[United States Senate Manual, 110th Congress]
[S. Doc. 110-1]
[Statistical Data]
[Pages 1287-1300]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]


[[Page 1287]]
 
CABINET OFFICERS, 1789 TO 2008
              
                                                                    1571

                                              SECRETARIES OF STATE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                       Confirmation date\1\                     President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. Thomas Jefferson....................  Sept. 26, 1789             George Washington.
      Do................................  Mar. 4, 1793                   Do.
 2. Edmund Randolph.....................  Jan. 2, 1794                   Do.
 3. Timothy Pickering...................  Dec. 10, 1795                  Do.
      Do................................  Mar. 4, 1797               John Adams.
 4. John Marshall.......................  May 13, 1800                   Do.
 5. James Madison.......................  Mar. 5, 1801               Thomas Jefferson.
      Do................................  Mar. 4, 1805                   Do.
 6. Robert Smith........................  Mar. 6, 1809               James Madison.
 7. James Monroe........................  Nov. 25, 1811                  Do.\2\
      Do................................  Feb. 28, 1815                  Do.
 8. John Quincy Adams...................  Mar. 5, 1817               James Monroe.
 9. Henry Clay..........................  Mar. 7, 1825               John Quincy Adams.
10. Martin Van Buren....................  Mar. 6, 1829               Andrew Jackson.
11. Edward Livingston...................  Jan. 12, 1832                  Do.\3\
12. Louis McLane........................  May 29, 1833                   Do.
13. John Forsyth........................  June 27, 1834                  Do.
      Do................................  Mar. 4, 1837               Martin Van Buren.
14. Daniel Webster......................  Mar. 5, 1841               William H. Harrison.
      Do................................  Apr. 6, 1841               John Tyler.
15. Abel P. Upshur......................  Jan. 2, 1844                   Do.\4\
16. John C. Calhoun.....................  Mar. 6, 1844                   Do.
17. James Buchanan......................  Mar. 5, 1845               James K. Polk.
18. John M. Clayton.....................  Mar. 7, 1849               Zachary Taylor.
19. Daniel Webster......................  July 20, 1850              Millard Fillmore.
20. Edward Everett......................  Dec. 9, 1852                   Do.\5\
21. William L. Marcy....................  Mar. 7, 1853               Franklin Pierce.
22. Lewis Cass..........................  Mar. 6, 1857               James Buchanan.
23. Jeremiah S. Black...................  Dec. 17, 1860                  Do.
24. William H. Seward...................  Mar. 5, 1861               Abraham Lincoln.
       Do...............................  .........................  Andrew Johnson.
25. Elihu B. Washburne..................  Mar. 5, 1869               Ulysses S. Grant.
26. Hamilton Fish.......................  Mar. 11, 1869                  Do.
       Do...............................  Mar. 17, 1873                  Do.
27. William M. Evarts...................  Mar. 10, 1877              Rutherford B. Hayes.
28. James G. Blaine.....................  Mar. 5, 1881               James A. Garfield.
29. Frederick T. Frelinghuysen..........  Dec. 12, 1881              Chester A. Arthur.
30. Thomas F. Bayard....................  Mar. 6, 1885               Grover Cleveland.
31. James G. Blaine.....................  Mar. 5, 1889               Benjamin Harrison.
32. John W. Foster......................  June 29, 1892                  Do.
33. Walter Q. Gresham...................  Mar. 6, 1893               Grover Cleveland.
34. Richard Olney.......................  Dec. 3, 1895                   Do.\6\
35. John Sherman........................  Mar. 5, 1897               William McKinley.
36. William R. Day......................  Apr. 26, 1898                  Do.
37. John Hay............................  Dec. 7, 1898                   Do.\7\
       Do...............................  Mar. 5, 1901                   Do.
       Do...............................  Mar. 6, 1905               Theodore Roosevelt.
38. Elihu Root..........................  Dec. 6, 1905                   Do.\8\
39. Robert Bacon........................  Jan. 27, 1909                  Do.
40. Philander C. Knox...................  Mar. 5, 1909               William H. Taft.
41. William Jennings Bryan..............  Mar. 5, 1913               Woodrow Wilson.
42. Robert Lansing......................  Dec. 13, 1915                  Do.\9\
43. Bainbridge Colby....................  Mar. 22, 1920                  Do.
44. Charles Evans Hughes................  Mar. 4, 1921               Warren G. Harding.
       Do...............................  .........................  Calvin Coolidge.
45. Frank B. Kellogg....................  Feb. 16, 1925                  Do.
46. Henry Lewis Stimson.................  Mar. 5, 1929               Herbert C. Hoover.
47. Cordell Hull........................  Mar. 4, 1933               Franklin D. Roosevelt.
48. Edward R. Stettinius, Jr............  Nov. 30, 1944                  Do.
49. James F. Byrnes.....................  July 2, 1945               Harry S. Truman.

[[Page 1288]]

 
50. George C. Marshall..................  Jan. 8, 1947                   Do.
51. Dean G. Acheson.....................  Jan. 18, 1949                  Do.
52. John Foster Dulles..................  Jan. 21, 1953              Dwight D. Eisenhower.
53. Christian A. Herter.................  Apr. 21, 1959                  Do.
54. Dean Rusk...........................  Jan. 21, 1961              John F. Kennedy.
       Do...............................  .........................  Lyndon B. Johnson.
55. William P. Rogers...................  Jan. 20, 1969              Richard M. Nixon.
56. Henry A. Kissinger..................  Sept. 20, 1973                 Do.
      Do................................  .........................  Gerald R. Ford.
57. Cyrus Vance.........................  Jan. 20, 1977              Jimmy Carter.
58. Edmund S. Muskie....................  May 7, 1980                    Do.
59. Alexander Meigs Haig, Jr............  Jan. 21, 1981              Ronald Reagan.
60. George P. Shultz....................  July 15, 1982                  Do.
61. James A. Baker III..................  Jan. 25, 1989              George Bush.
62. Lawrence S. Eagleburger.............  Dec. 10, 1992                  Do.
63. Warren Christopher..................  Jan. 20, 1993              William J. Clinton.
64. Madeleine K. Albright...............  Jan. 22, 1997                  Do.
65. Colin L. Powell.....................  Jan. 20, 2001              George W. Bush.
66. Condoleeza Rice.....................  Jan. 26, 2005                  Do.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Previous editions of the Senate Manual listed the appointment date for cabinet officers. This edition
  provides the Senate's confirmation date. If the cabinet officer was appointed and began service during a
  Senate recess, a footnote provides a beginning service date.
\2\Recess appointment; began service April 2, 1811.
\3\Recess appointment; began service May 24, 1831.
\4\Recess appointment; began service July 24, 1843.
\5\Recess appointment; began service Nov. 6, 1852.
\6\Recess appointment; began service June 8, 1895.
\7\Recess appointment; began service Sept. 30, 1898.
\8\Recess appointment; began service July 19, 1905.
\9\Recess appointment; began service June 24, 1945.
 

