[United States Statutes at Large, Volume 120, 109th Congress, 2nd Session]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]

120 STAT. 1485

Public Law 109-304
109th Congress

An Act


 
To complete the codification of title 46, United States Code,
``Shipping'', as positive law. NOTE: Oct. 6, 2006 -  [H.R. 1442]

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. TABLE OF CONTENTS.

The table of contents for this Act is as follows:

Sec.  1.  Table of contents.
Sec.  2.  Purpose; conformity with original intent.
Sec.  3.  Title analysis.
Sec.  4.  Subtitle I of title 46.
Sec.  5.  Subtitle II of title 46.
Sec.  6.  Subtitle III of title 46.
Sec.  7.  Subtitle IV of title 46.
Sec.  8.  Subtitle V of title 46.
Sec.  9.  Subtitle VI of title 46.
Sec.  10.  Subtitle VII of title 46.
Sec.  11.  Subtitle VIII of title 46.
Sec.  12.  Maritime Administration.
Sec.  13.  Amendments relating to Maritime Security Act of 2003.
Sec.  14.  Amendments to partially restated provisions.
Sec.  15.  Additional amendments to title 46.
Sec.  16.  Recreational boating safety technical amendments.
Sec.  17.  Conforming amendments to other laws.
Sec.  18.  Transitional and savings provisions.
Sec.  19.  Repeals.

SEC. 2. NOTE: 46 USC note prec. 101. PURPOSE; CONFORMITY WITH
ORIGINAL INTENT.

(a) Purpose.--The purpose of this Act is to complete the
codification of title 46, United States Code, ``Shipping'', as positive
law, by reorganizing and restating the laws currently in the appendix to
title 46.
(b) Conformity With Original Intent.--In the codification of laws by
this Act, the intent is to conform to the understood policy, intent, and
purpose of the Congress in the original enactments, with such amendments
and corrections as will remove ambiguities, contradictions, and other
imperfections, in accordance with section 205(c)(1) of House Resolution
No. 988, 93d Congress, as enacted into law by Public Law 93-554 (2
U.S.C. 285b(1)).

SEC. 3. TITLE ANALYSIS.

The title analysis of title 46, United States Code, is amended to
read as follows:

``Subtitle                                                         Sec.
``I. GENERAL.....................................................  101
``II. VESSELS AND SEAMEN......................................... 2101
``III. MARITIME LIABILITY........................................30101
``IV. REGULATION OF OCEAN SHIPPING................................40101
``V. MERCHANT MARINE..............................................50101

[[Page 1486]]
120 STAT. 1486

``VI. CLEARANCE, TONNAGE TAXES, AND DUTIES.......................60101
``VII. SECURITY AND DRUG ENFORCEMENT..............................70101
``VIII. MISCELLANEOUS...........................................80101''.

SEC. 4. SUBTITLE I OF TITLE 46.

Title 46, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the
title analysis the following:

``Subtitle I--General

``Chapter                                                           Sec.
Definitions                                              101
Federal Maritime Commission                              301
Other General Provisions                                 501

``CHAPTER 1--DEFINITIONS

``Sec.
``101.  Agency.
``102.  Barge.
``103.  Boundary Line.
``104.  Citizen of the United States.
``105.  Consular officer.
``106.  Documented vessel.
``107.  Exclusive economic zone.
``108.  Fisheries.
``109.  Foreign commerce or trade.
``110.  Foreign vessel.
``111.  Numbered vessel.
``112.  State.
``113.  Undocumented.
``114.  United States.
``115.  Vessel.
``116.  Vessel of the United States.

``Sec. 101. Agency

``In this title, the term `agency' means a department, agency, or
instrumentality of the United States Government.

``Sec. 102. Barge

``In this title, the term `barge' means a non-self-propelled vessel.

``Sec. 103. Boundary Line

``In this title, the term `Boundary Line' means a line established
under section 2(b) of the Act of February 19, 1895 (33 U.S.C. 151).

``Sec. 104. Citizen of the United States

``In this title, the term `citizen of the United States', when used
in reference to a natural person, means an individual who is a national
of the United States as defined in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration
and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22)).

``Sec. 105. Consular officer

``In this title, the term `consular officer' means an officer or
employee of the United States Government designated under regulations to
issue visas.

``Sec. 106. Documented vessel

``In this title, the term `documented vessel' means a vessel for
which a certificate of documentation has been issued under chapter 121
of this title.

[[Page 1487]]
120 STAT. 1487

``Sec. 107. Exclusive economic zone

``In this title, the term `exclusive economic zone' means the zone
established by Presidential Proclamation 5030 of March 10, 1983 (16
U.S.C. 1453 note).

``Sec. 108. Fisheries

``In this title, the term `fisheries' includes processing, storing,
transporting (except in foreign commerce), planting, cultivating,
catching, taking, or harvesting fish, shellfish, marine animals, pearls,
shells, or marine vegetation in the navigable waters of the United
States or in the exclusive economic zone.

``Sec. 109. Foreign commerce or trade

``(a) In General.--In this title, the terms `foreign commerce' and
`foreign trade' mean commerce or trade between a place in the United
States and a place in a foreign country.
``(b) Capital Construction Funds and Construction-Differential
Subsidies.--In the context of capital construction funds under chapter
535 of this title, and in the context of construction-differential
subsidies under title V of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, the terms
`foreign commerce' and `foreign trade' also include, in the case of
liquid and dry bulk cargo carrying services, trading between foreign
ports in accordance with normal commercial bulk shipping practices in a
manner that will permit bulk vessels of the United States to compete
freely with foreign bulk vessels in their operation or competition for
charters, subject to regulations prescribed by the Secretary of
Transportation.

``Sec. 110. Foreign vessel

``In this title, the term `foreign vessel' means a vessel of foreign
registry or operated under the authority of a foreign country.

``Sec. 111. Numbered vessel

``In this title, the term `numbered vessel' means a vessel for which
a number has been issued under chapter 123 of this title.

``Sec. 112. State

``In this title, the term `State' means a State of the United
States, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands,
American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and any other territory or
possession of the United States.

``Sec. 113. Undocumented

``In this title, the term `undocumented' means not having and not
required to have a certificate of documentation issued under chapter 121
of this title.

``Sec. 114. United States

``In this title, the term `United States', when used in a geographic
sense, means the States of the United States, the District of Columbia,
Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Northern
Mariana Islands, and any other territory or possession of the United
States.

``Sec. 115. Vessel

``In this title, the term `vessel' has the meaning given that term
in section 3 of title 1.

[[Page 1488]]
120 STAT. 1488

``Sec. 116. Vessel of the United States

``In this title, the term `vessel of the United States' means a
vessel documented under chapter 121 of this title (or exempt from
documentation under section 12102(c) of this title), numbered under
chapter 123 of this title, or titled under the law of a State.

``CHAPTER 3--FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION

``Sec.
``301.  General organization.
``302.  Quorum.
``303.  Record of meetings and votes.
``304.  Delegation of authority.
``305.  Regulations.
``306.  Annual report.
``307.  Expenditures.

``Sec. 301. General organization

``(a) Organization.--The Federal Maritime Commission is an
independent establishment of the United States Government.
``(b) Commissioners.--
``(1) NOTE: President. Composition.--The Commission is
composed of 5 Commissioners, appointed by the President by and
with the advice and consent of the Senate. Not more than 3
Commissioners may be appointed from the same political party.
``(2) Terms.--The term of each Commissioner is 5 years, with
each term beginning one year apart. An individual appointed to
fill a vacancy is appointed only for the unexpired term of the
individual being succeeded. A vacancy shall be filled in the
same manner as the original appointment. When the term of a
Commissioner ends, the Commissioner may continue to serve until
a successor is appointed and qualified.
``(3) Removal.--The President may remove a Commissioner for
inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office.

``(c) Chairman.--
``(1) NOTE: President. Designation.--The President shall
designate one of the Commissioners as Chairman.
``(2) General authority.--The Chairman is the chief
executive and administrative officer of the Commission. In
carrying out the duties and powers of the Commission (other than
under paragraph (3)), the Chairman is subject to the policies,
regulatory decisions, findings, and determinations of the
Commission.
``(3) Particular duties.--
``(A) In general.--The Chairman shall--
``(i) appoint and supervise officers and
employees of the Commission;
``(ii) appoint the heads of major
organizational units, but only after consultation
with the other Commissioners;
``(iii) distribute the business of the
Commission among personnel and organizational
units;
``(iv) supervise the expenditure of money for
administrative purposes; and
``(v) assign Commission personnel, including
Commissioners, to perform duties and powers
delegated by the Commission under section 304 of
this title.

[[Page 1489]]
120 STAT. 1489

``(B) Nonapplication.--Subparagraph (A) (other than
clause (v)) does not apply to personnel employed
regularly and full-time in the offices of Commissioners
other than the Chairman.
``(4) Delegation.--The Chairman may designate officers and
employees under the Chairman's jurisdiction to perform duties
and powers of the Chairman, subject to the Chairman's
supervision and direction.

``(d) Seal.--The Commission shall have a seal which shall be
judicially recognized.

``Sec. 302. Quorum

``A vacancy or vacancies in the membership of the Federal Maritime
Commission do not impair the power of the Commission to execute its
functions. The affirmative vote of a majority of the Commissioners
serving on the Commission is required to dispose of any matter before
the Commission.

``Sec. 303. Record of meetings and votes

``The Federal Maritime Commission, through its secretary, shall keep
a record of its meetings and the votes taken on any action, order,
contract, or financial transaction of the Commission.

``Sec. 304. Delegation of authority

``(a) Delegation.--The Federal Maritime Commission, by published
order or regulation, may delegate to a division of the Commission, an
individual Commissioner, an employee board, or an officer or employee of
the Commission, any of its duties or powers, including those relating to
hearing, determining, ordering, certifying, reporting, or otherwise
acting on any matter. This subsection does not affect section 556(b) of
title 5.
``(b) Review.--The Commission may review any action taken under a
delegation of authority under subsection (a). The review may be taken on
the Commission's own initiative or on the petition of a party to or an
intervenor in the action, within the time and in the manner prescribed
by the Commission. The vote of a majority of the Commission, less one
member, is sufficient to bring an action before the Commission for
review.
``(c) Deemed Action of Commission.--If the Commission declines
review, or if review is not sought, within the time prescribed under
subsection (b), the action taken under the delegation of authority is
deemed to be the action of the Commission.

``Sec. 305. Regulations

``The Federal Maritime Commission may prescribe regulations to carry
out its duties and powers.

``Sec. 306. Annual report

``(a) In General.--Not later than April 1 of each year, the Federal
Maritime Commission shall submit a report to Congress. The report shall
include the results of its investigations, a summary of its
transactions, the purposes for which all of its expenditures were made,
and any recommendations for legislation.
``(b) Report on Foreign Laws and Practices.--The Commission shall
include in its annual report to Congress--

[[Page 1490]]
120 STAT. 1490

``(1) a list of the 20 foreign countries that generated the
largest volume of oceanborne liner cargo for the most recent
calendar year in bilateral trade with the United States;
``(2) an analysis of conditions described in section
42302(a) of this title being investigated or found to exist in
foreign countries;
``(3) any actions being taken by the Commission to offset
those conditions;
``(4) any recommendations for additional legislation to
offset those conditions; and
``(5) a list of petitions filed under section 42302(b) of
this title that the Commission rejected and the reasons for each
rejection.

``Sec. 307. Expenditures

``The Federal Maritime Commission may make such expenditures as are
necessary in the performance of its functions from funds appropriated or
otherwise made available to it, which appropriations are authorized.

``CHAPTER 5--OTHER GENERAL PROVISIONS

``Sec.
``501.  Waiver of navigation and vessel-inspection laws.
``502.  Cargo exempt from forfeiture.
``503.  Notice of seizure.
``504.  Remission of fees and penalties.
``505.  Penalty for violating regulation or order.

``Sec. 501. Waiver of navigation and vessel-inspection laws

``(a) On Request of Secretary of Defense.--On request of the
Secretary of Defense, the head of an agency responsible for the
administration of the navigation or vessel-inspection laws shall waive
compliance with those laws to the extent the Secretary considers
necessary in the interest of national defense.
``(b) By Head of Agency.--When the head of an agency responsible for
the administration of the navigation or vessel-inspection laws considers
it necessary in the interest of national defense, the individual may
waive compliance with those laws to the extent, in the manner, and on
the terms the individual prescribes.
``(c) Termination of Authority.--The authority granted by this
section shall terminate at such time as the Congress by concurrent
resolution or the President may designate.

``Sec. 502. Cargo exempt from forfeiture

``Cargo on a vessel is exempt from forfeiture under this title if--
``(1) the cargo is owned in good faith by a person not the
owner, master, or crewmember of the vessel; and
``(2) the customs duties on the cargo have been paid or
secured for payment as provided by law.

``Sec. 503. Notice of seizure

``When a forfeiture of a vessel or cargo accrues, the official of
the United States Government required to give notice of the seizure of
the vessel or cargo shall include in the notice, if they are known to
that official, the name and the place of residence of the owner or
consignee at the time of the seizure.

[[Page 1491]]
120 STAT. 1491

``Sec. 504. Remission of fees and penalties

``Any part of a fee, tax, or penalty paid or a forfeiture incurred
under a law or regulation relating to vessels or seamen may be remitted
if--
``(1) application for the remission is made within one year
after the date of the payment or forfeiture; and
``(2) it is found that the fee, tax, penalty, or forfeiture
was improperly or excessively imposed.

``Sec. 505. Penalty for violating regulation or order

``A person convicted of knowingly and willfully violating a
regulation or order of the Federal Maritime Commission or the Secretary
of Transportation under subtitle IV or V of this title, for which no
penalty is expressly provided, shall be fined not more than $500. Each
day of a continuing violation is a separate offense.''.

SEC. 5. SUBTITLE II OF TITLE 46.

Chapter 121 of title 46, United States Code, is amended to read as
follows:

``CHAPTER 121--DOCUMENTATION OF VESSELS

``SUBCHAPTER I--GENERAL

``Sec.
``12101.  Definitions.
``12102.  Vessels requiring documentation.
``12103.  General eligibility requirements.
``12104.  Applications for documentation.
``12105.  Issuance of documentation.
``12106.  Surrender of title and number.
``12107.  Wrecked vessels.

``SUBCHAPTER II--ENDORSEMENTS AND SPECIAL DOCUMENTATION

``12111.  Registry endorsement.
``12112.  Coastwise endorsement.
``12113.  Fishery endorsement.
``12114.  Recreational endorsement.
``12115.  Temporary endorsement for vessels procured outside the United
States.
``12116.  Limited endorsements for Guam, American Samoa, and Northern
Mariana Islands.
``12117.  Oil spill response vessels.
``12118.  Owners engaged primarily in manufacturing or mineral industry.
``12119.  Owners engaged primarily in leasing or financing transactions.
``12120.  Liquified gas tankers.
``12121.  Small passenger vessels and uninspected passenger vessels.

``SUBCHAPTER III--MISCELLANEOUS

``12131.  Command of documented vessels.
``12132.  Loss of coastwise trade privileges.
``12133.  Duty to carry certificate on vessel and allow examination.
``12134.  Evidentiary uses of documentation.
``12135.  Invalidation of certificates of documentation.
``12136.  Surrender of certificates of documentation.
``12137.  Recording of vessels built in the United States.
``12138.  List of documented vessels.
``12139.  Reports.

``SUBCHAPTER IV--PENALTIES

``12151.  Penalties.
``12152.  Denial or revocation of endorsement for non-payment of civil
penalty.

``SUBCHAPTER I--GENERAL

``Sec. 12101. Definitions

``(a) Rebuilt in the United States.--In this chapter, a vessel is
deemed to have been rebuilt in the United States only if the

[[Page 1492]]
120 STAT. 1492

entire rebuilding, including the construction of any major component of
the hull or superstructure, was done in the United States.
``(b) Related Terms in Other Laws.--When the following terms are
used in a law, regulation, document, ruling, or other official act
referring to the documentation of a vessel, the following definitions
apply:
``(1) Registry endorsement.--The terms `certificate of
registry', `register', and `registry' mean a certificate of
documentation with a registry endorsement issued under this
chapter.
``(2) Coastwise endorsement.--The terms `license',
`enrollment and license', `license for the coastwise (or
coasting) trade', and `enrollment and license for the coastwise
(or coasting) trade' mean a certificate of documentation with a
coastwise endorsement issued under this chapter.
``(3) Yacht.--The term `yacht' means a recreational vessel
even if not documented.

``Sec. 12102. Vessels requiring documentation

``(a) In General.--Except as otherwise provided, a vessel may engage
in a trade only if the vessel has been issued a certificate of
documentation with an endorsement for that trade under this chapter.
``(b) Vessels Less Than 5 Net Tons.--A vessel of less than 5 net
tons may engage in a trade without being documented if the vessel
otherwise satisfies the requirements to engage in the particular trade.
``(c) Barges.--A barge qualified to engage in the coastwise trade
may engage in the coastwise trade, without being documented, on rivers,
harbors, lakes (except the Great Lakes), canals, and inland waters.

``Sec. 12103. General eligibility requirements

``(a) In General.--Except as otherwise provided, a certificate of
documentation for a vessel may be issued under this chapter only if the
vessel is--
``(1) wholly owned by one or more individuals or entities
described in subsection (b);
``(2) at least 5 net tons as measured under part J of this
subtitle; and
``(3) not documented under the laws of a foreign country.

``(b) Eligible Owners.--For purposes of subsection (a)(1), the
following are eligible owners:
``(1) An individual who is a citizen of the United States.
``(2) An association, trust, joint venture, or other entity
if--
``(A) each of its members is a citizen of the United
States; and
``(B) it is capable of holding title to a vessel
under the laws of the United States or a State.
``(3) A partnership if--
``(A) each general partner is a citizen of the
United States; and
``(B) the controlling interest in the partnership is
owned by citizens of the United States.
``(4) A corporation if--
``(A) it is incorporated under the laws of the
United States or a State;

[[Page 1493]]
120 STAT. 1493

``(B) its chief executive officer, by whatever
title, and the chairman of its board of directors are
citizens of the United States; and
``(C) no more of its directors are noncitizens than
a minority of the number necessary to constitute a
quorum.
``(5) The United States Government.
``(6) The government of a State.

``(c) Temporary Certificates Prior to Measurement.--Notwithstanding
subsection (a)(2), the Secretary may issue a temporary certificate of
documentation for a vessel before it is measured.

``Sec. 12104. Applications for documentation

``(a) In General.--An application for a certificate of documentation
or endorsement under this chapter must be filed by the owner of the
vessel. The application must be filed in the manner, be in the form, and
contain the information prescribed by the Secretary.
``(b) Applicant's Identifying Information.--The Secretary shall
require the applicant to provide--
``(1) if the applicant is an individual, the individual's
social security number; or
``(2) if the applicant is an entity--
``(A) the entity's taxpayer identification number;
or
``(B) if the entity does not have a taxpayer
identification number, the social security number of an
individual who is a corporate officer, general partner,
or individual trustee of the entity and who signs the
application.

``Sec. 12105. Issuance of documentation

``(a) In General.--Except as provided in section 12152 of this
title, the Secretary, on receipt of a proper application, shall issue a
certificate of documentation or a temporary certificate of documentation
for a vessel satisfying the requirements of section 12103 of this title.
The certificate shall contain each endorsement under subchapter II of
this chapter for which the owner applies and the vessel is eligible.
``(b) Temporary Certificates for Recreational Vessels.--The
Secretary may delegate, subject to the supervision and control of the
Secretary and under terms prescribed by regulation, to private entities
determined and certified by the Secretary to be qualified, the authority
to issue a temporary certificate of documentation for a recreational
vessel eligible under section 12103 of this title. A temporary
certificate issued under this subsection is valid for not more than 30
days.
``(c) Information To Be Included in Certificate.--A certificate of
documentation shall--
``(1) identify and describe the vessel;
``(2) identify the owner of the vessel; and
``(3) contain additional information prescribed by the
Secretary.

``(d) Procedures To Ensure Integrity and Accuracy.--The Secretary
shall prescribe procedures to ensure the integrity of, and the accuracy
of information contained in, certificates of documentation.

[[Page 1494]]
120 STAT. 1494

``Sec. 12106. Surrender of title and number

``(a) NOTE: Regulations. In General.--A documented vessel may
not be titled by a State or required to display numbers under chapter
123 of this title, and any certificate of title issued by a State for a
documented vessel shall be surrendered as provided by regulations
prescribed by the Secretary.

``(b) Vessels Covered by Preferred Mortgage.--The Secretary may
approve the surrender under subsection (a) of a certificate of title for
a vessel covered by a preferred mortgage under section 31322(d) of this
title only if the mortgagee consents.

``Sec. 12107. Wrecked vessels

``(a) Requirements.--A vessel is a wrecked vessel under this chapter
if it--
``(1) was wrecked on a coast of the United States or
adjacent waters; and
``(2) has undergone repairs in a shipyard in the United
States equal to at least 3 times the appraised salvage value of
the vessel.

``(b) Appraisals.--The Secretary may appoint a board of three
appraisers to determine whether a vessel satisfies subsection (a)(2).
The costs of the appraisal shall be paid by the owner of the vessel.

``SUBCHAPTER II--ENDORSEMENTS AND SPECIAL DOCUMENTATION

``Sec. 12111. Registry endorsement

``(a) Requirements.--A registry endorsement may be issued for a
vessel that satisfies the requirements of section 12103 of this title.
``(b) Authorized Activity.--A vessel for which a registry
endorsement is issued may engage in foreign trade or trade with Guam,
American Samoa, Wake, Midway, or Kingman Reef.
``(c) Certain Vessels Owned by Trusts.--
``(1) Nonapplication of beneficiary citizenship
requirement.--For the issuance of a certificate of documentation
with only a registry endorsement, the beneficiaries of a trust
are not required to be citizens of the United States if the
trust qualifies under paragraph (2) and the vessel is subject to
a charter to a citizen of the United States.
``(2) Requirements for trust to qualify.--
``(A) In general.--Subject to subparagraph (B), a
trust qualifies under this paragraph with respect to a
vessel only if--
``(i) each trustee is a citizen of the United
States; and
``(ii) the application for documentation of
the vessel includes the affidavit of each trustee
stating that the trustee is not aware of any
reason involving a beneficiary of the trust that
is not a citizen of the United States, or
involving any other person that is not a citizen
of the United States, as a result of which the
beneficiary or other person would hold more than
25 percent of the aggregate power to influence or
limit the exercise of the authority of the trustee
with respect to matters involving any ownership or
operation of

[[Page 1495]]
120 STAT. 1495

the vessel that may adversely affect the interests
of the United States.
``(B) Authority of non-citizens.--If any person that
is not a citizen of the United States has authority to
direct or participate in directing a trustee for a trust
in matters involving any ownership or operation of the
vessel that may adversely affect the interests of the
United States or in removing a trustee for a trust
without cause, either directly or indirectly through the
control of another person, the trust is not qualified
under this paragraph unless the trust instrument
provides that persons who are not citizens of the United
States may not hold more than 25 percent of the
aggregate authority to so direct or remove a trustee.
``(C) Ownership by non-citizens.--Subparagraphs (A)
and (B) do not prohibit a person that is not a citizen
of the United States from holding more than 25 percent
of the beneficial interest in a trust.
``(3) Citizenship of person chartering vessel.--If a person
chartering a vessel from a trust that qualifies under paragraph
(2) is a citizen of the United States under section 50501 of
this title, the vessel is deemed to be owned by a citizen of the
United States for purposes of that section and related laws,
except chapter 531 of this title.

``Sec. 12112. Coastwise endorsement

``(a) Requirements.--A coastwise endorsement may be issued for a
vessel that--
``(1) satisfies the requirements of section 12103 of this
title;
``(2)(A) was built in the United States; or
``(B) if not built in the United States--
``(i) was captured in war by citizens of the United
States and lawfully condemned as prize;
``(ii) was adjudged to be forfeited for a breach of
the laws of the United States; or
``(iii) qualifies as a wrecked vessel under section
12107 of this title; and
``(3) otherwise qualifies under the laws of the United
States to engage in the coastwise trade.

``(b) Authorized Activity.--Subject to the laws of the United States
regulating the coastwise trade, a vessel for which a coastwise
endorsement is issued may engage in the coastwise trade.

``Sec. 12113. Fishery endorsement

``(a) Requirements.--A fishery endorsement may be issued for a
vessel that--
``(1) satisfies the requirements of section 12103 of this
title and, if owned by an entity, the entity satisfies the
ownership requirements in subsection (c);
``(2) was built in the United States;
``(3) if rebuilt, was rebuilt in the United States;
``(4) was not forfeited to the United States Government
after July 1, 2001, for a breach of the laws of the United
States; and
``(5) otherwise qualifies under the laws of the United
States to engage in the fisheries.

``(b) Authorized Activity.--

[[Page 1496]]
120 STAT. 1496

``(1) In general.--Subject to the laws of the United States
regulating the fisheries, a vessel for which a fishery
endorsement is issued may engage in the fisheries.
``(2) Use by prohibited persons.--A fishery endorsement is
invalid immediately if the vessel for which it is issued is used
as a fishing vessel while it is chartered or leased to an
individual who is not a citizen of the United States or to an
entity that is not eligible to own a vessel with a fishery
endorsement.

``(c) Ownership Requirements for Entities.--
``(1) In general.--A vessel owned by an entity is eligible
for a fishery endorsement only if at least 75 percent of the
interest in the entity, at each tier of ownership and in the
aggregate, is owned and controlled by citizens of the United
States.
``(2) NOTE: Applicability. Determining 75 percent
interest.--In determining whether at least 75 percent of the
interest in the entity is owned and controlled by citizens of
the United States under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall apply
section 50501(d) of this title, except that for this purpose the
terms `control' or `controlled'--
``(A) include the right to--
``(i) direct the business of the entity;
``(ii) limit the actions of or replace the
chief executive officer, a majority of the board
of directors, any general partner, or any person
serving in a management capacity of the entity; or
``(iii) direct the transfer, operation, or
manning of a vessel with a fishery endorsement;
but
``(B) do not include the right to simply participate
in the activities under subparagraph (A), or the
exercise of rights under loan or mortgage covenants by a
mortgagee eligible to be a preferred mortgagee under
section 31322(a) of this title, except that a mortgagee
not eligible to own a vessel with a fishery endorsement
may only operate such a vessel to the extent necessary
for the immediate safety of the vessel or for repairs,
drydocking, or berthing changes.
``(3) Exceptions.--This subsection does not apply to a
vessel when it is engaged in the fisheries in the exclusive
economic zone under the authority of the Western Pacific Fishery
Management Council established under section 302(a)(1)(H) of the
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16
U.S.C. 1852(a)(1)(H)) or to a purse seine vessel when it is
engaged in tuna fishing in the Pacific Ocean outside the
exclusive economic zone or pursuant to the South Pacific
Regional Fisheries Treaty, provided that the owner of the vessel
continues to comply with the eligibility requirements for a
fishery endorsement under the Federal law that was in effect on
October 1, 1998. A fishery endorsement issued pursuant to this
paragraph is valid for engaging only in the activities described
in this paragraph.

``(d) Requirements Based on Length, Tonnage, or Horsepower.--
``(1) Application.--This subsection applies to a vessel
that--
``(A) is greater than 165 feet in registered length;

[[Page 1497]]
120 STAT. 1497

``(B) is more than 750 gross registered tons as
measured under chapter 145 of this title or 1,900 gross
registered tons as measured under chapter 143 of this
title; or
``(C) has an engine or engines capable of producing
a total of more than 3,000 shaft horsepower.
``(2) Requirements.--A vessel subject to this subsection is
not eligible for a fishery endorsement unless--
``(A)(i) a certificate of documentation was issued
for the vessel and endorsed with a fishery endorsement
that was effective on September 25, 1997;
``(ii) the vessel is not placed under foreign
registry after October 21, 1998; and
``(iii) if the fishery endorsement is invalidated
after October 21, 1998, application is made for a new
fishery endorsement within 15 business days of the
invalidation; or
``(B) the owner of the vessel demonstrates to the
Secretary that the regional fishery management council
of jurisdiction established under section 302(a)(1) of
the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management
Act (16 U.S.C. 1852(a)(1)) has recommended after October
21, 1998, and the Secretary of Commerce has approved,
conservation and management measures in accordance with
the American Fisheries Act (Public Law 105-277, div. C,
title II) (16 U.S.C. 1851 note) to allow the vessel to
be used in fisheries under the council's authority.

``(e) Vessels Measuring 100 Feet or Greater.--
``(1) In general.--The Administrator of the Maritime
Administration shall administer subsections (c) and (d) with
respect to vessels 100 feet or greater in registered length. The
owner of each such vessel shall file a statement of citizenship
setting forth all relevant facts regarding vessel ownership and
control with the Administrator on an annual basis to demonstrate
compliance with those provisions.
``(2) Regulations.--Regulations to implement this subsection
shall conform to the extent practicable with the regulations
establishing the form of citizenship affidavit set forth in part
355 of title 46, Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on
September 25, 1997, except that the form of the statement shall
be written in a manner to allow the owner of the vessel to
satisfy any annual renewal requirements for a certificate of
documentation for the vessel and to comply with this subsection
and subsections (c) and (d), and shall not be required to be
notarized.
``(3) Transfer of ownership.--Transfers of ownership and
control of vessels subject to subsection (c) or (d), which are
100 feet or greater in registered length, shall be rigorously
scrutinized for violations of those provisions, with particular
attention given to--
``(A) leases, charters, mortgages, financing, and
similar arrangements;
``(B) the control of persons not eligible to own a
vessel with a fishery endorsement under subsection (c)
or (d), over the management, sales, financing, or other
operations of an entity; and

[[Page 1498]]
120 STAT. 1498

``(C) contracts involving the purchase over extended
periods of time of all, or substantially all, of the
living marine resources harvested by a fishing vessel.

``(f) NOTE: Requirements. Vessels Measuring Less Than 100
Feet.--The Secretary shall establish reasonable and necessary
requirements to demonstrate compliance with subsections (c) and (d),
with respect to vessels measuring less than 100 feet in registered
length, and shall seek to minimize the administrative burden on
individuals who own and operate those vessels.

``(g) Vessels Purchased Through Fishing Capacity Reduction
Program.--A vessel purchased by the Secretary of Commerce through a
fishing capacity reduction program under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery
Conservation Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.) or section 308 of
the Interjurisdictional Fisheries Act of 1986 (16 U.S.C. 4107) is not
eligible for a fishery endorsement, and any fishery endorsement issued
for that vessel is invalid.
``(h) Revocation of Endorsements.--The Secretary shall revoke the
fishery endorsement of any vessel subject to subsection (c) or (d) whose
owner does not comply with those provisions.
``(i) Regulations.--Regulations to implement subsections (c) and (d)
and sections 12151(c) and 31322(b) of this title shall prohibit
impermissible transfers of ownership or control, specify any
transactions that require prior approval of an implementing agency,
identify transactions that do not require prior agency approval, and to
the extent practicable, minimize disruptions to the commercial fishing
industry, to the traditional financing arrangements of that industry,
and to the opportunity to form fishery cooperatives.

``Sec. 12114. Recreational endorsement

``(a) Requirements.--A recreational endorsement may be issued for a
vessel that satisfies the requirements of section 12103 of this title.
``(b) Authorized Activity.--A vessel operating under a recreational
endorsement may be operated only for pleasure.
``(c) Application of Customs Laws.--A vessel for which a
recreational endorsement is issued may proceed between a port of the
United States and a port of a foreign country without entering or
clearing with the Secretary of Homeland Security. However, a
recreational vessel is subject to the requirements for reporting
arrivals under section 433 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1433),
and individuals on the vessel are subject to applicable customs
regulations.

``Sec. 12115. Temporary endorsement for vessels procured outside the
United States

``(a) General Authority.--The Secretary and the Secretary of State,
acting jointly, may provide for the issuance of a certificate of
documentation with an appropriate endorsement for a vessel procured
outside the United States and meeting the ownership requirements of
section 12103 of this title.
``(b) Authorized Activity.--Subject to limitations the Secretary may
prescribe, a vessel documented under this section may proceed to the
United States and engage en route in foreign trade or trade with Guam,
American Samoa, Wake, Midway, or Kingman Reef.
``(c) Application of United States Jurisdiction and Laws.--A vessel
documented under this section is subject to the jurisdiction

[[Page 1499]]
120 STAT. 1499

and laws of the United States. However, if the Secretary considers it to
be in the public interest, the Secretary may suspend for a period of not
more than 6 months the application of a vessel inspection law carried
out by the Secretary or regulations prescribed under that law.
``(d) NOTE: Regulations. Surrender of Certificate.--On the
vessel's arrival in the United States, the certificate of documentation
shall be surrendered as provided by regulations prescribed by the
Secretary.

``Sec. 12116. Limited endorsements for Guam, American Samoa, and
Northern Mariana Islands

``(a) Endorsements.--A vessel satisfying the requirements of
subsection (b) may be issued--
``(1) a coastwise endorsement to engage in the coastwise
trade of fisheries products between places in Guam, American
Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands; or
``(2) a fishery endorsement to engage in fishing in the
territorial sea and fishery conservation zone adjacent to Guam,
American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands.

``(b) Requirements.--An endorsement may be issued under subsection
(a) for a vessel that--
``(1) satisfies the requirements of section 12103 of this
title;
``(2) was not built in the United States, except that for an
endorsement under subsection (a)(2), the vessel must not have
been built or rebuilt in the United States;
``(3) is less than 200 gross tons as measured under section
14502 of this title, or an alternate tonnage as measured under
section 14302 of this title as prescribed by the Secretary under
section 14104 of this title; and
``(4) otherwise qualifies under the laws of the United
States to engage in the coastwise trade or the fisheries, as the
case may be.

``Sec. 12117. Oil spill response vessels

``(a) Requirements.--A coastwise endorsement may be issued for a
vessel that--
``(1) satisfies the requirements for a coastwise
endorsement, except for the ownership requirement otherwise
applicable without regard to this section;
``(2) is owned by a not-for-profit oil spill response
cooperative or by members of such a cooperative that dedicate
the vessel to use by the cooperative;
``(3) is at least 50 percent owned by individuals or
entities described in section 12103(b) of this title; and
``(4) is to be used only for--
``(i) deploying equipment, supplies, and personnel
to recover, contain, or transport oil discharged into
the navigable waters of the United States or the
exclusive economic zone; or
``(ii) training exercises to prepare to respond to
such a discharge.

``(b) Deemed Owned by Citizens.--A vessel satisfying subsection (a)
is deemed to be owned only by citizens of the United States under
sections 12103, 12132, and 50501 of this title.

[[Page 1500]]
120 STAT. 1500

``Sec. 12118. Owners engaged primarily in manufacturing or mineral
industry

``(a) Definitions.--In this section:
``(1) Bowaters corporation.--The term `Bowaters corporation'
means a corporation that has filed a certificate under oath with
the Secretary, in the form and at the times prescribed by the
Secretary, establishing that--
``(A) the corporation is incorporated under the laws
of the United States or a State;
``(B) a majority of the officers and directors of
the corporation are individuals who are citizens of the
United States;
``(C) at least 90 percent of the employees of the
corporation are residents of the United States;
``(D) the corporation is engaged primarily in a
manufacturing or mineral industry in the United States;
``(E) the total book value of the vessels owned by
the corporation is not more than 10 percent of the total
book value of the assets of the corporation; and
``(F) the corporation buys or produces in the United
States at least 75 percent of the raw materials used or
sold in its operations.
``(2) Parent.--The term `parent' means a corporation that
has filed a certificate under oath with the Secretary, in the
form and at the times prescribed by the Secretary, establishing
that the corporation--
``(A) is incorporated under the laws of the United
States or a State; and
``(B) controls, directly or indirectly, at least 50
percent of the voting stock of a Bowaters corporation.
``(3) Subsidiary.--The term `subsidiary' means a corporation
that has filed a certificate under oath with the Secretary, in
the form and at the times prescribed by the Secretary,
establishing that the corporation--
``(A) is incorporated under the laws of the United
States or a State; and
``(B) has at least 50 percent of its voting stock
controlled, directly or indirectly, by a Bowaters
corporation or its parent.

``(b) Deemed Citizen.--A Bowaters corporation is deemed to be a
citizen of the United States for purposes of chapters 121, 551, and 561
and section 80104 of this title.
``(c) Issuance of Documentation.--A certificate of documentation and
appropriate endorsement may be issued for a vessel that--
``(1) is owned by a Bowaters corporation;
``(2) was built in the United States; and
``(3)(A) is self-propelled and less than 500 gross tons as
measured under section 14502 of this title, or an alternate
tonnage as measured under section 14302 of this title as
prescribed by the Secretary under section 14104 of this title;
or
``(B) is not self-propelled.

``(d) Effects of Documentation.--
``(1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (2)--
``(A) a vessel documented under this section may
engage in the coastwise trade; and

[[Page 1501]]
120 STAT. 1501

``(B) the vessel and its owner and master are
entitled to the same benefits and are subject to the
same requirements and penalties as if the vessel were
otherwise documented or exempt from documentation under
this chapter.
``(2) Transportation of passengers or merchandise.--A vessel
documented under this section may transport passengers or
merchandise for hire in the coastwise trade only--
``(A) as a service for a parent or subsidiary of the
corporation owning the vessel; or
``(B) when under a demise or bareboat charter, at
prevailing rates for use not in the domestic
noncontiguous trades, from the corporation owning the
vessel to a carrier that--
``(i) is subject to jurisdiction under
subchapter II of chapter 135 of title 49;
``(ii) otherwise qualifies as a citizen of the
United States under section 50501 of this title;
and
``(iii) is not owned or controlled, directly
or indirectly, by the corporation owning the
vessel.

``(e) Validity of Corporate Certificate.--A certificate filed by a
corporation under this section remains valid only as long as the
corporation continues to satisfy the conditions required of the
corporation by this section. When a corporation no longer satisfies
those conditions, the corporation loses its status under this section
and immediately shall surrender to the Secretary any documents issued to
it based on that status.
``(f) Penalties.--
``(1) Falsifying material fact.--If a corporation knowingly
falsifies a material fact in a certificate filed under
subsection (a), the vessel (or its value) documented or operated
under this section shall be forfeited.
``(2) Transporting merchandise.--If a vessel transports
merchandise for hire in violation of this section, the
merchandise shall be forfeited to the United States Government.
``(3) Transporting passengers.--If a vessel transports
passengers for hire in violation of this section, the vessel is
liable for a penalty of $200 for each passenger so transported.
``(4) Remission or mitigation.--A penalty or forfeiture
incurred under this subsection may be remitted or mitigated
under section 2107(b) of this title.

``Sec. 12119. Owners engaged primarily in leasing or financing
transactions

``(a) Definitions.--In this section:
``(1) Affiliate.--The term `affiliate' means, with respect
to any person, any other person that is--
``(i) directly or indirectly controlled by, under
common control with, or controlling that person; or
``(ii) named as being part of the same consolidated
group in any report or other document submitted to the
United States Securities and Exchange Commission or the
Internal Revenue Service.
``(2) Cargo.--The term `cargo' does not include cargo to
which title is held for non-commercial reasons and primarily for
the purpose of evading the requirements of subsection (c)(3).
``(3) Oil.--The term `oil' has the meaning given that term
in section 2101(20) of this title.

[[Page 1502]]
120 STAT. 1502

``(4) Passive investment.--The term `passive investment'
means an investment in which neither the investor nor any
affiliate of the investor is involved in, or has the power to be
involved in, the formulation, determination, or direction of any
activity or function concerning the management, use, or
operation of the asset that is the subject of the investment.
``(5) Qualified proprietary cargo.--The term `qualified
proprietary cargo' means--
``(A) oil, petroleum products, petrochemicals, or
liquefied natural gas cargo that is beneficially owned
by the person that submits to the Secretary an
application or annual certification under subsection
(c)(3), or by an affiliate of that person, immediately
before, during, or immediately after the cargo is
carried in coastwise trade on a vessel owned by that
person;
``(B) oil, petroleum products, petrochemicals, or
liquefied natural gas cargo not beneficially owned by
the person that submits to the Secretary an application
or an annual certification under subsection (c)(3), or
by an affiliate of that person, but which is carried in
coastwise trade by a vessel owned by that person and
which is part of an arrangement in which vessels owned
by that person and at least one other person are
operated collectively as one fleet, to the extent that
an equal amount of oil, petroleum products,
petrochemicals, or liquefied natural gas cargo
beneficially owned by that person, or by an affiliate of
that person, is carried in coastwise trade on one or
more other vessels, not owned by that person, or by an
affiliate of that person, if the other vessel or vessels
are also part of the same arrangement;
``(C) in the case of a towing vessel associated with
a non-self-propelled tank vessel where both vessels
function as a single self-propelled vessel, oil,
petroleum products, petrochemicals, or liquefied natural
gas cargo that is beneficially owned by the person that
owns both the towing vessel and the non-self-propelled
tank vessel, or any United States affiliate of that
person, immediately before, during, or immediately after
the cargo is carried in coastwise trade on either of
those vessels; or
``(D) any oil, petroleum products, petrochemicals,
or liquefied natural gas cargo carried on any vessel
that is either a self-propelled tank vessel having a
length of at least 210 meters or a tank vessel that is a
liquefied natural gas carrier that--
``(i) was delivered by the builder of the
vessel to the owner of the vessel after December
31, 1999; and
``(ii) was purchased by a person for the
purpose, and with the reasonable expectation, of
transporting on the vessel liquefied natural gas
or unrefined petroleum beneficially owned by the
owner of the vessel, or an affiliate of the owner,
from Alaska to the continental United States.
``(6) United states affiliate.--The term `United States
affiliate' means, with respect to any person, an affiliate the
principal place of business of which is located in the United
States.

[[Page 1503]]
120 STAT. 1503

``(b) Requirements.--A coastwise endorsement may be issued for a
vessel if--
``(1) the vessel satisfies the requirements for a coastwise
endorsement, except for the ownership requirement otherwise
applicable without regard to this section;
``(2) the person that owns the vessel (or, if the vessel is
owned by a trust or similar arrangement, the beneficiary of the
trust or similar arrangement) meets the requirements of
subsection (c);
``(3) NOTE: Certification. the vessel is under a demise
charter to a person that certifies to the Secretary that the
person is a citizen of the United States under section 50501 of
this title for engaging in the coastwise trade; and
``(4) the demise charter is for a period of at least 3 years
or a shorter period as may be prescribed by the Secretary.

``(c) Ownership Certification.--
``(1) In general.--A person meets the requirements of this
subsection if the person transmits to the Secretary each year
the certification required by paragraph (2) or (3) with respect
to a vessel.
``(2) Investment certification.--To meet the certification
requirement of this paragraph, a person shall certify that it--
``(A) is a leasing company, bank, or financial
institution;
``(B) owns, or holds the beneficial interest in, the
vessel solely as a passive investment;
``(C) does not operate any vessel for hire and is
not an affiliate of any person that operates any vessel
for hire; and
``(D) is independent from, and not an affiliate of,
any charterer of the vessel or any other person that has
the right, directly or indirectly, to control or direct
the movement or use of the vessel.
``(3) Certain tank vessels.--
``(A) In general.--To meet the certification
requirement of this paragraph, a person shall certify
that--
``(i) the aggregate book value of the vessels
owned by the person and United States affiliates
of the person does not exceed 10 percent of the
aggregate book value of all assets owned by the
person and its United States affiliates;
``(ii) not more than 10 percent of the
aggregate revenues of the person and its United
States affiliates is derived from the ownership,
operation, or management of vessels;
``(iii) at least 70 percent of the aggregate
tonnage of all cargo carried by all vessels owned
by the person and its United States affiliates and
documented with a coastwise endorsement is
qualified proprietary cargo;
``(iv) any cargo other than qualified
proprietary cargo carried by all vessels owned by
the person and its United States affiliates and
documented with a coastwise endorsement consists
of oil, petroleum products, petrochemicals, or
liquified natural gas;
``(v) no vessel owned by the person or any of
its United States affiliates and documented with a
coastwise endorsement carries molten sulphur; and

[[Page 1504]]
120 STAT. 1504

``(vi) the person owned one or more vessels
documented under this section as of August 9,
2004.
``(B) Application only to certain vessels.--A person
may make a certification under this paragraph only with
respect to--
``(i) a tank vessel having a tonnage of at
least 6,000 gross tons, as measured under section
14502 of this title (or an alternative tonnage
measured under section 14302 of this title as
prescribed by the Secretary under section 14104 of
this title); or
``(ii) a towing vessel associated with a non-
self-propelled tank vessel that meets the
requirements of clause (i), where both vessels
function as a single self-propelled vessel.

``(d) NOTE: Deadline. Filing of Demise Charter.--The demise
charter and any amendments to the charter shall be filed with the
certification required by subsection (b)(3) or within 10 days after
filing an amendment to the charter. NOTE: Public information. The
charter and amendments shall be made available to the public.

``(e) Continuation of Endorsement After Termination of Charter.--
When a charter required by subsection (b)(3) is terminated for default
by the charterer, the Secretary may continue the coastwise endorsement
for not more than 6 months on terms and conditions the Secretary may
prescribe.
``(f) Deemed Owned by Citizens.--A vessel satisfying the
requirements of this section is deemed to be owned only by citizens of
the United States under sections 12103 and 50501 of this title.

``Sec. 12120. Liquified gas tankers

``Notwithstanding any agreement with the United States Government,
the Secretary may issue a certificate of documentation with a coastwise
endorsement for a vessel to transport liquified natural gas or liquified
petroleum gas to Puerto Rico from other ports in the United States, if
the vessel--
``(1) is a foreign built vessel that was built before
October 19, 1996; or
``(2) was documented under this chapter before that date,
even if the vessel is placed under a foreign registry and
subsequently redocumented under this chapter for operation under
this section.

``Sec. 12121. Small passenger vessels and uninspected passenger vessels

``(a) Definitions.--In this section:
``(1) Eligible vessel.--The term `eligible vessel' means a
vessel that--
``(A) was not built in the United States and is at
least 3 years old; or
``(B) if rebuilt, was rebuilt outside the United
States at least 3 years before the certificate requested
under subsection (b) would take effect.
``(2) Small passenger vessel; uninspected passenger vessel;
passenger for hire.--The terms `small passenger vessel',
`uninspected passenger vessel', and `passenger for hire' have
the meaning given those terms in section 2101 of this title.

[[Page 1505]]
120 STAT. 1505

``(b) Issuance of Certificate and Endorsement.--Notwithstanding
sections 12112, 12113, 55102, and 55103 of this title, the Secretary may
issue a certificate of documentation with an appropriate endorsement for
employment in the coastwise trade as a small passenger vessel or an
uninspected passenger vessel in the case of an eligible vessel
authorized to carry no more than 12 passengers for hire if the Secretary
of Transportation, after notice and an opportunity for public comment,
determines that the employment of the vessel in the coastwise trade will
not adversely affect--
``(1) United States vessel builders; or
``(2) the coastwise trade business of any person that
employs vessels built in the United States in that business.

``(c) Revocation.--
``(1) For fraud.--The Secretary shall revoke a certificate
or endorsement issued under subsection (b) if the Secretary of
Transportation, after notice and an opportunity for a hearing,
determines that the certificate or endorsement was obtained by
fraud.
``(2) Other provisions not affected.--Paragraph (1) does not
affect--
``(A) the criminal prohibition on fraud and false
statements in section 1001 of title 18; or
``(B) any other authority of the Secretary to revoke
a certificate or endorsement issued under subsection
(b).

``SUBCHAPTER III--MISCELLANEOUS

``Sec. 12131. Command of documented vessels

``(a) In General.--Except as provided in subsection (b), a
documented vessel may be placed under the commmand only of a citizen of
the United States.
``(b) Exceptions.--Subsection (a) does not apply to--
``(1) a vessel with only a recreational endorsement; or
``(2) an unmanned barge operating outside of the territorial
waters of the United States.

``Sec. 12132. Loss of coastwise trade privileges

``(a) Sold Foreign or Placed Under Foreign Registry.--A vessel of
more than 200 gross tons (as measured under chapter 143 of this title),
eligible to engage in the coastwise trade, and later sold foreign in
whole or in part or placed under foreign registry may not thereafter
engage in the coastwise trade.
``(b) Rebuilt Outside the United States.--A vessel eligible to
engage in the coastwise trade and later rebuilt outside the United
States may not thereafter engage in the coastwise trade.

``Sec. 12133. Duty to carry certificate on vessel and allow examination

``(a) Duty To Carry.--The certificate of documentation of a vessel
shall be carried on the vessel unless the vessel is exempt by regulation
from carrying the certificate.
``(b) Availability.--The owner or individual in charge of a vessel
required to carry its certificate of documentation shall make the
certificate available for examination at the request of an officer
enforcing the revenue laws or as otherwise required by law or
regulation.

[[Page 1506]]
120 STAT. 1506

``(c) Criminal Penalty.--A person willfully violating subsection (b)
shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned for not more than one year, or
both.

``Sec. 12134. Evidentiary uses of documentation

``A certificate of documentation is--
``(1) conclusive evidence of nationality for international
purposes, but not in a proceeding conducted under the laws of
the United States;
``(2) conclusive evidence of qualification to engage in a
specified trade; and
``(3) not conclusive evidence of ownership in a proceeding
in which ownership is in issue.

``Sec. 12135. Invalidation of certificates of documentation

``A certificate of documentation or an endorsement on the
certificate is invalid if the vessel for which it is issued--
``(1) no longer meets the requirements of this chapter and
regulations prescribed under this chapter applicable to the
certificate or endorsement; or
``(2) is placed under the command of an individual not a
citizen of the United States in violation of section 12131 of
this title.

``Sec. 12136. Surrender of certificates of documentation

``(a) Surrender.--An invalid certificate of documentation, or a
certificate with an invalid endorsement, shall be surrendered as
provided by regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
``(b) Conditions for Surrender.--
``(1) Vessels over 1,000 tons.--The Secretary may condition
approval of the surrender of the certificate of documentation
for a vessel over 1,000 gross tons.
``(2) Vessels covered by mortgage.--The Secretary may
approve the surrender of the certificate of documentation of a
vessel covered by a mortgage filed or recorded under section
31321 of this title only if the mortgagee consents.
``(3) Notice of lien.--The Secretary may not refuse to
approve the surrender of the certificate of documentation for a
vessel solely on the basis that a notice of a claim of a lien on
the vessel has been recorded under section 31343(a) of this
title.

``(c) Continued Application of Certain Laws.--
``(1) In general.--Notwithstanding subsection (a), until the
certificate of documentation is surrendered with the approval of
the Secretary, a documented vessel is deemed to continue to be
documented under this chapter for purposes of--
``(A) chapter 313 of this title for an instrument
filed or recorded before the date of invalidation and an
assignment after that date;
``(B) sections 56101 and 56102(a)(2) and chapter 563
of this title; and
``(C) any other law of the United States identified
by the Secretary by regulation as a law to which the
Secretary applies this subsection.

[[Page 1507]]
120 STAT. 1507

``(2) Exception.--This subsection does not apply when a
vessel is forfeited or sold by order of a district court of the
United States.

``Sec. 12137. Recording of vessels built in the United States

``The Secretary may provide for recording and certifying information
about vessels built in the United States that the Secretary considers to
be in the public interest.

``Sec. 12138. List of documented vessels

``(a) NOTE: Publication. In General.--The Secretary shall
publish periodically a list of all documented vessels and information
about those vessels that the Secretary considers pertinent or useful.
The list shall contain a notation clearly indicating all vessels classed
by the American Bureau of Shipping.

``(b) Vessels for Cable Laying, Maintenance, and Repair.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary of Transportation shall
develop, maintain, and periodically update an inventory of
vessels that are documented under this chapter, are at least 200
feet in length, and have the capability to lay, maintain, or
repair a submarine cable, without regard to whether a particular
vessel is classed as a cable ship or cable vessel.
``(2) Information to be included.--For each vessel listed in
the inventory, the Secretary of Transportation shall include in
the inventory--
``(A) the name, length, beam, depth, and other
distinguishing characteristics of the vessel;
``(B) the abilities and limitations of the vessel
with respect to laying, maintaining, and repairing a
submarine cable; and
``(C) the name and address of the person to whom
inquiries regarding the vessel may be made.
``(3) NOTE: Federal Register,
publication. Publication.--The Secretary of Transportation
shall publish in the Federal Register an updated inventory every
6 months.

``Sec. 12139. Reports

``(a) In General.--To ensure compliance with this chapter and laws
governing the qualifications of vessels to engage in the coastwise trade
and the fisheries, the Secretary may require owners, masters, and
charterers of documented vessels to submit reports in any reasonable
form and manner the Secretary may prescribe.
``(b) Vessels Rebuilt Outside United States.--
``(1) NOTE: Regulations. In general.--Under regulations
prescribed by the Secretary, if a vessel exceeding the tonnage
specified in paragraph (2) and documented or last documented
under the laws of the United States is rebuilt outside the
United States, the owner or master shall submit a report of the
rebuilding to the Secretary.
``(2) Tonnage.--The tonnage referred to in paragraph (1)
is--
``(A) 500 gross tons as measured under section 14502
of this title; or
``(B) an alternate tonnage as measured under section
14302 of this title as prescribed by the Secretary under
section 14104 of this title.

[[Page 1508]]
120 STAT. 1508

``(3) Timing of submission.--If the rebuilding is completed
in the United States, the report shall be submitted when the
rebuilding is completed. If the rebuilding is completed outside
the United States, the report shall be submitted when the vessel
first arrives at a port in the customs territory of the United
States.

``SUBCHAPTER IV--PENALTIES

``Sec. 12151. Penalties

``(a) In General.--A person that violates this chapter or a
regulation prescribed under this chapter is liable to the United States
Government for a civil penalty of not more than $10,000. Each day of a
continuing violation is a separate violation.
``(b) Seizure and Forfeiture of Vessels.--A vessel and its equipment
are liable to seizure by and forfeiture to the Government if--
``(1) the owner of the vessel or the representative or agent
of the owner knowingly falsifies or conceals a material fact, or
knowingly makes a false statement or representation, about the
documentation of the vessel or in applying for documentation of
the vessel;
``(2) a certificate of documentation is knowingly and
fraudulently used for the vessel;
``(3) the vessel is operated after its endorsement has been
denied or revoked under section 12152 of this title;
``(4) the vessel is employed in a trade without an
appropriate endorsement;
``(5) the vessel has only a recreational endorsement and is
operated other than for pleasure;
``(6) the vessel is a documented vessel and is placed under
the command of a person not a citizen of the United States,
except as authorized by section 12131(b) of this title; or
``(7) the vessel is rebuilt outside the United States and a
report of the rebuilding is not submitted as required by section
12139(b) of this title.

``(c) Engaging in Fishing After Falsifying Eligibility.--In addition
to other penalties under this section, the owner of a documented vessel
for which a fishery endorsement has been issued is liable to the
Government for a civil penalty of not more than $100,000 for each day
the vessel engages in fishing (as defined in section 3 of the Magnuson-
Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1802)) within
the exclusive economic zone, if the owner or the representative or agent
of the owner knowingly falsified or concealed a material fact, or
knowingly made a false statement or representation, about the
eligibility of the vessel under section 12113(c) or (d) of this title in
applying for or applying to renew the fishery endorsement.

``Sec. 12152. Denial or revocation of endorsement for non-payment of
civil penalty

``If the owner of a vessel fails to pay a civil penalty imposed by
the Secretary, the Secretary may deny the issuance or renewal of an
endorsement, or revoke the endorsement, on a certificate of
documentation issued for the vessel under this chapter.''.

[[Page 1509]]
120 STAT. 1509

SEC. 6. SUBTITLE III OF TITLE 46.

(a) Subtitle Analysis.--The analysis of subtitle III of title 46,
United States Code, is amended to read as follows:

``Chapter                                                          Sec.
General Liability Provisions                          30101
Death on the High Seas                                30301
Exoneration and Limitation of Liability               30501
Liability of Water Carriers                           30701
Suits in Admiralty Against the United States          30901
Suits Involving Public Vessels                        31101
Commercial Instruments and Maritime Liens           31301''.

(b) Repeals.--Title 46, United States Code, is amended by striking
chapter 301 and the lines appearing immediately before and immediately
after chapter 313 indicating that certain chapters are reserved.
(c) Chapters 301-311.--Title 46, United States Code, is amended by
inserting after the analysis of subtitle III the following:

``CHAPTER 301--GENERAL LIABILITY PROVISIONS

``Sec.
``30101.  Extension of jurisdiction to cases of damage or injury on
land.
``30102.  Liability to passengers.
``30103.  Liability of master, mate, engineer, and pilot.
``30104.  Personal injury to or death of seamen.
``30105.  Restriction on recovery by non-citizens and non-resident
aliens for incidents in waters of other countries.
``30106.  Time limit on bringing maritime action for personal injury or
death.

``Sec. 30101. Extension of jurisdiction to cases of damage or injury on
land

``(a) In General.--The admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the
United States extends to and includes cases of injury or damage, to
person or property, caused by a vessel on navigable waters, even though
the injury or damage is done or consummated on land.
``(b) Procedure.--A civil action in a case under subsection (a) may
be brought in rem or in personam according to the principles of law and
the rules of practice applicable in cases where the injury or damage has
been done and consummated on navigable waters.
``(c) Actions Against United States.--
``(1) Exclusive remedy.--In a civil action against the
United States for injury or damage done or consummated on land
by a vessel on navigable waters, chapter 309 or 311 of this
title, as appropriate, provides the exclusive remedy.
``(2) Administrative claim.--A civil action described in
paragraph (1) may not be brought until the expiration of the 6-
month period after the claim has been presented in writing to
the agency owning or operating the vessel causing the injury or
damage.

``Sec. 30102. Liability to passengers

``(a) Liability.--The owner and master of a vessel, and the vessel,
are liable for personal injury to a passenger or damage to a passenger's
baggage caused by--
``(1) a neglect or failure to comply with part B or F of
subtitle II of this title; or
``(2) a known defect in the steaming apparatus or hull of
the vessel.

[[Page 1510]]
120 STAT. 1510

``(b) Not Subject to Limitation.--A liability imposed under this
section is not subject to limitation under chapter 305 of this title.

``Sec. 30103. Liability of master, mate, engineer, and pilot

``A person may bring a civil action against a master, mate,
engineer, or pilot of a vessel, and recover damages, for personal injury
or loss caused by the master's, mate's, engineer's, or pilot's--
``(1) negligence or willful misconduct; or
``(2) neglect or refusal to obey the laws governing the
navigation of vessels.

``Sec. 30104. Personal injury to or death of seamen

``(a) Cause of Action.--A seaman injured in the course of employment
or, if the seaman dies from the injury, the personal representative of
the seaman may elect to bring a civil action at law, with the right of
trial by jury, against the employer. Laws of the United States
regulating recovery for personal injury to, or death of, a railway
employee apply to an action under this section.
``(b) Venue.--An action under this section shall be brought in the
judicial district in which the employer resides or the employer's
principal office is located.

``Sec. 30105. Restriction on recovery by non-citizens and non-resident
aliens for incidents in waters of other
countries

``(a) Definition.--In this section, the term `continental shelf '
has the meaning given that term in article I of the 1958 Convention on
the Continental Shelf.
``(b) Restriction.--Except as provided in subsection (c), a civil
action for maintenance and cure or for damages for personal injury or
death may not be brought under a maritime law of the United States if--
``(1) the individual suffering the injury or death was not a
citizen or permanent resident alien of the United States at the
time of the incident giving rise to the action;
``(2) the incident occurred in the territorial waters or
waters overlaying the continental shelf of a country other than
the United States; and
``(3) the individual suffering the injury or death was
employed at the time of the incident by a person engaged in the
exploration, development, or production of offshore mineral or
energy resources, including drilling, mapping, surveying,
diving, pipelaying, maintaining, repairing, constructing, or
transporting supplies, equipment, or personnel, but not
including transporting those resources by a vessel constructed
or adapted primarily to carry oil in bulk in the cargo spaces.

``(c) Nonapplication.--Subsection (b) does not apply if the
individual bringing the action establishes that a remedy is not
available under the laws of--
``(1) the country asserting jurisdiction over the area in
which the incident occurred; or
``(2) the country in which the individual suffering the
injury or death maintained citizenship or residency at the time
of the incident.

[[Page 1511]]
120 STAT. 1511

``Sec. 30106. Time limit on bringing maritime action for personal injury
or death

``Except as otherwise provided by law, a civil action for damages
for personal injury or death arising out of a maritime tort must be
brought within 3 years after the cause of action arose.

``CHAPTER 303--DEATH ON THE HIGH NOTE: Death on the High Seas
Act. SEAS

``Sec.
``30301.  Short title.
``30302.  Cause of action.
``30303.  Amount and apportionment of recovery.
``30304.  Contributory negligence.
``30305.  Death of plaintiff in pending action.
``30306.  Foreign cause of action.
``30307.  Commercial aviation accidents.
``30308.  Nonapplication.

``Sec. 30301. Short title

``This chapter may be cited as the `Death on the High Seas Act'.

``Sec. 30302. Cause of action

``When the death of an individual is caused by wrongful act,
neglect, or default occurring on the high seas beyond 3 nautical miles
from the shore of the United States, the personal representative of the
decedent may bring a civil action in admiralty against the person or
vessel responsible. The action shall be for the exclusive benefit of the
decedent's spouse, parent, child, or dependent relative.

``Sec. 30303. Amount and apportionment of recovery

``The recovery in an action under this chapter shall be a fair
compensation for the pecuniary loss sustained by the individuals for
whose benefit the action is brought. The court shall apportion the
recovery among those individuals in proportion to the loss each has
sustained.

``Sec. 30304. Contributory negligence

``In an action under this chapter, contributory negligence of the
decedent is not a bar to recovery. The court shall consider the degree
of negligence of the decedent and reduce the recovery accordingly.

``Sec. 30305. Death of plaintiff in pending action

``If a civil action in admiralty is pending in a court of the United
States to recover for personal injury caused by wrongful act, neglect,
or default described in section 30302 of this title, and the individual
dies during the action as a result of the wrongful act, neglect, or
default, the personal representative of the decedent may be substituted
as the plaintiff and the action may proceed under this chapter for the
recovery authorized by this chapter.

``Sec. 30306. Foreign cause of action

``When a cause of action exists under the law of a foreign country
for death by wrongful act, neglect, or default on the high seas, a civil
action in admiralty may be brought in a court of the United States based
on the foreign cause of action, without abatement of the amount for
which recovery is authorized.

[[Page 1512]]
120 STAT. 1512

``Sec. 30307. Commercial aviation accidents

``(a) Definition.--In this section, the term `nonpecuniary damages'
means damages for loss of care, comfort, and companionship.
``(b) Beyond 12 Nautical Miles.--In an action under this chapter, if
the death resulted from a commercial aviation accident occurring on the
high seas beyond 12 nautical miles from the shore of the United States,
additional compensation is recoverable for nonpecuniary damages, but
punitive damages are not recoverable.
``(c) Within 12 Nautical Miles.--This chapter does not apply if the
death resulted from a commercial aviation accident occurring on the high
seas 12 nautical miles or less from the shore of the United States.

``Sec. 30308. Nonapplication

``(a) State Law.--This chapter does not affect the law of a State
regulating the right to recover for death.
``(b) Internal Waters.--This chapter does not apply to the Great
Lakes or waters within the territorial limits of a State.

``CHAPTER 305--EXONERATION AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY

``Sec.
``30501.  Definition.
``30502.  Application.
``30503.  Declaration of nature and value of goods.
``30504.  Loss by fire.
``30505.  General limit of liability.
``30506.  Limit of liability for personal injury or death.
``30507.  Apportionment of losses.
``30508.  Provisions requiring notice of claim or limiting time for
bringing action.
``30509.  Provisions limiting liability for personal injury or death.
``30510.  Vicarious liability for medical malpractice with regard to
crew.
``30511.  Action by owner for limitation.
``30512.  Liability as master, officer, or seaman not affected.

``Sec. 30501. Definition

``In this chapter, the term `owner' includes a charterer that mans,
supplies, and navigates a vessel at the charterer's own expense or by
the charterer's own procurement.

``Sec. 30502. Application

``Except as otherwise provided, this chapter (except section 30503)
applies to seagoing vessels and vessels used on lakes or rivers or in
inland navigation, including canal boats, barges, and lighters.

``Sec. 30503. Declaration of nature and value of goods

``(a) In General.--If a shipper of an item named in subsection (b),
contained in a parcel, package, or trunk, loads the item as freight or
baggage on a vessel, without at the time of loading giving to the person
receiving the item a written notice of the true character and value of
the item and having that information entered on the bill of lading, the
owner and master of the vessel are not liable as carriers. The owner and
master are not liable beyond the value entered on the bill of lading.
``(b) Items.--The items referred to in subsection (a) are precious
metals, gold or silver plated articles, precious stones, jewelry,
trinkets, watches, clocks, glass, china, coins, bills, securities,
printings,

[[Page 1513]]
120 STAT. 1513

engravings, pictures, stamps, maps, papers, silks, furs, lace, and
similar items of high value and small size.

``Sec. 30504. Loss by fire

``The owner of a vessel is not liable for loss or damage to
merchandise on the vessel caused by a fire on the vessel unless the fire
resulted from the design or neglect of the owner.

``Sec. 30505. General limit of liability

``(a) In General.--Except as provided in section 30506 of this
title, the liability of the owner of a vessel for any claim, debt, or
liability described in subsection (b) shall not exceed the value of the
vessel and pending freight. If the vessel has more than one owner, the
proportionate share of the liability of any one owner shall not exceed
that owner's proportionate interest in the vessel and pending freight.
``(b) Claims Subject to Limitation.--Unless otherwise excluded by
law, claims, debts, and liabilities subject to limitation under
subsection (a) are those arising from any embezzlement, loss, or
destruction of any property, goods, or merchandise shipped or put on
board the vessel, any loss, damage, or injury by collision, or any act,
matter, or thing, loss, damage, or forfeiture, done, occasioned, or
incurred, without the privity or knowledge of the owner.
``(c) Wages.--Subsection (a) does not apply to a claim for wages.

``Sec. 30506. Limit of liability for personal injury or death

``(a) Application.--This section applies only to seagoing vessels,
but does not apply to pleasure yachts, tugs, towboats, towing vessels,
tank vessels, fishing vessels, fish tender vessels, canal boats, scows,
car floats, barges, lighters, or nondescript vessels.
``(b) Minimum Liability.--If the amount of the vessel owner's
liability determined under section 30505 of this title is insufficient
to pay all losses in full, and the portion available to pay claims for
personal injury or death is less than $420 times the tonnage of the
vessel, that portion shall be increased to $420 times the tonnage of the
vessel. That portion may be used only to pay claims for personal injury
or death.
``(c) Calculation of Tonnage.--Under subsection (b), the tonnage of
a self-propelled vessel is the gross tonnage without deduction for
engine room, and the tonnage of a sailing vessel is the tonnage for
documentation. However, space for the use of seamen is excluded.
``(d) Claims Arising on Distinct Occasions.--Separate limits of
liability apply to claims for personal injury or death arising on
distinct occasions.
``(e) Privity or Knowledge.--In a claim for personal injury or
death, the privity or knowledge of the master or the owner's
superintendent or managing agent, at or before the beginning of each
voyage, is imputed to the owner.

``Sec. 30507. Apportionment of losses

``If the amounts determined under sections 30505 and 30506 of this
title are insufficient to pay all claims--
``(1) all claimants shall be paid in proportion to their
respective losses out of the amount determined under section
30505 of this title; and

[[Page 1514]]
120 STAT. 1514

``(2) personal injury and death claimants, if any, shall be
paid an additional amount in proportion to their respective
losses out of the additional amount determined under section
30506(b) of this title.

``Sec. 30508. Provisions requiring notice of claim or limiting time for
bringing action

``(a) Application.--This section applies only to seagoing vessels,
but does not apply to pleasure yachts, tugs, towboats, towing vessels,
tank vessels, fishing vessels, fish tender vessels, canal boats, scows,
car floats, barges, lighters, or nondescript vessels.
``(b) Minimum Time Limits.--The owner, master, manager, or agent of
a vessel transporting passengers or property between ports in the United
States, or between a port in the United States and a port in a foreign
country, may not limit by regulation, contract, or otherwise the period
for--
``(1) giving notice of, or filing a claim for, personal
injury or death to less than 6 months after the date of the
injury or death; or
``(2) bringing a civil action for personal injury or death
to less than one year after the date of the injury or death.

