretary that the owner or operator is not achieving an overall level of safety that is at least equivalent to the level that would otherwise be achieved through compliance with the standards contained in this chapter or promulgated by the Secretary under this chapter;

(I) such other elements as the Secretary, with the agreement of the owners and operators that participate in the demonstration project under this section, determines to further the purposes of this section; and

(J) an opportunity for public comment in the approval process; and

(4) in selecting participants for the demonstration project, take into consideration the past safety and regulatory performance of each applicant who submits a risk management plan pursuant to paragraph (1).

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1) an evaluation of each such demonstration project, including an evaluation of the performance of each participant in that project with respect to safety and environmental protection; and

(2) recommendations concerning whether the applications of risk management demonstrated under the demonstration project should be incorporated into the Federal pipeline safety program under this chapter on a permanent basis.

(Added Pub. L. 104–304, §5(a), Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3798.)

General references to "this title" deemed to refer also to chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs, see section 4(d)(8) of Pub. L. 111–314, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1) to determine effective practices to limit encroachment on existing pipeline rights-of-way;

(2) to address and prevent the hazards and risks to the public, pipeline workers, and the environment associated with encroachment on pipeline rights-of-way;

(3) to raise the awareness of the risks and hazards of encroachment on pipeline rights-of-way; and

(4) to address how to best preserve environmental resources in conjunction with maintaining pipeline rights-of-way, recognizing pipeline operators' regulatory obligations to maintain rights-of-way and to protect public safety.

(c)

(1) The legal authority of Federal agencies and State and local governments in controlling land use and the limitations on such authority.

(2) The current practices of Federal agencies and State and local governments in addressing land use issues involving a pipeline easement.

(3) The most effective way to encourage Federal agencies and State and local governments to monitor and reduce encroachment upon pipeline rights-of-way.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) Congress and appropriate Federal agencies; and

(B) States for further distribution to appropriate local authorities.

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 104–304, §16(a), Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3803; amended Pub. L. 107–355, §11(a), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2996.)

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 107–355, which was approved Dec. 17, 2002.

**2002**—Pub. L. 107–355 substituted "Population encroachment and rights-of-way" for "Population encroachment" in section catchline and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(a)

"(b)

"(1) evaluate the recommendations in the report referred to in subsection (a);

"(2) determine to what extent the recommendations are being implemented;

"(3) consider ways to improve the implementation of the recommendations; and

"(4) consider other initiatives to further improve awareness of local planning and zoning entities regarding issues involved with population encroachment in proximity to the rights-of-way of any interstate gas pipeline facility or interstate hazardous liquid pipeline facility."

(a)

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 104–304, §18(a), Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3804.)

(a)

(1)

(A) provided, caused to be provided, or is about to provide or cause to be provided, to the employer or the Federal Government information relating to any violation or alleged violation of any order, regulation, or standard under this chapter or any other Federal law relating to pipeline safety;

(B) refused to engage in any practice made unlawful by this chapter or any other Federal law relating to pipeline safety, if the employee has identified the alleged illegality to the employer;

(C) provided, caused to be provided, or is about to provide or cause to be provided, testimony before Congress or at any Federal or State proceeding regarding any provision (or proposed provision) of this chapter or any other Federal law relating to pipeline safety;

(D) commenced, caused to be commenced, or is about to commence or cause to be commenced a proceeding under this chapter or any other Federal law relating to pipeline safety, or a proceeding for the administration or enforcement of any requirement imposed under this chapter or any other Federal law relating to pipeline safety;

(E) provided, caused to be provided, or is about to provide or cause to be provided, testimony in any proceeding described in subparagraph (D); or

(F) assisted or participated or is about to assist or participate in any manner in such a proceeding or in any other manner in such a proceeding or in any other action to carry out the purposes of this chapter or any other Federal law relating to pipeline safety.

(2)

(A) a person owning or operating a pipeline facility; or

(B) a contractor or subcontractor of such a person.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) take affirmative action to abate the violation;

(ii) reinstate the complainant to his or her former position together with the compensation (including back pay) and restore the terms, conditions, and privileges associated with his or her employment; and

(iii) provide compensatory damages to the complainant.

If such an order is issued under this paragraph, the Secretary of Labor, at the request of the complainant, shall assess against the person or persons against whom the order is issued a sum equal to the aggregate amount of all costs and expenses (including attorney's and expert witness fees) reasonably incurred, as determined by the Secretary of Labor, by the complainant for, or in connection with, the bringing the complaint upon which the order was issued.

(C)

(D)

(i)

(ii)

(4)

(A)

(B)

(5)

(6)

(A)

(B)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 107–355, §6(a), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2989; amended Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §116, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2233.)

**2020**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 116–260, §116(1), substituted "current or former employee with" for "employee with" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(3)(D). Pub. L. 116–260, §116(2), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 116–260, §116(3), added subsec. (e).

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(A) the technical findings made possible by the grants are made available to the relevant operators; and

(B) open communication between the grant recipients, local operators, local communities, and other interested parties is encouraged.

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) is a public safety advocate;

(B) has pipeline safety expertise;

(C) is able to provide individuals and communities with technical assistance; and

(D) was established with funds designated for the purpose of community service through the implementation of section 3553 of title 18 relating to violations of this chapter.

(Added Pub. L. 107–355, §9(a), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2994; amended Pub. L. 109–468, §5, Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3490; Pub. L. 112–90, §32(e), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1923; Pub. L. 113–188, title XV, §1501(c), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2024; Pub. L. 114–183, §§2(d), 20(a), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 516, 527; Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §101(e), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2213.)

Public Law 93–153, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is Pub. L. 93–153, Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 576. Title II of the Act, known as the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act, is classified generally to chapter 34 (§1651 et seq.) of Title 43, Public Lands. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1651 of Title 43 and Tables.

Section 2(b) of the PIPES Act of 2016, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), is section 2(b) of Pub. L. 114–183, June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 515, which is not classified to the Code.

**2020**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 116–260, §101(e)(1)(A), substituted "to local communities, Indian Tribes, and groups of individuals (not including for-profit entities)" for "to local communities and groups of individuals (not including for-profit entities)" in first sentence and "Except as provided in subsection (c)(2), the amount" for "The amount" in third sentence.

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 116–260, §101(e)(1)(B), struck out par. (4). Text read as follows: "In this subsection, the term 'technical assistance' means engineering and other scientific analysis of pipeline safety issues, including the promotion of public participation on technical pipeline safety issues in official proceedings conducted under this chapter."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 116–260, §101(e)(2), added subsec. (c) and struck out former subsec. (c). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Of the amounts made available under section 2(b) of the PIPES Act of 2016, the Secretary shall expend $1,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2016 through 2019 to carry out this section. Such amounts shall not be derived from user fees collected under section 60301."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 116–260, §101(e)(3), added subsec. (d).

**2016**—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 114–183, §20(a), inserted "on technical pipeline safety issues" after "public participation".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–183, §2(d), substituted "Of the amounts made available under section 2(b) of the PIPES Act of 2016, the Secretary shall expend $1,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2016 through 2019 to carry out this section." for "There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Transportation for carrying out this section $1,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2012 through 2015."

**2014**—Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 113–188 redesignated subsec. (d) as (c) and struck out former subsec. (c) which required annual reports on grants made under this section.

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 112–90, §32(e)(1), substituted "$100,000" for "$50,000".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 112–90, §32(e)(2), inserted "to grant recipients and their contractors" after "this section" and ", for direct advocacy for or against a pipeline construction or expansion project," after "for lobbying".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–90, §32(e)(3), substituted "$1,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2012 through 2015" for "$1,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2003 through 2010".

**2006**—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–468, §5(1), substituted "No grants may be awarded under section 60114(g) until the Secretary has established competitive" for "The Secretary shall establish competitive".

Subsec. (a)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 109–468, §5(2), (3), added pars. (2) and (3) and redesignated former par. (2) as (4).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–468, §5(4), substituted "2010" for "2006".

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) The establishment of methods for evaluating the acceptability of the qualifications of individuals described in subsection (a).

(B) A requirement that pipeline operators develop and implement written plans and procedures to qualify individuals described in subsection (a) to a level found acceptable using the methods established under subparagraph (A) and evaluate the abilities of individuals described in subsection (a) according to such methods.

(C) A requirement that the plans and procedures adopted by a pipeline operator under subparagraph (B) be reviewed and verified under subsection (e).

(c)

(d)

(1) A method for examining or testing the qualifications of individuals described in subsection (a). The method may include written examination, oral examination, observation during on-the-job performance, on-the-job training, simulations, and other forms of assessment. The method may not be limited to observation of on-the-job performance, except with respect to tasks for which the Secretary has determined that such observation is the best method of examining or testing qualifications. The Secretary shall ensure that the results of any such observations are documented in writing.

(2) A requirement that the operator complete the qualification of all individuals described in subsection (a) not later than 18 months after the date of adoption of the qualification program.

(3) A periodic requalification component that provides for examination or testing of individuals in accordance with paragraph (1).

(4) A program to provide training, as appropriate, to ensure that individuals performing covered tasks have the necessary knowledge and skills to perform the tasks in a manner that ensures the safe operation of pipeline facilities.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(f)

(g)

(1) with respect to a gas pipeline facility, has the meaning such term has under section 192.801 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, including any subsequent modifications; and

(2) with respect to a hazardous liquid pipeline facility, has the meaning such term has under section 195.501 of such title, including any subsequent modifications.

(h)

(Added Pub. L. 107–355, §13(a)(1), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2999.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsecs. (b)(1), (c), (e)(2), (6), and (h), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 107–355, which was approved Dec. 17, 2002.

Pub. L. 107–355, §13(b), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 3001, provided that:

"(1)

"(A) develop tests and other requirements for certifying the qualifications of individuals who operate computer-based systems for controlling the operations of pipelines; and

"(B) establish and carry out a pilot program for 3 pipeline facilities under which the individuals operating computer-based systems for controlling the operations of pipelines at such facilities are required to be certified under the process established under subparagraph (A).

"(2)

"(A) a description of the pilot program and implementation of the pilot program at each of the 3 pipeline facilities;

"(B) an evaluation of the pilot program, including the effectiveness of the process for certifying individuals who operate computer-based systems for controlling the operations of pipelines;

"(C) any recommendations of the Secretary for requiring the certification of all individuals who operate computer-based systems for controlling the operations of pipelines; and

"(D) an assessment of the ramifications of requiring the certification of other individuals performing safety-sensitive functions for a pipeline facility.

"(3)

(a)

(1) Geospatial data appropriate for use in the National Pipeline Mapping System or data in a format that can be readily converted to geospatial data.

(2) The name and address of the person with primary operational control to be identified as its operator for purposes of this chapter.

(3) A means for a member of the public to contact the operator for additional information about the pipeline facilities it operates.

(4) Any other geospatial or technical data, including design and material specifications, that the Secretary determines are necessary to carry out the purposes of this section. The Secretary shall give reasonable notice to operators that the data are being requested.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1) maintain, as part of the National Pipeline Mapping System, a map of designated high-consequence areas (as described in section 60109(a)) in which pipelines are required to meet integrity management program regulations, excluding any proprietary or sensitive security information; and

(2) update the map biennially.

(e)

(f)

(Added Pub. L. 107–355, §15(a), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 3005; amended Pub. L. 112–90, §§6(a), 11, Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1909, 1913.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 107–355, which was approved Dec. 17, 2002.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (e), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–90, which was approved Jan. 3, 2012.

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 112–90, §11(a), added par. (4).

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 112–90, §6(a), added subsecs. (d) and (e).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–90, §11(b), added subsec. (f).

Pub. L. 112–90, §6(b), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1910, provided that:

"(1)

"(2)

[Terms used in section 6(b) of Pub. L. 112–90, set out above, have the meaning given those terms in this chapter, see section 1(c)(1) of Pub. L. 112–90, set out as a note under section 60101 of this title.]

(a)

(1)

(2)

(A) The Secretary of Transportation.

(B) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.