            1572

                                           SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. Alexander Hamilton..................  Sept. 11, 1789             George Washington.
 2. Oliver Wolcott, Jr..................  Feb. 3, 1795                   Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  John Adams.
 3. Samuel Dexter.......................  Dec. 31, 1800                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Thomas Jefferson.
 4. Albert Gallatin.....................  Jan. 26, 1802                  Do.\1\
       Do...............................  .........................  James Madison.
 5. George W. Campbell..................  Feb. 9, 1814                   Do.
 6. Alexander J. Dallas.................  Oct. 6, 1814                   Do.
 7. William H. Crawford.................  Oct. 22, 1816                  Do.
       Do...............................  Mar. 5, 1817               James Monroe.
 8. Richard Rush........................  Mar. 7, 1825               John Quincy Adams.
 9. Samuel D. Ingham....................  Mar. 6, 1829               Andrew Jackson.
10. Louis McLane........................  Jan. 13, 1832                  Do.\2\
11. William J. Duane....................  .........................      Do.\3\
12. Roger B. Taney......................  .........................      Do.\4\
13. Levi Woodbury.......................  June 27, 1834                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Martin Van Buren.
14. Thomas Ewing........................  Mar. 5, 1841               William H. Harrison.
       Do...............................  .........................  John Tyler.
15. Walter Forward......................  Sept. 13, 1841                 Do.
16. John C. Spencer.....................  Mar. 3, 1843                   Do.
17. George M. Bibb......................  June 15, 1844                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  James K. Polk.
18. Robert J. Walker....................  Mar. 5, 1845                   Do.
19. William M. Meredith.................  Mar. 7, 1849               Zachary Taylor.
       Do...............................  .........................  Millard Fillmore.
20. Thomas Corwin.......................  July 20, 1850                  Do.
21. James Guthrie.......................  Mar. 7, 1853               Franklin Pierce.
22. Howell Cobb.........................  Mar. 6, 1857               James Buchanan.
23. Phillip F. Thomas...................  Dec. 12, 1860                  Do.
24. John A. Dix.........................  Jan. 11, 1861                  Do.
25. Salmon P. Chase.....................  Mar. 5, 1861               Abraham Lincoln.
26. William Pitt Fessenden..............  July 1, 1864                   Do.

[[Page 1289]]

 
27. Hugh McCulloch......................  Mar. 7, 1865                   Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Andrew Johnson.
28. George S. Boutwell..................  Mar. 11, 1869              Ulysses S. Grant.
29. William A. Richardson...............  Mar. 17, 1873                  Do.
30. Benjamin H. Bristow.................  June 2, 1874                   Do.
31. Lot M. Morrill......................  June 21, 1876                  Do.
       Do...............................  June 21, 1876              Rutherford B. Hayes.
32. John Sherman........................  Mar. 8, 1877                   Do.
33. William Windom......................  Mar. 5, 1881               James A. Garfield.
       Do...............................  .........................  Chester A. Arthur.
34. Charles J. Folger...................  Oct. 27, 1881                  Do.
35. Walter Q. Gresham...................  .........................      Do.\5\
36. Hugh McCulloch......................  Dec. 18, 1884                  Do.\6\
       Do...............................  .........................  Grover Cleveland.
37. Daniel Manning......................  Mar. 6, 1885                   Do.
38. Charles S. Fairchild................  Dec. 15, 1887                  Do.\7\
       Do...............................  .........................  Benjamin Harrison.
39. William Windom......................  Mar. 5, 1889                   Do.
40. Charles Foster......................  Feb. 24, 1891                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Grover Cleveland.
41. John G. Carlisle....................  Mar. 6, 1893                   Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  William McKinley.
42. Lyman J. Gage.......................  Mar. 5, 1897                   Do.
       Do...............................  Mar. 5, 1901                   Do.
43. Leslie M. Shaw......................  Jan. 9, 1902               Theodore Roosevelt.
       Do...............................  Mar. 6, 1905                   Do.
44. George B. Cortelyou.................  Jan. 15, 1907                  Do.
45. Franklin MacVeagh...................  Mar. 5, 1909               William H. Taft.
46. William G. McAdoo...................  Mar. 5, 1913               Woodrow Wilson.
47. Carter Glass........................  Dec. 6, 1918                   Do.
48. David Franklin Houston..............  Jan. 31, 1920                  Do.
49. Andrew W. Mellon....................  Mar. 4, 1921               Warren G. Harding.
       Do...............................  .........................  Calvin Coolidge.
       Do...............................  .........................  Herbert C. Hoover.
50. Ogden L. Mills......................  Feb. 10, 1932                  Do.
51. William H. Woodin...................  Mar. 4, 1933               Franklin D. Roosevelt.
52. Henry Morgenthau, Jr................  Jan. 8, 1934                   Do.
      Do................................  .........................  Harry S. Truman.
53. Fred M. Vinson......................  July 17, 1945                  Do.
54. John W. Snyder......................  June 11, 1946                  Do.
55. George M. Humphrey..................  Jan. 21, 1953              Dwight D. Eisenhower.
56. Robert B. Anderson..................  July 2, 1957                   Do.
57. Douglas Dillon......................  Jan. 21, 1961              John F. Kennedy.
      Do................................  .........................  Lyndon B. Johnson.
58. Henry H. Fowler.....................  Mar. 25, 1965                  Do.
59. Joseph W. Barr......................  Dec. 21, 1968                  Do.\8\
60. David M. Kennedy....................  Jan. 20, 1969              Richard M. Nixon.
61. John B. Connally....................  Feb. 8, 1971                   Do.
62. George P. Shultz....................  June 8, 1972                   Do.
63. William E. Simon....................  Apr. 30, 1974                  Do.
      Do................................  .........................  Gerald R. Ford.
64. W. Michael Blumenthal...............  Jan. 20, 1977              Jimmy Carter.
65. G. William Miller...................  Aug. 2, 1979                   Do.
66. Donald T. Regan.....................  Jan. 21, 1981              Ronald Reagan.
67. James A. Baker, III.................  Jan. 29, 1985                  Do.
68. Nicholas F. Brady...................  Sept. 14, 1988                 Do.
      Do................................  .........................  George Bush.
69. Lloyd Bentsen.......................  Jan. 20, 1993              William J. Clinton.
70. Robert E. Rubin.....................  Jan. 10, 1995                  Do.
71. Lawrence H. Summers.................  July 1, 1999                   Do.
72. Paul H. O'Neill.....................  Jan. 20, 2001              George W. Bush
73. John Snow...........................  Jan. 30, 2003                  Do.
74. Henry Paulson.......................  June 28, 2006                  Do.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Recess appointment. Began service May 14, 1801.
\2\Recess appointment. Began service Aug. 8, 1831.
\3\Recess appointment that was not submitted to the Senate. Duane served from May 29, 1833, to Sept. 23, 1833.
\4\Recess appointment. Began service Sept. 23, 1833, but was rejected by the Senate on Jun. 24, 1834.
\5\Recess appointment. Served from Sept. 25, 1884, to Oct. 30, 1884.
\6\Recess appointment. Began service on Oct. 31, 1884.

[[Page 1290]]

 
\7\Recess appointment. Began service on Apr. 1, 1887.
\8\Recess appointment. Received new commission Jan. 9, 1969, upon confirmation by the Senate.
 

            1573

                                             SECRETARIES OF DEFENSE*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. James V. Forrestal..................  July 26, 1947              Harry S. Truman.
 2. Louis A. Johnson....................  Mar. 23, 1949                  Do.
 3. George C. Marshall..................  Sept. 20, 1950                 Do.
 4. Robert A. Lovett....................  Sept. 14, 1951                 Do.
 5. Charles E. Wilson...................  Jan. 26, 1953              Dwight D. Eisenhower.
 6. Neil Hosler McElroy.................  Aug. 19, 1957                  Do.
 7. Thomas Sovereign Gates, Jr..........  Jan. 26, 1960                  Do.
 8. Robert S. McNamara..................  Jan. 21, 1961              John F. Kennedy.
       Do...............................  .........................  Lyndon B. Johnson.
 9. Clark M. Clifford...................  Jan. 30, 1968                  Do.
10. Melvin R. Laird.....................  Jan. 20, 1969              Richard M. Nixon.
11. Elliot L. Richardson................  Jan. 29, 1973                  Do.
12. James R. Schlesinger................  June 28, 1973                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Gerald R. Ford.
13. Donald Rumsfeld.....................  Nov. 18, 1975                  Do.
14. Harold Brown........................  Jan. 20, 1977              Jimmy Carter.
15. Caspar Willard Weinberger...........  Jan. 20, 1981              Ronald Reagan.
16. Frank C. Carlucci...................  Nov. 20, 1987                  Do.
17. Richard B. Cheney...................  Mar. 17, 1989              George Bush.
18. Les Aspin...........................  Jan. 20, 1993              William J. Clinton.
19. William J. Perry....................  Feb. 3, 1994                   Do.
20. William S. Cohen....................  Jan. 22, 1997                  Do.
21. Donald H. Rumsfeld..................  Jan. 20, 2001              George W. Bush
22. Robert Gates........................  Dec. 6, 2006                   Do.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*The National Security Act of 1947, Public Law 253, 80th Cong., approved July 26, 1947, created the office of
  Secretary of Defense and merged the War and Navy Departments into the National Military Establishment.
 