``(c) Effect of Failure To Give Notice.--When notice of a claim for
personal injury or death is required by a contract, the failure to give
the notice is not a bar to recovery if--
``(1) the court finds that the owner, master, or agent of
the vessel had knowledge of the injury or death and the owner
has not been prejudiced by the failure;
``(2) the court finds there was a satisfactory reason why
the notice could not have been given; or
``(3) the owner of the vessel fails to object to the failure
to give the notice.

``(d) Tolling of Period To Give Notice.--If a claimant is a minor or
mental incompetent, or if a claim is for wrongful death, any period
provided by a contract for giving notice of the claim is tolled until
the earlier of--
``(1) the date a legal representative is appointed for the
minor, incompetent, or decedent's estate; or
``(2) 3 years after the injury or death.

``Sec. 30509. Provisions limiting liability for personal injury or death

``(a) Prohibition.--
``(1) In general.--The owner, master, manager, or agent of a
vessel transporting passengers between ports in the United
States, or between a port in the United States and a port in a
foreign country, may not include in a regulation or contract a
provision limiting--
``(A) the liability of the owner, master, or agent
for personal injury or death caused by the negligence or
fault of the owner or the owner's employees or agents;
or
``(B) the right of a claimant for personal injury or
death to a trial by court of competent jurisdiction.
``(2) Voidness.--A provision described in paragraph (1) is
void.

``(b) Emotional Distress, Mental Suffering, and Psychological
Injury.--

[[Page 1515]]
120 STAT. 1515

``(1) In general.--Subsection (a) does not prohibit a
provision in a contract or in ticket conditions of carriage with
a passenger that relieves an owner, master, manager, agent,
operator, or crewmember of a vessel from liability for
infliction of emotional distress, mental suffering, or
psychological injury so long as the provision does not limit
such liability when the emotional distress, mental suffering, or
psychological injury is--
``(A) the result of physical injury to the claimant
caused by the negligence or fault of a crewmember or the
owner, master, manager, agent, or operator;
``(B) the result of the claimant having been at
actual risk of physical injury, and the risk was caused
by the negligence or fault of a crewmember or the owner,
master, manager, agent, or operator; or
``(C) intentionally inflicted by a crewmember or the
owner, master, manager, agent, or operator.
``(2) Sexual offenses.--This subsection does not limit the
liability of a crewmember or the owner, master, manager, agent,
or operator of a vessel in a case involving sexual harassment,
sexual assault, or rape.

``Sec. 30510. Vicarious liability for medical malpractice with regard to
crew

``In a civil action by any person in which the owner or operator of
a vessel or employer of a crewmember is claimed to have vicarious
liability for medical malpractice with regard to a crewmember occurring
at a shoreside facility, and to the extent the damages resulted from the
conduct of any shoreside doctor, hospital, medical facility, or other
health care provider, the owner, operator, or employer is entitled to
rely on any statutory limitations of liability applicable to the doctor,
hospital, medical facility, or other health care provider in the State
of the United States in which the shoreside medical care was provided.

``Sec. 30511. Action by owner for limitation

``(a) In General.--The owner of a vessel may bring a civil action in
a district court of the United States for limitation of liability under
this chapter. The action must be brought within 6 months after a
claimant gives the owner written notice of a claim.
``(b) Creation of Fund.--When the action is brought, the owner (at
the owner's option) shall--
``(1) deposit with the court, for the benefit of claimants--
``(A) an amount equal to the value of the owner's
interest in the vessel and pending freight, or approved
security; and
``(B) an amount, or approved security, that the
court may fix from time to time as necessary to carry
out this chapter; or
``(2) transfer to a trustee appointed by the court, for the
benefit of claimants--
``(A) the owner's interest in the vessel and pending
freight; and
``(B) an amount, or approved security, that the
court may fix from time to time as necessary to carry
out this chapter.

[[Page 1516]]
120 STAT. 1516

``(c) Cessation of Other Actions.--When an action has been brought
under this section and the owner has complied with subsection (b), all
claims and proceedings against the owner related to the matter in
question shall cease.

``Sec. 30512. Liability as master, officer, or seaman not affected

``This chapter does not affect the liability of an individual as a
master, officer, or seaman, even though the individual is also an owner
of the vessel.

``CHAPTER 307--LIABILITY OF WATER CARRIERS

``Sec.
``30701.  Definition.
``30702.  Application.
``30703.  Bills of lading.
``30704.  Loading, stowage, custody, care, and delivery.
``30705.  Seaworthiness.
``30706.  Defenses.
``30707.  Criminal penalty.

``Sec. 30701. Definition

``In this chapter, the term `carrier' means the owner, manager,
charterer, agent, or master of a vessel.

``Sec. 30702. Application

``(a) In General.--Except as otherwise provided, this chapter
applies to a carrier engaged in the carriage of goods to or from any
port in the United States.
``(b) Live Animals.--Sections 30703 and 30704 of this title do not
apply to the carriage of live animals.

``Sec. 30703. Bills of lading

``(a) Issuance.--On demand of a shipper, the carrier shall issue a
bill of lading or shipping document.
``(b) Contents.--The bill of lading or shipping document shall
include a statement of--
``(1) the marks necessary to identify the goods;
``(2) the number of packages, or the quantity or weight, and
whether it is carrier's or shipper's weight; and
``(3) the apparent condition of the goods.

``(c) Prima Facie Evidence of Receipt.--A bill of lading or shipping
document issued under this section is prima facie evidence of receipt of
the goods described.

``Sec. 30704. Loading, stowage, custody, care, and delivery

``A carrier may not insert in a bill of lading or shipping document
a provision avoiding its liability for loss or damage arising from
negligence or fault in loading, stowage, custody, care, or proper
delivery. Any such provision is void.

``Sec. 30705. Seaworthiness

``(a) Prohibition.--A carrier may not insert in a bill of lading or
shipping document a provision lessening or avoiding its obligation to
exercise due diligence to--
``(1) make the vessel seaworthy; and
``(2) properly man, equip, and supply the vessel.

``(b) Voidness.--A provision described in subsection (a) is void.

[[Page 1517]]
120 STAT. 1517

``Sec. 30706. Defenses

``(a) Due Diligence.--If a carrier has exercised due diligence to
make the vessel in all respects seaworthy and to properly man, equip,
and supply the vessel, the carrier and the vessel are not liable for
loss or damage arising from an error in the navigation or management of
the vessel.
``(b) Other Defenses.--A carrier and the vessel are not liable for
loss or damage arising from--
``(1) dangers of the sea or other navigable waters;
``(2) acts of God;
``(3) public enemies;
``(4) seizure under legal process;
``(5) inherent defect, quality, or vice of the goods;
``(6) insufficiency of package;
``(7) act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods
or their agent; or
``(8) saving or attempting to save life or property at sea,
including a deviation in rendering such a service.

``Sec. 30707. Criminal penalty

``(a) In General.--A carrier that violates this chapter shall be
fined under title 18.
``(b) Lien.--The amount of the fine and costs for the violation
constitute a lien on the vessel engaged in the carriage. A civil action
in rem to enforce the lien may be brought in the district court of the
United States for any district in which the vessel is found.
``(c) Disposition of Fine.--Half of the fine shall go to the person
injured by the violation and half to the United States Government.

``CHAPTER NOTE: Suits in Admiralty Act. 309--SUITS IN ADMIRALTY
AGAINST THE UNITED STATES

``Sec.
``30901.  Short title.
``30902.  Definition.
``30903.  Waiver of immunity.
``30904.  Exclusive remedy.
``30905.  Period for bringing action.
``30906.  Venue.
``30907.  Procedure for hearing and determination.
``30908.  Exemption from arrest or seizure.
``30909.  Security.
``30910.  Exoneration and limitation.
``30911.  Costs and interest.
``30912.  Arbitration, compromise, or settlement.
``30913.  Payment of judgment or settlement.
``30914.  Release of privately owned vessel after arrest or attachment.
``30915.  Seizures and other proceedings in foreign jurisdictions.
``30916.  Recovery by the United States for salvage services.
``30917.  Disposition of amounts recovered by the United States.
``30918.  Reports.

``Sec. 30901. Short title

``This chapter may be cited as the `Suits in Admiralty Act'.

``Sec. 30902. Definition

``In this chapter, the term `federally-owned corporation' means a
corporation in which the United States owns all the outstanding capital
stock.

[[Page 1518]]
120 STAT. 1518

``Sec. 30903. Waiver of immunity

``(a) In General.--In a case in which, if a vessel were privately
owned or operated, or if cargo were privately owned or possessed, or if
a private person or property were involved, a civil action in admiralty
could be maintained, a civil action in admiralty in personam may be
brought against the United States or a federally-owned corporation. In a
civil action in admiralty brought by the United States or a federally-
owned corporation, an admiralty claim in personam may be filed or a
setoff claimed against the United States or corporation.
``(b) Non-Jury.--A claim against the United States or a federally-
owned corporation under this section shall be tried without a jury.

``Sec. 30904. Exclusive remedy

``If a remedy is provided by this chapter, it shall be exclusive of
any other action arising out of the same subject matter against the
officer, employee, or agent of the United States or the federally-owned
corporation whose act or omission gave rise to the claim.

``Sec. 30905. Period for bringing action

``A civil action under this chapter must be brought within 2 years
after the cause of action arose.

``Sec. 30906. Venue

``(a) In General.--A civil action under this chapter shall be
brought in the district court of the United States for the district in
which--
``(1) any plaintiff resides or has its principal place of
business; or
``(2) the vessel or cargo is found.

``(b) Transfer.--On a motion by a party, the court may transfer the
action to any other district court of the United States.

``Sec. 30907. Procedure for hearing and determination

``(a) In General.--A civil action under this chapter shall proceed
and be heard and determined according to the principles of law and the
rules of practice applicable in like cases between private parties.
``(b) In Rem.--
``(1) Requirements.--The action may proceed according to the
principles of an action in rem if--
``(A) the plaintiff elects in the complaint; and
``(B) it appears that an action in rem could have
been maintained had the vessel or cargo been privately
owned and possessed.
``(2) Effect on relief in personam.--An election under
paragraph (1) does not prevent the plaintiff from seeking relief
in personam in the same action.

``Sec. 30908. Exemption from arrest or seizure

``The following are not subject to arrest or seizure by judicial
process in the United States:
``(1) A vessel owned by, possessed by, or operated by or for
the United States or a federally-owned corporation.
``(2) Cargo owned or possessed by the United States or a
federally-owned corporation.

[[Page 1519]]
120 STAT. 1519

``Sec. 30909. Security

``Neither the United States nor a federally-owned corporation may be
required to give a bond or admiralty stipulation in a civil action under
this chapter.

``Sec. 30910. Exoneration and limitation

``The United States is entitled to the exemptions from and
limitations of liability provided by law to an owner, charterer,
operator, or agent of a vessel.

``Sec. 30911. Costs and interest

``(a) In General.--A judgment against the United States or a
federally-owned corporation under this chapter may include costs and
interest at the rate of 4 percent per year until satisfied. Interest
shall run as ordered by the court, except that interest is not allowable
for the period before the action is filed.
``(b) Contract Providing for Interest.--Notwithstanding subsection
(a), if the claim is based on a contract providing for interest,
interest may be awarded at the rate and for the period provided in the
contract.

``Sec. 30912. Arbitration, compromise, or settlement

``The Secretary of a department of the United States Government, or
the board of trustees of a federally-owned corporation, may arbitrate,
compromise, or settle a claim under this chapter.

``Sec. 30913. Payment of judgment or settlement

``(a) In General.--The proper accounting officer of the United
States shall pay a final judgment, arbitration award, or settlement
under this chapter on presentation of an authenticated copy.
``(b) Source of Payment.--Payment shall be made from an
appropriation or fund available specifically for the purpose. If no
appropriation or fund is specifically available, there is hereby
appropriated, out of money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated,
an amount sufficient to pay the judgment, award, or settlement.

``Sec. 30914. Release of privately owned vessel after arrest or
attachment

``If a privately owned vessel not in the possession of the United
States or a federally-owned corporation is arrested or attached in a
civil action arising or alleged to have arisen from prior ownership,
possession, or operation by the United States or corporation, the vessel
shall be released without bond or stipulation on a statement by the
United States, through the Attorney General or other authorized law
officer, that the United States is interested in the action, desires
release of the vessel, and assumes liability for the satisfaction of any
judgment obtained by the plaintiff. After the vessel is released, the
action shall proceed against the United States in accordance with this
chapter.

``Sec. 30915. Seizures and other proceedings in foreign jurisdictions

``(a) In General.--If a vessel or cargo described in section 30908
or 30914 of this title is arrested, attached, or otherwise seized by
judicial process in a foreign country, or if an action is brought in a
court of a foreign country against the master of such a vessel for a
claim arising from the ownership, possession,

[[Page 1520]]
120 STAT. 1520

or operation of the vessel, or the ownership, possession, or carriage of
such cargo, the Secretary of State, on request of the Attorney General
or another officer authorized by the Attorney General, may direct the
United States consul residing at or nearest the place at which the
action was brought--
``(1) to claim the vessel or cargo as immune from arrest,
attachment, or other seizure, and to execute an agreement,
stipulation, bond, or undertaking, for the United States or
federally-owned corporation, for the release of the vessel or
cargo and the prosecution of any appeal; or
``(2) if an action has been brought against the master of
such a vessel, to enter the appearance of the United States or
corporation and to pledge the credit of the United States or
corporation to the payment of any judgment and costs in the
action.

``(b) Arranging Bond or Stipulation.--The Attorney General may--
``(1) arrange with a bank, surety company, or other person,
whether in the United States or a foreign country, to execute a
bond or stipulation; and
``(2) pledge the credit of the United States to secure the
bond or stipulation.

``(c) Payment of Judgment.--The appropriate accounting officer of
the United States or corporation may pay a judgment in an action
described in subsection (a) on presentation of a copy of the judgment if
certified by the clerk of the court and authenticated by--
``(1) the certificate and seal of the United States consul
claiming the vessel or cargo, or by the consul's successor; and
``(2) the certificate of the Secretary as to the official
capacity of the consul.

``(d) Right To Claim Immunity Not Affected.--This section does not
affect the right of the United States to claim immunity of a vessel or
cargo from foreign jurisdiction.

``Sec. 30916. Recovery by the United States for salvage services

``(a) Civil Action.--The United States, and the crew of a merchant
vessel owned or operated by the United States, or a federally-owned
corporation, may bring a civil action to recover for salvage services
provided by the vessel and crew.
``(b) Deposit of Amounts Recovered.--Any amount recovered under this
section by the United States for its own benefit, and not for the
benefit of the crew, shall be deposited in the Treasury to the credit of
the department of the United States Government, or the corporation,
having control of the possession or operation of the vessel.

``Sec. 30917. Disposition of amounts recovered by the United States

``Amounts recovered in a civil action brought by the United States
on a claim arising from the ownership, possession, or operation of a
merchant vessel, or the ownership, possession, or carriage of cargo,
shall be deposited in the Treasury to the credit of the department of
the United States Government, or the federally-owned corporation, having
control of the vessel or cargo, for reimbursement of the appropriation,
insurance fund, or other fund

[[Page 1521]]
120 STAT. 1521

from which the compensation for which the judgment was recovered was or
will be paid.

``Sec. 30918. Reports

``The Secretary of each department of the United States Government,
and the board of trustees of each federally-owned corporation, shall
report to Congress at each session thereof all arbitration awards and
settlements agreed to under this chapter since the previous session, for
which the time to appeal has expired or been waived.

``CHAPTER NOTE: Public Vessels Act. 311--SUITS INVOLVING PUBLIC
VESSELS

``Sec.
``31101.  Short title.
``31102.  Waiver of immunity.
``31103.  Applicable procedure.
``31104.  Venue.
``31105.  Security when counterclaim filed.
``31106.  Exoneration and limitation.
``31107.  Interest.
``31108.  Arbitration, compromise, or settlement.
``31109.  Payment of judgment or settlement.
``31110.  Subpoenas to officers or members of crew.
``31111.  Claims by nationals of foreign countries.
``31112.  Lien not recognized or created.
``31113.  Reports.

``Sec. 31101. Short title

``This chapter may be cited as the `Public Vessels Act'.

``Sec. 31102. Waiver of immunity

``(a) In General.--A civil action in personam in admiralty may be
brought, or an impleader filed, against the United States for--
``(1) damages caused by a public vessel of the United
States; or
``(2) compensation for towage and salvage services,
including contract salvage, rendered to a public vessel of the
United States.

``(b) Counterclaim or Setoff.--If the United States brings a civil
action in admiralty for damages caused by a privately owned vessel, the
owner of the vessel, or the successor in interest, may file a
counterclaim in personam, or claim a setoff, against the United States
for damages arising out of the same subject matter.

``Sec. 31103. Applicable procedure

``A civil action under this chapter is subject to the provisions of
chapter 309 of this title except to the extent inconsistent with this
chapter.

``Sec. 31104. Venue

``(a) In General.--A civil action under this chapter shall be
brought in the district court of the United States for the district in
which the vessel or cargo is found within the United States.
``(b) Vessel or Cargo Outside Territorial Waters.--If the vessel or
cargo is outside the territorial waters of the United States--
``(1) the action shall be brought in the district court of
the United States for any district in which any plaintiff
resides or has an office for the transaction of business; or

[[Page 1522]]
120 STAT. 1522

``(2) if no plaintiff resides or has an office for the
transaction of business in the United States, the action may be
brought in the district court of the United States for any
district.

``Sec. 31105. Security when counterclaim filed

``If a counterclaim is filed for a cause of action for which the
original action is filed under this chapter, the respondent to the
counterclaim shall give security in the usual amount and form to respond
to the counterclaim, unless the court for cause shown orders otherwise.
The proceedings in the original action shall be stayed until the
security is given.

``Sec. 31106. Exoneration and limitation

``The United States is entitled to the exemptions from and
limitations of liability provided by law to an owner, charterer,
operator, or agent of a vessel.

``Sec. 31107. Interest

``A judgment in a civil action under this chapter may not include
interest for the period before the judgment is issued unless the claim
is based on a contract providing for interest.

``Sec. 31108. Arbitration, compromise, or settlement

``The Attorney General may arbitrate, compromise, or settle a claim
under this chapter if a civil action based on the claim has been
commenced.

``Sec. 31109. Payment of judgment or settlement

``The proper accounting officer of the United States shall pay a
final judgment, arbitration award, or settlement under this chapter on
presentation of an authenticated copy. Payment shall be made from any
money in the Treasury appropriated for the purpose.

``Sec. 31110. Subpoenas to officers or members of crew

``An officer or member of the crew of a public vessel may not be
subpoenaed in a civil action under this chapter without the consent of--
``(1) the Secretary of the department or the head of the
independent establishment having control of the vessel at the
time the cause of action arose; or
``(2) the master or commanding officer of the vessel at the
time the subpoena is issued.

``Sec. 31111. Claims by nationals of foreign countries

``A national of a foreign country may not maintain a civil action
under this chapter unless it appears to the satisfaction of the court in
which the action is brought that the government of that country, in
similar circumstances, allows nationals of the United States to sue in
its courts.

``Sec. 31112. Lien not recognized or created

``This chapter shall not be construed as recognizing the existence
of or as creating a lien against a public vessel of the United States.

[[Page 1523]]
120 STAT. 1523

``Sec. 31113. Reports

``The Attorney General shall report to Congress at each session
thereof all claims settled under this chapter.''.

SEC. 7. SUBTITLE IV OF TITLE 46.

Title 46, United States Code, is amended by inserting after subtitle
III the following:

``Subtitle IV--Regulation of Ocean Shipping

``Part A--Ocean Shipping

``Chapter                                                           Sec.
General                                                40101
Agreements                                             40301
Tariffs, Service Contracts, Refunds, and Waivers       40501
Controlled Carriers                                    40701
Ocean Transportation Intermediaries                    40901
Prohibitions and Penalties                             41101
Enforcement                                            41301

``Part B--Actions To Address Foreign Practices

Regulations Affecting Shipping in Foreign Trade        42101
Foreign Shipping Practices                             42301

``Part C--Miscellaneous

Evidence of Financial Responsibility for Passenger     44101
Transportation

``Part A--Ocean Shipping

``CHAPTER 401--GENERAL

``Sec.
``40101.  Purposes.
``40102.  Definitions.
``40103.  Administrative exemptions.
``40104.  Reports filed with the Commission.

``Sec. 40101. Purposes

``The purposes of this part are to--
``(1) establish a nondiscriminatory regulatory process for
the common carriage of goods by water in the foreign commerce of
the United States with a minimum of government intervention and
regulatory costs;
``(2) provide an efficient and economic transportation
system in the ocean commerce of the United States that is,
insofar as possible, in harmony with, and responsive to,
international shipping practices;
``(3) encourage the development of an economically sound and
efficient liner fleet of vessels of the United States capable of
meeting national security needs; and
``(4) promote the growth and development of United States
exports through competitive and efficient ocean transportation
and by placing a greater reliance on the marketplace.

``Sec. 40102. Definitions

``In this part:
``(1) Agreement.--The term `agreement'--

[[Page 1524]]
120 STAT. 1524

``(A) means a written or oral understanding,
arrangement, or association, and any modification or
cancellation thereof; but
``(B) does not include a maritime labor agreement.
``(2) Antitrust laws.--The term `antitrust laws' means--
``(A) the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. 1 et seq.);
``(B) sections 73 and 74 of the Wilson Tariff Act
(15 U.S.C. 8, 9);
``(C) the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12 et seq.);
``(D) the Act of June 19, 1936 (15 U.S.C. 13, 13a,
13b, 21a);
``(E) the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41
et seq.);
``(F) the Antitrust Civil Process Act (15 U.S.C.
1311 et seq.); and
``(G) Acts supplementary to those Acts.
``(3) Assessment agreement.--The term `assessment agreement'
means an agreement, whether part of a collective bargaining
agreement or negotiated separately, to the extent the agreement
provides for the funding of collectively bargained fringe-
benefit obligations on other than a uniform worker-hour basis,
regardless of the cargo handled or type of vessel or equipment
used.
``(4) Bulk cargo.--The term `bulk cargo' means cargo that is
loaded and carried in bulk without mark or count.
``(5) Chemical parcel-tanker.--The term `chemical parcel-
tanker' means a vessel that has--
``(A) a cargo-carrying capability consisting of
individual cargo tanks for bulk chemicals that--
``(i) are a permanent part of the vessel; and
``(ii) have segregation capability with piping
systems to permit simultaneous carriage of several
bulk chemical cargoes with minimum risk of cross-
contamination; and
``(B) a valid certificate of fitness under the
International Maritime Organization Code for the
Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous
Chemicals in Bulk.
``(6) Common carrier.--The term `common carrier'--
``(A) means a person that--
``(i) holds itself out to the general public
to provide transportation by water of passengers
or cargo between the United States and a foreign
country for compensation;
``(ii) assumes responsibility for the
transportation from the port or point of receipt
to the port or point of destination; and
``(iii) uses, for all or part of that
transportation, a vessel operating on the high
seas or the Great Lakes between a port in the
United States and a port in a foreign country; but
``(B) does not include a carrier engaged in ocean
transportation by ferry boat, ocean tramp, or chemical
parcel-tanker, or by vessel when primarily engaged in
the carriage of perishable agricultural commodities--

[[Page 1525]]
120 STAT. 1525

``(i) if the carrier and the owner of those
commodities are wholly-owned, directly or
indirectly, by a person primarily engaged in the
marketing and distribution of those commodities;
and
``(ii) only with respect to the carriage of
those commodities.
``(7) Conference.--The term `conference'--
``(A) means an association of ocean common carriers
permitted, pursuant to an approved or effective
agreement, to engage in concerted activity and to use a
common tariff; but
``(B) does not include a joint service, consortium,
pooling, sailing, or transshipment agreement.
``(8) Controlled carrier.--The term `controlled carrier'
means an ocean common carrier that is, or whose operating assets
are, directly or indirectly, owned or controlled by a
government, with ownership or control by a government being
deemed to exist for a carrier if--
``(A) a majority of the interest in the carrier is
owned or controlled in any manner by that government, an
agency of that government, or a public or private person
controlled by that government; or
``(B) that government has the right to appoint or
disapprove the appointment of a majority of the
directors, the chief operating officer, or the chief
executive officer of the carrier.
``(9) Deferred rebate.--The term `deferred rebate' means a
return by a common carrier of any freight money to a shipper,
where the return is--
``(A) consideration for the shipper giving all or
any portion of its shipments to that or any other common
carrier over a fixed period of time;
``(B) deferred beyond the completion of the service
for which it was paid; and
``(C) made only if the shipper has agreed to make a
further shipment with that or any other common carrier.
``(10) Forest products.--The term `forest products' includes
lumber in bundles, rough timber, ties, poles, piling, laminated
beams, bundled siding, bundled plywood, bundled core stock or
veneers, bundled particle or fiber boards, bundled hardwood,
wood pulp in rolls, wood pulp in unitized bales, and paper and
paper board in rolls or in pallet or skid-sized sheets.
``(11) Inland division.--The term `inland division' means
the amount paid by a common carrier to an inland carrier for the
inland portion of through transportation offered to the public
by the common carrier.
``(12) Inland portion.--The term `inland portion' means the
charge to the public by a common carrier for the non-ocean
portion of through transportation.
``(13) Loyalty contract.--The term `loyalty contract' means
a contract with an ocean common carrier or agreement providing
for--
``(A) a shipper to obtain lower rates by committing
all or a fixed portion of its cargo to that carrier or
agreement; and
``(B) a deferred rebate arrangement.

[[Page 1526]]
120 STAT. 1526

``(14) Marine terminal operator.--The term `marine terminal
operator' means a person engaged in the United States in the
business of providing wharfage, dock, warehouse, or other
terminal facilities in connection with a common carrier, or in
connection with a common carrier and a water carrier subject to
subchapter II of chapter 135 of title 49.
``(15) Maritime labor agreement.--The term `maritime labor
agreement'--
``(A) means--
``(i) a collective bargaining agreement
between an employer subject to this part, or a
group of such employers, and a labor organization
representing employees in the maritime or
stevedoring industry;
``(ii) an agreement preparatory to such a
collective bargaining agreement among members of a
multi-employer bargaining group; or
``(iii) an agreement specifically implementing
provisions of such a collective bargaining
agreement or providing for the formation,
financing, or administration of a multi-employer
bargaining group; but
``(B) does not include an assessment agreement.
``(16) Non-vessel-operating common carrier.--The term `non-
vessel-operating common carrier' means a common carrier that--
``(A) does not operate the vessels by which the
ocean transportation is provided; and
``(B) is a shipper in its relationship with an ocean
common carrier.
``(17) Ocean common carrier.--The term `ocean common
carrier' means a vessel-operating common carrier.
``(18) Ocean freight forwarder.--The term `ocean freight
forwarder' means a person that--
``(A) in the United States, dispatches shipments
from the United States via a common carrier and books or
otherwise arranges space for those shipments on behalf
of shippers; and
``(B) processes the documentation or performs
related activities incident to those shipments.
``(19) Ocean transportation intermediary.--The term `ocean
transportation intermediary' means an ocean freight forwarder or
a non-vessel-operating common carrier.
``(20) Service contract.--The term `service contract' means
a written contract, other than a bill of lading or receipt,
between one or more shippers, on the one hand, and an individual
ocean common carrier or an agreement between or among ocean
common carriers, on the other, in which--
``(A) the shipper or shippers commit to providing a
certain volume or portion of cargo over a fixed time
period; and
``(B) the ocean common carrier or the agreement
commits to a certain rate or rate schedule and a defined
service level, such as assured space, transit time, port
rotation, or similar service features.
``(21) Shipment.--The term `shipment' means all of the cargo
carried under the terms of a single bill of lading.
``(22) Shipper.--The term `shipper' means--
``(A) a cargo owner;

[[Page 1527]]
120 STAT. 1527

``(B) the person for whose account the ocean
transportation of cargo is provided;
``(C) the person to whom delivery is to be made;
``(D) a shippers' association; or
``(E) a non-vessel-operating common carrier that
accepts responsibility for payment of all charges
applicable under the tariff or service contract.
``(23) Shippers' association.--The term `shippers'
association' means a group of shippers that consolidates or
distributes freight on a nonprofit basis for the members of the
group to obtain carload, truckload, or other volume rates or
service contracts.
``(24) Through rate.--The term `through rate' means the
single amount charged by a common carrier in connection with
through transportation.
``(25) Through transportation.--The term `through
transportation' means continuous transportation between origin
and destination for which a through rate is assessed and which
is offered or performed by one or more carriers, at least one of
which is a common carrier, between a United States port or point
and a foreign port or point.

``Sec. 40103. Administrative exemptions

``(a) In General.--The Federal Maritime Commission, on application
or its own motion, may by order or regulation exempt for the future any
class of agreements between persons subject to this part or any
specified activity of those persons from any requirement of this part if
the Commission finds that the exemption will not result in substantial
reduction in competition or be detrimental to commerce. The Commission
may attach conditions to an exemption and may, by order, revoke an
exemption.
``(b) Opportunity for Hearing.--An order or regulation of exemption
or revocation of an exemption may be issued only if the Commission has
provided an opportunity for a hearing to interested persons and
departments and agencies of the United States Government.

``Sec. 40104. Reports filed with the Commission

``(a) In General.--The Federal Maritime Commission may require a
common carrier or an officer, receiver, trustee, lessee, agent, or
employee of the carrier to file with the Commission a periodical or
special report, an account, record, rate, or charge, or a memorandum of
facts and transactions related to the business of the carrier. The
report, account, record, rate, charge, or memorandum shall be made under
oath if the Commission requires, and shall be filed in the form and
within the time prescribed by the Commission.
``(b) Conference Minutes.--Conference minutes required to be filed
with the Commission under this section may not be released to third
parties or published by the Commission.

``CHAPTER 403--AGREEMENTS

``Sec.
``40301.  Application.
``40302.  Filing requirements.
``40303.  Content requirements.
``40304.  Commission action.

[[Page 1528]]
120 STAT. 1528

``40305.  Assessment agreements.
``40306.  Nondisclosure of information.
``40307.  Exemption from antitrust laws.

``Sec. 40301. Application

``(a) Ocean Common Carrier Agreements.--This part applies to an
agreement between or among ocean common carriers to--
``(1) discuss, fix, or regulate transportation rates,
including through rates, cargo space accommodations, and other
conditions of service;
``(2) pool or apportion traffic, revenues, earnings, or
losses;
``(3) allot ports or regulate the number and character of
voyages between ports;
``(4) regulate the volume or character of cargo or passenger
traffic to be carried;
``(5) engage in an exclusive, preferential, or cooperative
working arrangement between themselves or with a marine terminal
operator;
``(6) control, regulate, or prevent competition in
international ocean transportation; or
``(7) discuss and agree on any matter related to a service
contract.

``(b) Marine Terminal Operator Agreements.--This part applies to an
agreement between or among marine terminal operators, or between or
among one or more marine terminal operators and one or more ocean common
carriers, to--
``(1) discuss, fix, or regulate rates or other conditions of
service; or
``(2) engage in exclusive, preferential, or cooperative
working arrangements, to the extent the agreement involves ocean
transportation in the foreign commerce of the United States.

``(c) Acquisitions.--This part does not apply to an acquisition by
any person, directly or indirectly, of any voting security or assets of
any other person.
``(d) Maritime Labor Agreements.--This part does not apply to a
maritime labor agreement. However, this subsection does not exempt from
this part any rate, charge, regulation, or practice of a common carrier
that is required to be set forth in a tariff or is an essential term of
a service contract, whether or not the rate, charge, regulation, or
practice arises out of, or is otherwise related to, a maritime labor
agreement.
``(e) Assessment Agreements.--This part (except sections 40305 and
40307(a)) does not apply to an assessment agreement.

``Sec. 40302. Filing requirements

``(a) In General.--A true copy of every agreement referred to in
section 40301(a) or (b) of this title shall be filed with the Federal
Maritime Commission. If the agreement is oral, a complete memorandum
specifying in detail the substance of the agreement shall be filed.
``(b) Exceptions.--Subsection (a) does not apply to--
``(1) an agreement related to transportation to be performed
within or between foreign countries; or
``(2) an agreement among common carriers to establish,
operate, or maintain a marine terminal in the United States.

``(c) Regulations.--The Commission may by regulation prescribe the
form and manner in which an agreement shall be filed

[[Page 1529]]
120 STAT. 1529

and any additional information and documents necessary to evaluate the
agreement.

``Sec. 40303. Content requirements

``(a) Ocean Common Carrier Agreements.--
``(1) Restrictions.--An ocean common carrier agreement may
not--
``(A) prohibit or restrict a member of the agreement
from engaging in negotiations for a service contract
with a shipper;
``(B) require a member of the agreement to disclose
a negotiation on a service contract, or the terms of a
service contract, other than those terms required to be
published under section 40502(d) of this title; or
``(C) adopt mandatory rules or requirements
affecting the right of an agreement member to negotiate
and enter into a service contract.
``(2) Voluntary guidelines.--An ocean common carrier
agreement may provide authority to adopt voluntary guidelines
relating to the terms and procedures of an agreement member's
service contracts if the guidelines explicitly state the right
of members of the agreement not to follow the guidelines. Any
guidelines NOTE: Confidential information. adopted shall be
submitted confidentially to the Federal Maritime Commission.

``(b) Conference Agreements.--Each conference agreement must--
``(1) state its purpose;
``(2) provide reasonable and equal terms for admission and
readmission to conference membership for any ocean common
carrier willing to serve the particular trade or route;
``(3) permit any member to withdraw from conference
membership on reasonable notice without penalty;
``(4) at the request of any member, require an independent
neutral body to police fully the obligations of the conference
and its members;
``(5) prohibit the conference from engaging in conduct
prohibited by section 41105(1) or (3) of this title;
``(6) provide for a consultation process designed to pro-
mote--
``(A) commercial resolution of disputes; and
``(B) cooperation with shippers in preventing and
eliminating malpractices;
``(7) establish procedures for promptly and fairly
considering requests and complaints of shippers; and
``(8) provide that--
``(A) any member of the conference may take
independent action on a rate or service item on not more
than 5 days' notice to the conference; and
``(B) NOTE: Deadline. except for an exempt
commodity not published in the conference tariff, the
conference will include the new rate or service item in
its tariff for use by that member, effective no later
than 5 days after receipt of the notice, and by any
other member that notifies the conference that it elects
to adopt the independent rate or service item on or
after its effective date, in lieu of the existing
conference tariff provision for that rate or service
item.

[[Page 1530]]
120 STAT. 1530

``(c) Interconference Agreements.--Each agreement between carriers
not members of the same conference must provide the right of independent
action for each carrier. Each agreement between conferences must provide
the right of independent action for each conference.
``(d) Vessel Sharing Agreements.--
``(1) In general.--An ocean common carrier that is the
owner, operator, or bareboat, time, or slot charterer of a liner
vessel documented under section 12103 or 12111(c) of this title
may agree with an ocean common carrier described in paragraph
(2) to which it charters or subcharters the vessel or space on
the vessel that the charterer or subcharterer may not use or
make available space on the vessel for the carriage of cargo
reserved by law for vessels of the United States.
``(2) Carrier described.--An ocean common carrier described
in this paragraph is one that is not the owner, operator, or
bareboat charterer for at least one year of liner vessels of the
United States that are eligible to be included in the Maritime
Security Fleet Program and are enrolled in an Emergency
Preparedness Program under chapter 531 of this title.

``Sec. 40304. Commission action

``(a) Notice of Filing.--Within NOTE: Federal Register,
publication. Deadline. 7 days after an agreement is filed, the Federal
Maritime Commission shall transmit a notice of the filing to the Federal
Register for publication.

``(b) Preliminary Review and Rejection.--After preliminary review,
the Commission shall reject an agreement that it finds does not meet the
requirements of sections 40302 and 40303 of this
title. NOTE: Notification. The Commission shall notify in writing
the person filing the agreement of the reason for rejection.

``(c) Review and Effective Date.--Unless rejected under subsection
(b), an agreement (other than an assessment agreement) is effective--
``(1) on the 45th day after filing, or on the 30th day after
notice of the filing is published in the Federal Register,
whichever is later; or
``(2) if additional information or documents are requested
under subsection (d)--
``(A) on the 45th day after the Commission receives
all the additional information and documents; or
``(B) if the request is not fully complied with, on
the 45th day after the Commission receives the
information and documents submitted and a statement of
the reasons for noncompliance with the request.

``(d) Request for Additional Information.--Before the expiration of
the period specified in subsection (c)(1), the Commission may request
from the person filing the agreement any additional information and
documents the Commission considers necessary to make the determinations
required by this section.
``(e) Modification of Review Period.--
``(1) Shortening.--On request of the party filing an
agreement, the Commission may shorten a period specified in
subsection (c), but not to a date that is less than 14 days
after notice of the filing of the agreement is published in the
Federal Register.
``(2) Extension.--The period specified in subsection (c)(2)
may be extended only by the United States District Court

[[Page 1531]]
120 STAT. 1531

for the District of Columbia in a civil action brought by the
Commission under section 41307(c) of this title.

``(f) Fixed Terms.--The Commission may not limit the effectiveness
of an agreement to a fixed term.

``Sec. 40305. Assessment agreements

``(a) Filing Requirement.--An NOTE: Effective date. assessment
agreement shall be filed with the Federal Maritime Commission and is
effective on filing.

``(b) Complaints.--If NOTE: Notification. Hearing. a complaint
is filed with the Commission within 2 years after the date of an
assessment agreement, the Commission shall disapprove, cancel, or modify
the agreement, or an assessment or charge pursuant to the agreement,
that the Commission finds, after notice and opportunity for a hearing,
to be unjustly discriminatory or unfair as between carriers, shippers,
or ports. NOTE: Deadline. The Commission shall issue its final
decision in the proceeding within one year after the date the complaint
is filed.

``(c) Adjustments of Assessments and Charges.--To the extent that
the Commission finds under subsection (b) that an assessment or charge
is unjustly discriminatory or unfair as between carriers, shippers, or
ports, the Commission shall adjust the assessment or charge for the
period between the filing of the complaint and the final decision by
awarding prospective credits or debits to future assessments and
charges. However, if the complainant has ceased activities subject to
the assessment or charge, the Commission may award reparations.

``Sec. 40306. Nondisclosure of information

``Information and documents (other than an agreement) filed with the
Federal Maritime Commission under this chapter are exempt from
disclosure under section 552 of title 5 and may not be made public
except as may be relevant to an administrative or judicial proceeding.
This section does not prevent disclosure to either House of Congress or
to a duly authorized committee or subcommittee of Congress.

``Sec. 40307. Exemption from antitrust laws

``(a) In General.--The antitrust laws do not apply to--
``(1) an agreement (including an assessment agreement) that
has been filed and is effective under this chapter;
``(2) an agreement that is exempt under section 40103 of
this title from any requirement of this part;
``(3) an agreement or activity within the scope of this
part, whether permitted under or prohibited by this part,
undertaken or entered into with a reasonable basis to conclude
that it is--
``(A) pursuant to an agreement on file with the
Federal Maritime Commission and in effect when the
activity takes place; or
``(B) exempt under section 40103 of this title from
any filing or publication requirement of this part;
``(4) an agreement or activity relating to transportation
services within or between foreign countries, whether or not via
the United States, unless the agreement or activity has a
direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect on the
commerce of the United States;

[[Page 1532]]
120 STAT. 1532

``(5) an agreement or activity relating to the foreign
inland segment of through transportation that is part of
transportation provided in a United States import or export
trade;
``(6) an agreement or activity to provide wharfage, dock,
warehouse, or other terminal facilities outside the United
States; or
``(7) an agreement, modification, or cancellation approved
before June 18, 1984, by the Commission under section 15 of the
Shipping Act, 1916, or permitted under section 14b of that Act,
and any properly published tariff, rate, fare, or charge, or
classification, rule, or regulation explanatory thereof
implementing that agreement, modification, or cancellation.

``(b) Exceptions.--This part does not extend antitrust immunity to--
``(1) an agreement with or among air carriers, rail
carriers, motor carriers, or common carriers by water not
subject to this part relating to transportation within the
United States;
``(2) a discussion or agreement among common carriers
subject to this part relating to the inland divisions (as
opposed to the inland portions) of through rates within the
United States;
``(3) an agreement among common carriers subject to this
part to establish, operate, or maintain a marine terminal in the
United States; or
``(4) a loyalty contract.

``(c) Retroactive Effect of Determinations.--A determination by an
agency or court that results in the denial or removal of the immunity to
the antitrust laws under subsection (a) does not remove or alter the
antitrust immunity for the period before the determination.
``(d) Relief Under Clayton Act.--A person may not recover damages
under section 4 of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 15), or obtain injunctive
relief under section 16 of that Act (15 U.S.C. 26), for conduct
prohibited by this part.

``CHAPTER 405--TARIFFS, SERVICE CONTRACTS, REFUNDS, AND WAIVERS

``Sec.
``40501.  General rate and tariff requirements.
``40502.  Service contracts.
``40503.  Refunds and waivers.

``Sec. 40501. General rate and tariff requirements

``(a) Automated Tariff System.--
``(1) NOTE: Public information. In general.--Each common
carrier and conference shall keep open to public inspection in
an automated tariff system, tariffs showing all its rates,
charges, classifications, rules, and practices between all
points or ports on its own route and on any through
transportation route that has been established. However, a
common carrier is not required to state separately or otherwise
reveal in tariffs the inland divisions of a through rate.
``(2) Exceptions.--Paragraph (1) does not apply with respect
to bulk cargo, forest products, recycled metal scrap, new
assembled motor vehicles, waste paper, or paper waste.

``(b) Contents of Tariffs.--A tariff under subsection (a) shall--

[[Page 1533]]
120 STAT. 1533

``(1) state the places between which cargo will be carried;
``(2) list each classification of cargo in use;
``(3) state the level of compensation, if any, of any ocean
freight forwarder by a carrier or conference;
``(4) state separately each terminal or other charge,
privilege, or facility under the control of the carrier or
conference and any rules that in any way change, affect, or
determine any part or the total of the rates or charges;
``(5) include sample copies of any bill of lading, contract
of affreightment, or other document evidencing the
transportation agreement; and
``(6) include copies of any loyalty contract, omitting the
shipper's name.

``(c) Electronic Access.--A tariff under subsection (a) shall be
made available electronically to any person, without time, quantity, or
other limitation, through appropriate access from remote locations. A
reasonable fee may be charged for such access, except that no fee may be
charged for access by a Federal agency.
``(d) Time-Volume Rates.--A rate contained in a tariff under
subsection (a) may vary with the volume of cargo offered over a
specified period of time.
``(e) Effective Dates.--
``(1) Increases.--A new or initial rate or change in an
existing rate that results in an increased cost to a shipper may
not become effective earlier than 30 days after publication.
However, for good cause, the Federal Maritime Commission may
allow the rate to become effective sooner.
``(2) Decreases.--A change in an existing rate that results
in a decreased cost to a shipper may become effective on
publication.

``(f) Marine Terminal Operator Schedules.--A marine terminal
operator may make available to the public a schedule of rates,
regulations, and practices, including limitations of liability for cargo
loss or damage, pertaining to receiving, delivering, handling, or
storing property at its marine terminal. NOTE: Public
information. Contracts. Any such schedule made available to the public
is enforceable by an appropriate court as an implied contract without
proof of actual knowledge of its provisions.

``(g) Regulations.--
``(1) In general.--The Commission shall by regulation
prescribe the requirements for the accessibility and accuracy of
automated tariff systems established under this section. The
Commission, after periodic review, may prohibit the use of any
automated tariff system that fails to meet the requirements
established under this section.
``(2) Remote terminals.--The Commission may not require a
common carrier to provide a remote terminal for electronic
access under subsection (c).
``(3) Marine terminal operator schedules.--The Commission
shall by regulation prescribe the form and manner in which
marine terminal operator schedules authorized by this section
shall be published.

``Sec. 40502. Service contracts

``(a) In General.--An individual ocean common carrier or an
agreement between or among ocean common carriers may enter

[[Page 1534]]
120 STAT. 1534

into a service contract with one or more shippers subject to the
requirements of this part.
``(b) Filing Requirements.--
``(1) In general.--Each NOTE: Confidential
information. service contract entered into under this section
by an individual ocean common carrier or an agreement shall be
filed confidentially with the Federal Maritime Commission.
``(2) Exceptions.--Paragraph (1) does not apply to contracts
regarding bulk cargo, forest products, recycled metal scrap, new
assembled motor vehicles, waste paper, or paper waste.

``(c) Essential Terms.--Each service contract shall include--
``(1) the origin and destination port ranges;
``(2) the origin and destination geographic areas in the
case of through intermodal movements;
``(3) the commodities involved;
``(4) the minimum volume or portion;
``(5) the line-haul rate;
``(6) the duration;
``(7) service commitments; and
``(8) the liquidated damages for nonperformance, if any.

``(d) Publication of Certain Terms.--When a service contract is
filed confidentially with the Commission, a concise statement of the
essential terms specified in paragraphs (1), (3), (4), and (6) of
subsection (c) shall be published and made available to the general
public in tariff format.
``(e) Disclosure of Certain Terms.--
``(1) Definitions.--In this subsection, the terms `dock
area' and `within the port area' have the same meaning and scope
as in the applicable collective bargaining agreement between the
requesting labor organization and the carrier.
``(2) Disclosure.--An ocean common carrier that is a party
to or is otherwise subject to a collective bargaining agreement
with a labor organization shall, in response to a written
request by the labor organization, state whether it is
responsible for the following work at a dock area or within a
port area in the United States with respect to cargo
transportation under a service contract:
``(A) The movement of the shipper's cargo on a dock
area or within the port area or to or from railroad cars
on a dock area or within the port area.
``(B) The assignment of intraport carriage of the
shipper's cargo between areas on a dock or within the
port area.
``(C) The assignment of the carriage of the
shipper's cargo between a container yard on a dock area
or within the port area and a rail yard adjacent to the
container yard.
``(D) The assignment of container freight station
work and container maintenance and repair work performed
at a dock area or within the port area.
``(3) Within reasonable time.--The common carrier shall
provide the information described in paragraph (2) to the
requesting labor organization within a reasonable period of
time.
``(4) Existence of collective bargaining agreement.--This
subsection does not require the disclosure of information

[[Page 1535]]
120 STAT. 1535

by an ocean common carrier unless there exists an applicable and
otherwise lawful collective bargaining agreement pertaining to
that carrier. A disclosure by an ocean common carrier may not be
deemed an admission or an agreement that any work is covered by
a collective bargaining agreement. A dispute about whether any
work is covered by a collective bargaining agreement and the
responsibility of an ocean common carrier under a collective
bargaining agreement shall be resolved solely in accordance with
the dispute resolution procedures contained in the collective
bargaining agreement and the National Labor Relations Act (29
U.S.C. 151 et seq.), and without reference to this subsection.
``(5) Effect under other laws.--This subsection does not
affect the lawfulness or unlawfulness under this part or any
other Federal or State law of any collective bargaining
agreement or element thereof, including any element that
constitutes an essential term of a service contract.

``(f) Remedy for Breach.--Unless the parties agree otherwise, the
exclusive remedy for a breach of a service contract is an action in an
appropriate court. The contract dispute resolution forum may not be
controlled by or in any way affiliated with a controlled carrier or by
the government that owns or controls the carrier.

``Sec. 40503. Refunds and waivers

``The Federal Maritime Commission, on application of a carrier or
shipper, may permit a common carrier or conference to refund a portion
of the freight charges collected from a shipper, or to waive collection
of a portion of the charges from a shipper, if--
``(1) there is an error in a tariff, a failure to publish a
new tariff, or an error in quoting a tariff, and the refund or
waiver will not result in discrimination among shippers, ports,
or carriers;
``(2) the common carrier or conference, before filing an
application for authority to refund or waive any charges for an
error in a tariff or a failure to publish a tariff, has
published a new tariff setting forth the rate on which the
refund or waiver would be based; and
``(3) the application for the refund or waiver is filed with
the Commission within 180 days from the date of shipment.

``CHAPTER 407--CONTROLLED CARRIERS

``Sec.
``40701.  Rates.
``40702.  Rate standards.
``40703.  Effective date of rates.
``40704.  Commission review.
``40705.  Presidential review of Commission orders.
``40706.  Exceptions.

``Sec. 40701. Rates

``(a) In General.--A controlled carrier may not--
``(1) maintain a rate or charge in a tariff or service
contract, or charge or assess a rate, that is below a just and
reasonable level; or
``(2) establish, maintain, or enforce in a tariff or service
contract a classification, rule, or regulation that results, or
is likely to result, in the carriage or handling of cargo at a
rate or charge that is below a just and reasonable level.

[[Page 1536]]
120 STAT. 1536

``(b) Commission Prohibition.--The Federal Maritime Commission, at
any time after notice and opportunity for a hearing, may prohibit the
publication or use of a rate, charge, classification, rule, or
regulation that a controlled carrier has failed to demonstrate is just
and reasonable.
``(c) Burden of Proof.--In a proceeding under this section, the
burden of proof is on the controlled carrier to demonstrate that its
rate, charge, classification, rule, or regulation is just and
reasonable.
``(d) Voidness.--A rate, charge, classification, rule, or regulation
that has been suspended or prohibited by the Commission is void and its
use is unlawful.

``Sec. 40702. Rate standards

``(a) Definition.--In this section, the term `constructive costs'
means the costs of another carrier, other than a controlled carrier,
operating similar vessels and equipment in the same or a similar trade.
``(b) Standards.--In determining whether a rate, charge,
classification, rule, or regulation of a controlled carrier is just and
reasonable, the Federal Maritime Commission--
``(1) shall take into account whether the rate or charge
that has been published or assessed, or that would result from
the pertinent classification, rule, or regulation, is below a
level that is fully compensatory to the controlled carrier based
on the carrier's actual costs or constructive costs; and
``(2) may take into account other appropriate factors,
including whether the rate, charge, classification, rule, or
regulation is--
``(A) the same as, or similar to, those published or
assessed by other carriers in the same trade;
``(B) required to ensure movement of particular
cargo in the same trade; or
``(C) required to maintain acceptable continuity,
level, or quality of common carrier service to or from
affected ports.

``Sec. 40703. Effective date of rates

``Notwithstanding section 40501(e) of this title and except for
service contracts, a rate, charge, classification, rule, or regulation
of a controlled carrier may not become effective, without special
permission of the Federal Maritime Commission, until the 30th day after
publication.

``Sec. 40704. Commission review

``(a) Request for Justification.--On NOTE: Deadline. request of
the Federal Maritime Commission, a controlled carrier shall file with
the Commission, within 20 days of the request, a statement of
justification that sufficiently details the carrier's need and purpose
for an existing or proposed rate, charge, classification, rule, or
regulation and upon which the Commission may reasonably base a
determination of its lawfulness.

``(b) Determination.--Within NOTE: Deadline. 120 days after
receipt of information requested under subsection (a), the Commission
shall determine whether the rate, charge, classification, rule, or
regulation may be unjust and unreasonable.

[[Page 1537]]
120 STAT. 1537

``(c) Show Cause Order.--Whenever the Commission is of the opinion
that a rate, charge, classification, rule, or regulation published or
assessed by a controlled carrier may be unjust and unreasonable, the
Commission shall issue an order to the controlled carrier to show cause
why the rate, charge, classification, rule, or regulation should not be
prohibited.
``(d) Suspension Pending Determination.--
``(1) Not yet effective.--Pending a determination of the
lawfulness of a rate, charge, classification, rule, or
regulation in a proceeding under subsection (c), the Commission
may suspend the rate, charge, classification, rule, or
regulation at any time before its effective date.
``(2) Already effective.--If a rate, charge, classification,
rule, or regulation has already become effective, the
Commission, on issuance of an order to show cause, may suspend
the rate, charge, classification, rule, or regulation on at
least 30 days' notice to the controlled carrier.
``(3) Maximum suspension.--A period of suspension under this
subsection may not exceed 180 days.

``(e) Replacement During Suspension.--Whenever the Commission has
suspended a rate, charge, classification, rule, or regulation under this
section, the controlled carrier may publish a new rate, charge,
classification, rule, or regulation to take effect immediately during
the suspension in lieu of the suspended rate, charge, classification,
rule, or regulation. However, the Commission may reject the new rate,
charge, classification, rule, or regulation if the Commission believes
it is unjust and unreasonable.

``Sec. 40705. Presidential review of Commission orders

``(a) Transmission to President.--The Federal Maritime Commission
shall transmit to the President, concurrently with publication thereof,
each order of suspension or final order of prohibition issued under
section 40704 of this title.
``(b) NOTE: Deadline. Presidential Request and Commission
Action.--Within 10 days after receipt or the effective date of a
Commission order referred to in subsection (a), the President, in
writing, may request the Commission to stay the effect of the order if
the President finds that the stay is required for reasons of national
defense or foreign policy. The reasons shall be specified in the
request. The Commission shall immediately grant the request by issuing
an order in which the President's request shall be described. During a
stay, the President shall, whenever practicable, attempt to resolve the
matter by negotiating with representatives of the applicable foreign
governments.

``Sec. 40706. Exceptions

``This chapter does not apply to--
``(1) a controlled carrier of a foreign country whose
vessels are entitled by a treaty of the United States to receive
national or most-favored-nation treatment; or
``(2) a trade served only by controlled carriers.

``CHAPTER 409--OCEAN TRANSPORTATION INTERMEDIARIES

``Sec.
``40901.  License requirement.
``40902.  Financial responsibility.

[[Page 1538]]
120 STAT. 1538

``40903.  Suspension or revocation of license.
``40904.  Compensation by common carriers.

``Sec. 40901. License requirement

``(a) In General.--A person in the United States may not act as an
ocean transportation intermediary unless the person holds an ocean
transportation intermediary's license issued by the Federal Maritime
Commission. The Commission shall issue a license to a person that the
Commission determines to be qualified by experience and character to act
as an ocean transportation intermediary.
``(b) Exception.--A person whose primary business is the sale of
merchandise may forward shipments of the merchandise for its own account
without an ocean transportation intermediary's license.

``Sec. 40902. Financial responsibility

``(a) In General.--A person may not act as an ocean transportation
intermediary unless the person furnishes a bond, proof of insurance, or
other surety--
``(1) in a form and amount determined by the Federal
Maritime Commission to insure financial responsibility; and
``(2) issued by a surety company found acceptable by the
Secretary of the Treasury.

``(b) Scope of Financial Responsibility.--A bond, insurance, or
other surety obtained under this section--
``(1) shall be available to pay any penalty assessed under
section 41109 of this title or any order for reparation issued
under section 41305 of this title;
``(2) may be available to pay any claim against an ocean
transportation intermediary arising from its transportation-
related activities--
``(A) with the consent of the insured ocean
transportation intermediary and subject to review by the
surety company; or
``(B) when the claim is deemed valid by the surety
company after the ocean transportation intermediary has
failed to respond to adequate notice to address the
validity of the claim; and
``(3) shall be available to pay any judgment for damages
against an ocean transportation intermediary arising from its
transportation-related activities, if the claimant has first
attempted to resolve the claim under paragraph (2) and the claim
has not been resolved within a reasonable period of time.

``(c) Regulations on Court Judgments.--The Commission shall
prescribe regulations for the purpose of protecting the interests of
claimants, ocean transportation intermediaries, and surety companies
with respect to the process of pursuing claims against ocean
transportation intermediary bonds, insurance, or sureties through court
judgments. The regulations shall provide that a judgment for monetary
damages may not be enforced except to the extent that the damages
claimed arise from the transportation-related activities of the insured
ocean transportation intermediary, as defined by the Commission.
``(d) Resident Agent.--An ocean transportation intermediary not
domiciled in the United States shall designate a resident agent

[[Page 1539]]
120 STAT. 1539

in the United States for receipt of service of judicial and
administrative process, including subpoenas.

``Sec. 40903. Suspension or revocation of license

``(a) Failure To Maintain Qualifications or To Comply.--The Federal
Maritime Commission, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, shall
suspend or revoke an ocean transportation intermediary's license if the
Commission finds that the ocean transportation intermediary--
``(1) is not qualified to provide intermediary services; or
``(2) willfully failed to comply with a provision of this
part or with an order or regulation of the Commission.

``(b) Failure To Maintain Bond, Proof of Insurance, or Other
Surety.--The Commission may revoke an ocean transportation
intermediary's license for failure to maintain a bond, proof of
insurance, or other surety as required by section 40902(a) of this
title.

``Sec. 40904. Compensation by common carriers

``(a) Certification of License and Services.--A common carrier may
compensate an ocean freight forwarder for a shipment dispatched for
others only when the ocean freight forwarder has certified in writing
that it holds an ocean transportation intermediary's license (if
required under section 40901 of this title) and has--
``(1) engaged, booked, secured, reserved, or contracted
directly with the carrier or its agent for space aboard a vessel
or confirmed the availability of the space; and
``(2) prepared and processed the ocean bill of lading, dock
receipt, or other similar document for the shipment.

``(b) Dual Compensation.--A common carrier may not pay compensation
for services described in subsection (a) more than once on the same
shipment.
``(c) Beneficial Interest Shipments.--An ocean freight forwarder may
not receive compensation from a common carrier for a shipment in which
the ocean freight forwarder has a direct or indirect beneficial
interest. A common carrier may not knowingly pay compensation on that
shipment.
``(d) Limits on Authority of Conference or Group.--A conference or
group of two or more ocean common carriers in the foreign commerce of
the United States that is authorized to agree on the level of
compensation paid to an ocean freight forwarder may not--
``(1) deny a member of the conference or group the right,
upon notice of not more than 5 days, to take independent action
on any level of compensation paid to an ocean freight forwarder;
or
``(2) agree to limit the payment of compensation to an ocean
freight forwarder to less than 1.25 percent of the aggregate of
all rates and charges applicable under a tariff and assessed
against the cargo on which the services of the ocean freight
forwarder are provided.

``CHAPTER 411--PROHIBITIONS AND PENALTIES

``Sec.
``41101.  Joint ventures and consortiums.
``41102.  General prohibitions.

[[Page 1540]]
120 STAT. 1540

``41103.  Disclosure of information.
``41104.  Common carriers.
``41105.  Concerted action.
``41106.  Marine terminal operators.
``41107.  Monetary penalties.
``41108.  Additional penalties.
``41109.  Assessment of penalties.

``Sec. 41101. Joint ventures and consortiums

``In this chapter, a joint venture or consortium of two or more
common carriers operating as a single entity is deemed to be a single
common carrier.

``Sec. 41102. General prohibitions

``(a) Obtaining Transportation at Less Than Applicable Rates.--A
person may not knowingly and willfully, directly or indirectly, by means
of false billing, false classification, false weighing, false report of
weight, false measurement, or any other unjust or unfair device or
means, obtain or attempt to obtain ocean transportation for property at
less than the rates or charges that would otherwise apply.
``(b) Operating Contrary to Agreement.--A person may not operate
under an agreement required to be filed under section 40302 or 40305 of
this title if--
``(1) the agreement has not become effective under section
40304 of this title or has been rejected, disapproved, or
canceled; or
``(2) the operation is not in accordance with the terms of
the agreement or any modifications to the agreement made by the
Federal Maritime Commission.

``(c) Practices in Handling Property.--A common carrier, marine
terminal operator, or ocean transportation intermediary may not fail to
establish, observe, and enforce just and reasonable regulations and
practices relating to or connected with receiving, handling, storing, or
delivering property.

``Sec. 41103. Disclosure of information

``(a) Prohibition.--A common carrier, marine terminal operator, or
ocean freight forwarder, either alone or in conjunction with any other
person, directly or indirectly, may not knowingly disclose, offer,
solicit, or receive any information concerning the nature, kind,
quantity, destination, consignee, or routing of any property tendered or
delivered to a common carrier, without the consent of the shipper or
consignee, if the information--
``(1) may be used to the detriment or prejudice of the
shipper, the consignee, or any common carrier; or
``(2) may improperly disclose its business transaction to a
competitor.

``(b) Exceptions.--Subsection (a) does not prevent providing the
information--
``(1) in response to legal process;
``(2) to the Federal Maritime Commission or an agency of the
United States Government; or
``(3) to an independent neutral body operating within the
scope of its authority to fulfill the policing obligations of
the parties to an agreement effective under this part.

``(c) Disclosure for Determining Breach or Compiling Statistics.--An
ocean common carrier that is a party to a conference agreement approved
under this part, a receiver, trustee,

[[Page 1541]]
120 STAT. 1541

lessee, agent, or employee of the carrier, or any other person
authorized by the carrier to receive information--
``(1) may give information to the conference or any person
or agency designated by the conference, for the purpose of--
``(A) determining whether a shipper or consignee has
breached an agreement with the conference or its member
lines;
``(B) determining whether a member of the conference
has breached the conference agreement; or
``(C) compiling statistics of cargo movement; and
``(2) may not prevent the conference or its designee from
soliciting or receiving information for any of those purposes.

``Sec. 41104. Common carriers

``A common carrier, either alone or in conjunction with any other
person, directly or indirectly, may not--
``(1) allow a person to obtain transportation for property
at less than the rates or charges established by the carrier in
its tariff or service contract by means of false billing, false
classification, false weighing, false measurement, or any other
unjust or unfair device or means;
``(2) provide service in the liner trade that is--
``(A) not in accordance with the rates, charges,
classifications, rules, and practices contained in a
tariff published or a service contract entered into
under chapter 405 of this title, unless excepted or
exempted under section 40103 or 40501(a)(2) of this
title; or
``(B) under a tariff or service contract that has
been suspended or prohibited by the Federal Maritime
Commission under chapter 407 or 423 of this title;
``(3) retaliate against a shipper by refusing, or
threatening to refuse, cargo space accommodations when
available, or resort to other unfair or unjustly discriminatory
methods because the shipper has patronized another carrier, or
has filed a complaint, or for any other reason;
``(4) for service pursuant to a tariff, engage in any unfair
or unjustly discriminatory practice in the matter of--
``(A) rates or charges;
``(B) cargo classifications;
``(C) cargo space accommodations or other
facilities, with due regard being given to the proper
loading of the vessel and the available tonnage;
``(D) loading and landing of freight; or
``(E) adjustment and settlement of claims;
``(5) for service pursuant to a service contract, engage in
any unfair or unjustly discriminatory practice in the matter of
rates or charges with respect to any port;
``(6) use a vessel in a particular trade for the purpose of
excluding, preventing, or reducing competition by driving
another ocean common carrier out of that trade;
``(7) offer or pay any deferred rebates;
``(8) for service pursuant to a tariff, give any undue or
unreasonable preference or advantage or impose any undue or
unreasonable prejudice or disadvantage;
``(9) for service pursuant to a service contract, give any
undue or unreasonable preference or advantage or impose any

[[Page 1542]]
120 STAT. 1542

undue or unreasonable prejudice or disadvantage with respect to
any port;
``(10) unreasonably refuse to deal or negotiate;
``(11) knowingly and willfully accept cargo from or
transport cargo for the account of an ocean transportation
intermediary that does not have a tariff as required by section
40501 of this title and a bond, insurance, or other surety as
required by section 40902 of this title; or
``(12) knowingly and willfully enter into a service contract
with an ocean transportation intermediary that does not have a
tariff as required by section 40501 of this title and a bond,
insurance, or other surety as required by section 40902 of this
title, or with an affiliate of such an ocean transportation
intermediary.

``Sec. 41105. Concerted action

``A conference or group of two or more common carriers may not--
``(1) boycott or take any other concerted action resulting
in an unreasonable refusal to deal;
``(2) engage in conduct that unreasonably restricts the use
of intermodal services or technological innovations;
``(3) engage in any predatory practice designed to eliminate
the participation, or deny the entry, in a particular trade of a
common carrier not a member of the conference, a group of common
carriers, an ocean tramp, or a bulk carrier;
``(4) negotiate with a non-ocean carrier or group of non-
ocean carriers (such as truck, rail, or air operators) on any
matter relating to rates or services provided to ocean common
carriers within the United States by those non-ocean carriers,
unless the negotiations and any resulting agreements are not in
violation of the antitrust laws and are consistent with the
purposes of this part, except that this paragraph does not
prohibit the setting and publishing of a joint through rate by a
conference, joint venture, or association of ocean common
carriers;
``(5) deny in the export foreign commerce of the United
States compensation to an ocean freight forwarder or limit that
compensation to less than a reasonable amount;
``(6) allocate shippers among specific carriers that are
parties to the agreement or prohibit a carrier that is a party
to the agreement from soliciting cargo from a particular
shipper, except as--
``(A) authorized by section 40303(d) of this title;
``(B) required by the law of the United States or
the importing or exporting country; or
``(C) agreed to by a shipper in a service contract;
``(7) for service pursuant to a service contract, engage in
any unjustly discriminatory practice in the matter of rates or
charges with respect to any locality, port, or person due to the
person's status as a shippers' association or ocean
transportation intermediary; or
``(8) for service pursuant to a service contract, give any
undue or unreasonable preference or advantage or impose any
undue or unreasonable prejudice or disadvantage with respect to
any locality, port, or person due to the person's status as a
shippers' association or ocean transportation intermediary.

[[Page 1543]]
120 STAT. 1543

``Sec. 41106. Marine terminal operators

``A marine terminal operator may not--
``(1) agree with another marine terminal operator or with a
common carrier to boycott, or unreasonably discriminate in the
provision of terminal services to, a common carrier or ocean
tramp;
``(2) give any undue or unreasonable preference or advantage
or impose any undue or unreasonable prejudice or disadvantage
with respect to any person; or
``(3) unreasonably refuse to deal or negotiate.

``Sec. 41107. Monetary penalties

``(a) In General.--A person that violates this part or a regulation
or order of the Federal Maritime Commission issued under this part is
liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty. Unless
otherwise provided in this part, the amount of the penalty may not
exceed $5,000 for each violation or, if the violation was willfully and
knowingly committed, $25,000 for each violation. Each day of a
continuing violation is a separate violation.
``(b) Lien on Carrier's Vessels.--The amount of a civil penalty
imposed on a common carrier under this section constitutes a lien on the
vessels operated by the carrier. Any such vessel is subject to an action
in rem to enforce the lien in the district court of the United States
for the district in which it is found.

``Sec. 41108. Additional penalties

``(a) Suspension of Tariffs.--For a violation of section 41104(1),
(2), or (7) of this title, the Federal Maritime Commission may suspend
any or all tariffs of the common carrier, or that common carrier's right
to use any or all tariffs of conferences of which it is a member, for a
period not to exceed 12 months.
``(b) Operating Under Suspended Tariff.--A common carrier that
accepts or handles cargo for carriage under a tariff that has been
suspended, or after its right to use that tariff has been suspended, is
liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more
than $50,000 for each shipment.
``(c) Failure To Provide Information.--
``(1) Penalties.--If the Commission finds, after notice and
opportunity for a hearing, that a common carrier has failed to
supply information ordered to be produced or compelled by
subpoena under section 41303 of this title, the Commission may--
``(A) suspend any or all tariffs of the carrier or
the carrier's right to use any or all tariffs of
conferences of which it is a member; and
``(B) request the Secretary of Homeland Security to
refuse or revoke any clearance required for a vessel
operated by the carrier, and when so requested, the
Secretary shall refuse or revoke the clearance.
``(2) Defense based on foreign law.--
If, NOTE: Notification. in defense of its failure to comply
with a subpoena or discovery order, a common carrier alleges
that information or documents located in a foreign country
cannot be produced because of the laws of that country, the
Commission shall immediately notify the Secretary of State of
the failure to comply and of the allegation relating to foreign
laws. NOTE: Foreign relations. On receiving the
notification, the Secretary of State shall promptly consult with
the government


[[Page 1544]]
120 STAT. 1544

of the nation within which the information or documents are
alleged to be located for the purpose of assisting the
Commission in obtaining the information or documents.

``(d) Impairing Access to Foreign Trade.--If the Commission finds,
after notice and opportunity for a hearing, that the action of a common
carrier, acting alone or in concert with another person, or a foreign
government has unduly impaired access of a vessel documented under the
laws of the United States to ocean trade between foreign ports, the
Commission shall take action that it finds appropriate, including
imposing any of the penalties authorized by this section. The Commission
also may take any of the actions authorized by sections 42304 and 42305
of this title.
``(e) Submission of Order to President.--Before an order under this
section becomes effective, it shall be submitted immediately to the
President. The President, within 10 days after receiving it, may
disapprove it if the President finds that disapproval is required for
reasons of national defense or foreign policy.