(C) The Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

(D) The Assistant Administrator for Fisheries of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

(E) The Director of the Bureau of Land Management.

(F) The Director of the Minerals Management Service.

(G) The Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works.

(H) The Chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(b)

(c)

(1) to require a pipeline operator to obtain a Federal permit, if no Federal permit would otherwise have been required under Federal law; or

(2) to preempt applicable Federal, State, or local environmental law.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) allowing the operator to implement such measures would be consistent with the protection of human health, public safety, and the environment;

(B) the operator, with respect to a particular repair project, has applied for and is pursuing diligently and in good faith all required Federal, State, and local permits to carry out the project; and

(C) the proposed alternative mitigation measures are not incompatible with pipeline safety.

(e)

(f)

(Added Pub. L. 107–355, §16(a), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 3006.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1), (4) and (d)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 107–355, which was approved Dec. 17, 2002.

The Minerals Management Service was abolished and functions divided among the Office of Natural Resources Revenue, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, and the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. See Secretary of the Interior Orders No. 3299 of May 19, 2010, and No. 3302 of June 18, 2010, and chapters II, V, and XII of title 30, Code of Federal Regulations, as revised by final rules of the Department of the Interior at 75 F.R. 61051 and 76 F.R. 64432.

(a)

(1) has in effect an annual certification under section 60105 or an agreement under section 60106;

(2)(A) has in effect an effective damage prevention program that meets the requirements of subsection (b); or

(B) demonstrates that it has made substantial progress toward establishing such a program, and that such program will meet the requirements of subsection (b); and

(3) does not provide any exemptions to municipalities, State agencies, or their contractors from the one-call notification system requirements of the program.

(b)

(1) Participation by operators, excavators, and other stakeholders in the development and implementation of methods for establishing and maintaining effective communications between stakeholders from receipt of an excavation notification until successful completion of the excavation, as appropriate.

(2) A process for fostering and ensuring the support and partnership of stakeholders, including excavators, operators, locators, designers, and local government in all phases of the program.

(3) A process for reviewing the adequacy of a pipeline operator's internal performance measures regarding persons performing locating services and quality assurance programs.

(4) Participation by operators, excavators, and other stakeholders in the development and implementation of effective employee training programs to ensure that operators, the one-call center, the enforcing agency, and the excavators have partnered to design and implement training for the employees of operators, excavators, and locators.

(5) A process for fostering and ensuring active participation by all stakeholders in public education for damage prevention activities.

(6) A process for resolving disputes that defines the State authority's role as a partner and facilitator to resolve issues.

(7) Enforcement of State damage prevention laws and regulations for all aspects of the damage prevention process, including public education, and the use of civil penalties for violations assessable by the appropriate State authority.

(8) A process for fostering and promoting the use, by all appropriate stakeholders, of improving technologies that may enhance communications, underground pipeline locating capability, and gathering and analyzing information about the accuracy and effectiveness of locating programs.

(9) A process for review and analysis of the effectiveness of each program element, including a means for implementing improvements identified by such program reviews.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(Added Pub. L. 109–468, §2(b)(2), Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3487; amended Pub. L. 112–90, §§3(b), 32(d), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1906, 1923; Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §101(f), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2214.)

**2020**—Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 116–260 substituted "fiscal years 2021 through 2023" for "fiscal years 2012 through 2015".

**2012**—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 112–90, §3(b), added par. (3).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 112–90, §32(d), added subsec. (i).

Amendment by section 3(b) of Pub. L. 112–90 effective 2 years after Jan. 3, 2012, see section 3(c) of Pub. L. 112–90, set out as a note under section 6103 of this title.

(a)

(1) provide a monthly updated summary to the public of all gas and hazardous liquid pipeline enforcement actions taken by the Secretary or the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, from the time a notice commencing an enforcement action is issued until the enforcement action is final;

(2) include in each such summary identification of the operator involved in the enforcement activity, the type of alleged violation, the penalty or penalties proposed, any changes in case status since the previous summary, the final assessment amount of each penalty, and the reasons for a reduction in the proposed penalty, if appropriate; and

(3) provide a mechanism by which a pipeline operator named in an enforcement action may make information, explanations, or documents it believes are responsive to the enforcement action available to the public.

(b)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 109–468, §6(a), Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3491.)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 109–468, §8(a), Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3492.)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 109–468, §12(a), Dec. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 3494.)

(a)

(1) maintain on file a copy of the most recent response plan (as defined in part 194 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations) prepared by an owner or operator of a pipeline facility; and

(2) provide upon written request to a person a copy of the plan, which may exclude, as the Secretary determines appropriate—

(A) proprietary information;

(B) security-sensitive information, including information described in section 1520.5(a) of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations;

(C) specific response resources and tactical resource deployment plans; and

(D) the specific amount and location of worst case discharges (as defined in part 194 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations), including the process by which an owner or operator determines the worst case discharge.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 112–90, §6(c)(1), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1910.)

(a)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(c)

(1)

(A) require the owner or operator to reconfirm a maximum allowable operating pressure as expeditiously as economically feasible; and

(B) determine what actions are appropriate for the pipeline owner or operator to take to maintain safety until a maximum allowable operating pressure is confirmed.

(2)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) pressure testing; and

(B) other alternative methods, including in-line inspections, determined by the Secretary to be of equal or greater effectiveness.

(3)

(e)

(Added Pub. L. 112–90, §23(a), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1918.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1), (b)(1), and (d)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–90, which was approved Jan. 3, 2012.

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(Added Pub. L. 112–90, §28(a), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1920.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–90, which was approved Jan. 3, 2012.

(a)

(b)

(1) consider consensus standards for the operation, environmental protection, and integrity management of underground natural gas storage facilities;

(2) consider the economic impacts of the regulations on individual gas customers;

(3) ensure that the regulations do not have a significant economic impact on end users; and

(4) consider the recommendations of the Aliso Canyon natural gas leak task force established under section 31 of the PIPES Act of 2016.

(c)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A) to prescribe the location of an underground natural gas storage facility; or

(B) to require the Secretary's permission to construct a facility referred to in subparagraph (A).

(e)

(f)

(Added Pub. L. 114–183, §12(b), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 522.)

The date of enactment of the PIPES Act of 2016, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (d)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–183, which was approved June 22, 2016.

Section 31 of the PIPES Act of 2016, referred to in subsec. (b)(4), is section 31 of Pub. L. 114–183, June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 533, which is not classified to the Code.

(a)

(1) a natural gas pipeline facility; or

(2) a hazardous liquid pipeline facility.

(b)

(1)

(A) 5 percent of the total miles of hazardous liquid pipelines in the United States that are regulated by—

(i) the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration; or

(ii) a State authority under section 60105 or 60106; and

(B) 5 percent of the total miles of natural gas pipelines in the United States that are regulated by—

(i) the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration; or

(ii) a State authority under section 60105 or 60106.

(2)

(A) 38 percent of the total miles of pipelines in the system of the operator that are regulated by—

(i) the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration; or

(ii) a State authority under section 60105 or 60106; or

(B) 1,000 miles.

(3)

(A) a high population area (as defined in section 195.450 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation));

(B) a high consequence area (as defined in section 192.903 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation)); or

(C) an unusually sensitive area (as described under subsection (a)(1)(B)(ii) of section 60109 in accordance with subsection (b) of that section).

(4)

(A)

(B)

(i) the safety benefits of allowing the testing of hazardous liquid pipelines in high consequence areas (as defined in section 195.450 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation)); and

(ii) whether additional testing conditions are required to protect those areas while conducting a testing program established under subsection (a) in those areas.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(e)

(1) the accident and incident record of the owners or operators participating in the program;

(2)(A) whether the owners or operators participating in the program have a safety management system in place; and

(B) how the application of that system proposes to eliminate or mitigate potential safety and environmental risks throughout the duration of the program; and

(3) whether the proposed safety technology has been tested through a research and development program carried out by—

(A) the Secretary;

(B) collaborative research development organizations; or

(C) other institutions.

(f)

(1)

(2)

(g)

(1)(A) the participant has an accident or incident involving death or personal injury necessitating in-patient hospitalization; and

(B) the testing program is determined to be the cause of, or a contributing factor to, that accident or incident;

(2) the participant fails to comply with the terms and conditions of the testing program; or

(3) in the determination of the Secretary, continued participation in the testing program by the participant would be unsafe or would not be consistent with the goals and objectives of this chapter.

(h)

(i)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(3)

(j)

(1)

(2)

(A) publish the order in the Federal Register; and

(B) respond to each comment submitted under paragraph (1).

(k)

(1) the findings and conclusions of the Secretary with respect to the testing program; and

(2) any recommendations of the Secretary with respect to the testing program, including any recommendations for amendments to laws (including regulations) and the establishment of standards, that—

(A) would enhance the safe operation of interstate gas or hazardous liquid pipeline facilities; and

(B) are technically, operationally, and economically feasible.

(l)

(1) allow operators of interstate gas or hazardous liquid pipeline facilities to use the relevant technology or practice to the extent practicable; and

(2) establish technically, operationally, and economically feasible standards for the capability and deployment of the technology or practice.

(Added Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §104(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2216.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsecs. (b)(4)(A) and (c)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 116–260, which was approved Dec. 27, 2020.

(a)

(1)(A) has ceased normal operations; and

(B) will not resume service for a period of not less than 180 days;

(2) has been isolated from all sources of hazardous liquid, natural gas, or other gas; and

(3)(A) has been purged of combustibles and hazardous materials and maintains a blanket of inert, nonflammable gas at low pressure; or

(B) has not been purged as described in subparagraph (A), but the volume of gas is so small that there is no potential hazard, as determined by the Secretary pursuant to a rule.

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(i) inspected with—

(I) hydrostatic pressure testing;

(II) an internal inspection device; or

(III) if the use of hydrostatic pressure testing or an internal inspection device is not technologically feasible, another comparable technology or practice; and

(ii) in compliance with regulations promulgated under this chapter, including any regulations that became effective while the pipeline was idled.

(Added Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §109(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2223.)

The date of enactment of the PIPES Act of 2020, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is the date of enactment of div. R of Pub. L. 116–260, which was approved Dec. 27, 2020.


**2020**—Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §103(b), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2215, added item 60303.

**2016**—Pub. L. 114–183, §12(d)(2), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 524, added item 60302.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)(A) related to a gas pipeline facility may be used only for an activity related to gas under chapter 601 of this title; and

(B) related to a hazardous liquid pipeline facility may be used only for an activity related to hazardous liquid under chapter 601 of this title; and

(2) may be used only to the extent provided in advance in an appropriation law.

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1328.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60301(a) | 49 App.:1682a(a)(1), (d) (words after "subsection (a) of this section" and before "shall be sufficient"). | Apr. 7, 1986, Pub. L. 99–272, §7005, 100 Stat. 140. |

60301(b) | 49 App.:1682a(a)(3), (b). | |

60301(c) | 49 App.:1682a(a)(2). | |

60301(d) | 49 App.:1682a(c). | |

60301(e) | 49 App.:1682a(d) (less words after "subsection (a) of this section" and before "shall be sufficient"). |


In this section, the word "prescribe" is substituted for "establish" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a), the words "(hereafter in this section referred to as the 'Secretary')" and "appropriate" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "after September 30, 1985" are omitted as obsolete. The words "imposed on each person" are substituted for "assessed to the persons" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "the jurisdiction of" and "assess and" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (c), the words "the services of" are omitted as surplus. The words "department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government" are substituted for "Federal . . . agency or instrumentality" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (e), the words "by the Secretary" are omitted as surplus. The words "beginning on October 1, 1985" are omitted as executed.

For transfer of duties, powers, and authority of Research and Special Programs Administration under this chapter to the Administrator of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, see section 2(b) of Pub. L. 108–426, set out as a note under section 108 of this title.