            1574

                                               SECRETARIES OF WAR*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. Harry Knox..........................  Sept. 12, 1789             George Washington.
 2. Timothy Pickering...................  Jan. 2, 1795                   Do.
 3. James McHenry.......................  Jan. 27, 1796                  Do.
       Do...............................  Mar. 4, 1797               John Adams.
 4. Samuel Dexter.......................  May 13, 1800                   Do.
 5. Roger Griswold......................  Feb. 3, 1801                   Do.
 6. Henry Dearborn......................  Mar. 5, 1801               Thomas Jefferson.
 7. William Eustis......................  Mar. 6, 1809               James Madison.
 8. John Armstrong......................  Jan. 13, 1813                  Do.
 9. James Monroe........................  Sept. 27, 1814                 Do.
10. William H. Crawford.................  Mar. 3, 1815                   Do.
11. John C. Calhoun.....................  Dec. 15, 1817              James Monroe.\1\
12. James Barbour.......................  Mar. 7, 1825               John Quincy Adams.
13. Peter B. Porter.....................  May 26, 1828                   Do.
14. John H. Eaton.......................  Mar. 9, 1829               Andrew Jackson.
15. Lewis Cass..........................  Dec. 30, 1831                  Do.\2\
16. Benjamin F. Butter..................  Mar. 3, 1837                   Do.\3\
17. Joel R. Poinsett....................  Mar. 7, 1837               Martin Van Buren.
18. John Bell...........................  Mar. 5, 1841               William H. Harrison.
       Do...............................  .........................  John Tyler.
19. John C. Spencer.....................  Dec. 20, 1841                  Do.
20. James M. Porter.....................  .........................      Do.\4\
21. William Wilkins.....................  Feb. 15, 1844                  Do.
22. William L. Marcy....................  Mar. 5, 1845               James K. Polk.
23. George W. Crawford..................  Mar. 7, 1849               Zachary Taylor.
24. Charles M. Conard...................  Aug. 15, 1850              Millard Fillmore.
25. Jefferson Davis.....................  Mar. 7, 1853               Franklin Pierce.
26. John B. Floyd.......................  Mar. 6, 1857               James Buchanan.
27. Joseph Holt.........................  Jan. 18, 1861                  Do.
28. Simon Cameron.......................  Mar. 5, 1861               Abraham Lincoln.
29. Edwin M. Stanton....................  Jan. 15, 1862                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Andrew Johnson.

[[Page 1291]]

 
30. Ulysses S. Grant....................  .........................      Do.\5\
31. John M. Schofield...................  May 30, 1868                   Do.
32. John A. Rawlins.....................  Mar. 11, 1869              Ulysses S. Grant.
33. William T. Sherman..................  .........................      Do.\6\
34. William W. Belknap..................  Dec. 8, 1869                   Do.
       Do...............................  Mar. 17, 1873                  Do.
35. Alphonso Taft.......................  Mar. 8, 1876                   Do.
36. James D. Cameron....................  May 22, 1876                   Do.
37. George W. McCrary...................  Mar. 10, 1877              Rutherford B. Hayes.
38. Alexander Ramsey....................  Dec. 10, 1879                  Do.
39. Robert T. Lincoln...................  Mar. 5, 1881               James A. Garfield.
       Do...............................  .........................  Chester A. Arthur.
40. William C. Endicott.................  Mar. 6, 1885               Grover Cleveland.
41. Redfield Proctor....................  Mar. 5, 1889               Benjamin Harrison.
42. Stephen B. Elkins...................  Dec. 22, 1891                  Do.
43. Daniel S. Lamont....................  Mar. 6, 1893               Grover Cleveland.
44. Russell A. Alger....................  Mar. 5, 1897               William McKinley.
45. Elihu Root..........................  Dec. 6, 1899                   Do.\7\
       Do...............................  Mar. 5, 1901                   Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Theodore Roosevelt
46. William H. Taft.....................  Jan. 11, 1904                  Do.
       Do...............................  Mar. 6, 1905                   Do.
47. Luke E. Wright......................  Dec. 9, 1908                   Do.\8\
48. Jacob M. Dickinson..................  Mar. 5, 1909               William H. Taft.
49. Henry Lewis Stimson.................  May 16, 1911                   Do.
50. Lindley M. Garrison.................  Mar. 5, 1913               Woodrow Wilson.
51. Newton D. Baker.....................  Mar. 7, 1916                   Do.
52. John Wingate Weeks..................  Mar. 4, 1921               Warren G. Harding.
       Do...............................  .........................  Calvin Coolidge.
53. Dwight F. Davis.....................  Dec. 15, 1925                  Do.
54. James William Good..................  Mar. 5, 1929               Herbert C. Hoover.
55. Patrick J. Hurley...................  Dec. 9, 1929                   Do.
56. George H. Dern......................  Mar. 4, 1933               Franklin D. Roosevelt.
57. Harry Hines Woodring................  May 6, 1937                    Do.
58. Henry Lewis Stimson.................  July 9, 1940                   Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Harry S. Truman.
59. Robert P. Patterson.................  Sept. 20, 1945                 Do.
60. Kenneth C. Royall...................  July 19, 1947                  Do.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*The National Security Act of 1947, Public Law 253, 80th Cong., approved July 26, 1947, created the office of
  Secretary of Defense and merged the War and Navy Departments into the National Military Establishment.
\1\Recess appointment. Began service on Oct. 8, 1817.
\2\Recess appointment. Began service on Aug. 1, 1831.
\3\Recess appointment. Began service on Oct. 6, 1836.
\4\Recess appointment. Began service on Mar. 8, 1843, but was rejected by the Senate on Jan. 30, 1844.
\5\Recess appointment. Served ad interim from Aug. 12, 1867, to Jan. 12, 1868.
\6\Recess appointment. Began service on Sept. 9, 1869, but nomination not submitted to Senate.
\7\Recess appointment. Began service on Aug. 1, 1899.
\8\Recess appointment. Began service on July 1, 1908.
 

                                                                    1575

                                                ATTORNEYS GENERAL
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. Edmund Randolph.....................  Sept. 26, 1789             George Washington.
 2. William Bradford....................  Jan. 27, 1794                  Do.
 3. Charles Lee.........................  Dec. 10, 1795                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  John Adams.
 4. Levi Lincoln........................  Mar. 5, 1801               Thomas Jefferson.
 5. John Breckenridge...................  Dec. 23, 1805                  Do.\1\
 6. Caesar A. Rodney....................  Jan. 20, 1807                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  James Madison.
 7. William Pinckney....................  Dec. 11, 1811                  Do.
 8. Richard Rush........................  Feb. 10, 1814                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  James Monroe.
 9. William Wirt........................  Dec. 15, 1817                  Do.\2\
       Do...............................  .........................  John Quincy Adams.
10. John M. Berrien.....................  Mar. 9, 1829               Andrew Jackson.
11. Roger B. Taney......................  Dec. 27, 1831                  Do.\3\

[[Page 1292]]