``Sec. 41109. Assessment of penalties

``(a) General Authority.--Until a matter is referred to the Attorney
General, the Federal Maritime Commission may, after notice and
opportunity for a hearing, assess a civil penalty provided for in this
part. The Commission may compromise, modify, or remit, with or without
conditions, a civil penalty.
``(b) Factors in Determining Amount.--In determining the amount of a
civil penalty, the Commission shall take into account the nature,
circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation committed and, with
respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, history of prior
offenses, ability to pay, and other matters justice may require.
``(c) Exception.--A civil penalty may not be imposed for conspiracy
to violate section 41102(a) or 41104(1) or (2) of this title or to
defraud the Commission by concealing such a violation.
``(d) Prohibited Basis of Penalty.--The Commission or a court may
not order a person to pay the difference between the amount billed and
agreed upon in writing with a common carrier or its agent and the amount
set forth in a tariff or service contract by that common carrier for the
transportation service provided.
``(e) Time Limit.--A proceeding to assess a civil penalty under this
section must be commenced within 5 years after the date of the
violation.
``(f) Review of Civil Penalty.--A person against whom a civil
penalty is assessed under this section may obtain review under chapter
158 of title 28.
``(g) Civil Actions To Collect.--If a person does not pay an
assessment of a civil penalty after it has become final or after the
appropriate court has entered final judgment in favor of the Commission,
the Attorney General at the request of the Commission may seek to
collect the amount assessed in an appropriate district court of the
United States. The court shall enforce the order of the Commission
unless it finds that the order was not regularly made and duly issued.

``CHAPTER 413--ENFORCEMENT

``Sec.
``41301.  Complaints.

[[Page 1545]]
120 STAT. 1545

``41302.  Investigations.
``41303.  Discovery and subpoenas.
``41304.  Hearings and orders.
``41305.  Award of reparations.
``41306.  Injunctive relief sought by complainants.
``41307.  Injunctive relief sought by the Commission.
``41308.  Enforcement of subpoenas and orders.
``41309.  Enforcement of reparation orders.

``Sec. 41301. Complaints

``(a) In General.--A person may file with the Federal Maritime
Commission a sworn complaint alleging a violation of this part, except
section 41307(b)(1). If the complaint is filed within 3 years after the
claim accrues, the complainant may seek reparations for an injury to the
complainant caused by the violation.
``(b) Notice and Response.--The Commission shall provide a copy of
the complaint to the person named in the complaint. Within a reasonable
time specified by the Commission, the person shall satisfy the complaint
or answer it in writing.
``(c) If Complaint Not Satisfied.--If the complaint is not
satisfied, the Commission shall investigate the complaint in an
appropriate manner and make an appropriate order.

``Sec. 41302. Investigations

``(a) In General.--The Federal Maritime Commission, on complaint or
its own motion, may investigate any conduct or agreement that the
Commission believes may be in violation of this part. The Commission may
by order disapprove, cancel, or modify any agreement that operates in
violation of this part.
``(b) Effectiveness of Agreement During Investigation.--Unless an
injunction is issued under section 41306 or 41307 of this title, an
agreement under investigation by the Commission remains in effect until
the Commission issues its order.
``(c) Date for Decision.--Within 10 days after the initiation of a
proceeding under this section or section 41301 of this title, the
Commission shall set a date by which it will issue its final decision.
The Commission by order may extend the date for good cause.
``(d) Sanctions for Delay.--If, within the period for final decision
under subsection (c), the Commission determines that it is unable to
issue a final decision because of undue delay caused by a party to the
proceeding, the Commission may impose sanctions, including issuing a
decision adverse to the delaying party.
``(e) Report.--The Commission shall make a written report of every
investigation under this part in which a hearing was held, stating its
conclusions, decisions, findings of fact, and order. The
Commission NOTE: Public information. shall provide a copy of the
report to all parties and publish the report for public information. A
published report is competent evidence in a court of the United States.

``Sec. 41303. Discovery and subpoenas

``(a) In General.--In an investigation or adjudicatory proceeding
under this part--
``(1) the Federal Maritime Commission may subpoena witnesses
and evidence; and
``(2) a party may use depositions, written interrogatories,
and discovery procedures under regulations prescribed by the
Commission that, to the extent practicable, shall conform to the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.).

[[Page 1546]]
120 STAT. 1546

``(b) Witness Fees.--Unless otherwise prohibited by law, a witness
is entitled to the same fees and mileage as in the courts of the United
States.

``Sec. 41304. Hearings and orders

``(a) Opportunity for Hearing.--The Federal Maritime Commission
shall provide an opportunity for a hearing before issuing an order
relating to a violation of this part or a regulation prescribed under
this part.
``(b) Modification of Order.--The Commission may reverse, suspend,
or modify any of its orders.
``(c) Rehearing.--On application of a party to a proceeding, the
Commission may grant a rehearing of the same or any matter determined in
the proceeding. Except by order of the Commission, a rehearing does not
operate as a stay of an order.
``(d) Period of Effectiveness.--An order of the Commission remains
in effect for the period specified in the order or until suspended,
modified, or set aside by the Commission or a court of competent
jurisdiction.

``Sec. 41305. Award of reparations

``(a) Definition.--In this section, the term `actual injury'
includes the loss of interest at commercial rates compounded from the
date of injury.
``(b) Basic Amount.--If the complaint was filed within the period
specified in section 41301(a) of this title, the Federal Maritime
Commission shall direct the payment of reparations to the complainant
for actual injury caused by a violation of this part, plus reasonable
attorney fees.
``(c) Additional Amounts.--On a showing that the injury was caused
by an activity prohibited by section 41102(b), 41104(3) or (6), or
41105(1) or (3) of this title, the Commission may order the payment of
additional amounts, but the total recovery of a complainant may not
exceed twice the amount of the actual injury.
``(d) Difference Between Rates.--If the injury was caused by an
activity prohibited by section 41104(4)(A) or (B) of this title, the
amount of the injury shall be the difference between the rate paid by
the injured shipper and the most favorable rate paid by another shipper.

``Sec. 41306. Injunctive relief sought by complainants

``(a) In General.--After filing a complaint with the Federal
Maritime Commission under section 41301 of this title, the complainant
may bring a civil action in a district court of the United States to
enjoin conduct in violation of this part.
``(b) Venue.--The action must be brought in the judicial district in
which--
``(1) the Commission has brought a civil action against the
defendant under section 41307(a) of this title; or
``(2) the defendant resides or transacts business, if the
Commission has not brought such an action.

``(c) Remedies by Court.--After notice to the defendant, and a
showing that the standards for granting injunctive relief by courts of
equity are met, the court may grant a temporary restraining order or
preliminary injunction for a period not to exceed 10 days after the
Commission has issued an order disposing of the complaint.

[[Page 1547]]
120 STAT. 1547

``(d) Attorney Fees.--A defendant prevailing in a civil action under
this section shall be allowed reasonable attorney fees to be assessed
and collected as part of the costs of the action.

``Sec. 41307. Injunctive relief sought by the Commission

``(a) General Violations.--In connection with an investigation under
section 41301 or 41302 of this title, the Federal Maritime Commission
may bring a civil action to enjoin conduct in violation of this part.
The action must be brought in the district court of the United States
for any judicial district in which the defendant resides or transacts
business. After notice to the defendant, and a showing that the
standards for granting injunctive relief by courts of equity are met,
the court may grant a temporary restraining order or preliminary
injunction for a period not to exceed 10 days after the Commission has
issued an order disposing of the issues under investigation.
``(b) Reduction in Competition.--
``(1) Action by commission.--If, at any time after the
filing or effective date of an agreement under chapter 403 of
this title, the Commission determines that the agreement is
likely, by a reduction in competition, to produce an
unreasonable reduction in transportation service or an
unreasonable increase in transportation cost, the Commission,
after notice to the person filing the agreement, may bring a
civil action in the United States District Court for the
District of Columbia to enjoin the operation of the agreement.
The Commission's sole remedy with respect to an agreement likely
to have such an effect is an action under this subsection.
``(2) Remedies by court.--In an action under this
subsection, the court may issue--
``(A) a temporary restraining order or a preliminary
injunction; and
``(B) a permanent injunction after a showing that
the agreement is likely to have the effect described in
paragraph (1).
``(3) Burden of proof and third parties.--In an action under
this subsection, the burden of proof is on the Commission. The
court may not allow a third party to intervene.

``(c) Failure To Provide Information.--If a person filing an
agreement, or an officer, director, partner, agent, or employee of the
person, fails substantially to comply with a request for the submission
of additional information or documents within the period provided in
section 40304(c) of this title, the Commission may bring a civil action
in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. At the
request of the Commission, the Court--
``(1) may order compliance;
``(2) shall extend the period specified in section
40304(c)(2) of this title until there has been substantial
compliance; and
``(3) may grant other equitable relief that the court
decides is appropriate.

``(d) Representation.--The Commission may represent itself in a
proceeding under this section in--
``(1) a district court of the United States, on notice to
the Attorney General; and
``(2) a court of appeals of the United States, with the
approval of the Attorney General.

[[Page 1548]]
120 STAT. 1548

``Sec. 41308. Enforcement of subpoenas and orders

``(a) Civil Action.--If a person does not comply with a subpoena or
order of the Federal Maritime Commission, the Attorney General, at the
request of the Commission, or an injured party, may seek enforcement in
a district court of the United States having jurisdiction over the
parties. If, after hearing, the court determines that the subpoena or
order was regularly made and duly issued, the court shall enforce the
subpoena or order.
``(b) Time Limit on Bringing Actions.--An action under this section
to enforce an order of the Commission must be brought within 3 years
after the date the order was violated.

``Sec. 41309. Enforcement of reparation orders

``(a) Civil Action.--If a person does not comply with an order of
the Federal Maritime Commission for the payment of reparation, the
person to whom the award was made may seek enforcement of the order in a
district court of the United States having jurisdiction over the
parties.
``(b) Parties and Service of Process.--All parties in whose favor
the Commission has made an award of reparation by a single order may be
joined as plaintiffs, and all other parties in the order may be joined
as defendants, in a single action in a judicial district in which any
one plaintiff could maintain an action against any one defendant.
Service of process against a defendant not found in that district may be
made in a district in which any office of that defendant is located or
in which any port of call on a regular route operated by that defendant
is located. Judgment may be entered for any plaintiff against the
defendant liable to that plaintiff.
``(c) Nature of Review.--In an action under this section, the
findings and order of the Commission are prima facie evidence of the
facts stated in the findings and order.
``(d) Costs and Attorney Fees.--The plaintiff is not liable for
costs of the action or for costs of any subsequent stage of the
proceedings unless they accrue on the plaintiff's appeal. A prevailing
plaintiff shall be allowed reasonable attorney fees to be assessed and
collected as part of the costs of the action.
``(e) Time Limit on Bringing Actions.--An action under this section
to enforce an order of the Commission must be brought within 3 years
after the date the order was violated.

``Part B--Actions To Address Foreign Practices

``CHAPTER 421--REGULATIONS AFFECTING SHIPPING IN FOREIGN TRADE

``Sec.
``42101.  Regulations of the Commission.
``42102.  Regulations of other agencies.
``42103.  No preference to Government-owned vessels.
``42104.  Information, witnesses, and evidence.
``42105.  Disclosure to public.
``42106.  Other actions to remedy unfavorable conditions.
``42107.  Refusal of clearance and entry.
``42108.  Penalty for operating under suspended tariff or service
contract.
``42109.  Consultation with other agencies.

``Sec. 42101. Regulations of the Commission

``(a) Unfavorable Conditions.--To further the objectives and policy
set forth in section 50101 of this title, the Federal Maritime

[[Page 1549]]
120 STAT. 1549

Commission shall prescribe regulations affecting shipping in foreign
trade, not in conflict with law, to adjust or meet general or special
conditions unfavorable to shipping in foreign trade, whether in a
particular trade or on a particular route or in commerce generally,
including intermodal movements, terminal operations, cargo solicitation,
agency services, ocean transportation intermediary services and
operations, and other activities and services integral to transportation
systems, and which arise out of or result from laws or regulations of a
foreign country or competitive methods, pricing practices, or other
practices employed by owners, operators, agents, or masters of vessels
of a foreign country.
``(b) Initiation of Regulation.--A regulation under subsection (a)
may be initiated by the Commission on its own motion or on the petition
of any person, including another component of the United States
Government.

``Sec. 42102. Regulations of other agencies

``(a) Request to Agency.--To further the objectives and policy set
forth in section 50101 of this title, the Federal Maritime Commission
shall request the head of a department, agency, or instrumentality of
the United States Government to suspend, modify, or annul any existing
regulations, or to make new regulations, affecting shipping in the
foreign trade, except regulations relating to the Public Health Service,
the Consular Service, or the inspection of vessels.
``(b) Prior Review and Approval.--A department, agency, or
instrumentality of the Government may not prescribe a regulation
affecting shipping in the foreign trade (except a regulation affecting
the Public Health Service, the Consular Service, or the inspection of
vessels) until the regulation has been submitted to the Commission for
its approval and final action has been taken by the Commission or the
President.
``(c) Submission to President.--If the head of a department, agency,
or instrumentality of the Government refuses to comply with a request
under subsection (a) or objects to a decision of the Commission under
subsection (b), the Commission or the head of the department, agency, or
instrumentality may submit the facts to the President. The President may
establish, suspend, modify, or annul the regulation.

``Sec. 42103. No preference to Government-owned vessels

``A regulation may not give a vessel owned by the United States
Government a preference over a vessel owned by citizens of the United
States and documented under the laws of the United States.

``Sec. 42104. Information, witnesses, and evidence

``(a) Order To Supply Information.--In carrying out section 42101 of
this title, the Federal Maritime Commission may order any person
(including a common carrier, tramp operator, bulk operator, shipper,
shippers' association, ocean transportation intermediary, or marine
terminal operator, or an officer, receiver, trustee, lessee, agent, or
employee thereof) to file with the Commission a report, answers to
questions, documentary material, or other information the Commission
considers necessary or appropriate. The Commission may require the
response to any such order to

[[Page 1550]]
120 STAT. 1550

be made under oath. The response shall be provided in the form and
within the time specified by the Commission.
``(b) Subpoenas and Discovery.--In carrying out section 42101 of
this title, the Commission may--
``(1) subpoena witnesses and evidence; and
``(2) authorize a party to use depositions, written
interrogatories, and discovery procedures that, to the extent
practicable, conform to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28
App. U.S.C.).

``(c) Witness Fees.--Unless otherwise prohibited by law, and subject
to funds being appropriated, a witness in a proceeding under section
42101 of this title is entitled to the same fees and mileage as in the
courts of the United States.
``(d) Penalties.--For failure to supply information ordered to be
produced or compelled by subpoena under this section, the Commission
may--
``(1) after notice and opportunity for a hearing, suspend
tariffs and service contracts of a common carrier or the common
carrier's right to use tariffs of conferences and service
contracts of agreements of which it is a member; or
``(2) assess a civil penalty of not more than $5,000 for
each day that the information is not provided.

``(e) Enforcement.--If a person does not comply with an order or
subpoena of the Commission under this section, the Commission may seek
enforcement in a district court of the United States having jurisdiction
over the parties. If, after hearing, the court determines that the order
or subpoena was regularly made and duly issued, the court shall enforce
the order or subpoena.

``Sec. 42105. Disclosure to public

``Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Federal Maritime
Commission may refuse to disclose to the public a response or other
information submitted to it under this chapter.

``Sec. 42106. Other actions to remedy unfavorable conditions

``If the Federal Maritime Commission finds that conditions
unfavorable to shipping in foreign trade as described in section 42101
of this title exist, the Commission may--
``(1) limit voyages to and from United States ports or the
amount or type of cargo carried;
``(2) suspend, in whole or in part, tariffs and service
contracts for carriage to or from United States ports, including
a common carrier's right to use tariffs of conferences and
service contracts of agreements in United States trades of which
it is a member for any period the Commission specifies;
``(3) suspend, in whole or in part, an ocean common
carrier's right to operate under any agreement filed with the
Commission, including any agreement authorizing preferential
treatment at terminals, preferential terminal leases, space
chartering, or pooling of cargo or revenue with other ocean
common carriers;
``(4) impose a fee not to exceed $1,000,000 per voyage; or
``(5) take any other action the Commission finds necessary
and appropriate to adjust or meet any condition unfavorable to
shipping in the foreign trade of the United States.

[[Page 1551]]
120 STAT. 1551

``Sec. 42107. Refusal of clearance and entry

``At the request of the Federal Maritime Commission--
``(1) the Secretary of Homeland Security shall--
``(A) refuse the clearance required by section 60105
of this title to a vessel of a country that is named in
a regulation prescribed by the Commission under section
42101 of this title; and
``(B) collect any fees imposed by the Commission
under section 42106(4) of this title; and
``(2) the Secretary of the department in which the Coast
Guard is operating shall--
``(A) deny entry, for purposes of oceanborne trade,
of a vessel of a country that is named in a regulation
prescribed by the Commission under section 42101 of this
title, to a port or place in the United States or the
navigable waters of the United States; or
``(B) detain the vessel at the port or place in the
United States from which it is about to depart for
another port or place in the United States.

``Sec. 42108. Penalty for operating under suspended tariff or service
contract

``A common carrier that accepts or handles cargo for carriage under
a tariff or service contract that has been suspended under section
42104(d)(1) or 42106(2) of this title, or after its right to use another
tariff or service contract has been suspended under those provisions, is
liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more
than $50,000 for each day that it is found to be operating under a
suspended tariff or service contract.

``Sec. 42109. Consultation with other agencies

``The Federal Maritime Commission may consult with, seek the
cooperation of, or make recommendations to other appropriate agencies of
the United States Government prior to taking any action under this
chapter.

``CHAPTER 423--FOREIGN SHIPPING PRACTICES

``Sec.
``42301.  Definitions.
``42302.  Investigations.
``42303.  Information requests.
``42304.  Action against foreign carriers.
``42305.  Refusal of clearance and entry.
``42306.  Submission of determinations to President.
``42307.  Review of regulations and orders.

``Sec. 42301. Definitions

``(a) Defined in Part A.--In this chapter, the terms `common
carrier', `marine terminal operator', `ocean common carrier', `ocean
transportation intermediary', `shipper', and `shippers' association'
have the meaning given those terms in section 40102 of this title.
``(b) Other Definitions.--In this chapter:
``(1) Foreign carrier.--The term `foreign carrier' means an
ocean common carrier a majority of whose vessels are documented
under the laws of a foreign country.
``(2) Maritime services.--The term `maritime services' means
port-to-port transportation of cargo by vessels operated by an
ocean common carrier.

[[Page 1552]]
120 STAT. 1552

``(3) Maritime-related services.--The term `maritime-related
services' means intermodal operations, terminal operations,
cargo solicitation, agency services, ocean transportation
intermediary services and operations, and all other activities
and services integral to total transportation systems of ocean
common carriers and their foreign domiciled affiliates for
themselves and others.
``(4) United states carrier.--The term `United States
carrier' means an ocean common carrier operating vessels
documented under the laws of the United States.
``(5) United states oceanborne trade.--The term `United
States oceanborne trade' means the carriage of cargo between the
United States and a foreign country, whether directly or
indirectly, by an ocean common carrier.

``Sec. 42302. Investigations

``(a) In General.--The Federal Maritime Commission shall investigate
whether any laws, rules, regulations, policies, or practices of a
foreign government, or any practices of a foreign carrier or other
person providing maritime or maritime-related services in a foreign
country, result in the existence of conditions that--
``(1) adversely affect the operations of United States
carriers in United States oceanborne trade; and
``(2) do not exist for foreign carriers of that country in
the United States under the laws of the United States or as a
result of acts of United States carriers or other persons
providing maritime or maritime-related services in the United
States.

``(b) Initiation of Investigation.--An investigation under
subsection (a) may be initiated by the Commission on its own motion or
on the petition of any person, including another component of the United
States Government.
``(c) Time for Decision.--The Commission shall complete an
investigation under this section and render a decision within 120 days
after it is initiated. However, the Commission may extend this 120-day
period for an additional 90 days if the Commission is unable to obtain
sufficient information to determine whether a condition specified in
subsection (a) exists. NOTE: Notification. A notice providing an
extension shall state clearly the reasons for the extension.

``Sec. 42303. Information requests

``(a) In General.--To further the purposes of section 42302(a) of
this title, the Federal Maritime Commission may order any person
(including a common carrier, shipper, shippers' association, ocean
transportation intermediary, or marine terminal operator, or an officer,
receiver, trustee, lessee, agent or employee thereof) to file with the
Commission any periodic or special report, answers to questions,
documentary material, or other information the Commission considers
necessary or appropriate. The Commission may require the response to any
such order to be made under oath. The response shall be provided in the
form and within the time specified by the Commission.
``(b) Subpoenas.--In an investigation under section 42302 of this
title, the Commission may subpoena witnesses and evidence.
``(c) Nondisclosure.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law,
the Commission may determine that any information submitted

[[Page 1553]]
120 STAT. 1553

to it in response to a request under this section, or otherwise, shall
not be disclosed to the public.

``Sec. 42304. Action against foreign carriers

``(a) In General.--Subject to section 42306 of this title, whenever
the Federal Maritime Commission, after notice and opportunity for
comment or hearing, determines that the conditions specified in section
42302(a) of this title exist, the Commission shall take such action to
offset those conditions as it considers necessary and appropriate
against any foreign carrier that is a contributing cause, or whose
government is a contributing cause, to those conditions. The action may
include--
``(1) limitations on voyages to and from United States ports
or on the amount or type of cargo carried;
``(2) suspension, in whole or in part, of any or all tariffs
and service contracts, including an ocean common carrier's right
to use any or all tariffs and service contracts of conferences
in United States trades of which it is a member for any period
the Commission specifies;
``(3) suspension, in whole or in part, of an ocean common
carrier's right to operate under any agreement filed with the
Commission, including any agreement authorizing preferential
treatment at terminals, preferential terminal leases, space
chartering, or pooling of cargo or revenue with other ocean
common carriers; and
``(4) a fee not to exceed $1,000,000 per voyage.

``(b) Consultation.--The Commission may consult with, seek the
cooperation of, or make recommendations to other appropriate agencies of
the United States Government prior to taking any action under subsection
(a).

``Sec. 42305. Refusal of clearance and entry

``Subject to section 42306 of this title, whenever the Federal
Maritime Commission determines that the conditions specified in section
42302(a) of this title exist, then at the request of the Commission--
``(1) the Secretary of Homeland Security shall refuse the
clearance required by section 60105 of this title to a vessel of
a foreign carrier that is identified by the Commission under
section 42304 of this title; and
``(2) the Secretary of the department in which the Coast
Guard is operating shall--
``(A) deny entry, for purposes of oceanborne trade,
of a vessel of a foreign carrier that is identified by
the Commission under section 42304 of this title, to a
port or place in the United States or the navigable
waters of the United States; or
``(B) detain the vessel at the port or place in the
United States from which it is about to depart for
another port or place in the United States.

``Sec. 42306. Submission of determinations to President

``Before a determination under section 42304 of this title becomes
effective or a request is made under section 42305 of this title, the
determination shall be submitted immediately to the President. The
President, within 10 days after receiving it, may disapprove it in
writing, setting forth the reasons for the

[[Page 1554]]
120 STAT. 1554

disapproval, if the President finds that disapproval is required for
reasons of national defense or foreign policy.

``Sec. 42307. Review of regulations and orders

``A regulation or final order of the Federal Maritime Commission
under this chapter is reviewable exclusively in the same forum and in
the same manner as provided in section 2342(3)(B) of title 28.

``Part C--Miscellaneous

``CHAPTER 441--EVIDENCE OF FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR PASSENGER
TRANSPORTATION

``Sec.
``44101.  Application.
``44102.  Financial responsibility to indemnify passengers for
nonperformance of transportation.
``44103.  Financial responsibility to pay liability for death or injury.
``44104.  Civil penalty.
``44105.  Refusal of clearance.
``44106.  Conduct of proceedings.

``Sec. 44101. Application

``This chapter applies to a vessel that--
``(1) has berth or stateroom accommodations for at least 50
passengers; and
``(2) boards passengers at a port in the United States.

``Sec. 44102. Financial responsibility to indemnify passengers for
nonperformance of transportation

``(a) Filing Requirement.--A person in the United States may not
arrange, offer, advertise, or provide transportation on a vessel to
which this chapter applies unless the person has filed with the Federal
Maritime Commission evidence of financial responsibility to indemnify
passengers for nonperformance of the transportation.
``(b) Satisfactory Evidence.--To satisfy subsection (a), a person
must file--
``(1) information the Commission considers necessary; or
``(2) a copy of a bond or other security, in such form as
the Commission by regulation may require.

``(c) Authorized Issuer of Bond.--If a bond is filed, it must be
issued by a bonding company authorized to do business in the United
States.

``Sec. 44103. Financial responsibility to pay liability for death or
injury

``(a) General Requirement.--The NOTE: Regulations. owner or
charterer of a vessel to which this chapter applies shall establish,
under regulations prescribed by the Federal Maritime Commission,
financial responsibility to meet liability for death or injury to
passengers or other individuals on a voyage to or from a port in the
United States.

``(b) Amounts.--
``(1) In general.--The amount of financial responsibility
required under subsection (a) shall be based on the number of
passenger accommodations as follows:
``(A) $20,000 for each of the first 500 passenger
accommodations.

[[Page 1555]]
120 STAT. 1555

``(B) $15,000 for each additional passenger
accommodation between 501 and 1,000.
``(C) $10,000 for each additional passenger
accommodation between 1,001 and 1,500.
``(D) $5,000 for each additional passenger
accommodation over 1,500.
``(2) Multiple vessels.--If the owner or charterer is
operating more than one vessel subject to this chapter, the
amount of financial responsibility shall be based on the number
of passenger accommodations on the vessel with the largest
number of passenger accommodations.

``(c) Availability To Pay Judgment.--The amount determined under
subsection (b) shall be available to pay a judgment for damages (whether
less than or more than $20,000) for death or injury to a passenger or
other individual on a voyage to or from a port in the United States.
``(d) Means of Establishing.--Financial responsibility under this
section may be established by one or more of the following if acceptable
to the Commission:
``(1) Insurance.
``(2) Surety bond issued by a bonding company authorized to
do business in the United States.
``(3) Qualification as a self-insurer.
``(4) Other evidence of financial responsibility.

``Sec. 44104. Civil penalty

``A person that violates section 44102 or 44103 of this title is
liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more
than $5,000, plus $200 for each passage sold, to be assessed by the
Federal Maritime Commission. The Commission may remit or mitigate the
penalty on terms the Commission considers proper.

``Sec. 44105. Refusal of clearance

``The Secretary of Homeland Security shall refuse the clearance
required by section 60105 of this title, at the port or place of
departure from the United States, of a vessel that is subject to this
chapter and does not have evidence issued by the Federal Maritime
Commission of compliance with sections 44102 and 44103 of this title.

``Sec. 44106. Conduct of proceedings

``Part A of this subtitle applies to proceedings conducted by the
Federal Maritime Commission under this chapter.''.

SEC. 8. SUBTITLE V OF TITLE 46.

(a) Subtitle Analysis.--The analysis of subtitle V of title 46,
United States Code, is amended to read as follows:

``Part A--General

``Chapter                                                           Sec.
Policy, Studies, and Reports                           50101
Administrative                                         50301
Other General Provisions                               50501

``Part B--Merchant Marine Service

General                                                51101

[[Page 1556]]
120 STAT. 1556

United States Merchant Marine Academy                  51301
State Maritime Academy Support Program                 51501
Other Support for Merchant Marine Training             51701
Merchant Marine Awards                                 51901
Miscellaneous                                          52101

``Part C--Financial Assistance Programs

Maritime Security Fleet                                53101
Construction Reserve Funds                             53301
Capital Construction Funds                             53501
Loans and Guarantees                                   53701
War Risk Insurance                                     53901

``Part D--Promotional Programs

Coastwise Trade                                        55101
Passenger and Cargo Preferences                        55301
Miscellaneous                                          55501

``Part E--Control of Merchant Marine Capabilities

Restrictions on Transfers                              56101
Emergency Acquisition of Vessels                       56301
Essential Vessels Affected by Neutrality Act           56501

``Part F--Government-Owned Merchant Vessels

General Authority                                      57101
Vessel Trade-In Program                                57301
Construction, Charter, and Sale of Vessels             57501

``Part G--Restrictions and Penalties

Restrictions and Penalties                          58101''.

(b) Chapters Preceding Chapter 531.--Subtitle V of title 46, United
States Code, is amended by inserting after the subtitle analysis the
following:

``Part A--General

``CHAPTER 501--POLICY, STUDIES, AND REPORTS

``Sec.
``50101.  Objectives and policy.
``50102.  Survey of merchant marine.
``50103.  Determinations of essential services.
``50104.  Studies of general maritime problems.
``50105.  Studies and cooperation relating to the construction of
vessels.
``50106.  Studies on the operation of vessels.
``50107.  Studies on marine insurance.
``50108.  Studies on cargo carriage and cargo containers.
``50109.  Miscellaneous studies.
``50110.  Securing preference to vessels of the United States.
``50111.  Reports to Congress.
``50112.  National Maritime Enhancement Institutes.
``50113.  Use and performance reports by operators of vessels.

``Sec. 50101. Objectives and policy

``(a) Objectives.--It is necessary for the national defense and the
development of the domestic and foreign commerce of the United States
that the United States have a merchant marine--
``(1) sufficient to carry the waterborne domestic commerce
and a substantial part of the waterborne export and import

[[Page 1557]]
120 STAT. 1557

foreign commerce of the United States and to provide shipping
service essential for maintaining the flow of the waterborne
domestic and foreign commerce at all times;
``(2) capable of serving as a naval and military auxiliary
in time of war or national emergency;
``(3) owned and operated as vessels of the United States by
citizens of the United States;
``(4) composed of the best-equipped, safest, and most
suitable types of vessels and manned with a trained and
efficient citizen personnel; and
``(5) supplemented by efficient facilities for building and
repairing vessels.

``(b) Policy.--It is the policy of the United States to encourage
and aid the development and maintenance of a merchant marine satisfying
the objectives described in subsection (a).

``Sec. 50102. Survey of merchant marine

``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Transportation shall survey the
merchant marine of the United States to determine whether replacements
and additions are required to carry out the objectives and policy of
section 50101 of this title. The Secretary shall study, perfect, and
adopt a long-range program for replacements and additions that will
result, as soon as practicable, in--
``(1) an adequate and well-balanced merchant fleet,
including vessels of all types, that will provide shipping
service essential for maintaining the flow of foreign commerce
by vessels designed to be readily and quickly convertible into
transport and supply vessels in a time of national emergency;
``(2) ownership and operation of the fleet by citizens of
the United States insofar as practicable;
``(3) vessels designed to afford the best and most complete
protection for passengers and crew against fire and all marine
perils; and
``(4) an efficient capacity for building and repairing
vessels in the United States with an adequate number of skilled
personnel to provide an adequate mobilization base.

``(b) Cooperation With Secretary of Navy.--In carrying out
subsection (a)(1), the Secretary of Transportation shall cooperate
closely with the Secretary of the Navy as to national defense
requirements.

``Sec. 50103. Determinations of essential services

``(a) Essential Services, Routes, and Lines.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary of Transportation shall
investigate, determine, and keep current records of the ocean
services, routes, and lines from ports in the United States, or
in the territories and possessions of the United States, to
foreign markets, which the Secretary determines to be essential
for the promotion, development, expansion, and maintenance of
the foreign commerce of the United States. In making such a
determination, the Secretary shall consider and give due weight
to--
``(A) the cost of maintaining each line;
``(B) the probability that a line cannot be
maintained except at a heavy loss disproportionate to
the benefit to foreign trade;

[[Page 1558]]
120 STAT. 1558

``(C) the number of voyages and types of vessels
that should be employed in a line;
``(D) the intangible benefit of maintaining a line
to the foreign commerce of the United States, the
national defense, and other national requirements; and
``(E) any other facts and conditions a prudent
business person would consider when dealing with the
person's own business.
``(2) Saint lawrence seaway.--For purposes of paragraph (1),
the Secretary shall establish services, routes, and lines that
reflect the seasonal closing of the Saint Lawrence Seaway and
provide for alternate routing of vessels through a different
range of ports during that closing to maintain continuity of
service on a year-round basis.

``(b) Bulk Cargo Carrying Services.--The Secretary shall
investigate, determine, and keep current records of the bulk cargo
carrying services that should be provided by vessels of the United
States (whether or not operating on particular services, routes, or
lines) for the promotion, development, expansion, and maintenance of the
foreign commerce of the United States and the national defense or other
national requirements.
``(c) Types of Vessels.--The Secretary shall investigate, determine,
and keep current records of the type, size, speed, method of propulsion,
and other requirements of the vessels, including express-liner or super-
liner vessels, that should be employed in--
``(1) the services, routes, or lines described in subsection
(a), and the frequency and regularity of the voyages of the
vessels, with a view to furnishing adequate, regular, certain,
and permanent service; and
``(2) the bulk cargo carrying services described in
subsection (b).

``Sec. 50104. Studies of general maritime problems

``The Secretary of Transportation shall study all maritime problems
arising in carrying out the policy in section 50101 of this title.

``Sec. 50105. Studies and cooperation relating to the construction of
vessels

``(a) Relative Costs and New Designs.--The Secretary of
Transportation shall investigate, determine, and keep current records
of--
``(1) the relative cost of construction of comparable
vessels in the United States and in foreign countries; and
``(2) new designs, new methods of construction, and new
types of equipment for vessels.

``(b) Rules, Classifications, and Ratings.--The Secretary shall
examine the rules under which vessels are constructed abroad and in the
United States and the methods of classifying and rating the vessels.
``(c) Collaboration With Owners and Builders.--The Secretary shall
collaborate with vessel owners and shipbuilders in developing plans for
the economical construction of vessels and their propelling machinery,
of most modern economical types, giving thorough consideration to all
well-recognized means of propulsion and taking into account the benefits
from standardized production where practicable and desirable.

[[Page 1559]]
120 STAT. 1559

``(d) Express-Liner and Super-Liner Vessels.--The Secretary shall
study and cooperate with vessel owners in devising means by which there
may be constructed, by or with the aid of the United States Government,
express-liner or super-liner vessels comparable to those of other
nations, especially with a view to their use in a national emergency,
and the use of transoceanic aircraft service in connection with or in
lieu of those vessels.

``Sec. 50106. Studies on the operation of vessels

``(a) Relative Costs.--The NOTE: Records. Secretary of
Transportation shall investigate, determine, and keep current records of
the relative cost of marine insurance, maintenance, repairs, wages and
subsistence of officers and crews, and all other items of expense, in
the operation of comparable vessels under the laws and regulations of
the United States and those of the foreign countries whose vessels are
substantial competitors of American vessels.

``(b) Shipyards.--The NOTE: Records. Secretary shall
investigate, determine, and keep current records of the number,
location, and efficiency of shipyards in the United States.

``(c) Navigation Laws.--The Secretary shall examine the navigation
laws and regulations of the United States and make such recommendations
to Congress as the Secretary considers proper for the amendment,
improvement, and revision of those laws and for the development of the
merchant marine of the United States.

``Sec. 50107. Studies on marine insurance

``The Secretary of Transportation shall--
``(1) examine into the subject of marine insurance, the
number of companies in the United States, domestic and foreign,
engaging in marine insurance, the extent of the insurance on
hulls and cargoes placed or written in the United States, and
the extent of reinsurance of American maritime risks in foreign
companies; and
``(2) ascertain what steps may be necessary to develop an
ample marine insurance system as an aid in the development of
the merchant marine of the United States.

``Sec. 50108. Studies on cargo carriage and cargo containers

``(a) Studies.--The Secretary of Transportation shall study--
``(1) the methods of encouraging the development and
implementation of new concepts for the carriage of cargo in the
domestic and foreign commerce of the United States; and
``(2) the economic and technological aspects of the use of
cargo containers as a method of carrying out the policy in
section 50101 of this title.

``(b) Restriction.--In carrying out subsection (a) and the policy in
section 50101 of this title, the United States Government may not give
preference as between carriers based on the length, height, or width of
cargo containers or the length, height, or width of cargo container
cells. This restriction applies to all existing container vessels and
any container vessel to be constructed or rebuilt.

``Sec. 50109. Miscellaneous NOTE: Records. studies

``(a) Foreign Subsidies.--The Secretary of Transportation shall
investigate, determine, and keep current records of the extent and


[[Page 1560]]
120 STAT. 1560

character of the governmental aid and subsidies granted by foreign
governments to their merchant marine.
``(b) Laws Applicable to Aircraft.--The Secretary shall investigate,
determine, and keep current records of the provisions of law relating to
shipping that should be made applicable to aircraft engaged in foreign
commerce to further the policy in section 50101 of this title, and any
appropriate legislation in this regard.
``(c) Aid for Cotton, Coal, Lumber, and Cement.--The Secretary shall
investigate, determine, and keep current records of the advisability of
enactment of suitable legislation authorizing the Secretary, in an
economic or commercial emergency, to aid farmers and producers of
cotton, coal, lumber, and cement in any section of the United States in
the transportation and landing of their products in any foreign port,
which products can be carried in dry-cargo vessels by reducing rates, by
supplying additional tonnage to any American operator, or by operation
of vessels directly by the Secretary, until the Secretary considers the
special rate reduction and operation unnecessary for the benefit of
those farmers and producers.
``(d) Intercoastal and Inland Water Transportation.--The Secretary
shall investigate, determine, and keep current records of intercoastal
and inland water transportation, including their relation to
transportation by land and air.
``(e) Obsolete Tonnage and Tramp Service.--
The NOTE: Reports. Secretary shall make studies and reports to
Congress on--
``(1) the scrapping or removal from service of old or
obsolete merchant tonnage owned by the United States Government
or in use in the merchant marine; and
``(2) tramp shipping service and the advisability of
citizens of the United States participating in that service with
vessels under United States registry.

``(f) Mortgage Loans.--The Secretary shall investigate the legal
status of mortgage loans on vessel property, with a view to the means of
improving the security of those loans and of encouraging investment in
American shipping.

``Sec. 50110. Securing preference to vessels of the United States

``(a) Possibilities of Promoting Carriage.--
The NOTE: Records. Secretary of Transportation shall investigate,
determine, and keep current records of the possibilities of promoting
the carriage of United States foreign trade in vessels of the United
States.

``(b) Inducements to Importers and Exporters.--The Secretary shall
study and cooperate with vessel owners in devising means by which the
importers and exporters of the United States can be induced to give
preference to vessels of the United States.
``(c) Liaison With Agencies and Organizations.--The Secretary shall
establish and maintain liaison with such other agencies of the United
States Government, and with such representative trade organizations
throughout the United States, as may be concerned, directly or
indirectly, with any movement of commodities in the waterborne export
and import foreign commerce of the United States, for the purpose of
securing preference to vessels of the United States in the shipment of
those commodities.

``Sec. 50111. Reports to Congress

``(a) In General.--Not later than April 1 of each year, the
Secretary of Transportation shall submit a report to Congress.

[[Page 1561]]
120 STAT. 1561

The report shall include, with respect to activities of the Secretary
under this subtitle, the results of investigations, a summary of
transactions, a statement of all expenditures and receipts, the purposes
for which all expenditures were made, and any recommendations for
legislation.
``(b) Administered and Oversight Funds.--The Secretary, in the
report under subsection (a) and in the annual budget estimate for the
Maritime Administration submitted to Congress, shall state separately
the amount, source, intended use, and nature of any funds (other than
funds appropriated to the Administration or to the Secretary of
Transportation for use by the Administration) administered, or subject
to oversight, by the Administration.
``(c) Additional Recommendations for Legislation.--The Secretary,
from time to time, shall make recommendations to Congress for
legislation the Secretary considers necessary to better achieve the
objectives and policy of section 50101 of this title.

``Sec. 50112. National Maritime Enhancement Institutes

``(a) Designation.--The Secretary of Transportation may designate
National Maritime Enhancement Institutes.
``(b) Activities.--Activities undertaken by an institute may
include--
``(1) conducting research about methods to improve the
performance of maritime industries;
``(2) enhancing the competitiveness of domestic maritime
industries in international trade;
``(3) forecasting trends in maritime trade;
``(4) assessing technological advancements;
``(5) developing management initiatives and training;
``(6) analyzing economic and operational impacts of
regulatory policies and international negotiations or agreements
pending before international bodies;
``(7) assessing the compatibility of domestic maritime
infrastructure systems with overseas transport systems;
``(8) fostering innovations in maritime transportation
pricing; and
``(9) improving maritime economics and finance.

``(c) Application for Designation.--An institution seeking
designation as a National Maritime Enhancement Institute shall submit an
application under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
``(d) Criteria for Designation.--The Secretary shall designate an
institute under this section on the basis of the following criteria:
``(1) The demonstrated research and extension resources
available to the applicant for carrying out the activities
specified in subsection (b).
``(2) The ability of the applicant to provide leadership in
making national and regional contributions to the solution of
both long-range and immediate problems of the domestic maritime
industry.
``(3) The existence of an established program of the
applicant encompassing research and training directed to
enhancing maritime industries.
``(4) The demonstrated ability of the applicant to assemble
and evaluate pertinent information from national and
international sources and to disseminate results of maritime

[[Page 1562]]
120 STAT. 1562

industry research and educational programs through a continuing
education program.
``(5) The qualification of the applicant as a nonprofit
institution of higher learning.

``(e) Financial Awards.--The Secretary may make awards on an equal
matching basis to an institute designated under subsection (a) from
amounts appropriated. The aggregate annual amount of the Federal share
of the awards by the Secretary may not exceed $500,000.
``(f) University Transportation Research Funds.--The Secretary may
make a grant under section 5505 of title 49 to an institute designated
under subsection (a) for maritime and maritime intermodal research under
that section as if the institute were a university transportation
center. In making a grant, the Secretary, through the Research and
Innovative Technology Administration, shall advise the Maritime
Administration on the availability of funds for the grants and consult
with the Administration on making the grants.

``Sec. 50113. Use and performance reports by operators of vessels

``(a) Filing Requirement.--The Secretary of Transportation by
regulation may require the operator of a vessel in the waterborne
foreign commerce of the United States to file such report, account,
record, or memorandum on the use and performance of the vessel as the
Secretary considers desirable to assist in carrying out this subtitle.
The report, account, record, or memorandum shall be signed and verified,
and be filed at the times and in the manner, as provided by regulation.
``(b) Civil Penalty.--An operator not filing a report, account,
record, or memorandum required by the Secretary under this section is
liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of $50 for
each day of the violation. A penalty imposed under this section on the
operator of a vessel constitutes a lien on the vessel involved in the
violation. A civil action in rem to enforce the lien may be brought in
the district court of the United States for any district in which the
vessel is found. The Secretary may remit or mitigate any penalty imposed
under this section.

``CHAPTER 503--ADMINISTRATIVE

``Sec.
``50301.  Vessel Operations Revolving Fund.
``50302.  Port development.
``50303.  Operating property and extending term of notes.
``50304.  Sale and transfer of property.
``50305.  Appointment of trustee or receiver and operation of vessels.
``50306.  Requiring testimony and records in investigations.

``Sec. 50301. Vessel Operations Revolving Fund

``(a) In General.--There is a `Vessel Operations Revolving Fund' for
use by the Secretary of Transportation in carrying out duties and powers
related to vessel operations, including charter, operation, maintenance,
repair, reconditioning, and improvement of merchant vessels under the
jurisdiction of the Secretary. The Fund has a working capital of
$20,000,000, to remain available until expended.
``(b) NOTE: Rates. Relationship to Other Laws.--Notwithstanding
any other law, rates for shipping services provided under the Fund


[[Page 1563]]
120 STAT. 1563

shall be prescribed by the Secretary and the Fund shall be credited with
receipts from vessel operations conducted under the Fund. Sections 1(a)
and (c), 3(c), and 4 of the Act of March 24, 1943 (50 App. U.S.C.
1291(a), (c), 1293(c), 1294), apply to those operations and to seamen
employed through general agents as employees of the United States
Government. Notwithstanding any other law on the employment of persons
by the Government, the seamen may be employed in accordance with
customary commercial practices in the maritime industry.
``(c) Advancements.--With the approval of the Director of the Office
of Management and Budget, the Secretary may advance amounts the
Secretary considers necessary, but not more than 2 percent of vessel
operating expenses, from the Fund to the appropriation `Salaries and
Expenses' in carrying out duties and powers related to vessel
operations, without regard to the limitations on amounts stated in that
appropriation.
``(d) Transfers.--The unexpended balances of working funds or of
allocation accounts established after January 1, 1951, for the
activities provided for in subsection (a), and receipts received from
those activities, may be transferred to the Fund, which shall be
available for the purposes of those working funds or allocation
accounts.
``(e) Limitation.--
``(1) In general.--Amounts made available to the Secretary
for maritime activities by this section or any other law may not
be used to pay for a vessel described in paragraph (2) unless
the compensation to be paid is computed under section 56303 of
this title as that section is interpreted by the Comptroller
General.
``(2) Applicable vessels.--Paragraph (1) applies to a
vessel--
``(A) the title to which is acquired by the
Government by requisition or purchase;
``(B) the use of which is taken by requisition or
agreement; or
``(C) lost while insured by the Government.
``(3) Nonapplicable vessels.--Paragraph (1) does not apply
to a vessel under a construction-differential subsidy contract.

``(f) Availability for Additional Purposes.--The Fund is available
for--
``(1) necessary expenses incurred in the protection,
preservation, maintenance, acquisition, or use of vessels
involved in mortgage foreclosure or forfeiture proceedings
instituted by the Government, including payment of prior claims
and liens, expenses of sale, or other related charges;
``(2) necessary expenses incident to the redelivery and lay-
up, in the United States, of vessels chartered as of June 20,
1956, under agreements not calling for their return to the
Government;
``(3) the activation, repair, and deactivation of merchant
vessels chartered for limited emergency purposes during fiscal
year 1957 under the jurisdiction of the Secretary; and
``(4) payment of expenses of custody and maintenance of
Government-owned vessels not in the National Defense Reserve
Fleet.

[[Page 1564]]
120 STAT. 1564

``(g) Expenses and Receipts Related to Charter Operations.--The Fund
is available for expenses incurred in activating, repairing, and
deactivating merchant vessels chartered under the jurisdiction of the
Secretary. Receipts from charter operations of Government-owned vessels
under the jurisdiction of the Secretary shall be credited to the Fund.

``Sec. 50302. Port development

``(a) General Requirements.--With the objective of promoting,
encouraging, and developing ports and transportation facilities in
connection with water commerce over which the Secretary of
Transportation has jurisdiction, the Secretary, in cooperation with the
Secretary of the Army, shall--
``(1) investigate territorial regions and zones tributary to
ports, taking into consideration the economies of transportation
by rail, water, and highway and the natural direction of the
flow of commerce;
``(2) investigate the causes of congestion of commerce at
ports and applicable remedies;
``(3) investigate the subject of water terminals, including
the necessary docks, warehouses, and equipment, to devise and
suggest the types most appropriate for different locations and
for the most expeditious and economical transfer or interchange
of passengers or property between water carriers and rail
carriers;
``(4) consult with communities on the appropriate location
and plan of construction of wharves, piers, and water terminals;
``(5) investigate the practicability and advantages of
harbor, river, and port improvements in connection with foreign
and coastwise trade; and
``(6) investigate any other matter that may tend to promote
and encourage the use by vessels of ports adequate to care for
the freight that naturally would pass through those ports.

``(b) Submission of Findings to Surface Transportation Board.--After
an investigation under subsection (a), if the Secretary of
Transportation believes that the rates or practices of a rail carrier
subject to the jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board are
detrimental to the objective specified in subsection (a), or that new
rates or practices, new or additional port terminal facilities, or
affirmative action by a rail carrier is necessary to promote that
objective, the Secretary may submit findings to the Board for action the
Board considers appropriate under existing law.

``Sec. 50303. Operating property and extending term of notes

``(a) General Authority.--The Secretary of Transportation may--
``(1) operate or lease docks, wharves, piers, or real
property under the Secretary's control; and
``(2) make extensions and accept renewals of--
``(A) promissory notes and other evidences of
indebtedness on property; and
``(B) mortgages and other contracts securing the
property.

``(b) Terms of Transactions.--A transaction under subsection (a)
shall be on terms the Secretary considers necessary to carry

[[Page 1565]]
120 STAT. 1565

out the purposes of this subtitle, but consistent with sound business
practice.
``(c) Availability of Amounts.--Amounts received by the Secretary
from a transaction under this section are available for expenditure by
the Secretary as provided in this subtitle.

``Sec. 50304. Sale and transfer of property

``(a) Authority To Sell.--The Secretary of Transportation may sell
property (other than vessels transferred under section 4 of the Merchant
Marine Act, 1920 (ch. 250, 41 Stat. 990)) on terms the Secretary
considers appropriate.
``(b) Transfers From Military to Civilian Control.--When the
President considers it in the interest of the United States, the
President may transfer to the Secretary of Transportation possession and
control of property described in the second paragraph of section 17 of
the Merchant Marine Act, 1920 (ch. 250, 41 Stat. 994), as originally
enacted, that is possessed and controlled by the Secretary of a military
department.
``(c) Transfers From Civilian to Military Control.--When the
President considers it necessary, the President by executive order may
transfer to the Secretary of a military department possession and
control of property described in section 17 of the Merchant Marine Act,
1920 (ch. 250, 41 Stat. 994), as originally enacted, that is possessed
and controlled by the Secretary of Transportation. The President's order
shall state the need for the transfer and the period of the need. When
the President decides that the need has ended, the possession and
control shall revert to the Secretary of Transportation. The property
may not be sold except as provided by law.

``Sec. 50305. Appointment of trustee or receiver and operation of
vessels

``(a) Appointment of Trustees and Receivers.--
``(1) Appointment of secretary.--In a proceeding in a court
of the United States in which a trustee or receiver may be
appointed for a corporation operating a vessel of United States
registry between the United States and a foreign country, on
which the United States Government holds a mortgage, the court
may appoint the Secretary of Transportation as the sole trustee
or receiver (subject to the direction of the court) if--
``(A) the court finds that the appointment will--
``(i) inure to the advantage of the estate and
the parties in interest; and
``(ii) tend to carry out the purposes of this
subtitle; and
``(B) the Secretary expressly consents to the
appointment.
``(2) Appointment of other person.--The appointment of
another person as trustee or receiver without a hearing becomes
effective when ratified by the Secretary, but the Secretary may
demand a hearing.

``(b) Operation of Vessels.--
``(1) In general.--If the court is unwilling to allow the
trustee or receiver to operate the vessel in foreign commerce
without financial aid from the Government pending termination of
the proceeding, and the Secretary certifies to the court that

[[Page 1566]]
120 STAT. 1566

the continued operation of the vessel is essential to the
foreign commerce of the United States and is reasonably
calculated to carry out the purposes of this subtitle, the court
may allow the Secretary to operate the vessel, either directly
or through a managing agent or operator employed by the
Secretary. The Secretary must agree to comply with terms imposed
by the court sufficient to protect the parties in interest. The
Secretary also must agree to pay all operating losses resulting
from the operation. The operation shall be for the account of
the trustee or receiver.
``(2) Payment of operating losses and other amounts.--The
Secretary has no claim against the corporation, its estate, or
its assets for operating losses paid by the Secretary, but the
Secretary may pay amounts for depreciation the Secretary
considers reasonable and other amounts the court considers just.
The payment of operating losses and the other amounts and
compliance with terms imposed by the court shall be in
satisfaction of any claim against the Secretary resulting from
the operation of the vessel.
``(3) Deemed operation by government.--A vessel operated by
the Secretary under this subsection is deemed to be a vessel
operated by the United States under chapter 309 of this title.

``Sec. 50306. Requiring testimony and records in investigations

``(a) In General.--In conducting an investigation that the Secretary
of Transportation considers necessary and proper to carry out this
subtitle, the Secretary may administer oaths, take evidence, and
subpoena persons to testify and produce documents relevant to the matter
under investigation. Persons may be required to attend or produce
documents from any place in the United States at any designated place of
hearing.
``(b) Fees and Mileage.--Persons subpoenaed by the Secretary under
subsection (a) shall be paid the same fees and mileage paid to witnesses
in the courts of the United States.
``(c) Enforcement of Subpoenas.--If a person disobeys a subpoena
issued under subsection (a), the Secretary may seek an order enforcing
the subpoena from the district court of the United States for the
district in which the person resides or does business. Process may be
served in the judicial district in which the person resides or is found.
The court may issue an order to obey the subpoena and punish a refusal
to obey as a contempt of court.

``CHAPTER 505--OTHER GENERAL PROVISIONS

``Sec.
``50501.  Entities deemed citizens of the United States.
``50502.  Applicability to receivers, trustees, successors, and assigns.
``50503.  Oceanographic research vessels.
``50504.  Sailing school vessels.

``Sec. 50501. Entities deemed citizens of the United States

``(a) In General.--In this subtitle, a corporation, partnership, or
association is deemed to be a citizen of the United States only if the
controlling interest is owned by citizens of the United States. However,
if the corporation, partnership, or association is operating a vessel in
the coastwise trade, at least 75 percent of the interest must be owned
by citizens of the United States.

[[Page 1567]]
120 STAT. 1567

``(b) Additional Requirements for Corporations.--In this subtitle, a
corporation is deemed to be a citizen of the United States only if, in
addition to satisfying the requirements in subsection (a)--
``(1) it is incorporated under the laws of the United States
or a State;
``(2) its chief executive officer, by whatever title, and
the chairman of its board of directors are citizens of the
United States; and
``(3) no more of its directors are noncitizens than a
minority of the number necessary to constitute a quorum.

``(c) Determination of Controlling Corporate Interest.--The
controlling interest in a corporation is owned by citizens of the United
States under subsection (a) only if--
``(1) title to the majority of the stock in the corporation
is vested in citizens of the United States free from any trust
or fiduciary obligation in favor of a person not a citizen of
the United States;
``(2) the majority of the voting power in the corporation is
vested in citizens of the United States;
``(3) there is no contract or understanding by which the
majority of the voting power in the corporation may be
exercised, directly or indirectly, in behalf of a person not a
citizen of the United States; and
``(4) there is no other means by which control of the
corporation is given to or permitted to be exercised by a person
not a citizen of the United States.

``(d) Determination of 75 Percent Corporate Interest.--At least 75
percent of the interest in a corporation is owned by citizens of the
United States under subsection (a) only if--
``(1) title to at least 75 percent of the stock in the
corporation is vested in citizens of the United States free from
any trust or fiduciary obligation in favor of a person not a
citizen of the United States;
``(2) at least 75 percent of the voting power in the
corporation is vested in citizens of the United States;
``(3) there is no contract or understanding by which more
than 25 percent of the voting power in the corporation may be
exercised, directly or indirectly, in behalf of a person not a
citizen of the United States; and
``(4) there is no other means by which control of more than
25 percent of any interest in the corporation is given to or
permitted to be exercised by a person not a citizen of the
United States.

``Sec. 50502. Applicability to receivers, trustees, successors, and
assigns

``This subtitle applies to receivers, trustees, successors, and
assigns of any person to whom this subtitle applies.

``Sec. 50503. Oceanographic research vessels

``An oceanographic research vessel (as defined in section 2101 of
this title) is deemed not to be engaged in trade or commerce.

[[Page 1568]]
120 STAT. 1568

``Sec. 50504. Sailing school vessels

``(a) Definitions.--In this section, the terms `sailing school
instructor', `sailing school student', and `sailing school vessel' have
the meaning given those terms in section 2101 of this title.
``(b) Not Seamen.--A sailing school student or sailing school
instructor is deemed not to be a seaman under--
``(1) parts B, F, and G of subtitle II of this title; or
``(2) the maritime law doctrines of maintenance and cure or
warranty of seaworthiness.

``(c) Not Merchant Vessel or Engaged in Trade or Commerce.--A
sailing school vessel is deemed not to be--
``(1) a merchant vessel under section 11101(a)-(c) of this
title; or
``(2) a vessel engaged in trade or commerce.

``(d) Evidence of Financial Responsibility.--The owner or charterer
of a sailing school vessel shall maintain evidence of financial
responsibility to meet liability for death or injury to sailing school
students and sailing school instructors on a voyage on the vessel. The
amount of financial responsibility shall be at least $50,000 for each
student and instructor. Financial responsibility under this subsection
may be evidenced by insurance or other adequate financial resources.

``Part B--Merchant Marine Service

``CHAPTER 511--GENERAL

``Sec.
``51101.  Policy.
``51102.  Definitions.
``51103.  General authority of Secretary of Transportation.
``51104.  General authority of Secretary of the Navy.

``Sec. 51101. Policy

``It is the policy of the United States that merchant marine vessels
of the United States should be operated by highly trained and efficient
citizens of the United States and that the United States Navy and the
merchant marine of the United States should work closely together to
promote the maximum integration of the total seapower forces of the
United States.

``Sec. 51102. Definitions

``In this part:
``(1) Academy.--The term `Academy' means the United States
Merchant Marine Academy located at Kings Point, New York, and
maintained under chapter 513 of this title.
``(2) Cost of education provided.--The term `cost of
education provided' means the financial costs incurred by the
United States Government for providing training or financial
assistance to students at the Academy and the State maritime
academies, including direct financial assistance, room, board,
classroom academics, and other training activities.
``(3) Merchant marine officer.--The term `merchant marine
officer' means an individual issued a license by the Coast Guard
authorizing service as--
``(A) a master, mate, or pilot on a documented
vessel that--

[[Page 1569]]
120 STAT. 1569

``(i) is of at least 1,000 gross tons as
measured under section 14502 of this title or an
alternate tonnage measured under section 14302 of
this title as prescribed by the Secretary under
section 14104 of this title; and
``(ii) operates on the oceans or the Great
Lakes; or
``(B) an engineer officer on a documented vessel
propelled by machinery of at least 4,000 horsepower.
``(4) State maritime academy.--The term `State maritime
academy' means--
``(A) a State maritime academy or college sponsored
by a State and assisted under chapter 515 of this title;
and
``(B) a regional maritime academy or college
sponsored by a group of States and assisted under
chapter 515 of this title.

``Sec. 51103. General authority of Secretary of Transportation

``(a) Education and Training.--The Secretary of Transportation may
provide for the education and training of citizens of the United States
for the safe and efficient operation of the merchant marine of the
United States at all times, including operation as a naval and military
auxiliary in time of war or national emergency.
``(b) Surplus Property for Instructional Purposes.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary may cooperate with and
assist the institutions named in paragraph (2) by making
vessels, shipboard equipment, and other marine equipment, owned
by the United States Government and determined to be excess or
surplus, available to those institutions for instructional
purposes, by gift, loan, sale, lease, or charter on terms the
Secretary considers appropriate.
``(2) Institutions.--The institutions referred to in
paragraph (1) are--
``(A) the United States Merchant Marine Academy;
``(B) a State maritime academy; and
``(C) a nonprofit training institution jointly
approved by the Secretary of Transportation and the
Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is
operating as offering training courses that meet Federal
regulations for maritime training.

``(c) Assistance From Other Agencies.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary of Transportation may
secure directly from an agency, on a reimbursable basis,
information, facilities, and equipment necessary to carry out
this part.
``(2) Detailing personnel.--At the request of the Secretary,
the head of an agency (including a military department) may
detail, on a reimbursable basis, personnel from the agency to
the Secretary to assist in carrying out this part.

``(d) Academy Personnel.--To carry out this part, the Secretary
may--
``(1) employ an individual as a professor, lecturer, or
instructor at the Academy, without regard to the provisions of
title 5 governing appointments in the competitive service; and

[[Page 1570]]
120 STAT. 1570

``(2) pay the individual without regard to chapter 51 and
subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5.

``Sec. 51104. General authority of Secretary of the Navy

``The Secretary of the Navy, in cooperation with the Maritime
Administrator and the head of each State maritime academy, shall ensure
that--
``(1) the training of future merchant marine officers at the
United States Merchant Marine Academy and at State maritime
academies includes programs for naval science training in the
operation of merchant vessels as a naval and military auxiliary;
and
``(2) naval officer training programs for future officers,
insofar as possible, are maintained at designated maritime
academies consistent with Navy standards and needs.

``CHAPTER 513--UNITED STATES MERCHANT MARINE ACADEMY

``Sec.
``51301.  Maintenance of the Academy.
``51302.  Nomination and competitive appointment of cadets.
``51303.  Non-competitive appointments.
``51304.  Additional appointments from particular areas.
``51305.  Prohibited basis for appointment.
``51306.  Cadet commitment agreements.
``51307.  Places of training.
``51308.  Uniforms, textbooks, and transportation allowances.
``51309.  Academic degree.
``51310.  Deferment of service obligation under cadet commitment
agreements.
``51311.  Midshipman status in the Naval Reserve.
``51312.  Board of Visitors.
``51313.  Advisory Board.
``51314.  Limitation on charges and fees for attendance.

``Sec. 51301. Maintenance of the Academy

``The Secretary of Transportation shall maintain the United States
Merchant Marine Academy to provide instruction to individuals to prepare
them for service in the merchant marine of the United States.

``Sec. 51302. Nomination and competitive appointment of cadets

``(a) Requirements.--An individual may be nominated for a
competitive appointment as a cadet at the United States Merchant Marine
Academy only if the individual--
``(1) is a citizen or national of the United States; and
``(2) meets the minimum requirements that the Secretary of
Transportation shall establish.

``(b) Nominators.--Nominations for competitive appointments for the
positions allocated under subsection (c) may be made as follows:
``(1) A Senator may nominate residents of the State
represented by that Senator.
``(2) A Member of the House of Representatives may nominate
residents of the State in which the congressional district
represented by that Member is located.
``(3) A Delegate to the House of Representatives from the
District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands, Guam, or American
Samoa may nominate residents of the jurisdiction represented by
that Delegate.

[[Page 1571]]
120 STAT. 1571

``(4) The Resident Commissioner to the United States from
Puerto Rico may nominate residents of Puerto Rico.
``(5) The Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands may
nominate residents of the Northern Mariana Islands.
``(6) The Panama Canal Commission may nominate--
``(A) residents, or sons or daughters of residents,
of an area or installation in Panama and made available
to the United States under the Panama Canal Treaty of
1977, the agreements relating to and implementing that
Treaty, signed September 7, 1977, and the Agreement
Between the United States of America and the Republic of
Panama Concerning Air Traffic Control and Related
Services, concluded January 8, 1979; and
``(B) sons or daughters of personnel of the United
States Government and the Panama Canal Commission
residing in Panama.

``(c) Allocation of Positions.--Positions for competitive
appointments shall be allocated each year as follows:
``(1) Positions shall be allocated for residents of each
State nominated by the Members of Congress from that State in
proportion to the representation in Congress from that State.
``(2) Four positions shall be allocated for residents of the
District of Columbia nominated by the Delegate to the House of
Representatives from the District of Columbia.
``(3) One position each shall be allocated for residents of
the Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa nominated by the
Delegates to the House of Representatives from the Virgin
Islands, Guam, and American Samoa, respectively.
``(4) One position shall be allocated for a resident of
Puerto Rico nominated by the Resident Commissioner to the United
States from Puerto Rico.
``(5) One position shall be allocated for a resident of the
Northern Mariana Islands nominated by the Governor of the
Northern Mariana Islands.
``(6) Two positions shall be allocated for individuals
nominated by the Panama Canal Commission.

``(d) Competitive System for Appointment.--
``(1) Establishment of system.--The Secretary shall
establish a competitive system for selecting individuals
nominated under subsection (b) to fill the positions allocated
under subsection (c). The system must determine the relative
merit of each individual based on competitive examinations, an
assessment of the individual's academic background, and other
effective indicators of motivation and probability of successful
completion of training at the Academy.
``(2) Appointments by jurisdiction.--The Secretary shall
appoint individuals to fill the positions allocated under
subsection (c) for each jurisdiction in the order of merit of
the individuals nominated from that jurisdiction.
``(3) Remaining unfilled positions.--If positions remain
unfilled after the appointments are made under paragraph (2),
the Secretary shall appoint individuals to fill the positions in
the order of merit of the remaining individuals nominated from
all jurisdictions.

[[Page 1572]]
120 STAT. 1572

``Sec. 51303. Non-competitive appointments

``The Secretary of Transportation may appoint each year without
competition as cadets at the United States Merchant Marine Academy not
more than 40 qualified individuals with qualities the Secretary
considers to be of special value to the Academy. In making these
appointments, the Secretary shall try to achieve a national demographic
balance at the Academy.

``Sec. 51304. Additional appointments from particular areas

``(a) Other Countries in Western Hemisphere.--The President may
appoint individuals from countries in the Western Hemisphere other than
the United States to receive instruction at the United States Merchant
Marine Academy. Not more than 12 individuals may receive instruction
under this subsection at the same time, and not more than 2 individuals
from the same country may receive instruction under this subsection at
the same time.
``(b) Other Countries Generally.--
``(1) Appointment.--The Secretary of Transportation, with
the approval of the Secretary of State, may appoint individuals
from countries other than the United States to receive
instruction at the Academy. Not more than 30 individuals may
receive instruction under this subsection at the same time.
``(2) Reimbursement.--The Secretary of Transportation shall
ensure that the country from which an individual comes under
this subsection will reimburse the Secretary for the cost (as
determined by the Secretary) of the instruction and allowances
received by the individual.

``(c) Panama.--
``(1) Appointment.--The Secretary of Transportation, with
the approval of the Secretary of State, may appoint individuals
from Panama to receive instruction at the Academy. Individuals
appointed under this subsection are in addition to those
appointed under any other provision of this chapter.
``(2) Reimbursement.--The Secretary of Transportation shall
be reimbursed for the cost (as determined by the Secretary) of
the instruction and allowances received by an individual
appointed under this subsection.

``(d) Allowances and Regulations.--Individuals receiving instruction
under this section are entitled to the same allowances and are subject
to the same regulations on admission, attendance, discipline,
resignation, discharge, dismissal, and graduation, as cadets at the
Academy appointed from the United States.

``Sec. 51305. Prohibited basis for appointment

``Preference may not be given to an individual for appointment as a
cadet at the United States Merchant Marine Academy because one or more
members of the individual's immediate family are alumni of the Academy.

``Sec. 51306. Cadet commitment agreements

``(a) Agreement Requirements.--A citizen of the United States
appointed as a cadet at the United States Merchant Marine Academy must
sign, as a condition of the appointment, an agreement to--
``(1) complete the course of instruction at the Academy;

[[Page 1573]]
120 STAT. 1573

``(2) fulfill the requirements for a license as an officer
in the merchant marine of the United States before graduation
from the Academy;
``(3) maintain a valid license as an officer in the merchant
marine of the United States for at least 6 years after
graduation from the Academy, accompanied by the appropriate
national and international endorsements and certification
required by the Coast Guard for service aboard vessels on
domestic and international voyages;
``(4) apply for, and accept if tendered, an appointment as a
commissioned officer in the Naval Reserve (including the
Merchant Marine Reserve, Naval Reserve), the Coast Guard
Reserve, or any other reserve unit of an armed force of the
United States, and, if tendered the appointment, to serve for at
least 6 years after graduation from the Academy;
``(5) serve the foreign and domestic commerce and the
national defense of the United States for at least 5 years after
graduation from the Academy--
``(A) as a merchant marine officer on a documented
vessel or a vessel owned and operated by the United
States Government or by a State;
``(B) as an employee in a United States maritime-
related industry, profession, or marine science (as
determined by the Secretary of Transportation), if the
Secretary determines that service under subparagraph (A)
is not available to the individual;
``(C) as a commissioned officer on active duty in an
armed force of the United States, as a commissioned
officer in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, or in other maritime-related Federal
employment which serves the national security interests
of the United States, as determined by the Secretary; or
``(D) by a combination of the service alternatives
referred to in subparagraphs (A)-(C); and
``(6) report to the Secretary on compliance with this
subsection.

``(b) Failure To Complete Course of Instruction.--
``(1) Active duty.--If the Secretary of Transportation
determines that an individual who has attended the Academy for
at least 2 years has failed to fulfill the part of the agreement
described in subsection (a)(1), the individual may be ordered by
the Secretary of Defense to serve on active duty in one of the
armed forces of the United States for a period of not more than
2 years. In cases of hardship as determined by the Secretary of
Transportation, the Secretary of Transportation may waive this
paragraph in whole or in part.
``(2) Recovery of cost.--If the Secretary of Defense is
unable or unwilling to order an individual to serve on active
duty under paragraph (1), or if the Secretary of Transportation
determines that reimbursement of the cost of education provided
would better serve the interests of the United States, the
Secretary of Transportation may recover from the individual the
cost of education provided by the Government.