Pub. L. 104–304, §17, Oct. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 3803, provided that, not later than 1 year after Oct. 12, 1996, the Secretary of Transportation, after considering a wide range of assessment factors and suggestions and comments from the public, would transmit to Congress a report assessing pipeline safety user fees solely on the basis of mileage to determine whether that measure of the resources of the Department of Transportation was the most appropriate measure of the resources used by the Department or another basis of assessment would be more appropriate.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(1)

(2)

(A) shall be deposited in the Underground Natural Gas Storage Facility Safety Account; and

(B) if the fee is related to an underground natural gas storage facility subject to section 60141, the amount of the fee may be used only for an activity related to underground natural gas storage facility safety.

(3)

(Added Pub. L. 114–183, §12(c), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 523.)

(a)

(1)

(2)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) use a department, agency, or instrumentality of the Federal Government or of a State or local government to collect fees under this section; and

(B) reimburse that department, agency, or instrumentality a reasonable amount for the services provided.

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 116–260, div. R, title I, §103(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2215.)


Except as provided in section 60502 of this title, the Secretary of Energy has the duties and powers related to the transportation of oil by pipeline that were vested on October 1, 1977, in the Interstate Commerce Commission or the chairman or a member of the Commission.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1329.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60501 | 42:7155. | Aug. 4, 1977, Pub. L. 95–91, §306, 91 Stat. 581. |

49:101 (note prec.). | Oct. 17, 1978, Pub. L. 95–473, §4(c)(1)(A), (2) (related to §306 of Department of Energy Organization Act), 92 Stat. 1470. |


The words "duties and powers . . . that were vested . . . in" are coextensive with, and substituted for, "transferred . . . such functions set forth in the Interstate Commerce Act and vested by law in" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "on October 1, 1977" are added to reflect the effective date of the transfer of the duties and powers to the Secretary of Energy.

Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, to Surface Transportation Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 1302 of this title, and section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title. References to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has the duties and powers related to the establishment of a rate or charge for the transportation of oil by pipeline or the valuation of that pipeline that were vested on October 1, 1977, in the Interstate Commerce Commission or an officer or component of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1329.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60502 | 42:7172(b). | Aug. 4, 1977, Pub. L. 95–91, §402(b), 91 Stat. 584. |

49:101 (note prec.). | Oct. 17, 1978, Pub. L. 95–473, §4(c)(1)(B), (2) (related to §402(b) of Department of Energy Organization Act), 92 Stat. 1470. |


The words "duties and powers . . . that were vested . . . in" are coextensive with, and substituted for, "transferred to, and vested in . . . all functions and authority of" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "regulatory" is omitted as surplus. The words "on October 1, 1977" are added to reflect the effective date of the transfer of the duties and powers to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.

Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 104–88, to Surface Transportation Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 1302 of this title, and section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title. References to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a note under section 1301 of this title.

The enactment of the Act of October 17, 1978 (Public Law 95–473, 92 Stat. 1337), the Act of January 12, 1983 (Public Law 97–449, 96 Stat. 2413), and the Act enacting this section does not repeal, and has no substantive effect on, any right, obligation, liability, or remedy of an oil pipeline, including a right, obligation, liability, or remedy arising under the Interstate Commerce Act or the Act of August 29, 1916 (known as the Pomerene Bills of Lading Act), before any department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government, an officer or employee of the Government, or a court of competent jurisdiction.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1329.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

60503 | 49:101 (note prec.). | Oct. 31, 1988, Pub. L. 100–561, §308, 102 Stat. 2817. |


The words "the Act of January 12, 1983 (Public Law 97–449, 96 Stat. 2413), and the Act enacting this section" are added for clarity. The words "department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government" are substituted for "Federal department or agency", and the words "officer or employee" are substituted for "official", for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

Act of October 17, 1978, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 95–473, Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1337, the first section of which enacted subtitle IV of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

Act of January 12, 1983, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 97–449, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2413, the first section of which enacted subtitles I and II of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

The Act enacting this section, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 103–272, July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 745, the first section of which enacted subtitles II, III, and V to X of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

The Interstate Commerce Act, referred to in text, is act Feb. 4, 1887, ch. 104, 24 Stat. 379, which was classified to chapters 1 (§1 et seq.), 8 (§301 et seq.), 12 (§901 et seq.), 13 (§1001 et seq.), and 19 (1231 et seq.) of former Title 49, Transportation. The Act was repealed by Pub. L. 95–473, §4(b), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1467, the first section of which enacted subtitle IV (§10101 et seq.) of Title 49, Transportation. For disposition of sections of former Title 49, see Table at the beginning of Title 49.

Act of August 29, 1916, referred to in text, is act Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, 39 Stat. 538, known as the Pomerene Bills of Lading Act, which was classified generally to chapter 4 (§81 et seq.) of former Title 49, and was repealed by Pub. L. 103–272, §7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379, and reenacted by the first section thereof as chapter 801 of this title.


A prior subtitle IX, consisting of chapters 701 and 703, related to commercial space transportation, prior to being transferred and renumbered as chapters 509 and 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs.


A prior chapter 701, consisting of sections 70101 to 70121, related to commercial space launch activities, prior to being transferred and renumbered as chapter 509 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs.

(a)

(b)

(1) to identify infrastructure improvements, policies, and operational innovations that—

(A) strengthen the contribution of the National Multimodal Freight Network to the economic competitiveness of the United States;

(B) reduce congestion and eliminate bottlenecks on the National Multimodal Freight Network; and

(C) increase productivity, particularly for domestic industries and businesses that create high-value jobs;

(2) to improve the safety, security, efficiency, and resiliency of multimodal freight transportation;

(3) to achieve and maintain a state of good repair on the National Multimodal Freight Network;

(4) to use innovation and advanced technology to improve the safety, efficiency, and reliability of the National Multimodal Freight Network;

(5) to improve the economic efficiency and productivity of the National Multimodal Freight Network;

(6) to improve the reliability of freight transportation;

(7) to improve the short- and long-distance movement of goods that—

(A) travel across rural areas between population centers;

(B) travel between rural areas and population centers; and

(C) travel from the Nation's ports, airports, and gateways to the National Multimodal Freight Network;

(8) to improve the flexibility of States to support multi-State corridor planning and the creation of multi-State organizations to increase the ability of States to address multimodal freight connectivity;

(9) to reduce the adverse environmental impacts of freight movement on the National Multimodal Freight Network; and

(10) to pursue the goals described in this subsection in a manner that is not burdensome to State and local governments.

(c)

(1) carry out sections 70102 and 70103;

(2) assist with the coordination of modal freight planning; and

(3) identify interagency data sharing opportunities to promote freight planning and coordination.

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VIII, §8001(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1605; amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21101(d)(1), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 656.)

A prior section 70101 was transferred and renumbered as section 50901 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs.

**2021**—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–58 substituted "Assistant Secretary for Multimodal Freight" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy" in introductory provisions.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(1) develop a national freight strategic plan in accordance with this section; and

(2) publish the plan on the public Internet Web site of the Department of Transportation.

(b)

(1) an assessment of the condition and performance of the National Multimodal Freight Network established under section 70103;

(2) forecasts of freight volumes for the succeeding 5-, 10-, and 20-year periods;

(3) an identification of major trade gateways and national freight corridors that connect major population centers, trade gateways, and other major freight generators;

(4) an identification of bottlenecks on the National Multimodal Freight Network that create significant freight congestion, based on a quantitative methodology developed by the Assistant Secretary, which shall include, at a minimum—

(A) information from the Freight Analysis Framework of the Federal Highway Administration; and

(B) to the maximum extent practicable, an estimate of the cost of addressing each bottleneck and any operational improvements that could be implemented;

(5) an assessment of statutory, regulatory, technological, institutional, financial, and other barriers to improved freight transportation performance, and a description of opportunities for overcoming the barriers;

(6) a process for addressing multistate projects and encouraging jurisdictions to collaborate;

(7) strategies to improve freight intermodal connectivity;

(8) an identification of corridors providing access to energy exploration, development, installation, or production areas;

(9) an identification of corridors providing access to major areas for manufacturing, agriculture, or natural resources;

(10) an identification of best practices for improving the performance of the National Multimodal Freight Network, including critical commerce corridors and rural and urban access to critical freight corridors;

(11) an identification of best practices to mitigate the impacts of freight movement on communities;

(12) best practices for reducing environmental impacts of freight movement (including reducing local air pollution from freight movement, stormwater runoff, and wildlife habitat loss resulting from freight facilities, freight vehicles, or freight activity);

(13) possible strategies to increase the resilience of the freight system, including the ability to anticipate, prepare for, or adapt to conditions, or withstand, respond to, or recover rapidly from disruptions, including extreme weather and natural disasters;

(14) strategies to promote United States economic growth and international competitiveness;

(15) consideration of any potential unique impacts of the national freight system on rural and other underserved and historically disadvantaged communities;

(16) strategies for decarbonizing freight movement, as appropriate; and

(17) consideration of the impacts of e-commerce on the national multimodal freight system.

(c)

(d)

(1) after providing notice and an opportunity for public comment; and

(2) in consultation with State departments of transportation, metropolitan planning organizations, and other appropriate public and private transportation stakeholders.

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VIII, §8001(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1606; amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §§21101(d)(2), 21102, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 656, 657.)

A prior section 70102 was transferred and renumbered as section 50902 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs.

**2021**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–58, §21101(d)(2)(A), substituted "The Assistant Secretary for Multimodal Freight (referred to in this section as the 'Assistant Secretary')" for "Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this section, the Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 117–58, §21101(d)(2)(B), substituted "Assistant Secretary" for "Under Secretary" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(12) to (17). Pub. L. 117–58, §21102, added pars. (12) to (17).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–58, §21101(d)(2)(C), substituted "Assistant Secretary" for "Under Secretary".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–58, §21101(d)(2)(D), substituted "Assistant Secretary" for "Under Secretary" in introductory provisions.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(1) to assist States in strategically directing resources toward improved system performance for the efficient movement of freight on the Network;

(2) to inform freight transportation planning;

(3) to assist in the prioritization of Federal investment; and

(4) to assess and support Federal investments to achieve the national multimodal freight policy goals described in section 70101(b) of this title and the national highway freight program goals described in section 167 of title 23.

(b)

(1)

(A) improving network and intermodal connectivity; and

(B) using measurable data as part of the assessment of the significance of freight movement, including the consideration of points of origin, destinations, and linking components of domestic and international supply chains.

(2)

(A) origins and destinations of freight movement within, to, and from the United States;

(B) volume, value, tonnage, and the strategic importance of freight;

(C) access to border crossings, airports, seaports, and pipelines;

(D) economic factors, including balance of trade;

(E) access to major areas for manufacturing, agriculture, or natural resources;

(F) access to energy exploration, development, installation, and production areas;

(G) intermodal links and intersections that promote connectivity;

(H) freight choke points and other impediments contributing to significant measurable congestion, delay in freight movement, or inefficient modal connections;

(I) impacts on all freight transportation modes and modes that share significant freight infrastructure;

(J) facilities and transportation corridors identified by a multi-State coalition, a State, a State freight advisory committee, or a metropolitan planning organization, using national or local data, as having critical freight importance to the region;

(K) major distribution centers, inland intermodal facilities, and first- and last-mile facilities; and

(L) the significance of goods movement, including consideration of global and domestic supply chains.

(3)

(A) use, to the extent practicable, measurable data to assess the significance of goods movement, including the consideration of points of origin, destinations, and linking components of the United States global and domestic supply chains;

(B) consider—

(i) the factors described in paragraph (2); and

(ii) any changes in the economy that affect freight transportation network demand; and

(C) provide to the States an opportunity to submit proposed designations from the States in accordance with paragraph (4).

(4)

(A)

(i) consider nominations for additional designations from metropolitan planning organizations and State freight advisory committees, as applicable, within the State;

(ii) consider nominations for additional designations from owners and operators of port, rail, pipeline, and airport facilities; and

(iii) ensure that additional designations are consistent with the State transportation improvement program or freight plan.