 
12. Benjamin F. Butler..................  June 24, 1834                  Do.\4\
       Do...............................  .........................  Martin Van Buren.
13. Felix Grundy........................  July 5, 1838                   Do.
14. Henry D. Gilpin.....................  Jan. 10, 1840                  Do.
15. John J. Crittenden..................  Mar. 5, 1841               William H. Harrison.
       Do...............................  .........................  John Tyler.
16. Hugh S. Legare......................  Sept. 13, 1841                 Do.
17. John Nelson.........................  Jan. 2, 1844                   Do.\5\
18. John Y. Mason.......................  Mar. 5, 1845               James K. Polk.
19. Nathan Clifford.....................  Dec. 23, 1846                  Do.\6\
20. Isaac Toucey........................  June 21, 1848                  Do.
21. Reverdy Johnson.....................  Mar. 7, 1849               Zachary Taylor.
22. John J. Crittenden..................  July 20, 1850              Millard Fillmore.
23. Caleb Cushing.......................  Mar. 7, 1853               Franklin Pierce.
24. Jeremiah S. Black...................  Mar. 6, 1857               James Buchanan.
25. Edwin M. Stanton....................  Dec. 20, 1860                  Do.
26. Edward Bates........................  Mar. 5, 1861               Abraham Lincoln.
27. James Speed.........................  Dec. 12, 1864                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Andrew Johnson.
28. Henry Stanbery......................  July 23, 1866                  Do.\7\
29. William M. Evarts...................  July 15, 1868                  Do.
30. E. Rockwood Hoar....................  Mar. 5, 1869               Ulysses S. Grant.
31. Amos T. Ackerman....................  June 23, 1870                  Do.
32. George H. Williams..................  Dec. 14, 1871                  Do.
       Do...............................  Mar. 17, 1873                  Do.
33. Edwards Pierrepont..................  Dec. 9, 1875                   Do.\8\
34. Alphonso Taft.......................  May 22, 1876                   Do.
35. Charles Devens......................  Mar. 10, 1877              Rutherford B. Hayes.
36. Wayne MacVeagh......................  Mar. 5, 1881               James A. Garfield.
       Do...............................  .........................  Chester A. Arthur
37. Benjamin H. Brewster................  Dec. 19, 1881                  Do.
38. Augustus H. Garland.................  Mar. 6, 1885               Grover Cleveland.
39. William H. H. Miller................  Mar. 5, 1889               Benjamin Harrison.
40. Richard Olney.......................  Mar. 6, 1893               Grover Cleveland.
41. Judson Harmon.......................  Dec. 3, 1895                   Do.\9\
42. Joseph McKenna......................  Mar. 5, 1897               William McKinley.
43. John W. Griggs......................  Jan. 25, 1898                  Do.
       Do...............................  Mar. 5, 1901                   Do.
44. Philander C. Knox...................  Dec. 16, 1901                  Do.\10\
       Do...............................  .........................  Theodore Roosevelt
45. William H. Moody....................  Dec. 7, 1904               Theodore Roosevelt.\11\
       Do...............................  Mar. 6, 1905                   Do.
46. Charles J. Bonaparte................  Dec. 12, 1906                  Do.
47. George W. Wickersham................  Mar. 5, 1909               William H. Taft.
48. James Clark McReynolds..............  Mar. 5, 1913               Woodrow Wilson.
49. Thomas Watt Gregory.................  Aug. 29, 1914                  Do.
50. A. Mitchell Palmer..................  Aug. 29, 1919                  Do.\12\
51. Harry M. Daugherty..................  Mar. 4, 1921               Warren G. Harding.
       Do...............................  .........................  Calvin Coolidge.
52. Harlan F. Stone.....................  Apr. 7, 1924                   Do.
53. John G. Sargent.....................  Mar. 17, 1925                  Do.
54. William DeWitt Mitchell.............  Mar. 5, 1929               Herbert C. Hoover.
55. Homer S. Cummings...................  Mar. 4, 1933               Franklin D. Roosevelt.
56. Frank Murphy........................  Jan. 17, 1939                  Do.
57. Robert H. Jackson...................  Jan. 16, 1940                  Do.
58. Francis Biddle......................  Sept. 5, 1941                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Harry S. Truman
59. Tom C. Clark........................  June 14, 1945              Harry S. Truman.
60. J. Howard McGrath...................  Aug. 18, 1949                  Do.
61. James P. McGranery..................  May 20, 1952                   Do.
62. Herbert Brownell, Jr................  Jan. 21, 1953              Dwight D. Eisenhower.
63. William P. Rogers...................  Jan. 27, 1958                  Do.
64. Robert F. Kennedy...................  Jan. 21, 1961              John F. Kennedy.
       Do...............................  .........................  Lyndon B. Johnson.
65. Nicholas deB. Katzenbach............  Feb. 10, 1965                  Do.
66. Ramsey Clark........................  Mar. 2, 1967                   Do.
67. John N. Mitchell....................  Jan. 20, 1969              Richard M. Nixon.
68. Richard G. Kleindienst..............  June 8, 1972                   Do.
69. Elliot L. Richardson................  May 23, 1973                   Do.
70. William B. Saxbe....................  Dec. 17, 1973                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Gerald R. Ford.

[[Page 1293]]

 
71. Edward Hirsch Levi..................  Feb. 5, 1975                   Do.
72. Griffin B. Bell.....................  Jan. 25, 1977              Jimmy Carter.
73. Benjamin R. Civiletti...............  Aug. 1, 1979                   Do.
74. William French Smith................  Jan. 22, 1981              Ronald Reagan.
75. Edwin Meese III.....................  Feb. 23, 1985                  Do.
76. Richard L. Thornburgh...............  Aug. 11, 1988                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  George Bush.
77. William P. Barr.....................  Nov. 20, 1991                  Do.
78. Janet Reno..........................  Mar. 11, 1993              William J. Clinton.
79. John D. Ashcroft....................  Feb. 1, 2001               George W. Bush
80. Alberto Gonzales....................  Feb. 3, 2005                   Do.
81. Michael Mukasey.....................  Nov. 8, 2007                   Do.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Recess appointment. Began service Aug. 7, 1805.
\2\Recess appointment. Began service Nov. 15, 1817.
\3\Recess appointment. Began service July 20, 1831.
\4\Recess appointment. Began service Nov. 15, 1833.
\5\Recess appointment. Began service July 1, 1843.
\6\Recess appointment. Began service Oct. 17, 1846.
\7\Stanbery left his position as attorney general to serve as counsel to President Andrew Johnson in his
  impeachment trial. When Johnson again nominated Stanbery as attorney general after the trial, the Senate
  rejected the nomination.
\8\Recess appointment. Began service May 15, 1875.
\9\Recess appointment. Began service June 11, 1895.
\10\Recess appointment. Began service April 10, 1901.
\11\Recess appointment. Began service July 1, 1904.
\12\Palmer was nominated Feb. 27, 1919, but the Senate failed to act on the nomination. Wilson appointed him as
  a recess appointment and he began service on Mar. 5, 1919.
 

                                                                    1576

                                              POSTMASTERS GENERAL*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. Samuel Osgood.......................  Sept. 26, 1789             George Washington.
 2. Timothy Pickering...................  Nov. 7, 1791                   Do.\1\
 3. Joseph Habersham....................  Feb. 25, 1795                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  John Adams.
       Do...............................  .........................  Thomas Jefferson.
 4. Gideon Granger......................  Jan. 6, 1802                   Do.\2\
      Do................................  .........................  James Madison.
 5. Return J. Meigs, Jr.................  Mar. 17, 1814                  Do.
      Do................................  .........................  James Monroe.
 6. John McLean.........................  Dec. 9, 1823                   Do.\3\
      Do................................  .........................  John Quincy Adams.
 7. William T. Barry....................  Mar. 9, 1829               Andrew Jackson.
 8. Amos Kendall........................  Mar. 15, 1836                  Do.\4\
      Do................................  .........................  Martin Van Buren.
 9. John M. Niles.......................  May 18, 1840                   Do.
10. Francis Granger.....................  Mar. 5, 1841               William H. Harrison.
      Do................................  .........................  John Tyler.
11. Charles A. Wickliffe................  Sept. 13, 1841                 Do.
12. Cave Johnson........................  Mar. 5, 1845               James K. Polk.
13. Jacob Collamer......................  Mar. 7, 1849               Zachary Taylor.
14. Nathan K. Hall......................  July 20, 1850              Millard Fillmore.
15. Samuel D. Hubbard...................  Aug. 31, 1852                  Do.
16. James Campbell......................  Mar. 7, 1853               Franklin Pierce.
17. Aaron V. Brown......................  Mar. 6, 1857               James Buchanan.
18. Joseph Holt.........................  Mar. 9, 1859                   Do.
19. Horatio King........................  Feb. 12, 1861                  Do.
20. Montgomery Blair....................  Mar. 5, 1861               Abraham Lincoln.
21. William Dennison....................  Dec. 8, 1864                   Do.
      Do................................  Apr. 15, 1865              Andrew Johnson.
22. Alexander W. Randall................  July 25, 1866                  Do.
23. John A. Creswell....................  Mar. 5, 1869               Ulysses S. Grant.
      Do................................  Mar. 17, 1873                  Do.
24. James W. Marshal....................  .........................      Do.\5\
25. Marshall Jewell.....................  Dec. 15, 1874                  Do.\6\
26. James N. Tyner......................  July 12, 1876                  Do.
27. David M. Key........................  Mar. 10, 1877              Rutherford B. Hayes.
28. Horace Maynard......................  June 2, 1880                   Do.
29. Thomas L. James.....................  Mar. 5, 1881               James A. Garfield.