``(c) Failure To Carry Out Other Requirements.--
``(1) Active duty.--If the Secretary of Transportation
determines that an individual has failed to fulfill any part of
the agreement described in subsection (a)(2)-(6), the individual
may

[[Page 1574]]
120 STAT. 1574

be ordered to serve on active duty for a period of at least 3
years but not more than the unexpired period (as determined by
the Secretary) of the service required by subsection (a)(5). The
Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretary
of Defense, shall determine in which service the individual
shall serve. In cases of hardship as determined by the Secretary
of Transportation, the Secretary of Transportation may waive
this paragraph in whole or in part.
``(2) Recovery of cost.--If the Secretary of Defense is
unable or unwilling to order an individual to serve on active
duty under paragraph (1), or if the Secretary of Transportation
determines that reimbursement of the cost of education provided
would better serve the interests of the United States, the
Secretary of Transportation may recover from the individual the
cost of education provided. The Secretary may reduce the amount
to be recovered to reflect partial performance of service
obligations and other factors the Secretary determines merit a
reduction.

``(d) Actions To Recover Cost.--To aid in the recovery of the cost
of education provided by the Government under a commitment agreement
under this section, the Secretary of Transportation may--
``(1) request the Attorney General to bring a civil action
against the individual; and
``(2) make use of the Federal debt collection procedures in
chapter 176 of title 28 or other applicable administrative
remedies.

``Sec. 51307. Places of training

``The Secretary of Transportation may provide for the training of
cadets at the United States Merchant Marine Academy--
``(1) on vessels owned or subsidized by the United States
Government;
``(2) on other documented vessels, with the permission of
the owner; and
``(3) in shipyards or plants and with industrial or
educational organizations.

``Sec. 51308. Uniforms, textbooks, and transportation allowances

``The Secretary of Transportation shall provide cadets at the United
States Merchant Marine Academy--
``(1) all required uniforms and textbooks; and
``(2) allowances for transportation (including reimbursement
of traveling expenses) when traveling under orders as a cadet.

``Sec. 51309. Academic degree

``(a) Bachelor's Degree.--
``(1) In general.--The Superintendent of the United States
Merchant Marine Academy may confer the degree of bachelor of
science on an individual who--
``(A) has met the conditions prescribed by the
Secretary of Transportation; and
``(B) if a citizen of the United States, has passed
the examination for a merchant marine officer's license.

[[Page 1575]]
120 STAT. 1575

``(2) Effect of physical disqualification.--An individual
not allowed to take the examination for a merchant marine
officer's license only because of physical disqualification may
not be denied a degree for not taking the examination.

``(b) Master's Degree.--The Superintendent of the Academy may confer
a master's degree on an individual who has met the conditions prescribed
by the Secretary. A master's degree program may be funded through non-
appropriated funds. To maintain the appropriate academic standards, the
program shall be accredited by the appropriate accreditation body. The
Secretary may prescribe regulations necessary to administer such a
program.
``(c) Graduation Not Entitlement To Hold License.--Graduation from
the Academy does not entitle an individual to hold a license authorizing
service on a merchant vessel.

``Sec. 51310. Deferment of service obligation under cadet commitment
agreements

``The Secretary of Transportation may defer the service commitment
of an individual under section 51306(a)(5) of this title (as specified
in the cadet commitment agreement) for not more than 2 years if the
individual is engaged in a graduate course of study approved by the
Secretary. However, deferment of service as a commissioned officer under
section 51306(a)(5) must be approved by the Secretary of the military
department that has jurisdiction over the service or by the Secretary of
Commerce for service with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.

``Sec. 51311. Midshipman status in the Naval Reserve

``(a) Application Requirement.--Before being appointed as a cadet at
the United States Merchant Marine Academy, a citizen of the United
States must agree to apply for midshipman status in the Naval Reserve
(including the Merchant Marine Reserve, Naval Reserve).
``(b) Appointment.--
``(1) In general.--A citizen of the United States appointed
as a cadet at the Academy shall be appointed by the Secretary of
the Navy as a midshipman in the Naval Reserve (including the
Merchant Marine Reserve, Naval Reserve).
``(2) Rights and privileges.--The Secretary of the Navy
shall provide for cadets of the Academy who are midshipmen in
the United States Naval Reserve to be--
``(A) issued an identification card (referred to as
a `military ID card'); and
``(B) entitled to all rights and privileges in
accordance with the same eligibility criteria as apply
to other members of the Ready Reserve of the reserve
components of the armed forces.
``(3) Coordination.--The Secretary of the Navy shall carry
out paragraphs (1) and (2) in coordination with the Secretary of
Transportation.

``Sec. 51312. Board of Visitors

``(a) In General.--A Board of Visitors to the United States Merchant
Marine Academy shall be established, for a term of 2 years commencing at
the beginning of each Congress, to visit the Academy annually on a date
determined by the Secretary of

[[Page 1576]]
120 STAT. 1576

Transportation and to make recommendations on the operation of the
Academy.
``(b) Appointment.--
``(1) In general.--The Board shall be composed of--
``(A) 2 Senators appointed by the chairman of the
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of
the Senate;
``(B) 3 Members of the House of Representatives
appointed by the chairman of the Committee on Armed
Services of the House of Representatives;
``(C) 1 Senator appointed by the Vice President;
``(D) 2 Members of the House of Representatives
appointed by the Speaker of the House of
Representatives; and
``(E) the chairmen of the Committee on Commerce,
Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the
Committee on Armed Services of the House of
Representatives, as ex officio members.
``(2) Substitute appointment.--If an appointed member of the
Board is unable to visit the Academy as provided in subsection
(a), another individual may be appointed as a substitute in the
manner provided in paragraph (1).

``(c) Staff.--The chairmen of the Committee on Commerce, Science,
and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of
the House of Representatives may designate staff members of their
committees to serve without reimbursement as staff for the Board.
``(d) Travel Expenses.--When serving away from home or regular place
of business, a member of the Board or a staff member designated under
subsection (c) shall be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in
lieu of subsistence, as authorized by section 5703 of title 5.

``Sec. 51313. Advisory Board

``(a) In General.--An Advisory Board to the United States Merchant
Marine Academy shall be established to visit the Academy at least once
during each academic year, for the purpose of examining the course of
instruction and management of the Academy and advising the Maritime
Administrator and the Superintendent of the Academy.
``(b) Appointment and Terms.--The Board shall be composed of not
more than 7 individuals appointed by the Secretary of Transportation.
The individuals must be distinguished in education and other fields
related to the Academy. Members of the Board shall be appointed for
terms of not more than 3 years and may be reappointed. The Secretary
shall designate one of the members as chairman.
``(c) Travel Expenses.--When serving away from home or regular place
of business, a member of the Board shall be allowed travel expenses,
including per diem in lieu of subsistence, as authorized by section 5703
of title 5.
``(d) Relationship to Other Law.--The Federal Advisory Committee Act
(5 App. U.S.C.) does not apply to the Board.

``Sec. 51314. Limitation on charges and fees for attendance

``(a) Prohibition.--Except as provided in subsection (b), no charge
or fee for tuition, room, or board for attendance at the

[[Page 1577]]
120 STAT. 1577

United States Merchant Marine Academy may be imposed unless the charge
or fee is specifically authorized by a law enacted after October 5,
1994.
``(b) Exception.--The prohibition specified in subsection (a) does
not apply with respect to any item or service provided to cadets for
which a charge or fee is imposed as of October 5, 1994. The Secretary of
Transportation shall notify Congress of any change made by the Academy
in the amount of a charge or fee authorized under this subsection.

``CHAPTER 515--STATE MARITIME ACADEMY SUPPORT PROGRAM

``Sec.
``51501.  General support program.
``51502.  Detailing of personnel.
``51503.  Regional maritime academies.
``51504.  Use of training vessels.
``51505.  Annual payments for maintenance and support.
``51506.  Conditions to receiving payments and use of vessels.
``51507.  Places of training.
``51508.  Allowances for students.
``51509.  Student incentive payment agreements.
``51510.  Deferment of service obligation under student incentive
payment agreements.
``51511.  Midshipman status in the Naval Reserve.

``Sec. 51501. General support program

``(a) Assistance to State Maritime Academies.--The Secretary of
Transportation shall cooperate with and assist State maritime academies
in providing instruction to individuals to prepare them for service in
the merchant marine of the United States.
``(b) Course Development.--The Secretary shall provide to each State
maritime academy guidance and assistance in developing courses on the
operation and maintenance of new vessels, on equipment, and on
innovations being introduced to the merchant marine of the United
States.

``Sec. 51502. Detailing of personnel

``At the request of the Governor of a State, the President may
detail, without reimbursement, personnel of the Navy, the Coast Guard,
and the Maritime Service to a State maritime academy to serve as a
superintendent, professor, lecturer, or instructor at the academy.

``Sec. 51503. Regional maritime academies

``The Governors of the States cooperating to sponsor a regional
maritime academy shall designate in writing one of those States to
conduct the affairs of that academy. A regional maritime academy is
eligible for assistance from the United States Government on the same
basis as a State maritime academy sponsored by a single State.

``Sec. 51504. Use of training vessels

``(a) Applications To Use Vessels.--The Governor of a State
sponsoring a State maritime academy (or the Governor of the State
designated to conduct the affairs of a regional maritime academy) may
apply in writing to the Secretary of Transportation to obtain the use of
a training vessel for the academy. A vessel provided under this section
remains the property of the United States Government.

[[Page 1578]]
120 STAT. 1578

``(b) General Authority.--Subject to subsection (c), the Secretary
may provide to a State maritime academy, for use as a training vessel, a
suitable vessel under the control of the Secretary or made available to
the Secretary under subsection (e). If a suitable vessel is not
available, the Secretary may build and provide a suitable vessel.
``(c) Approval Requirements.--The Secretary may provide a vessel
under this section only if--
``(1) an application has been made under subsection (a);
``(2) the State maritime academy satisfies section 51506(a)
of this title; and
``(3) a suitable port will be available for the safe mooring
of the vessel while the academy is using the vessel.

``(d) Preparation and Maintenance.--A vessel provided under this
section shall be--
``(1) repaired, reconditioned, and equipped (with all
apparel, charts, books, and instruments of navigation) as
necessary for use as a training vessel; and
``(2) maintained in good repair by the Secretary.

``(e) Agency Vessels.--An agency may provide to the Secretary, for
use by a State maritime academy, a vessel (including equipment) that--
``(1) is suitable for training purposes; and
``(2) can be provided without detriment to the service to
which the vessel is assigned.

``(f) Fuel Costs.--The Secretary may pay to a State maritime academy
the costs of fuel used by a vessel provided under this section while
used for training.
``(g) Removing Vessels From Service and Vessel Sharing.--The
Secretary may not--
``(1) take a vessel, currently in use as a training vessel
under this section, out of service to implement an alternative
program (including vessel sharing) unless the vessel is
incapable of being maintained in good repair as required by
subsection (d); or
``(2) implement a program requiring a State maritime academy
to share its training vessel with another State maritime
academy, except with the express consent of Congress.

``Sec. 51505. Annual payments for maintenance and support

``(a) Payment Agreements.--The Secretary of Transportation may make
an agreement (effective for not more than 4 years) with the following
academies to provide annual payments to those academies for their
maintenance and support:
``(1) One State maritime academy in each State that
satisfies section 51506(a) of this title.
``(2) Each regional maritime academy that satisfies section
51506(a) of this title.

``(b) Payments.--
``(1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (2), an annual
payment to an academy under subsection (a) shall be at least
equal to the amount given to the academy for its maintenance and
support by the State in which it is located, or, for a regional
maritime academy, by all States cooperating to sponsor the
academy.

[[Page 1579]]
120 STAT. 1579

``(2) Maximum.--The amount under paragraph (1) may not be
more than $25,000. However, if the academy satisfies section
51506(b) of this title, the amount shall be--
``(A) $100,000 for a State maritime academy; and
``(B) $200,000 for a regional maritime academy.

``Sec. 51506. Conditions to receiving payments and use of vessels

``(a) General Conditions.--As conditions of receiving an annual
payment or the use of a vessel under this chapter, a State maritime
academy must--
``(1) provide courses of instruction on navigation, marine
engineering (including steam and diesel propulsion), the
operation and maintenance of new vessels and equipment, and
innovations being introduced to the merchant marine of the
United States;
``(2) agree in writing to conform to the standards for
courses, training facilities, admissions, and instruction that
the Secretary of Transportation may establish after consultation
with the superintendents of State maritime academies; and
``(3) agree in writing to require, as a condition for
graduation, that each individual who is a citizen of the United
States and who is attending the academy in a merchant marine
officer preparation program pass the examination required for
the issuance of a license under section 7101 of this title.

``(b) Additional Condition to Payments of More Than $25,000.--As a
condition of receiving an annual payment of more than $25,000 under
section 51505 of this title, a State maritime academy also must agree to
admit each year a number of citizens of the United States who meet its
admission requirements and reside in a State not supporting that
academy. The Secretary shall determine the number of individuals to be
admitted by each academy under this subsection. The number may not be
more than one-third of the total number of individuals attending the
academy at any time.

``Sec. 51507. Places of training

``The Secretary of Transportation may provide for the training of
students attending a State maritime academy--
``(1) on vessels owned or subsidized by the United States
Government;
``(2) on other documented vessels, with the permission of
the owner; and
``(3) in shipyards or plants and with industrial or
educational organizations.

``Sec. 51508. Allowances for students

``Under NOTE: Regulations. regulations prescribed by the
Secretary of Transportation, a student at a State maritime academy shall
receive from the Secretary allowances for transportation (including
reimbursement of traveling expenses) when traveling under orders to
receive training under section 51507 of this title.

``Sec. 51509. Student incentive payment agreements

``(a) General Authority.--If a State maritime academy has an
agreement with the Secretary of Transportation under section 51505 of
this title, the Secretary may make an agreement with a student at the
academy who is a citizen of the United States

[[Page 1580]]
120 STAT. 1580

to make student incentive payments to the individual. An agreement with
a student may not be effective for more than 4 academic years. The
Secretary shall allocate payments under this section among the various
State maritime academies in an equitable manner.
``(b) Payments.--Payments under an agreement under this section
shall be equal to $4,000 each academic year and be paid, as prescribed
by the Secretary, while the individual is attending the academy. The
payments shall be used for uniforms, books, and subsistence.
``(c) Midshipman and Enlisted Reserve Status.--An agreement under
this section shall require the student to accept midshipman and enlisted
reserve status in the Naval Reserve (including the Merchant Marine
Reserve, Naval Reserve) before receiving any payments under the
agreement.
``(d) Agreement Requirements.--An agreement under this section shall
require the student to--
``(1) complete the course of instruction at the academy the
individual is attending;
``(2) take the examination for a license as an officer in
the merchant marine of the United States before graduation from
the academy and fulfill the requirements for such a license
within 3 months after graduation from the academy;
``(3) maintain a valid license as an officer in the merchant
marine of the United States for at least 6 years after
graduation from the academy, accompanied by the appropriate
national and international endorsements and certification
required by the Coast Guard for service aboard vessels on
domestic and international voyages;
``(4) accept, if tendered, an appointment as a commissioned
officer in the Naval Reserve (including the Merchant Marine
Reserve, Naval Reserve), the Coast Guard Reserve, or any other
reserve unit of an armed force of the United States, and, if
tendered the appointment, to serve for at least 6 years after
graduation from the academy;
``(5) serve the foreign and domestic commerce and the
national defense of the United States for at least 3 years after
graduation from the academy--
``(A) as a merchant marine officer on a documented
vessel or a vessel owned and operated by the United
States Government or by a State;
``(B) as an employee in a United States maritime-
related industry, profession, or marine science (as
determined by the Secretary), if the Secretary
determines that service under subparagraph (A) is not
available to the individual;
``(C) as a commissioned officer on active duty in an
armed force of the United States, as a commissioned
officer in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, or in other maritime-related Federal
employment which serves the national security interests
of the United States, as determined by the Secretary; or
``(D) by a combination of the service alternatives
referred to in subparagraphs (A)-(C); and
``(6) report to the Secretary on compliance with this
subsection.

``(e) Failure To Complete Course of Instruction.--

[[Page 1581]]
120 STAT. 1581

``(1) Active duty.--If the Secretary of Transportation
determines that an individual who has accepted the payments
described in subsection (b) for a minimum of 2 academic years
has failed to fulfill the part of the agreement described in
subsection (d)(1), the individual may be ordered by the
Secretary of Defense to serve on active duty in the armed forces
of the United States for a period of not more than 2 years. In
cases of hardship as determined by the Secretary of
Transportation, the Secretary of Transportation may waive this
paragraph in whole or in part.
``(2) Recovery of cost.--If the Secretary of Defense is
unable or unwilling to order an individual to serve on active
duty under paragraph (1), or if the Secretary of Transportation
determines that reimbursement of the cost of education provided
would better serve the interests of the United States, the
Secretary of Transportation may recover from the individual the
amount of student incentive payments, plus interest and attorney
fees. The Secretary may reduce the amount to be recovered to
reflect partial performance of service obligations and other
factors the Secretary determines merit a reduction.

``(f) Failure To Carry Out Other Requirements.--
``(1) Active duty.--If the Secretary of Transportation
determines that an individual has failed to fulfill any part of
the agreement described in subsection (d)(2)-(6), the individual
may be ordered to serve on active duty for a period of at least
2 years but not more than the unexpired period (as determined by
the Secretary) of the service required by subsection (d)(5). The
Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretary
of Defense, shall determine in which service the individual
shall serve. In cases of hardship as determined by the Secretary
of Transportation, the Secretary of Transportation may waive
this paragraph in whole or in part.
``(2) Recovery of cost.--If the Secretary of Defense is
unable or unwilling to order an individual to serve on active
duty under paragraph (1), or if the Secretary of Transportation
determines that reimbursement of the cost of education provided
would better serve the interests of the United States, the
Secretary of Transportation may recover from the individual the
amount of student incentive payments, plus interest and attorney
fees. The Secretary may reduce the amount to be recovered to
reflect partial performance of service obligations and other
factors the Secretary determines merit a reduction.

``(g) Actions To Recover Cost.--To aid in the recovery of the cost
of education provided by the Government under a commitment agreement
under this section, the Secretary of Transportation may--
``(1) request the Attorney General to bring a civil action
against the individual; and
``(2) make use of the Federal debt collection procedures in
chapter 176 of title 28 or other applicable administrative
remedies.

``Sec. 51510. Deferment of service obligation under student incentive
payment agreements

``The Secretary of Transportation may defer the service commitment
of an individual under section 51509(d)(5) of this title (as specified
in the agreement under section 51509) for not more than

[[Page 1582]]
120 STAT. 1582

2 years if the individual is engaged in a graduate course of study
approved by the Secretary. However, deferment of service as a
commissioned officer on active duty must be approved by the Secretary of
the affected military department (or the Secretary of Commerce, for
service with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration).

``Sec. 51511. Midshipman status in the Naval Reserve

``A citizen of the United States attending a State maritime academy
may be appointed by the Secretary of the Navy as a midshipman in the
Naval Reserve (including the Merchant Marine Reserve, Naval Reserve).

``CHAPTER 517--OTHER SUPPORT FOR MERCHANT MARINE TRAINING

``Sec.
``51701.  United States Maritime Service.
``51702.  Civilian nautical schools.
``51703.  Additional training.
``51704.  Training for maritime oil pollution prevention, response, and
clean-up.

``Sec. 51701. United States Maritime Service

``(a) General Authority.--The Secretary of Transportation may
establish and maintain a voluntary organization, to be known as the
United States Maritime Service, for the training of citizens of the
United States to serve on merchant vessels of the United States.
``(b) Specific Authority.--The Secretary may--
``(1) determine the number of individuals to be enrolled for
training and reserve purposes in the Service;
``(2) fix the rates of pay and allowances of the individuals
without regard to chapter 51 or subchapter III of chapter 53 of
title 5;
``(3) prescribe the course of study and the periods of
training for the Service; and
``(4) prescribe the uniform of the Service and the rules on
providing and wearing the uniform.

``(c) Ranks, Grades, and Ratings.--The ranks, grades, and ratings
for personnel of the Service shall be the same as those prescribed for
personnel of the Coast Guard.
``(d) Medals and Awards.--The Secretary may establish and maintain a
medals and awards program to recognize distinguished service, superior
achievement, professional performance, and other commendable achievement
by personnel of the Service.

``Sec. 51702. Civilian nautical schools

``(a) Definition.--In this section, the term `civilian nautical
school' means a school operated in the United States (except the United
States Merchant Marine Academy, a State maritime academy, or another
school operated by the United States Government) that offers instruction
to individuals quartered on a vessel primarily to train them for service
in the merchant marine.
``(b) Inspection.--Each civilian nautical school is subject to
inspection by the Secretary of Transportation.
``(c) Rating and Certification.--The Secretary may, under
regulations the Secretary may prescribe, provide for the rating and
certification of civilian nautical schools as to the adequacy

[[Page 1583]]
120 STAT. 1583

of their course of instruction, the competence of their instructors, and
the suitability of the equipment used in their course of instruction.

``Sec. 51703. Additional training

``(a) General Authority.--The Secretary of Transportation may
provide additional training on maritime subjects to supplement other
training opportunities and make the training available to the personnel
of the merchant marine of the United States and individuals preparing
for a career in the merchant marine of the United States.
``(b) Equipment, Supplies, and Contracts.--The Secretary may--
``(1) prepare or buy equipment or supplies required for the
additional training; and
``(2) without regard to section 3709 of the Revised Statutes
(41 U.S.C. 5), make contracts for services the Secretary
considers necessary to prepare the equipment and supplies and to
supervise and administer the additional training.

``Sec. 51704. Training for maritime oil pollution prevention, response,
and clean-up

``(a) Assistance in Establishing Program.--The Secretary of
Transportation shall assist maritime training institutions approved by
the Secretary in establishing a training program for maritime oil
pollution prevention, response, and clean-up.
``(b) Providing Training Vessels.--Subject to subsection (c), the
Secretary may provide, with title free of all liens, to maritime
training institutions that have a program established under subsection
(a), offshore supply vessels and tug/supply vessels that were built in
the United States and are in the possession of the Maritime
Administration because of a default on a loan guaranteed under chapter
537 of this title.
``(c) Requirements.--In addition to any other requirements the
Secretary considers appropriate, the following requirements apply to
vessels provided under this section:
``(1) The vessel shall be offered to the institution at a
location selected by the Secretary.
``(2) The institution shall use the vessel to train students
and appropriate maritime industry personnel in oil spill
prevention, response, clean-up, and related skills.
``(3) The institution shall make the vessel and qualified
students available to appropriate Federal, State, and local oil
spill response authorities when there is a maritime oil spill.
``(4) The institution may not sell, trade, charter, donate,
scrap, or in any way alter or dispose of the vessel without
prior approval of the Secretary.
``(5) The institution may not use the vessel in competition
with a privately-owned vessel documented under chapter 121 of
this title or titled under the law of a State, unless necessary
to carry out this section.
``(6) When the institution can no longer use the vessel for
its training program, the institution shall return the vessel to
the Secretary. The Secretary shall take possession at the
institution and thereafter may provide the vessel to another
institution under this section or dispose of the vessel.

[[Page 1584]]
120 STAT. 1584

``CHAPTER 519--MERCHANT MARINE AWARDS

``Sec.
``51901.  Awards for individual acts or service.
``51902.  Gallant Ship Award.
``51903.  Multiple awards.
``51904.  Presentation to representatives.
``51905.  Flags and grave markers.
``51906.  Special certificates for civilian service to armed forces.
``51907.  Manufacture and sale of awards and replacements.
``51908.  Prohibition against unauthorized manufacture, sale,
possession, or display of awards.

``Sec. 51901. Awards for individual acts or service

``(a) General Authority.--The Secretary of Transportation may award
decorations and medals of appropriate design (including ribbons, ribbon
bars, emblems, rosettes, miniature facsimiles, plaques, citations, or
other suitable devices or insignia) for individual acts or service in
the merchant marine of the United States. The design may be similar to
the design of a decoration or medal authorized for members of the armed
forces for similar acts or service.
``(b) Specific Authority.--The Secretary may award--
``(1) a Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal to an
individual for outstanding acts, conduct, or valor beyond the
line of duty;
``(2) a Merchant Marine Meritorious Service Medal to an
individual for meritorious acts, conduct, or valor in the line
of duty, but not of the outstanding character that would warrant
the award of the Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal;
``(3) a decoration or medal to an individual for service
during a war, national emergency proclaimed by the President or
Congress, or operations by the armed forces outside the
continental United States under conditions of danger to life and
property; and
``(4) a decoration or medal to an individual for other acts
or service of conspicuous gallantry, intrepidity, and
extraordinary heroism under conditions of danger to life and
property that would warrant a similar decoration or medal for a
member of the armed forces.

``Sec. 51902. Gallant Ship Award

``(a) Awards to Vessels.--The Secretary of Transportation may award
a Gallant Ship Award and a citation to a vessel (including a foreign
vessel) participating in outstanding or gallant action in a marine
disaster or other emergency to save life or property at sea. The
Secretary may award a plaque to the vessel, and a replica of the plaque
may be preserved as a permanent historical record.
``(b) Awards to Crews.--The Secretary of Transportation may award an
appropriate citation ribbon bar to the master and each individual
serving, at the time of the action, on a vessel issued an award under
subsection (a).
``(c) Consultation.--The Secretary of Transportation shall consult
with the Secretary of State before awarding an award or citation to a
foreign vessel or its crew under this section.

[[Page 1585]]
120 STAT. 1585

``Sec. 51903. Multiple awards

``An individual may not be awarded more than one of any type of
decoration or medal under this chapter. For each succeeding act or
service justifying the same decoration or medal, a suitable device may
be awarded to be worn with the decoration or medal.

``Sec. 51904. Presentation to representatives

``If an individual to be issued an award under this chapter is
unable to accept the award personally, the Secretary of Transportation
may present the award to an appropriate representative.

``Sec. 51905. Flags and grave markers

``Except as authorized under another law, the Secretary of
Transportation may issue, at no cost, a flag of the United States and a
grave marker to the family or personal representative of a deceased
individual who served in the merchant marine of the United States in
support of the armed forces of the United States or its allies during a
war or national emergency.

``Sec. 51906. Special certificates for civilian service to armed forces

``(a) General Authority.--The Maritime Administrator may issue a
special certificate to an individual, or the personal representative of
an individual, in recognition of service of that individual in the
merchant marine of the United States, if the service has been determined
to be active duty under section 401 of the GI Bill Improvement Act of
1977 (Public Law 95-202; 38 U.S.C. 106 note).
``(b) Relationship to Other Laws.--Issuance of a certificate under
subsection (a) does not entitle an individual to any rights, privileges,
or benefits under a law of the United States.

``Sec. 51907. Manufacture and sale of awards and replacements

``The Secretary of Transportation may--
``(1) authorize private persons to manufacture decorations
and medals authorized under this chapter or a prior law; and
``(2) provide at cost, or authorize private persons to sell
at reasonable prices, replacements for those decorations and
medals.

``Sec. 51908. Prohibition against unauthorized manufacture, sale,
possession, or display of awards

``(a) Prohibition.--Except as authorized under this chapter, a
person may not manufacture, sell, possess, or display a decoration or
medal provided for in this chapter.
``(b) Civil Penalty.--A person violating this section is liable to
the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more than
$2,000.

``CHAPTER 521--MISCELLANEOUS

``Sec.
``52101.  Reemployment rights for certain merchant seamen.

``Sec. 52101. Reemployment rights for certain merchant seamen

``(a) In General.--An individual who is certified by the Secretary
of Transportation under subsection (c) shall be entitled to

[[Page 1586]]
120 STAT. 1586

reemployment rights and other benefits substantially equivalent to the
rights and benefits provided for by chapter 43 of title 38 for any
member of a reserve component of the armed forces of the United States
who is ordered to active duty.
``(b) Time for Application.--An individual may submit an application
for certification under subsection (c) to the Secretary not later than
45 days after the date the individual completes a period of employment
described in subsection (c)(1)(A) with respect to which the application
is submitted.
``(c) Certification Determination.--Not NOTE: Deadline. later
than 20 days after the date the Secretary receives from an individual an
application for certification under this subsection, the Secretary
shall--
``(1) determine whether the individual--
``(A) was employed in the activation or operation of
a vessel--
``(i) in the National Defense Reserve Fleet
maintained under section 11 of the Merchant Ship
Sales Act of 1946 (50 App. U.S.C. 1744) in a
period in which the vessel was in use or being
activated for use under subsection (b) of that
section;
``(ii) requisitioned or purchased under
chapter 563 of this title; or
``(iii) owned, chartered, or controlled by the
United States Government and used by the
Government for a war, armed conflict, national
emergency, or maritime mobilization need
(including for training purposes or testing for
readiness and suitability for mission
performance); and
``(B) during the period of that employment,
possessed a valid license, certificate of registry, or
merchant mariner's document issued under chapter 71 or
73 of this title; and
``(2) if the Secretary makes affirmative determinations
under subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (1), certify that
individual under this subsection.

``(d) Equivalence to Military Selective Service Act Certificate.--
For purposes of reemployment rights and benefits provided by this
section, a certification under subsection (c) shall be considered to be
the equivalent of a certificate described in section 9(a) of the
Military Selective Service Act (50 App. U.S.C. 459(a)).

``Part C--Financial Assistance Programs''.

(c) Chapters Following Chapter 531.--Subtitle V of title 46, United
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:

``CHAPTER 533--CONSTRUCTION RESERVE FUNDS

``Sec.
``53301.  Definitions.
``53302.  Authority for construction reserve funds.
``53303.  Persons eligible to establish funds.
``53304.  Vessel ownership.
``53305.  Eligible fund deposits.
``53306.  Recognition of gain for tax purposes.
``53307.  Basis for determining gain or loss and for depreciating new
vessels.
``53308.  Order and proportions of deposits and withdrawals.
``53309.  Accumulation of deposits.
``53310.  Obligation of deposits and period for construction of certain
vessels.

[[Page 1587]]
120 STAT. 1587

``53311.  Taxation of deposits on failure of conditions.
``53312.  Assessment and collection of deficiency tax.

``Sec. 53301. Definitions

``(a) In General.--In this chapter:
``(1) Construction contract.--The term `construction
contract' includes, for a taxpayer constructing a new vessel in
a shipyard owned by that taxpayer, an agreement between the
taxpayer and the Secretary of Transportation for that
construction containing provisions the Secretary considers
advisable to carry out this chapter.
``(2) New vessel.--The term `new vessel' means--
``(A) a vessel--
``(i) constructed in the United States after
December 31, 1939, constructed with a
construction-differential subsidy under title V of
the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, or constructed with
financing or a financing guarantee under chapter
537 or 575 of this title;
``(ii) documented or agreed with the Secretary
to be documented under the laws of the United
States; and
``(iii)(I) of a type, size, and speed that the
Secretary determines is suitable for use on the
high seas or Great Lakes in carrying out this
subtitle, but not less than 2,000 gross tons or
less than 12 knots speed unless the Secretary
certifies in each case that a vessel of lesser
tonnage or speed is desirable for use by the
United States Government in case of war or
national emergency; or
``(II) constructed to replace a vessel bought
or requisitioned by the Government; and
``(B) a vessel reconstructed or reconditioned for
use only on the Great Lakes, including the Saint
Lawrence River and Gulf, if the Secretary finds that the
reconstruction or reconditioning will promote the
objectives of this subtitle.

``(b) Additional Tax-Related Terms.--Other terms used in this
chapter have the same meaning as in chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue
Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. ch. 1).

``Sec. 53302. Authority for construction reserve funds

``(a) General Authority.--An eligible person under section 53303 of
this title may establish a construction reserve fund for the
construction, reconstruction, reconditioning, or acquisition of a new
vessel or for other purposes authorized by this chapter.
``(b) Application of Certain Laws and Regulations.--The fund shall
be established, maintained, expended, and used as provided by this
chapter and regulations prescribed jointly by the Secretary of
Transportation and the Secretary of the Treasury.

``Sec. 53303. Persons eligible to establish funds

``A construction reserve fund may be established by a citizen of the
United States that--
``(1) is operating a vessel in the foreign or domestic
commerce of the United States or in the fisheries;

[[Page 1588]]
120 STAT. 1588

``(2) owns, in whole or in part, a vessel being operated in
the foreign or domestic commerce of the United States or in the
fisheries;
``(3) was operating a vessel in the foreign or domestic
commerce of the United States or in the fisheries when it was
bought or requisitioned by the United States Government;
``(4) owned, in whole or in part, a vessel being operated in
the foreign or domestic commerce of the United States or in the
fisheries when it was bought or requisitioned by the Government;
or
``(5) had acquired or was having constructed a vessel to
operate in the foreign or domestic commerce of the United States
or in the fisheries when it was bought or requisitioned by the
Government.

``Sec. 53304. Vessel ownership

``In this chapter, a vessel is deemed to be constructed or acquired
by a taxpayer if constructed or acquired by a corporation when the
taxpayer owns at least 95 percent of each class of stock of the
corporation.

``Sec. 53305. Eligible fund deposits

``A construction reserve fund may include deposits of--
``(1) the proceeds from the sale of a vessel;
``(2) indemnities for the loss of a vessel;
``(3) earnings from the operation of a documented vessel and
from services incident to the operation; and
``(4) interest or other amounts accrued on deposits in the
fund.

``Sec. 53306. Recognition of gain for tax purposes

``(a) Definitions.--In this section, the terms `net proceeds' and
`net indemnity' mean the sum of--
``(1) the adjusted basis of the vessel; and
``(2) the amount of gain the taxpayer would recognize
without regard to this section.

``(b) Recognition of Gain.--In computing net income under the income
or excess profits tax laws of the United States, a taxpayer does not
recognize a gain on the sale or the actual or constructive total loss of
a vessel if the taxpayer--
``(1) NOTE: Deadline. deposits an amount equal to the
net proceeds of the sale or the net indemnity for the loss in a
construction reserve fund within 60 days after receiving the
payment of proceeds or indemnity; and
``(2) elects under this section not to recognize the gain.

``(c) When Election Must Be Made.--
``(1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), the
taxpayer must make the election referred to in subsection (b) in
the taxpayer's income tax return for the taxable year in which
the gain was realized.
``(2) Receipt after taxable year.--If the vessel is bought
or requisitioned by the United States Government, or is lost,
and the taxpayer receives payment for the vessel or indemnity
for the loss from the Government after the end of the taxable
year in which it was bought, requisitioned, or lost, the
taxpayer must make the election referred to in subsection (b)
within

[[Page 1589]]
120 STAT. 1589

60 days after receiving the payment or indemnity, on a form
prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury.

``(d) Effect of Statute of Limitation.--If the taxpayer makes an
election under subsection (c)(2), and computation or recomputation under
this section is otherwise allowable but is prevented by a statute of
limitation on the date the election is made or within 6 months
thereafter, the computation or recomputation nevertheless shall be made
notwithstanding the statute if the taxpayer files a claim for the
computation or recomputation within 6 months after the date of making
the election.

``Sec. 53307. Basis for determining gain or loss and for depreciating
new vessels

``Under the income or excess profits tax laws of the United States,
the basis for determining a gain or loss and for depreciation of a new
vessel constructed, reconstructed, reconditioned, or acquired by the
taxpayer, or for which purchase-money indebtedness is liquidated as
provided in section 53310 of this title, with amounts from a
construction reserve fund, shall be reduced by that part of the deposits
in the fund expended in the construction, reconstruction,
reconditioning, acquisition, or liquidation of purchase-money
indebtedness of the new vessel that represents a gain not recognized for
tax purposes under section 53306 of this title.

``Sec. 53308. Order and proportions of deposits and withdrawals

``In this chapter--
``(1) if the net proceeds of a sale or the net indemnity for
a loss is deposited in more than one deposit, the amount
consisting of the gain shall be deemed to be deposited first;
``(2) amounts expended, obligated, or otherwise withdrawn
shall be applied against the amounts deposited in the fund in
the order of deposit; and
``(3) if a deposit consists in part of a gain not recognized
under section 53306 of this title, any expenditure, obligation,
or withdrawal applied against that deposit shall be deemed to be
a gain in the proportion that the part of the deposit consisting
of a gain bears to the total amount of the deposit.

``Sec. 53309. Accumulation of deposits

``For any taxable year, amounts on deposit in a construction reserve
fund on the last day of the taxable year, for which the requirements of
section 53310 of this title have been satisfied (to the extent they
apply on the last day of the taxable year), are deemed to have been
retained for the reasonable needs of the business within the meaning of
section 537(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 537(a)).

``Sec. 53310. Obligation of deposits and period for construction of
certain vessels

``(a) Application of Sections 53306 and 53309.--Sections 53306 and
53309 of this title apply to a deposit in a construction reserve fund
only if, within 3 years after the date of the deposit (and any extension
under subsection (c))--
``(1)(A) a contract is made for the construction or
acquisition of a new vessel or, with the approval of the
Secretary of Transportation, for a part interest in a new vessel
or for the reconstruction or reconditioning of a new vessel;

[[Page 1590]]
120 STAT. 1590

``(B) the deposit is expended or obligated for expenditure
under that contract;
``(C) at least 12.5 percent of the construction or contract
price of the vessel is paid or irrevocably committed for
payment; and
``(D) the plans and specifications for the vessel are
approved by the Secretary to the extent the Secretary considers
necessary; or
``(2) the deposit is expended or obligated for expenditure
for the liquidation of existing or subsequently incurred
purchase-money indebtedness to a person not a parent company of,
or a company affiliated or associated with, the mortgagor on a
new vessel.

``(b) Additional Requirements for Certain Vessels.--In addition to
the requirements of subsection (a)(1), for a vessel not constructed
under a construction-differential subsidy contract or not bought from
the Secretary of Transportation--
``(1) at least 5 percent of the construction (or, if the
contract covers more than one vessel, at least 5 percent of the
construction of the first vessel) must be completed within 6
months after the date of the construction contract (or within
the period of an extension under subsection (c)), as estimated
by the Secretary and certified by the Secretary to the Secretary
of the Treasury; and
``(2) construction under the contract must be completed with
reasonable dispatch thereafter.

``(c) Extensions.--The Secretary of Transportation may grant
extensions of the period within which the deposits must be expended or
obligated or within which the construction must have progressed to the
extent of 5 percent completion under this section. However, the
extensions may not be for a total of more than 2 years for the
expenditure or obligation of deposits or one year for the progress of
construction.

``Sec. 53311. Taxation of deposits on failure of conditions

``A deposited gain, if otherwise taxable income under the law
applicable to the taxable year in which the gain was realized, shall be
included in gross income for that taxable year, except for purposes of
the declared value excess profits tax and the capital stock tax, if--
``(1) the deposited gain is not expended or obligated within
the appropriate period under section 53310 of this title;
``(2) the deposited gain is withdrawn before the end of that
period;
``(3) the construction related to that deposited gain has
not progressed to the extent of 5 percent of completion within
the appropriate period under section 53310 of this title; or
``(4) the Secretary of Transportation finds and certifies to
the Secretary of the Treasury that, for causes within the
control of the taxpayer, the entire construction related to that
deposited gain is not completed with reasonable dispatch.

``Sec. 53312. Assessment and collection of deficiency tax

``Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a deficiency in tax
for a taxable year resulting from the inclusion of an amount in gross
income as provided by section 53311 of this title, and the amount to be
treated as a deficiency under section 53311

[[Page 1591]]
120 STAT. 1591

instead of as an adjustment for the declared value excess profits tax,
may be assessed or a civil action may be brought to collect the
deficiency without assessment, at any time. Interest on a deficiency or
amount to be treated as a deficiency does not begin until the date the
deposited gain or part of the deposited gain in question is required to
be included in gross income under section 51111.

``CHAPTER 535--CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION FUNDS

``Sec.
``53501.  Definitions.
``53502.  Regulations.
``53503.  Establishing a capital construction fund.
``53504.  Deposits and withdrawals.
``53505.  Ceiling on deposits.
``53506.  Investment and fiduciary requirements.
``53507.  Nontaxation of deposits.
``53508.  Separate accounts within a fund.
``53509.  Qualified withdrawals.
``53510.  Tax treatment of qualified withdrawals and basis of property.
``53511.  Tax treatment of nonqualified withdrawals.
``53512.  FIFO and LIFO withdrawals.
``53513.  Corporate reorganizations and partnership changes.
``53514.  Relationship of old fund to new fund.
``53515.  Records and reports.
``53516.  Termination of agreement after change in regulations.
``53517.  Reports.

``Sec. 53501. Definitions

``In this chapter:
``(1) Agreement vessel.--The term `agreement vessel' means--
``(A) an eligible vessel or a qualified vessel that
is subject to an agreement under this chapter; and
``(B) a barge or container that is part of the
complement of a vessel described in subparagraph (A) if
provided for in the agreement.
``(2) Eligible vessel.--The term `eligible vessel' means--
``(A) a vessel--
``(i) constructed in the United States (and,
if reconstructed, reconstructed in the United
States), constructed outside the United States but
documented under the laws of the United States on
April 15, 1970, or constructed outside the United
States for use in the United States foreign trade
pursuant to a contract made before April 15, 1970;
``(ii) documented under the laws of the United
States; and
``(iii) operated in the foreign or domestic
trade of the United States or in the fisheries of
the United States; and
``(B) a commercial fishing vessel--
``(i) constructed in the United States and, if
reconstructed, reconstructed in the United States;
``(ii) of at least 2 net tons but less than 5
net tons;
``(iii) owned by a citizen of the United
States;
``(iv) having its home port in the United
States; and
``(v) operated in the commercial fisheries of
the United States.

[[Page 1592]]
120 STAT. 1592

``(3) Joint regulations.--The term `joint regulations' means
regulations prescribed jointly by the Secretary and the
Secretary of the Treasury under section 53502(b) of this title.
``(4) Noncontiguous trade.--The term `noncontiguous trade'
means--
``(A) trade between--
``(i) one of the contiguous 48 States; and
``(ii) Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, or an
insular territory or possession of the United
States; and
``(B) trade between--
``(i) a place in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico,
or an insular territory or possession of the
United States; and
``(ii) another place in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto
Rico, or an insular territory or possession of the
United States.
``(5) Qualified vessel.--The term `qualified vessel' means--
``(A) a vessel--
``(i) constructed in the United States (and,
if reconstructed, reconstructed in the United
States), constructed outside the United States but
documented under the laws of the United States on
April 15, 1970, or constructed outside the United
States for use in the United States foreign trade
pursuant to a contract made before April 15, 1970;
``(ii) documented under the laws of the United
States; and
``(iii) agreed, between the Secretary and the
person maintaining the capital construction fund
established under section 53503 of this title, to
be operated in the United States foreign, Great
Lakes, or noncontiguous domestic trade or in the
fisheries of the United States; and
``(B) a commercial fishing vessel--
``(i) constructed in the United States and, if
reconstructed, reconstructed in the United States;
``(ii) of at least 2 net tons but less than 5
net tons;
``(iii) owned by a citizen of the United
States;
``(iv) having its home port in the United
States; and
``(v) operated in the commercial fisheries of
the United States.
``(6) Secretary.--The term `Secretary' means--
``(A) the Secretary of Commerce with respect to an
eligible vessel or a qualified vessel operated or to be
operated in the fisheries of the United States; and
``(B) the Secretary of Transportation with respect
to other vessels.
``(7) United states foreign trade.--The term `United States
foreign trade' includes those areas in domestic trade in which a
vessel built with a construction-differential subsidy is allowed
to operate under the first sentence of section 506 of the
Merchant Marine Act, 1936.
``(8) Vessel.--The term `vessel' includes--

[[Page 1593]]
120 STAT. 1593

``(A) cargo handling equipment that the Secretary
determines is intended for use primarily on the vessel;
and
``(B) an ocean-going towing vessel, an ocean-going
barge, or a comparable towing vessel or barge operated
on the Great Lakes.

``Sec. 53502. Regulations

``(a) In General.--Except as provided in subsection (b), the
Secretary shall prescribe regulations to carry out this chapter.
``(b) Tax Liability.--The Secretary and the Secretary of the
Treasury shall prescribe joint regulations for the determination of tax
liability under this chapter.

``Sec. 53503. Establishing a capital construction fund

``(a) In General.--A citizen of the United States owning or leasing
an eligible vessel may make an agreement with the Secretary under this
chapter to establish a capital construction fund for the vessel.
``(b) Allowable Purpose.--The purpose of the agreement shall be to
provide replacement vessels, additional vessels, or reconstructed
vessels, built in the United States and documented under the laws of the
United States, for operation in the United States foreign, Great Lakes,
or noncontiguous domestic trade or in the fisheries of the United
States.

``Sec. 53504. Deposits and withdrawals

``(a) Required Deposits.--An agreement to establish a capital
construction fund shall provide for the deposit in the fund of the
amounts agreed to be appropriate to provide for qualified withdrawals
under section 53509 of this title.
``(b) Applicable Requirements.--Deposits in and withdrawals from the
fund are subject to the requirements included in the agreement or
prescribed by the Secretary by regulation. However, the Secretary may
not require a person to deposit in the fund for a taxable year more than
50 percent of that portion of the person's taxable income for that year
(as determined under section 53505(a)(1) of this title) that is
attributable to the operation of an agreement vessel.

``Sec. 53505. Ceiling on deposits

``(a) Maximum Deposits.--The amount deposited in a capital
construction fund for a taxable year may not exceed the sum of--
``(1) that portion of the taxable income of the owner or
lessee for the taxable year (computed under chapter 1 of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. ch. 1) but without
regard to the carryback of net operating loss or net capital
loss or this chapter) that is attributable to the operation of
agreement vessels in the foreign or domestic trade of the United
States or in the fisheries of the United States;
``(2) the amount allowable as a deduction under section 167
of such Code (26 U.S.C. 167) for the taxable year for agreement
vessels;
``(3) if the transaction is not taken into account for
purposes of paragraph (1), the net proceeds (as defined in joint
regulations) from the disposition of an agreement vessel or from

[[Page 1594]]
120 STAT. 1594

insurance or indemnity attributable to an agreement vessel; and
``(4) the receipts from the investment or reinvestment of
amounts held in the fund.

``(b) Reductions for Lessees.--For a lessee, the maximum amount that
may be deposited for an agreement vessel under subsection (a)(2) for any
period shall be reduced by any amount the owner is required or
permitted, under the capital construction fund agreement, to deposit for
that period for the vessel under subsection (a)(2).

``Sec. 53506. Investment and fiduciary requirements

``(a) In General.--Amounts in a capital construction fund shall be
kept in the depository specified in the agreement and shall be subject
to trustee and other fiduciary requirements prescribed by the Secretary.
Except as provided in subsection (b), amounts in the fund may be
invested only in interest-bearing securities approved by the Secretary.
``(b) Stock Investments.--
``(1) In general.--With the approval of the Secretary, an
agreed percentage (but not more than 60 percent) of the assets
of the fund may be invested in the stock of domestic
corporations that--
``(A) is fully listed and registered on an exchange
registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission
as a national securities exchange; and
``(B) would be acquired by a prudent investor
seeking a reasonable income and the preservation of
capital.
``(2) Preferred stock.--The preferred stock of a corporation
is deemed to satisfy the requirements of this subsection, even
though it may not be registered and listed because it is
nonvoting stock, if the common stock of the corporation
satisfies the requirements and the preferred stock otherwise
would satisfy the requirements.

``(c) Maintaining Agreed Percentage.--If at any time the fair market
value of the stock in the fund is more than the agreed percentage of the
assets in the fund, any subsequent investment of amounts deposited in
the fund, and any subsequent withdrawal from the fund, shall be made in
a way that tends to restore the fair market value of the stock to not
more than the agreed percentage.

``Sec. 53507. Nontaxation of deposits

``(a) Tax Treatment.--Subject to subsection (b), under the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 1 et seq.)--
``(1) taxable income (determined without regard to this
chapter and section 7518 of such Code (26 U.S.C. 7518)) for the
taxable year shall be reduced by the amount deposited for the
taxable year out of amounts referred to in section 53505(a)(1)
of this title;
``(2) a gain from a transaction referred to in section
53505(a)(3) of this title shall not be taken into account if an
amount equal to the net proceeds (as defined in joint
regulations) from the transaction is deposited in the fund;
``(3) the earnings (including gains and losses) from the
investment and reinvestment of amounts held in the fund shall
not be taken into account;

[[Page 1595]]
120 STAT. 1595

``(4) the earnings and profits of a corporation (within the
meaning of section 316 of such Code (26 U.S.C. 316)) shall be
determined without regard to this chapter and section 7518 of
such Code (26 U.S.C. 7518); and
``(5) in applying the tax imposed by section 531 of such
Code (26 U.S.C. 531), amounts held in the fund shall not be
taken into account.

``(b) Condition.--This section applies to an amount only if the
amount is deposited in the fund under the agreement within the time
provided in joint regulations.

``Sec. 53508. Separate accounts within a fund

``(a) In General.--A capital construction fund shall have three
accounts:
``(1) The capital account.
``(2) The capital gain account.
``(3) The ordinary income account.

``(b) Capital Account.--The capital account shall consist of--
``(1) amounts referred to in section 53505(a)(2) of this
title;
``(2) amounts referred to in section 53505(a)(3) of this
title, except that portion representing a gain not taken into
account because of section 53507(a)(2) of this title;
``(3) the percentage applicable under section 243(a)(1) of
the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 243(a)(1)) of any
dividend received by the fund for which the person maintaining
the fund would be allowed (were it not for section 53507(a)(3)
of this title) a deduction under section 243 of such Code (26
U.S.C. 243); and
``(4) interest income exempt from taxation under section 103
of such Code (26 U.S.C. 103).

``(c) Capital Gain Account.--The capital gain account shall consist
of--
``(1) amounts representing capital gains on assets held for
more than 6 months and referred to in section 53505(a)(3) or (4)
of this title; minus
``(2) amounts representing capital losses on assets held in
the fund for more than 6 months.

``(d) Ordinary Income Account.--The ordinary income account shall
consist of--
``(1) amounts referred to in section 53505(a)(1) of this
title;
``(2)(A) amounts representing capital gains on assets held
for not more than 6 months and referred to in section
53505(a)(3) or (4) of this title; minus
``(B) amounts representing capital losses on assets held in
the fund for not more than 6 months;
``(3) interest (except tax-exempt interest referred to in
subsection (b)(4)) and other ordinary income (except any
dividend referred to in paragraph (5)) received on assets held
in the fund;
``(4) ordinary income from a transaction described in
section 53505(a)(3) of this title; and
``(5) that portion of any dividend referred to in subsection
(b)(3) not taken into account under subsection (b)(3).

``(e) When Losses Allowed.--Except on termination of a fund, capital
losses referred to in subsection (c) or (d)(2) shall be allowed only as
an offset to gains referred to in subsection (c) or (d)(2),
respectively.

[[Page 1596]]
120 STAT. 1596

``Sec. 53509. Qualified withdrawals

``(a) In General.--Subject to subsection (b), a withdrawal from a
capital construction fund is a qualified withdrawal if it is made under
the terms of the agreement and is for--
``(1) the acquisition, construction, or reconstruction of a
qualified vessel or a barge or container that is part of the
complement of a qualified vessel; or
``(2) the payment of the principal on indebtedness incurred
in the acquisition, construction, or reconstruction of a
qualified vessel or a barge or container that is part of the
complement of a qualified vessel.

``(b) Barges and Containers.--Except NOTE: Regulations. as
provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, subsection (a)
applies to a barge or container only if it is constructed in the United
States.

``(c) Treatment as Nonqualified Withdrawal.--Under joint
regulations, if the Secretary determines that a substantial obligation
under an agreement is not being fulfilled, the Secretary, after notice
and opportunity for a hearing to the person maintaining the fund, may
treat any amount in the fund as an amount withdrawn from the fund in a
nonqualified withdrawal.

``Sec. 53510. Tax treatment of qualified withdrawals and basis of
property

``(a) Order of Withdrawals.--A qualified withdrawal from a capital
construction fund shall be treated as made--
``(1) first from the capital account;
``(2) second from the capital gain account; and
``(3) third from the ordinary income account.

``(b) Ordinary Income Account Withdrawals.--If a portion of a
qualified withdrawal for a vessel, barge, or container is made from the
ordinary income account, the basis of the vessel, barge, or container
shall be reduced by an amount equal to that portion.
``(c) Capital Gain Account Withdrawals.--If a portion of a qualified
withdrawal for a vessel, barge, or container is made from the capital
gain account, the basis of the vessel, barge, or container shall be
reduced by an amount equal to that portion.
``(d) Withdrawals To Pay Principal.--If NOTE: Regulations. a
portion of a qualified withdrawal to pay the principal on indebtedness
is made from the ordinary income account or the capital gain account, an
amount equal to the total reduction that would be required by
subsections (b) and (c) if the withdrawal were a qualified withdrawal
for a purpose described in those subsections shall be applied, in the
order provided in joint regulations, to reduce the basis of vessels,
barges, and containers owned by the person maintaining the fund. The
remaining amount of the withdrawal shall be treated as a nonqualified
withdrawal.

``(e) Gain on Property With Reduced Basis.--If property, the basis
of which was reduced under subsection (b), (c), or (d), is disposed of,
any gain realized on the disposition, to the extent it does not exceed
the total reduction in the basis of the property under those
subsections, shall be treated as an amount referred to in section
53511(c)(1) of this title withdrawn on the date of disposition of the
property. Subject to conditions prescribed in joint regulations, this
subsection does not apply to a disposition if there is a redeposit, in
an amount determined under joint regulations, that restores the fund as
far as practicable to the position it was in before the withdrawal.

[[Page 1597]]
120 STAT. 1597

``Sec. 53511. Tax treatment of nonqualified withdrawals

``(a) In General.--Except as provided in section 53513 of this
title, a withdrawal from a fund that is not a qualified withdrawal shall
be treated as a nonqualified withdrawal.
``(b) Order of Withdrawals.--A nonqualified withdrawal shall be
treated as made--
``(1) first from the ordinary income account;
``(2) second from the capital gain account; and
``(3) third from the capital account.

``(c) Tax Treatment.--For purposes of the Internal Revenue Code of
1986 (26 U.S.C. 1 et seq.)--
``(1) a nonqualified withdrawal from the ordinary income
account shall be included in income as an item of ordinary
income for the taxable year in which the withdrawal is made;
``(2) a nonqualified withdrawal from the capital gain
account shall be included in income for the taxable year in
which the withdrawal is made as an item of gain realized during
that year from the disposition of an asset held for more than 6
months; and
``(3) for the period through the last date prescribed for
payment of tax for the taxable year in which the withdrawal is
made--
``(A) no interest shall be payable under section
6601 of such Code (26 U.S.C. 6601) and no addition to
the tax shall be payable under section 6651 of such Code
(26 U.S.C. 6651);
``(B) interest on the amount of the additional tax
attributable to an amount treated as a nonqualified
withdrawal from the ordinary income account or the
capital gain account shall be paid at the rate
determined under subsection (d) from the last date
prescribed for payment of the tax for the taxable year
for which the amount was deposited in the fund; and
``(C) no interest shall be payable on amounts
treated as withdrawn on a last-in-first-out basis under
section 53512 of this title.

``(d) Interest Rate.--The NOTE: Regulations. rate of interest
under subsection (c)(3)(B) for a nonqualified withdrawal made in a
taxable year beginning after 1971 shall be determined and published
jointly by the Secretary and the Secretary of the Treasury. The rate
shall be such that its relationship to 8 percent is comparable, as
determined by the Secretaries under joint regulations, to the
relationship between--
``(1) the money rates and investment yields for the calendar
year immediately before the beginning of the taxable year; and
``(2) the money rates and investment yields for the calendar
year 1970.

``(e) Nonqualified Withdrawals.--
``(1) In general.--The following applicable percentage of
any amount that remains in a capital construction fund at the
close of the following specified taxable year following the
taxable year for which the amount was deposited shall be treated
as a nonqualified withdrawal:


[[Page 1598]]
120 STAT. 1598


``If the amount remains in theThe applicable............................
the close of the--          percentage is--...........................
``26th taxable year                                          20 percent
``27th taxable year                                          40 percent
``28th taxable year                                          60 percent
``29th taxable year                                          80 percent
``30th taxable year                                         100 percent.
``(2) Earnings.--The earnings of a capital construction fund
for any taxable year (except net gains) shall be treated under
this subsection as an amount deposited for the taxable year.
``(3) Contract for qualified withdrawal.--Under paragraph
(1), an amount shall not be treated as remaining in a capital
construction fund at the close of a taxable year to the extent
there is a binding contract at the close of the taxable year for
a qualified withdrawal of the amount for an identified item for
which the withdrawal may be made.
``(4) Excess earnings.--If the Secretary determines that the
balance in a capital construction fund exceeds the amount
appropriate to meet the vessel construction program objectives
of the person that established the fund, the amount of the
excess shall be treated as a nonqualified withdrawal under
paragraph (1) unless the person develops appropriate program
objectives within 3 years to dissipate the excess.
``(5) Amounts in fund on january 1, 1987.--Under this
subsection, amounts in a capital construction fund on January 1,
1987, shall be treated as having been deposited in that fund on
that date.

``(f) Tax Determinations.--
``(1) In general.--For a taxable year for which there is a
nonqualified withdrawal (including an amount treated as a
nonqualified withdrawal under subsection (e)), the tax imposed
by chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. ch.
1) shall be determined by--
``(A) excluding the withdrawal from gross income;
and
``(B) increasing the tax imposed by chapter 1 of
such Code by the product of the amount of the withdrawal
and the highest tax rate specified in section 1 (or
section 11 for a corporation) of such Code (26 U.S.C. 1,
11).
``(2) Maximum tax rate.--For that portion of a nonqualified
withdrawal made from the capital gain account during a taxable
year to which section 1(h) or 1201(a) of such Code (26 U.S.C.
1(h), 1201(a)) applies, the tax rate used under paragraph (1)(B)
may not exceed 15 percent (or 34 percent for a corporation).
``(3) Tax benefit rule.--If any portion of a nonqualified
withdrawal is properly attributable to deposits (except earnings
on deposits) made by the taxpayer in a taxable year that did not
reduce the taxpayer's liability for tax under chapter 1 of such
Code (26 U.S.C. ch. 1) for a taxable year before the taxable
year in which the withdrawal occurs--
``(A) that portion shall not be taken into account
under paragraph (1); and
``(B) an amount equal to that portion shall be
allowed as a deduction under section 172 of such Code
(26 U.S.C. 172) for the taxable year in which the
withdrawal occurs.
``(4) Coordination with deduction for net operating
losses.--A nonqualified withdrawal excluded from gross income
under paragraph (1) shall be excluded in determining

[[Page 1599]]
120 STAT. 1599

taxable income under section 172(b)(2) of such Code (26 U.S.C.
172(b)(2)).

``Sec. 53512. FIFO and LIFO withdrawals

``(a) FIFO.--Except as provided in subsection (b), an amount
withdrawn from an account under this chapter shall be treated as
withdrawn on a first-in-first-out basis.
``(b) LIFO.--An amount withdrawn from an account under this chapter
shall be treated as withdrawn on a last-in-first-out basis if it is--
``(1) a nonqualified withdrawal for research, development,
and design expenses incident to new and advanced vessel design,
machinery, and equipment; or
``(2) an amount treated as a nonqualified withdrawal under
section 53510(d) of this title.

``Sec. 53513. Corporate reorganizations and partnership changes

``Under joint regulations--
``(1) a transfer of a capital construction fund from one
person to another person in a transaction to which section 381
of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 381) applies may
be treated as if the transaction is not a nonqualified
withdrawal; and
``(2) a similar rule shall be applied to a continuation of a
partnership (within the meaning of subchapter K of chapter 1 of
such Code (26 U.S.C. 701 et seq.)).

``Sec. 53514. Relationship of old fund to new fund

``(a) Definition.--In this section, the term `old fund' means a
capital construction fund maintained before October 21, 1970.
``(b) Election To Maintain Old Fund.--A person maintaining an old
fund may elect to continue the old fund, but may not--
``(1) hold amounts in the old fund beyond the expiration
date provided in the agreement under which the old fund is
maintained (determined without regard to an extension or renewal
made after April 14, 1970); or
``(2) maintain simultaneously the old fund and a new fund
established under this chapter.

``(c) Application of New Fund Agreement to Old Fund Amounts.--If a
person makes an agreement under this chapter to establish a new fund,
the person may agree to extend the agreement to some or all of the
amounts in an old fund. Each item in the old fund to be transferred
shall be transferred in a nontaxable transaction to the appropriate
account in the new fund. For purposes of section 53511(c)(3) of this
title, the date of the deposit of an item so transferred shall be July
1, 1971, or the date of the deposit in the old fund, whichever is later.

``Sec. 53515. Records and reports

``A person maintaining a fund under this chapter shall keep records
and make reports as required by the Secretary or the Secretary of the
Treasury.

[[Page 1600]]
120 STAT. 1600

``Sec. 53516. Termination of agreement after change in regulations

``If, after an agreement has been made under this chapter, a change
is made either in the joint regulations or in the regulations prescribed
by the Secretary under this chapter that could have a substantial effect
on the rights or duties of a person maintaining a fund under this
chapter, that person may terminate the agreement.

``Sec. 53517. Reports

``(a) In General.--Within 120 days after the close of each calendar
year, the Secretary of Transportation and the Secretary of Commerce each
shall provide the Secretary of the Treasury a written report on the
capital construction funds under the particular Secretary's jurisdiction
for the calendar year.
``(b) Contents.--The report shall state the name and taxpayer
identification number of each person--
``(1) establishing a capital construction fund during the
calendar year;
``(2) maintaining a capital construction fund on the last
day of the calendar year;
``(3) terminating a capital construction fund during the
calendar year;
``(4) making a deposit to or withdrawal from a capital
construction fund during the calendar year, and the amount of
the deposit or withdrawal; or
``(5) having been determined during the calendar year to
have failed to fulfill a substantial obligation under a capital
construction fund agreement to which the person is a party.

``CHAPTER 537--LOANS AND GUARANTEES

``SUBCHAPTER I--GENERAL

``Sec.
``53701.  Definitions.
``53702.  General authority.
``53703.  Application procedures.
``53704.  Funding limits.
``53705.  Pledge of United States Government.
``53706.  Eligible purposes of obligations.
``53707.  Findings related to obligors and operators.
``53708.  Findings related to economic soundness.
``53709.  Amount of obligations.
``53710.  Contents of obligations.
``53711.  Security interest.
``53712.  Monitoring financial condition and operations of obligor.
``53713.  Administrative fees.
``53714.  Guarantee fees.
``53715.  Escrow fund.
``53716.  Deposit fund.
``53717.  Management of funds in the Treasury.
``53718.  Annual report to Congress.

``SUBCHAPTER II--DEFAULT PROVISIONS

``53721.  Rights of obligee.
``53722.  Actions by Secretary.
``53723.  Payments by Secretary and issuance of obligations.
``53724.  Rights to secured property.
``53725.  Actions against obligor.

``SUBCHAPTER III--PARTICULAR PROJECTS

``53731.  Commercial demonstration ocean thermal energy conversion
facilities and plantships.

[[Page 1601]]
120 STAT. 1601

``53732.  Eligible export vessels.
``53733.  Shipyard modernization and improvement.
``53734.  Replacement of vessels because of changes in operating
standards.
``53735.  Fisheries financing and capacity reduction.

``SUBCHAPTER I--GENERAL

``Sec. 53701. Definitions

``In this chapter:
``(1) Actual cost.--The term `actual cost' means the sum
of--
``(A) all amounts paid by or for the account of the
obligor as of the date on which a determination is made
under section 53715(d)(1) of this title; and
``(B) all amounts that the Secretary reasonably
estimates the obligor will become obligated to pay from
time to time thereafter, for the construction,
reconstruction, or reconditioning of the vessel,
including guarantee fees that will become payable under
section 53714 of this title in connection with all
obligations issued for construction, reconstruction, or
reconditioning of the vessel or equipment to be
delivered, and all obligations issued for the delivered
vessel or equipment.
``(2) Construction, reconstruction, and reconditioning.--The
terms `construction', `reconstruction', and `reconditioning'
include designing, inspecting, outfitting, and equipping.
``(3) Depreciated actual cost.--The term `depreciated actual
cost' of a vessel means--
``(A) if the vessel was not reconstructed or
reconditioned, the actual cost of the vessel depreciated
on a straight line basis over the useful life of the
vessel as determined by the Secretary, not to exceed 25
years from the date of delivery by the builder; or
``(B) if the vessel was reconstructed or
reconditioned, the sum of--
``(i) the actual cost of the vessel
depreciated on a straight line basis from the date
of delivery by the builder to the date of the
reconstruction or reconditioning, using the
original useful life of the vessel, and from the
date of the reconstruction or reconditioning,
using a useful life of the vessel determined by
the Secretary; and
``(ii) any amount paid or obligated to be paid
for the reconstruction or reconditioning,
depreciated on a straight line basis using a
useful life of the vessel determined by the
Secretary.
``(4) Eligible export vessel.--The term `eligible export
vessel' means a vessel that--
``(A) is constructed, reconstructed, or
reconditioned in the United States for use in world-wide
trade; and
``(B) will, on delivery or redelivery, become or
remain documented under the laws of a country other than
the United States.
``(5) Fishery facility.--
``(A) In general.--Subject to subparagraph (B), the
term `fishery facility' means--
``(i) for operations on land--

[[Page 1602]]
120 STAT. 1602

``(I) a structure or appurtenance
thereto designed for the unloading and
receiving from vessels, the processing,
the holding pending processing, the
distribution after processing, or the
holding pending distribution, of fish
from a fishery;
``(II) the land necessary for the
structure or appurtenance; and
``(III) equipment that is for use
with the structure or appurtenance and
that is necessary for performing a
function referred to in subclause (I);
``(ii) for operations not on land, a vessel
built in the United States and used for, equipped
to be used for, or of a type normally used for,
the processing of fish; or
``(iii) for aquaculture, including operations
on land or elsewhere--
``(I) a structure or appurtenance
thereto designed for aquaculture;
``(II) the land necessary for the
structure or appurtenance;
``(III) equipment that is for use
with the structure or appurtenance and
that is necessary for performing a
function referred to in subclause (I);
and
``(IV) a vessel built in the United
States and used for, equipped to be used
for, or of a type normally used for,
aquaculture.
``(B) Required ownership.--Under subparagraph (A),
the structure, appurtenance, land, equipment, or vessel
must be owned by--
``(i) an individual who is a citizen of the
United States; or
``(ii) an entity that is a citizen of the
United States under section 50501 of this title
and that is at least 75 percent owned (as
determined under that section) by citizens of the
United States.
``(6) Fishing vessel.--The term `fishing vessel' has the
meaning given that term in section 3 of the Magnuson-Stevens
Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1802), and
any reference in this chapter to a vessel designed principally
for commercial use in the fishing trade or industry is deemed to
be a reference to a fishing vessel.
``(7) Mortgage.--The term `mortgage' includes--
``(A) a preferred mortgage as defined in section
31301 of this title; and
``(B) a mortgage on a vessel that will become a
preferred mortgage when filed or recorded under chapter
313 of this title.
``(8) Obligation.--The term `obligation' means an instrument
of indebtedness issued for a purpose described in section 53706
of this title, except--
``(A) an obligation issued by the Secretary under
section 53723 of this title; and
``(B) an obligation eligible for investment of funds
under section 53715(f) or 53717 of this title.
``(9) Obligee.--The term `obligee' means the holder of an
obligation.

[[Page 1603]]
120 STAT. 1603

``(10) Obligor.--The term `obligor' means a party primarily
liable for payment of the principal of or interest on an
obligation.
``(11) Ocean thermal energy conversion facility or
plantship.--The term `ocean thermal energy conversion facility
or plantship' means an at-sea facility or vessel, whether
mobile, floating unmoored, moored, or standing on the seabed,
that uses temperature differences in ocean water to produce
electricity or another form of energy capable of being used
directly to perform work, and includes--
``(A) equipment installed on the facility or vessel
to use the electricity or other form of energy to
produce, process, refine, or manufacture a product;
``(B) a cable or pipeline used to deliver the
electricity, freshwater, or product to shore; and
``(C) other associated equipment and appurtenances
of the facility or vessel to the extent they are located
seaward of the high water mark.
``(12) Secretary.--The term `Secretary' means--
``(A) the Secretary of Commerce with respect to
fishing vessels and fishery facilities; and
``(B) the Secretary of Transportation with respect
to other vessels and general shipyard facilities (as
defined in section 53733(a) of this title).
``(13) Vessel.--The term `vessel' means any type of vessel,
whether in existence or under construction, including--
``(A) a cargo vessel;
``(B) a passenger vessel;
``(C) a combination cargo and passenger vessel;
``(D) a tanker;
``(E) a tug or towboat;
``(F) a barge;
``(G) a dredge;
``(H) a floating drydock with a capacity of at least
35,000 lifting tons and a beam of at least 125 feet
between the wing walls;
``(I) an oceanographic research vessel;
``(J) an instruction vessel;
``(K) a pollution treatment, abatement, or control
vessel;
``(L) a fishing vessel whose ownership meets the
citizenship requirements under section 50501 of this
title for documenting vessels to operate in the
coastwise trade; and
``(M) an ocean thermal energy conversion facility or
plantship that is or will be documented under the laws
of the United States.