(B)

(i) is a rural principal arterial;

(ii) provides access or service to energy exploration, development, installation, or production areas;

(iii) provides access or service to—

(I) a grain elevator;

(II) an agricultural facility;

(III) a mining facility;

(IV) a forestry facility; or

(V) an intermodal facility;

(iv) connects to an international port of entry;

(v) provides access to a significant air, rail, water, or other freight facility in the State; or

(vi) has been determined by the State to be vital to improving the efficient movement of freight of importance to the economy of the State.

(C)

(i)

(ii)

(D)

(i) a list of any additional designations proposed to be added under this paragraph; and

(ii) a certification that—

(I) the State has satisfied the requirements of subparagraph (A); and

(II) the designations referred to in clause (i) address the factors for designation described in this subsection.

(E)

(c)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VIII, §8001(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1607; amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §§21101(d)(3), 21103, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 656, 657.)

A prior section 70103 was transferred and renumbered as section 50903 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs.

Prior sections 70104 to 70121 were transferred and renumbered as sections 50904 to 50923 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs.

**2021**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–58, §21101(d)(3)(A), substituted "Assistant Secretary for Multimodal Freight (referred to in this section as the 'Assistant Secretary')" for "Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–58, §21101(d)(3)(D)(i), substituted "Designation of National Multimodal Freight Network" for "Final Network" in heading.

Pub. L. 117–58, §21101(d)(3)(B), (C), redesignated subsec. (c) as (b) and struck out former subsec. (b) which required the establishment of an interim National Multimodal Freight Network no later than 180 days after Dec. 4, 2015.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §21101(d)(3)(D)(ii), substituted "The Assistant Secretary" for "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this section, the Under Secretary" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(2), (3). Pub. L. 117–58, §21101(d)(3)(D)(iii), (iv), substituted "Assistant Secretary" for "Under Secretary" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Pub. L. 117–58, §21103(1), added subpar. (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: "provide the States with an opportunity to submit proposed designations in accordance with paragraph (4)."

Subsec. (b)(4)(C)(i). Pub. L. 117–58, §21103(2)(A), substituted "30 percent" for "20 percent".

Subsec. (b)(4)(E). Pub. L. 117–58, §21103(2)(B), added subpar. (E).

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 117–58, §21101(d)(3)(C), (E), redesignated subsec. (d) as (c), substituted "subsection (b)" for "subsection (c)" in two places, and substituted "Assistant Secretary" for "Under Secretary". Former subsec. (c) redesignated (b).

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.


**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §§21106(b), 21204(b), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 662, 679, added items 70204 to 70206 and struck out former item 70204 "Savings provision".

(a)

(1) ports, if applicable;

(2) freight railroads, if applicable;

(3) shippers;

(4) carriers;

(5) freight-related associations;

(6) third-party logistics providers;

(7) the freight industry workforce;

(8) the transportation department of the State;

(9) metropolitan planning organizations;

(10) local governments;

(11) the environmental protection department of the State, if applicable;

(12) the air resources board of the State, if applicable;

(13) economic development agencies of the State; and

(14) not-for-profit organizations or community organizations.

(b)

(1) general business and financial experience;

(2) experience or qualifications in the areas of freight transportation and logistics;

(3) experience in transportation planning;

(4) experience representing employees of the freight industry;

(5) experience representing a State, local government, or metropolitan planning organization; or

(6) experience representing the views of a community group or not-for-profit organization.

(c)

(1) advise the State on freight-related priorities, issues, projects, and funding needs;

(2) serve as a forum for discussion for State transportation decisions affecting freight mobility;

(3) communicate and coordinate regional priorities with other organizations;

(4) promote the sharing of information between the private and public sectors on freight issues; and

(5) participate in the development of the freight plan of the State described in section 70202, including by providing advice regarding the development of the freight investment plan.

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VIII, §8001(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1610; amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21107, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 662.)

**2021**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–58, §21107(1), substituted "representatives of—" and pars. (1) to (14) for "representatives of ports, freight railroads, shippers, carriers, freight-related associations, third-party logistics providers, the freight industry workforce, the transportation department of the State, and local governments."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–58, §21107(4), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (c).

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 117–58, §21107(2), substituted "70202, including by providing advice regarding the development of the freight investment plan." for "70202."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–58, §21107(3), redesignated subsec. (b) as (c).

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(b)

(1) an identification of significant freight system trends, needs, and issues with respect to the State;

(2) a description of the freight policies, strategies, and performance measures that will guide the freight-related transportation investment decisions of the State;

(3) when applicable, a listing of—

(A) multimodal critical rural freight facilities and corridors designated within the State under section 70103 of this title; and

(B) critical rural and urban freight corridors designated within the State under section 167 of title 23;

(4) a description of how the plan will improve the ability of the State to meet the national multimodal freight policy goals described in section 70101(b) of this title and the national highway freight program goals described in section 167 of title 23;

(5) a description of how innovative technologies and operational strategies, including freight intelligent transportation systems, that improve the safety and efficiency of freight movement, were considered;

(6) in the case of roadways on which travel by heavy vehicles (including mining, agricultural, energy cargo or equipment, and timber vehicles) is projected to substantially deteriorate the condition of the roadways, a description of improvements that may be required to reduce or impede the deterioration;

(7) an inventory of facilities with freight mobility issues, such as bottlenecks, within the State, and for those facilities that are State owned or operated, a description of the strategies the State is employing to address the freight mobility issues;

(8) consideration of any significant congestion or delay caused by freight movements and any strategies to mitigate that congestion or delay;

(9) a freight investment plan that, subject to subsection (c)(2), includes a list of priority projects and describes how funds made available to carry out section 167 of title 23 would be invested and matched;

(10) the most recent commercial motor vehicle parking facilities assessment conducted by the State under subsection (f);

(11) the most recent supply chain cargo flows in the State, expressed by mode of transportation;

(12) an inventory of commercial ports in the State;

(13) if applicable, consideration of the findings or recommendations made by any multi-State freight compact to which the State is a party under section 70204;

(14) the impacts of e-commerce on freight infrastructure in the State;

(15) considerations of military freight;

(16) strategies and goals to decrease—

(A) the severity of impacts of extreme weather and natural disasters on freight mobility;

(B) the impacts of freight movement on local air pollution;

(C) the impacts of freight movement on flooding and stormwater runoff; and

(D) the impacts of freight movement on wildlife habitat loss; and

(17) consultation with the State freight advisory committee, if applicable.

(c)

(1)

(2)

(d)

(e)

(1)

(2)

(f)

(1) the capability of the State, together with the private sector in the State, to provide adequate parking facilities and rest facilities for commercial motor vehicles engaged in interstate transportation;

(2) the volume of commercial motor vehicle traffic in the State; and

(3) whether there exist any areas within the State with a shortage of adequate commercial motor vehicle parking facilities, including an analysis (economic or otherwise, as the State determines to be appropriate) of the underlying causes of such a shortage.

(g)

(1) enhance reliability or redundancy of freight transportation; or

(2) incorporate the ability to rapidly restore access and reliability with respect to freight transportation.

(h)

(1)

(2)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VIII, §8001(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1610; amended Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21104(a), (c), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 658, 659.)

**2021**—Subsec. (b)(10) to (17). Pub. L. 117–58, §21104(a)(1), added pars. (10) to (16) and redesignated former par. (10) as (17).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–58, §21104(c)(1), substituted "8-year" for "5-year".

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, §21104(c)(2), substituted "4 years" for "5 years".

Subsecs. (f) to (h). Pub. L. 117–58, §21104(a)(2), added subsecs. (f) to (h).

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(1) begin development of new tools and improvement of existing tools to support an outcome-oriented, performance-based approach to evaluate proposed freight-related and other transportation projects, including—

(A) methodologies for systematic analysis of benefits and costs on a national or regional basis;

(B) tools for ensuring that the evaluation of freight-related and other transportation projects could consider safety, economic competitiveness, urban and rural access, environmental sustainability, and system condition in the project selection process;

(C) improved methods for data collection and trend analysis;

(D) encouragement of public-private collaboration to carry out data sharing activities while maintaining the confidentiality of all proprietary data; and

(E) other tools to assist in effective transportation planning;

(2) identify transportation-related model data elements to support a broad range of evaluation methods and techniques to assist in making transportation investment decisions; and

(3) at a minimum, in consultation with other relevant Federal agencies, consider any improvements to existing freight flow data collection efforts that could reduce identified freight data gaps and deficiencies and help improve forecasts of freight transportation demand.

(b)

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VIII, §8001(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1611.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (a), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–94, which was approved Dec. 4, 2015.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

(a)

(1) identifying projects along the corridor that benefit multiple States;

(2) assembling rights-of-way; and

(3) performing capital improvements.

(b)

(1) accept contributions from a unit of State or local government;

(2) use any Federal or State funds made available for freight mobility infrastructure planning or construction, including applying for grants;

(3) subject to such terms and conditions as the States consider to be advisable—

(A) borrow money on a short-term basis; and

(B) issue—

(i) notes for borrowing under subparagraph (A); and

(ii) bonds; and

(4) obtain financing by other means permitted under applicable Federal or State law.

(c)

(1)

(A) ports;

(B) freight railroads;

(C) shippers;

(D) carriers;

(E) freight-related associations;

(F) third-party logistics providers;

(G) the freight industry workforce;

(H) environmental organizations;

(I) community organizations; and

(J) units of local government.

(2)

(A) advise the parties to the applicable multi-State freight compact with respect to freight-related priorities, issues, projects, and funding needs that impact multi-State—

(i) freight mobility; and

(ii) supply chains;

(B) serve as a forum for States, Indian Tribes, and other public entities to discuss decisions affecting freight mobility;

(C) communicate and coordinate multi-State freight priorities with other organizations;

(D) promote the sharing of information between the private and public sectors with respect to freight issues; and

(E) provide information for consideration in the development of State freight plans under section 70202.

(d)

(1)

(2)

(A)

(i) a multi-State freight compact established under subsection (a) during the 2-year period beginning on the date of establishment of the multi-State freight compact; or

(ii) States seeking to form a multi-State freight compact described in that subsection.

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(I) the 2-year period beginning on the date on which an application for a grant under this paragraph with respect to the proposed compact is submitted to the Secretary; or

(II) if the compact is formed before the date on which a grant under this paragraph is awarded in accordance with subclause (I), the initial 2 years of operation of the compact.

(C)

(i) submit to the Secretary an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary may require;

(ii) provide a non-Federal match equal to not less than 25 percent of the operating costs of the multi-State freight compact; and

(iii) commit to establishing a multi-State freight corridor advisory committee under subsection (c)(1) during the initial 2-year period of operation of the compact.

(3)

(A)

(B)

(i) submit to the Secretary an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary may require;

(ii) provide a non-Federal match of not less than 50 percent of the operating costs of the compact; and

(iii) demonstrate that the compact has established a multi-State freight corridor advisory committee under subsection (c)(1).

(4)

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21106(a)(2), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 659.)

A prior section 70204 was renumbered section 70206 of this title.

(a)

(b)

(1)

(2)

(A) the Department of Transportation and other relevant Federal departments and agencies;

(B) State (including the District of Columbia) departments of transportation;

(C) units of local government, including public port authorities;

(D) nonprofit entities;

(E) institutions of higher education;

(F) labor organizations representing employees in freight industries; and

(G) private sector entities representing various transportation modes.

(c)

(1)

(A)

(B)

(i) submit to the advisory committee research proposals;

(ii) participate in merit reviews of research proposals and peer reviews of research products; and

(iii) receive research results.

(2)

(A)

(i) open competition; and

(ii) merit review, conducted on a regular basis.

(B)

(i)

(ii)

(C)

(i) conferences and seminars;

(ii) field demonstrations;

(iii) workshops;

(iv) training programs;

(v) presentations;

(vi) testimony to government officials;

(vii) publicly accessible websites;

(viii) publications for the general public; and

(ix) other appropriate means.