[[Page 1294]]

 
      Do................................  Oct. 27, 1881              Chester A. Arthur.
30. Timothy O. Howe.....................  Dec. 20, 1881                  Do.
31. Walter Q. Gresham...................  Dec. 11, 1883                  Do.\7\
32. Frank Hatton........................  Dec. 4, 1884                   Do.\8\
33. William F. Vilas....................  Mar. 6, 1885               Grover Cleveland.
34. Don M. Dickinson....................  Jan. 16, 1888                  Do.
35. John Wanamaker......................  Mar. 5, 1889               Benjamin Harrison.
36. Wilson S. Bissell...................  Mar. 6, 1893               Grover Cleveland.
37. William L. Wilson...................  Mar. 1, 1895                   Do.
38. James A. Gary.......................  Mar. 5, 1897               William McKinley.
39. Charles Emory Smith.................  Apr. 21, 1898                  Do.
      Do................................  Mar. 5, 1901                   Do.
40. Henry C. Payne......................  Jan. 9, 1902               Theodore Roosevelt.
41. Robert J. Wynne.....................  Dec. 7, 1904                   Do.\9\
42. George B. Cortelyou.................  Mar. 6, 1905                   Do.
43. George von L. Meyer.................  Jan. 15, 1907                  Do.\10\
44. Frank H. Hitchcock..................  Mar. 5, 1909               William H. Taft.
45. Albert Sidney Burleson..............  Mar. 5, 1913               Woodrow Wilson.
      Do................................  Jan. 24, 1918                  Do.
46. Will H. Hays........................  Mar. 4, 1921               Warren G. Harding.
47. Hubert Work.........................  Mar. 2, 1922                   Do.
48. Harry S. New........................  Feb. 27, 1923                  Do.
      Do................................  .........................  Calvin Coolidge.
      Do................................  Mar. 5, 1925                   Do.
49. Walter Folger Brown.................  Mar. 5, 1929               Herbert C. Hoover.
50. James A. Farley.....................  Mar. 4, 1933               Franklin D. Roosevelt.
51. Frank C. Walker.....................  Sept. 6, 1940                  Do.
      Do................................  Feb. 5, 1945                   Do.
52. Robert E. Hannegan..................  May 7, 1945                Harry S. Truman.
53. Jesse M. Donaldson..................  Dec. 15, 1947                  Do.
54. Arthur E. Summerfield...............  Jan. 21, 1953              Dwight D. Eisenhower.
      Do................................  Feb. 4, 1957                   Do.
55. J. Edward Day.......................  Jan. 21, 1961              John F. Kennedy.
56. John A. Gronouski...................  Sept. 24, 1963                 Do.
      Do................................  .........................  Lyndon B. Johnson.
57. Lawrence F. O'Brien.................  Sept. 1, 1965                  Do.
58. W. Marvin Watson....................  Apr. 26, 1968                  Do.
59. Winton M. Blount....................  Jan. 21, 1969              Richard M. Nixon.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*The Post Office Department ceased to exist as a Cabinet Department upon the establishment of the United States
  Postal Service, effective July 1, 1971. Winton M. Blount was the last Postmaster General to be appointed by a
  President of the United States.
\1\Recess appointment. Began service Aug. 12, 1791.
\2\Recess appointment. Began service Nov. 28, 1791.
\3\Recess appointment. Began service June 26, 1823.
\4\Recess appointment. Began service May 1, 1835.
\5\Recess appointment. Nomination never submitted to Senate. Served July 7, 1874, to Aug. 31, 1874.
\6\Recess appointment. Began service Sept. 1, 1874.
\7\Recess appointment. Began service Apr. 11, 1883.
\8\Recess appointment. Began service Oct. 14, 1884.
\9\Recess appointment. Began service Oct. 10, 1904.
\10\To take effect Mar. 4, 1907.
 

            1577

                                            SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. Benjamin Stoddert...................  May 21, 1798               John Adams.
      Do................................  .........................  Thomas Jefferson.
 2. Robert Smith........................  .........................      Do.\1\
 3. Paul Hamilton.......................  Mar. 7, 1809               James Madison.
 4. William Jones.......................  Jan. 12, 1813                  Do.
 5. Benjamin W. Crowninshield...........  Dec. 19, 1814                  Do.
      Do................................  .........................  James Monroe.
 6. Smith Thompson......................  Nov. 30, 1818                  Do.
 7. Samuel L. Southard..................  Dec. 9, 1823                   Do.\2\
      Do................................  .........................  John Quincy Adams.
 8. John Branch.........................  Mar. 9, 1829               Andrew Jackson.
 9. Levi Woodbury.......................  Dec. 27, 1831                  Do.\3\
10. Mahlon Dickerson....................  June 30, 1834                  Do.

[[Page 1295]]

 
      Do................................  .........................  Martin Van Buren.
11. James K. Paulding...................  June 20, 1838                  Do.
12. George E. Badger....................  Mar. 5, 1841               William H. Harrison.
      Do................................  .........................  John Tyler.
13. Abel P. Upshur......................  Sept. 13, 1841                 Do.
14. David Henshaw.......................  .........................      Do.\4\
15. Thomas W. Gilmer....................  Feb. 15, 1844                  Do.
16. John Y. Mason.......................  Mar. 14, 1844                  Do.
17. George Bancroft.....................  Mar. 10, 1845              James K. Polk.
18. John Y. Mason.......................  Dec. 17, 1846                  Do.\5\
19. William B. Preston..................  Mar. 7, 1849               Zachary Taylor.
20. William A. Graham...................  July 20, 1850              Millard Fillmore.
21. John P. Kennedy.....................  July 22, 1852                  Do.
22. James C. Dobbin.....................  Mar. 7, 1853               Franklin Pierce.
23. Isaac Toucey........................  Mar. 6, 1857               James Buchanan.
24. Gideon Welles.......................  Mar. 5, 1861               Abraham Lincoln.
      Do................................  .........................  Andrew Johnson.
25. Adolph E. Borie.....................  Mar. 5, 1869               Ulysses S. Grant.
26. George M. Robeson...................  Dec. 8, 1869                   Do.\6\
      Do................................  Mar. 17, 1873                  Do.
27. Richard W. Thompson.................  Mar. 10, 1877              Rutherford B. Hayes.
28. Nathan Goff, Jr.....................  Jan. 6, 1881                   Do.
29. William H. Hunt.....................  Mar. 5, 1881               James A. Garfield.
30. William E. Chandler.................  Apr. 12, 1882              Chester A. Arthur.
31. William C. Whitney..................  Mar. 6, 1885               Grover Cleveland.
32. Benjamin F. Tracy...................  Mar. 5, 1889               Benjamin Harrison.
33. Hilary A. Herbert...................  Mar. 6, 1893               Grover Cleveland.
34. John D. Long........................  Mar. 5, 1897               William McKinley.
      Do................................  Mar. 5, 1901                   Do.
35. William H. Moody....................  Apr. 29, 1902              Theodore Roosevelt.
36. Paul Morton.........................  Dec. 7, 1904                   Do.\7\
      Do................................  Mar. 6, 1905                   Do.
37. Charles J. Bonaparte................  Dec. 7, 1905               Theodore Roosevelt.\8\
38. Victor H. Metcalf...................  Dec. 12, 1906                  Do.
39. Truman H. Newberry..................  Dec. 9, 1908                   Do.
40. George von L. Meyer.................  Mar. 5, 1909               William H. Taft.
41. Josephus Daniels....................  Mar. 5, 1913               Woodrow Wilson.
42. Edwin Denby.........................  Mar. 4, 1921               Warren G. Harding.
      Do................................  .........................  Calvin Coolidge.
43. Curtis D. Wilbur....................  Mar. 18, 1924                  Do.
44. Charles Francis Adams...............  Mar. 5, 1929               Herbert C. Hoover.
45. Claude A. Swanson...................  Mar. 4, 1933               Franklin D. Roosevelt.
46. Charles Edison......................  Jan. 11, 1940                  Do.
47. Frank Knox..........................  July 10, 1940                  Do.
48. James V. Forrestal..................  May 17, 1944                   Do.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*The Navy and War Departments were merged into the National Military Establishment by Public Law 253, 80th
  Cong., approved July 26, 1947.
\1\Recess appointment. Began service July 27, 1801.
\2\Recess appointment. Began service Sept. 16, 1823.
\3\Recess appointment. Began service May 23, 1831.
\4\Recess appointment. Began service July 24, 1843. Rejected by the Senate on Jan. 15, 1844.
\5\Recess appointment. Began service Sept. 9, 1846.
\6\Recess appointment. Began service June 26, 1869.
\7\Recess appointment. Began service July 1, 1904.
\8\Recess appointment. Began service July 1, 1905.
 