``Sec. 53702. General authority

``(a) In General.--The Secretary, on terms the Secretary may
prescribe, may guarantee or make a commitment to guarantee the payment
of the principal of and interest on an obligation eligible to be
guaranteed under this chapter. A guarantee or commitment to guarantee
shall cover 100 percent of the principal and interest.
``(b) Direct Loans for Fisheries.--
``(1) In general.--Notwithstanding any other provision of
this chapter, any obligation involving a fishing vessel, fishery
facility, aquaculture facility, individual fishing quota, or
fishing

[[Page 1604]]
120 STAT. 1604

capacity reduction program issued under this chapter after
October 11, 1996, shall be a direct loan obligation for which
the Secretary shall be the obligee, rather than an obligation
issued to an obligee other than the Secretary and guaranteed by
the Secretary. A direct loan obligation under this subsection
shall be treated in the same manner and to the same extent as an
obligation guaranteed under this chapter except with respect to
provisions of this chapter that by their nature can only be
applied to obligations guaranteed under this chapter.
``(2) Interest rate.--Notwithstanding any other provision of
this chapter, the annual rate of interest an obligor shall pay
on a direct loan obligation under this subsection is 2 percent
plus the additional percent the Secretary must pay as interest
to borrow from the Treasury the funds to make the loan.

``Sec. 53703. Application procedures

``(a) Time for Decision.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall approve or deny an
application for a loan guarantee under this chapter within 270
days after the date on which the signed application is received
by the Secretary.
``(2) Extension.--On request by an applicant, the Secretary
may extend the 270-day period in paragraph (1) to a date not
later than 2 years after the date on which the signed
application was received by the Secretary.

``(b) Certification of Review.--The Secretary may not guarantee or
make a commitment to guarantee an obligation under this chapter unless
the Secretary certifies that a full and fair consideration of all the
regulatory requirements, including economic soundness and financial
requirements applicable to the obligor and related parties, and a
thorough assessment of the technical, economic, and financial aspects of
the loan application, has been made.

``Sec. 53704. Funding limits

``(a) General Limitations.--The total unpaid principal amount of
obligations guaranteed under this chapter and outstanding at one time
may not exceed $12,000,000,000. Of that amount--
``(1) $850,000,000 shall be limited to obligations related
to fishing vessels and fishery facilities; and
``(2) $3,000,000,000 shall be limited to obligations related
to eligible export vessels.

``(b) Additional Limitations.--Additional limitations may not be
imposed on new commitments to guarantee loans for any fiscal year,
except in amounts established in advance by annual authorization laws. A
vessel eligible for a guarantee under this chapter may not be denied
eligibility because of its type.
``(c) Limits Based on Risk Factors.--
``(1) Definition.--In this subsection, the term `cost' has
the meaning given that term in section 502 of the Federal Credit
Reform Act of 1990 (2 U.S.C. 661a).
``(2) System of risk categories.--The Secretary shall--
``(A) establish, and update annually, a system of
risk categories for obligations guaranteed under this
chapter that categorizes the relative risk of guarantees
based on the risk factors set forth in paragraph (4);

[[Page 1605]]
120 STAT. 1605

``(B) determine annually for each risk category a
subsidy rate equivalent to the cost of obligations in
the category, expressed as a percentage of the amount
guaranteed for obligations in the category; and
``(C) ensure that each risk category is comprised of
loans that are relatively homogeneous in cost and share
characteristics predictive of defaults and other costs,
given the facts known at the time of obligation or
commitment, using a risk category system that is based
on historical analysis of program data and statistical
evidence concerning the likely costs of defaults or
other costs that are expected to be associated with the
loans in the category.
``(3) Use of system.--
``(A) Placing obligation in category.--Before making
a guarantee under this chapter for an obligation, and
annually for projects subject to a guarantee, the
Secretary shall apply the risk factors specified in
paragraph (4) to place the obligation in a risk category
established under paragraph (2).
``(B) Reduction of available amount.--The Secretary
shall consider the total amount available to the
Secretary for making guarantees under this chapter to be
reduced by the amount determined by multiplying--
``(i) the amount guaranteed under this chapter
for an obligation; by
``(ii) the subsidy rate for the category in
which the obligation is placed under subparagraph
(A).
``(C) Estimated cost.--The estimated cost to the
United States Government of a guarantee under this
chapter for an obligation is deemed to be the amount
determined under subparagraph (B) for the obligation.
``(D) Restriction on further guarantees.--The
Secretary may not guarantee obligations under this
chapter after the total amount available to the
Secretary under appropriations laws for the cost of loan
guarantees is considered to be reduced to zero under
subparagraph (B).
``(4) Risk factors.--The risk factors referred to in this
subsection are--
``(A) if applicable, the country risk for each
eligible export vessel financed or to be financed by an
obligation;
``(B) the period for which an obligation is
guaranteed or to be guaranteed;
``(C) the amount of an obligation guaranteed or to
be guaranteed in relation to the total cost of the
project financed or to be financed by the obligation;
``(D) the financial condition of an obligor or
applicant for a guarantee;
``(E) if applicable, other guarantees related to the
project;
``(F) if applicable, the projected employment of
each vessel or equipment to be financed with an
obligation;
``(G) if applicable, the projected market that will
be served by each vessel or equipment to be financed
with an obligation;
``(H) the collateral provided for a guarantee for an
obligation;

[[Page 1606]]
120 STAT. 1606

``(I) the management and operating experience of an
obligor or applicant for a guarantee;
``(J) whether a guarantee under this chapter is or
will be in effect during the construction period of the
project; and
``(K) the concentration risk presented by an unduly
large percentage of loans outstanding by any one
borrower or group of affiliated borrowers.

``Sec. 53705. Pledge of United States Government

``(a) Full Faith and Credit.--The full faith and credit of the
United States Government is pledged to the payment of a guarantee made
under this chapter, for both principal and interest, including interest
(as may be provided for in the guarantee) accruing between the date of
default under a guaranteed obligation and the date of payment in full of
the guarantee.
``(b) Incontestability.--A guarantee or commitment to guarantee made
under this chapter is conclusive evidence of the eligibility of the
obligation for the guarantee. The validity of a guarantee or commitment
to guarantee made under this chapter is incontestable.

``Sec. 53706. Eligible purposes of obligations

``(a) In General.--To be eligible for a guarantee under this
chapter, an obligation must aid in any of the following:
``(1)(A) Financing (including reimbursement of an obligor
for expenditures previously made for) the construction,
reconstruction, or reconditioning of a vessel (including an
eligible export vessel) designed principally for research, or
for commercial use--
``(i) in the coastwise or intercoastal trade;
``(ii) on the Great Lakes, or on bays, sounds,
rivers, harbors, or inland lakes of the United States;
``(iii) in foreign trade as defined in section
109(b) of this title;
``(iv) as an ocean thermal energy conversion
facility or plantship;
``(v) as a floating drydock in the construction,
reconstruction, reconditioning, or repair of vessels; or
``(vi) as an eligible export vessel in worldwide
trade.
``(B) A guarantee under subparagraph (A) may not be made
more than one year after delivery of the vessel (or redelivery
if the vessel was reconstructed or reconditioned) unless the
proceeds of the obligation are used to finance the construction,
reconstruction, or reconditioning of a vessel or of facilities
or equipment related to marine operations.
``(2) Financing (including reimbursement of an obligor for
expenditures previously made for) the construction,
reconstruction, reconditioning, or purchase of a vessel owned by
citizens of the United States and designed principally for
research, or for commercial use in the fishing industry.
``(3) Financing the purchase, reconstruction, or
reconditioning of a vessel or fishery facility--
``(A) for which an obligation was guaranteed under
this chapter; and
``(B) that, under subchapter II of this chapter--

[[Page 1607]]
120 STAT. 1607

``(i) is a vessel or fishery facility for
which an obligation was accelerated and paid;
``(ii) was acquired by the Federal Ship
Financing Fund or successor account under section
53717 of this title; or
``(iii) was sold at foreclosure begun or
intervened in by the Secretary.
``(4) Financing any part of the repayment to the United
States Government of any amount of a construction-differential
subsidy paid for a vessel.
``(5) Refinancing an existing obligation (regardless of
whether guaranteed under this chapter) issued for a purpose
described in paragraphs (1)-(4), including a short-term
obligation incurred to obtain temporary funds with the intention
of refinancing.
``(6) Financing or refinancing (including reimbursement of
an obligor for expenditures previously made for) the
construction, reconstruction, reconditioning, or purchase of a
fishery facility.
``(7) Financing or refinancing (including reimbursement of
an obligor for expenditures previously made for) the purchase of
an individual fishing quota in accordance with section 303(d)(4)
of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act
(16 U.S.C. 1853(d)(4)).

``(b) Non-Vessels Treated as Vessels.--An obligation guaranteed
under subsection (a)(6) or (7) shall be treated, for purposes of this
chapter, in the same manner and to the same extent as an obligation that
aids in financing the construction, reconstruction, reconditioning, or
purchase of a vessel, except with respect to provisions that by their
nature can only be applied to vessels.
``(c) Priorities for Certain Vessels.--In guaranteeing or making a
commitment to guarantee an obligation under this chapter, the Secretary
shall give priority to--
``(1) a vessel that is otherwise eligible for a guarantee
and is constructed with assistance under subtitle D of the
Maritime Security Act of 2003 (46 U.S.C. 53101 note); and
``(2) after applying paragraph (1), a vessel that is
otherwise eligible for a guarantee and that the Secretary of
Defense determines--
``(A) is suitable for service as a naval auxiliary
in time of war or national emergency; and
``(B) meets a shortfall in sealift capacity or
capability.

``Sec. 53707. Findings related to obligors and operators

``(a) Responsible Obligor.--The Secretary may not guarantee or make
a commitment to guarantee an obligation under this chapter unless the
Secretary finds that the obligor is responsible and has the ability,
experience, financial resources, and other qualifications necessary for
the adequate operation and maintenance of each vessel that will serve as
security for the guarantee.
``(b) Operators of Liner Vessels.--The Secretary of Transportation
may not guarantee or make a commitment to guarantee a loan for the
construction, reconstruction, or reconditioning of a liner vessel under
this chapter unless the Chairman of the Federal Maritime Commission
certifies that the operator of the vessel has not been found by the
Commission to have committed, within the previous 5 years--

[[Page 1608]]
120 STAT. 1608

``(1) a violation of part A of subtitle IV of this title
that involves unjust or unfair discriminatory treatment or undue
or unreasonable prejudice or disadvantage with respect to a
United States shipper, ocean transportation intermediary, ocean
common carrier, or port; or
``(2) a violation of part B of subtitle IV of this title.

``(c) Operators of Fishing Vessels.--The Secretary of Commerce may
not guarantee or make a commitment to guarantee a loan for the
construction, reconstruction, or reconditioning of a fishing vessel
under this chapter if the operator of the vessel has been--
``(1) held liable, or the vessel has been held liable in
rem, for a civil penalty under section 308 of the Magnuson-
Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1858)
and the operator has not paid the penalty;
``(2) found guilty of an offense under section 309 of the
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16
U.S.C. 1859) and not paid the assessed fine or served the
assessed sentence;
``(3) held liable for a civil or criminal penalty under
section 105 of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (16
U.S.C. 1375) and not paid the assessed fine or served the
assessed sentence; or
``(4) held liable for a civil penalty by the Coast Guard
under this title or title 33 and not paid the assessed fine.

``(d) NOTE: Regulations. Waivers Concerning Financial
Condition.--The Secretary shall prescribe regulations concerning
circumstances under which waivers of, or exceptions to, otherwise
applicable regulatory requirements concerning financial condition can be
made. The regulations shall require that--
``(1) the economic soundness requirements in section
53708(a) of this title are met after the waiver of the financial
condition requirement; and
``(2) the waiver shall provide for the imposition of other
requirements on the obligor designed to compensate for the
increased risk associated with the obligor's failure to meet
regulatory requirements applicable to financial condition.

``Sec. 53708. Findings related to economic soundness

``(a) By Secretary of Transportation.--The Secretary of
Transportation may not guarantee or make a commitment to guarantee an
obligation under this chapter unless the Secretary finds that the
property or project for which the obligation will be executed will be
economically sound. In making that finding, the Secretary shall
consider--
``(1) the need in the particular segment of the maritime
industry for new or additional capacity, including any impact on
existing equipment for which a guarantee under this chapter is
in effect;
``(2) the market potential for employment of the vessel over
the life of the guarantee;
``(3) projected revenues and expenses associated with
employment of the vessel;
``(4) any charter, contract of affreightment, transportation
agreement, or similar agreement or undertaking relevant to the
employment of the vessel;
``(5) other relevant criteria; and

[[Page 1609]]
120 STAT. 1609

``(6) for inland waterways, the need for technical
improvements, including increased fuel efficiency or improved
safety.

``(b) By Secretary of Commerce.--The Secretary of Commerce may not
guarantee or make a commitment to guarantee an obligation under this
chapter unless the Secretary finds, at or prior to the time the
commitment is made or the guarantee becomes effective, that--
``(1) the property or project for which the obligation will
be executed will be economically sound; and
``(2) for a fishing vessel, the purpose of the financing or
refinancing is consistent with--
``(A) the wise use of the fisheries resources and
the development, advancement, management, conservation,
and protection of the fisheries resources; or
``(B) the need for technical improvements, including
increased fuel efficiency or improved safety.

``(c) Used Fishing Vessels and Facilities.--The Secretary of
Commerce may not guarantee or make a commitment to guarantee an
obligation under this chapter for the purchase of a used fishing vessel
or used fishery facility unless the vessel or facility will be--
``(1) reconstructed or reconditioned in the United States
and will contribute to the development of the United States
fishing industry; or
``(2) used--
``(A) in the harvesting of fish from an underused
fishery; or
``(B) for a purpose described in the definition of
`fishery facility' in section 53701 of this title with
respect to an underused fishery.

``(d) Independent Analysis.--The Secretary may make a determination
that aspects of an application under this chapter require independent
analysis to be conducted by third party experts due to risk factors
associated with markets, technology, financial structures, or other risk
factors identified by the Secretary. Any independent analysis conducted
under this subsection shall be performed by a party chosen by the
Secretary.
``(e) Additional Equity Because of Increased Risks.--Notwithstanding
any other provision of this chapter, the Secretary may make a
determination that an application under this title requires additional
equity because of increased risk factors associated with markets,
technology, financial structures, or other risk factors identified by
the Secretary.

``Sec. 53709. Amount of obligations

``(a) In General.--The principal of an obligation may not be
guaranteed in an amount greater than the amount determined by
multiplying the percentage applicable under subsection (b) by--
``(1) the amount paid by or for the account of the obligor
(as determined by the Secretary, which determination shall be
conclusive) for the construction, reconstruction, or
reconditioning of the vessel used as security for the guarantee;
or
``(2) if the obligor creates an escrow fund under section
53715 of this title, the actual cost of the vessel.

``(b) Limitations on Amount Borrowed.--
``(1) In general.--Except as otherwise provided, the
principal amount of an obligation guaranteed under this chapter

[[Page 1610]]
120 STAT. 1610

may not exceed 75 percent of the actual cost or depreciated
actual cost, as determined by the Secretary, of the vessel used
as security for the guarantee.
``(2) Certain approved vessels.--The principal amount may
not exceed 87.5 percent of the actual cost or depreciated actual
cost if--
``(A) the size and speed of the vessel are approved
by the Secretary;
``(B) the vessel is or would have been eligible for
mortgage aid for construction under section 509 of the
Merchant Marine Act, 1936, or would have been eligible
except that the vessel was built with a construction-
differential subsidy and the subsidy has been repaid;
and
``(C) the vessel is of a type described in that
section for which the minimum down payment required by
that section is 12.5 percent of the cost of the vessel.
``(3) Barges.--For a barge constructed without a
construction-differential subsidy or for which the subsidy has
been repaid, the principal amount may not exceed 87.5 percent of
the actual cost or depreciated actual cost.
``(4) Fishing vessels and fishery facilities.--For a fishing
vessel or fishery facility, the principal amount may not exceed
80 percent of the actual cost or depreciated actual cost.
However, debt for the vessel or facility may not be placed
through the Federal Financing Bank.
``(5) OTEC.--For an ocean thermal energy conversion facility
or plantship constructed without a construction-differential
subsidy, the principal amount may not exceed 87.5 percent of the
actual cost or depreciated actual cost of the facility or
plantship.
``(6) Eligible export vessels.--For an eligible export
vessel, the principal amount may not exceed 87.5 percent of the
actual cost or depreciated actual cost.

``(c) Security Involving Multiple Vessels.--The principal amount of
an obligation having more than one vessel as security for the guarantee
may not exceed the sum of the principal amounts allowable for all the
vessels.
``(d) Prohibition on Uniform Percentage Limitations.--The Secretary
may not establish a percentage under any provision of subsection (b)
that is to be applied uniformly to all guarantees or commitments to
guarantee made under that provision.
``(e) Prohibition on Minimum Principal Amount.--The Secretary may
not establish, as a condition of eligibility for a guarantee under this
chapter, a minimum principal amount for an obligation covering the
reconstruction or reconditioning of a fishing vessel or fishery
facility. For purposes of this chapter, the reconstruction or
reconditioning of a fishing vessel or fishery facility does not include
the routine minor repair or maintenance of the vessel or facility.

``Sec. 53710. Contents of obligations

``(a) In General.--An obligation guaranteed under this chapter
must--
``(1) provide for payments by the obligor satisfactory to
the Secretary;
``(2) provide for interest (exclusive of guarantee fees and
other fees) at a rate not more than the annual rate on the

[[Page 1611]]
120 STAT. 1611

unpaid principal that the Secretary determines is reasonable,
considering the range of interest rates prevailing in the
private market for similar loans and the risks assumed by the
Secretary;
``(3) have a maturity date satisfactory to the Secretary,
but--
``(A) not more than 25 years after the date of
delivery of the vessel used as security for the
guarantee; or
``(B) if the vessel has been reconstructed or
reconditioned, not more than the later of--
``(i) 25 years after the date of delivery of
the vessel; or
``(ii) the remaining years of useful life of
the vessel as determined by the Secretary; and
``(4) provide, or a related agreement must provide, that if
the vessel used as security for the guarantee is a delivered
vessel, the vessel shall be--
``(A) in class A-1, American Bureau of Shipping, or
meet other standards acceptable to the Secretary, with
all required certificates, including marine inspection
certificates of the Coast Guard or, in the case of an
eligible export vessel, of the appropriate foreign
authorities under a treaty, convention, or other
international agreement to which the United States is a
party, and with all outstanding requirements and
recommendations necessary for class retention
accomplished, unless the Secretary permits a deferment
of repairs necessary to meet these requirements; and
``(B) well equipped, in good repair, and in every
respect seaworthy and fit for service.

``(b) Provisions for Certain Passenger Vessels.--
``(1) In general.--With the Secretary's approval, if the
vessel used as security for the guarantee is a passenger vessel
having the tonnage, speed, passenger accommodations, and other
characteristics described in section 503 of the Merchant Marine
Act, 1936, an obligation guaranteed under this chapter or a
related agreement may provide that--
``(A) the only recourse by the United States
Government against the obligor for payments under the
guarantee will be repossession of the vessel and
assignment of insurance claims; and
``(B) the obligor's liability for payments under the
guarantee will be satisfied and discharged by the
surrender of the vessel and all interest in the vessel
to the Government in the condition described in
paragraph (2).
``(2) Surrender of vessel.--
``(A) In general.--On surrender, the vessel must
be--
``(i) free and clear of all liens and
encumbrances except the security interest conveyed
to the Secretary under this chapter;
``(ii) in class; and
``(iii) in as good order and condition
(ordinary wear and tear excepted) as when acquired
by the obligor.
``(B) Covering deficiencies by insurance.--To the
extent covered by insurance, a deficiency related to a
requirement in subparagraph (A) may be satisfied by

[[Page 1612]]
120 STAT. 1612

assignment of the obligor's insurance claims to the
Government.

``(c) Other Provisions To Protect Security Interests.--An obligation
guaranteed under this chapter and any related agreement must contain
other provisions for the protection of the security interests of the
Government (including acceleration, assumption, and subrogation
provisions and the issuance of notes by the obligor to the Secretary),
liens and releases of liens, payment of taxes, and other matters that
the Secretary may prescribe.

``Sec. 53711. Security interest

``(a) In General.--The Secretary may guarantee an obligation under
this chapter only if the obligor conveys or agrees to convey to the
Secretary a security interest the Secretary considers necessary to
protect the interest of the United States Government.
``(b) Multiple Vessels and Types of Security.--The security interest
may relate to more than one vessel and may consist of more than one type
of security. If the security interest relates to more than one vessel,
the obligation may have the latest maturity date allowable under section
53710(a)(3) of this title for any of the vessels used as security for
the guarantee. However, the Secretary may require such payments of
principal prior to maturity, with respect to all related obligations, as
the Secretary considers necessary to maintain adequate security for the
guarantee.

``Sec. 53712. Monitoring financial condition and operations of obligor

``(a) In General.--The Secretary shall monitor the financial
condition and operations of the obligor on a regular basis during the
term of the guarantee. The Secretary shall document the results of the
monitoring on an annual or quarterly basis depending on the condition of
the obligor. If the Secretary determines that the financial condition of
the obligor warrants additional protections to the Secretary, the
Secretary shall take appropriate action under subsection (b). If the
Secretary determines that the financial condition of the obligor
jeopardizes its continued ability to perform its responsibilities in
connection with the guarantee of an obligation by the Secretary, the
Secretary shall make an immediate determination whether default should
take place and whether further measures described in subsection (b)
should be taken to protect the interests of the Secretary while ensuring
that program objectives are met.
``(b) Contract Provisions To Protect Secretary.--The Secretary shall
include provisions in a loan agreement with an obligor that provides
additional authority to the Secretary to take action to limit potential
losses in connection with a defaulted loan or a loan that is in jeopardy
due to the deteriorating financial condition of the obligor. These
provisions include requirements for additional collateral or greater
equity contributions that are effective upon the occurrence of
verifiable conditions relating to the obligor's financial condition or
the status of the vessel or shipyard project.

``Sec. 53713. Administrative fees

``(a) In General.--The Secretary shall charge and collect from the
obligor fees the Secretary considers reasonable for--
``(1) investigating an application for a guarantee;
``(2) appraising property offered as security for a
guarantee;

[[Page 1613]]
120 STAT. 1613

``(3) issuing a commitment;
``(4) providing services related to an escrow fund under
section 53715 of this title; and
``(5) inspecting property during construction,
reconstruction, or reconditioning.

``(b) Total Fee Limitation.--The total fees under subsection (a) may
not exceed 0.5 percent of the original principal amount of the
obligations to be guaranteed.
``(c) Fees for Independent Analysis.--The Secretary may charge and
collect fees to cover the costs of independent analysis under section
53708(d) of this title. Notwithstanding section 3302 of title 31, any
fee collected under this subsection shall--
``(1) be credited as an offsetting collection to the account
that finances the administration of the loan guarantee program;
``(2) be available for expenditure only to pay the costs of
activities and services for which the fee is imposed; and
``(3) remain available until expended.

``Sec. 53714. Guarantee fees

``(a) Regulations.--Subject to this section, the Secretary shall
prescribe regulations to assess a fee for guaranteeing an obligation
under this chapter.
``(b) Computation of Fee.--
``(1) In general.--The amount of the fee for a guarantee
under this chapter shall be equal to the sum of the amounts
determined under paragraph (2) for the years in which the
guarantee is in effect.
``(2) Present value for each year.--The amount referred to
in paragraph (1) for a year in which the guarantee is in effect
is the present value of the amount calculated under paragraph
(3). To determine the present value, the Secretary shall apply a
discount rate determined by the Secretary of the Treasury,
considering current market yields on outstanding obligations of
the United States Government having periods to maturity
comparable to the period to maturity for the guaranteed
obligation.
``(3) Calculation of amount.--The amount referred to in
paragraph (2) shall be calculated by multiplying--
``(A) the estimated average unpaid principal amount
of the obligation that will be outstanding during the
year (excluding the average amount, other than interest,
on deposit during the year in an escrow fund under
section 53715 of this title); by
``(B) the fee rate set under paragraph (4).
``(4) Setting fee rates.--To set the fee rate referred to in
paragraph (3)(B), the Secretary shall establish a formula that--
``(A) takes into account the security provided for
the guaranteed obligation; and
``(B) is a sliding scale based on the
creditworthiness of the obligor, using--
``(i) the lowest allowable rate under
paragraph (5) for the most creditworthy obligors;
and
``(ii) the highest allowable rate under
paragraph (5) for the least creditworthy obligors.
``(5) Permissible range of rates.--The fee rate set under
paragraph (4) shall be--

[[Page 1614]]
120 STAT. 1614

``(A) for a delivered vessel or equipment, at least
0.5 percent and not more than 1 percent; and
``(B) for a vessel to be constructed, reconstructed,
or reconditioned or equipment to be delivered, at least
0.25 percent and not more than 0.5 percent.

``(c) When Fee Collected.--A fee for the guarantee of an obligation
under this chapter shall be collected not later than the date on which
an amount is first paid on the obligation.
``(d) Financing the Fee.--A fee paid under this section is eligible
to be financed under this chapter and shall be included in the actual
cost of the obligation guaranteed.
``(e) Not Refundable.--A fee paid under this section is not
refundable. However, an obligor shall receive credit for the amount paid
for the remaining term of the obligation if the obligation is refinanced
and guaranteed under this chapter after the refinancing.

``Sec. 53715. Escrow fund

``(a) In General.--If the proceeds of an obligation guaranteed under
this chapter are to be used to finance the construction, reconstruction,
or reconditioning of a vessel that will serve as security for a
guarantee under this chapter, the Secretary may accept and hold in
escrow, under an escrow agreement with the obligor, a portion of the
proceeds of all obligations guaranteed under this chapter whose proceeds
are to be so used which is equal to--
``(1) the excess of--
``(A) the principal amount of all obligations whose
proceeds are to be so used; over
``(B) 75 percent or 87.5 percent, whichever is
applicable under section 53709(b) of this title, of the
amount paid by or for the account of the obligor for the
construction, reconstruction, or reconditioning of the
vessel; plus
``(2) any interest the Secretary may require on the amount
described in paragraph (1).

``(b) Security Involving Both Uncompleted and Delivered Vessels.--If
the security for the guarantee of an obligation relates both to a vessel
to be constructed, reconstructed, or reconditioned and to a delivered
vessel, the principal amount of the obligation shall be prorated for
purposes of subsection (a) under regulations prescribed by the
Secretary.
``(c) Disbursement Before Termination of Agreement.--
``(1) Purposes.--The Secretary shall disburse amounts in the
escrow fund, as specified in the escrow agreement, to--
``(A) pay amounts the obligor is obligated to pay
for--
``(i) the construction, reconstruction, or
reconditioning of a vessel used as security for
the guarantee; and
``(ii) interest on the obligations;
``(B) redeem the obligations under a refinancing
guaranteed under this chapter; and
``(C) pay any excess interest deposits to the
obligor at times provided for in the escrow agreement.
``(2) Manner of payment.--If a payment becomes due under the
guarantee before the termination of the escrow agreement, the
amount in the escrow fund at the time the payment becomes due,
including realized income not yet paid to the obligor, shall be
paid into the appropriate account under section

[[Page 1615]]
120 STAT. 1615

53717 of this title. The amount shall be credited against
amounts due or to become due from the obligor to the Secretary
on the guaranteed obligations or, to the extent not so required,
be paid to the obligor.

``(d) Payments Required Before Disbursement.--
``(1) In general.--No disbursement shall be made under
subsection (c) to any person until the total amount paid by or
for the account of the obligor from sources other than the
proceeds of the obligation equals at least 25 percent or 12.5
percent, whichever is applicable under section 53709(b) of this
title, of the aggregate actual cost of the vessel, as previously
approved by the Secretary. If the aggregate actual cost of the
vessel has increased since the Secretary's initial approval or
if it increases after the first disbursement is permitted under
this subsection, then no further disbursements shall be made
under subsection (c) until the total amount paid by or for the
account of the obligor from sources other than the proceeds of
the obligation equals at least 25 percent or 12.5 percent, as
applicable, of the increase, as determined by the Secretary, in
the aggregate actual cost of the vessel. This paragraph does not
require the Secretary to consent to finance any increase in
actual cost unless the Secretary determines that such an
increase in the obligation meets all the terms and conditions of
this chapter or other applicable law.
``(2) NOTE: Regulations. Documented proof of progress
requirement.--The Secretary shall, by regulation, establish a
transparent, independent, and risk-based process for verifying
and documenting the progress of projects under construction
before disbursing guaranteed loan funds. At a minimum, the
process shall require documented proof of progress in connection
with the construction, reconstruction, or reconditioning of a
vessel or vessels before disbursements are made from the escrow
fund. The Secretary may require that the obligor provide a
certificate from an independent party certifying that the
requisite progress in construction, reconstruction, or
reconditioning has taken place.

``(e) Disbursement on Termination of Agreement.--
``(1) In general.--If a payment has not become due under the
guarantee before the termination of the escrow agreement, the
balance of the escrow fund at the time of termination shall be
disbursed to--
``(A) prepay the excess of--
``(i) the principal amount of all obligations
whose proceeds are to be used to finance the
construction, reconstruction, or reconditioning of
the vessel used or to be used as security for the
guarantee; over
``(ii) 75 percent or 87.5 percent, whichever
is applicable under section 53709(b) of this
title, of the actual cost of the vessel to the
extent paid; and
``(B) pay interest on that prepaid amount of
principal.
``(2) Remaining balance.--Any remaining balance of the
escrow fund shall be paid to the obligor.

``(f) Investment.--The Secretary may invest and reinvest any part of
an escrow fund in obligations of the United States Government with
maturities such that the escrow fund will be available as required for
purposes of the escrow agreement. Investment income shall be paid to the
obligor when received.

[[Page 1616]]
120 STAT. 1616

``(g) Terms To Protect Government.--The escrow agreement shall
contain other terms the Secretary considers necessary to protect fully
the interests of the Government.

``Sec. 53716. Deposit fund

``(a) In General.--There is a deposit fund in the Treasury for
purposes of this section. The Secretary, in accordance with an agreement
under subsection (b), may deposit into and hold in the fund cash
belonging to an obligor to serve as collateral for a guarantee made
under this chapter with respect to the obligor.
``(b) Agreement.--The Secretary and an obligor shall make a reserve
fund or other collateral account agreement to govern the deposit,
withdrawal, retention, use, and reinvestment of cash of the obligor held
in the fund. The agreement shall contain--
``(1) terms and conditions required by this section;
``(2) terms that grant to the United States Government a
security interest in all amounts deposited into the fund; and
``(3) any additional terms considered by the Secretary to be
necessary to protect fully the interests of the Government.

``(c) Investment.--The Secretary may invest and reinvest any part of
the amounts in the fund in obligations of the Government with maturities
such that amounts in the fund will be available as required for purposes
of the agreement under subsection (b). Cash balances in the fund in
excess of current requirements shall be maintained in a form of
uninvested funds, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall pay interest
on these funds.
``(d) Withdrawals.--
``(1) In general.--Cash deposited into the fund may not be
withdrawn without the consent of the Secretary.
``(2) Use of income.--Subject to paragraph (3), the
Secretary may pay any income earned on cash of an obligor
deposited into the fund in accordance with the agreement with
the obligor under subsection (b).
``(3) Retention against default.--The Secretary may retain
and offset any or all of the cash of an obligor in the fund, and
any income realized thereon, as part of the Secretary's recovery
against the obligor in case of a default by the obligor on an
obligation.

``Sec. 53717. Management of funds in the Treasury

``(a) Definition.--In this section, the term `FCRA' means the
Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 (2 U.S.C. 661 et seq.).
``(b) Loan Guarantees by Secretary of Transportation.--
``(1) When not subject to fcra.--The Secretary of
Transportation shall account for payments and disbursements
involving obligations guaranteed under this chapter and not
subject to FCRA in an account in the Treasury entitled the
Federal Ship Financing Fund Liquidating Account (a liquidating
account as defined in FCRA).
``(2) When subject to fcra.--The Secretary of Transportation
shall account for payments and disbursements involving
obligations guaranteed under this chapter and subject to FCRA in
a separate account in the Treasury entitled the Federal Ship
Financing Guaranteed Loan Financing Account (a financing account
as defined in FCRA).

``(c) Loan Guarantees by Secretary of Commerce.--

[[Page 1617]]
120 STAT. 1617

``(1) When not subject to fcra.--The Secretary of Commerce
shall account for payments and disbursements involving
obligations guaranteed under this chapter and not subject to
FCRA in a separate account in the Treasury established for this
purpose.
``(2) When subject to fcra.--The Secretary of Commerce shall
account for payments and disbursements involving obligations
guaranteed under this chapter and subject to FCRA in a separate
account in the Treasury established for this purpose.

``(d) Direct Loans by Secretary of Commerce.--The Secretary of
Commerce shall account for payments and disbursements involving direct
loans made under this chapter in a separate account in the Treasury
established for this purpose.

``Sec. 53718. Annual report to Congress

``The Secretary of Transportation shall report to Congress annually
on the loan guarantee program under this chapter. Each report shall
include--
``(1) the size, in dollars, of the portfolio of loans
guaranteed;
``(2) the size, in dollars, of projects in the portfolio
facing financial difficulties;
``(3) the number and type of projects covered;
``(4) a profile of pending loan applications;
``(5) the amount of appropriations available for new
guarantees;
``(6) a profile of each project approved since the last
report; and
``(7) a profile of any defaults since the last report.

``SUBCHAPTER II--DEFAULT PROVISIONS

``Sec. 53721. Rights of obligee

``(a) Demands by Obligees.--Except as provided in subsection (c), if
an obligor has continued in default for 30 days in the payment of
principal or interest on an obligation guaranteed under this chapter,
the obligee or the obligee's agent may demand that the Secretary pay the
unpaid principal amount of the obligation and the unpaid interest on the
obligation to the date of payment. The demand must be made within the
earlier of--
``(1) a period that may be specified in the guarantee or a
related agreement; or
``(2) 90 days from the date of the default.

``(b) Payments by Secretary.--
``(1) In general.--If a demand is made under subsection (a),
the Secretary shall pay to the obligee or the obligee's agent
the unpaid principal amount of the obligation and the unpaid
interest on the obligation to the date of payment. Payment shall
be made within the earlier of--
``(A) a period that may be specified in the
guarantee or a related agreement; or
``(B) 30 days from the date of the demand.
``(2) If no existing default.--The Secretary is not required
to make payment under this subsection if, within the appropriate
period under paragraph (1), the Secretary finds that the obligor
was not in default or that the default was remedied before the
demand.

[[Page 1618]]
120 STAT. 1618

``(c) Assumption of Rights and Obligations Before Demand.--An
obligee or the obligee's agent may not demand payment under this section
if the Secretary, before the demand and on terms that may be provided in
the obligation or a related agreement, has assumed the obligor's rights
and duties under the obligation and any related agreement and made any
payment in default. However, the guarantee of the obligation remains in
effect after the Secretary's assumption.

``Sec. 53722. Actions by Secretary

``(a) General Authority.--On default under an obligation or related
agreement between the Secretary and the obligor, the Secretary, on terms
that may be provided in the obligation or agreement, may--
``(1) assume the obligor's rights and duties under the
obligation or agreement, make any payment in default, and notify
the obligee or the obligee's agent of the default and the
Secretary's assumption; or
``(2) notify the obligee or the obligee's agent of the
default.

``(b) Demands by Obligees.--
``(1) Demand.--If the Secretary proceeds under subsection
(a)(2), the obligee or the obligee's agent may demand that the
Secretary pay the unpaid principal amount of the obligation and
the unpaid interest on the obligation. The demand must be made
within the earlier of--
``(A) a period that may be specified in the
guarantee or a related agreement; or
``(B) 60 days from the date of the Secretary's
notice.
``(2) Payment.--If a demand is made under paragraph (1), the
Secretary shall pay to the obligee or the obligee's agent the
unpaid principal amount of the obligation and the unpaid
interest on the obligation to the date of payment. Payment shall
be made within the earlier of--
``(A) a period that may be specified in the
guarantee or a related agreement; or
``(B) 30 days from the date of the demand.

``(c) Continued Effect of Guarantee.--A guarantee of an obligation
remains in effect after an assumption of the obligation by the
Secretary.
``(d) Additional Responses.--If there is a default on an obligation,
the Secretary shall conduct operations under this chapter in a manner
that--
``(1) maximizes the net present value return from the sale
or disposition of assets associated with the obligation,
including prompt referral to the Attorney General for collection
as appropriate;
``(2) minimizes the amount of any loss realized in the
resolution of the guarantee;
``(3) ensures adequate competition and fair and consistent
treatment of offerors; and
``(4) requires appraisal of assets by an independent
appraiser.

``Sec. 53723. Payments by Secretary and issuance of obligations

``(a) Cash Payment.--Amounts required to be paid by the Secretary
under section 53721 or 53722 of this title shall be paid in cash.

[[Page 1619]]
120 STAT. 1619

``(b) Issuance of Obligations.--If amounts in the appropriate
account under section 53717 of this title are not sufficient to make a
payment required under section 53721 or 53722 of this title, the
Secretary may issue obligations to the Secretary of the Treasury. The
Secretary, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall
prescribe the form, denomination, maturity, and other terms (except the
interest rate) of the obligations. The Secretary of the Treasury shall
set the interest rate for the obligations, considering the current
average market yield on outstanding marketable obligations of the United
States Government of comparable maturities during the month before the
obligations are issued.
``(c) Purchase of Obligations.--The Secretary of the Treasury shall
purchase the obligations issued under this section. To purchase the
obligations, the Secretary of the Treasury may use as a public debt
transaction the proceeds from the sale of securities issued under
chapter 31 of title 31. The purposes for which securities may be issued
under that chapter are extended to include the purchase of obligations
under this subsection. The Secretary of the Treasury may sell
obligations purchased under this section. A redemption, purchase, or
sale of the obligations by the Secretary of the Treasury is a public
debt transaction of the Government.
``(d) Deposits and Redemptions.--The Secretary shall deposit amounts
borrowed under this section in the appropriate account under section
53717 of this title and make redemptions of the obligations from that
account.

``Sec. 53724. Rights to secured property

``(a) Acquisition of Security Rights.--When the Secretary makes a
payment on, or assumes, an obligation under section 53721 or 53722 of
this title, the Secretary acquires the rights under the security
agreement with the obligor in the security held by the Secretary to
guarantee the obligation.
``(b) Use and Disposition of Secured Property.--Notwithstanding any
other law relating to the acquisition, handling, or disposal of property
by the United States Government, the Secretary has the right, in the
Secretary's discretion, to complete, reconstruct, recondition, renovate,
repair, maintain, operate, charter, or sell any property acquired under
a security agreement with an obligor, or to place a vessel so acquired
in the National Defense Reserve Fleet. The terms of a sale under this
subsection shall be as approved by the Secretary.

``Sec. 53725. Actions against obligor

``(a) In General.--For a default under a guaranteed obligation or
related agreement, the Secretary may take any action against the obligor
or another liable party that the Secretary considers necessary to
protect the interests of the United States Government. A civil action
may be brought in the name of the United States or the obligee. The
obligee shall make available to the Government all records and evidence
necessary to prosecute the action.
``(b) Title, Possession, and Purchase.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary may--
``(A) accept a conveyance of title to and possession
of property from the obligor or another party liable to
the Secretary; and

[[Page 1620]]
120 STAT. 1620

``(B) purchase the property for an amount not
greater than the unpaid principal amount of the
obligation and interest thereon.
``(2) Payment of excess.--If, through the sale of property,
the Secretary receives an amount of cash greater than the unpaid
principal amount of the obligation, the unpaid interest on the
obligation, and the expenses of collecting those amounts, the
Secretary shall pay the excess to the obligor.

``SUBCHAPTER III--PARTICULAR PROJECTS

``Sec. 53731. Commercial demonstration ocean thermal energy conversion
facilities and plantships

``(a) In General.--Under subchapter I of this chapter, the Secretary
may guarantee or make a commitment to guarantee the payment of the
principal of and interest on an obligation that aids in financing
(including reimbursement of an obligor for expenditures previously made
for) the construction, reconstruction, or reconditioning of a commercial
demonstration ocean thermal energy conversion facility or plantship.
This section may be used to guarantee obligations for a total of not
more than 5 separate facilities and plantships or a demonstrated 400
megawatt capacity, whichever comes first.
``(b) Applicability of Other Provisions.--Except as otherwise
provided in this section, a guarantee or commitment to guarantee under
this section is subject to all the provisions applicable to a guarantee
or commitment to guarantee under subchapter I of this chapter.
``(c) Economic Soundness.--The required determination of economic
soundness under section 53708 of this title applies to a guarantee or
commitment to guarantee for that portion of a facility or plantship not
to be supported with appropriated Federal funds.
``(d) Reasonableness of Risk.--A guarantee or commitment to
guarantee may not be made under this section unless the Secretary of
Energy, in consultation with the Secretary, certifies to the Secretary
that, for the facility or plantship for which the guarantee or
commitment to guarantee is sought, there is sufficient guarantee of
performance and payment to lower the risk to the United States
Government to a reasonable level. In deciding whether to issue such a
certification, the Secretary of Energy shall consider--
``(1) the successful demonstration of the technology to be
used in the facility at a scale sufficient to establish the
likelihood of technical and economic viability in the proposed
market; and
``(2) the need of the United States to develop new and
renewable sources of energy and the benefits to be realized from
the construction and successful operation of the facility or
plantship.

``(e) Amount of Obligation.--The total principal amount of an
obligation guaranteed under this section may not exceed 87.5 percent
of--
``(1) the actual cost or depreciated actual cost of the
facility or plantship; or
``(2) if the facility or plantship is supported with
appropriated Federal funds, the total principal amount of that
portion of the actual cost or depreciated actual cost for which
the

[[Page 1621]]
120 STAT. 1621

obligor is obligated to secure financing under the agreement
between the obligor and the Department of Energy or other
Federal agency.

``(f) OTEC Demonstration Fund.--
``(1) In general.--There is a special subaccount, known as
the OTEC Demonstration Fund, in the account established under
section 53717(b)(1) of this title.
``(2) Use and operation.--The OTEC Demonstration Fund shall
be used for obligation guarantees authorized under this section
that do not qualify under subchapter I of this chapter. Except
as otherwise provided in this section, the OTEC Demonstration
Fund shall be operated in the same manner as the parent account.
However--
``(A) amounts received by the Secretary under
subchapter I of this chapter related to guarantees or
commitments to guarantee made under this section shall
be deposited only in the OTEC Demonstration Fund; and
``(B) when obligations issued by the Secretary under
section 53723 of this title related to the OTEC
Demonstration Fund are outstanding, any amount received
by the Secretary under subchapter I of this chapter
related to ocean thermal energy conversion facilities or
plantships shall be deposited in the OTEC Demonstration
Fund.
``(3) Transfers.--Assets in the OTEC Demonstration Fund may
be transferred to the parent account when and to the extent the
balance in the OTEC Demonstration Fund exceeds the total
guarantees or commitments to guarantee made under this section
then outstanding, plus obligations issued by the Secretary under
section 53723 of this title related to the OTEC Demonstration
Fund.
``(4) Liability.--The parent account is not liable for a
guarantee or commitment to guarantee made under this section.
``(5) Maximum unpaid principal amount.--The total unpaid
principal amount of the obligations guaranteed with the backing
of the OTEC Demonstration Fund and outstanding at any one time
may not exceed $1,650,000,000.

``(g) Issuance and Payment of Obligations.--Section 53723 of this
title applies to the OTEC Demonstration Fund. However, obligations
issued by the Secretary under that section related to the OTEC
Demonstration Fund shall be payable only from proceeds realized by the
OTEC Demonstration Fund.
``(h) Taxation of Interest.--Interest on an obligation guaranteed
under this section shall be included in gross income under chapter 1 of
the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. ch. 1).

``Sec. 53732. Eligible export vessels

``(a) Applicable Terms.--The Secretary may guarantee an obligation
for an eligible export vessel in accordance with--
``(1) the terms applicable under this chapter for vessels
documented under the laws of the United States; or
``(2) other terms the Secretary determines are more
favorable than those terms and compatible with export credit
terms offered by foreign governments for the sale of vessels
built in foreign shipyards.

``(b) Interagency Council.--

[[Page 1622]]
120 STAT. 1622

``(1) Establishment.--There is an interagency council to
carry out this section.
``(2) Composition.--The council is composed of the following
individuals or their designees:
``(A) The Secretary of Transportation, who is the
chairman of the council.
``(B) The Secretary of the Treasury.
``(C) The Secretary of State.
``(D) The Assistant to the President for Economic
Policy.
``(E) The United States Trade Representative.
``(F) The President and Chairman of the Export-
Import Bank of the United States.
``(3) Functions.--The council shall--
``(A) obtain information on shipbuilding loan
guarantees, direct and indirect subsidies, and other
favorable treatment of shipyards provided by foreign
governments to shipyards in competition with United
States shipyards;
``(B) consult regularly with United States
shipbuilders to obtain the essential information about
international shipbuilding competition on which to set
terms for loan guarantees under subsection (a)(2); and
``(C) provide guidance to the Secretary in
establishing terms for loan guarantees under subsection
(a)(2).
``(4) Annual report.--Not later than January 31 of each
year, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report on
activities of the Secretary under this section during the
preceding year. The report shall include--
``(A) documentation of sources of information about
assistance by governments of other countries to
shipyards in those countries; and
``(B) a summary of recommendations made to the
Secretary during the preceding year about applications
submitted to the Secretary during that year for loan
guarantees to construct eligible export vessels.

``(c) Required Findings.--
``(1) Benefit to shipbuilding industry.--The Secretary may
not guarantee or make a commitment to guarantee an obligation
for an eligible export vessel unless the Secretary finds that
the construction, reconstruction, or reconditioning of the
vessel will aid in the transition of United States shipyards to
commercial activities or will preserve shipbuilding assets that
would be essential in time of war or national emergency.
``(2) Priority of documented vessels.--The Secretary may not
make a commitment to guarantee an obligation for an eligible
export vessel unless the Secretary determines that making the
commitment will not result in denial of an economically sound
application for a commitment to guarantee an obligation for a
vessel documented under the laws of the United States and
operating in the domestic or foreign commerce of the United
States. The Secretary has sole discretion in making the
determination. In making the determination, the Secretary shall
consider--
``(A) the status and economic soundness of pending
applications for commitments to guarantee obligations
for vessels documented under the laws of the United
States

[[Page 1623]]
120 STAT. 1623

that are operating or will be operating in the domestic
or foreign commerce of the United States; and
``(B) the amount of guarantee authority available.

``(d) Restriction on Transfer of Vessel.--The Secretary may not
guarantee or make a commitment to guarantee an obligation for an
eligible export vessel unless the owner of the vessel agrees with the
Secretary that the vessel will not be transferred to a country
designated by the Secretary of Defense as a country whose interests are
hostile to the interests of the United States.
``(e) Review by Secretary of Defense.--
``(1) Notification.--The Secretary shall promptly notify the
Secretary of Defense of the receipt of an application for a loan
guarantee for an eligible export vessel.
``(2) Disapproval.--The Secretary of Defense, within 30 days
after receiving the notice, may disapprove the guarantee based
on an assessment of the potential use of the vessel in a manner
that may harm the national security interests of the United
States. The Secretary may not disapprove a guarantee solely
because of the type of vessel to be constructed.
``(3) Delegation.--The authority of the Secretary of Defense
to disapprove a guarantee under this subsection may be delegated
only to a civilian officer of the Department of Defense
appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of
the Senate.
``(4) Prohibition.--The Secretary may not make a loan
guarantee disapproved by the Secretary of Defense under this
subsection.

``(f) Expiration of Authority.--The Secretary may not issue a
commitment to guarantee an obligation for an eligible export vessel
under this chapter after the last date on which such a commitment may be
issued under any treaty or convention entered into after November 30,
1993, that prohibits guarantee of such an obligation.

``Sec. 53733. Shipyard modernization and improvement

``(a) Definitions.--In this section:
``(1) Advanced shipbuilding technology.--The term `advanced
shipbuilding technology' includes--
``(A) numerically controlled machine tools, robots,
automated process control equipment, computerized
flexible manufacturing systems, associated computer
software, and other technology for improving
shipbuilding and related industrial production that
advance the state-of-the-art; and
``(B) novel techniques and processes designed to
improve shipbuilding quality, productivity, and
practice, and to promote sustainable development,
including engineering design, quality assurance,
concurrent engineering, continuous process production
technology, energy efficiency, waste minimization,
design for recyclability or parts reuse, inventory
management, upgraded worker skills, and communications
with customers and suppliers.
``(2) General shipyard facility.--The term `general shipyard
facility' means--
``(A) for operations on land--

[[Page 1624]]
120 STAT. 1624

``(i) a structure or appurtenance thereto
designed for the construction, reconstruction,
repair, rehabilitation, or refurbishment of a
vessel, including a graving dock, building way,
ship lift, wharf, or pier crane;
``(ii) the land necessary for the structure or
appurtenance; and
``(iii) equipment that is for use with the
structure or appurtenance and that is necessary
for performing a function referred to in clause
(i); and
``(B) for operations not on land, a vessel, floating
drydock, or barge built in the United States and used
for, equipped to be used for, or of a type normally used
for, performing a function referred to in subparagraph
(A)(i).
``(3) Modern shipbuilding technology.--The term `modern
shipbuilding technology' means the best available proven
technology, techniques, and processes appropriate to enhancing
the productivity of shipyards.

``(b) General Authority.--Under subchapter I of this chapter, the
Secretary may guarantee or make a commitment to guarantee the payment of
the principal of and interest on an obligation for advanced shipbuilding
technology and modern shipbuilding technology of a general shipyard
facility in the United States. Only a private shipyard is eligible to
receive a guarantee.
``(c) Applicability of Other Provisions.--Except as otherwise
provided in this section, a guarantee or commitment to guarantee under
this section is subject to all the provisions applicable to a guarantee
or commitment to guarantee under subchapter I of this chapter.
``(d) Amount of Obligation.--The principal amount of an obligation
guaranteed under this chapter may not exceed 87.5 percent of the actual
cost of the advanced shipbuilding technology or modern shipbuilding
technology.
``(e) Transfer of Amounts.--The Secretary may accept the transfer of
amounts from a department, agency, or instrumentality of the United
States Government and may use those amounts to cover the cost (as
defined in section 502 of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 (2
U.S.C. 661a)) of making guarantees or commitments to guarantee under
this section.

``Sec. 53734. Replacement of vessels because of changes in operating
standards

``(a) General Authority.--Notwithstanding any other provision of
this chapter, the Secretary, on terms the Secretary may prescribe, may
guarantee or make a commitment to guarantee the payment of the principal
of and interest on an obligation that aids in financing or refinancing
(including reimbursement of an obligor for expenditures previously made
for) a contract for the construction or reconstruction of a vessel if--
``(1) the vessel is designed and to be used for commercial
use in coastwise, intercoastal, or foreign trade;
``(2) the construction or reconstruction is necessary to
replace a vessel that cannot continue to be operated because of
a change required by law in the standards for the operation of
vessels, and the applicant for the guarantee or commitment would
not otherwise legally be able to continue operating vessels in
the trades in which the applicant operated vessels before the
change;

[[Page 1625]]
120 STAT. 1625

``(3) the applicant is presently engaged in transporting
cargoes in vessels of the type and class that will be
constructed or reconstructed under this section and agrees to
employ vessels constructed or reconstructed under this section
as replacements only for vessels made obsolete by the change in
operating standards;
``(4) the capacity of the vessels to be constructed or
reconstructed under this section will not increase the cargo
carrying capacity of the vessels being replaced;
``(5) the Secretary has not determined that the market
demand for the vessel over its useful life will diminish so as
to make granting the guarantee fiduciarily imprudent;
``(6) the vessel, if to be reconstructed, will have a useful
life of at least 15 years after the reconstruction; and
``(7) the Secretary has considered the criteria specified in
section 53708(a)(3)-(5) of this title.

``(b) Term and Amount of Obligation.--
``(1) Term.--The term of an obligation guaranteed under this
section may not exceed 25 years.
``(2) Amount.--The amount of an obligation guaranteed under
this section may not exceed 87.5 percent of the actual cost or
depreciated actual cost to the applicant for the construction or
reconstruction of the vessel. The Secretary may not establish a
percentage under this paragraph that is to be applied uniformly
to all guarantees or commitments to guarantee made under this
section.

``(c) Applicability of Other Provisions.--A guarantee or commitment
to guarantee under this section is also subject to sections 53701,
53702(a), 53704, 53705, 53707(a), 53708(d) and (e), 53709(a),
53710(a)(1), (2), and (4) and (c), 53711(a), 53713, 53714, 53717, and
53721-53725 of this title.
``(d) Security Against Default.--
The NOTE: Regulations. Secretary shall require by regulation that an
applicant under this section provide adequate security against default.

``(e) Guarantee Fees.--The Secretary may establish a fee for the
guarantee of an obligation under this section that is in addition to the
fee established under section 53714 of this title. The fee may be--
``(1) an annual fee of not more than an additional 1 percent
added to the fee established under section 53714 of this title;
or
``(2) a fee based on the amount of the obligation versus the
percentage of the obligor's fleet being replaced by vessels
constructed or reconstructed under this section.

``Sec. 53735. Fisheries financing and capacity reduction

``(a) Definition.--In this section, the term `program' means a
fishing capacity reduction program established under section 312 of the
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C.
1861a).
``(b) Guarantee Authority.--The Secretary may guarantee the
repayment of debt obligations issued by entities under this section.
Debt obligations to be guaranteed may be issued by any entity that has
been approved by the Secretary and has agreed with the Secretary to
conditions the Secretary considers necessary for this section to achieve
the objective of the program and to protect the interest of the United
States.

[[Page 1626]]
120 STAT. 1626

``(c) Requirements of Obligations.--A debt obligation guaranteed
under this section shall--
``(1) be treated in the same manner and to the same extent
as other obligations guaranteed under this chapter, except with
respect to provisions of this chapter that by their nature
cannot be applied to obligations guaranteed under this section;
``(2) have the fishing fees established under the program
paid into a separate subaccount of the fishing capacity
reduction fund established under this section;
``(3) not exceed $100,000,000 in an unpaid principal amount
outstanding at any one time for a program;
``(4) have such maturity (not to exceed 20 years), take such
form, and contain such conditions as the Secretary determines
necessary for the program to which they relate;
``(5) have as the exclusive source of repayment (subject to
the second sentence of subsection (d)(2)) and as the exclusive
payment security, the fishing fees established under the
program; and
``(6) at the discretion of the Secretary be issued in the
public market or sold to the Federal Financing Bank.

``(d) Fishing Capacity Reduction Fund.--
``(1) In general.--There is a separate account in the
Treasury, known as the Fishing Capacity Reduction Fund. Within
the Fund, at least one subaccount shall be established for each
program into which shall be paid all fishing fees established
under the program and other amounts authorized for the program.
``(2) Availability of amounts.--Amounts in the Fund shall be
available, without appropriation or fiscal year limitation, to
the Secretary to pay the cost of the program, including payments
to financial institutions to pay debt obligations incurred by
entities under this section. Funds available for this purpose
from other amounts available for the program may also be used to
pay those debt obligations.
``(3) Investment.--Amounts in the Fund that are not
currently needed for the purpose of this section shall be kept
on deposit or invested in obligations of the United States
Government.

``(e) Regulations.--The Secretary shall prescribe regulations the
Secretary considers necessary to carry out this section.

``CHAPTER 539--WAR RISK INSURANCE

``Sec.
``53901.  Definitions.
``53902.  Authority to provide insurance.
``53903.  Insurable interests.
``53904.  Liability insurance for persons involved in war or defense
efforts.
``53905.  Agency insurance.
``53906.  Hull insurance valuation.
``53907.  Reinsurance.
``53908.  Additional insurance privately obtained.
``53909.  War risk insurance revolving fund.
``53910.  Administrative.
``53911.  Civil actions for losses.
``53912.  Expiration date.

``Sec. 53901. Definitions

``In this chapter:
``(1) American vessel.--The term `American vessel'
includes--

[[Page 1627]]
120 STAT. 1627

``(A) a documented vessel with a registry or
coastwise endorsement under chapter 121 of this title;
``(B) an undocumented vessel owned or chartered by
or made available to the United States Government; and
``(C) a tug, barge, or other watercraft (whether or
not documented) owned by a citizen of the United States
and used in essential water transportation or in the
fisheries, except only for sport fishing.
``(2) Cargo.--The term `cargo' includes a loaded or empty
container on a vessel.
``(3) Transportation in the waterborne commerce of the
united states.--The term `transportation in the waterborne
commerce of the United States' includes the operation of a
vessel in the fisheries, except only for sport fishing.
``(4) War risks.--The term `war risks' includes, to the
extent the Secretary of Transportation determines--
``(A) any part of a loss excluded from marine
insurance coverage under a `free of capture or seizure'
clause or analogous clause; and
``(B) any other loss from a hostile act, including
confiscation, expropriation, nationalization, or
deprivation.

``Sec. 53902. Authority to provide insurance

``(a) In General.--With the approval of the President, and after
such consultation with interested agencies of United States Government
as the President may require, the Secretary of Transportation may
provide insurance and reinsurance against loss or damage from war risks
as provided by this chapter whenever it appears to the Secretary that
insurance adequate for the needs of the waterborne commerce of the
United States cannot be obtained on reasonable terms and conditions from
companies authorized to do insurance business in a State of the United
States.
``(b) Consideration of Risk.--Insurance or reinsurance under this
chapter shall be based, insofar as practicable, on consideration of the
risk involved.
``(c) Availability of Vessel During War or National Emergency.--
Insurance or reinsurance for a vessel may be provided under this chapter
only on the condition that the vessel will be available to the
Government in time of war or national emergency.

``Sec. 53903. Insurable interests

``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Transportation may provide
insurance and reinsurance under this chapter for--
``(1) an American vessel, including a vessel under
construction;
``(2) a foreign vessel--
``(A) owned by a citizen of the United States; or
``(B) engaged in transportation in the waterborne
commerce of the United States or in such other
transportation by water or such other services as the
Secretary considers to be in the interest of the
national defense or national economy of the United
States, when so engaged;
``(3) cargo--
``(A) shipped or to be shipped on a vessel insurable
under this section, including by express or registered
mail;
``(B) owned by a citizen or resident of the United
States;

[[Page 1628]]
120 STAT. 1628

``(C) imported to or exported from the United
States, or sold or purchased by a citizen or resident of
the United States, under a contract of sale or purchase
the terms of which provide that the risk of loss by war
risks or the obligation to provide insurance against war
risks is on a citizen or resident of the United States;
or
``(D) shipped between ports in the United States;
``(4) disbursements, including advances to masters and
general average disbursements, and freight and passage money of
a vessel insurable under this section;
``(5) personal effects of an individual on a vessel
insurable under this section;
``(6) loss of life, injury, or detention by an enemy of the
United States after capture, with respect to an individual on a
vessel insurable under this section; and
``(7) statutory or contractual obligations or other
liabilities of a vessel insurable under this section or of the
owner or charterer of such a vessel, of a nature customarily
covered by insurance.

``(b) Considerations for Foreign Vessels.--In determining whether to
provide insurance or reinsurance for a foreign vessel, the Secretary
shall consider the characteristics, employment, and general management
of the vessel by the owner or charterer.
``(c) Non-War Risks.--Insurance of a risk under subsection (a)(5)-
(7), insofar as it involves a liability related to an individual on the
vessel, may include risks other than war risks to the extent the
Secretary considers advisable.

``Sec. 53904. Liability insurance for persons involved in war or defense
efforts

``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Transportation may provide
insurance under this chapter against legal liability that a person may
incur in providing services or facilities for a vessel if, in the
opinion of the Secretary, the insurance--
``(1) is required in prosecuting a war or for national
defense; and
``(2) cannot be obtained at reasonable rates or on
reasonable terms and conditions from approved companies
authorized to do insurance business in a State of the United
States.

``(b) Limitations.--Employer liability insurance and worker
compensation insurance against legal liability to employees may not be
provided under this section.

``Sec. 53905. Agency insurance

``(a) In General.--With the approval of the President, an agency of
the United States Government may obtain insurance provided for by this
chapter from the Secretary of Transportation, except as provided in
sections 17302 and 17303 of title 40.
``(b) Premium Waivers.--With the approval of the President, the
Secretary of Transportation may provide insurance under this chapter at
the request of the Secretary of Defense and other agencies the President
may prescribe, without payment of an insurance premium if the Secretary
of Defense or agency agrees to indemnify the Secretary of Transportation
against loss covered by the insurance. The Secretary of Defense and
agencies may make such an indemnity agreement.

[[Page 1629]]
120 STAT. 1629

``(c) Presidential Approval.--The signature of the President (or an
official designated by the President) on the agreement shall be treated
as the approval required by section 53902(a) of this title.

``Sec. 53906. Hull insurance valuation

``(a) Stated Valuation.--The valuation in a hull insurance policy
for actual or constructive total loss of the insured vessel shall be a
stated valuation determined by the Secretary of Transportation. The
stated valuation--
``(1) shall exclude national defense features paid for by
the United States Government; and
``(2) may not exceed the amount that would be payable if the
ownership of the vessel had been requisitioned under chapter 563
of this title at the time the insurance attached under the
policy.

``(b) Rejecting Stated Valuation.--Within 60 days after the
insurance attaches under a policy referred to in subsection (a) or
within 60 days after the Secretary determines the valuation, whichever
is later, the insured may reject the valuation and pay, at the rate
provided in the policy, premiums based on the asserted valuation the
insured specifies at the time of rejection. However, the asserted
valuation is not binding on the Government in any subsequent action on
the policy.
``(c) Amount of Claim.--If a vessel is actually or constructively
totally lost and the insured under a policy referred to in subsection
(a) has not rejected the stated valuation determined by the Secretary,
the amount of a claim adjusted, compromised, settled, adjudged, or paid
may not exceed the stated valuation. However, if the insured has
rejected the valuation, the insured--
``(1) shall be paid, as a tentative advance only, 75 percent
of the stated valuation; and
``(2) may bring a civil action against the United States in
a court having jurisdiction of the claim to recover a valuation
equal to the just compensation the court determines would have
been payable if the ownership of the vessel had been
requisitioned under chapter 563 of this title at the time the
insurance attached under the policy.

``(d) Adjusting Premiums.--If a court makes a determination as
provided under subsection (c)(2), premiums paid under the policy shall
be adjusted based on the court's determination and the rates provided
for in the policy.

``Sec. 53907. Reinsurance

``(a) In General.--To the extent the Secretary of Transportation is
authorized to provide insurance under this chapter, the Secretary may
provide reinsurance to a company authorized to do insurance business in
a State of the United States. The Secretary may obtain reinsurance from
such a company for any insurance provided by the Secretary under this
chapter.
``(b) Rates.--The Secretary may not provide reinsurance at rates
less than, nor obtain reinsurance at rates more than, the rates
established by the Secretary on the same or similar risks or the rates
charged by the insurance company for the insurance reinsured, whichever
is more advantageous to the Secretary. However, the Secretary may
provide an allowance to the insurance

[[Page 1630]]
120 STAT. 1630

company for the costs of services and facilities the company provides,
in an amount the Secretary considers reasonable according to good
business practice. The allowance to the company may not include any
amount for soliciting or stimulating insurance business.

``Sec. 53908. Additional insurance privately obtained

``With the approval of the Secretary of Transportation, a person
having an insurable interest in a vessel may obtain insurance on the
vessel with other underwriting agents in addition to the insurance with
the Secretary. The Secretary is not entitled to the benefit of the
additional insurance.

``Sec. 53909. War risk insurance revolving fund

``(a) In General.--There is a war risk insurance revolving fund in
the Treasury.
``(b) Deposits.--There shall be deposited in the fund amounts
appropriated to carry out this chapter and amounts received in carrying
out this chapter.
``(c) Payments.--There shall be paid from the fund amounts for
return premiums, losses, settlements, judgments, and all liabilities
incurred by the United States Government under this chapter.
``(d) Investment.--The Secretary of Transportation may request the
Secretary of the Treasury to invest such portion of the fund as is not,
in the judgment of the Secretary of Transportation, required to meet the
current needs of the fund. These investments shall be made by the
Secretary of the Treasury in public debt securities of the Government,
with maturities suitable to the needs of the fund, and bearing interest
rates determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, taking into
consideration current market yields on outstanding marketable
obligations of the Government of comparable maturity. Interest and
benefits from the securities shall be deposited in the fund.

``Sec. 53910. Administrative

``(a) Accordance With Commercial Practice.--In carrying out this
chapter, the Secretary of Transportation may act in accordance with
commercial practice in the marine insurance business.
``(b) Regulations.--The Secretary may prescribe regulations the
Secretary considers appropriate to carry out this chapter.
``(c) Policies, Rates, and Annual Fees.--The Secretary may prescribe
and change forms and policies, and fix and change the amounts insured
and rates of premium, under this chapter.
``(d) Annual Fees.--The Secretary may charge and collect an annual
fee in an amount calculated to cover the expenses of processing
applications for insurance, employing underwriting agents, and
appointing experts under this chapter.
``(e) Payment of Claims and Judgments.--The Secretary may settle and
pay claims, and pay judgments against the United States, related to
insurance under this chapter.
``(f) Underwriting Agents.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary may, and when the Secretary
finds it practical to do so shall, employ a domestic company or
group of domestic companies, authorized to do marine insurance
business in a State of the United States, to act as underwriting
agent for the Secretary. The services of an underwriting agent
may be used in adjusting claims, but a claim may not be paid
until approved by the Secretary.

[[Page 1631]]
120 STAT. 1631

``(2) Compensation.--The Secretary may allow the company or
group of companies reasonable compensation for services as the
underwriting agent. The compensation may include an allowance
for expenses reasonably incurred by the agent, but may not
include any amount for soliciting or stimulating business.

``(g) Fees For Arranging Insurance.--Except as provided in
subsection (f)(2), the Secretary may not pay an insurance broker or
other person acting in a similar intermediary capacity a fee or other
consideration for participating in arranging insurance when the
Secretary directly insures any of the risk.
``(h) Employment of Marine Insurance Experts.--The Secretary,
without regard to the laws and regulations on the employment of Federal
employees, may appoint and prescribe the duties of experts in marine
insurance as the Secretary considers necessary to carry out this
chapter.
``(i) Services of Other Government Agencies.--With the consent of
another agency of the United States Government, the Secretary may use
information, services, facilities, officers, and employees of the agency
in carrying out this chapter.
``(j) Vessel Location Reporting.--The Secretary may prescribe by
regulation vessel location reporting requirements for a vessel insured
under this chapter.

``Sec. 53911. Civil actions for losses

``(a) In General.--If there is a disagreement about a loss insured
under this chapter, a civil action in admiralty may be brought against
the United States in the district court of the United States for the
district in which the plaintiff or the plaintiff's agent resides. If the
plaintiff has no residence in the United States, the action may be
brought in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia
or in the district court for any district in which the Attorney General
agrees to accept service. Any person who may have an interest in the
insurance may be made a party, either initially or on the motion of
either party.
``(b) Exclusive Remedy.--A civil action against the United States
under this section is exclusive of any other action by reason of the
same subject matter against an officer, employee, or agent employed or
retained by the Government under this chapter.
``(c) Procedure.--A civil action under this section shall be heard
and determined under chapter 309 of this title.
``(d) Tolling of Limitations Period.--If a claim is filed with the
Secretary of Transportation, the running of the limitations period for
bringing a civil action is suspended until the Secretary denies the
claim, and for 60 days thereafter. The Secretary is deemed to have
denied the claim if the Secretary does not act on the claim within 6
months after the claim is filed, unless the Secretary for good cause
shown agrees with the claimant on a different period for the Secretary
to act on the claim.
``(e) Interpleader.--If the Secretary acknowledges the indebtedness
of the Government under the insurance and there is a dispute about the
persons entitled to receive payment, the Government may bring a civil
action interpleading those persons. The action shall be brought in the
United States District Court for the District of Columbia or in the
district court for the district in which any of those persons resides. A
person not residing or found in the district may be made a party by
service in any

[[Page 1632]]
120 STAT. 1632

reasonable manner the court directs. If the court is satisfied that
unknown persons might make a claim under the insurance, the court may
direct service on those unknown persons by publication in the Federal
Register. Judgment after service by publication in the Federal Register
discharges the Government from further liability to all persons.

