[United States Senate Manual, 106th Congress]
[S. Doc. 106-1]
[Historical Documents]
[Pages 943-963]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]


[[Page 943]]
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                                        [770]
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            articles in addition to, and amendment of, the constitution 
                of the united states of america, proposed by congress, 
                and ratified by the legislatures of the several states, 
                pursuant to the fifth article of the original 
                constitution\1\
                
                \1\In Dillon v. Gloss, 256 U.S. 368[1921], the Supreme 
            Court stated that it would take judicial notice of the date 
            on which a State ratified a proposed constitutional 
            amendment. Accordingly the Court consulted the State 
            journals to determine the dates on which each house of the 
            legislature of certain States ratified the Eighteenth 
            amendment. It, therefore, follows that the date on which the 
            governor approved the ratification, or the date on which the 
            secretary of state of a given State certified the 
            ratification, or the date on which the Secretary of State of 
            the United States received a copy of said certificate, or 
            the date on which he proclaimed that the amendment had been 
            ratified are not controlling. Hence, the ratification date 
            given on the following pages is the date on which the 
            legislature of a given State approved the particular 
            amendment (signature by the speaker or presiding officers of 
            both houses being considered a part of the ratification of 
            the ``legislature''). When that date is not available, the 
            date given is that on which it was approved by the governor 
            or certified by the secretary of state of the particular 
            State. In each case such fact has been noted. Information as 
            to ratification is based on data supplied by the Department 
            of State and the General Services Administration.

            ____________________________________________________________
       771                        AMENDMENT [I] \2\

                Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment 
            of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or 
            abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the 
            right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition 
            the Government for a redress of grievances.
                \2\Brackets enclosing an amendment number indicate that 
            the number was not specifically assigned in the resolution 
            proposing the amendment. It will be seen, accordingly, that 
            only amendments XIII, XIV, XV, and XVI were thus technically 
            ratified by number.

       772                         AMENDMENT [II]

                A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the 
            security of a free State, the right of the people to keep 
            and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

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       773                         AMENDMENT [III]

                No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any 
            house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, 
            but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

       774                         AMENDMENT [IV]

                The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
            houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches 
            and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall 
            issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or 
            affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be 
            searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

       775                          AMENDMENT [V]

                No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or 
            other wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or 
            indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the 
            land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual 
            service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any 
            person be subject for the same offenses to be twice put in 
            jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any 
            criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be 
            deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process 
            of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, 
            without just compensation.

       776                         AMENDMENT [VI]

                In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy 
            the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury 
            of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been 
            committed, which district shall have been previously 
            ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
            cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses 
            against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining 
            witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of 
            Counsel for his defence.

       777                         AMENDMENT [VII]

                In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 
            shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury 
            shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be 
            other

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            wise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than 
            according to the rules of the common law.

       778                        AMENDMENT [VIII]

                Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive 
            fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

       779                         AMENDMENT [IX]

                The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, 
            shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained 
            by the people.

       780                          AMENDMENT [X]

                The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
            Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are 
            reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

                The first 10 amendments\3\ to the Constitution (i.e. 
            nos. 3 to 12 of those proposed) were ratified by the several 
            State legislatures on the following dates: New Jersey, 
            November 20, 1789; Maryland, December 19, 1789; North 
            Carolina, December 22, 1789; South Carolina, January 19, 
            1790; New Hampshire, January 25, 1790; Delaware, January 28, 
            1790; New York, February 27, 1790; Pennsylvania, March 10, 
            1790; Rhode Island, June 7, 1790; Vermont, November 3, 1791; 
            Virginia, December 15, 1791; Massachusetts, March 2, 1939; 
            Georgia, March 18, 1939; Connecticut, April 19, 1939.
                \3\The first 10 amendments, along with 2 others, were 
            proposed by Congress on September 25, 1789, when they passed 
            the Senate [1 Ann. Cong. (1st Cong., 1st sess.) 90], having 
            previously passed the House on September 24 [Id., 948]. They 
            appear officially in 1 Stat. 97. Ratification was completed 
            on December 15, 1791, when the eleventh State (Virginia) 
            approved these amendments, there being then 14 States in the 
            Union. On March 1, 1792, Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of 
            State, addressed letters to the Governors of the several 
            States, advising them of the said ratifications (National 
            Archives, Department of State, American Letters, IV, 355).
                Proposal no. 1 prescribed the ratio of representation to 
            population in the House and was ratified by 10 states (1 
            short of the requisite number). Proposal no. 2 later 
            achieved ratification and became Amendment XXVII, Senate 
            Manual Section 797.
                *By Council of Revision. State legislature approved Feb. 
            24, 1790.
                  
       781                         AMENDMENT [XI]

                The Judicial power of the United States shall not be 
            construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced 
            or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens 
            of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign 
            State.