                                                                    1578

                                           SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. Thomas Ewing........................  Mar. 7, 1849               Zachary Taylor.
 2. Thomas M. T. McKennan...............  Aug. 15, 1850              Millard Fillmore.
 3. Alex H. H. Stuart...................  Sept. 12, 1850                 Do.
 4. Robert McClelland...................  Mar. 7, 1853               Franklin Pierce.
 5. Jacob Thompson......................  Mar. 6, 1857               James Buchanan.
 6. Caleb B. Smith......................  Mar. 5, 1861               Abraham Lincoln.
 7. John P. Usher.......................  Jan. 8, 1863                   Do.
      Do................................  Apr. 15, 1865              Andrew Johnson.
 8. James Harlan........................  May 15, 1865                   Do.\1\

[[Page 1296]]

 
 9. Orville H. Browning.................  July 27, 1866                  Do.
10. Jacob D. Cox........................  Mar. 5, 1869               Ulysses S. Grant.
11. Columbus Delano.....................  Dec. 8, 1870                   Do.
      Do................................  Mar. 17, 1873                  Do.
12. Zachariah Chandler..................  Dec. 9, 1875                   Do.\2\
13. Carl Schurz.........................  Mar. 10, 1877              Rutherford B. Hayes.
14. Samuel J. Kirkwood..................  Mar. 5, 1881               James A. Garfield.
15. Henry M. Teller.....................  Apr. 6, 1882               Chester A. Arthur.
16. Lucius Q. C. Lamar..................  Mar. 6, 1885               Grover Cleveland.
17. William F. Vilas....................  Jan. 16, 1888                  Do.
18. John W. Noble.......................  Mar. 5, 1889               Benjamin Harrison.
19. Hoke Smith..........................  Mar. 6, 1893               Grover Cleveland.
20. David R. Francis....................  Jan. 18, 1897                  Do.\3\
21. Cornelius N. Bliss..................  Mar. 5, 1897               William McKinley.
22. Ethan Allen Hitchcock...............  Dec. 21, 1898                  Do.
      Do................................  Mar. 5, 1901                   Do.
      Do................................  .........................  Theodore Roosevelt.
      Do................................  Mar. 6, 1905                   Do.
23. James R. Garfield...................  Jan. 15, 1907                  Do.
24. Richard A. Ballinger................  Mar. 5, 1909               William H. Taft.
25. Walter L. Fisher....................  Apr. 17, 1911                  Do.
26. Franklin Knight Lane................  Mar. 5, 1913               Woodrow Wilson.
27. John Barton Payne...................  Feb. 28, 1920                  Do.
28. Albert Bacon Fall...................  Mar. 4, 1921               Warren G. Harding.
29. Hubert Work.........................  Feb. 27, 1923                  Do.
      Do................................  .........................  Calvin Coolidge.
30. Roy O. West.........................  July 20, 1928                  Do.
31. Ray Lyman Wilbur....................  Mar. 5, 1929               Herbert C. Hoover.
32. Harold L. Ickes.....................  Mar. 4, 1933               Franklin D. Roosevelt.
      Do................................  .........................  Harry S. Truman.
33. Julius A. Krug......................  Mar. 5, 1946                   Do.
34. Oscar L. Chapman....................  Jan. 18, 1950                  Do.\4\
35. Douglas McKay.......................  Jan. 21, 1953              Dwight D. Eisenhower.
36. Frederick A. Seaton.................  June 6, 1956                   Do.
37. Stewart Lee Udall...................  Jan. 21, 1961              John F. Kennedy.
      Do................................  .........................  Lyndon B. Johnson.
38. Walter J. Hickel....................  Jan. 23, 1969              Richard M. Nixon.
39. Rogers C. B. Morton.................  Jan. 28, 1971                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Gerald R. Ford.
40. Stanley K. Hathaway.................  June 11, 1975                  Do.
41. Thomas S. Kleppe....................  Oct. 9, 1975                   Do.
42. Cecil D. Andrus.....................  Jan. 20, 1977              Jimmy Carter.
43. James Gaius Watt....................  Jan. 22, 1981              Ronald Reagan.
44. William P. Clark....................  Nov. 18, 1983                  Do.
45. Donald P. Hodel.....................  Feb. 6, 1985                   Do.
46. Manuel Lujan, Jr....................  Feb. 2, 1989               George Bush.
47. Bruce Babbitt.......................  Jan. 21, 1993              William J. Clinton.
48. Gale A. Norton......................  Jan. 30, 2001              George W. Bush
49. Dirk Kempthorne.....................  May 26, 2006                   Do.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Harlan was nominated by Abraham Lincoln and confirmed by the Senate on Mar. 9, 1865, to take effect on May
  15, 1865.
\2\Recess appointment. Began service Oct. 19, 1875.
\3\Recess appointment. Began service Sept. 1, 1896.
\4\Recess appointment. Began service Dec. 1, 1949.
 

            1579

                                           SECRETARIES OF AGRICULTURE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. Norman J. Coleman...................  Feb. 13, 1889              Grover Cleveland.
 2. Jeremiah M. Rusk....................  Mar. 5, 1889               Benjamin Harrison.
 3. Julius Sterling Morton..............  Mar. 6, 1893               Grover Cleveland.
 4. James Wilson........................  Mar. 5, 1897               William McKinley.
       Do...............................  Mar. 5, 1901                   Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Theodore Roosevelt.
       Do...............................  Mar. 6, 1905                   Do.
       Do...............................  Mar. 5, 1909               William H. Taft.
 5. David Franklin Houston..............  Mar. 5, 1913               Woodrow Wilson.
 6. Edwin Thomas Meredith...............  Jan. 31, 1920                  Do.