``Sec. 53912. Expiration date

``The authority of the Secretary of Transportation to provide
insurance and reinsurance under this chapter expires on December 31,
2010.

``Part D--Promotional Programs

``CHAPTER 551--COASTWISE TRADE

``Sec.
``55101.  Application of coastwise laws.
``55102.  Transportation of merchandise.
``55103.  Transportation of passengers.
``55104.  Transportation of passengers between Puerto Rico and other
ports in the United States.
``55105.  Transportation of hazardous waste.
``55106.  Merchandise transferred between barges.
``55107.  Empty cargo containers and barges.
``55108.  Platform jackets.
``55109.  Dredging.
``55110.  Transportation of dredged material.
``55111.  Towing.
``55112.  Vessel escort operations and towing assistance.
``55113.  Use of foreign documented oil spill response vessels.
``55114.  Unloading fish from foreign vessels.
``55115.  Supplies on fish processing vessels.
``55116.  Canadian rail lines.
``55117.  Great Lakes rail route.
``55118.  Foreign railroads whose road enters by ferry, tugboat, or
towboat.
``55119.  Yukon River.
``55120.  Transshipment of imported merchandise intended for immediate
exportation.
``55121.  Transportation of merchandise and passengers on Canadian
vessels.

``Sec. 55101. Application of coastwise laws

``(a) In General.--Except as provided in subsection (b), the
coastwise laws apply to the United States, including the island
territories and possessions of the United States.
``(b) Exceptions.--The coastwise laws do not apply to--
``(1) American Samoa;
``(2) the Northern Mariana Islands, except as provided in
section 502(b) of the Covenant To Establish a Commonwealth of
the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union With the United
States of America (48 U.S.C. 1801 note);
``(3) Canton Island until the President declares by
proclamation that the coastwise laws apply to Canton Island; or
``(4) the Virgin Islands until the President declares by
proclamation that the coastwise laws apply to the Virgin
Islands.

``Sec. 55102. Transportation of merchandise

``(a) Definition.--In this section, the term `merchandise'
includes--
``(1) merchandise owned by the United States Government, a
State, or a subdivision of a State; and

[[Page 1633]]
120 STAT. 1633

``(2) valueless material.

``(b) Requirements.--Except as otherwise provided in this chapter or
chapter 121 of this title, a vessel may not provide any part of the
transportation of merchandise by water, or by land and water, between
points in the United States to which the coastwise laws apply, either
directly or via a foreign port, unless the vessel--
``(1) is wholly owned by citizens of the United States for
purposes of engaging in the coastwise trade; and
``(2) has been issued a certificate of documentation with a
coastwise endorsement under chapter 121 or is exempt from
documentation but would otherwise be eligible for such a
certificate and endorsement.

``(c) Penalty.--Merchandise transported in violation of subsection
(b) is liable to seizure by and forfeiture to the Government.
Alternatively, an amount equal to the value of the merchandise (as
determined by the Secretary of Homeland Security) or the actual cost of
the transportation, whichever is greater, may be recovered from any
person transporting the merchandise or causing the merchandise to be
transported.

``Sec. 55103. Transportation of passengers

``(a) In General.--Except as otherwise provided in this chapter or
chapter 121 of this title, a vessel may not transport passengers between
ports or places in the United States to which the coastwise laws apply,
either directly or via a foreign port, unless the vessel--
``(1) is wholly owned by citizens of the United States for
purposes of engaging in the coastwise trade; and
``(2) has been issued a certificate of documentation with a
coastwise endorsement under chapter 121 or is exempt from
documentation but would otherwise be eligible for such a
certificate and endorsement.

``(b) Penalty.--The penalty for violating subsection (a) is $300 for
each passenger transported and landed.

``Sec. 55104. Transportation of passengers between Puerto Rico and other
ports in the United States

``(a) Definitions.--In this section:
``(1) Certificate.--The term `certificate' means a
certificate of financial responsibility for indemnification of
passengers for nonperformance of transportation issued by the
Federal Maritime Commission under section 44102 of this title.
``(2) Passenger vessel.--The term `passenger vessel' means a
vessel of similar size, or offering similar service, as any
other vessel transporting passengers under subsection (b).

``(b) Exemption.--Except as otherwise provided in this section, a
vessel not qualified to engage in the coastwise trade may transport
passengers between a port in Puerto Rico and another port in the United
States.
``(c) Expiration of Exemption.--
``(1) When coastwise-qualified vessel offering service.--On
a showing to the Secretary of the department in which the Coast
Guard is operating, by the vessel owner or charterer, that a
United States passenger vessel qualified to engage in the
coastwise trade is offering or advertising passenger service
between a port in Puerto Rico and another port in the United
States pursuant to a certificate, the Secretary

[[Page 1634]]
120 STAT. 1634

shall notify the owner or operator of each vessel transporting
passengers under subsection (b) NOTE: Deadline. to terminate
that transportation within 270 days after the Secretary's
notification. Except as provided in subsection (d), the
authority to transport passengers under subsection (b) expires
at the end of that 270-day period.
``(2) When non-coastwise-qualified vessel offering
service.--On NOTE: Notification. a showing to the Secretary,
by the vessel owner or charterer, that a United States passenger
vessel not qualified to engage in the coastwise trade is
offering or advertising passenger service between a port in
Puerto Rico and another port in the United States pursuant to a
certificate, the Secretary shall notify the owner or operator of
each foreign vessel transporting passengers under subsection (b)
to terminate that transportation within 270 days after the
Secretary's notification. Except as provided in subsection (d),
the authority of a foreign vessel to transport passengers under
subsection (b) expires at the end of that 270-day period.

``(d) Delaying Expiration.--If the vessel offering or advertising
the service described in subsection (c) has not begun that service
within 270 days after the Secretary's notification, the expiration
provided by subsection (c) is delayed until 90 days after the vessel
offering or advertising the service begins that service.
``(e) Reinstatement of Exemption.--If the Secretary finds that the
service on which an expiration was based is no longer available, the
expired authority to transport passengers is reinstated.

``Sec. 55105. Transportation of hazardous waste

``(a) In General.--The transportation of hazardous waste, as defined
in section 1004(5) of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
(42 U.S.C. 6903(5)), from a point in the United States to sea for
incineration is deemed to be transportation of merchandise under section
55102 of this title.
``(b) Nonapplication to Certain Foreign Vessels.--
``(1) In general.--Subsection (a) does not apply to
transportation performed by a foreign ocean incineration vessel
owned by or under construction on May 1, 1982, for a corporation
wholly owned by citizens of the United States under section
50501(a)-(c) of this title.
``(2) Standards for incineration equipment.--Incineration
equipment on a vessel described in paragraph (1) must meet
standards of the Coast Guard and the Environmental Protection
Agency.
``(3) Inspection.--A vessel described in paragraph (1) shall
be inspected by the Coast Guard, regardless of whether inspected
by the nation in which it is registered. The inspection shall be
the same as would be required of a vessel of the United States,
including drydock inspection and internal examination of tanks
and void spaces. The inspection may be made concurrently with an
inspection by that nation or within one year after the initial
issuance or next scheduled issuance of the Safety of Life at Sea
Safety Construction Certificate. In making the inspection, the
Coast Guard shall refer to the condition of the hull and
superstructure established by the initial foreign certification
as the basis for evaluating the current condition of the hull
and superstructure. The Coast Guard shall allow the substitution
of fittings, material, apparatus,

[[Page 1635]]
120 STAT. 1635

equipment, and appliances different from those required for
vessels of the United States if satisfied they are equivalent
and at least as effective as those required for vessels of the
United States. A satisfactory inspection under this paragraph
shall be certified in writing by the Secretary of the department
in which the Coast Guard is operating.

``(c) Effective Date.--Subsection (a) is not effective until an
appropriate vessel has been built and documented under chapter 121 of
this title.

``Sec. 55106. Merchandise transferred between barges

``(a) In General.--On terms and conditions the Secretary of Homeland
Security may prescribe by regulation, the Secretary may suspend the
application of section 55102 of this title to the transportation of
merchandise that is transferred, when moving in the foreign trade of the
United States, from a barge certified by the owner or operator as
designed specifically for carriage on a vessel and carried regularly on
a vessel in foreign trade, to another such barge owned or leased by the
same owner or operator. However, this subsection does not apply to
transportation between the continental United States and noncontiguous
States, territories, or possessions to which the coastwise laws apply.
``(b) Reciprocity Requirement for Foreign Vessels.--This section
applies to a vessel of foreign registry only if the Secretary of
Homeland Security finds, based on information from the Secretary of
State, that the government of the nation of registry extends reciprocal
privileges to vessels of the United States.

``Sec. 55107. Empty cargo containers and barges

``(a) In General.--Subject to subsections (b) and (c), and on terms
and conditions the Secretary of Homeland Security may prescribe by
regulation, section 55102 of this title does not apply to the
transportation of--
``(1) empty cargo vans, empty lift vans, or empty shipping
tanks;
``(2) equipment for use with cargo vans, lift vans, or
shipping tanks;
``(3) empty barges specifically designed for carriage aboard
a vessel and equipment (except propulsion equipment) for use
with those barges;
``(4) empty instruments for international traffic exempted
from the customs laws under section 322(a) of the Tariff Act of
1930 (19 U.S.C. 1322(a)); or
``(5) stevedoring equipment and material.

``(b) Conditions.--
``(1) Paragraphs (1)-(4).--Paragraphs (1)-(4) of subsection
(a) apply only if the items named are owned or leased by the
owner or operator of the vessel and transported for its use in
handling its cargo in foreign trade.
``(2) Paragraph (5).--Paragraph (5) of subsection (a)
applies only if the items named are--
``(A) owned or leased by the owner or operator of
the vessel or by the stevedoring company having the
contract for the loading or unloading of the vessel; and
``(B) transported without charge for use in the
handling of cargo in foreign trade.

[[Page 1636]]
120 STAT. 1636

``(c) Reciprocity Requirement for Foreign Vessels.--This section
applies to a vessel of foreign registry only if the Secretary of
Homeland Security finds, based on information from the Secretary of
State, that the government of the nation of registry extends reciprocal
privileges to vessels of the United States.

``Sec. 55108. Platform jackets

``(a) Definitions.--In this section:
``(1) Coastwise qualified vessel.--The term `coastwise
qualified vessel' means a vessel that has been issued a
certificate of documentation with a coastwise endorsement under
chapter 121 of this title.
``(2) Platform jacket.--The term `platform jacket' refers to
a single physical component and includes any type of offshore
exploration, development, or production structure or component
thereof, including--
``(A) platform jackets;
``(B) tension leg or SPAR platform superstructures
(including the deck, drilling rig and support utilities,
and supporting structure);
``(C) hull (including vertical legs and connecting
pontoons or vertical cylinder);
``(D) tower and base sections of a platform jacket;
``(E) jacket structures; and
``(F) deck modules (known as `topsides').

``(b) Authorized Transportation.--Section 55102 of this title does
not apply to the transportation of a platform jacket in or on a non-
coastwise qualified launch barge between two points in the United
States, at one of which there is an installation or other device within
the meaning of section 4(a) of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43
U.S.C. 1333(a)), if--
``(1) the launch barge was built before December 31, 2000,
and has a launch capacity of at least 12,000 long tons; and
``(2) the Secretary of Transportation makes a determination,
in accordance with procedures established under subsection (c),
that a suitable coastwise qualified vessel is not available for
use in the transportation and, if needed, launch or installation
of a platform jacket.

``(c) Procedures To Maximize Use of Coastwise Qualified Vessels.--
The Secretary of Transportation shall adopt procedures implementing this
section that are reasonably designed to provide timely information so as
to maximize the use of coastwise qualified vessels. The procedures
shall, among other things, establish that for purposes of this section,
a coastwise qualified vessel shall be deemed to be not available only
if--
``(1) NOTE: Notification. Federal Register,
publication. on application by an owner or operator for the
use of a non-coastwise qualified launch barge for transportation
of a platform jacket under this section (which application shall
include all relevant information, including engineering details
and timing requirements), the Secretary promptly publishes a
notice in the Federal Register--
``(A) describing the project and the platform jacket
involved;
``(B) advising that all relevant information
reasonably needed to assess the transportation
requirements for the platform jacket will be made
available to interested parties on request; and

[[Page 1637]]
120 STAT. 1637

``(C) NOTE: Deadline. requesting that
information on the availability of coastwise qualified
vessels be submitted within 30 days after publication of
that notice; and
``(2)(A) NOTE: Deadline. no information is submitted to
the Secretary within that 30 day period; or
``(B) the owner or operator of a coastwise qualified vessel
submits information to the Secretary asserting that the owner or
operator has a suitable coastwise qualified vessel available for
the transportation, but the Secretary determines, within 90 days
after the notice is first published, that the coastwise
qualified vessel is not suitable or reasonably available for the
transportation.

``Sec. 55109. Dredging

``(a) In General.--Except as provided in subsection (b), a vessel
may engage in dredging in the navigable waters of the United States only
if--
``(1) the vessel is wholly owned by citizens of the United
States for purposes of engaging in the coastwise trade;
``(2) the charterer, if any, is a citizen of the United
States for purposes of engaging in the coastwise trade; and
``(3) the vessel has been issued a certificate of
documentation with a coastwise endorsement under chapter 121 of
this title or is exempt from documentation but would otherwise
be eligible for such a certificate and endorsement.

``(b) Dredging of Gold in Alaska.--A documented vessel with a
registry endorsement may engage in the dredging of gold in Alaska.
``(c) Penalty.--If a vessel is operated in knowing violation of this
section, the vessel and its equipment are liable to seizure by and
forfeiture to the United States Government.

``Sec. 55110. Transportation of dredged material

``Section 55102 of this title applies to the transportation of
valueless material or dredged material, regardless of whether it has
commercial value, from a point in the United States or on the high seas
within the exclusive economic zone, to another point in the United
States or on the high seas within the exclusive economic zone.

``Sec. 55111. Towing

``(a) In General.--Except when towing a vessel in distress, a vessel
may not do any part of any towing described in subsection (b) unless the
towing vessel--
``(1) is wholly owned by citizens of the United States for
purposes of engaging in the coastwise trade; and
``(2) has been issued a certificate of documentation with a
coastwise endorsement under chapter 121 of this title or is
exempt from documentation but would otherwise be eligible for
such a certificate and endorsement.

``(b) Applicable Towing.--Subsection (a) applies to the towing of--
``(1) a vessel between ports or places in the United States
to which the coastwise laws apply, either directly or via a
foreign port or place;
``(2) a vessel from point to point within the harbors of
ports or places to which the coastwise laws apply; or

[[Page 1638]]
120 STAT. 1638

``(3) a vessel transporting valueless material or dredged
material, regardless of whether it has commercial value, from a
point in the United States or on the high seas within the
exclusive economic zone, to another point in the United States
or on the high seas within the exclusive economic zone.

``(c) Penalties.--
``(1) Owner and master.--The owner and master of a vessel
towing another vessel in violation of this section are each
liable for a penalty of at least $350 but not more than $1,100.
A penalty under this paragraph constitutes a lien on the vessel.
The lien is enforceable in a district court of the United States
for any district in which the vessel is found. Clearance may not
be granted to the vessel until the penalties have been paid.
``(2) Vessel.--In addition to the penalties under paragraph
(1), the towing vessel is liable for a penalty of $60 per ton
based on the tonnage of each towed vessel.

``Sec. 55112. Vessel escort operations and towing assistance

``(a) In General.--Except in the case of a vessel in distress, only
a vessel of the United States may perform the following escort vessel
operations within the navigable waters of the United States:
``(1) Operations that commence or terminate at a port or
place in the United States.
``(2) Operations required by United States law or
regulation.
``(3) Operations provided in whole or in part within or
through navigation facilities owned, maintained, or operated by
the United States Government or the approaches to those
facilities, other than facilities operated by the St. Lawrence
Seaway Development Corporation on the St. Lawrence River portion
of the Seaway.

``(b) Escort Vessels.--For purposes of this section, an escort
vessel is--
``(1) any vessel that is assigned and dedicated to assist
another vessel, whether or not tethered to that vessel, solely
as a safety precaution to assist in controlling the speed or
course of the assisted vessel in the event of a steering or
propulsion equipment failure, or any other similar emergency
circumstance, or in restricted waters where additional
assistance in maneuvering the vessel is required to ensure its
safe operation; and
``(2) in the case of a vessel being towed under section
55111 of this title, any vessel that is assigned and dedicated
to the vessel being towed in addition to any towing vessel
required under that section.

``(c) Relationship to Other Law.--This section does not affect
section 55111 of this title.
``(d) Penalty.--A person violating this section is liable to the
Government for a civil penalty of not more than $10,000 for each day
during which the violation occurs.

``Sec. 55113. Use of foreign documented oil spill response vessels

``Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an oil spill response
vessel documented under the laws of a foreign country may operate in
waters of the United States on an emergency and temporary basis, for the
purpose of recovering, transporting,

[[Page 1639]]
120 STAT. 1639

and unloading in a United States port oil discharged as a result of an
oil spill in or near those waters, if--
``(1) an adequate number and type of oil spill response
vessels documented under the laws of the United States cannot be
engaged to recover oil from an oil spill in or near those waters
in a timely manner, as determined by the Federal On-Scene
Coordinator for a discharge or threat of a discharge of oil; and
``(2) the foreign country has by its laws accorded to
vessels of the United States the same privileges accorded to
vessels of the foreign country under this section.

``Sec. 55114. Unloading fish from foreign vessels

``(a) Prohibitions.--Except as otherwise provided by this section or
a treaty or convention to which the United States is a party, a foreign
vessel may not unload, in a port of the United States--
``(1) its catch of fish taken on board on the high seas or
fish products processed from that catch of fish; or
``(2) fish or fish products taken on board that vessel on
the high seas from a vessel engaged in fishing operations or the
processing of fish or fish products.

``(b) Regulations on Obtaining Information.--The Secretary of
Commerce may prescribe regulations the Secretary considers necessary to
obtain information on the transportation of fish products by vessels of
the United States for foreign fish processing vessels to points in the
United States.
``(c) Virgin Islands.--
``(1) In general.--A foreign vessel of not more than 50 feet
overall in length may unload its catch of fresh fish (whole or
with the heads, viscera, or fins removed, but not frozen,
otherwise processed, or further advanced) in a port of the
Virgin Islands for immediate consumption in those islands. Fish
unloaded under this paragraph may be sold or transferred only
for immediate consumption. In the absence of satisfactory
evidence that a sale or transfer to an agent, representative, or
employee of a freezer or cannery is for immediate consumption,
the sale or transfer is deemed not to be for immediate
consumption. This paragraph does not prohibit the freezing,
smoking, or other processing of fresh fish by the ultimate
consumer of the fish.
``(2) NOTE: Virgin Islands. Seizure, forfeiture, and
penalty.--Fish unloaded in the Virgin Islands that are retained,
sold, or transferred, except as allowed by paragraph (1), are
liable to seizure by and forfeiture to the United States
Government. A person retaining, selling, transferring, buying,
or receiving the fish is liable to the Government for a civil
penalty of not more than $1,000 for each violation. A penalty or
forfeiture under this paragraph may be compromised, modified, or
remitted under section 2107(b) of this title.

``(d) Northern Mariana Islands.--Subsection (a) does not apply to
the Northern Mariana Islands.

[[Page 1640]]
120 STAT. 1640

``Sec. 55115. Supplies on fish processing vessels

``Section 55102 of this title does not apply to supplies aboard a
United States documented fish processing vessel that are necessary and
used for processing or assembling fishery products aboard such a vessel.

``Sec. 55116. Canadian rail lines

``Section 55102 of this title does not apply to the transportation
of merchandise between points in the continental United States,
including Alaska, over through routes in part over Canadian rail lines
and connecting water facilities if the routes are recognized by the
Surface Transportation Board and rate tariffs for the routes have been
filed with the Board.

``Sec. 55117. Great Lakes rail route

``Section 55102 of this title does not apply to the transportation
of merchandise loaded on a railroad car or to a motor vehicle with or
without a trailer, and with its passengers or contents when accompanied
by the operator, when the railroad car or motor vehicle is transported
in a railroad car ferry operated between fixed terminals on the Great
Lakes as part of a rail route, if--
``(1) the car ferry is owned by a common carrier by water
and operated as part of a rail route with the approval of the
Surface Transportation Board;
``(2) the stock of the common carrier by water, or its
predecessor, was owned or controlled by a common carrier by rail
prior to June 5, 1920;
``(3) the stock of the common carrier owning the car ferry
is, with the approval of the Board, now owned or controlled by a
common carrier by rail; and
``(4) the car ferry is built in and documented under the
laws of the United States.

``Sec. 55118. Foreign railroads whose road enters by ferry, tugboat, or
towboat

``A foreign railroad, whose road enters the United States by ferry,
tugboat, or towboat, may own and operate a vessel not having a coastwise
endorsement in connection with the water transportation of the
passenger, freight, express, baggage, and mail cars used by that road,
together with the passengers, freight, express matter, baggage, and
mails transported in those cars. However, the foreign railroad is
subject to the same restrictions imposed by law on a vessel of the
United States entering a port of the United States from the same foreign
country. Except as otherwise authorized by this chapter, the ferry,
tugboat, or towboat may not, under penalty of forfeiture, be used in the
transportation of merchandise between ports or places in the United
States to which the coastwise laws apply.

``Sec. 55119. Yukon River

``Section 55102 of this title does not apply to the transportation
of merchandise on the Yukon River until the Alaska Railroad is completed
and the Secretary of Transportation finds that proper facilities will be
available for transportation by citizens of the United States to
properly handle the traffic.

[[Page 1641]]
120 STAT. 1641

``Sec. 55120. Transshipment of imported merchandise intended for
immediate exportation

``The Secretary of Homeland Security may prescribe regulations for
the transshipment and transportation of merchandise that is imported
into the United States by sea for immediate exportation to a foreign
port by sea, or by a river, the right to ascend or descend which for the
purposes of commerce is secured by treaty to the citizens of the United
States and the subjects of a foreign power.

``Sec. 55121. Transportation of merchandise and passengers on Canadian
vessels

``(a) NOTE: New York. Between Rochester and Alexandria Bay.--
Until passenger service is established by vessels of the United States
between the port of Rochester, New York, and the port of Alexandria Bay,
New York, the Secretary of Homeland Security may issue annually permits
to Canadian passenger vessels to transport passengers between those
ports. Canadian vessels holding such a permit are not subject to section
55103 of this title.

``(b) Within Alaska or Between Alaska and Other Points in the United
States.--Until the Secretary of Transportation determines that service
by vessels of the United States is available to provide the
transportation described in paragraph (1) or (2), sections 55102 and
55103 of this title do not apply to the transportation on Canadian
vessels of--
``(1) passengers between ports in southeastern Alaska; or
``(2) passengers or merchandise between Hyder, Alaska, and
other points in southeastern Alaska or in the United States
outside Alaska.

``CHAPTER 553--PASSENGER AND CARGO PREFERENCES

``SUBCHAPTER I--GENERAL

``Sec.
``55301.  Priority loading for coal.
``55302.  Transportation of United States Government personnel.
``55303.  Motor vehicles owned by United States Government personnel.
``55304.  Exports financed by the United States Government.
``55305.  Cargoes procured, furnished, or financed by the United States
Government.

``SUBCHAPTER II--EXPORT TRANSPORTATION OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES

``55311.  Findings and purposes.
``55312.  Determining prevailing world market price.
``55313.  Exemption of certain agricultural exports from cargo
preference provisions.
``55314.  Transportation requirements for certain exports sponsored by
the Secretary of Agriculture.
``55315.  Minimum tonnage.
``55316.  Financing the transportation of agricultural commodities.
``55317.  Termination of subchapter.
``55318.  Effect on other law.

``SUBCHAPTER III--AMERICAN GREAT LAKES VESSELS

``55331.  Definitions.
``55332.  Designating American Great Lakes vessels.
``55333.  Exemption from restriction on transporting certain cargo.
``55334.  Restrictions on operations.
``55335.  Revocations and terminations of designations.
``55336.  Civil penalty.

[[Page 1642]]
120 STAT. 1642

``SUBCHAPTER I--GENERAL

``Sec. 55301. Priority loading for coal

``A vessel engaged in the coastwise transportation of coal produced
in the United States, from a port in the United States to another port
in the United States, shall be given priority in loading at any of those
ports ahead of a waiting vessel engaged in the export transportation of
coal produced in the United States. However, if the Secretary of
Transportation finds that it is in the national interest, the Secretary
may eliminate this priority loading at any port. The Secretary
shall NOTE: Reports. report to Congress within 30 days an action
eliminating priority loading under this section.

``Sec. 55302. Transportation of United States Government personnel

``(a) In General.--An officer or employee of the United States
Government traveling by sea on official business overseas or to or from
a territory or possession of the United States shall travel and
transport personal effects on a vessel documented under the laws of the
United Sates if such a vessel is available, unless the necessity of the
mission requires the use of a foreign vessel.
``(b) Regulations.--The Administrator of General Services shall
prescribe regulations under which agencies may not pay for or reimburse
an officer or employee for travel or transportation expenses incurred on
a foreign vessel in the absence of satisfactory proof of the necessity
of using the vessel.

``Sec. 55303. Motor vehicles owned by United States Government personnel

``Notwithstanding any other law, privately-owned American shipping
services may be used to transport motor vehicles owned by personnel of
the United States Government whenever transportation of those vehicles
at Government expense is otherwise authorized by law.

``Sec. 55304. Exports financed by the United States Government

``It is the sense of Congress that any loans made by an
instrumentality of the United States Government to foster the exporting
of agricultural or other products shall provide that the products may be
transported only on vessels of the United States unless, as to any or
all of those products, the Secretary of Transportation, after
investigation, certifies to the instrumentality that vessels of the
United States are not available in sufficient number, in sufficient
tonnage capacity, on necessary schedules, or at reasonable rates.

``Sec. 55305. Cargoes procured, furnished, or financed by the United
States Government

``(a) Definition.--In this section, the term `privately-owned
commercial vessel of the United States' does not include a vessel that,
after September 21, 1961, was built or rebuilt outside the United States
or documented under the laws of a foreign country, until the vessel has
been documented under the laws of the United States for at least 3
years.
``(b) Minimum Tonnage.--When the United States Government procures,
contracts for, or otherwise obtains for its own account, or furnishes to
or for the account of a foreign country without

[[Page 1643]]
120 STAT. 1643

provision for reimbursement, any equipment, materials, or commodities,
within or without the United States, or advances funds or credits, or
guarantees the convertibility of foreign currencies in connection with
the furnishing of the equipment, materials, or commodities, the
appropriate agencies shall take steps necessary and practicable to
ensure that at least 50 percent of the gross tonnage of the equipment,
materials, or commodities (computed separately for dry bulk carriers,
dry cargo liners, and tankers) which may be transported on ocean vessels
is transported on privately-owned commercial vessels of the United
States, to the extent those vessels are available at fair and reasonable
rates for commercial vessels of the United States, in a manner that will
ensure a fair and reasonable participation of commercial vessels of the
United States in those cargoes by geographic areas.
``(c) Waivers.--The President, the Secretary of Defense, or Congress
(by concurrent resolution or otherwise) may waive this section
temporarily by--
``(1) declaring the existence of an emergency justifying a
waiver; and
``(2) notifying the appropriate agencies of the waiver.

``(d) Programs of Other Agencies.--An NOTE: Regulations. agency
having responsibility under this section shall administer its programs
with respect to this section under regulations prescribed by the
Secretary of Transportation. NOTE: Reports. The Secretary shall
review the administration of those programs and report annually to
Congress on their administration.

``SUBCHAPTER II--EXPORT TRANSPORTATION OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES

``Sec. 55311. Findings and purposes

``(a) Findings.--Congress finds that--
``(1) a productive and healthy agricultural industry and a
strong and active United States maritime industry are vitally
important to the economic well-being and security of the United
States;
``(2) both industries must compete in international markets
increasingly dominated by foreign trade barriers and the
subsidization practices of foreign governments; and
``(3) increased agricultural exports and the use of merchant
vessels of the United States contribute positively to the United
States balance of trade and generate employment opportunities in
the United States.

``(b) Purposes.--The purposes of this subchapter are to--
``(1) enable the Secretary of Agriculture to plan export
programs effectively, by clarifying the ocean transportation
requirements applicable to those programs;
``(2) take immediate and positive steps to promote the
growth of the cargo-carrying capacity of the United States
merchant marine;
``(3) expand international trade in United States
agricultural commodities and products and develop, maintain, and
expand markets for United States agricultural exports;
``(4) improve the efficiency of administration of both the
commodity purchasing and selling activities and the ocean
transportation activities associated with export programs
sponsored by the Secretary;

[[Page 1644]]
120 STAT. 1644

``(5) stimulate and promote the agricultural and maritime
industries of the United States and encourage cooperative
efforts by both industries to address their common problems; and
``(6) provide for the appropriate disposition of these
findings and purposes.

``Sec. 55312. Determining prevailing world market price

``(a) Agricultural Commodities and Products.--The prevailing world
market price for agricultural commodities or their products shall be
determined under this subchapter under procedures prescribed by the
Secretary of Agriculture. NOTE: Regulations. Notification. Public
comment. The Secretary shall prescribe the procedures by regulation,
with notice and opportunity for public comment under section 553 of
title 5.

``(b) Services and Non-Agricultural Commodities and Products.--If a
determination of the prevailing world market price of any other type of
materials, goods, equipment, or service is required to determine whether
a barter or exchange transaction is subject to section 55314(b)(6) or
(7) of this title, the determination shall be made by the Secretary of
Agriculture in consultation with the heads of other appropriate
agencies.

``Sec. 55313. Exemption of certain agricultural exports from cargo
preference provisions

``Sections 55304 and 55305 of this title do not apply to export
activities of the Secretary of Agriculture or the Commodity Credit
Corporation under which--
``(1) agricultural commodities or their products acquired by
the Corporation are made available to United States exporters,
users, processors, or foreign purchasers for the purpose of
developing, maintaining, or expanding export markets for United
States agricultural commodities or their products at prevailing
world market prices;
``(2) payments are made available to United States
exporters, users, or processors or, except as provided in
section 55314 of this title, cash grants are made available to
foreign purchasers, for the purpose described in paragraph (1);
``(3) commercial credit guarantees are blended with direct
credits from the Corporation to reduce the effective rate of
interest on export sales of United States agricultural
commodities or their products;
``(4) credit or credit guarantees for not more than 3 years
are extended by the Corporation to finance or guarantee export
sales of United States agricultural commodities or their
products; or
``(5) agricultural commodities or their products owned or
controlled by or under loan from the Corporation are exchanged
or bartered for materials, goods, equipment, or services at
least equal in value to the agricultural commodities or their
products for which they are exchanged or bartered (determined on
the basis of prevailing world market prices at the time of the
exchange or barter), but this paragraph does not exempt from the
cargo preference provisions referred to in section 55314(b) of
this title any requirement otherwise applicable to the
materials, goods, equipment, or services imported under the
transaction.

[[Page 1645]]
120 STAT. 1645

``Sec. 55314. Transportation requirements for certain exports sponsored
by the Secretary of Agriculture

``(a) Minimum Tonnage.--
``(1) In general.--In addition to the requirement under
section 55305 of this title for the transportation of a
percentage of gross tonnage on commercial vessels of the United
States, 25 percent of the gross tonnage of agricultural
commodities or their products specified in subsection (b) shall
be transported each calendar year on commercial vessels of the
United States that--
``(A) are necessary for national security; and
``(B) if more than 25 years old, were rebuilt within
the last 5 years and certified by the Secretary of
Transportation as having a useful life of at least 5
years after that rebuilding.
``(2) Calendar year.--To provide for effective and equitable
administration of the cargo preference laws, the calendar year
for the purpose of compliance with minimum percentage
requirements is the 12-month period beginning October 1 of each
year.

``(b) Applicable Export Activity.--This section applies to export
activity (except inspection or weighing activities, other activities
carried out for health or safety, or technical assistance provided in
the handling of commercial transactions) of the Secretary of Agriculture
or the Commodity Credit Corporation--
``(1) carried out under the Agricultural Trade Development
and Assistance Act of 1954 (7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.);
``(2) carried out under section 416 of the Agricultural Act
of 1949 (7 U.S.C. 1431);
``(3) carried out under the Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust
Act (7 U.S.C. 1736f-1);
``(4) under which agricultural commodities or their products
are--
``(A) donated through foreign governments or private
or public agencies, including intergovernmental
organizations; or
``(B) sold for foreign currencies or for dollars on
credit terms of more than 10 years;
``(5) under which agricultural commodities or their products
are made available for emergency food relief at less than
prevailing world market prices;
``(6) under which a cash grant is made directly or through
an intermediary to a foreign purchaser to enable the purchaser
to obtain United States agricultural commodities or their
products in an amount greater than the difference between the
prevailing world market price and the United States market
price, free along side vessel at a United States port; or
``(7) under which agricultural commodities owned or
controlled by or under loan from the Corporation are exchanged
or bartered for materials, goods, equipment, or services
produced in foreign countries, except export activities
described in section 55313(5) of this title.

``(c) Additional Requirements.--
``(1) Application of section 55305.--The requirement for
transportation on vessels of the United States under subsection
(a) is subject to the same terms and conditions as provided in
section 55305 of this title.

[[Page 1646]]
120 STAT. 1646

``(2) Allocation of commodities.--Subject to paragraph (3),
in carrying out this section and section 55305 of this title,
the Corporation shall take steps necessary and practicable, and
consistent with this section and section 55305, without
detriment to any port range to allocate, on the principle of
lowest landed cost without regard to the country of registry of
the vessel, 25 percent of the bagged, processed, or fortified
commodities provided under title II of the Agricultural Trade
Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (7 U.S.C. 1721 et seq.).
``(3) Calculations.--In carrying out paragraph (2), first
there shall be calculated the allocation of 100 percent of the
quantity to be procured on an overall lowest landed cost basis
without regard to the country of registry of the vessel, and
then there shall be allocated to the Great Lakes port range any
cargoes for which it has the lowest landed cost under that
calculation. The requirements for transportation on vessels of
the United States under this section and section 55305 of this
title do not apply to commodities allocated to the Great Lakes
port range under paragraph (2). Commodities allocated to the
Great Lakes port range under paragraph (2) may not be
reallocated or diverted to another port range to meet those
requirements to the extent that the total tonnage of commodities
to which paragraph (2) applies that is furnished and transported
from the Great Lakes port range is less than 25 percent of the
total annual tonnage of the commodities furnished.
``(4) Awarding contracts.--In awarding a contract for the
transportation by vessel of commodities from the Great Lakes
port range pursuant to an export activity referred to in
subsection (b), an agency--
``(A) shall consider expressions of freight interest
for any vessel from a vessel operator who meets
reasonable requirements for financial and operational
integrity; and
``(B) may not deny award of the contract to a person
based on the type of vessel on which the transportation
would be provided (including on the basis that the
transportation would not be provided on a liner vessel,
as that term is used in the Shipping Act of 1984, as in
effect on November 14, 1995), if the person otherwise
satisfies reasonable requirements for financial and
operational integrity.
``(5) Nonavailability of vessels.--A determination of
nonavailability of vessels of the United States resulting from
the application of this subsection may not reduce the gross
tonnage of commodities required by this section and section
55305 of this title to be transported on vessels of the United
States.

``Sec. 55315. Minimum tonnage

``(a) Definition.--In this section, the term `base period' means the
5-year period running from the sixth through the second prior fiscal
years.
``(b) Requirement.--For each fiscal year, the minimum quantity of
agricultural commodities to be exported under programs subject to
section 55314 of this title is the average of the tonnage

[[Page 1647]]
120 STAT. 1647

exported under those programs during the base period, discarding the
high and low years.
``(c) Waivers.--The President may waive the minimum quantity for a
fiscal year under this section if the President determines and reports
to Congress, together with reasons, that the quantity cannot be used
effectively for the purposes of those programs or, based on a
certification by the Secretary of Agriculture, that the commodities are
not available for reasons that include the unavailability of funds.

``Sec. 55316. Financing the transportation of agricultural commodities

``(a) Financing of Increased Charges.--The Secretary of
Transportation shall finance any increased ocean freight charges
incurred in any fiscal year that result from the application of section
55314 of this title.
``(b) Reimbursement of Increased Charges.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary of Transportation shall
reimburse the Secretary of Agriculture and the Commodity Credit
Corporation for the amount by which, in any fiscal year--
``(A) the total cost of ocean freight and ocean
freight differential for which obligations are incurred
by the Secretary of Agriculture and the Corporation on
exports of agricultural commodities and their products
under the agricultural export programs specified in
section 55314(b) of this title; exceeds
``(B) 20 percent of the value of the commodities and
their products and the cost of the ocean freight and
ocean freight differential on which obligations are
incurred by the Secretary of Agriculture and the
Corporation during that fiscal year.
``(2) Commodities shipped from inventory.--For purposes of
this subsection, commodities shipped from the inventory of the
Corporation shall be valued as provided in section 412(d) of the
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (7
U.S.C. 1736f(d)).

``(c) Issuance and Purchase of Obligations.--
``(1) Issuance.--To meet the expenses required to be assumed
under subsections (a) and (b), the Secretary of Transportation
shall issue obligations to the Secretary of the Treasury. The
Secretary of Transportation, with the approval of the Secretary
of the Treasury, shall prescribe the form, denomination,
maturity, and other terms (except the interest rate) of the
obligations. The Secretary of the Treasury shall set the
interest rate for the obligations, considering the average
market yield on outstanding marketable obligations of the United
States Government of comparable maturities during the month
before the obligations are issued.
``(2) Purchase.--The Secretary of the Treasury shall
purchase the obligations issued under this subsection. To
purchase the obligations, the Secretary of the Treasury may use
as a public debt transaction the proceeds from the sale of
securities issued under chapter 31 of title 31. The purposes for
which securities may be issued under that chapter are extended
to include the purchase of obligations under this subsection. A

[[Page 1648]]
120 STAT. 1648

redemption or purchase of the obligations by the Secretary of
the Treasury is a public debt transaction of the Government.

``(d) Source of Funds for Reimbursement.--Reimbursement of the
Secretary of Transportation for costs incurred under this section shall
be made with appropriated funds rather than through cancellation of
notes.
``(e) Appropriations.--
``(1) Authorization.--Each fiscal year, there is authorized
to be appropriated an amount sufficient to reimburse the
Secretary of Transportation for the costs incurred under this
section, including administrative expenses and the principal and
interest due on obligations issued to the Secretary of the
Treasury.
``(2) Appropriation for administrative expenses.--Each
fiscal year, such amounts as may be necessary are hereby
appropriated to pay interest and to liquidate debt on
obligations issued to the Secretary of the Treasury under this
section.

``(f) Notification to Congress of Insufficiency.--If the Secretary
of Transportation is unable to obtain the funds necessary to finance the
increased ocean freight charges resulting from the requirements of
subsections (a) and (b) and section 55314(a) of this title, the
Secretary shall notify Congress within 10 working days of the discovery
of the insufficiency.

``Sec. 55317. Termination of subchapter

``This subchapter terminates 90 days after the date on which a
notification is made under section 55316(f) of this title, except for
shipments of agricultural commodities and their products subject to
contracts made before the end of that 90-day period, unless within that
90-day period the Secretary of Transportation proclaims that funds are
available to finance increased freight charges resulting from the
requirements of sections 55314(a) and 55316(a) and (b) of this title. On
the termination of this subchapter under this section--
``(1) this subchapter does not exempt export activities
from, or subject export activities to, the cargo preference
laws; and
``(2) the 50-percent requirement in section 55305 of this
title remains in effect.

``Sec. 55318. Effect on other law

``This subchapter does not affect chapter 5 of title 5.

``SUBCHAPTER III--AMERICAN GREAT LAKES VESSELS

``Sec. 55331. Definitions

``In this subchapter:
``(1) American great lakes vessel.--The term `American Great
Lakes vessel' means a vessel so designated under section 55332
of this title, but only during the period the designation is in
effect.
``(2) Great lakes.--The term `Great Lakes' means Lake
Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario,
the Saint Lawrence River west of Saint Regis, New York, and
their connecting and tributary waters.
``(3) Great lakes shipping season.--The term `Great Lakes
shipping season' means the period each year during which the
Saint Lawrence Seaway is open for navigation by

[[Page 1649]]
120 STAT. 1649

vessels, as declared by the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development
Corporation.

``Sec. 55332. Designating American Great Lakes vessels

``(a) Designations.--The Secretary of Transportation shall designate
a vessel as an American Great Lakes vessel if--
``(1) an application for designation is submitted to the
Secretary under regulations prescribed by the Secretary;
``(2) the vessel is documented under the laws of the United
States;
``(3) the vessel, on the effective date of the designation,
is--
``(A) at least 1, but not more than 6, years old; or
``(B) at least 1, but not more than 11, years old if
the Secretary finds that suitable vessels are not
available to provide the type of service for which the
vessel will be used after the designation;
``(4) the vessel has not previously been designated as an
American Great Lakes vessel; and
``(5) the owner makes an agreement as provided under
subsection (b).

``(b) Agreements.--A vessel may be designated as an American Great
Lakes vessel only if the person that will be the owner of the vessel at
the time of the designation makes an agreement with the Secretary
providing that if the Secretary determines that the vessel is necessary
to the defense of the United States, the United States Government will
have an exclusive right, during the 120-day period following the date of
a revocation of the designation under section 55335 of this title, to
purchase the vessel for a price equal to the greater of--
``(1) the approximate world market value of the vessel; or
``(2) the cost of the vessel to the owner less a reasonable
amount for depreciation.

``(c) Certain Foreign Documentation and Sale Not Prohibited.--
Notwithstanding any other law, if the Government does not exercise its
right of purchase under an agreement under subsection (b), the owner of
the vessel is not prohibited from--
``(1) documenting the vessel under the laws of a foreign
country; or
``(2) selling the vessel to a person not a citizen of the
United States.

``(d) Regulations.--The Secretary shall prescribe regulations
establishing requirements for submitting applications under this
section.

``Sec. 55333. Exemption from restriction on transporting certain cargo

``The 3-year documentation requirement of section 55305(a) of this
title does not apply to a vessel designated as an American Great Lakes
vessel during the period of its designation.

``Sec. 55334. Restrictions on operations

``(a) Prohibitions.--Except as provided in subsection (b), an
American Great Lakes vessel may not be used to--
``(1) engage in trade--

[[Page 1650]]
120 STAT. 1650

``(A) from a port in the United States that is not
located on the Great Lakes; or
``(B) between ports in the United States;
``(2) transport bulk cargo (as defined in section 40102 of
this title) that is subject to section 55305 or 55314 of this
title or section 2631 of title 10; or
``(3) provide a service (except ocean freight service) as--
``(A) a contract carrier; or
``(B) a common carrier on a fixed advertised
schedule offering frequent sailings at regular intervals
in the foreign trade of the United States.

``(b) Off-Season Exception.--An American Great Lakes vessel may be
used for not more than 90 days during any 12-month period to engage in
trade prohibited by subsection (a)(1)(A), except during the Great Lakes
shipping season.

``Sec. 55335. Revocations and terminations of designations

``(a) Revocations.--After notice and an opportunity for a hearing,
the Secretary of Transportation may revoke a designation of a vessel as
an American Great Lakes vessel if the Secretary finds that--
``(1) the vessel does not meet a requirement for the
designation;
``(2) the vessel has been operated in violation of this
subchapter; or
``(3) the owner or operator of the vessel has violated an
agreement made under section 55332(b) of this title.

``(b) Terminations.--On petition and a showing of good cause by the
owner of a vessel, the Secretary may terminate the designation of a
vessel as an American Great Lakes vessel. The Secretary may impose
conditions in a termination order to prevent significant adverse effects
on other operators of vessels of the United States.

``Sec. 55336. Civil penalty

``After notice and an opportunity for a hearing, the Secretary of
Transportation may impose a civil penalty of not more than $1,000,000 on
the owner of an American Great Lakes vessel for any act for which the
designation may be revoked under section 55335 of this title.

``CHAPTER 555--MISCELLANEOUS

``Sec.
``55501.  Mobile trade fairs.

``Sec. 55501. Mobile trade fairs

``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Commerce shall encourage and
promote the development and use of mobile trade fairs designed to show
and sell the products of United States business and agriculture at
foreign ports and at other commercial centers throughout the world where
the operators of the fairs use, insofar as practicable, vessels and
aircraft of the United States in transporting their exhibits.
``(b) Technical and Financial Assistance.--When the Secretary
determines that a mobile trade fair provides an economical and effective
means of promoting export sales, the Secretary may provide to the
operator of the fair--
``(1) technical assistance and support; and

[[Page 1651]]
120 STAT. 1651

``(2) financial assistance to defray certain expenses
incurred outside the United States, except the cost of
transportation on foreign vessels and aircraft.

``(c) Use of Foreign Currencies.--To carry out this section, the
President may use, in addition to amounts appropriated to carry out
trade promotion activities, foreign currencies owned by or owed to the
United States Government.

``Part E--Control of Merchant Marine Capabilities

``CHAPTER 561--RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSFERS

``Sec.
``56101.  Approval required to transfer vessel to noncitizen.
``56102.  Additional controls during war or national emergency.
``56103.  Conditional approvals.
``56104.  Penalty for false statements.
``56105.  Forfeiture procedure.

``Sec. 56101. Approval required to transfer vessel to noncitizen

``(a) Restrictions.--
``(1) In General.--Except as otherwise provided in this
section, section 12119 of this title, or section 611 of the
Merchant Marine Act, 1936, a person may not, without the
approval of the Secretary of Transportation--
``(A) sell, lease, charter, deliver, or in any other
manner transfer, or agree to sell, lease, charter,
deliver, or in any other manner transfer, to a person
not a citizen of the United States, an interest in or
control of--
``(i) a documented vessel owned by a citizen
of the United States; or
``(ii) a vessel last documented under the laws
of the United States; or
``(B) place under foreign registry, or operate under
the authority of a foreign country, a documented vessel
or a vessel last documented under the laws of the United
States.
``(2) Exceptions.--Paragraph (1)(A) does not apply to a
vessel that has been operated only for pleasure or only as a
fishing vessel, fish processing vessel, or fish tender vessel
(as defined in section 2101 of this title).

``(b) Approval Before Documentation.--To promote financing with
respect to a vessel to be documented under chapter 121 of this title,
the Secretary may grant approval under subsection (a) before the vessel
is documented.
``(c) Exceptions.--Notwithstanding any other provision of this
subtitle, the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, or any contract with the
Secretary made under this subtitle or that Act, a person may place a
vessel under foreign registry without the approval of the Secretary if--
``(1)(A) the Secretary, in conjunction with the Secretary of
Defense, determines that at least one replacement vessel of
equal or greater military capability and of a capacity that is
equivalent or greater, as measured by deadweight tons, gross
tons, or container equivalent units, as appropriate, is
documented under chapter 121 of this title by the owner of the
vessel placed under foreign registry; and
``(B) the replacement vessel is not more than 10 years old
on the date of that documentation; or

[[Page 1652]]
120 STAT. 1652

``(2) an operating agreement covering the vessel under
chapter 531 of this title has expired.

``(d) Status of Prohibited Transaction.--A charter, sale, or
transfer of a vessel, or of an interest in or control of a vessel, in
violation of this section is void.
``(e) Penalties.--
``(1) Criminal penalty.--A person that knowingly sells,
charters, or transfers a vessel, or an interest in or control of
a vessel, in violation of this section shall be fined under
title 18, imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both.
``(2) Civil penalty.--A person that sells, charters, or
transfers a vessel, or an interest in or control of a vessel, in
violation of this section is liable to the United States
Government for a civil penalty of not more than $10,000 for each
violation.
``(3) Forfeiture.--A documented vessel may be seized by and
forfeited to the Government if, in violation of this section, a
person--
``(A) knowingly sells, charters, or transfers the
vessel or an interest in or control of the vessel; or
``(B) places the vessel under foreign registry or
operates the vessel under the authority of a foreign
country.

``Sec. 56102. Additional controls during war or national emergency

``(a) In General.--During war, or a national emergency declared by
Presidential proclamation, a person may not, without the approval of the
Secretary of Transportation--
``(1) place under foreign registry a vessel owned in whole
or in part by a citizen of the United States or a corporation
incorporated under the laws of the United States or of a State;
``(2) sell, mortgage, lease, charter, deliver, or in any
other manner transfer, or agree to sell, mortgage, lease,
charter, deliver, or in any other manner transfer, to a person
not a citizen of the United States--
``(A) a vessel owned as described in paragraph (1),
or an interest therein;
``(B) a vessel documented under the laws of the
United States, or an interest therein; or
``(C) a facility for building or repairing vessels,
or an interest therein;
``(3) issue, assign, or transfer to a person not a citizen
of the United States an instrument of indebtedness secured by a
mortgage of a vessel to a trustee, by an assignment of an
owner's interest in a vessel under construction to a trustee, or
by a mortgage of a facility for building or repairing vessels to
a trustee, unless the trustee or a substitute trustee is
approved by the Secretary under subsection (b);
``(4) enter into an agreement or understanding to construct
a vessel in the United States for, or to be delivered to, a
person not a citizen of the United States without expressly
stipulating that construction will not begin until after the war
or national emergency has ended;
``(5) enter into an agreement or understanding whereby there
is vested in, or for the benefit of, a person not a citizen of
the United States the controlling interest in a corporation that
is incorporated under the laws of the United States or

[[Page 1653]]
120 STAT. 1653

a State and that owns a vessel or facility for building or
repairing vessels; or
``(6) cause or procure a vessel, constructed in whole or in
part in the United States and never cleared for a foreign port,
to depart from a port of the United States before it has been
documented under the laws of the United States.

``(b) Trustees.--
``(1) Approval.--The Secretary shall approve a trustee or
substitute trustee under subsection (a)(3) if and only if the
trustee is a bank or trust company that--
``(A) is organized as a corporation, and is doing
business, under the laws of the United States or a
State;
``(B) is authorized under those laws to exercise
corporate trust powers;
``(C) is a citizen of the United States;
``(D) is subject to supervision or examination by
Federal or State authority; and
``(E) has a combined capital and surplus (as set
forth in its most recent published report of condition)
of at least $3,000,000.
``(2) Disapproval.--If a trustee or substitute trustee
ceases to meet the conditions in paragraph (1), the Secretary
shall disapprove the trustee or substitute trustee. After the
disapproval, the restrictions on transfer or assignment without
the Secretary's approval in subsection (a)(3) apply.
``(3) Operation of vessel.--During a period when subsection
(a) applies, a trustee referred to in subsection (a)(3), even
though approved as a trustee by the Secretary, may not operate
the vessel under the mortgage or assignment without the
Secretary's approval.

``(c) Status of Prohibited Transaction.--A transaction in violation
of this section is void.
``(d) Recovery of Consideration.--
``(1) In general.--A person that deposited or paid
consideration in connection with a transaction prohibited by
this section may recover the consideration after tender of the
vessel, facility, stock, or other security, or interest therein,
to the person entitled to it, or the forfeiture thereof to the
United States Government.
``(2) Exception.--Paragraph (1) does not apply if the person
in whose interest the consideration was deposited, or to whom it
was paid, entered into the transaction in the belief that the
person depositing or paying the consideration was a citizen of
the United States.

``(e) Penalties.--
``(1) Criminal penalty.--A person that violates, or attempts
or conspires to violate, this section shall be fined under title
18, imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both.
``(2) Forfeiture.--The following shall be forfeited to the
Government:
``(A) A vessel, a facility for building or repairing
vessels, or an interest in a vessel or such a facility,
that is sold, mortgaged, leased, chartered, delivered,
transferred, or documented, or agreed to be sold,
mortgaged, leased, chartered, delivered, transferred, or
documented, in violation of this section.

[[Page 1654]]
120 STAT. 1654

``(B) Stock and other securities sold or
transferred, or agreed to be sold or transferred, in
violation of this section.
``(C) A vessel departing in violation of subsection
(a)(6).

``Sec. 56103. Conditional approvals

``(a) In General.--In approving an act or transaction under section
56101 or 56102 of this title, the Secretary of Transportation may do so
absolutely or upon conditions the Secretary considers advisable. The
Secretary shall state the conditions in the notice of approval.
``(b) Violations.--A violation of a condition of approval is subject
to the same penalties as a violation resulting from an act done without
the required approval. The violation occurs at the time the condition is
violated.

``Sec. 56104. Penalty for false statements

``A person that knowingly makes a false statement of a material fact
to the Secretary of Transportation or another officer, employee, or
agent of the Department of Transportation, to obtain the Secretary's
approval under section 56101 or 56102 of this title, shall be fined
under title 18, imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both.

``Sec. 56105. Forfeiture procedure

``(a) In General.--A forfeiture under this chapter may be enforced
in the same way as a forfeiture under the laws on the collection of
duties. However, such a forfeiture may be remitted without seizure of
the vessel.
``(b) Prior Convictions.--In a proceeding under this chapter to
enforce a forfeiture, a prior criminal conviction of a person for a
violation of this chapter with respect to the subject matter of the
forfeiture is prima facie evidence of the violation against the person
convicted.

``CHAPTER 563--EMERGENCY ACQUISITION OF VESSELS

``Sec.
``56301.  General authority.
``56302.  Charter terms.
``56303.  Compensation.
``56304.  Disputed compensation.
``56305.  Vessel encumbrances.
``56306.  Use and transfer of vessels.
``56307.  Return of vessels.

``Sec. 56301. General authority

``During a national emergency declared by Presidential proclamation,
or a period for which the President has proclaimed that the security of
the national defense makes it advisable, the Secretary of Transportation
may requisition or purchase, or requisition or charter the use of, a
vessel owned by citizens of the United States, a documented vessel, or a
vessel under construction in the United States.

``Sec. 56302. Charter terms

``(a) In General.--If a vessel is requisitioned for use but not
ownership under this chapter, the Secretary of Transportation, at the
time of requisition or as soon thereafter as the situation

[[Page 1655]]
120 STAT. 1655

allows, shall offer the person entitled to possession of the vessel a
charter containing--
``(1) the terms the Secretary believes should govern the
relationship between the United States Government and the
person; and
``(2) the rate of hire the Secretary considers just
compensation for the use of the vessel and the services required
under the charter.

``(b) Refusal To Accept.--If the person does not accept the charter
and rate of hire, the parties shall proceed as provided in section 56304
of this title.

``Sec. 56303. Compensation

``(a) In General.--As soon as practicable, the Secretary of
Transportation shall determine and pay just compensation for a vessel
requisitioned under this chapter.
``(b) Factors Not Affecting Value.--The value of a vessel may not be
considered enhanced by the circumstances requiring its requisition.
Consequential damages arising from the requisition may not be paid.
``(c) Effect of Construction-Differential Subsidy.--
``(1) If paid.--If a construction-differential subsidy has
been paid for the vessel, the value of the vessel at the time of
requisition shall be determined under section 802 of the
Merchant Marine Act, 1936.
``(2) If not paid.--If a construction-differential subsidy
has not been paid for the vessel, the value of any national
defense features previously paid for by the United States
Government shall be excluded.

``(d) Loss or Damage During Charter.--If a vessel is lost or damaged
by a risk assumed by the Government under the charter, but a valuation
for the vessel or a means of compensation has not been agreed to, the
Secretary shall pay just compensation for the loss or damage, to the
extent the person is not reimbursed through insurance.

``Sec. 56304. Disputed compensation

``If the person entitled to compensation disputes the amount of just
compensation determined by the Secretary of Transportation under this
chapter, the Secretary shall pay the person, as a tentative advance, 75
percent of the amount determined. The person may bring a civil action
against the United States to recover just compensation. If the tentative
advance paid under this section is greater than the amount of the
court's judgment, the person shall refund the difference.

``Sec. 56305. Vessel encumbrances

``(a) In General.--The existence of an encumbrance on a vessel does
not prevent the requisition of the vessel under this chapter.
``(b) Deposit in Treasury.--
``(1) In general.--If an encumbrance exists, the Secretary
of Transportation may deposit part of the compensation or
advance of compensation to be paid under this chapter (but not
more than the total amount of all encumbrances) in a fund in the
Treasury. NOTE: Notification. Federal Register,
publication. The Secretary shall publish notice of the
creation of the fund in the Federal Register.

[[Page 1656]]
120 STAT. 1656

``(2) Availability of amounts deposited.--Amounts deposited
in the fund shall be available to pay the compensation or any of
the encumbrances (including encumbrances stipulated to in a
court of the United States or a State) existing at the time the
vessel was requisitioned.

``(c) Civil Action.--
``(1) In general.--Within 6 months after publication of
notice under subsection (b), the holder of an encumbrance may
bring a civil action in admiralty, according to the principles
of libels in rem, against the fund.
``(2) Venue.--The action must be brought in the district
court of the United States--
``(A) from whose custody the vessel was or may be
requisitioned; or
``(B) in whose district the vessel was located when
it was requisitioned.
``(3) Service of process.--Service of process shall be made
on the appropriate United States Attorney, the Attorney General,
and the Secretary, in the manner provided by the Federal Rules
of Civil Procedure (28 App. U.S.C.). Notice of the action shall
be given to all interested persons as ordered by the court.
``(4) As between private parties.--The action shall proceed
and be determined according to the principles of law and the
rules of practice applicable in like cases between private
parties.

``Sec. 56306. Use and transfer of vessels

``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Transportation may repair,
recondition, reconstruct, operate, or charter for operation, a vessel
acquired under this chapter.
``(b) Transfer to Other Agencies.--The Secretary may transfer the
possession or control of a vessel acquired under this chapter to another
department or agency of the United States Government on terms and
conditions approved by the President. The department or agency shall
promptly reimburse the Secretary for expenditures for just compensation,
purchase price, charter hire, repairs, reconditioning, or
reconstruction.

``Sec. 56307. Return of vessels

``When a vessel requisitioned for use but not ownership is returned
to the owner, the Secretary of Transportation shall--
``(1) return the vessel in a condition at least as good as
when taken, less ordinary wear and tear; or
``(2) pay the owner an amount sufficient to recondition the
vessel to that condition, less ordinary wear and tear.

``CHAPTER 565--ESSENTIAL VESSELS AFFECTED BY NEUTRALITY ACT

``Sec.
``56501.  Definition.
``56502.  Adjusting obligations and arranging maintenance.
``56503.  Types of adjustments and arrangements.
``56504.  Changes in adjustments and arrangements.

``Sec. 56501. Definition

``In this chapter, the term `essential vessel' means a vessel that
is--

[[Page 1657]]
120 STAT. 1657

``(1)(A) security for a mortgage indebtedness to the United
States Government; or
``(B) constructed under this subtitle or required by a
contract under this subtitle to be operated on a certain
essential foreign trade route; and
``(2) necessary in the interests of commerce and national
defense to be maintained in condition for prompt use.

``Sec. 56502. Adjusting obligations and arranging maintenance

``(a) General Authority.--On written application, the Secretary of
Transportation may adjust obligations and arrange for maintenance of an
essential vessel as provided in this chapter if the Secretary
determines, after any investigation or proceeding the Secretary
considers desirable, that--
``(1) the operation of the vessel in the service, route, or
line to which it is assigned under this subtitle, or in which it
otherwise would be operated, is not--
``(A) lawful under the Neutrality Act of 1939 (22
U.S.C. 441 et seq.) or a proclamation issued under that
Act; or
``(B) compatible with maintaining the availability
of the vessel for national defense and commerce;
``(2) it is not feasible under existing law to employ the
vessel in any other service or operation in foreign or domestic
trade (except temporary or emergency operation under section
56503(b)(5) of this title); and
``(3) the applicant, because of the restrictions of the
Neutrality Act of 1939 (22 U.S.C. 441 et seq.) or the withdrawal
of vessels for national defense under paragraph (1), is not
earning or will not earn a reasonable return on the capital
necessarily employed in its business.

``(b) Effective Period.--Adjustments and arrangements under
subsection (a) shall continue in effect only as long as the
circumstances described in subsection (a) continue to exist.

``Sec. 56503. Types of adjustments and arrangements

``(a) Suspension Requirements.--An adjustment or arrangement under
this chapter shall include suspension of--
``(1) the requirement to operate the vessel in foreign trade
under the applicable operating-differential or construction-
differential subsidy contract or mortgage or other agreement;
and
``(2) the right to operating-differential subsidy for the
vessel.

``(b) Discretionary Adjustments and Arrangements.--To the extent the
Secretary of Transportation considers appropriate to carry out the
purposes of this subtitle, an adjustment or arrangement under this
chapter may include any of the following:
``(1) Lay-up of the vessel by the owner or in the custody of
the Secretary, with payment or reimbursement by the Secretary of
necessary and proper expenses (including reasonable overhead and
insurance) or a fixed periodic allowance instead of payment or
reimbursement.
``(2) Postponement, for not more than the total period of
the lay-up, of the maturity date of each installment of the
principal of obligations to the United States Government for the
vessel (regardless of whether the maturity date is during a lay-
up period), or rearrangement of those maturities.
``(3) Postponement or cancellation of interest accruing on
the obligations during a lay-up period.

[[Page 1658]]
120 STAT. 1658

``(4) Extension, for not more than the total period of the
lay-up, of the 20-year life limitation for the vessel and other
limitations and provisions of this subtitle based on a 20-year
life.
``(5) Provision for temporary or emergency employment of the
vessel (instead of lay-up) as may be practicable, with such
arrangements for management of the vessel, payment of expenses,
and application of the proceeds of the employment, as the
Secretary may approve, with any period of operation being
included as part of the lay-up period.
``(6) Payment to the Secretary, on termination of the
arrangements with the applicant, of the applicant's net profits
(earned while the arrangements were in effect) in excess of 10
percent a year on the capital necessarily employed in the
applicant's business, as reimbursement for obligations postponed
or canceled and expenses incurred or paid by the Secretary under
this section.

``(c) Laid-Up Vessels.--Under subsection (b)(6), capital of the
applicant represented by a vessel of the applicant laid-up or operated
under this section shall be included in capital necessarily employed in
the applicant's business. The Secretary may require a vessel laid-up or
operated under this section to be security for reimbursement.

``Sec. 56504. Changes in adjustments and arrangements

``The Secretary of Transportation may change an adjustment or
arrangement made under this chapter as the Secretary considers necessary
to carry out this chapter.

``Part F--Government-Owned Merchant Vessels

``CHAPTER 571--GENERAL AUTHORITY

``Sec.
``57101.  Placement of vessels in National Defense Reserve Fleet.
``57102.  Disposition of vessels not worth preserving.
``57103.  Sale of obsolete vessels in National Defense Reserve Fleet.
``57104.  Acquisition of vessels from sale of obsolete vessels.
``57105.  Acquisition of vessels for essential services, routes, or
lines.
``57106.  Maintenance, improvement, and operation of vessels.
``57107.  Vessels for other agencies.
``57108.  Consideration of ballast and equipment in determining selling
price.
``57109.  Operation of vessels purchased, chartered, or leased from
Secretary of Transportation.

``Sec. 57101. Placement of vessels in National Defense Reserve Fleet

``(a) In General.--Any vessel acquired by the Maritime
Administration shall be placed in the National Defense Reserve Fleet
maintained under section 11 of the Merchant Ship Sales Act of 1946 (50
App. U.S.C. 1744).
``(b) Removal From Fleet.--A vessel placed in the Fleet under
subsection (a) may not be traded out or sold from the Fleet, except as
provided in section 57102, 57103, or 57104 or chapter 533, 537, 573, or
575 of this title.

``Sec. 57102. Disposition of vessels not worth preserving

``(a) In General.--If the Secretary of Transportation determines
that a vessel owned by the Maritime Administration is of insufficient
value for commercial or military operation to warrant

[[Page 1659]]
120 STAT. 1659

its further preservation, the Secretary may scrap the vessel or sell the
vessel for cash.
``(b) Selling Procedure.--The sale of a vessel under subsection (a)
shall be made on the basis of competitive sealed bids, after an
appraisal and due advertisement. The purchaser does not have to be a
citizen of the United States. The purchaser shall provide a surety bond,
with a surety approved by the Secretary, to ensure that the vessel will
not be operated in the foreign trade of the United States at any time
within 10 years after the sale, in competition with a vessel owned by a
citizen of the United States and documented under the laws of the United
States.

``Sec. 57103. Sale of obsolete vessels in National Defense Reserve Fleet

``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Transportation may convey the
right, title, and interest of the United States Government in any vessel
of the National Defense Reserve Fleet that has been identified by the
Secretary as an obsolete vessel of insufficient value to warrant its
further preservation, if the recipient--
``(1) is a non-profit organization, a State, or a municipal
corporation or political subdivision of a State;
``(2) agrees not to use, or allow others to use, the vessel
for commercial transportation purposes;
``(3) agrees to make the vessel available to the Government
whenever the Secretary indicates that it is needed by the
Government;
``(4) agrees to hold the Government harmless for any claims
arising from exposure to asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls,
lead paint, or other hazardous substances after conveyance of
the vessel, except for claims arising from use of the vessel by
the Government;
``(5) has a conveyance plan and a business plan that
describes the intended use of the vessel, each of which has been
submitted to and approved by the Secretary;
``(6) has provided proof, as determined by the Secretary, of
resources sufficient to accomplish the transfer, necessary
repairs and modifications, and initiation of the intended use of
the vessel; and
``(7) agrees that when the recipient no longer requires the
vessel for use as described in the business plan required under
paragraph (5)--
``(A) the recipient will, at the discretion of the
Secretary, reconvey the vessel to the Government in good
condition except for ordinary wear and tear; or
``(B) if the Board of Trustees of the recipient has
decided to dissolve the recipient according to the laws
of the State in which the recipient is incorporated,
then--
``(i) the recipient shall distribute the
vessel, as an asset of the recipient, to a person
that has been determined exempt from taxation
under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue
Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 501(c)(3)), or to the
Federal Government or a State or local government
for a public purpose; and
``(ii) the vessel shall be disposed of by a
court of competent jurisdiction of the county in
which the principal office of the recipient is
located, for such purposes as the court shall
determine, or to such

[[Page 1660]]
120 STAT. 1660

organizations as the court shall determine are
organized exclusively for public purposes.

``(b) Other Equipment.--At the Secretary's discretion, additional
equipment from other obsolete vessels of the Fleet may be conveyed to
assist the recipient with maintenance, repairs, or modifications.
``(c) Additional Terms.--The Secretary may require any additional
terms the Secretary considers appropriate.
``(d) Delivery of Vessel.--If conveyance is made under this section,
the vessel shall be delivered to the recipient at a time and place to be
determined by the Secretary. The vessel shall be conveyed in an `as is'
condition.
``(e) Limitations.--If at any time prior to delivery of the vessel
to the recipient, the Secretary determines that a different disposition
of the vessel would better serve the interests of the Government, the
Secretary shall pursue the more favorable disposition of the obsolete
vessel and shall not be liable for any damages that may result from an
intended recipient's reliance upon a proposed transfer.
``(f) Reversion.--The Secretary shall include in any conveyance
under this section terms under which all right, title, and interest
conveyed by the Secretary shall revert to the Government if the
Secretary determines the vessel has been used other than as described in
the business plan required under subsection (a)(5).

``Sec. 57104. Acquisition of vessels from sale of obsolete vessels

``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Transportation may acquire
suitable documented vessels with amounts in the Vessel Operations
Revolving Fund derived from the sale of obsolete vessels in the National
Defense Reserve Fleet.
``(b) Valuation.--The acquired and obsolete vessels shall be valued
at their scrap value in domestic or foreign markets as of the date of
the acquisition for or sale from the Fleet. However, the value assigned
to those vessels shall be determined on the same basis, with
consideration given to the fair value of the cost of moving the vessel
sold from the Fleet to the place of scrapping.
``(c) Costs Incident to Lay-Up.--Costs incident to the lay-up of the
vessel acquired under this section may be paid from amounts in the Fund.
``(d) Transfers to Non-Citizens.--A vessel sold from the Fleet under
this section may be scrapped in an approved foreign market without
obtaining additional separate approval from the Secretary to transfer
the vessel to a person not a citizen of the United States.