(3)

(d)

(1) Improving the efficiency and resiliency of freight movement, including—

(A) improving the connections between rural areas and domestic and foreign markets;

(B) maximizing infrastructure utility, including improving urban curb-use efficiency;

(C) quantifying the national impact of blocked railroad crossings;

(D) improved techniques for estimating and quantifying public benefits derived from freight transportation projects; and

(E) low-cost methods to reduce congestion at bottlenecks.

(2) Adapting to future trends in freight, including—

(A) considering the impacts of e-commerce;

(B) automation; and

(C) zero-emissions transportation.

(3) Workforce considerations in freight, including—

(A) diversifying the freight transportation industry workforce; and

(B) creating and transitioning a workforce capable of designing, deploying, and operating emerging technologies.

(e)

(1)

(2)

(f)

(g)

(Added Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21204(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 677.)

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (g), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 117–58, which was approved Nov. 15, 2021.

Nothing in this subtitle provides additional authority to regulate or direct private activity on freight networks designated under this subtitle.

(Added Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VIII, §8001(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1612, §70204; renumbered §70206, Pub. L. 117–58, div. B, title I, §21106(a)(1), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 659.)

**2021**—Pub. L. 117–58 renumbered section 70204 of this title as this section.

Section effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as an Effective Date of 2015 Amendment note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Former chapter 703 was renumbered chapter 511 of Title 51, National and Commercial Space Programs. Former sections 70301 to 70305 were renumbered sections 51101 to 51105, respectively, of Title 51.



**1994**—Pub. L. 103–429, §6(79), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4388, made technical amendment to chapter heading.

In this chapter—

(1) "consignee" means the person named in a bill of lading as the person to whom the goods are to be delivered.

(2) "consignor" means the person named in a bill of lading as the person from whom the goods have been received for shipment.

(3) "goods" means merchandise or personal property that has been, is being, or will be transported.

(4) "holder" means a person having possession of, and a property right in, a bill of lading.

(5) "order" means an order by indorsement on a bill of lading.

(6) "purchase" includes taking by mortgage or pledge.

(7) "State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and a territory or possession of the United States.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1346.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80101 | 49 App.:122. | Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, §42, 39 Stat. 545. |


In this chapter, the words "negotiable bill of lading" are substituted for "order bill", and the words "nonnegotiable bill of lading" are substituted for "straight bill", for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In this section, before clause (1), the words "unless the context of subject matter otherwise requires" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The words " 'Action' includes counterclaim, set-off, and suit in equity" are omitted as unnecessary. The words " 'Bill' means bill of lading, governed by this chapter" are omitted because of section 80102 of the revised title. In clauses (1), (2), and (4), the words " 'Person' includes a corporation or partnership, or two or more persons having a joint or common interest" are omitted because of 1:1. In clause (3), the words "personal property" are substituted for "chattels" for clarity and consistency. The words "is being" are substituted for "in course of" for clarity. In clause (7), the words " 'State' means a State of the United States" are substituted for " 'State' includes" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The word "possession" is substituted for "insular possession, or isthmian possession" for consistency in the revised title.

This chapter applies to a bill of lading when the bill is issued by a common carrier for the transportation of goods—

(1) between a place in the District of Columbia and another place in the District of Columbia;

(2) between a place in a territory or possession of the United States and another place in the same territory or possession;

(3) between a place in a State and a place in another State;

(4) between a place in a State and a place in the same State through another State or a foreign country; or

(5) from a place in a State to a place in a foreign country.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1346.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80102 | 49 App.:81. | Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, §1, 39 Stat. 538. |


In this chapter, the words "common carrier" are substituted for "carrier" because the source provisions restated in this section provide that this chapter applies to bills of lading issued by common carriers.

In clause (2), the words "territory or possession" are substituted for "Territory" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

(a)

(A) states that the goods are to be delivered to the order of a consignee; and

(B) does not contain on its face an agreement with the shipper that the bill is not negotiable.

(2) Inserting in a negotiable bill of lading the name of a person to be notified of the arrival of the goods—

(A) does not limit its negotiability; and

(B) is not notice to the purchaser of the goods of a right the named person has to the goods.

(b)

(A) make the bill negotiable; or

(B) give the transferee any additional right.

(2) A common carrier issuing a nonnegotiable bill of lading must put "nonnegotiable" or "not negotiable" on the bill. This paragraph does not apply to an informal memorandum or acknowledgment.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1346.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80103(a)(1) | 49 App.:83. | Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, §§2, 3, 6, 7, 29 (last sentence), 39 Stat. 539, 543. |

80103(a)(2) | 49 App.:87. | |

80103(b)(1) | 49 App.:82. | |

49 App.:109 (last sentence). | ||

80103(b)(2) | 49 App.:86. |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "A bill of lading is negotiable if . . . states that the goods are to be delivered to the order of a consignee" are substituted for "A bill in which it is stated that the goods are consigned or destined to the order of any person named in such bill is an order bill" for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "does not contain on its face an agreement with the shipper that the bill is not negotiable" are substituted for 49 App.:83 (last sentence) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(2)(B), the words "right the named person has" are substituted for "rights or equities of such person" for clarity.

In subsection (b)(1), before clause (A), the words "A bill of lading is nonnegotiable if" are substituted for "A bill in which . . . is a straight bill" in 49 App.:82 for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "free from existing equities" in 49 App.:109 (last sentence) are omitted as surplus.

(a)

(2) A negotiable bill of lading may be negotiated by delivery when the common carrier, under the terms of the bill, undertakes to deliver the goods to the order of a specified person and that person or a subsequent indorsee has indorsed the bill in blank.

(3) A negotiable bill of lading may be negotiated by a person possessing the bill, regardless of the way in which the person got possession, if—

(A) a common carrier, under the terms of the bill, undertakes to deliver the goods to that person; or

(B) when the bill is negotiated, it is in a form that allows it to be negotiated by delivery.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1347.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80104(a)(1) | 49 App.:108. | Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, §§27, 28, 30, 37, 38, 39 Stat. 542, 543, 544. |

80104(a)(2) | 49 App.:107. | |

80104(a)(3) | 49 App.:110. | |

80104(b) | 49 App.:117. | |

80104(c) | 49 App.:118. |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "If the goods are deliverable to the order of a specified person" are substituted for "the person to whose order the goods are deliverable by the tenor of the bill" for clarity. The text of 49 App.:108 (last sentence) is omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

(a)

(1) the person to whom it is negotiated acquires the title to the goods that—

(A) the person negotiating the bill had the ability to convey to a purchaser in good faith for value; and

(B) the consignor and consignee had the ability to convey to such a purchaser; and

(2) the common carrier issuing the bill becomes obligated directly to the person to whom the bill is negotiated to hold possession of the goods under the terms of the bill the same as if the carrier had issued the bill to that person.

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1347.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80105(a) | 49 App.:111. | Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, §§31, 39, 40, 39 Stat. 543, 544. |

80105(b) | 49 App.:119. | |

80105(c) | 49 App.:120. |


In subsection (a)(1), before subclause (A), the word "duly" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), the words "right . . . is superior" are substituted for "no . . . shall defeat the rights of" for clarity. The words "right to stop the transportation" are substituted for "right of stoppage in transitu" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the word "remedies" is omitted as being included in "right". The words "whose mortgage or lien on goods would be valid, apart from this chapter" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The words "which are subject to the mortgage or lien" are omitted as unnecessary.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(A) garnishment, attachment, or execution on the goods by a creditor of the transferor; or

(B) notice to the carrier by the transferor or a purchaser from the transferor of a later purchase of the goods from the transferor.

(2) A common carrier has been notified under this subsection only if—

(A) an officer or agent of the carrier, whose actual or apparent authority includes acting on the notification, has been notified; and

(B) the officer or agent has had time, exercising reasonable diligence, to communicate with the agent having possession or control of the goods.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1348.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80106(a) | 49 App.:109 (1st sentence). | Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, §§29 (1st sentence), 32, 33, 39 Stat. 543. |

49 App.:112 (1st sentence). | ||

80106(b) | 49 App.:113. | |

80106(c) | 49 App.:112 (2d–last sentences). |


In subsection (a), the words "without negotiating it" are added for clarity.

In subsection (b), the text of 49 App.:113 (last sentence) is omitted as unnecessary because of the words "the transferee may compel the transferor".

In subsection (c)(1), before clause (A), the words "also acquires the right to notify" and "by the transferor or transferee of a straight bill" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

(a)

(1) the bill is genuine;

(2) the person has the right to transfer the bill and the title to the goods described in the bill;

(3) the person does not know of a fact that would affect the validity or worth of the bill; and

(4) the goods are merchantable or fit for a particular purpose when merchantability or fitness would have been implied if the agreement of the parties had been to transfer the goods without a bill of lading.

(b)

(1) the genuineness of the bill; or

(2) the quantity or quality of the goods described in the bill.

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1349.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80107(a) | 49 App.:114. | Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, §§15, 34–36, 39 Stat. 541, 543. |

80107(b) | 49 App.:116. | |

80107(c) | 49 App.:95. | |

80107(d) | 49 App.:115. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "by indorsement or delivery" are omitted as surplus. In clause (4), the words "merchantability or fitness" are substituted for "such warranties", and the words "the goods without a bill of lading" are substituted for "without a bill the goods represented thereby", for clarity.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "person holding" are substituted for "mortgagee or pledgee or other holder" because they are inclusive. The words "from another person" are substituted for "whether from a party to a draft drawn for such debt or from any other person" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "does not warrant by the demand or receipt" are substituted for "shall not be deemed by so doing to represent or warrant" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "A common carrier issuing . . . is liable" are substituted for "plainly shall impose upon the carrier issuing the same the liability" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "The carrier is not otherwise liable under the bill" are substituted for "but no other liability" for clarity.

In subsection (d), the word "respective" is omitted as unnecessary.

An alteration or addition to a bill of lading after its issuance by a common carrier, without authorization from the carrier in writing or noted on the bill, is void. However, the original terms of the bill are enforceable.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1349.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80108 | 49 App.:93. | Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, §13, 39 Stat. 540. |


The word "erasure" is omitted as being included in "alteration". The words "whatever be the nature and purpose of the change" are omitted as surplus. The word "terms" is substituted for "tenor" for clarity.

A common carrier issuing a negotiable bill of lading has a lien on the goods covered by the bill for—

(1) charges for storage, transportation, and delivery (including demurrage and terminal charges), and expenses necessary to preserve the goods or incidental to transporting the goods after the date of the bill; and

(2) other charges for which the bill expressly specifies a lien is claimed to the extent the charges are allowed by law and the agreement between the consignor and carrier.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1349.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80109 | 49 App.:105. | Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, §25, 39 Stat. 542. |


In this section, before clause (1), the word "If" is omitted as surplus. The words "covered by the bill" are substituted for "therein mentioned" for clarity. In clause (1), the words "charges for storage, transportation, and delivery (including demurrage and terminal charges)" are substituted for "all charges on those goods for freight, storage, demurrage and terminal charges . . . and all other charges incurred in transportation and delivery" as being inclusive and to conform to section 7–307 of the Uniform Commercial Code. In clause (2), the words "other charges for which the bill expressly specifies a lien" are substituted for "unless the bill expressly enumerates other charges for which a lien . . . In such case there shall also be a lien for the charges enumerated" for clarity.

(a)

(1) offers in good faith to satisfy the lien of the carrier on the goods;

(2) has possession of the bill and, if a negotiable bill, offers to indorse and give the bill to the carrier; and

(3) agrees to sign, on delivery of the goods, a receipt for delivery if requested by the carrier.

(b)

(1) a person entitled to their possession;

(2) the consignee named in a nonnegotiable bill; or

(3) a person in possession of a negotiable bill if—

(A) the goods are deliverable to the order of that person; or

(B) the bill has been indorsed to that person or in blank by the consignee or another indorsee.

(c)

(1) a transfer made by the consignor or consignee after the shipment; or

(2) the carrier's lien.

(d)

(e)

(1) bring a civil action to interplead all known claimants to the goods; or

(2) require those claimants to interplead as a defense in an action brought against the carrier for nondelivery.