[[Page 1297]]

 
 7. Henry C. Wallace....................  Mar. 4, 1921               Warren G. Harding.
       Do...............................  .........................  Calvin Coolidge.
 8. Howard M. Gore......................  Dec. 4, 1924                   Do.
 9. William M. Jardine..................  Feb. 17, 1925                  Do.
10. Arthur L. Hyde......................  Mar. 5, 1929               Herbert C. Hoover.
11. Henry A. Wallace....................  Mar. 4, 1933               Franklin D. Roosevelt.
12. Claude R. Wickard...................  Aug. 23, 1940                  Do.
13. Clinton P. Anderson.................  June 1, 1945               Harry S. Truman.
14. Charles F. Brannan..................  May 28, 1948                   Do.
15. Ezra Taft Benson....................  Jan. 21, 1953              Dwight D. Eisenhower.
16. Orville L. Freeman..................  Jan. 21, 1961              John F. Kennedy.
       Do...............................  .........................  Lyndon B. Johnson.
17. Clifford M. Hardin..................  Jan. 20, 1969              Richard M. Nixon.
18. Earl Lauer Butz.....................  Dec. 2, 1971                   Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Gerald R. Ford.
19. John A. Knebel......................  Nov. 3, 1976                   Do.\1\
20. Bob S. Bergland.....................  Jan. 20, 1977              Jimmy Carter.
21. John R. Block.......................  Jan. 22, 1981              Ronald Reagan.
22. Richard E. Lyng.....................  Mar. 6, 1986                   Do.
23. Clayton K. Yeutter..................  Feb. 8, 1989               George Bush.
24. Edward R. Madigan...................  Mar. 7, 1991                   Do.
25. Mike Espy...........................  Jan. 21, 1993              William J. Clinton.
26. Daniel R. Glickman..................  Mar. 30, 1995                  Do.
27. Ann M. Veneman......................  Jan. 20, 2001              George W. Bush
28. Mike Johanns........................  Jan. 20, 2005                  Do.
29. Edward Schafer......................  Jan. 28, 2008                  Do.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Recess appointment. Nomination not confirmed by the Senate.
 

                                                                    1580

                                       SECRETARIES OF COMMERCE AND LABOR*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. George B. Cortelyou.................  Feb. 16, 1903              Theodore Roosevelt.
 2. Victor H. Metcalf...................  Dec. 7, 1904                   Do.\1\
       Do...............................  Mar. 6, 1905                   Do
 3. Oscar S. Straus.....................  Dec. 12, 1906                  Do.
 4. Charles Nagel.......................  Mar. 5, 1909               William H. Taft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Department of Commerce and Labor abolished Mar. 3, 1913.
\1\Recess appointment. Began service July 1, 1904.
 

                                                                    1581

                                             SECRETARIES OF COMMERCE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. William C. Redfield.................  Mar. 4, 1913               Woodrow Wilson.
 2. Joshua Wills Alexander..............  Dec. 11, 1919                  Do.
 3. Herbert C. Hoover...................  Mar. 4, 1921               Warren G. Harding.
       Do...............................  .........................  Calvin Coolidge.
 4. William F. Whiting..................  Dec. 11, 1928                  Do.\1\
 5. Robert Patterson Lamont.............  Mar. 5, 1929               Herbert C. Hoover.
 6. Roy Dikeman Chapin..................  Dec. 14, 1932                  Do.\2\
 7. Daniel C. Roper.....................  Mar. 4, 1933               Franklin D. Roosevelt.
 8. Harry L. Hopkins....................  Jan. 23, 1939                  Do.
 9. Jesse H. Jones......................  Sept. 14, 1940                 Do.
10. Henry A. Wallace....................  Mar. 1, 1945                   Do.
11. W. Averell Harriman.................  Jan. 27, 1947              Harry S. Truman.\3\
12. Charles Sawyer......................  May 5, 1948                    Do.
13. Sinclair Weeks......................  Jan. 21, 1953              Dwight D. Eisenhower.
14. Lewis L. Strauss....................  .........................      Do.\4\
15. Frederick Henry Mueller.............  Aug. 6, 1959                   Do.
16. Luther H. Hodges....................  Jan. 21, 1961              John F. Kennedy.
       Do...............................  .........................  Lyndon B. Johnson.
17. John T. Connor......................  Jan. 15, 1965                  Do.
18. Alexander B. Trowbridge.............  June 8, 1967                   Do.
19. C. R. Smith.........................  Mar. 1, 1968                   Do.

[[Page 1298]]

 
20. Maurice H. Stans....................  Jan. 20, 1969              Richard M. Nixon.
21. Peter G. Peterson...................  Feb. 21, 1972                  Do.
22. Frederick B. Dent...................  Jan. 18, 1973                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Gerald R. Ford.
23. Rogers C. B. Morton.................  Apr. 25, 1975                  Do.
24. Elliot L. Richardson................  Dec. 11, 1975                  Do.
25. Juanita M. Kreps....................  Jan. 20, 1977              Jimmy Carter.
26. Philip M. Klutznick.................  Dec. 20, 1979                  Do.
27. Malcolm Baldrige....................  Jan. 22, 1981              Ronald Reagan.
28. C. William Verity, Jr...............  Oct. 13, 1987                  Do.
29. Robert A. Mosbacher.................  Jan. 31, 1989              George Bush.
30. Barbara H. Franklin.................  Feb. 27, 1992                  Do.
31. Ronald H. Brown.....................  Jan. 21, 1993              William J. Clinton.
32. Michael Kantor......................  .........................      Do.\5\
33. William M. Daley....................  Jan. 30, 1997                  Do.
34. Norman Y. Mineta....................  July 20, 2000                  Do.
35. Donald L. Evans.....................  Jan. 20, 2001              George W. Bush.
36. Carlos Gutierrez....................  Jan. 24, 2005                  Do.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Recess appointment. Began service Aug. 22, 1928.
\2\Recess appointment. Began service Aug. 8, 1932.
\3\Recess appointment. Began service Oct. 7, 1946.
\4\Recess appointment. Served from Nov. 13, 1958 to June 30, 1958. Nomination rejected by the Senate (June 18,
  1959).
\5\Recess appointment. Served from Apr. 12, 1996 to Jan. 21, 1997.
 

            1582

                                              SECRETARIES OF LABOR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. William Bauchop Wilson..............  Mar. 5, 1913               Woodrow Wilson.
 2. James J. Davis......................  Mar. 4, 1921               Warren G. Harding.
       Do...............................  .........................  Calvin Coolidge.
 3. William N. Doak.....................  Dec. 8, 1930               Herbert C. Hoover.
 4. Frances Perkins.....................  Mar. 4, 1933               Franklin D. Roosevelt.
 5. Lewis B. Schwellenbach..............  May 31, 1945               Harry S. Truman.
 6. Maurice J. Tobin....................  Jan. 31, 1949                  Do.\1\
 7. Martin P. Durkin....................  Jan. 21, 1953              Dwight D. Eisenhower.
 8. James P. Mitchell...................  Jan. 19, 1954                  Do.
 9. Arthur J. Goldberg..................  Jan. 21, 1961              John F. Kennedy.
10. W. Willard Wirtz....................  Sept. 20, 1962                 Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Lyndon B. Johnson.
11. George P. Shultz....................  Jan. 20, 1969              Richard M. Nixon.
12. James D. Hodgson....................  June 17, 1970                  Do.
13. Peter J. Brennan....................  Jan. 31, 1973                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Gerald R. Ford.
14. John T. Dunlop......................  Mar. 6, 1975                   Do.
15. Willie J. Usery, Jr.................  Feb. 4, 1976                   Do.
16. Ray Marshall........................  Jan. 26, 1977              Jimmy Carter.
17. Raymond J. Donovan..................  Feb. 3, 1981               Ronald Reagan.
18. William E. Brock III................  April 26, 1985                 Do.
19. Ann D. McLaughlin...................  Dec. 11, 1987                  Do.
20. Elizabeth H. Dole...................  Jan. 25, 1989              George Bush.
21. Lynn Martin.........................  Feb. 7, 1991                   Do.
22. Robert B. Reich.....................  Jan. 21, 1993              William J. Clinton.
23. Alexis M. Herman....................  Apr. 30, 1997                  Do.
24. Elaine L. Chow......................  Jan. 29, 2001              George W. Bush.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Recess appointment. Began service on Aug. 13, 1948.
 