``Sec. 57105. Acquisition of vessels for essential services, routes, or
lines

``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Transportation may acquire a
vessel, by purchase or otherwise, if--
``(1) the Secretary considers the vessel necessary to
establish, maintain, improve, or serve as a replacement on an
essential service, route, or line in the foreign commerce of the
United States, as determined under section 50103 of this title;
``(2) the vessel was constructed in the United States; and
``(3) the Secretary of the Navy has certified to the
Secretary of Transportation that the vessel is suitable for
economical and speedy conversion into a naval or military
auxiliary or

[[Page 1661]]
120 STAT. 1661

otherwise suitable for use by the United States Government in
time of war or national emergency.

``(b) Price.--The price paid for the vessel shall be based on a fair
and reasonable valuation. However, the price may not exceed by more than
5 percent the cost of the vessel to the owner (excluding any
construction-differential subsidy and the cost of national defense
features paid by the Secretary of Transportation) plus the actual cost
previously expended for reconditioning, less depreciation based on a 25-
year life for a dry-cargo or passenger vessel and a 20-year life for a
tanker or other liquid bulk carrier vessel.
``(c) Documentation.--A vessel acquired under this section that is
not documented under the laws of the United States at the time of
acquisition shall be so documented as soon as practicable.

``Sec. 57106. Maintenance, improvement, and operation of vessels

``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Transportation may maintain,
repair, recondition, remodel, and improve vessels owned by the United
States Government and in the possession or under the control of the
Secretary, to equip them adequately for competition in the foreign trade
of the United States. The Secretary may operate such a vessel or charter
the vessel on terms and conditions the Secretary considers appropriate
to carry out the purposes of this subtitle.
``(b) Documentation and Restrictions on Operation.--A vessel
reconditioned, remodeled, or improved under subsection (a) shall be
documented under the laws of the United States and remain so documented
for at least 5 years after completion of the reconditioning, remodeling,
or improvement. During that period, it shall be operated on voyages that
are not exclusively coastwise.

``Sec. 57107. Vessels for other agencies

``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Transportation may construct,
reconstruct, repair, equip, and outfit, by contract or otherwise,
vessels or parts thereof, for any other department or agency of the
United States Government to the extent the other department or agency is
authorized by law to do so for its own account.
``(b) Effect on Contract Authorization.--An obligation incurred or
expenditure made by the Secretary under this section does not affect any
contract authorization of the Secretary, but instead shall be charged
against the existing appropriation or contract authorization of the
department or agency.

``Sec. 57108. Consideration of ballast and equipment in determining
selling price

``The Maritime Administration may not sell a vessel until its
ballast and equipment have been inventoried and their value considered
in determining the selling price of the vessel.

``Sec. 57109. Operation of vessels purchased, chartered, or leased from
Secretary of Transportation

``Unless otherwise authorized by the Secretary of Transportation, a
vessel purchased, chartered, or leased from the Secretary may be
operated only under a certificate of documentation with a registry or
coastwise endorsement. Such a vessel, while employed solely as a
merchant vessel, is subject to the laws, regulations,

[[Page 1662]]
120 STAT. 1662

and liabilities governing merchant vessels, whether the United States
Government has an interest in the vessel as an owner or holds a
mortgage, lien, or other interest.

``CHAPTER 573--VESSEL TRADE-IN PROGRAM

``Sec.
``57301.  Definitions.
``57302.  Authority to acquire vessels.
``57303.  Utility value and tonnage requirements.
``57304.  Eligible acquisition dates.
``57305.  Determination of trade-in allowance.
``57306.  Payment of trade-in allowance.
``57307.  Recognition of gain for tax purposes.
``57308.  Use of vessels at least 25 years old.

``Sec. 57301. Definitions

``In this chapter:
``(1) New vessel.--The term `new vessel' means a vessel--
``(A) constructed under this subtitle and acquired
within 2 years after the date of completion; or
``(B) constructed in a domestic shipyard on private
account and not under this subtitle, and documented
under the laws of the United States.
``(2) Obsolete vessel.--The term `obsolete vessel' means a
vessel that--
``(A) is of at least 1,350 gross tons;
``(B) the Secretary of Transportation believes
should, because of its age, obsolescence, or other
reasons, be replaced in the public interest; and
``(C) has been owned by a citizen of the United
States for at least 3 years immediately before its
acquisition under this chapter.

``Sec. 57302. Authority to acquire vessels

``To promote the construction of new, safe, and efficient vessels to
carry the domestic and foreign waterborne commerce of the United States,
the Secretary of Transportation may acquire an obsolete vessel in
exchange for an allowance of credit toward the cost of construction or
purchase of a new vessel as provided in this chapter.

``Sec. 57303. Utility value and tonnage requirements

``(a) Utility Value.--The utility value of a new vessel to be
acquired under this chapter for operation in the domestic or foreign
commerce of the United States may not be substantially less than that of
the obsolete vessel acquired in exchange under this chapter.
``(b) Tonnage.--If the Secretary of Transportation finds that the
new vessel will have a utility value at least equal to that of the
obsolete vessel, the new vessel may be of lesser gross tonnage than the
obsolete vessel. However, the gross tonnage of the new vessel must be at
least one-third the gross tonnage of the obsolete vessel.

``Sec. 57304. Eligible acquisition dates

``At the option of the owner, the acquisition of an obsolete vessel
under this chapter shall occur--
``(1) when the owner contracts for the construction or
purchase of a new vessel; or

[[Page 1663]]
120 STAT. 1663

``(2) within 5 days of the actual date of delivery of the
new vessel to the owner.

``Sec. 57305. Determination of trade-in allowance

``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Transportation shall determine
the trade-in allowance for an obsolete vessel at the time of acquisition
of the vessel. The allowance shall be the fair value of the vessel. In
determining the value, the Secretary shall con- sider--
``(1) the scrap value of the obsolete vessel in American and
foreign markets;
``(2) the depreciated value based on a 20-year or 25-year
life, whichever applies to the obsolete vessel; and
``(3) the market value of the obsolete vessel for operation
in world commerce or in the domestic or foreign commerce of the
United States.

``(b) Use of Obsolete Vessels.--If acquisition of the obsolete
vessel occurs when the owner contracts for the construction of the new
vessel, and the owner uses the obsolete vessel during the period of
construction of the new vessel, the Secretary shall reduce the trade-in
allowance by an amount representing the fair value of that use. The
Secretary shall establish the rate for use of the obsolete vessel when
the contract for construction of the new vessel is made.

``Sec. 57306. Payment of trade-in allowance

``(a) Acquisition at Time of Contract.--If acquisition of an
obsolete vessel under this chapter occurs when the owner contracts for
the construction or purchase of the new vessel, the Secretary of
Transportation shall apply the trade-in allowance to the purchase price
of the new vessel rather than paying it to the owner. If the new vessel
is constructed under this subtitle, the Secretary may apply the trade-in
allowance to the required cash payments on terms and conditions the
Secretary may prescribe. If the new vessel is not constructed under this
subtitle, the Secretary shall pay the trade-in allowance to the builder
of the vessel for the account of the owner when the Secretary acquires
the obsolete vessel.
``(b) Acquisition at Time of Delivery.--If acquisition of the
obsolete vessel occurs when the new vessel is delivered to the owner,
the Secretary shall deposit the trade-in allowance in the owner's
capital construction fund.

``Sec. 57307. Recognition of gain for tax purposes

``The owner of an obsolete vessel does not recognize a gain under
the Federal income tax laws when the vessel is transferred to the
Secretary of Transportation in exchange for a trade-in allowance under
this chapter. The basis of the new vessel acquired with the allowance is
the same as the basis of the obsolete vessel--
``(1) increased by the difference between the cost of the
new vessel and the trade-in allowance of the obsolete vessel;
and
``(2) decreased by the amount of loss recognized on the
transfer.

[[Page 1664]]
120 STAT. 1664

``Sec. 57308. Use of vessels at least 25 years old

``An obsolete vessel acquired under this chapter that is or becomes
at least 25 years old may not be used for commercial operation. However,
the vessel may be used--
``(1) during a period in which vessels may be requisitioned
under chapter 563 of this title; or
``(2) except as otherwise provided in this subtitle, on
trade routes serving only the foreign trade of the United
States.

``CHAPTER 575--CONSTRUCTION, CHARTER, AND SALE OF VESSELS

``SUBCHAPTER I--GENERAL

``Sec.
``57501.  Completion of long-range program.
``57502.  Construction, reconditioning, and remodeling of vessels.
``57503.  Competitive bidding.
``57504.  Charter or sale of vessels acquired by Department of
Transportation.
``57505.  Employment of vessels on foreign trade routes.
``57506.  Minimum selling price of vessels.

``SUBCHAPTER II--CHARTERS

``57511.  Demise charters.
``57512.  Competitive bidding.
``57513.  Minimum bid.
``57514.  Qualifications of bidders.
``57515.  Awarding of charters.
``57516.  Operating-differential subsidies.
``57517.  Recovery of excess profits.
``57518.  Performance bond.
``57519.  Insurance.
``57520.  Vessel maintenance.
``57521.  Termination of charter during national emergency.

``SUBCHAPTER III--MISCELLANEOUS

``57531.  Construction and charter of vessels for unsuccessful routes.
``57532.  Operation of experimental vessels.

``SUBCHAPTER I--GENERAL

``Sec. 57501. Completion of long-range program

``Whenever the Secretary of Transportation determines that the
objectives and policies declared in sections 50101 and 50102 of this
title cannot be fully realized within a reasonable time under titles V
and VI of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, and the President approves the
determination, the Secretary, in accordance with this chapter, shall
complete the long-range program described in section 50102 of this
title.

``Sec. 57502. Construction, reconditioning, and remodeling of vessels

``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Transportation may have new
vessels constructed, and have old vessels reconditioned or remodeled, as
the Secretary determines necessary to carry out the objectives of this
subtitle.
``(b) Place of Work.--Construction, reconditioning, and remodeling
of vessels under subsection (a) shall take place in shipyards in the
continental United States (including Alaska and Hawaii). However, if
satisfactory contracts cannot be obtained from private shipbuilders, the
Secretary may have the work done in navy yards.
``(c) Applicability of Construction-Differential Subsidy
Provisions.--Contracts for the construction, reconstruction, or

[[Page 1665]]
120 STAT. 1665

reconditioning of a vessel by a private shipbuilder under this chapter
are subject to the provisions of title V of the Merchant Marine Act,
1936, applicable to a contract with a private shipbuilder for the
construction of a vessel under title V of that Act.

``Sec. 57503. Competitive bidding

``(a) Advertisement and Bidding.--The Secretary of Transportation
may make a contract with a private shipbuilder for the construction of a
new vessel, or for the reconstruction or reconditioning of an existing
vessel, only after due advertisement and upon sealed competitive bids.
``(b) Opening of Bids.--Bids required under this section shall be
opened at the time and place stated in the advertisement for bids. All
interested persons, including representatives of the press, shall be
permitted to attend. The results of the bidding shall be publicly
announced.

``Sec. 57504. Charter or sale of vessels acquired by Department of
Transportation

``Vessels transferred to or otherwise acquired by the Department of
Transportation in any manner may be chartered or sold by the Secretary
of Transportation as provided in this chapter.

``Sec. 57505. Employment of vessels on foreign trade routes

``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Transportation shall arrange for
the employment of the Department of Transportation's vessels in
steamship lines on such trade routes, exclusively serving the foreign
trade of the United States, as the Secretary determines are essential
for the development and maintenance of the commerce of the United States
and the national defense. However, the Secretary shall first determine
that those routes are not being adequately served by existing steamship
lines privately owned and operated by citizens of the United States and
documented under the laws of the United States.
``(b) Policy To Encourage Private Operation.--The Secretary shall
have a policy of encouraging private operation of each essential
steamship line now owned by the United States Government by--
``(1) selling the line to a citizen of the United States; or
``(2) demising the Secretary's vessels on bareboat charter
to citizens of the United States who agree to maintain the line
in the manner provided in this chapter.

``Sec. 57506. Minimum selling price of vessels

``(a) In General.--A vessel constructed under this subtitle or the
Merchant Marine Act, 1936, may not be sold by the Secretary of
Transportation for less than the price specified in this section.
``(b) Operation in Foreign Trade.--If the vessel is to be operated
in foreign trade, the minimum price is the estimated foreign
construction cost (exclusive of national defense features) determined as
of the date the construction contract is executed, less depreciation
under subsection (d).
``(c) Operation in Domestic Trade.--If the vessel is to be operated
in domestic trade, the minimum price is the cost of construction in the
United States (exclusive of national defense features), less
depreciation under subsection (d).

[[Page 1666]]
120 STAT. 1666

``(d) Depreciation.--Depreciation under subsections (b) and (c)
shall be based on--
``(1) a 25-year life for dry-cargo and passenger vessels;
and
``(2) a 20-year life for tankers and other bulk liquid
carrier vessels.

``SUBCHAPTER II--CHARTERS

``Sec. 57511. Demise charters

``A charter by the Secretary of Transportation under this chapter
shall demise the vessel to the charterer subject to all usual conditions
contained in a bareboat charter. The charter shall be for a term the
Secretary considers to be in the best interest of the United States
Government and the merchant marine.

``Sec. 57512. Competitive bidding

``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Transportation may charter a
vessel of the Department of Transportation to a private operator only on
the basis of competitive sealed bidding. The bids must be submitted in
strict compliance with the terms and conditions of a public
advertisement soliciting the bids.
``(b) Advertisement for Bids.--An advertisement for bids shall
state--
``(1) the number, type, and tonnage of the vessels being
offered for bareboat charter for operation as a steamship line
on a designated trade route;
``(2) the minimum number of sailings required;
``(3) the length of time of the charter;
``(4) the right of the Secretary to reject all bids; and
``(5) other information the Secretary considers necessary
for the information of prospective bidders.

``(c) Opening of Bids.--Bids required under this section shall be
opened at the time and place stated in the advertisement for bids. All
interested persons, including representatives of the press, shall be
permitted to attend. The results of the bidding shall be publicly
announced.

``Sec. 57513. Minimum bid

``The Secretary of Transportation shall reject any bid for the
charter under this subchapter of a vessel constructed under this
subtitle or the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, if the charter hire offered
is lower than the minimum charter hire would be if the vessel were
chartered under section 57531 of this title.

``Sec. 57514. Qualifications of bidders

``(a) Considerations.--In deciding whether to award a charter to a
bidder, the Secretary of Transportation shall consider--
``(1) the bidder's financial resources, credit standing, and
practical experience in operating vessels; and
``(2) other factors a prudent business person would consider
in entering into a transaction involving a large capital
investment.

``(b) Disqualifications.--The Secretary may not charter a vessel to
a person appearing to lack sufficient capital, credit, and experience to
operate the vessel successfully over the period covered by the charter.

[[Page 1667]]
120 STAT. 1667

``Sec. 57515. Awarding of charters

``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Transportation shall award the
charter to the bidder proposing to pay the highest monthly charter hire.
However, the Secretary may reject the highest or most advantageous or
any other bid if the Secretary considers the charter hire offered too
low or determines that the bidder lacks the qualifications required by
section 57514 of this title.
``(b) Highest Bid Rejected.--If the Secretary rejects the highest
bid, the Secretary may--
``(1) award the charter to the next highest bidder; or
``(2) reject all bids and either readvertise the line or
operate the line until conditions appear more favorable to
reoffer the line for private charter.

``(c) Reason for Rejection.--On request of a bidder, the reason for
rejection shall be stated in writing to the bidder.

``Sec. 57516. Operating-differential subsidies

``If the Secretary of Transportation considers it necessary, the
Secretary may make a contract with a charterer of a vessel owned by the
Secretary for payment of an operating-differential subsidy, on the same
terms and conditions, and subject to the same limitations and
restrictions, as otherwise provided with respect to payment of
operating-differential subsidies to operators of privately-owned
vessels.

``Sec. 57517. Recovery of excess profits

``(a) In General.--A charter under this chapter shall provide that
if, at the end of a calendar year subsequent to the execution of the
charter, the cumulative net voyage profit (after payment of the charter
hire reserved in the charter and payment of the charterer's fair and
reasonable overhead expenses applicable to operation of the chartered
vessel) exceeds 10 percent a year of the charterer's capital necessarily
employed in the business of the chartered vessel, the charterer shall
pay to the Secretary of Transportation, as additional charter hire, half
the cumulative net voyage profit in excess of 10 percent a year.
However, any cumulative net voyage profit accounted for under this
subsection is not to be included in the calculation of cumulative net
voyage profit in any subsequent year.
``(b) Terms To Be Defined and Used.--The Secretary shall define the
terms `net voyage profit', `fair and reasonable overhead expenses', and
`capital necessarily employed' for this section. Each advertisement for
bids and each charter shall contain these definitions, stating the
formula for determining each of these three amounts.

``Sec. 57518. Performance bond

``The Secretary of Transportation shall require a charterer of a
vessel of the Secretary to deposit with the Secretary an undertaking,
with approved sureties, in such amount as the Secretary may require as
security for the faithful performance of the terms of the charter,
including indemnity against liens on the chartered vessel.

``Sec. 57519. Insurance

``A charter under this chapter shall require the charterer to carry,
at the charterer's expense, insurance on the chartered vessel

[[Page 1668]]
120 STAT. 1668

covering all marine and port risks, protection and indemnity risks, and
all other hazards and liabilities, adequate to cover damages claimed
against and losses sustained by the chartered vessel arising during the
term of the charter. The insurance shall be in such form, in such
amount, and with such companies as the Secretary of Transportation may
require. In accordance with law, any of the insurance risks may be
underwritten by the Secretary.

``Sec. 57520. Vessel maintenance

``(a) In General.--A charter under this chapter shall require the
charterer, at the charterer's expense, to--
``(1) keep the chartered vessel in good repair and efficient
operating condition; and
``(2) make any repairs required by the Secretary of
Transportation.

``(b) Inspection.--The charter shall provide that the Secretary has
the right to inspect the vessel at any time to ascertain its condition.

``Sec. 57521. Termination of charter during national emergency

``A charter under this chapter shall provide that during a national
emergency proclaimed by the President or a period for which the
President has proclaimed that the security of the national defense makes
it advisable, the Secretary of Transportation may terminate the charter
without cost to the United States Government on such notice to the
charterer as the President determines.

``SUBCHAPTER III--MISCELLANEOUS

``Sec. 57531. Construction and charter of vessels for unsuccessful
routes

``(a) In General.--If the Secretary of Transportation finds that a
trade route determined to be essential under section 50103 of this title
cannot be successfully developed and maintained and the Secretary's
replacement program cannot be achieved under private operation of the
trade route by a citizen of the United States with vessels documented
under chapter 121 of this title, without further aid by the United
States Government in addition to the financial aid authorized under
titles V and VI of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, the Secretary, without
advertisement or competition, may--
``(1) have constructed, in private shipyards or in navy
yards, vessels of the types necessary for the trade route; and
``(2) demise charter those new vessels to the operator of
vessels of the United States established on the trade route.

``(b) Amount of Charter Hire.--
``(1) In general.--The annual charter hire under subsection
(a) shall be at least 4 percent of the price (referred to in
this section as the `foreign cost') at which the vessel would be
sold if constructed under title V of the Merchant Marine Act,
1936, plus--
``(A) a percentage of the depreciated foreign cost
computed annually determined by the Secretary of the
Treasury, taking into consideration the current average
market yield on outstanding marketable obligations of
the

[[Page 1669]]
120 STAT. 1669

Government with remaining periods to maturity comparable
to the term of the charter, adjusted to the nearest one-
eighth percent; and
``(B) an allowance adequate in the judgment of the
Secretary of Transportation to cover administrative
costs.
``(2) Depreciation.--Depreciation under paragraph (1)(A)
shall be based on--
``(A) a 25-year life for dry-cargo and passenger
vessels; and
``(B) a 20-year life for tankers and other bulk
liquid carrier vessels.

``(c) Option To Purchase.--The charter may contain an option to the
charterer to purchase the vessels from the Secretary of Transportation
within 5 years after delivery under the charter, on the same terms and
conditions as provided in title V of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, for
the purchase of new vessels from the Secretary. However--
``(1) the purchase price shall be the foreign cost less
depreciation to the date of purchase based on the useful life
specified in subsection (b)(2);
``(2) the required cash payment payable at the time of the
purchase shall be 25 percent of the purchase price;
``(3) the charter may provide that any part of the charter
hire paid in excess of the minimum charter hire provided for in
this section may be credited against the cash payment payable at
the time of the purchase;
``(4) the balance of the purchase price shall be paid within
the remaining years of useful life (as specified in subsection
(b)(2)) after the date of delivery of the vessel under the
charter and in approximately equal annual installments, except
that the first installment, which shall be payable on the next
ensuing anniversary date of the delivery under the charter,
shall be a proportionate part of the annual installment; and
``(5) interest shall be payable on the unpaid balances from
the date of purchase, at a rate not less than--
``(A) a rate determined by the Secretary of the
Treasury, taking into consideration the current average
market yield on outstanding marketable obligations of
the Government with remaining periods to maturity
comparable to the average maturities of the loans,
adjusted to the nearest one-eighth percent; plus
``(B) an allowance adequate in the judgment of the
Secretary of Transportation to cover administrative
costs.

``(d) Operation of Vessel.--
``(1) Permissible voyages.--The charter shall provide for
operation of the vessel exclusively--
``(A) in foreign trade;
``(B) on a round-the-world voyage;
``(C) on a round voyage from the west coast of the
United States to a European port that includes an
intercoastal port of the United States;
``(D) on a round voyage from the Atlantic coast of
the United States to the Orient that includes an
intercoastal port of the United States; or
``(E) on a voyage in foreign trade on which the
vessel may stop at Hawaii or an island territory or
possession of the United States.

[[Page 1670]]
120 STAT. 1670

``(2) Domestic trade.--The charter shall provide if the
vessel is operated in domestic trade on any of the services
specified in paragraph (1), the charterer will pay annually to
the Secretary of Transportation that proportion of \1/25\ of the
difference between the domestic and foreign cost of the vessel
as the gross revenue derived from the domestic trade bears to
the gross revenue derived from the entire voyages completed
during the preceding year.

``Sec. 57532. Operation of experimental vessels

``(a) Definition.--In this section, the term `experimental vessel'
means a vessel owned by the United States Government (including a vessel
in the National Defense Reserve Fleet) that has been constructed,
reconditioned, or remodeled for experimental or testing purposes.
``(b) Authority To Operate.--The Secretary of Transportation, for
the purpose of practical development, trial, and testing, may operate an
experimental vessel under a bareboat charter or general agency agreement
in the foreign or domestic trade of the United States or for use for the
account of a department or agency of the Government, without regard to
other provisions of this subtitle and other laws related to chartering
and general agency operations. Not more than 10 vessels may be operated
and tested under this section in any one year.
``(c) Terms of Operation.--Operation of a vessel under this section
shall be on terms the Secretary considers appropriate to carry out the
purposes of this subtitle. A bareboat charter under this section shall
be at reasonable rates and include restrictions the Secretary considers
appropriate to protect the public interest, including provisions for
recapture of profits under section 57517 of this title. A charter or
general agency agreement under this section shall be reviewed annually
to determine whether conditions exist to justify continuance of the
charter or agreement.
``(d) Rights of Seamen.--A seaman engaged in vessel operations of
the Secretary under this section and employed through a general agent in
connection with a charter or agreement under this section is entitled to
all the rights and remedies provided in sections 1(a) and (c), 3(c), and
4 of the Act of March 24, 1943 (50 App. U.S.C. 1291(a), (c), 1293(c),
1294).

``Part G--Restrictions and Penalties

``CHAPTER 581--RESTRICTIONS AND PENALTIES

``Sec.
``58101.  Operating in domestic intercoastal or coastwise service.
``58102.  Default on payment or maintenance of reserves.
``58103.  Employing another person as managing or operating agent.
``58104.  Willful violation constitutes breach of contract or charter.
``58105.  Preferences for cargo in which charterer has interest.
``58106.  Concerted discriminatory activities.
``58107.  Discrimination at ports by water common carriers.
``58108.  Charges for transportation subject to subtitle IV of title 49.
``58109.  Penalties.

``Sec. 58101. Operating in domestic intercoastal or coastwise service

``(a) Prohibition.--A subsidy may not be awarded or paid to a
contractor under the operating-differential subsidy program,

[[Page 1671]]
120 STAT. 1671

and a vessel may not be chartered to a person under chapter 575 of this
title, if the contractor or charterer, or a holding company, subsidiary,
affiliate, or associate of the contractor or charterer, or an officer,
director, agent, or executive thereof, directly or indirectly--
``(1) owns, charters, or operates a vessel engaged in the
domestic intercoastal or coastwise service; or
``(2) owns a pecuniary interest in a person that owns,
charters, or operates a vessel in the domestic intercoastal or
coastwise service.

``(b) Waiver.--A person may apply to the Secretary of Transportation
for a waiver of subsection (a). Before deciding on the waiver, the
Secretary shall give the applicant and other interested persons an
opportunity for a hearing. The Secretary may not grant the waiver if the
Secretary finds it would--
``(1) result in unfair competition to a person operating
exclusively in the domestic intercoastal or coastwise service;
or
``(2) be prejudicial to the objectives and policy of this
subtitle.

``(c) Continuous Operation Since 1935.--The Secretary shall grant an
application under subsection (b) without requiring further proof that
the public interest and convenience will be served and without further
proceedings as to the competition in the route or trade, if the
contractor or other person, or a predecessor in interest, was in bona-
fide operation as a common carrier by water in the domestic intercoastal
or coastwise trade in 1935 over the route or in the trade for which the
application is made and has so operated since that time or, if engaged
in furnishing seasonal service only, was in bona-fide operation in 1935
during the season ordinarily covered by its operation, except in either
event as to interruptions of service over which the applicant or its
predecessor in interest had no control.
``(d) Diversion Into Intercoastal or Coastwise Operations.--If an
application under subsection (b) is approved, a person referred to in
this section may not divert, directly or indirectly, money, property, or
any other thing of value, used in a foreign-trade operation for which a
subsidy is paid by the United States Government, into intercoastal or
coastwise operations.

``Sec. 58102. Default on payment or maintenance of reserves

``The Secretary of Transportation may supervise the number and
compensation of all officers and employees of a contractor under the
operating-differential subsidy program or a charterer under chapter 575
of this title, receiving an operating-differential subsidy, if the
contractor or charterer--
``(1) is in default on a mortgage, note, purchase contract,
or other obligation to the Secretary; or
``(2) has not maintained, in a manner satisfactory to the
Secretary, all of the reserves provided for in this subtitle.

``Sec. 58103. Employing another person as managing or operating agent

``(a) Prohibition.--Except with the written consent of the Secretary
of Transportation, a contractor holding a contract under the operating-
differential subsidy program or under chapter 575 of this title may
not--

[[Page 1672]]
120 STAT. 1672

``(1) employ another person as the managing or operating
agent of the operator; or
``(2) charter a vessel, on which an operating-differential
subsidy is to be paid, for operation by another person.

``(b) Applicability of Provisions to Charterer.--If a charter
prohibited by this section is made, the person operating the chartered
vessel is subject to all the provisions of this subtitle and the
operating-differential subsidy program, including limitations of profits
and salaries.

``Sec. 58104. Willful violation constitutes breach of contract or
charter

``A willful violation of any provision of sections 58101-58103 of
this title constitutes a breach of the contract or charter. On
determining that a violation has occurred, the Secretary of
Transportation may declare the contract or charter rescinded.

``Sec. 58105. Preferences for cargo in which charterer has interest

``A contractor receiving an operating-differential subsidy, or a
charterer under chapter 575 of this title, may not unjustly discriminate
in any manner so as to give preference, directly or indirectly, to cargo
in which the contractor or charterer has a direct or indirect ownership,
purchase, or vending interest.

``Sec. 58106. Concerted discriminatory activities

``(a) Prohibition.--A contractor receiving an operating-differential
subsidy, or a charterer under chapter 575 of this title, may not
continue as a party to or conform to an agreement with another carrier
by water, or engage in a practice in concert with another carrier by
water, that is unjustly discriminatory or unfair to any other citizen of
the United States operating a common carrier by water employing only
vessels documented under the laws of the United States on an established
trade route from and to a United States port.
``(b) Government Payment Prohibited.--No payment or subsidy of any
kind may be paid, directly or indirectly, out of funds of the United
States Government to a contractor or charterer that has violated
subsection (a).
``(c) Civil Action.--A person whose business or property is injured
by a violation of subsection (a) may bring a civil action in the
district court of the United States for the district in which the
defendant resides, is found, or has an agent. If the person prevails,
the person shall be awarded--
``(1) 3 times the damages; and
``(2) costs, including reasonable attorney fees.

``Sec. 58107. Discrimination at ports by water common carriers

``(a) Prohibition.--A common carrier by water may not, directly or
indirectly, through an agreement, conference, association,
understanding, or otherwise, prevent or attempt to prevent any other
common carrier by water from serving any port described in subsection
(b) at the same rates the first carrier charges at the nearest port
already regularly served by it.
``(b) Ports.--A port referred to in subsection (a) is one that is--
``(1) designed for the accommodation of ocean-going vessels;

[[Page 1673]]
120 STAT. 1673

``(2) located on an improvement project authorized by law or
by a Federal agency; and
``(3) located within the continental limits of the United
States.

``(c) Other Authority Not Limited.--This section does not limit the
authority otherwise vested in the Secretary of Transportation and the
Federal Maritime Commission.

``Sec. 58108. Charges for transportation subject to subtitle IV of title
49

``(a) Prohibition.--A carrier may not charge, collect, or receive
for transportation subject to subtitle IV of title 49 of persons or
property, under any joint rate, fare, or charge, or under any export,
import, or other proportional rate, fare, or charge, that is based in
whole or in part on the fact that the persons or property affected are
to be transported to, or have been transported from, a port in a
territory or possession of the United States or in a foreign country, by
a carrier by water in foreign commerce, any lower rate, fare, or charge
than the carrier charges, collects, or receives for the transportation
of persons or similar property for the same distance, in the same
direction, and over the same route, in commerce wholly within the United
States, unless the vessel used for the transportation is or was at the
time of the transportation documented under the laws of the United
States.
``(b) Suspension of Prohibition.--
Whenever NOTE: Certification. the Secretary of Transportation
believes that adequate shipping facilities to or from any port in a
territory or possession of the United States or a foreign country are
not being provided by vessels documented under the laws of the United
States, the Secretary shall certify this fact to the Surface
Transportation Board. On receiving the certification, the Board may by
order suspend the operation of subsection (a) with respect to the rates,
fares, and charges for the transportation by rail of persons and
property transported from or to be transported to those ports, for such
time and under such terms and conditions as the Secretary may specify in
the order or in any supplemental order.

``(c) Termination of Suspension.--Whenever the Secretary believes
that adequate shipping facilities are being provided to those ports by
vessels documented under the laws of the United States, and certifies
that fact to the Board, the Board may order the termination of the
suspension.

``Sec. 58109. Penalties

``(a) Individuals.--An individual convicted of violating section
58101(d), 58103, or 58105 of this title shall be fined under title 18,
imprisoned for at least one year but not more than 5 years, or both.
``(b) Organizations.--An organization convicted of committing an act
prohibited by this subtitle shall be fined under title 18.
``(c) Ineligibility To Receive Benefits.--An individual or
organization convicted of violating a section referred to in subsection
(a) is ineligible, at the discretion of the Secretary of Transportation,
to receive any benefit under the construction-differential subsidy or
operating-differential subsidy programs, or a charter under chapter 575
of this title, for 5 years after the conviction.''.

[[Page 1674]]
120 STAT. 1674

SEC. 9. SUBTITLE VI OF TITLE 46.

(a) Redesignation.--Title 46, United States Code, is amended by
redesignating subtitle VI as subtitle VII.
(b) New Subtitle.--Title 46, United States Code, is amended by
inserting after subtitle V the following:

``Subtitle VI--Clearance, Tonnage Taxes, and Duties

``Chapter                                                           Sec.
Arrival and Departure Requirements                     60101
Tonnage Taxes and Light Money                          60301
Discriminating Duties and Reciprocal Privileges        60501

``CHAPTER 601--ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE REQUIREMENTS

``Sec.
``60101.  Boarding arriving vessels before inspection.
``60102.  Production of certificate on entry.
``60103.  Oath of ownership on entry.
``60104.  Depositing certificates of documentation with consular
officers.
``60105.  Clearance of vessels.
``60106.  State inspection laws.
``60107.  Payment of fees on departing vessel.
``60108.  Duty to transport tendered cargo.
``60109.  Duty to transport money and securities of the United States
Government.

``Sec. 60101. Boarding arriving vessels before inspection

``(a) Regulations.--The Secretary of Homeland Security shall
prescribe and enforce regulations on the boarding of a vessel arriving
at a port of the United States before the vessel has been inspected and
secured.
``(b) Criminal Penalty.--A person violating a regulation prescribed
under this section shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned for not
more than 6 months, or both.
``(c) Relationship to Other law.--This section shall be construed as
supplementary to section 2279 of title 18.

``Sec. 60102. Production of certificate on entry

``On entry of a vessel documented under chapter 121 of this title,
the master or other individual in charge of the vessel shall produce the
certificate of documentation to the customs officer at the place where
the vessel is entered. If the certificate is not produced, the vessel is
not entitled to the privileges of a documented vessel.

``Sec. 60103. Oath of ownership on entry

``(a) Required Statement.--On entry of a vessel of the United States
from a foreign port, the individual designated under subsection (b)
shall state under oath that--
``(1) the vessel's certificate of documentation contains the
names of all the owners of the vessel; or
``(2) part of the ownership has been transferred since the
certificate was issued and, to the best of the individual's
knowledge and belief, the vessel is still owned only by citizens
of the United States.

``(b) Person To Make Statement.--The statement under subsection (a)
shall be made by--
``(1) an owner if one resides at the port of entry; or

[[Page 1675]]
120 STAT. 1675

``(2) the master if an owner does not reside at the port of
entry.

``(c) Consequence of Not Making Statement.--If the appropriate
individual does not make the statement required by this section, the
vessel is not entitled to the privileges of a vessel of the United
States.

``Sec. 60104. Depositing certificates of documentation with consular
officers

``(a) Requirement of Master.--When a vessel owned by citizens of the
United States, on a voyage from a port in the United States, arrives at
a foreign port, the master of the vessel shall deposit the vessel's
certificate of documentation with a consular officer at the foreign port
if there is a consular officer at that port.
``(b) Return of Certificate.--When the master produces a clearance
from the appropriate officer of the foreign port, the consular officer
shall return the certificate of documentation to the master if the
master has complied with the provisions of law related to the discharge
of seamen in a foreign country and the payment of fees of consular
officers.
``(c) Civil Penalty and Collection.--The master of a vessel failing
to deposit the certificate of documentation as required by subsection
(a) is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of
$500. The consular officer shall bring an action to recover the penalty
in any court of competent jurisdiction. The action shall be brought in
the name of the consular officer for the benefit of the United States.

``Sec. 60105. Clearance of vessels

``(a) Vessels of the United States.--Except as otherwise provided by
law, a vessel of the United States shall obtain clearance from the
Secretary of Homeland Security before proceeding from a port or place in
the United States--
``(1) for a foreign port or place;
``(2) for another port or place in the United States if the
vessel has on board foreign merchandise for which entry has not
been made; or
``(3) outside the territorial sea to visit a hovering vessel
or to receive merchandise while outside the territorial sea.

``(b) Other Vessels.--Except as otherwise provided by law, a vessel
that is not a vessel of the United States shall obtain clearance from
the Secretary before proceeding from a port or place in the United
States--
``(1) for a foreign port or place;
``(2) for another port or place in the United States; or
``(3) outside the territorial sea to visit a hovering vessel
or to receive or deliver merchandise while outside the
territorial sea.

``(c) Regulations.--The Secretary may by regulation--
``(1) prescribe the manner in which clearance under this
section is to be obtained, including the documents, data, or
information which shall be submitted or transmitted, pursuant to
an authorized data interchange system, to obtain the clearance;

[[Page 1676]]
120 STAT. 1676

``(2) permit clearance to be obtained before all
requirements for clearance are complied with, but only if the
owner or operator of the vessel files a bond in an amount set by
the Secretary conditioned on the compliance by the owner or
operator with all specified requirements for clearance within a
time period (not exceeding 4 business days) established by the
Secretary; and
``(3) permit clearance to be obtained at a place other than
a designated port of entry, under conditions the Secretary may
prescribe.

``Sec. 60106. State inspection laws

``When State law requires a certificate of inspection for goods
carried on a vessel, a vessel transporting the goods may not be cleared
until the certificate is produced.

``Sec. 60107. Payment of fees on departing vessel

``A departing vessel may be cleared only when all legal fees that
have accrued on the vessel are paid and proof of payment is presented to
the individual granting the clearance.

``Sec. 60108. Duty to transport tendered cargo

``Clearance may be refused to a vessel or vehicle transporting cargo
destined for a domestic or foreign port when the owner, master, or other
individual in charge refuses to accept cargo tendered in good condition,
with proper charges, for the same or an intermediate port by a citizen
of the United States. This section does not apply if the vessel or
vehicle is already fully loaded (giving appropriate consideration to its
proper loading) or is not adaptable to transport the tendered cargo.

``Sec. 60109. Duty to transport money and securities of the United
States Government

``Before being given clearance, a vessel owned by a citizen of the
United States and bound on a voyage from a port in the United States to
another port in the United States or in a foreign country, or on a
voyage from a port in a foreign country to a port in the United States,
shall receive on board any bullion, coin, notes, bonds, or other
securities of the United States Government that an agency, consular
officer, or other agent of the Government offers. The vessel shall
transport the items securely and deliver them promptly to the proper
authorities or consignees on arriving at the port of destination.
Compensation shall be paid for services provided under this section that
is equal to compensation paid to other carriers in the ordinary
transaction of business.

``CHAPTER 603--TONNAGE TAXES AND LIGHT MONEY

``Sec.
``60301.  Regular tonnage taxes.
``60302.  Special tonnage taxes.
``60303.  Light money.
``60304.  Presidential suspension of tonnage taxes and light money.
``60305.  Vessels in distress.
``60306.  Vessels not engaged in trade.
``60307.  Vessels engaged in coastwise trade or the fisheries.
``60308.  Vessels engaged in Great Lakes trade.
``60309.  Passenger vessels making trips between ports of the United
States and foreign ports.
``60310.  Vessels making daily trips on interior waters.

[[Page 1677]]
120 STAT. 1677

``60311.  Hospital vessels in time of war.
``60312.  Rights under treaties preserved.

``Sec. 60301. Regular tonnage taxes

``(a) Lower Rate.--A tax is imposed at the rate of 2 cents per ton
(but not more than a total of 10 cents per ton per year) at each entry
in a port of the United States of--
``(1) a vessel entering from a foreign port or place in
North America, Central America, the West Indies Islands, the
Bahama Islands, the Bermuda Islands, or the coast of South
America bordering the Caribbean Sea; or
``(2) a vessel returning to the same port or place in the
United States from which it departed, and not entering the
United States from another port or place, except--
``(A) a vessel of the United States;
``(B) a recreational vessel (as defined in section
2101 of this title); or
``(C) a barge.

``(b) Higher Rate.--A tax is imposed at the rate of 6 cents per ton
(but not more than a total of 30 cents per ton per year) on a vessel at
each entry in a port of the United States from a foreign port or place
not named in subsection (a)(1).
``(c) Exception for Vessels Entering Other Than by Sea.--Subsection
(a) does not apply to a vessel entering other than by sea from a foreign
port or place at which tonnage, lighthouse, or other equivalent taxes
are not imposed on vessels of the United States.

``Sec. 60302. Special tonnage taxes

``(a) Entry From Foreign Port or Place.--Regardless of whether a tax
is imposed under section 60301 of this title, a tax is imposed on a
vessel at each entry in a port of the United States from a foreign port
or place at the following rates:
``(1) 30 cents per ton on a vessel built in the United
States but owned in any part by a subject of a foreign country.
``(2) 50 cents per ton on other vessels not of the United
States.
``(3) 50 cents per ton on a vessel of the United States
having an officer who is not a citizen of the United States.
``(4) $2 per ton on a foreign vessel entering from a foreign
port or place at which vessels of the United States are not
ordinarily allowed to enter and trade.

``(b) Vessels Not of the United States Transporting Property Between
Districts.--Regardless of whether a tax is imposed under section 60301
of this title, a tax of 50 cents per ton is imposed on a vessel not of
the United States at each entry in one customs district from another
district when transporting goods loaded in one district to be delivered
in another district.
``(c) Exception for Vessels Becoming Documented.--The tax of 50
cents per ton under this section does not apply to a vessel that--
``(1) is owned only by citizens of the United States; and
``(2) after entering a port of the United States, becomes
documented as a vessel of the United States before leaving that
port.

[[Page 1678]]
120 STAT. 1678

``Sec. 60303. Light money

``(a) Imposition of Tax.--A tax of 50 cents per ton, to be called
`light money', is imposed on a vessel not of the United States at each
entry in a port of the United States. This tax shall be imposed and
collected under the same regulations that apply to tonnage taxes.
``(b) Exception for Vessels Owned by Citizens.--
``(1) In general.--Subsection (a) does not apply to a vessel
owned only by citizens of the United States if--
``(A) the vessel is carrying a regular document
issued by a customhouse of the United States proving the
vessel to be owned only by citizens of the United
States; and
``(B) on entry of the vessel from a foreign port,
the individual designated under paragraph (2) states
under oath that--
``(i) the document contains the names of all
the owners of the vessel; or
``(ii) part of the ownership has been
transferred since the document was issued and, to
the best of that individual's knowledge and
belief, the vessel is still owned only by citizens
of the United States.
``(2) Person to make statement.--The statement under
paragraph (1)(B) shall be made by--
``(A) an owner if one resides at the port of entry;
or
``(B) the master if an owner does not reside at the
port of entry.

``(c) Exception for Vessels Becoming Documented.--Subsection (a)
section does not apply to a vessel that--
``(1) is owned only by citizens of the United States; and
``(2) after entering a port of the United States, becomes
documented as a vessel of the United States before leaving that
port.

``Sec. 60304. Presidential suspension of tonnage taxes and light money

``If the President is satisfied that the government of a foreign
country does not impose discriminating or countervailing duties to the
disadvantage of the United States, the President shall suspend the
imposition of special tonnage taxes and light money under sections 60302
and 60303 of this title on vessels of that country.

``Sec. 60305. Vessels in distress

``A vessel is exempt from tonnage taxes and light money when it
enters because it is in distress.

``Sec. 60306. Vessels not engaged in trade

``A vessel is exempt from tonnage taxes and light money when not
engaged in trade.

``Sec. 60307. Vessels engaged in coastwise trade or the fisheries

``A vessel with a registry endorsement or a coastwise endorsement,
trading from one port in the United States to another port in the United
States or employed in the bank, whale, or other fisheries, is exempt
from tonnage taxes and light money.

[[Page 1679]]
120 STAT. 1679

``Sec. 60308. Vessels engaged in Great Lakes trade

``A documented vessel with a registry endorsement, engaged in
foreign trade on the Great Lakes or their tributary or connecting waters
in trade with Canada, does not become subject to tonnage taxes or light
money because of that trade.

``Sec. 60309. Passenger vessels making trips between ports of the United
States and foreign ports

``A passenger vessel making at least 3 trips per week between a port
of the United States and a foreign port is exempt from tonnage taxes and
light money.

``Sec. 60310. Vessels making daily trips on interior waters

``A vessel making regular daily trips between a port of the United
States and a port of Canada only on interior waters not navigable to the
ocean is exempt from tonnage taxes and light money, except on its first
clearing each year.

``Sec. 60311. Hospital vessels in time of war

``In time of war, a hospital vessel is exempt from tonnage taxes,
light money, and pilotage charges in the ports of the United States if
the vessel is one for which the conditions of the international
convention for the exemption of hospital ships from taxation in time of
war, concluded at The Hague on December 21, 1904, are
satisfied. NOTE: President. The President by proclamation shall name
the vessels for which the conditions are satisfied and state when the
exemption begins and ends.

``Sec. 60312. Rights under treaties preserved

``This chapter and chapter 605 of this title do not affect a right
or privilege of a foreign country relating to tonnage taxes or other
duties on vessels under a law or treaty of the United States.

``CHAPTER 605--DISCRIMINATING DUTIES AND RECIPROCAL PRIVILEGES

``Sec.
``60501.  Vessels allowed to import.
``60502.  Discriminating duty on goods imported in foreign vessels or
from contiguous countries.
``60503.  Reciprocal suspension of discriminating duties.
``60504.  Reciprocal privileges for recreational vessels.
``60505.  Retaliatory suspension of commercial privileges.
``60506.  Retaliation against British dominions of North America.
``60507.  Suspension of free passage through Saint Marys Falls Canal.

``Sec. 60501. Vessels allowed to import

``(a) In General.--Except as otherwise provided by treaty, goods may
be imported into the United States from a foreign port or place only
in--
``(1) a vessel of the United States; or
``(2) a foreign vessel owned only by citizens or subjects of
the country--
``(A) in which the goods are grown, produced, or
manufactured; or
``(B) from which the goods can only be, or most
usually are, first shipped for transportation.

[[Page 1680]]
120 STAT. 1680

``(b) Exception for Vessels of Countries Not Maintaining Similar
Restrictions.--Subsection (a) does not apply to a vessel of a foreign
country that does not maintain a similar restriction against United
States documented vessels.
``(c) Exception for Vessels Becoming Documented.--Subsection (a)
does not apply to a vessel that--
``(1) is owned only by citizens of the United States; and
``(2) after entering a port of the United States, becomes
documented as a vessel of the United States before leaving that
port.

``(d) Seizure and Forfeiture.--If goods are imported in violation of
this section, the goods and the vessel in which they are imported, along
with its equipment and other cargo, may be seized by and forfeited to
the United States Government.

``Sec. 60502. Discriminating duty on goods imported in foreign vessels
or from contiguous countries

``(a) Imposition of Duty.--A discriminating duty of 10 percent ad
valorem (in addition to other duties imposed by law) is imposed on
goods--
``(1) imported in a vessel not of the United States unless
the vessel--
``(A) is entitled by law or treaty to enter the
ports of the United States on payment of the same duties
as are payable on goods imported in a vessel of the
United States; or
``(B)(i) is owned only by citizens of the United
States; and
``(ii) after entering a port of the United States,
becomes documented as a vessel of the United States
before leaving that port; or
``(2) produced or manufactured in a foreign country not
contiguous to the United States and imported from a country
contiguous to the United States, unless imported in the usual
course of strictly retail trade.

``(b) Seizure and Forfeiture.--If goods are imported without payment
of the duty required by this section, the goods and the vessel in which
they are imported may be seized by, and forfeited to, the United States
Government.

``Sec. 60503. Reciprocal suspension of discriminating duties

``(a) General Authority.--On receiving satisfactory proof from the
government of a foreign country that it has suspended, in any part, the
imposition of discriminating duties for any class of vessels owned by
citizens of the United States or goods imported in those vessels, the
President may proclaim a reciprocal suspension of discriminating duties
for the same class of vessels owned by citizens of that country or goods
imported in those vessels.
``(b) Effective and Expiration Dates.--A suspension under this
section takes effect retroactively from the date the President received
the proof from the foreign government, and expires when that government
stops granting the reciprocal suspension.

``Sec. 60504. Reciprocal privileges for recreational vessels

``When the President is satisfied that yachts owned by residents of
the United States and used only for pleasure are allowed to arrive at,
depart from, and cruise in the waters of a foreign port

[[Page 1681]]
120 STAT. 1681

without entering, clearing, or paying any duties or fees (including
cruising license fees), the Secretary of Homeland Security may allow
yachts from that foreign port used only for pleasure to arrive at and
depart from the ports of the United States and to cruise in the waters
of the United States without paying any duties or fees. However, the
Secretary may require foreign yachts to obtain a license to cruise in
the waters of the United States. NOTE: Licensing. The license shall
be in the form prescribed by the Secretary and contain limitations about
length of time, direction, place of cruising and action, and other
matters the Secretary considers appropriate. The license shall be issued
without cost to the yacht.

``Sec. 60505. Retaliatory suspension of commercial privileges

``(a) General Authority.--The President may proclaim a suspension of
commercial privileges to vessels of a foreign country when--
``(1) vessels of that country have been given the same
commercial privileges in the ports and waters of the United
States given to vessels of the United States (except the
privilege of engaging in coastwise commerce); and
``(2) vessels of the United States are denied commercial
privileges in the ports or waters of that country given to
vessels of that country.

``(b) Application.--A suspension under this section shall apply to
the same commercial privileges denied to vessels of the United States in
the ports or waters of the foreign country, and to the same class of
vessels of that country as the class of vessels of the United States
denied the privileges.
``(c) Effective Date.--The NOTE: President. President shall
designate the effective date of the suspension in the proclamation.

``(d) Penalties.--
``(1) Seizure and forfeiture.--If the master, officer, or
agent of a vessel of a foreign country does an act for the
vessel in the ports or waters of the United States in violation
of a proclamation issued under this section, the vessel and the
goods on the vessel may be seized by, and forfeited to, the
United States Government.
``(2) Fine or imprisonment.--A person opposing an official
of the Government enforcing this section shall be fined under
title 18, imprisoned for not more than 2 years, or both.

``Sec. 60506. Retaliation against British dominions of North America

``(a) General Authority.--The President by proclamation may prohibit
vessels of the British dominions of North America, their masters and
crews, and products of or coming from those dominions, from entering
waters, ports, or places of the United States when the President is
satisfied that--
``(1) fishermen or fishing vessels of the United States in
waters, ports, or places of the British dominions of North
America are being or recently have been--
``(A) denied rights provided by law or treaty;
``(B) subjected to unreasonable restrictions in the
exercise of those rights; or
``(C) otherwise harassed;
``(2) fishermen or fishing vessels of the United States,
having a permit under the laws of the United States to dock

[[Page 1682]]
120 STAT. 1682

or trade at a port or place in the British dominions of North
America, are being or recently have been--
``(A) denied the privilege of entering the port or
place in the same manner and under the same regulations
applicable to trading vessels of the most-favored-
nation;
``(B) prevented from buying supplies allowed to be
sold to trading vessels of the most-favored-nation; or
``(C) otherwise harassed; or
``(3) other vessels of the United States or their masters or
crews in waters, ports, or places of the British dominions of
North America are being or recently have been--
``(A) denied privileges given to vessels of the
most-favored-nation or their masters or crews; or
``(B) otherwise harassed.

``(b) Coverage and Exceptions.--The President may apply a
proclamation under this section to any of the subjects named, and may
include exceptions for vessels in distress or need of supplies. The
President may change, revoke, and renew the proclamation.
``(c) Penalties.--A person violating a proclamation issued under
this section shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned for not more than
2 years, or both. A vessel or goods found in waters, ports, or places of
the United States in violation of the proclamation may be seized by, and
forfeited to, the United States Government.

``Sec. 60507. Suspension of free passage through Saint Marys Falls Canal

``(a) Purpose.--The purpose of this section is to secure reciprocal
advantages for the citizens, ports, and vessels of the United States.
``(b) General Authority.--When the President is satisfied that
vessels of the United States, or passengers or cargo being transported
to a port of the United States, are prohibited from passing through a
canal or lock connected with the navigation of the Saint Lawrence River,
the Great Lakes, or their connecting waterways, or burdened in that
passage by tolls or other means that are unreasonable in view of the
free passage through the Saint Marys Falls Canal allowed to vessels of
all countries, the President by proclamation may suspend the right of
free passage through the Saint Marys Falls Canal for vessels owned by
subjects of the country imposing the prohibition, tolls, or other
burdens and for passengers and cargo being transported to the ports of
that country, even when carried in vessels of the United
States. NOTE: President. The suspension shall apply to the extent
and for the time the President considers appropriate.

``(c) Imposition of Toll.--
``(1) In general.--During a suspension under this section,
the President shall impose a toll of not more than $2 per ton on
cargo and not more than $5 on each passenger.
``(2) Exceptions.--Notwithstanding paragraph (1), a toll may
not be imposed on passengers or cargo landed at Ogdensburg, New
York, or any port west of Ogdensburg and south of a line drawn
from the northern boundary of New York through the Saint
Lawrence River, the Great Lakes, and their connecting channels
to the northern boundary of Minnesota.

``(d) Collection of Toll.--

[[Page 1683]]
120 STAT. 1683

``(1) In general.--A toll imposed under this section shall
be collected under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of
Homeland Security. The Secretary may require the master of a
vessel to provide a sworn statement of the amount and kind of
cargo, the number of passengers, and the destination of the
passengers and cargo.
``(2) Proof of landing.--When applicable, the Secretary also
may require satisfactory proof that the passengers and cargo
were landed at a port described in subsection (c)(2). Until that
proof is provided, the Secretary may assume the passengers and
cargo were not landed at such a port, and the amount of a toll
that otherwise would be imposed is a lien enforceable against
the vessel when found in the waters of the United States.''.

SEC. 10. SUBTITLE VII OF TITLE 46.

Subtitle VII of title 46, United States Code, as redesignated by
section 9(a) of this Act, is amended as follows:
(1) The subtitle heading and analysis are amended to read as
follows:

``Subtitle VII--Security and Drug Enforcement

``Chapter                                                          Sec.
Port Security                                         70101
Maritime Security                                     70301
Maritime Drug Law Enforcement                       70501''.
(2) Add after chapter 701 the following:

``CHAPTER 703--MARITIME SECURITY

``Sec.
``70301.  Definitions.
``70302.  International measures for seaport and vessel security.
``70303.  Security standards at foreign ports.
``70304.  Travel advisories on security at foreign ports.
``70305.  Suspension of passenger services.
``70306.  Report on terrorist threats.

``Sec. 70301. Definitions

``In this chapter:
``(1) Common carrier.--The term `common carrier' has the
meaning given that term in section 40102 of this title.
``(2) Passenger vessel.--The term `passenger vessel' has the
meaning given that term in section 2101 of this title.
``(3) Secretary.--The term `Secretary' means the Secretary
of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating.

``Sec. 70302. International measures for seaport and vessel security

``Congress encourages the President to continue to seek agreement on
international seaport and vessel security through the International
Maritime Organization. In developing an agreement, each member country
of the International Maritime Organization should consult with
appropriate private sector interests in that country. The agreement
would establish seaport and vessel security measures and could include--
``(1) seaport screening of cargo and baggage similar to that
done at airports;

[[Page 1684]]
120 STAT. 1684

``(2) security measures to restrict access to cargo,
vessels, and dockside property to authorized personnel only;
``(3) additional security on board vessels;
``(4) licensing or certification of compliance with
appropriate security standards; and
``(5) other appropriate measures to prevent unlawful acts
against passengers and crews on vessels.

``Sec. 70303. Security standards at foreign ports

``(a) General Requirements.--The Secretary shall develop and
implement a plan to assess the effectiveness of the security measures
maintained at foreign ports that the Secretary, in consultation with the
Secretary of State, determines pose a high risk of acts of terrorism
against passenger vessels. In carrying out this subsection, the
Secretary shall consult with the Secretary of State about the terrorist
threat that exists in each country and poses a high risk of acts of
terrorism against passenger vessels.
``(b) Notice and Recommendations to Other Countries.--If the
Secretary, after implementing the plan under subsection (a), determines
that a port does not maintain and administer effective security
measures, the Secretary of State (after being informed by the Secretary)
shall--
``(1) notify the appropriate government authorities of the
country in which the port is located of the determination; and
``(2) recommend steps necessary to bring the security
measures at that port up to the standard used by the Secretary
in making the assessment under subsection (a).

``(c) Antiterrorism Assistance.--The President is encouraged to
provide antiterrorism assistance related to maritime security under
chapter 8 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C.
2349aa et seq.) to foreign countries, especially for a port that the
Secretary determines under subsection (b) does not maintain and
administer effective security measures.

``Sec. 70304. Travel advisories on security at foreign ports

``(a) General Requirements.--On being notified by the Secretary that
the Secretary has determined that a condition exists that threatens the
safety or security of passengers, passenger vessels, or crew traveling
to or from a foreign port that the Secretary has determined under
section 70303(b) of this title does not maintain and administer
effective security measures, the Secretary of State immediately shall
issue a travel advisory for that NOTE: Notification. port. The
Secretary of State shall take the necessary steps to widely publicize
the travel advisory.

``(b) Lifting Advisories.--A travel advisory issued under subsection
(a) may be lifted only if the Secretary, in consultation with the
Secretary of State, has determined that effective security measures are
maintained and administered at the port.
``(c) Notice to Congress.--The Secretary of State shall notify
Congress immediately of any change in the status of a travel advisory
issued under this section.

``Sec. 70305. Suspension of passenger services

``(a) General Authority.--Whenever the President determines that a
foreign nation permits the use of territory under its jurisdiction as a
base of operations or training for, or as a sanctuary

[[Page 1685]]
120 STAT. 1685

for, or in any way arms, aids, or abets, a terrorist or terrorist group
that knowingly uses the illegal seizure of passenger vessels or the
threat thereof as an instrument of policy, the President may suspend the
right of any passenger vessel common carrier to operate to or from, and
the right of any passenger vessel of the United States to use, a port in
that foreign nation for passenger service. The suspension may be without
notice or hearing and for as long as the President determines is
necessary to ensure the security of passenger vessels against unlawful
seizure.
``(b) Prohibition.--A passenger vessel common carrier, or a
passenger vessel of the United States, may not operate in violation of a
suspension under this section.
``(c) Penalties.--
``(1) Denial of entry.--If a person operates a vessel in
violation of this section, the Secretary may deny the vessels of
that person entry to ports of the United States.
``(2) Civil penalty.--A person violating this section is
liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of
not more than $50,000. Each day a vessel uses a prohibited port
is a separate violation.

``Sec. 70306. Report on terrorist threats

``(a) Content.--Not later than February 28 of each year, the
Secretary shall submit a report to Congress on the threat from acts of
terrorism to United States ports and vessels operating from those ports.
The Secretary shall include a description of activities undertaken under
title I of the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 (Public Law
107-295, 116 Stat. 2066) and an analysis of the effect of those
activities on port security against acts of terrorism.
``(b) Submission.--The report shall be submitted to the Committee on
International Relations and the Committee on Transportation and
Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on
Foreign Relations and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation of the Senate. NOTE: Confidential information. Any
classified information in the report shall be submitted separately as an
addendum.

``CHAPTER 705--MARITIME DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT

``Sec.
``70501.  Findings and declarations.
``70502.  Definitions.
``70503.  Manufacture, distribution, or possession of controlled
substances on vessels.
``70504.  Jurisdiction and venue.
``70505.  Failure to comply with international law as a defense.
``70506.  Penalties.
``70507.  Forfeitures.

``Sec. 70501. Findings and declarations

``Congress finds and declares that trafficking in controlled
substances aboard vessels is a serious international problem, is
universally condemned, and presents a specific threat to the security
and societal well-being of the United States.

``Sec. 70502. Definitions

``(a) Application of Other Definitions.--The definitions in section
102 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
(21 U.S.C. 802) apply to this chapter.

[[Page 1686]]
120 STAT. 1686

``(b) Vessel of the United States.--In this chapter, the term
`vessel of the United States' means--
``(1) a vessel documented under chapter 121 of this title or
numbered as provided in chapter 123 of this title;
``(2) a vessel owned in any part by an individual who is a
citizen of the United States, the United States Government, the
government of a State or political subdivision of a State, or a
corporation incorporated under the laws of the United States or
of a State, unless--
``(A) the vessel has been granted the nationality of
a foreign nation under article 5 of the 1958 Convention
on the High Seas; and
``(B) a claim of nationality or registry for the
vessel is made by the master or individual in charge at
the time of the enforcement action by an officer or
employee of the United States who is authorized to
enforce applicable provisions of United States law; and
``(3) a vessel that was once documented under the laws of
the United States and, in violation of the laws of the United
States, was sold to a person not a citizen of the United States,
placed under foreign registry, or operated under the authority
of a foreign nation, whether or not the vessel has been granted
the nationality of a foreign nation.

``(c) Vessel Subject to the Jurisdiction of the United States.--
``(1) In general.--In this chapter, the term `vessel subject
to the jurisdiction of the United States' includes--
``(A) a vessel without nationality;
``(B) a vessel assimilated to a vessel without
nationality under paragraph (2) of article 6 of the 1958
Convention on the High Seas;
``(C) a vessel registered in a foreign nation if
that nation has consented or waived objection to the
enforcement of United States law by the United States;
``(D) a vessel in the customs waters of the United
States;
``(E) a vessel in the territorial waters of a
foreign nation if the nation consents to the enforcement
of United States law by the United States; and
``(F) a vessel in the contiguous zone of the United
States, as defined in Presidential Proclamation 7219 of
September 2, 1999 (43 U.S.C. 1331 note), that--
``(i) is entering the United States;
``(ii) has departed the United States; or
``(iii) is a hovering vessel as defined in
section 401 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C.
1401).
``(2) Consent or waiver of objection.--Consent or waiver of
objection by a foreign nation to the enforcement of United
States law by the United States under paragraph (1)(C) or (E)--
``(A) may be obtained by radio, telephone, or
similar oral or electronic means; and
``(B) is proved conclusively by certification of the
Secretary of State or the Secretary's designee.

``(d) Vessel Without Nationality.--
``(1) In general.--In this chapter, the term `vessel without
nationality' includes--

[[Page 1687]]
120 STAT. 1687

``(A) a vessel aboard which the master or individual
in charge makes a claim of registry that is denied by
the nation whose registry is claimed;
``(B) a vessel aboard which the master or individual
in charge fails, on request of an officer of the United
States authorized to enforce applicable provisions of
United States law, to make a claim of nationality or
registry for that vessel; and
``(C) a vessel aboard which the master or individual
in charge makes a claim of registry and for which the
claimed nation of registry does not affirmatively and
unequivocally assert that the vessel is of its
nationality.
``(2) Verification or denial.--A claim of registry under
paragraph (1)(A) or (C) may be verified or denied by radio,
telephone, or similar oral or electronic means. The denial of
such a claim is proved conclusively by certification of the
Secretary of State or the Secretary's designee.

``(e) Claim of Nationality or Registry.--A claim of nationality or
registry under this section includes only--
``(1) possession on board the vessel and production of
documents evidencing the vessel's nationality as provided in
article 5 of the 1958 Convention on the High Seas;
``(2) flying its nation's ensign or flag; or
``(3) a verbal claim of nationality or registry by the
master or individual in charge of the vessel.

``Sec. 70503. Manufacture, distribution, or possession of controlled
substances on vessels

``(a) Prohibitions.--An individual may not knowingly or
intentionally manufacture or distribute, or possess with intent to
manufacture or distribute, a controlled substance on board--
``(1) a vessel of the United States or a vessel subject to
the jurisdiction of the United States; or
``(2) any vessel if the individual is a citizen of the
United States or a resident alien of the United States.

``(b) Extension Beyond Territorial Jurisdiction.--Subsection (a)
applies even though the act is committed outside the territorial
jurisdiction of the United States.
``(c) Nonapplication.--
``(1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (2), subsection (a)
does not apply to--
``(A) a common or contract carrier or an employee of
the carrier who possesses or distributes a controlled
substance in the lawful and usual course of the
carrier's business; or
``(B) a public vessel of the United States or an
individual on board the vessel who possesses or
distributes a controlled substance in the lawful course
of the individual's duties.
``(2) Entered in manifest.--Paragraph (1) applies only if
the controlled substance is part of the cargo entered in the
vessel's manifest and is intended to be imported lawfully into
the country of destination for scientific, medical, or other
lawful purposes.

``(d) Burden of Proof.--The United States Government is not required
to negative a defense provided by subsection (c) in a complaint,
information, indictment, or other pleading or in a

[[Page 1688]]
120 STAT. 1688

trial or other proceeding. The burden of going forward with the evidence
supporting the defense is on the person claiming its benefit.

``Sec. 70504. Jurisdiction and venue

``(a) Jurisdiction.--Jurisdiction of the United States with respect
to a vessel subject to this chapter is not an element of an offense.
Jurisdictional issues arising under this chapter are preliminary
questions of law to be determined solely by the trial judge.
``(b) Venue.--A person violating section 70503 of this title shall
be tried in the district court of the United States for--
``(1) the district at which the person enters the United
States; or
``(2) the District of Columbia.

``Sec. 70505. Failure to comply with international law as a defense

``A person charged with violating section 70503 of this title does
not have standing to raise a claim of failure to comply with
international law as a basis for a defense. A claim of failure to comply
with international law in the enforcement of this chapter may be made
only by a foreign nation. A failure to comply with international law
does not divest a court of jurisdiction and is not a defense to a
proceeding under this chapter.

``Sec. 70506. Penalties

``(a) Violations.--A person violating section 70503 of this title
shall be punished as provided in section 1010 of the Comprehensive Drug
Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 U.S.C. 960). However, if
the offense is a second or subsequent offense as provided in section
1012(b) of that Act (21 U.S.C. 962(b)), the person shall be punished as
provided in section 1012 of that Act (21 U.S.C. 962).
``(b) Attempts and Conspiracies.--A person attempting or conspiring
to violate section 70503 of this title is subject to the same penalties
as provided for violating section 70503.

``Sec. 70507. Forfeitures

``(a) In General.--Property described in section 511(a) of the
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 U.S.C.
881(a)) that is used or intended for use to commit, or to facilitate the
commission of, an offense under section 70503 of this title may be
seized and forfeited in the same manner that similar property may be
seized and forfeited under section 511 of that Act (21 U.S.C. 881).
``(b) Prima Facie Evidence of Violation.--Practices commonly
recognized as smuggling tactics may provide prima facie evidence of
intent to use a vessel to commit, or to facilitate the commission of, an
offense under section 70503 of this title, and may support seizure and
forfeiture of the vessel, even in the absence of controlled substances
aboard the vessel. The following indicia, among others, may be
considered, in the totality of the circumstances, to be prima facie
evidence that a vessel is intended to be used to commit, or to
facilitate the commission of, such an offense:
``(1) The construction or adaptation of the vessel in a
manner that facilitates smuggling, including--

[[Page 1689]]
120 STAT. 1689

``(A) the configuration of the vessel to ride low in
the water or present a low hull profile to avoid being
detected visually or by radar;
``(B) the presence of any compartment or equipment
that is built or fitted out for smuggling, not including
items such as a safe or lock-box reasonably used for the
storage of personal valuables;
``(C) the presence of an auxiliary tank not
installed in accordance with applicable law or installed
in such a manner as to enhance the vessel's smuggling
capability;
``(D) the presence of engines that are excessively
over-powered in relation to the design and size of the
vessel;
``(E) the presence of materials used to reduce or
alter the heat or radar signature of the vessel and
avoid detection;
``(F) the presence of a camouflaging paint scheme,
or of materials used to camouflage the vessel, to avoid
detection; or
``(G) the display of false vessel registration
numbers, false indicia of vessel nationality, false
vessel name, or false vessel homeport.
``(2) The presence or absence of equipment, personnel, or
cargo inconsistent with the type or declared purpose of the
vessel.
``(3) The presence of excessive fuel, lube oil, food, water,
or spare parts, inconsistent with legitimate vessel operation,
inconsistent with the construction or equipment of the vessel,
or inconsistent with the character of the vessel's stated
purpose.
``(4) The operation of the vessel without lights during
times lights are required to be displayed under applicable law
or regulation and in a manner of navigation consistent with
smuggling tactics used to avoid detection by law enforcement
authorities.
``(5) The failure of the vessel to stop or respond or heave
to when hailed by government authority, especially where the
vessel conducts evasive maneuvering when hailed.
``(6) The declaration to government authority of apparently
false information about the vessel, crew, or voyage or the
failure to identify the vessel by name or country of
registration when requested to do so by government authority.
``(7) The presence of controlled substance residue on the
vessel, on an item aboard the vessel, or on an individual aboard
the vessel, of a quantity or other nature that reasonably
indicates manufacturing or distribution activity.
``(8) The use of petroleum products or other substances on
the vessel to foil the detection of controlled substance
residue.
``(9) The presence of a controlled substance in the water in
the vicinity of the vessel, where given the currents, weather
conditions, and course and speed of the vessel, the quantity or
other nature is such that it reasonably indicates manufacturing
or distribution activity.''.

SEC. 11. SUBTITLE VIII OF TITLE 46.

Title 46, United States Code, is amended by adding after subtitle
VII the following:

[[Page 1690]]
120 STAT. 1690

``Subtitle VIII--Miscellaneous

``Chapter                                                           Sec.
Wrecks and Salvage                                     80101
Ice and Derelicts                                      80301
Safe Containers for International Cargo                80501

``CHAPTER 801--WRECKS AND SALVAGE

``Sec.
``80101.  Vessel stranded on foreign coast.
``80102.  License to salvage on Florida coast.
``80103.  Property on Florida coast to be taken to port of entry.
``80104.  Salvaging operations by foreign vessels.
``80105.  Canadian vessels aiding vessels in United States waters.
``80106.  International agreement on derelicts.
``80107.  Salvors of life to share in remuneration.