(f)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1349.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80110(a) | 49 App.:88. | Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, §§8, 9, 16–19, 39 Stat. 539, 541. |

80110(b) | 49 App.:89. | |

80110(c) | 49 App.:96. | |

80110(d) | 49 App.:98. | |

80110(e) | 49 App.:97. | |

80110(f) | 49 App.:99. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "Except to the extent a common carrier establishes an excuse provided by law" are substituted for "in the absence of some lawful excuse" and "In case the carrier refuses or fails to deliver the goods, in compliance with a demand by the consignee or holder so accompanied, the burden shall be upon the carrier to establish the existence of a lawful excuse for such refusal or failure" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "must" is substituted for "is bound to" for clarity. The words "if such a demand is accompanied by" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. In clause (1), the word "lawful" is omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. In clause (2), the word "properly" is omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the word "agrees" is substituted for "A readiness and willingness" for clarity. The word "receipt" is substituted for "acknowledgment" for consistency. The words "if such signature" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the word "may" is substituted for "is justified . . . in" because it is more accurate. In clause (1), the word "entitled" is substituted for "lawfully entitled" to eliminate an unnecessary word. In clause (3), before subclause (A), the word "if" is substituted for "by the terms of which" for clarity. In subclause (B), the words "another indorsee" are substituted for "by the mediate or immediate indorsee of the consignee" as being inclusive.

In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words "for his own benefit" are omitted as surplus. The words "nondelivery of" are substituted for "refusing to deliver" because they are more accurate. The words "according to the terms of a bill issued for them" are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (1), the words "directly or indirectly" are omitted as unnecessary.

In subsection (d), the word "person" is substituted for "someone" for consistency in this chapter. The words "claims title" are substituted for "has a claim to the title" for consistency. The words "is not required to" are substituted for "shall be excused from liability for refusing to" for clarity. The words "any claimant" are substituted for "either to the consignee or person in possession of the bill or to the adverse claimant" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "civil action" are substituted for "legal proceedings" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.).

In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "at least 2" are substituted for "more than one" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. In clause (1), the words "civil action" are substituted for "an original suit" for consistency with rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). The words "whichever is appropriate" are omitted as unnecessary.

(a)

(1) the carrier delivers the goods to a person not entitled to their possession unless the delivery is authorized under section 80110(b)(2) or (3) of this title;

(2) the carrier makes a delivery under section 80110(b)(2) or (3) of this title after being requested by or for a person having title to, or right to possession of, the goods not to make the delivery; or

(3) at the time of delivery under section 80110(b)(2) or (3) of this title, the carrier has information it is delivering the goods to a person not entitled to their possession.

(b)

(1) an officer or agent of the carrier, whose actual or apparent authority includes acting on the request or information, has been given the request or information; and

(2) the officer or agent has had time, exercising reasonable diligence, to stop delivery of the goods.

(c)

(d)

(1) a delivery described in subsection (c) of this section was compelled by legal process;

(2) the goods have been sold lawfully to satisfy the carrier's lien;

(3) the goods have not been claimed; or

(4) the goods are perishable or hazardous.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1350.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80111(a) | 49 App.:90 (less last par.). | Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, §§10–12, 26, 39 Stat. 540, 542. |

80111(b) | 49 App.:90 (last par.). | |

80111(c) | 49 App.:91 (words after 2d comma). | |

49 App.:92 (words after 2d comma). | ||

80111(d) | 49 App.:91 (words before 2d comma). | |

49 App.:92 (words before 2d comma). | ||

49 App.:106. |


In subsection (a), before clause (1), the word "title" is substituted for "right of property" for consistency in this chapter.

In subsection (c), the words "negotiable bill of lading" are substituted for "order bill . . . the negotiation of which would transfer the right to the possession of the goods" in 49 App.:91 for consistency in this chapter.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1351.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80112(a) | 49 App.:84. | Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, §§4, 5, 39 Stat. 539. |

80112(b) | 49 App.:85. |


In this section, the words "48 contiguous States or the District of Columbia" are substituted for "United States on the Continent of North America, except Alaska and Panama" and the text of 49 App.:84 (proviso) and 85 (proviso) for clarity.

In subsection (a), the words "If so issued" and "described therein" are omitted as surplus. The word "occurred" is added for clarity.

(a)

(b)

(1) when the goods are loaded by the shipper;

(2) when the bill—

(A) describes the goods in terms of marks or labels, or in a statement about kind, quantity, or condition; or

(B) is qualified by "contents or condition of contents of packages unknown", "said to contain", "shipper's weight, load, and count", or words of the same meaning; and

(3) to the extent the carrier does not know whether any part of the goods were received or conform to the description.

(c)

(1) the shipper loads the goods; and

(2) the bill contains the words "shipper's weight, load, and count", or words of the same meaning indicating the shipper loaded the goods.

(d)

(2) When goods are loaded by a common carrier, the carrier must count the packages of goods, if package freight, and determine the kind and quantity, if bulk freight. In that situation, inserting in the bill of lading or in a notice, receipt, contract, rule, or tariff, the words "shipper's weight, load, and count" or words indicating that the shipper described and loaded the goods, has no effect except for freight concealed by packages.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1351.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80113(a) | 49 App.:102. | Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, §22, 39 Stat. 542; restated Mar. 4, 1927, ch. 510, §6, 44 Stat. 1450. |

80113(b) | 49 App.:101 (1st sentence). | Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, §§20, 21, 39 Stat. 541. |

80113(c) | 49 App.:101 (last sentence words before proviso). | |

80113(d)(1) | 49 App.:101 (last sentence proviso). | |

80113(d)(2) | 49 App.:100. |


In subsection (a), the words "a common carrier issuing a bill of lading" are substituted for "If a bill of lading has been issued by a carrier or on his behalf by an agent or employee the scope of whose actual or apparent authority includes the receiving of goods and issuing bills of lading therefor for transportation in commerce among the several States and with foreign nations" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency with section 80102 of the revised title. The words "at the time of its issue" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "A common carrier issuing a bill of lading is not liable under subsection (a) of this section" are substituted for "such statements, if true, shall not make liable the carrier issuing the bill of lading" for clarity. In clause (1), the word "goods" is substituted for "package freight or bulk freight" for consistency in this chapter. In clause (2)(B), the quoted words are placed in quotation marks for consistency and to conform to section 7–301 of the Uniform Commercial Code. The words " 'shipper's weight, load, and count' " are added for consistency in this section.

In subsection (d)(1), the words "makes available to the common carrier adequate facilities for weighing the freight" are substituted for "installs and maintains adequate facilities for weighing such freight, and the same are available to the carrier . . . when given a reasonable opportunity so to do" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "In that situation, inserting the words 'shipper's weight' or other words of the same meaning in the bill of lading has no effect" are substituted for "and the carriers shall not in such cases insert in the bill of lading the words 'Shipper's weight', or other words of like purport, and if so inserted contrary to the provisions of this section, said words shall be treated as null and void and as if not inserted therein" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (d)(2), the words "and such carrier shall not, in such cases" are omitted as surplus. The words "In that situation . . . has no effect" are substituted for 49 App.:100 (last sentence) for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "except for freight concealed by packages" are substituted for "or in case of bulk freight and freight not concealed by packages the description made by him" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1352.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80114(a) | 49 App.:94 (1st par.). | Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, §14, 39 Stat. 540. |

80114(b) | 49 App.:94 (last par.). |


In subsection (a), the word "If" is substituted for "Where" for clarity. The words "upon satisfactory proof of such loss, theft, or destruction" are omitted as unnecessary. The words "if the person claiming the goods gives a surety bond" are substituted for "and upon the giving of a bond, with sufficient surety" to clarify the condition precedent to court approval of delivery. The words "in an amount" are added for clarity. The word "indemnify" is substituted for "protect" because it is more accurate. The words "against liability under the outstanding original bill" are substituted for "from any liability or loss incurred by reason of the original bill remaining outstanding" for clarity. The words "surety bond" are substituted for "indemnifying bond" for consistency in this section.

(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1353.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80115(a) | 49 App.:103 (1st sentence). | Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, §23, 39 Stat. 542. |

80115(b) | 49 App.:103 (last sentence). |


In subsection (a), the words "Except when a negotiable bill of lading was issued originally on delivery of goods by a person that did not have the power to dispose of the goods, goods . . . may be attached . . . only if" are substituted for "If goods are delivered to a carrier by the owner or by a person whose act in conveying the title to them to a purchaser for value in good faith would bind the owner . . . they can not thereafter . . . be attached . . . unless" to restate the source provision as an exception to conform to section 7–602 of the Uniform Commercial Code. The words "through judicial process" are substituted for "by garnishment or otherwise", and the words "levied on in execution of a judgment" are substituted for "levied upon under an execution", for clarity.

A person shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both, if the person—

(1) violates this chapter with intent to defraud; or

(2) knowingly or with intent to defraud—

(A) falsely makes, alters, or copies a bill of lading subject to this chapter;

(B) utters, publishes, or issues a falsely made, altered, or copied bill subject to this chapter; or

(C) negotiates or transfers for value a bill containing a false statement.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1353.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80116 | 49 App.:121. | Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 415, §41, 39 Stat. 544. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "fined under title 18" are substituted for "a fine not exceeding $5,000", and the words "shall be guilty of a misdemeanor" are omitted, for consistency with title 18. The words "upon conviction . . . punished for each offense" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. Clause (1) is substituted for "or who, with intent to defraud, violates, or fails to comply with, or aids in any violation of, or failure to comply with any provision of this chapter" for clarity and because of 18:2. In clause (2)(A), the words "forges, counterfeits" are omitted as being included in "makes". The word "copies" is substituted for "prints or photographs" for clarity. The words "bill of lading subject to this chapter" are substituted for "bill of lading purporting to represent goods received for shipment among the several States or with foreign nations" for clarity and for consistency with section 80102 of the revised title. Clause (2)(B) is substituted for "utters or publishes as true and genuine any such falsely altered, forged, counterfeited, falsely printed or photographed bill of lading . . . or issues" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in this section. The words "knowing it to be falsely altered, forged, counterfeited, falsely printed or photographed" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement of the intent required to commit the crime. The words "or aids in making, altering, forging, counterfeiting, printing or photographing, or uttering or publishing the same . . . or aids in issuing or procuring the issue of" are omitted as surplus because of 18:2. The words "as to the receipt of the goods, or as to any other matter" are omitted as unnecessary.


In this chapter—

(1) "aircraft" means a contrivance used, or capable of being used, for transportation in the air.

(2) "vehicle" means a contrivance used, or capable of being used, for transportation on, below, or above land, but does not include aircraft.

(3) "vessel" means a contrivance used, or capable of being used, for transportation in water, but does not include aircraft.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1353.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80301(1) | 49 App.:787(c). | Aug. 9, 1939, ch. 618, §7(a)–(c), 53 Stat. 1292. |

80301(2) | 49 App.:787(b). | |

80301(3) | 49 App.:787(a). |


In this section, the word "means" is substituted for "includes" as being more precise.

In clause (1), the word "contrivance" is substituted for "every description of craft or carriage or other contrivance" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In clause (2), the word "contrivance" is substituted for "every description of carriage or other contrivance" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In clause (3), the word "contrivance" is substituted for "every description of watercraft or other contrivance" to eliminate unnecessary words.