            1583

                                    SECRETARIES OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. Oveta Culp Hobby....................  Apr. 10, 1953              Dwight D. Eisenhower.
 2. Marion B. Folsom....................  July 20, 1955                  Do.
 3. Arthur S. Flemming..................  July 9, 1958                   Do.
 4. Abraham Ribicoff....................  Jan. 21, 1961              John F. Kennedy.

[[Page 1299]]

 
 5. Anthony J. Celebrezze...............  July 20, 1962                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Lyndon B. Johnson.
 6. John W. Gardner.....................  Aug. 11, 1965                  Do.
 7. Wilbur J. Cohen.....................  May 9, 1968                    Do.
 8. Robert H. Finch.....................  Jan. 20, 1969              Richard M. Nixon.
 9. Elliot L. Richardson................  June 15, 1970                  Do.
10. Caspar W. Weinberger................  Feb. 8, 1973                   Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Gerald R. Ford.
11. Forrest David Mathews...............  July 22, 1975                  Do.
12. Joseph A. Califano, Jr..............  Jan. 24, 1977              Jimmy Carter.
13. Patricia Roberts Harris.............  July 27, 1979                  Do.
14. Richard S. Schweiker................  Jan. 21, 1981              Ronald Reagan.
15. Margaret M. Heckler.................  Mar. 7, 1983                   Do.
16. Dr. Otis R. Bowen...................  Dec. 12, 1985                  Do.
17. Dr. Louis W. Sullivan...............  Mar. 1, 1989               George Bush.
18. Donna E. Shalala....................  Jan. 21, 1993              William J. Clinton.
19. Tommy G. Thompson...................  Jan. 24, 2001              George W. Bush.
20. Michael Leavitt.....................  Jan. 26, 2005                  Do.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was created by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953, approved
  Apr. 1, 1953 (67 Stat. 18; 5 U.S.C. 623), which, effective Apr. 11, 1953, abolished the Federal Security
  Agency and transferred its functions to the new Department. Name changed from Department of Health, Education,
  and Welfare effective May 4, 1980, pursuant to Executive Order 12212 of May 2, 1980.
 

                                                                    1584

                                  SECRETARIES OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. Robert C. Weaver....................  Jan. 17, 1966              Lyndon B. Johnson.
 2. Robert C. Wood......................  .........................      Do.\1\
 3. George W. Romney....................  Jan. 20, 1969              Richard M. Nixon.
 4. James T. Lynn.......................  Jan. 31, 1973                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Gerald R. Ford.
 5. Carla Anderson Hills................  Mar. 5, 1975                   Do.
 6. Patricia Roberts Harris.............  Jan. 20, 1977              Jimmy Carter.
 7. Moon Landrieu.......................  Sept. 12, 1979                 Do.
 8. Samuel R. Pierce, Jr................  Jan. 22, 1981              Ronald Reagan.
 9. Jack Kemp...........................  Feb. 2, 1989               George Bush.
10. Henry G. Cisneros...................  Jan. 21, 1993              William J. Clinton.
11. Andrew Cuomo........................  Jan. 29, 1997                  Do.
12. Mel R. Martinez.....................  Jan. 23, 2001              George W. Bush.
13. Alphonso R. Jackson.................  Mar. 31, 2004                  Do.
14. Steven C. Preston...................  June 4, 2008                   Do.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*The Department of Housing and Urban Development was created by Public Law 89-174, approved Sept. 9, 1965.
\1\Recess appointment. Served from Jan. 7, 1969 to Jan. 20, 1969.
 

                                                                    1585

                                         SECRETARIES OF TRANSPORTATION*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. Alan S. Boyd........................  Jan. 17, 1967              Lyndon B. Johnson.
 2. John A. Volpe.......................  Jan. 20, 1969              Richard M. Nixon.
 3. Claude S. Brinegar..................  Jan. 18, 1973                  Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  Gerald R. Ford.
 4. William T. Coleman, Jr..............  Mar. 3, 1975                   Do.
 5. Brockman Adams......................  Jan. 20, 1977              Jimmy Carter.
 6. Neil Goldschmidt....................  Sept. 21, 1979                 Do.
 7. Andrew L. Lewis, Jr.................  Jan. 22, 1981              Ronald Reagan.
 8. Elizabeth Hanford Dole..............  Feb. 1, 1983                   Do.
 9. James H. Burnley IV.................  Nov. 30, 1987                  Do.
10. Samuel K. Skinner...................  Jan. 31, 1989              George Bush.
11. Andrew H. Card, Jr..................  Feb. 21, 1992                  Do.
12. Federico Pena.......................  Jan. 21, 1993              William J. Clinton.
13. Rodney E. Slater....................  Feb. 6, 1997                   Do.
14. Norman Y. Mineta....................  Jan. 24, 2001              George W. Bush.

[[Page 1300]]

 
15. Mary Peters.........................  Sept. 29, 2006                 Do.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*The Department of Transportation was created by Public Law 89-670, approved Oct. 15, 1966.
 

            1586

                                             SECRETARIES OF ENERGY*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1. James R. Schlesinger................  Aug. 4, 1977               Jimmy Carter.
 2. Charles William Duncan, Jr..........  July 31, 1979                  Do.
 3. James B. Edwards....................  Jan. 22, 1981              Ronald Reagan.
 4. Donald P. Hodel.....................  Dec. 8, 1982                   Do.
 5. John S. Herrington..................  Feb. 6, 1985                   Do.
 6. James D. Watkins....................  Mar. 1, 1989               George Bush.
 7. Hazel Rollins O'Leary...............  Jan. 21, 1993              William J. Clinton.
 8. Frederico Pena......................  Mar. 12, 1997                  Do.
 9. Bill Richardson.....................  July 31, 1998                  Do.
10. Spencer Abraham.....................  Jan. 20, 2001              George W. Bush.
11. Sam Bodman..........................  Jan. 31, 2005                  Do.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*The Department of Energy was created by Public Law 95-91, approved Aug. 4, 1977.
 

            1587

                                            SECRETARIES OF EDUCATION*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Shirley Mount Hufstedler.............  Nov. 30, 1979              Jimmy Carter.
2. T.H. Bell............................  Jan. 22, 1981              Ronald Reagan.
3. William J. Bennett...................  Feb. 6, 1985                   Do.
4. Lauro F. Cavazos.....................  Sept. 20, 1988                 Do.
       Do...............................  .........................  George Bush.
5. Lamar Alexander......................  Mar. 14, 1991                  Do.
6. Richard W. Riley.....................  Jan. 21, 1993              William J. Clinton.
7. Roderick R. Paige....................  Jan. 20, 2001              George W. Bush.
8. Margaret Spellings...................  Jan. 20, 2005                  Do.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*The Department of Education was created by Public Law 96-88, approved Oct. 17, 1979, and became effective May
  4, 1980, pursuant to Executive Order 12212 of May 2, 1980.
 

            1588

                                        SECRETARIES OF VETERANS AFFAIRS*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Edward J. Derwinski..................  Mar. 2, 1989               George Bush.
2. Jesse Brown..........................  Jan. 21, 1993              William J. Clinton.
3. Togo D. West, Jr.....................  Apr. 28, 1998                  Do.\1\
4. Anthony J. Principi..................  Jan. 23, 2001              George W. Bush.
5. Jim Nicholson........................  Jan. 26, 2005                  Do.
6. James Peake..........................  Dec. 14, 2007                  Do.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*The Department of Veterans Affairs was created by Public Law 100-527, approved Oct. 25, 1988, which abolished
  the Veterans Administration and transferred its functions to the new Department, effective Mar. 15, 1989.
\1\Recess appointment. Began service Jan. 2, 1998.

            1589

                                        SECRETARIES OF HOMELAND SECURITY*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Name                        Confirmation date                       President
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Tom Ridge............................  Jan. 22, 2003              George W. Bush.
2. Michael Chertoff.....................  Feb. 15, 2005                  Do.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Created by Public Law 107-296, approved Nov. 25, 2002.

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