``Sec. 80101. Vessel stranded on foreign coast

``(a) Duties of Consular Officer.--When a vessel of the United
States is stranded on a coast of a foreign country, the consular officer
in that country shall take proper measures, to the extent the laws of
that country allow, to--
``(1) save and secure the vessel and property on the vessel;
and
``(2) prepare an inventory of the property that is saved.

``(b) Delivery to Owner.--After deducting the expenses, the consular
officer shall deliver the property, with an inventory, to the owner of
the property.
``(c) Limitation on Taking Possession.--A consular officer may not
take possession of property under this section when the owner, master,
or consignee is present or able to take possession of the property.

``Sec. 80102. License to salvage on Florida coast

``(a) Licensing Requirements.--To be regularly employed in the
business of salvaging on the coast of Florida, a vessel and its master
each must have a license issued by a judge of the district court of the
United States for a judicial district of Florida.
``(b) Judicial Findings.--Before issuing a license under this
section, the judge must be satisfied, when the license is for--
``(1) a vessel, that the vessel is seaworthy and properly
equipped for the business of saving property shipwrecked and in
distress; or
``(2) a master, that the master is trustworthy and innocent
of any fraud or misconduct related to property shipwrecked or
saved on the coast.

``Sec. 80103. Property on Florida coast to be taken to port of entry

``(a) In General.--Property taken from a wreck, the sea, or a key or
shoal, on the coast of Florida and within the jurisdiction of the United
States, shall be brought to a port of entry of the United States.
``(b) Seizure and Forfeiture.--A vessel transporting property
described in subsection (a) to a foreign port may be seized by, and
forfeited to, the United States Government. A forfeiture under this
subsection accrues half to the informer and half to the Government.

[[Page 1691]]
120 STAT. 1691

``Sec. 80104. Salvaging operations by foreign vessels

``(a) Prohibition.--Except as provided in this section or section
80105 of this title, a foreign vessel may not, under penalty of
forfeiture, engage in salvaging operations on the Atlantic or Pacific
coast of the United States, in any portion of the Great Lakes or their
connecting or tributary waters, including any portion of the Saint
Lawrence River through which the international boundary line extends, or
in territorial waters of the United States on the Gulf of Mexico.
``(b) When Suitable Vessel Not Available.--The Secretary of Homeland
Security may authorize a foreign vessel to engage in salvaging
operations in a particular locality if, on investigation, the Secretary
is satisfied that there is not available in that locality a suitable
vessel that is--
``(1) owned only by citizens of the United States (including
a Bowaters corporation under section 12118 of this title); and
``(2) documented under chapter 121 of this title or numbered
under chapter 123 of this title.

``(c) Operations Authorized by Treaty.--This section does not
prohibit or restrict assistance to vessels or salvaging operations
authorized by treaty, including--
``(1) NOTE: Great Britain. article II of the Treaty
between the United States and Great Britain concerning
reciprocal rights for United States and Canada in the conveyance
of prisoners and wrecking and salvage, signed at Washington, May
18, 1908 (35 Stat. 2036); or
``(2) NOTE: Mexico. the Treaty between the United States
of America and Mexico to facilitate assistance to and salvage of
vessels in territorial waters, signed at Mexico City, June 13,
1935 (49 Stat. 3359).

``Sec. 80105. Canadian vessels aiding vessels in United States waters

``(a) In General.--Canadian vessels and wrecking equipment may give
aid to Canadian or other vessels and property wrecked, disabled, or in
distress in the waters of the United States contiguous to Canada,
including--
``(1) the canal and improvement of the waters between Lake
Erie and Lake Huron; and
``(2) the Saint Marys River and canal.

``(b) Reciprocity.--This section does not apply after the President
proclaims that privileges reciprocal to those under subsection (a) have
been withdrawn or rendered inoperative by the Government of Canada.

``Sec. 80106. International agreement on derelicts

``The President may make an international agreement with other
governments interested in the navigation of the North Atlantic Ocean,
providing for the reporting, marking, and removal of dangerous wrecks,
derelicts, and other menaces to navigation outside the coast waters of
the countries bordering the North Atlantic Ocean.

``Sec. 80107. Salvors of life to share in remuneration

``(a) Entitlement of Salvors.--A salvor of human life, who gave aid
following an accident giving rise to salvage, is entitled to a fair
share of the payment awarded to the salvor for salvaging

[[Page 1692]]
120 STAT. 1692

the vessel or other property or preventing or minimizing damage to the
environment.
``(b) Common Ownership of Vessels.--The right to remuneration for
aid or salvage services is not affected by common ownership of the
vessels giving and receiving the aid or salvage services.
``(c) Time Limit on Bringing Actions.--A civil action to recover
remuneration for giving aid or salvage services must be brought within 2
years after the date the aid or salvage services were given, unless the
court in which the action is brought is satisfied that during that 2-
year period there had not been a reasonable opportunity to seize the
aided or salvaged vessel within the jurisdiction of the court or within
the territorial waters of the country of the plaintiff's residence or
principal place of business.
``(d) Nonapplication.--This section does not apply to a vessel of
war or a vessel owned by the United States Government appropriated only
to a public service.

``CHAPTER 803--ICE AND DERELICTS

``Sec.
``80301.  International agreements.
``80302.  Patrol services.
``80303.  Speed of vessel in ice region.

``Sec. 80301. International agreements

``(a) General Authority.--The President may make agreements with
interested maritime countries to--
``(1) maintain in the North Atlantic Ocean a service of ice
patrol, of study and observation of ice and current conditions,
and of assistance to vessels and their crews requiring
assistance within the limits of the patrol;
``(2) maintain a service of study and observation of ice and
current conditions in the waters affecting the set and drift of
ice in the North Atlantic Ocean; and
``(3) take all practicable steps to ensure the destruction
or removal of derelicts in the northern part of the Atlantic
Ocean, east of the line drawn from Cape Sable to a point in
latitude 34 degrees north, longitude 70 degrees west, if the
destruction or removal is necessary.

``(b) Payment Between Countries.--The President may include in an
agreement under subsection (a) a provision for--
``(1) payment to the United States Government by other
countries for their proportionate share of the expense of
maintaining the services; or
``(2) contribution by the Government for its proportionate
share if the agreement provides for another country to maintain
the services.

``Sec. 80302. Patrol services

``(a) General Requirements.--Unless the agreements made under
section 80301 of this title provide otherwise, an ice patrol shall be
maintained during the entire ice season in guarding the southeastern,
southern, and southwestern limits of the region of icebergs in the
vicinity of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The patrol shall inform
trans-Atlantic and other passing vessels by radio and other available
means of the ice conditions and the extent of the dangerous region.
During the ice season, there shall be maintained a service of study of
ice and current conditions,

[[Page 1693]]
120 STAT. 1693

a service of providing assistance to vessels and crews requiring
assistance, and a service of removing and destroying derelicts. Any of
these services may be maintained during the remainder of the year as may
be advisable.
``(b) Warnings to Vessels.--An ice patrol vessel shall warn any
vessel known to be approaching a dangerous area and recommend safe
routes.
``(c) Recording and Reporting Incidents.--
``(1) Recording.--An ice patrol vessel shall record the name
of a vessel and the facts of the case when the patrol observes
or knows that the vessel--
``(A) is on other than a regular recognized or
advertised route crossing the North Atlantic Ocean;
``(B) has crossed the fishing banks of Newfoundland
north of latitude 43 degrees north during the fishing
season; or
``(C) has passed through regions known or believed
to be endangered by ice when proceeding to and from
ports of North America.
``(2) Reporting.--The name of the vessel and all pertinent
information about the incident shall be reported to the
government of the country to which the vessel belongs if that
government requests.

``(d) Administration.--The Commandant of the Coast Guard, under the
direction of the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is
operating, shall carry out the services provided for in this section and
shall assign necessary vessels, material, and personnel of the Coast
Guard. On request of such Secretary, the head of an agency may detail
personnel, lend or contribute material or equipment, or otherwise assist
in carrying out the services provided for in this section.
``(e) Annual Report.--The Commandant shall publish an annual report
of the activities of the services provided for in this section. A copy
of the report shall be provided to each interested foreign government
and to each agency assisting in the work.

``Sec. 80303. Speed of vessel in ice region

``(a) Requirement.--The master of a vessel of the United States,
when ice is reported on or near the vessel's course, shall proceed at a
moderate speed or change the course of the vessel to go well clear of
the danger zone.
``(b) Civil Penalty.--A master violating this section is liable to
the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more than $500.

``CHAPTER 805--SAFE CONTAINERS FOR INTERNATIONAL CARGO

``Sec.
``80501.  Definitions.
``80502.  Application of Convention.
``80503.  General authority of the Secretary.
``80504.  Approval and examination.
``80505.  Enforcement.
``80506.  Delegation of authority.
``80507.  Employee protection.
``80508.  Amendments to Convention.
``80509.  Civil penalty.

[[Page 1694]]
120 STAT. 1694

``Sec. 80501. Definitions

``In this chapter:
``(1) Container.--The term `container' has the meaning given
that term in the Convention.
``(2) Convention.--The term `Convention' means the
International Convention for Safe Containers, and its annexes,
done at Geneva, Switzerland, December 2, 1972.
``(3) International transport.--The term `international
transport' means the transportation of a container between--
``(A) a place in a foreign country and a place in
the jurisdiction of the United States; or
``(B) two places outside the United States by United
States carriers.
``(4) Owner.--The term `owner' includes the lessee or bailee
of a container if a written lease or bailment provides for the
lessee or bailee to exercise the owner's responsibility for
maintaining and examining the container.
``(5) Safety approval plate.--The term `safety approval
plate' has the meaning given that term in annex I of the
Convention.

``Sec. 80502. Application of Convention

``The Convention applies to an owner of a container used in
international transport if the owner is domiciled or has its principal
office in the United States.

``Sec. 80503. General authority of the Secretary

``(a) In General.--The Secretary of the department in which the
Coast Guard is operating shall carry out the Convention and this chapter
in the United States.
``(b) Regulations.--The Secretary shall prescribe regulations to
carry out this chapter. The regulations shall--
``(1) establish procedures for testing, inspecting, and
initially approving containers and designs for containers,
including procedures for attaching, invalidating, and removing
safety approval plates for containers;
``(2) establish procedures to be followed by the owners of
containers for the periodic examination of containers as
provided in the Convention; and
``(3) provide a method for developing, collecting, and
disseminating information about container safety and the
international transport of containers.

``(c) Safety Approval Plates.--If the owner of a container without a
safety approval plate establishes that the container satisfies the
standards of the Convention, the Secretary may authorize a safety
approval plate to be attached to the container.
``(d) Schedule of Fees.--The Secretary may prescribe a schedule of
fees for services performed by the Secretary, or by a person delegated
authority under section 80506 of this title, for the testing,
inspection, and initial approval of containers and container designs.
``(e) Encouraging Intermodal Transport.--To the maximum extent
possible, the Secretary shall encourage the development and use of
intermodal transport, using containers built to facilitate economical,
safe, and expeditious handling of containerized cargo without
intermediate reloading when it is being transported over land, air, and
sea areas.

[[Page 1695]]
120 STAT. 1695

``Sec. 80504. Approval and examination

``(a) Domicile and Principal Office in United States.--A container
owner domiciled and having its principal office in the United States
shall have the container--
``(1) approved initially under procedures prescribed by the
Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is
operating or by the government of another country that is a
party to the Convention; and
``(2) examined periodically as provided in the Convention
under procedures prescribed by the Secretary.

``(b) Domicile or Principal Office in United States.--A container
owner domiciled or having its principal office in the United States
shall have the container--
``(1) approved initially under procedures prescribed by the
Secretary or by the government of another country that is a
party to the Convention; and
``(2) examined periodically as provided in the Convention,
under procedures prescribed by the government of the country in
which the owner is domiciled or has its principal office, as
long as that country is a party to the Convention.

``(c) Neither Domicile Nor Principal Office in United States.--A
container owner neither domiciled nor having its principal office in the
United States or another country that is a party to the Convention may
submit a container for initial approval and periodic examination under
procedures prescribed by the Secretary.

``Sec. 80505. Enforcement

``(a) In General.--To enforce the Convention, this chapter, and
regulations prescribed under this chapter, the Secretary of the
department in which the Coast Guard is operating may--
``(1) examine, or require to be examined, containers in
international transport;
``(2) approve designs for containers;
``(3) inspect and test containers being manufactured;
``(4) issue a detention order removing or excluding a
container from service until the container owner satisfies the
Secretary that the container meets the standards of the
Convention, if the container--
``(A) does not have a safety approval plate attached
to it; or
``(B) has a safety approval plate attached but there
is significant evidence that the container is in a
condition that creates an obvious risk to safety;
``(5) take other appropriate action, including issuing
necessary orders, to remove a container from service or restrict
its use if the container is not in compliance with the
Convention, this chapter, or regulations prescribed under this
chapter, but does not present an obvious risk to safety; and
``(6) allow a container found to be unsafe or without a
safety approval plate to be moved to another location for repair
or other disposition, under restrictions consistent with the
intent of the Convention.

``(b) Payment of Expenses.--
``(1) Examination.--The owner of a container involved in an
action by the Secretary under this section related to an

[[Page 1696]]
120 STAT. 1696

examination of the container shall pay or reimburse the
Secretary for the expenses arising from that action, except for
the costs of routine examinations of the container or a safety
approval plate.
``(2) Testing, inspection, and initial approval.--The owner
of a container submitted to the procedure established by the
Secretary for testing, inspection, and initial approval, and the
manufacturer of a container that submits a design to the
procedure established by the Secretary for testing, inspection,
and initial approval, shall pay or reimburse the Secretary for
the expenses arising from the testing, inspection, or approval.
``(3) Credit to appropriation.--Amounts received by the
Secretary as reimbursement shall be credited to the
appropriation for operating expenses of the Coast Guard.

``(c) Presumption Based on Safety Approval Plate.--A container
bearing a safety approval plate authorized by a country that is a party
to the Convention is presumed to be in a safe condition unless there is
significant evidence that the container is in a condition that creates
an obvious risk to safety.
``(d) Notice of Orders.--
``(1) In general.--When the Secretary issues a detention or
other order under this section, the Secretary promptly shall
notify in writing--
``(A) the owner of the container;
``(B) the owner's agent; or
``(C) if the identity of the owner is not apparent
from the container or shipping documents, the custodian.
``(2) Information to include.--The notification shall
identify the container involved, give the location of the
container, and describe the condition or situation giving rise
to the order.

``(e) Duration of Orders.--An order issued by the Secretary under
this section remains in effect until--
``(1) the Secretary declares the container to be in
compliance with the standards of the Convention; or
``(2) the container is removed permanently from service.

``(f) Notice of Defective Container to Country Issuing Safety
Approval Plate.--If the Secretary has reason to believe that a container
bearing a safety approval plate issued by another country was defective
at the time of approval, the Secretary shall notify that country.

``Sec. 80506. Delegation of authority

``(a) In General.--The Secretary of the department in which the
Coast Guard is operating may delegate to any person, including a public
or private agency or nonprofit organization, authority to grant initial
approval for containers and designs and to attach safety approval
plates.
``(b) Regulations.--Before making a delegation under this section,
the Secretary shall prescribe regulations establishing--
``(1) criteria to be followed in selecting a person to whom
authority is to be delegated;
``(2) a detailed description of the duties and powers to be
carried out by the person to whom authority is delegated,
including the records the person shall keep; and

[[Page 1697]]
120 STAT. 1697

``(3) the review the Secretary will conduct to decide
whether the person is carrying out the delegated duties and
powers properly.

``(c) Inspection of Records.--A person delegated authority under
this section shall make available to the Secretary for inspection, on
request, records the person is required to keep.
``(d) Penalties and Orders.--A person delegated authority under this
section may not--
``(1) assess or collect, or attempt to assess or collect, a
penalty for violation of the Convention, this chapter, or an
order issued by the Secretary under this chapter; or
``(2) issue or attempt to issue a detention or other order.

``(e) Publication.--The NOTE: Federal Register,
publication. Secretary shall publish in the Federal Register or other
appropriate publication--
``(1) the name and address of each person to whom authority
is delegated;
``(2) the duties and powers delegated; and
``(3) the period of the delegation.

``(f) Revocation.--The Secretary may revoke a delegation of
authority under this section at any time.

``Sec. 80507. Employee protection

``(a) Prohibition.--A person may not discharge or discriminate
against an employee because the employee has reported the existence of
an unsafe container or a violation of this chapter or a regulation
prescribed under this chapter.
``(b) Complaints.--An employee alleging to have been discharged or
discriminated against in violation of subsection (a) may file a
complaint with the Secretary of Labor. NOTE: Deadline. The complaint
must be filed within 60 days after the violation.

``(c) Enforcement.--The Secretary of Labor may investigate the
complaint. If the Secretary of Labor finds there has been a violation,
the Secretary of Labor may bring a civil action in an appropriate
district court of the United States. The court has jurisdiction to
restrain violations of subsection (a) and order appropriate relief,
including reinstatement of the employee to the employee's former
position with back pay.
``(d) Notice to Complainant.--Within NOTE: Deadline. 30 days
after receiving a complaint under this section, the Secretary of Labor
shall notify the complainant of the intended action on the complaint.

``Sec. 80508. Amendments to Convention

``(a) Proposals by United States.--The Secretary of State, with the
concurrence of the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard
is operating, may propose amendments to the Convention or request a
conference for amending the Convention as provided in article IX of the
Convention.
``(b) Proposals by Other Countries.--An amendment communicated to
the United States under article IX(2) of the Convention may be accepted
for the United States by the President, with the advice and consent of
the Senate. The President may declare that the United States does not
accept an amendment.
``(c) Amendments to Annexes.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary of State, with the
concurrence of the Secretary of the department in which the
Coast Guard is operating--

[[Page 1698]]
120 STAT. 1698

``(A) may propose amendments to the annexes to the
Convention;
``(B) may propose a conference for amending annexes
to the Convention; and
``(C) shall consider and act on amendments to the
annexes to the Convention adopted by the Maritime Safety
Committee of the International Maritime Organization and
communicated to the United States under article X(2) of
the Convention.
``(2) Action following approval or objection.--If a proposed
amendment to an annex is approved by the United States, the
amendment shall enter into force as provided in article X of the
Convention. If a proposed amendment is objected to, the
Secretary of State promptly shall communicate the objection as
provided in article X(3) of the Convention.

``(d) Appointment of Arbitrator.--The Secretary of State, with the
concurrence of the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard
is operating, shall appoint an arbitrator when one is required to
resolve a dispute within the meaning of article XIII of the Convention.

``Sec. 80509. Civil penalty

``(a) In General.--An owner, agent, or custodian who has been
notified of an order issued under section 80505 of this title and fails
to take reasonable and prompt action to prevent or stop a container
subject to the order from being moved in violation of the order is
liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more
than $5,000 for each container moved. Each day the container remains in
service while the order is in effect is a separate violation.
``(b) Assessment and Collection.--
``(1) In general.--After notice and an opportunity for a
hearing, the Secretary of the department in which the Coast
Guard is operating shall assess and collect any penalty under
this section.
``(2) Factors to consider.--In determining the amount of the
penalty, the Secretary shall consider the gravity of the
violation, the hazards involved, and the record of the person
charged with respect to violations of the Convention, this
chapter, or regulations prescribed under this chapter.
``(3) Remission, mitigation, or compromise.--The Secretary
may remit, mitigate, or compromise a penalty under this section.
``(4) Enforcement.--If a person fails to pay a penalty under
this section, the Secretary shall refer the matter to the
Attorney General for collection in an appropriate district court
of the United States.''.

SEC. 12. MARITIME ADMINISTRATION.

Section 109 of title 49, United States Code, is amended to read as
follows:

``Sec. 109. Maritime Administration

``(a) Organization.--The Maritime Administration is an
administration in the Department of Transportation.
``(b) Maritime Administrator.--The head of the Maritime
Administration is the Maritime Administrator, who is appointed

[[Page 1699]]
120 STAT. 1699

by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The
Administrator shall report directly to the Secretary of Transportation
and carry out the duties prescribed by the Secretary.
``(c) Deputy Maritime Administrator.--The Maritime Administration
shall have a Deputy Maritime Administrator, who is appointed in the
competitive service by the Secretary, after consultation with the
Administrator. The Deputy Administrator shall carry out the duties
prescribed by the Administrator. The Deputy Administrator shall be
Acting Administrator during the absence or disability of the
Administrator and, unless the Secretary designates another individual,
during a vacancy in the office of Administrator.
``(d) Duties and Powers Vested in Secretary.--All duties and powers
of the Maritime Administration are vested in the Secretary.
``(e) Regional Offices.--The Maritime Administration shall have
regional offices for the Atlantic, Gulf, Great Lakes, and Pacific port
ranges, and may have other regional offices as necessary. The Secretary
shall appoint a qualified individual as Director of each regional
office. The Secretary shall carry out appropriate activities and
programs of the Maritime Administration through the regional offices.
``(f) Interagency and Industry Relations.--The Secretary shall
establish and maintain liaison with other agencies, and with
representative trade organizations throughout the United States,
concerned with the transportation of commodities by water in the export
and import foreign commerce of the United States, for the purpose of
securing preference to vessels of the United States for the
transportation of those commodities.
``(g) Detailing Officers From Armed Forces.--To assist the Secretary
in carrying out duties and powers relating to the Maritime
Administration, not more than five officers of the armed forces may be
detailed to the Secretary at any one time, in addition to details
authorized by any other law. During the period of a detail, the
Secretary shall pay the officer an amount that, when added to the
officer's pay and allowances as an officer in the armed forces, makes
the officer's total pay and allowances equal to the amount that would be
paid to an individual performing work the Secretary considers to be of
similar importance, difficulty, and responsibility as that performed by
the officer during the detail.
``(h) Contracts and Audits.--
``(1) Contracts.--In the same manner that a private
corporation may make a contract within the scope of its
authority under its charter, the Secretary may make contracts
for the United States Government and disburse amounts to--
``(A) carry out the Secretary's duties and powers
under this section and subtitle V of title 46; and
``(B) protect, preserve, and improve collateral held
by the Secretary to secure indebtedness.
``(2) Audits.--The financial transactions of the Secretary
under paragraph (1) shall be audited by the Comptroller General.
The Comptroller General shall allow credit for an expenditure
shown to be necessary because of the nature of the business
activities authorized by this section or subtitle V of title 46.
At least once a year, the Comptroller General shall report to
Congress any departure by the Secretary from this section or
subtitle V of title 46.

[[Page 1700]]
120 STAT. 1700

``(i) Authorization of Appropriations.--
``(1) In general.--Except as otherwise provided in this
subsection, there are authorized to be appropriated such amounts
as may be necessary to carry out the duties and powers of the
Secretary relating to the Maritime Administration.
``(2) Limitations.--Only those amounts specifically
authorized by law may be appropriated for the use of the
Maritime Administration for--
``(A) acquisition, construction, or reconstruction
of vessels;
``(B) construction-differential subsidies incident
to the construction, reconstruction, or reconditioning
of vessels;
``(C) costs of national defense features;
``(D) payments of obligations incurred for
operating-differential subsidies;
``(E) expenses necessary for research and
development activities, including reimbursement of the
Vessel Operations Revolving Fund for losses resulting
from expenses of experimental vessel operations;
``(F) the Vessel Operations Revolving Fund;
``(G) National Defense Reserve Fleet expenses;
``(H) expenses necessary to carry out part B of
subtitle V of title 46; and
``(I) other operations and training expenses related
to the development of waterborne transportation systems,
the use of waterborne transportation systems, and
general administration.
``(3) Training Vessels.--Amounts may not be appropriated for
the purchase or construction of training vessels for State
maritime academies unless the Secretary has approved a plan for
sharing training vessels between State maritime academies.''.

SEC. 13. AMENDMENTS RELATING TO MARITIME SECURITY ACT OF 2003.

(a) Amendments to Chapter 531.--Chapter 531 of title 46, United
States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) In section 53102--
(A) in the headings of paragraphs (1), (2), and (4)
of subsection (c), strike ``section 2'' and substitute
``section 50501'';
(B) in subsection (c)(1), (2)(A)(i) and (ii)(II) and
(B), and (4)(B), strike ``section 2 of the Shipping Act,
1916 (46 U.S.C. App. 802)'' and substitute ``section
50501 of this title'';
(C) in subsection (d), strike ``the first section of
Public Law 81-891 (64 Stat. 1120; 46 U.S.C. App. note
prec. 3)'' and substitute ``section 501 of this title'';
and
(D) in subsection (e)(1)--
(i) strike ``a documented vessel (as that term
is defined in section 12101 of this title)'' and
substitute ``documented under chapter 121 of this
title,''; and
(ii) in subparagraph (B), strike ``a
documented vessel (as defined in that section)''
and substitute ``documented under chapter 121''.
(2) In section 53103(c)--

[[Page 1701]]
120 STAT. 1701

(A) in the heading of paragraph (1)(C), strike
``section 2'' and substitute ``section 50501'';
(B) in paragraphs (1)(A)(iii) and (C)(i) and (ii),
strike ``section 2 of the Shipping Act, 1916 (46 U.S.C.
App. 802)'' and substitute ``section 50501 of this
title'';
(C) in paragraph (1)(B), strike ``subparagraphs''
and substitute ``subparagraph''; and
(D) in paragraph (3)(B), strike ``agreement'' and
substitute ``agreements''.
(3) In section 53104--
(A) in subsection (c)(3)(B)(ii)(I) and (II), strike
``section 2 of the Shipping Act, 1916 (46 U.S.C. App.
802)'' and substitute ``section 50501 of this title'';
(B) in subsection (e)(2), strike ``section 9 of the
Shipping Act, 1916 (46 U.S.C. App. 808)'' and substitute
``section 56101 of this title''; and
(C) in subsection (e)(3), strike ``section 902 of
the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46 U.S.C. App. 1242)''
and ``section 902 of such Act'' and substitute ``chapter
563 of this title'' and ``chapter 563'', respectively.
(4) In section 53105--
(A) in subsection (a)(1)(A), strike ``section
12105'' and substitute ``section 12111''; and
(B) in subsection (f), strike ``approve'' and
substitute ``approves''.
(5) In section 53106--
(A) in subsection (d)(1), strike ``section 2631 of
title 10, United States Code, the Act of March 26, 1934
(46 U.S.C. App. 1241-1), section 901(a), 901(b), or 901b
of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46 U.S.C. App.
1241(a), 1241(b), or 1241f)'' and substitute ``section
55302(a), 55304, 55305, or 55314 of this title, section
2631 of title 10'';
(B) in subsection (d)(2), strike ``section 901(a),
901(b), or 901b of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46
U.S.C. App. 1241(a), 1241(b), or 1241f),'' and
substitute ``section 55302(a), 55305, or 55314 of this
title''; and
(C) in subsection (e)(2), strike ``section 2(c) of
the Shipping Act, 1916 (46 U.S.C. App. 802(c))'' and
substitute ``section 50501 of this title, applying the
75 percent ownership requirement of that section''.
(6) In section 53107(f)--
(A) strike ``section 2631 of title 10, United States
Code, the Act of March 26, 1934 (46 U.S.C. App. 1241-1),
section 901(a), 901(b), or 901b of the Merchant Marine
Act, 1936 (46 U.S.C. App. 1241(a), 1241(b), or 1241f)''
and substitute ``section 55302(a), 55304, 55305, or
55314 of this title, section 2631 of title 10''; and
(B) strike ``section 2631 of title 10, United States
Code, the Act of March 26, 1934 (46 U.S.C. App. 1241-1),
and sections 901(a), 901(b), and 901b of the Merchant
Marine Act, 1936 (46 U.S.C. App. 1241(a), 1241(b), and
1241b)'' and substitute ``sections 55302(a), 55304,
55305, and 55314 of this title and section 2631 of title
10''.
(7) In section 53108(b), strike ``section 901(b)(1) of the
Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46 U.S.C. App. 1241(b)(1))'' and
substitute ``section 55305(a) of this title''.

[[Page 1702]]
120 STAT. 1702

(b) Other Conforming Provisions.--If this Act is enacted prior to
October 1, 2005, then--
(1) until that date, the reference in section 12111(c)(3) of
title 46, United States Code, as enacted by this Act, to
``chapter 531 of this title'' is deemed instead to be a
reference to ``subtitle B of title VI of the Merchant Marine
Act, 1936''; and
(2) section 3534(b)(1) of the Maritime Security Act of 2003
(Public Law 108-136, 117 Stat. 1818) is repealed.

SEC. 14. AMENDMENTS TO PARTIALLY RESTATED PROVISIONS.

(a) Section 2793 of the Revised Statutes (19 U.S.C. 288, 46 App.
U.S.C. 111, 123) is amended by striking ``or tonnage tax''.
(b) Section 809(a) of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46 App. U.S.C.
1213(a)), is amended by striking ``and section 211(a)''.

SEC. 15. ADDITIONAL AMENDMENTS TO TITLE 46.

Title 46, United States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) The analysis of subtitle II is amended as follows:
(A) In each chapter item, capitalize the first
letter of each word containing 4 or more letters.
(B) Strike the item for chapter 39.
(C) The item for chapter 45 is amended to read as
follows:

Uninspected Commercial Fishing Industry Vessels      4501''.

(2) Section 2101 is amended as follows:
(A) Paragraphs (2), (3), (3a), (6), (10), (10a),
(12), (17b), (36), (41), (44), (45), and (46) are
repealed.
(B) In paragraph (8a), insert ``Prevention'' after
``Abuse''.
(C) In paragraph (18), strike ``those''.
(D) In paragraph (34)--
(i) strike ``, except in part H,''; and
(ii) strike ``head'' and substitute
``Secretary''.
(3) In section 2102(b), strike ``West'' and ``East'' and
substitute ``west'' and ``east'', respectively.
(4) In section 2106, strike ``a district court of the United
States'' and substitute ``the district court of the United
States for any district''.
(5) Section 2108 is repealed.
(6) In section 2110--
(A) in subsection (a)(2), strike ``part B of this
title'' and substitute ``part B of this subtitle'';
(B) in subsection (b)(2)(A)(iii), strike the period
at the end and substitute ``; and'';
(C) in subsection (b)(5), strike ``fees'' and
substitute ``fee'';
(D) In subsection (f), strike ``Secretary of the
Treasury shall deny the clearance required by section
4197 of the Revised Statutes of the United States (46
App. U.S.C. 91)'' and substitute ``Secretary of Homeland
Security shall deny the clearance required by section
60105 of this title''; and
(E) In subsection (j), strike ``state'' and
substitute ``State''.
(7) In section 2301, strike ``section'' and substitute
``sections 2304 and''.

[[Page 1703]]
120 STAT. 1703

(8) In section 2304--
(A) insert the paragraph designation ``(1)'' after
``(a)''; and
(B) insert at the end of subsection (a) the
following new paragraph:

``(2) Paragraph (1) does not apply to a vessel of war or a vessel
owned by the United States Government appropriated only to a public
service.''.
(9) In section 2306(a)(2), strike ``section 212(A) of the
Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46 App. U.S.C. 1122a),'' and
substitute ``section 50113 of this title''.
(10) In section 3205(d), strike ``Secretary of the Treasury
shall withhold or revoke the clearance required by section 4197
of the Revised Statutes (46 App. U.S.C. 91)'' and substitute
``Secretary of Homeland Security shall withhold or revoke the
clearance required by section 60105 of this title''.
(11) In section 3302--
(A) in subsection (b), insert a comma after
``fishing vessel'';
(B) in subsection (j)(2)(B), strike ``section 1304
of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46 App. U.S.C.
1295c)'' and substitute ``chapter 515 of this title'';
and
(C) in subsection (l)(1)(C), strike ``Inc..'' and
substitute ``Inc.''.
(12) In section 3306(d), strike ``section 1302(3) of the
Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46 App. U.S.C. 1295a(3))'' and
substitute ``section 51102 of this title''.
(13) In section 3318(f), strike the period after ``felony''.
(14) In the analysis of chapter 37, the item for section
3719 is amended to read as follows:

``3719. Reduction of oil spills from single hull non-self-propelled tank
vessels.''.

(15) In paragraphs (1)(C), (2), and (3) of section 3703a(c),
strike ``documentation under section 4136 of the Revised
Statutes of the United States (46 App. U.S.C. 14)'' and
substitute ``documentation as a wrecked vessel under section
12112 of this title''.
(16) In section 3704, strike ``section 27 of the Merchant
Marine Act, 1920 (46 App. U.S.C. 883),'' and substitute
``chapter 551 of this title''.
(17) In section 3718(e)(1), strike ``Secretary of the
Treasury'' and ``section 4197 of the Revised Statutes of the
United States (46 App. U.S.C. 91)'' and substitute ``Secretary
of Homeland Security'' and ``section 60105 of this title'',
respectively.
(18) In section 4702, strike the subsection ``(a)''
designation.
(19) In section 4705--
(A) strike ``subcontractor not'' and substitute
``subcontractor are not'';
(B) strike ``(a)(1)'' and substitute ``(a)'';
(C) strike ``(2) Paragraph (1)'' and substitute
``(b) Subsection (a)'';
(D) strike ``(A)'' and substitute ``(1)''; and
(E) strike ``(B)'' and substitute ``(2)''.
(20) In section 5113(b), strike ``section 4197 of the
Revised Statutes (46 App. U.S.C. 91)'' and substitute ``section
60105 of this title''.

[[Page 1704]]
120 STAT. 1704

(21) In section 6101, redesignate the second subsection (g)
and subsection (h) as subsections (h) and (i), respectively.
(22) In section 8103(a), strike ``Only'' and substitute
``Except as otherwise provided in this title, only''.
(23) In section 9307(b)(2)(A), strike ``The'' and substitute
``the''.
(24) In section 12503(a), in the matter before paragraph
(1), strike ``delegee'' and substitute ``delegate''.
(25) In section 13102(a), insert ``(26 U.S.C. 9504)'' after
``Internal Revenue Code of 1986''.
(26) In section 14305(a)--
(A) in paragraph (1), strike ``and sections 12106(c)
and 12108(c)'' and substitute ``of this subtitle and
section 12116'';
(B) in paragraph (5), strike ``section 4283 of the
Revised Statutes of the United States (46 App. U.S.C.
183)'' and substitute ``section 30506 of this title'';
(C) in paragraph (6), strike ``sections 27 and 27A
of the Act of June 5, 1920 (46 App. U.S.C. 883 and 883-
1)'' and substitute ``sections 12118 and 12132 of this
title''; and
(D) in paragraph (7), strike ``Act of July 14, 1956
(46 App. U.S.C. 883a)'' and substitute ``section
12139(b) of this title''.
(27) In section 31306(a), strike ``section 9 or 37 of the
Shipping Act, 1916 (46 App. U.S.C. 808, 835)'' and substitute
``section 56102 or 56103 of this title''.
(28) In section 31308, strike ``title XI of the Merchant
Marine Act, 1936 (46 App. U.S.C. 1271 et seq.)'' and substitute
``chapter 537 of this title''.
(29) In section 31322--
(A) in subsection (a)(4)(A), strike ``section
12102(c)'' and substitute ``section 12113(c)'';
(B) in subsection (a)(4)(E), strike ``under section
12102(a)'' and substitute ``for purposes of
documentation under section 12103''; and
(C) in subsection (f)(2), strike ``section
12102(c)'' and substitute ``section 12113(c)''.
(30) In section 31325(b)(3)(B), strike ``section 9 or 37 of
the Shipping Act, 1936 (46 App. U.S.C. 808, 835)'' and
substitute ``section 56101 or 56102 of this title''.
(31) In section 31326(b)--
(A) in paragraph (1), strike ``title XI of the
Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46 App. U.S.C. 1101 et
seq.)'' and substitute ``chapter 537 of this title,'';
and
(B) in paragraph (2), strike ``title XI of that
Act'' and substitute ``chapter 537 of this title''.
(32) In section 31329--
(A) in subsection (a)(1), strike ``section 12102''
and substitute ``section 12103''; and
(B) in subsection (b)--
(i) in paragraph (2), strike ``section 902 of
the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46 App. U.S.C.
1242)'' and substitute ``chapter 563 of this
title''; and
(ii) in paragraph (3), strike ``sale foreign
within the terms of the first proviso of section
27 of the Merchant Marine Act, 1920 (46 App.
U.S.C. 883)'' and

[[Page 1705]]
120 STAT. 1705

substitute ``sale to a person not a citizen of the
United States under section 12132 of this title''.
(33)(A) Sections 70118 and 70119, as added by section 801(a)
of the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2004
(Public Law 108-293, 118 Stat. 1078), are redesignated as
sections 70117 and 70118, respectively, and moved to appear
immediately after section 70116 of title 46, United States Code.
(B) Sections 70117 and 70118, as added by section 802(a)(2)
of such Act, are redesignated as sections 70120 and 70121,
respectively, and moved to appear immediately after section
70119 of title 46, United States Code.
(C) In section 70120(a) (as redesignated by subparagraph
(B)), strike ``section 70120'' and substitute ``section 70119''.
(D) In section 70121(a) (as redesignated by subparagraph
(B))--
(i) strike ``section 70120'' and substitute
``section 70119''; and
(ii) strike ``section 4197 of the Revised Statutes
of the United States (46 U.S.C. App. 91)'' and
substitute ``section 60105 of this title''.
(E) In the analysis of chapter 701, strike the items
relating to sections 70117-70119 and substitute the following:

``70117.  Firearms, arrests, and seizure of property.
``70118.  Enforcement by State and local officers.
``70119.  Civil penalty.
``70120.  In rem liability for civil penalties and certain costs.
``70121.  Withholding of clearance.''.

SEC. 16. RECREATIONAL BOATING SAFETY TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS.

(a) Section 2102.--Section 2102 of title 46, United States Code, is
amended by--
(1) striking subsection (a); and
(2) striking the subsection (b) designation.

(b) Chapter 131.--Chapter 131 of title 46, United States Code, is
amended as follows:
(1) Redesignate sections 13101 to 13106 as sections 13102 to
13107.
(2) Insert as the first section the following:

``Sec. 13101. Definitions

``In this chapter:
``(1) Eligible State.--The term `eligible State' means a
State that has a State recreational boating safety program
accepted by the Secretary.
``(2) State Recreational Boating Safety Program.--The term
`State recreational boating safety program' means education,
assistance, and enforcement activities conducted for maritime
casualty prevention, reduction, and reporting for recreational
boating.''.
(3) In the chapter analysis, redesignate items 13101 to
13106 as items 13102 to 13107 and insert as the first item the
following:

``13101.  Definitions.''.

(c) Cross References.--
(1) Section 4 of the Dingell-Johnson Sport Fish Restoration
Act (16 U.S.C. 777c) is amended by striking ``13106'' wherever
appearing and substituting ``13107''.

[[Page 1706]]
120 STAT. 1706

(2) Section 9504(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26
U.S.C. 9504(c)) is amended by striking ``section 13106'' and
substituting ``section 13107''.
(3) Section 13102(c) of title 46, United States Code, as
redesignated by subsection (b), is amended by striking ``section
13103'' and substituting ``section 13104''.
(4) Section 13103(c) of title 46, United States Code, as
redesignated by subsection (b), is amended by striking ``section
13106'' and substituting ``section 13107''.
(5) Section 13107(a)(1) of title 46, United States Code, as
redesignated by subsection (b), is amended by striking ``section
13103'' and substituting ``section 13104''.
(6) Section 13108(a) of title 46, United States Code, is
amended by--
(A) striking ``section 13103'' and substituting
``section 13104''; and
(B) striking ``section 13105'' and substituting
``section 13106''.
(7) Section 31322(d)(1)(A) of title 46, United States Code,
is amended by striking ``section 13106(b)(8)'' and substituting
``section 13107(b)(8)''.

SEC. 17. CONFORMING AMENDMENTS TO OTHER LAWS.

(a) Title 10.--Title 10, United States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) In section 374(b)(4)(A)(iv), strike ``The Maritime Drug
Law Enforcement Act (46 U.S.C. App. 1901 et seq.)'' and
substitute ``Chapter 705 of title 46''.
(2) In section 2218(d)(2), strike ``sections 508 and 510 of
the Merchant Marine Act of 1936 (46 U.S.C. App. 1158, 1160),
shall be deposited in the Fund'' and substitute ``sections
57101-57104 and chapter 573 of title 46''.
(3) In section 2350b(g)(2), strike ``section 901(b) of the
Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46 U.S.C. App. 1241(b))'' and
substitute ``section 55305 of title 46''.
(4) In section 2645--
(A) in subsection (c), strike ``the second sentence
of section 1208(a) of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46
U.S.C. App. 1288(a))'' and substitute ``section 53909(b)
of title 46'';
(B) in subsection (h)(1), strike ``title XII of the
Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46 U.S.C. App. 1281 et
seq.),'' and substitute ``chapter 539 of title 46''; and
(C) in subsection (h)(2), strike ``the first
sentence of section 1208(a) of the Merchant Marine Act,
1936 (46 U.S.C. App. 1288(a))'' and substitute ``section
53909(a) of title 46''.
(5) In section 5985, strike ``section 1304 of the Merchant
Marine Act, 1936 (46 U.S.C. App. 1295c),'' and substitute
``chapter 515 of title 46''.
(6) In section 7721(a), strike ``the Act of March 3, 1925
(commonly referred to as the `Public Vessels Act') (46 U.S.C.
App. 781-790)'' and substitute ``chapter 311 of title 46''.

(b) Title 11.--Title 11, United States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) In section 362(b)--

[[Page 1707]]
120 STAT. 1707

(A) in paragraph (12), strike ``section 207 or title
XI of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936'' and substitute
``chapter 537 of title 46 or section 109(h) of title
49''; and
(B) in paragraph (13), strike ``section 207 or title
XI of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936'' and substitute
``chapter 537 of title 46''.
(2) In section 1110(a)(3)(A)(ii), strike ``documented vessel
(as defined in section 30101(1) of title 46)'' and substitute
``vessel documented under chapter 121 of title 46''.

(c) Title 14.--Sections 821(b) and 823a(b) of title 14, United
States Code, are each amended by striking paragraphs (3)-(5) and
substituting the following:
``(3) Section 30101 of title 46 (popularly known as the
Admiralty Extension Act).
``(4) Chapter 309 of title 46 (known as the Suits in
Admiralty Act).
``(5) Chapter 311 of title 46 (known as the Public Vessels
Act).''.

(d) Title 18.--Title 18, United States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) In section 229F(9)(C), strike ``section 3(b) of the
Maritime Drug Enforcement Act, as amended (46 U.S.C., App. sec.
1903(b))'' and substitute ``section 70502(b) of title 46, United
States Code''.
(2) In section 507--
(A) in the first paragraph, strike ``recording,
registry, or enrollment of any vessel, in the office of
any collector of the customs, or a license to any vessel
for carrying on the coasting trade or fisheries of the
United States'' and substitute ``documentation of any
vessel'';
(B) in the first paragraph, strike ``collector or
other''; and
(C) in the second paragraph, strike ``license,''.
(3) In section 924--
(A) in subsections (c)(2), (e)(2)(A)(i), (g)(2), and
(k)(1), strike ``the Maritime Drug Law Enforcement Act
(46 U.S.C. App. 1901 et seq.)'' and substitute ``chapter
705 of title 46''; and
(B) in subsection (g)(2), strike ``802 et seq.'' and
substitute ``801 et seq.''.
(4) In section 929(a)(2), strike ``the Maritime Drug Law
Enforcement Act (46 U.S.C. App. 1901 et seq.)'' and substitute
``chapter 705 of title 46''.
(5) In section 965(a), strike ``section 4197 of the Revised
Statutes of the United States (46 U.S.C. App. 91)'' and
substitute ``section 60105 of title 46''.
(6) In section 2277(a), strike ``registered, enrolled, or
licensed'' and substitute ``documented''.
(7) In section 3142(e) and (f)(1)(C), strike ``the Maritime
Drug Law Enforcement Act (46 U.S.C. App. 1901 et seq.)'' and
substitute ``chapter 705 of title 46''.

(e) Internal Revenue Code of 1986.--The Internal Revenue Code of
1986 (26 U.S.C. 1 et seq.) is amended as follows:
(1) In section 56(c)(2)--
(A) strike ``section 607 of the Merchant Marine Act,
1936 (46 U.S.C. 1177)'' and substitute ``chapter 535 of
title 46, United States Code''; and

[[Page 1708]]
120 STAT. 1708

(B) in subparagraphs (A) and (B), strike ``such
section 607'' substitute ``such chapter 535''.
(2) In section 140(a)(4), NOTE: 26 USC 140. strike
``section 607(d) of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46 U.S.C.
1177)'' and substitute ``section 53507 of title 46, United
States Code''.
(3) In section 543(a)(1)(B), strike ``section 511 or 607 of
the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (46 U.S.C. App. 1161 or 1177)''
and substitute ``chapter 533 or 535 of title 46, United States
Code''.
(4) In section 1023(2), strike ``section 511 of the Merchant
Marine Act, 1936, as amended (46 U.S.C. 1161)'' and substitute
``chapter 533 of title 46, United States Code''.
(5) In section 1061--
(A) in paragraph (1), strike ``section 510 of the
Merchant Marine Act, 1936, see subsection (e) of that
section, as amended August 4, 1939 (46 U.S.C. App.
1160)'' and substitute ``chapter 573 of title 46, United
States Code, see section 57307 of title 46'';
(B) in paragraph (2), strike ``section 511 of such
Act, as amended (46 U.S.C. App. 1161)'' and substitute
``chapter 533 of title 46, United States Code''; and
(C) strike paragraph (3).
(6) In section 7518--
(A) in subsection (a)(1), strike ``section 607 of
the Merchant Marine Act, 1936'' and substitute ``chapter
535 of title 46 of the United States Code'';
(B) in subsections (a)(2) and (c)(1)(A) and (D),
strike ``section 607 of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936''
and substitute ``chapter 535 of title 46, United States
Code''; and
(C) in subsection (g)(3)(C)(iii), strike ``Merchant
Marine Act of 1936'' and substitute ``Merchant Marine
Act, 1936,''.

(f) Title 28.--Title 28, United States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) In section 994(h)(1)(B) and (2)(B), strike ``the
Maritime Drug Law Enforcement Act (46 U.S.C. App. 1901 et
seq.)'' and substitute ``chapter 705 of title 46''.
(2) In section 1605(d), strike ``the Ship Mortgage Act, 1920
(46 U.S.C. 911 and following)'' and ``that Act'' and substitute
``section 31301 of title 46'' and ``chapter 313 of title 46'',
respectively.
(3) In section 2342(3)--
(A) in subparagraph (A), strike ``section 2, 9, 37,
or 41 of the Shipping Act, 1916 (46 U.S.C. App. 802,
803, 808, 835, 839, and 841a)'' and substitute ``section
50501, 50502, 56101-56104, or 57109 of title 46''; and
(B) strike subparagraph (B) and substitute the
following:
``(B) the Federal Maritime Commission issued
pursuant to section 305, 41304, 41308, or 41309 or
chapter 421 or 441 of title 46;''.
(4) In section 2680(d), strike ``sections 741-752, 781-790
of Title 46,'' and substitute ``chapter 309 or 311 of title
46''.

(g) Title 40.--Title 40, United States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) In section 548, strike ``the Merchant Marine Act, 1936
(46 App. U.S.C. 1101 et seq.),'' and substitute ``part F of
subtitle V of title 46''.

[[Page 1709]]
120 STAT. 1709

(2) In section 3134(b), strike ``the Merchant Marine Act,
1936 (46 App. U.S.C. 1101 et seq.)'' and substitute ``subtitle V
of title 46''.
(3) In section 3313(a)--
(A) in the matter before paragraph (1), strike
``Except for the authority contained in section 3305(b)
of this title, the'' and substitute ``The''; and
(B) in paragraph (1), strike ``shall'' and
substitute ``shall, except for the authority contained
in section 3305(b) of this title,''.

(h) Title 49.--Title 49, United States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) In section 5122(c)(1), strike ``Secretary of the
Treasury'' and ``section 4197 of the Revised Statutes of the
United States (46 App. U.S.C. 91)'' and substitute ``Secretary
of Homeland Security'' and ``section 60105 of title 46'',
respectively.
(2) In section 5901(3)(B), strike ``section 3 of the
Shipping Act of 1984 (46 App. U.S.C. 1702)'' and substitute
``section 40102 of title 46''.

(i) Miscellaneous.--Section 5501(a) of the Oceans Act of 1992
(Public Law 102-587, NOTE: 46 USC app. 292 note. 106 Stat. 5084) is
amended by adding the following:

``(3) The exceptions provided by paragraph (2) shall apply under
section 55109 of title 46, United States Code, to the same extent as
under former section 1 of the Act of May 28, 1906, as amended by
paragraph (1).''.

SEC. 18. NOTE: 46 USC note prec. 101. TRANSITIONAL AND SAVINGS
PROVISIONS.

(a) Cutoff Date.--This Act replaces certain provisions enacted on or
before April 30, 2005. If a law enacted after that date amends or
repeals a provision replaced by this Act, that law is deemed to amend or
repeal, as the case may be, the corresponding provision enacted by this
Act. If a law enacted after that date is otherwise inconsistent with
this Act, it supersedes this Act to the extent of the inconsistency.
(b) Original Date of Enactment Unchanged.--For purposes of
determining whether one provision supersedes another based on enactment
later in time, the date of enactment of a provision enacted by this Act
is deemed to be the date of enactment of the provision it replaced.
(c) References to Provisions Replaced.--A reference to a provision
replaced by this Act is deemed to refer to the corresponding provision
enacted by this Act.
(d) Laws Governing Applicability of Prior Amendments.--This Act does
not affect any law governing the applicability of an amendment to a
provision replaced by this Act, notwithstanding the repeal by this Act
of the provision that was amended. To the extent that any such law
governed the applicability of a provision replaced by this Act, that law
governs the applicability of the corresponding provision enacted by this
Act.
(e) Regulations, Orders, and Other Administrative Actions.--A
regulation, order, or other administrative action in effect under a
provision replaced by this Act continues in effect under the
corresponding provision enacted by this Act.
(f) Actions Taken and Offenses Committed.--An action taken or an
offense committed under a provision replaced by this

[[Page 1710]]
120 STAT. 1710

Act is deemed to have been taken or committed under the corresponding
provision enacted by this Act.

SEC. 19. NOTE: 46 USC note prec. 101. REPEALS.

The following provisions are repealed, except with respect to rights
and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, or proceedings
that were begun before the date of enactment of this Act:

Revised Statutes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
United States Code
Revised Statutes Section                    -------------------------------------------------
Title                   Section
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2792..........................................................                  46 App.                      124
4136..........................................................                  46 App.                       14
4173..........................................................                  46 App.                       42
4184..........................................................                  46 App.                       57
4188..........................................................                  46 App.                       59
4197..........................................................                  46 App.                       91
4202..........................................................                  46 App.                       97
4204..........................................................                  46 App.                       98
4206..........................................................                  46 App.                      100
4219..........................................................                  46 App.                      121
4220..........................................................                  46 App.                      122
4221..........................................................                  46 App.                      125
4225..........................................................                  46 App.                      128
4226..........................................................                  46 App.                      129
4227..........................................................                  46 App.                      135
4228..........................................................                  46 App.                      141
4238..........................................................                  46 App.                      721
4239..........................................................                  46 App.                      722
4240..........................................................                  46 App.                      723
4241..........................................................                  46 App.                      724
4281..........................................................                  46 App.                      181
4282..........................................................                  46 App.                      182
4283..........................................................                  46 App.                      183
4283A.........................................................                  46 App.                     183b
4283B.........................................................                  46 App.                     183c
4284..........................................................                  46 App.                      184
4285..........................................................                  46 App.                      185
4286..........................................................                  46 App.                      186
4287..........................................................                  46 App.                      187
4289..........................................................                  46 App.                      188
4309..........................................................                  46 App.                      354
4310..........................................................                  46 App.                      355
4311..........................................................                  46 App.                      251
4320..........................................................                  46 App.                      262
4336..........................................................                  46 App.                      277
4370..........................................................                  46 App.                      316
4373..........................................................                  46 App.                      321
4374..........................................................                  46 App.                      322
4375..........................................................                  46 App.                      323
4376..........................................................                  46 App.                      324
4378..........................................................                  46 App.                      326
4379..........................................................                  46 App.                      327
4380..........................................................                  46 App.                      328
4493..........................................................                  46 App.                      491
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Statutes at Large
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statutes at Large       U.S. Code (46
Chapter or                          --------------------------    App. unless
Date                Public Law           Section                                       otherwise
Volume        Page           specified)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1874
Apr. 18                         110           ......................      18  31..............  336

1878
June 19                         324           ......................      20  175.............  725

1884
June 26                         121           14....................      23  57..............  121

[[Page 1711]]
120 STAT. 1711


............  18....................      23  57..............  189

July 5                          221           3.....................      23  119.............  3
............  8(c)..................  ......  ................  9

1886
June 19                         421           8.....................      24  81..............  289
............  9.....................      24  81..............  320
............  17....................      24  82..............  142

1887
Mar. 3                          339           ......................      24  475.............  143

1892
July 26                         248           1.....................      27  267.............  144
............  2.....................      27  268.............  145

1893
Feb. 13                         105           1.....................      27  445.............  190
............  2.....................      27  445.............  191
............  3.....................      27  445.............  192
............  4.....................      27  445.............  193
............  5.....................      27  446.............  194
............  6.....................      27  446.............  196
............  7.....................      27  446.............  195
............  8.....................      27  446.............  190 nt

Oct. 31                         No. 13        ......................      28  13..............  726

1898
Feb. 17                         26            1.....................      30  248.............  290
............  3.....................      30  248.............  291

1900
Mar. 31                         120           1-3...................      31  58..............  163

1906
May 28                          2566          1 (except as may be         34  204.............  292
applicable under
section 5501(a)(2) of
Pub. L. 102-587).

1908
Mar. 24                         96            1.....................      35  46..............  133
............  2.....................      35  46..............  134

May 28                          212           5.....................      35  425.............  104

1909
Aug. 5                          6             36....................      36  111.............  121

1910
Mar. 8                          86            ......................      36  234.............  132

1912
Aug. 1                          268           1.....................      37  242.............  727
............  3.....................      37  242.............  729
............  4.....................      37  242.............  730
............  5.....................      37  242.............  731

1913
Oct. 3                          16            IV(J)(1)-(3)..........      38  195.............  19 U.S.C. 128,
130, 131;
46 App. 146

1915
Mar. 4                          153           20....................      38  1185............  688

171           ......................      38  1193............  19 U.S.C. 128,
131;
46 App. 121,
128, 146


[[Page 1712]]
120 STAT. 1712


1916
Sept. 7                         451           1.....................      39  728.............  801
............  2(a)-(c)..............      39  729.............  802
............  2(d)..................      39  729.............  803
............  9.....................      39  730.............  808
............  12....................      39  732.............  811
............  34....................      39  738.............  833
............  36....................      39  738.............  834
............  37....................  ......  ................  835
............  38....................  ......  ................  836
............  39....................  ......  ................  837
............  41....................  ......  ................  839
............  46....................  ......  ................  842

1920
Mar. 9                          95            1.....................      41  525.............  741
............  2.....................      41  525.............  742
............  3.....................      41  526.............  743
............  4.....................      41  526.............  744
............  5.....................      41  526.............  745, 745 nt
............  6.....................      41  527.............  746
............  7.....................      41  527.............  747
............  8.....................      41  527.............  748
............  9.....................      41  527.............  749
............  10....................      41  528.............  750
............  11....................      41  528.............  751
............  12....................      41  528.............  752

Mar. 30                         111           1.....................      41  537.............  761
............  2.....................      41  537.............  762
............  4.....................      41  537.............  764
............  5.....................      41  537.............  765
............  6.....................      41  537.............  766
............  7.....................      41  538.............  767
............  8.....................      41  538.............  768

June 5                          250           1.....................      41  988.............  861
............  6.....................      41  991.............  865
............  7.....................      41  991.............  866
............  8.....................      41  992.............  867
............  9.....................      41  992.............  868
............  10....................      41  992.............  869
............  12....................      41  993.............  871
............  13....................      41  993.............  872
............  17....................      41  994.............  875
............  19....................      41  995.............  876
............  21....................      41  997.............  877
............  27....................      41  999.............  883
............  27A...................  ......  ................  883-1
............  28....................      41  999.............  884
............  36....................      41  1007............  887
............  37....................      41  1008............  888
............  39....................      41  1008............  889

1925
Mar. 3                          428           1.....................      43  1112............  781
............  2.....................      43  1112............  782
............  3.....................      43  1112............  783
............  4.....................      43  1112............  784
............  5.....................      43  1113............  785
............  6.....................      43  1113............  786
............  7.....................      43  1113............  787
............  8.....................      43  1113............  788
............  9.....................      43  1113............  789
............  10....................      43  1113............  790

1928
May 22                          675           1.....................      45  689.............  891
............  202...................      45  690.............  891b
............  203...................      45  690.............  891c
............  703...................      45  698.............  891u
............  704...................      45  698.............  891v
............  705...................      45  698.............  891w

[[Page 1713]]
120 STAT. 1713


............  706...................      45  698.............  891x

1932
June 30                         314           306...................      47  408.............  804a

315           ......................      47  420.............  743a, 745

1934
Mar. 26                         90            ......................      48  500.............  1241-1

June 14                         523           ......................      48  963.............  48 U.S.C. 1664

1936
June 25                         807           1.....................      49  1922............  738
............  2.....................      49  1922............  738a
............  4.....................      49  1923............  738c

June 29                         858           101...................      49  1985............  1101
............  201...................      49  1985............  1111
............  202...................      49  1986............  1112
............  204...................      49  1987............  1114
............  205...................      49  1987............  1115
............  206...................      49  1987............  1116
............  207...................      49  1988............  1117
............  208...................      49  1988............  1118
............  209...................      49  1988............  1119
............  210...................      49  1989............  1120
............  211...................      49  1989............  1121
............  212...................      49  1990............  1122
............  212(A)................  ......  ................  1122a
............  212(B)................  ......  ................  1122b
............  213...................      49  1991............  1123
............  214...................      49  1991............  1124
............  215...................  ......  ................  1125
............  302...................  ......  ................  1132
............  508...................      49  2000............  1158
............  510...................  ......  ................  1160
............  511 (added by Act Oct.  ......  ................  1161
10, 1940).
............  607...................      49  2005............  1177
............  701...................      49  2008............  1191
............  702...................      49  2008............  1192
............  703...................      49  2008............  1193
............  704...................      49  2008............  1194
............  705...................      49  2009............  1195
............  706...................      49  2009............  1196
............  707...................      49  2009............  1197
............  708...................      49  2009............  1198
............  709...................      49  2010............  1199
............  710...................      49  2010............  1200
............  711...................      49  2010............  1201
............  712...................      49  2010............  1202
............  713...................      49  2010............  1203
............  714...................      49  2011............  1204
............  715...................  ......  ................  1205
............  805...................      49  2012............  1223
............  806(b)-(d)............      49  2014............  1228
............  808...................      49  2015............  1226
............  809(b)................  ......  ................  1213
............  810...................      49  2015............  1227
............  901...................      49  2015............  1241
............  901a..................  ......  ................  1241e
............  901b..................  ......  ................  1241f
............  901c..................  ......  ................  1241g
............  901d..................  ......  ................  1241h
............  901e..................  ......  ................  1241i
............  901f..................  ......  ................  1241j
............  901g..................  ......  ................  1241k
............  901h..................  ......  ................  1241l
............  901i..................  ......  ................  1241m
............  901j..................  ......  ................  1241n
............  901k..................  ......  ................  1241o
............  902...................      49  2015............  1242

[[Page 1714]]
120 STAT. 1714


............  905...................      49  2016............  1244
............  906 (1st sentence)....      49  2016............  1245
............  908...................  ......  ................  1247
............  1101..................  ......  ................  1271
............  1102..................  ......  ................  1272
............  1103..................  ......  ................  1273
............  1104A.................  ......  ................  1274
............  1104B.................  ......  ................  1274a
............  1105..................  ......  ................  1275
............  1108..................  ......  ................  1279a
............  1109..................  ......  ................  1279b
............  1110..................  ......  ................  1279c
............  1111..................  ......  ................  1279d
............  1111..................  ......  ................  1279f
............  1112..................  ......  ................  1279e
............  1112..................  ......  ................  1279g
............  1201..................  ......  ................  1281
............  1202..................  ......  ................  1282
............  1203..................  ......  ................  1283
............  1204..................  ......  ................  1284
............  1205..................  ......  ................  1285
............  1206..................  ......  ................  1286
............  1207..................  ......  ................  1287
............  1208..................  ......  ................  1288
............  1209..................  ......  ................  1289
............  1210..................  ......  ................  1290
............  1211..................  ......  ................  1291
............  1212..................  ......  ................  1292
............  1213..................  ......  ................  1293
............  1214..................  ......  ................  1294
............  1301..................  ......  ................  1295
............  1302..................  ......  ................  1295a
............  1303..................  ......  ................  1295b
............  1304..................  ......  ................  1295c
............  1305..................  ......  ................  1295d
............  1306..................  ......  ................  1295e
............  1307..................  ......  ................  1295f
............  1308..................  ......  ................  1295g

1938
Apr. 26                         174           ......................      52  223.............  289a

June 25                         681           1st proviso on p. 1119      52  1119............  1111a

1940
June 29                         442           ......................      54  684.............  1242a

1941
Feb. 6                          5             4.....................      55  6...............  1125a

1947
Mar. 22                         20            proviso under heading       61  18..............  1116a
``Independent
Offices''.

1948
June 19                         526           ......................      62  496.............  740

June 30                         775           101 (last proviso on        62  1199............  864a
p. 1199).

1949
June 29                         281           1 (proviso)...........      63  349.............  864b

1950
Dec. 27                         1155          1, 2..................      64  1120............  3 nt prec.

1951
June 2                          121           pars. under heading         65  59..............  1241a
``Vessel Operations
Revolving Fund''.

Nov. 1                          664           par. under heading          65  746.............  1288a
``War-Risk Insurance
Revolving Fund''.


[[Page 1715]]
120 STAT. 1715


1956
June 20                         415           101 (par. beginning         70  319.............  1241b,
with ``Vessel                                    1241b nt
operations revolving
fund'').

July 14                         600           2.....................      70  544.............  883a
............  3.....................      70  544.............  883b

Aug. 1                          846           ......................      70  897.............  1241c

1957
June 13                         85-52         101 (1st proviso on p.      71  73..............  1177a
73).

1958
June 25                         85-469        101 (par. under             72  231.............  1280
heading ``Federal
Ship Mortgage
Insurance Fund'').

1960
June 12                         86-518        9.....................      74  217.............  1125 nt

1961
June 30                         87-77         ......................      75  196.............  289b

Sept. 13                        87-220        2.....................      75  493.............  251a
............  3.....................      75  493.............  251b

1965
June 30                         89-56         ......................      79  195.............  1111 nt

July 30                         89-99         1.....................      79  424.............  441
............  3.....................      79  424.............  443
............  4.....................      79  424.............  444

1966
Nov. 6                          89-777        2.....................      80  1356............  817d
............  3.....................      80  1357............  817e

1976
July 14                         94-361        603...................      90  929.............  1126-1

Oct. 4                          94-455        807...................      90  1606............  1177-1

1977
Dec. 13                         95-208        1.....................      91  1475............  1501 nt
............  2.....................      91  1475............  1501
............  3.....................      91  1476............  1502
............  4.....................      91  1476............  1503
............  5.....................      91  1477............  1504
............  6.....................      91  1478............  1505
............  7.....................      91  1479............  1506
............  8.....................      91  1479............  1507

1980
Sept. 15                        96-350        1.....................      94  1159............  1901
............  2.....................      94  1160............  1902
............  3.....................      94  1160............  1903
............  4.....................      94  1160............  1904

Oct. 6                          96-382        1.....................      94  1525............  763a

Oct. 7                          96-387        5.....................      94  1546............  1121-1

1981
Aug. 6                          97-31         2.....................      95  151.............  1601
............  3.....................      95  151.............  1602
............  4.....................      95  151.............  1603
............  5.....................      95  151.............  1604
............  6.....................      95  151.............  1605
............  8.....................      95  152.............  1607
............  9.....................      95  152.............  1608

1982
Oct. 15                         97-322        201...................      96  1588............  446 nt

[[Page 1716]]
120 STAT. 1716


............  204...................      96  1589............  446
............  205...................      96  1589............  446a
............  206...................      96  1590............  446b
............  207...................      96  1590............  446c

1984
Mar. 20                         98-237        1.....................      98  67..............  1701 nt
............  2.....................      98  67..............  1701
............  3.....................      98  67..............  1702
............  4.....................      98  70..............  1703
............  5.....................      98  70..............  1704
............  6.....................      98  72..............  1705
............  7.....................      98  73..............  1706
............  8.....................      98  74..............  1707
............  9.....................      98  76..............  1708
............  10....................      98  77..............  1709
............  11....................      98  80..............  1710
............  12....................      98  81..............  1711
............  13....................      98  82..............  1712
............  14....................      98  83..............  1713
............  15....................      98  84..............  1714
............  16....................      98  84..............  1715
............  17....................      98  84..............  1716
............  19....................      98  87..............  1718
............  20(e).................      98  90..............  1719

Oct. 5                          98-454        302...................      98  1734............  808a

Oct. 30                         98-563        ......................      98  2916............  289c

1985
Dec. 23                         99-198        1141..................      99  1490............  1241d
............  1143..................      99  1496............  1241p

1986
Aug. 27                         99-399        902...................     100  889.............  1801
............  905...................     100  890.............  1802
............  907...................     100  891.............  1803
............  908...................     100  891.............  1804
............  909...................     100  892.............  1805
............  910...................     100  892.............  1806
............  911...................     100  892.............  1807
............  912...................     100  892.............  1808
............  913...................     100  892.............  1809

1987
Dec. 22                         100-202       101(a) [title V (par.      101  1329,...........  1241h nt
under heading ``Ocean          1329-27.........
Freight
Differential'')].
............  101(a) [title V (4th       101  1329,...........  1295c-1
proviso on p. 1329-            1329-28.........
28)].

1988
May 30                          100-324       1.....................     102  576.............  2001 nt
............  2.....................     102  576.............  2001
............  3.....................     102  576.............  2002
............  4.....................     102  576.............  2003
............  5.....................     102  576.............  2004
............  6.....................     102  577.............  2005
............  7.....................     102  577.............  2006
............  8.....................     102  577.............  2007

Aug. 23                         100-418       10002.................     102  1570............  1710a

1989
Oct. 13                         101-115       4.....................     103  692.............  1295c nt
............  8.....................     103  694.............  1121-2

1990
Nov. 28                         101-624       1521..................     104  3665............  1241q
............  1522..................     104  3665............  1241r
............  1523..................     104  3666............  1241s
............  1524..................     104  3667............  1241t
............  1526..................     104  3668............  1241u

[[Page 1717]]
120 STAT. 1717


............  1527..................     104  3668............  1241v

1993
Nov. 30                         103-160       1358..................     107  1816............  1280a

1996
Oct. 19                         104-324       1117..................     110  3973............  46 U.S.C. 12101
nt
............  1120(f)...............     110  3978............  883 nt

1998
Oct. 14                         105-258       401...................     112  1916............  1273a

Oct. 21                         105-277       203(b)-(e)............     112  2681-619........  46 U.S.C. 12102
nt

Nov. 13                         105-383       502-504...............     112  3445............  46 U.S.C. 12106
nt

2000
Oct. 30                         106-398       1 [Sec.  3506]........     114  1654,...........  1118 nt
1654A-494.......

2002
Nov. 25                         107-295       403...................     116  2114............  46 U.S.C. 12119
nt
............  404...................     116  2114............  316a

2003
Nov. 24                         108-136       3527..................     117  1802............  1280b
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 1718]]
120 STAT. 1718


Reorganization Plans
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statutes at Large
Year              Plan No.                        Section             ---------------------------------------
Volume               Page
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1949  6..........................  ................................         63  1069
1950  21.........................  201, 203, 204...................         64  1276
1961  7..........................  101-105, 201, 301, 302..........         75  840, 842
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Approved October 6, 2006.

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY--H.R. 1442:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

HOUSE REPORTS: No. 109-170 (Comm. on the Judiciary).
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD:
Vol. 151 (2005):
Nov. 16, considered and passed
House.
Vol. 152 (2006):
Sept. 13, considered and passed
Senate.