(a)

(1) a narcotic drug (as defined in section 102 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 U.S.C. 802)), including marihuana (as defined in section 102 of that Act (21 U.S.C. 802)), that—

(A) is possessed with intent to sell or offer for sale in violation of the laws and regulations of the United States;

(B) is acquired, possessed, sold, transferred, or offered for sale in violation of those laws;

(C) is acquired by theft, robbery, or burglary and transported—

(i) in the District of Columbia or a territory or possession of the United States; or

(ii) from a place in a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States, to a place in another State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession; or

(D) does not bear tax-paid internal revenue stamps required by those laws or regulations;

(2) a firearm involved in a violation of chapter 53 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 5801 et seq.);

(3) a forged, altered, or counterfeit—

(A) coin or an obligation or other security of the United States Government (as defined in section 8 of title 18); or

(B) coin, obligation, or other security of the government of a foreign country;

(4) material or equipment used, or intended to be used, in making a coin, obligation, or other security referred to in clause (3) of this subsection;

(5) a cigarette involved in a violation of chapter 114 of title 18 or a regulation prescribed under chapter 114; or

(6)(A) a counterfeit label for a phonorecord, copy of a computer program or computer program documentation or packaging, or copy of a motion picture or other audiovisual work (as defined in section 2318 of title 18);

(B) a phonorecord or copy in violation of section 2319 of title 18;

(C) a fixation of a sound recording or music video of a live musical performance in violation of section 2319A of title 18; or

(D) any good bearing a counterfeit mark (as defined in section 2320 of title 18).

(b)

(1) transport contraband in an aircraft, vehicle, or vessel;

(2) conceal or possess contraband on an aircraft, vehicle, or vessel; or

(3) use an aircraft, vehicle, or vessel to facilitate the transportation, concealment, receipt, possession, purchase, sale, exchange, or giving away of contraband.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1353; Pub. L. 104–153, §13, July 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 1389.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80302(a)(1) | 49 App.:781(b)(1). | Aug. 9, 1939, ch. 618, §1(b)(1), 53 Stat. 1291; restated Aug. 9, 1950, ch. 655, 64 Stat. 427. |

49 App.:787(d). | Aug. 9, 1939, ch. 618, §7(d), 53 Stat. 1293; restated Oct. 27, 1970, Pub. L. 91–513, §1102(r), 84 Stat. 1294. | |

80302(a)(2) | 49 App.:781(b)(2). | Aug. 9, 1939, ch. 618, §1(b)(2), (3), 53 Stat. 1291; Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–575, §3(a)(1), (2), 92 Stat. 2465. |

49 App.:787(e). | Aug. 9, 1939, ch. 618, §7(e), 53 Stat. 1293; Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–575, §3(b)(1), 92 Stat. 2465. | |

80302(a)(3) | 49 App.:781(b)(3) (words before 1st semicolon). | |

49 App.:787(f). | Aug. 9, 1939, ch. 618, §7(f), 53 Stat. 1293; restated Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655, §55(b), 65 Stat. 729; Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–575, §3(b)(2), 92 Stat. 2465. | |

80302(a)(4) | 49 App.:781(b)(3) (words after 1st semicolon). | |

80302(a)(5) | 49 App.:781(b)(4). | Aug. 9, 1939, ch. 618, 53 Stat. 1291, §§1(b)(4), 7(g); added Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–575, §3(a)(3), (b)(3), 92 Stat. 2465. |

49 App.:787(g). | ||

80302(b) | 49 App.:781(a). | Aug. 9, 1939, ch. 618, §1(a), 53 Stat. 1291. |


In subsection (a)(1)(A) and (B), the words "dealing therewith" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(1)(A), the words "has been or" are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(1)(C), before subclause (i), the word "transported" is substituted for "carried or transported" to eliminate unnecessary words. In subclause (ii), the words "the Canal Zone" are omitted because of the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977. The words "a place in" are added for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "involved in a violation" are substituted for "with respect to which there has been committed any violation" to eliminate unnecessary words. The text of 49 App.:787(e) is omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The National Firearms Act referred to in the source provisions has been repealed and replaced by chapter 53 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 5801 et seq.).

In subsection (a)(3), before subclause (A), the words "falsely made" are omitted as being included in "counterfeit". In subclause (B), the words "coin, obligation, or other security" are added for clarity.

In subsection (a)(4), the words "equipment used" are substituted for "apparatus, or paraphernalia fitted . . . which shall have been used" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "coin, obligation, or other security referred to in clause (3) of this subsection" are substituted for "such falsely made, forged, altered, or counterfeit coin or obligation or other security" because of the restatement.

In subsection (a)(5), the text of 49 App.:787(g) is omitted as unnecessary because the term "cigarettes" does not appear in 49 App.: ch. 11 and because the definition of "contraband cigarettes" referred to is part of 18:ch. 114.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "A person may not" are substituted for "It shall be unlawful" for consistency in the revised title. In clause (1), the word "transport" is substituted for "transport, carry, or convey" because it is inclusive. In clause (2), the words "or upon the person of anyone in or upon any vessel, vehicle, or aircraft" are omitted as unnecessary. In clause (3), the word "transportation" is substituted for "transportation, carriage, conveyance" for consistency in this section. The word "barter" is omitted as being included in "exchange".

**1996**—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 104–153 added par. (6).

The Secretary of the Treasury or the Governor of Guam or of the Northern Mariana Islands as provided in section 80304 of this title, or, when the violation of this chapter involves contraband described in paragraph (2) or (5) of section 80302(a), the Attorney General or a person authorized by another law to enforce section 80302 of this title, shall seize an aircraft, vehicle, or vessel involved in a violation of section 80302 and place it in the custody of a person designated by the Secretary, the Attorney General, or appropriate Governor, as the case may be. The seized aircraft, vehicle, or vessel shall be forfeited, except when the owner establishes that a person except the owner committed the violation when the aircraft, vehicle, or vessel was in the possession of a person who got possession by violating a criminal law of the United States or a State. However, an aircraft, vehicle, or vessel used by a common carrier to provide transportation for compensation may be forfeited only when—

(1) the owner, conductor, driver, pilot, or other individual in charge of the aircraft or vehicle (except a rail car or engine) consents to, or knows of, the alleged violation when the violation occurs;

(2) the owner of the rail car or engine consents to, or knows of, the alleged violation when the violation occurs; or

(3) the master or owner of the vessel consents to, or knows of, the alleged violation when the violation occurs.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1354; Pub. L. 107–296, title XI, §1112(q), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2278.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80303 | 49 App.:782. | Aug. 9, 1939, ch. 618, §2, 53 Stat. 1291; Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §6076(a), 102 Stat. 4324. |

49 App.:783 (last sentence). | Aug. 9, 1939, ch. 318, §3 (last sentence), 53 Stat. 1292. |


In this section, before clause (1), the words "The Secretary of the Treasury . . . shall seize" are substituted for "shall be seized" in 49 App.:782 and "It shall be the duty of any officer, agent, or other person so authorized or designated . . . whenever he shall discover any vessel, vehicle, or aircraft" in 49 App.:783 (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency in the revised title. The words "the Governor of Guam or of the Northern Mariana Islands as provided in section 80304 of this title" are added because under 49 App.:789 the Governor of Guam enforces 49 App.:ch. 11 in Guam and because, under section 502(a)(2) of the Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States of America, as enacted by the Act of March 24, 1976 (Public Law 94–241, 90 Stat. 263), and proclaimed to be in effect by the President on January 9, 1978 (Proc. No. 4534, Oct. 24, 1977, 42 F.R. 56593, 48 U.S.C. 1681 (note)), the Commonwealth was given the same authority as Guam when a law applies to Guam and the States of the United States generally. The words "or a person authorized by another law to enforce section 80302 of this title" are substituted for "or authorized by law" for clarity. The words "involved in a violation of section 80302" are substituted for "which has been or is being used in violation of any provision of section 781 of this Appendix, or in, upon, or by means of which any violation of said section has taken or is taking place" in 49 App.:782 and "which has been or is being used in violation of any of the provisions of this chapter, or in, upon, or by means of which any violation of this chapter has taken or is taking place" in 49 App.:783 (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "designated" is substituted for "authorized or designated" in 49 App.:783 (last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "or appropriate Governor, as the case may be" are added for clarity and for consistency in this section. The words "to await disposition pursuant to the provisions of this chapter and any regulations issued hereunder" are omitted as unnecessary. The words "except when . . . committed the violation" are substituted for "*Provided further*, That no vessel, vehicle, or aircraft shall be forfeited under the provisions of this chapter by reason of any act or omission . . . committed or omitted" in 49 App.:782 for clarity. The words "However . . . used by a common carrier to provide transportation for compensation may be forfeited only when" are substituted for "*Provided*, That no . . . used by any person as a common carrier in the transaction of business as such common carrier shall be forfeited under the provisions of this chapter unless it shall appear that" for clarity and consistency in the revised title. In clauses (1)–(3), the words "knows of" are substituted for "privy thereto" for clarity. The word "violation" is substituted for "illegal act" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

The criminal laws of the United States, referred to in text, are classified generally to Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.

**2002**—Pub. L. 107–296, §1112(q)(2), inserted ", the Attorney General," after "by the Secretary" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 107–296, §1112(q)(1), which directed amendment of this section by inserting "or, when the violation of this chapter involves contraband described in paragraph (2) or (5) of section 80302(a), the Attorney General" after "section 80304 of this title.", was executed by making the insertion after "section 80304 of this title," to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

(a)

(1) may designate officers, employees, agents, or other persons to carry out this chapter; and

(2) shall prescribe regulations to carry out this chapter.

(b)

(1) or officers of the government of Guam designated by the Governor shall carry out this chapter in Guam;

(2) may carry out laws referred to in section 80306(b) of this title with modifications the Governor decides are necessary to meet conditions in Guam; and

(3) may prescribe regulations to carry out this chapter in Guam.

(c)

(1) or officers of the government of the Northern Mariana Islands designated by the Governor shall carry out this chapter in the Northern Mariana Islands;

(2) may carry out laws referred to in section 80306(b) of this title with modifications the Governor decides are necessary to meet conditions in the Northern Mariana Islands; and

(3) may prescribe regulations to carry out this chapter in the Northern Mariana Islands.

(d) 1 designated by the Attorney General, shall carry out the laws referred to in section 80306(b) of this title to the extent that the violation of this chapter involves contraband described in section 80302(a)(2) or (a)(5).

(e)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1354; Pub. L. 107–296, title XI, §1112(r), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2278.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80304(a) | 49 App.:783 (1st sentence). | Aug. 9, 1939, ch. 618, §§3 (1st sentence), 4 (proviso), 8, 53 Stat. 1292, 1293. |

49 App.:788. | ||

80304(b) | 49 App.:789. | Aug. 3, 1939, ch. 618, 53 Stat. 1291, §9; added Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 852, §22, 70 Stat. 911. |

80304(c) | (no source). | |

80304(d) | 49 App.:784 (proviso). |


In subsection (a)(1), the words "may designate" are substituted for "is empowered to authorize, or designate" in 49 App.:783 (1st sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "employees" is added for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsections (a)(2) and (b)(3), the word "regulations" is substituted for "such rules and regulations as may be necessary" in 49 App.:788 and 789 for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code and because "rules" and "regulations" are synonymous.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "shall carry out this chapter in Guam" are substituted for "In Guam the enforcement and administration of this chapter shall be performed" for consistency in the revised title.

Subsection (c) is added because, under section 502(a)(2) of the Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States of America, as enacted by the Act of March 24, 1976 (Public Law 94–241, 90 Stat. 263), and proclaimed to be in effect by the President on January 9, 1978 (Proc. No. 4534, Oct. 24, 1977, 42 F.R. 56593, 48 U.S.C. 1681 (note)), the Commonwealth was given the same authority as Guam when a law applies to Guam and the States of the United States generally.

In subsection (d), the word "Secretary" is substituted for "by such officers, agents, or other persons as may be authorized or designated for that purpose by the Secretary of the Treasury" because of subsection (a)(1) of this section. The words "or the Governor of Guam or of the Northern Mariana Islands as provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section" are added because under 49 App.:789 the Governor of Guam enforces 49 App.:ch. 11 in Guam and because of section 502(a)(2) of the Covenant referred to in the revision note for subsection (c) of this section. The words "the customs laws" are substituted for "That such duties as are imposed upon the collector of customs or any other person with respect to the seizure and forfeiture of vessels and vehicles under the customs laws" because of the restatement and to eliminate unnecessary words.

**2002**—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–296, §1112(r)(1), substituted "(b), (c), and (d)" for "(b) and (c)" in introductory provisions.

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 107–296, §1112(r)(2), (3), added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (e).

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma.

Appropriations for enforcing customs, narcotics, counterfeiting, or internal revenue laws are available to carry out this chapter.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1355.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80305 | 49 App.:785. | Aug. 9, 1939, ch. 618, §5, 53 Stat. 1292. |


The words "which has been or shall hereafter be made" and "for the defraying of expenses of" are omitted as surplus. The National Firearms Act referred to in the source provision has been repealed and replaced by chapter 53 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 5801 et seq.). A specific reference to chapter 53 is unnecessary because of the reference to the internal revenue laws.

(a)

(1) imposing, or authorizing the compromise of, fines, penalties, or forfeitures; or

(2) providing for seizure, condemnation, or disposition of forfeited property, or the proceeds from the property.

(b)

(1) provisions of law related to the seizure, forfeiture, and condemnation of vehicles and vessels violating the customs laws.

(2) provisions of law related to the disposition of those vehicles or vessels or the proceeds from the sale of those vehicles or vessels.

(3) provisions of law related to the compromise of those forfeitures or claims related to those forfeitures.

(4) provisions of law related to the award of compensation to an informer about those forfeitures.

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1355.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80306(a) | 49 App.:786. | Aug. 9, 1939, ch. 618, §§4 (less proviso), 6, 53 Stat. 1292. |

80306(b) | 49 App.:784 (less proviso). |


In subsections (a)(1) and (b)(3), the word "compromise" is substituted for "remission or mitigation" for consistency in the revised title.

In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words "in addition to another law" are substituted for "shall be construed to be supplemental to, and not to impair in any way, existing provisions of law" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words "under this chapter" are substituted for "incurred, or alleged to have been incurred, under the provisions of this chapter" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (1), the word "forfeiture" is substituted for "summary and judicial forfeiture" to eliminate unnecessary words.


(a)

(b)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1356.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80501(a) | 15:1281. | Sept. 13, 1961, Pub. L. 87–221, 75 Stat. 494. |

80501(b) | 15:1282. |


In subsection (a), the words "A person . . . shall be fined under title 18" are substituted for "It shall be unlawful for any person" and "Whoever violates any provision of subsection (a) of this section shall be fined not more than $5,000" to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency with title 18. The word "damaging" is substituted for "destroy or injure" because it is inclusive. The words "air carrier, motor carrier, or rail carrier" are substituted for "common or contract carrier by railroad, motor vehicle, or aircraft", and the words "being transported" are substituted for "moving", for consistency in the revised title. The words "In a criminal proceeding under this section" are substituted for "To establish the interstate or foreign commerce character of any property involved in any prosecution under this section" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "shipping document" are substituted for "waybill or similar shipping document" because they are inclusive.

In subsection (b), the words "A person may not be prosecuted for an act under this section when the person has been convicted or acquitted on the merits for the same act" are substituted for "A judgment of conviction or acquittal on the merits . . . shall be a bar to any prosecution under this chapter for the same act or acts" for clarity. The word "territory" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The words "or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico" are omitted as unnecessary because of 48:734.

(a)

(2) Sheep may be confined for an additional 8 consecutive hours without being unloaded when the 28-hour period of confinement ends at night. Animals may be confined for—

(A) more than 28 hours when the animals cannot be unloaded because of accidental or unavoidable causes that could not have been anticipated or avoided when being careful; and

(B) 36 consecutive hours when the owner or person having custody of animals being transported requests, in writing and separate from a bill of lading or other rail form, that the 28-hour period be extended to 36 hours.

(3) Time spent in loading and unloading animals is not included as part of a period of confinement under this subsection.

(b)

(1) shall feed and water the animals at the reasonable expense of the owner or person having custody, except that the owner or shipper may provide food;

(2) has a lien on the animals for providing food, care, and custody that may be collected at the destination in the same way that a transportation charge is collected; and

(3) is not liable for detaining the animals for a reasonable period to comply with subsection (a) of this section.

(c)

(d)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1356.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80502(a) | 45:71 (less 1st sentence 132d–153d words). | June 29, 1906, ch. 3594, §§1–4, 34 Stat. 607. |

80502(b) | 45:71 (1st sentence 132d–153d words). | |

45:72. | ||

80502(c) | 45:73 (proviso). | |

80502(d) | 45:73 (less proviso). | |

45:74. |


In this section, the words "rail carrier, express carrier" are substituted for "railroad, express company, car company" for consistency in the revised title. The word "air" is included in the exception because when the source provision was enacted air carriers did not exist. The words "a vehicle or vessel" are substituted for "cars, boats, or vessels of any description", and the word "vessel" is substituted for "steam, sailing, or other vessels", for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a)(1), the words "transporting animals" are substituted for "whose road forms any part of a line of road over which cattle, sheep, swine, or other animals shall be conveyed" and "carrying or transporting cattle, sheep, swine, or other animals" to eliminate unnecessary words. The word "possession" is added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "for feeding, water, and rest" are added because of the restatement.

In subsection (a)(2), before clause (A), the words "Sheep may be confined for an additional 8 consecutive hours without being unloaded when the 28-hour period of confinement ends at night" are substituted for 45:71 (last proviso) for clarity. The words "Animals may be confined for" are added because of the restatement. In clause (A), the words "more than 28 hours when the animals cannot be unloaded because of" are substituted for "unless prevented by" because of the restatement. The word "storm" is omitted as being included in "accidental or unavoidable causes". The words "when being careful" are substituted for "by the exercise of due diligence and foresight" to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (B), the words "36 consecutive hours when" are substituted for "*Provided*, That . . . the time of confinement may be extended to thirty-six hours" because of the restatement. The word "printed" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(3), the words "but the time during which the animals have been confined without such rest or food or water on connecting roads shall be included, it being the intent of this chapter to prohibit their continuous confinement beyond the period of twenty-eight hours, except upon the contingencies hereinbefore stated" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.

In subsection (b), before clause (1), the word "properly" is omitted as surplus. The words "Animals being transported shall be unloaded" are added because of the restatement. In clause (1), the words "except that the owner or shipper may provide food" are substituted for "but nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the owner or shipper of animals from furnishing food therefor, if he so desires" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the word "proper" is omitted as surplus.

In subsection (d), the words "liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty" are substituted for "liable for and forfeit and pay a penalty" in 45:73 for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words "On learning of a violation, the Attorney General shall bring a civil action to collect the penalty" are substituted for "The penalty created by section 73 of this title shall be recovered by civil action in the name of the United States" in 45:74 and "and it shall be the duty of United States attorneys to prosecute all violations of this chapter reported by the Secretary of Agriculture, or which come to their notice or knowledge by other means" to eliminate unnecessary words and because of 28:509. The words "in the district court of the United States for the judicial district" are substituted for "in the circuit or district court holden within the district" in section 4 of the Act of June 29, 1906 (ch. 3594, 34 Stat. 608), because of section 291 of the Act of March 3, 1911 (ch. 231, 36 Stat. 1167), and for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

(a)

(A) "private aircraft" means a civilian aircraft not being used to transport passengers or property for compensation.

(B) "private vessel" means a civilian vessel not being used—

(i) to transport passengers or property for compensation; or

(ii) in fishing or fish processing operations.

(2) Notwithstanding section 451 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1451), the owner, operator, or agent of a private aircraft or private vessel may pay not more than $25 for the services of an officer or employee of the Department of Agriculture, the Customs Service, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, or the Public Health Service (including an independent contractor performing an inspection service for the Public Health Service) when the services are performed on a Sunday, holiday, or from 5 p.m. through 8 a.m. on a weekday, and are related to the aircraft's or vessel's arrival in, or departure from, the United States. However, the owner, operator, or agent does not have to pay for the services from 5 p.m. through 8 a.m. on a weekday when an officer or employee on regular duty is available at the place of arrival or departure to perform services.

(3) The head of a department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government providing services under paragraph (2) of this subsection shall collect the amount paid for the services and deposit the amount in the Treasury. The amount shall be credited to the appropriation of the department, agency, or instrumentality against which the expense of those services was charged.

(b)

(2) This subsection does not require reimbursement for costs incurred by the Secretary of the Treasury in providing customs services described in section 13031(e)(1) of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (19 U.S.C. 58c(e)(1)).

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1357.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80503(a)(1) | 49 App.:1741(d). | May 21, 1970, Pub. L. 91–258, §53(a)–(d), 84 Stat. 236. |

80503(a)(2) | 49 App.:1741(a), (b). | |

80503(a)(3) | 49 App.:1741(c). | |

80503(b) | 49 App.:1741(e). | May 21, 1970, Pub. L. 91–258, 84 Stat. 219, §53(e); added Oct. 22, 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, §1893(f), 100 Stat. 2930. |


In subsection (a)(1), the word "passengers" is substituted for "persons" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code. The word "hire" is omitted as being included in "compensation". In clause (B)(ii), the words "fishing or fish processing operations" are substituted for "fishing operations or in processing of fish or fish products" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (a)(2), the words "or any other provisions of law" are omitted as unnecessary. The words "on or after July 1, 1970" are omitted as executed. The words "upon the request of such owner, operator, or agent" are omitted as unnecessary. The words "from 5 p.m. through 8 a.m." are substituted for "at any time after 5 o'clock postmeridian or before 8 o'clock antemeridian" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "Notwithstanding any other provision of law" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The words "the owner, operator, or agent does not have to pay" are substituted for "no payment shall be required" for clarity. The words "from 5 p.m. through 8 a.m." after "the services" are added for clarity. The words "an officer or employee on regular duty" are substituted for "an officer or employee stationed on his regular tour of duty" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b)(1), the words "related to the aircraft" are substituted for "as a consequence of the operation of aircraft", and the words "a place of inspection" are substituted for "at airports of entry or other places of inspection", to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "The head of the department, agency, or instrumentality may not assess" are substituted for "shall not be assessed against" because of the restatement. The word "expenses" is substituted for "costs" for consistency in this section.

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the United States Customs Service of the Department of the Treasury, including functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 203(1), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. For establishment of U.S. Customs and Border Protection in the Department of Homeland Security, treated as if included in Pub. L. 107–296 as of Nov. 25, 2002, see section 211 of Title 6, as amended generally by Pub. L. 114–125, and section 802(b) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6.

For abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service, transfer of functions, and treatment of related references, see note set out under section 1551 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1358.)

Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|

80504(a) | 49 App.:1201. | Feb. 23, 1905, ch. 744, §1, 33 Stat. 743; June 13, 1957, Pub. L. 85–50, §1(1), 71 Stat. 69. |

80504(b) | 49 App.:1202. | Feb. 23, 1905, ch. 744, §2, 33 Stat. 743. |

80504(c) | 49 App.:1203. | Feb. 23, 1905, ch. 744, §3, 33 Stat. 743; restated June 13, 1957, Pub. L. 85–50, §1(2), 71 Stat. 69. |

49 App.:1655(e)(3). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(e)(3), 80 Stat. 939. |


In subsection (a), the words "may prepare and give" are substituted for "is authorized to cause to be prepared . . . which shall be bestowed" for clarity. The word "suitable" is omitted as surplus. The word "individual" is substituted for "persons" because it is more precise. The words "trying to prevent, or save the life of another in" are substituted for "in saving, or endeavoring to save, lives . . . or in preventing or endeavoring to prevent" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "grave accident" are substituted for "wreck, disaster, or grave accident" because they are inclusive. The words "rail carrier providing transportation in interstate commerce" are substituted for "railroad . . . engaged in interstate commerce" for consistency in the revised title. The words "The President may give a medal only when" are substituted for "*Provided*, That no award of said medal shall be made to any person until" for clarity. The word "filed" is substituted for "furnished and placed on file" to eliminate unnecessary words.

In subsection (b), the words "and the individual receiving the medal is not negligent" are substituted for "without fault or neglect on the part of the person to whom it was issued" to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the President shall issue" are substituted for "shall be issued" for clarity.

In subsection (c), the words "to the Secretary of Transportation" are substituted for "for the Department of Transportation" because of 49:102(b).