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                The eleventh amendment\4\ was ratified by the several 
            State legislatures on the following dates: New York, March 
            27, 1794; Rhode Island, March 31, 1794; Connecticut, May 8, 
            1794; New Hampshire, June 16, 1794; Massachusetts, June 26, 
            1794; Vermont, between October 9 and November 9, 1794; 
            Virginia, November 18, 1794; Georgia, November 29, 1794; 
            Kentucky, December 7, 1794; Maryland, December 26, 1794; 
            Delaware, January 23, 1795; North Carolina, February 7, 
            1795; South Carolina, December 4, 1797 [State Department, 
            Press Releases, vol. XII, p. 247 (1935)].
                \4\The eleventh amendment was proposed by Congress on 
            March 4, 1794, when it passed the House [4 Ann. Cong. (3d 
            Cong., 1st sess.) 477, 478], having previously passed the 
            Senate on January 14 [Id., 30, 31]. It appears officially in 
            1 Stat. 402. Ratification was completed on February 7, 1795, 
            when the twelfth State (North Carolina) approved the 
            amendment, there being then 15 States in the Union. Official 
            announcement of ratification was not made until January 8, 
            1798, when President John Adams in a message to Congress 
            stated that the eleventh amendment had been adopted by 
            three-fourths of the States and that it ``may now be deemed 
            to be part of the Constitution'' [1 Mess. and Papers of 
            Pres. 250]. In the interim South Carolina had ratified, and 
            Tennessee had been admitted into the Union as the sixteenth 
            State.
                  
       782                         AMENDMENT [XII]

                The electors shall meet in their respective states, and 
            vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of 
            whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state 
            with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person 
            voted for, as President, and in distinct ballots the person 
            voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct 
            lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all 
            persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of 
            votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and 
            transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United 
            States, directed to the President of the Senate;--The 
            President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate 
            and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and 
            the votes shall then be counted;--The person having the 
            greatest number of votes for President, shall be the 
            President, if such number be a majority of the whole number 
            of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, 
            then from the persons having the highest numbers not 
            exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, 
            the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by 
            ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the 
            votes shall be taken by states the representation from each 
            state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall 
            consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the 
            states, and a majority

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            of all the states shall be necessary to a choice.\5\ [And if 
            the House of Representatives shall not choose a President 
            whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before 
            the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-
            President shall act as President, as in the case of the 
            death or other constitutional disability of the 
            President.]--The person having the greatest number of votes 
            as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such 
            number be a majority of the whole number of Electors 
            appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the 
            two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the 
            Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of 
            two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority 
            of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no 
            person constitutionally ineligible to the office of 
            President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the 
            United States.
                \5\The part included in heavy brackets has been 
            superseded by section 3 of amendment XX, Senate Manual 
            section 790.3.
                The twelfth amendment\6\ was ratified by the several 
            State legislatures on the following dates: North Carolina, 
            December 22, 1803; Maryland, December 24, 1803; Kentucky, 
            December 27, 1803; Ohio, between December 5 and December 30, 
            1803; Pennsylvania, January 5, 1804; Vermont, January 30, 
            1804; Virginia, between December 20, 1803 and February 3, 
            1804; New York, February 10, 1804; New Jersey, February 22, 
            1804; Rhode Island, between February 27 and March 12, 1804; 
            South Carolina, May 15, 1804; Georgia, May 19, 1804; New 
            Hampshire, June 15, 1804; Tennessee, July 27, 1804. The 
            amendment was rejected by Delaware on January 18, 1804; and 
            by Connecticut at its session begun May 10, 1804; 
            Massachusetts ratified this amendment in 1961 (after having 
            rejected it on February 3, 1804).
                \6\The twelfth amendment was proposed by Congress on 
            December 9, 1803, when it passed the House [13 Ann. Cong. 
            (8th Cong., 1st sess.) 775, 776], having previously passed 
            the Senate on December 2 [Id., 209]. It was not signed by 
            the presiding officers of the House and Senate until 
            December 12. It appears officially in 2 Stat. 306. 
            Ratification was probably completed on June 15, 1804, when 
            the legislature of the thirteenth State (New Hampshire) 
            approved the amendment, there being then 17 States in the 
            Union. The Governor of New Hampshire, however, vetoed this 
            act of the legislature on June 20, and the act failed to 
            pass again by two-thirds vote then required by the State 
            constitution. Inasmuch as article V of the Federal 
            Constitution specifies that amendments shall become 
            effective ``when ratified by the legislatures of three-
            fourths of the several States or by conventions in three-
            fourths thereof,'' it has been generally believed that an 
            approval or veto by a Governor is without significance. If 
            the ratification by New Hampshire be deemed ineffective, 
            then the amendment became operative by Tennessee's 
            ratification on July 27, 1804. On September 25, 1804, in a 
            circular letter to the Governors of the several States, 
            Secretary of State Madison declared the amendment ratified 
            by three-fourths of the States.

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       783                         AMENDMENT XIII

     783.1      Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
            except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall 
            have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United 
            States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
     783.2      Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this 
            article by appropriate legislation.
                The thirteenth amendment\7\ was ratified by the several 
            State legislatures on the following dates: Illinois, 
            February 1, 1865; Rhode Island, February 2, 1865; Michigan, 
            February 2, 1865; Maryland, February 3, 1865; New York, 
            February 3, 1865; West Virginia, February 3, 1865; Missouri, 
            February 6, 1865; Maine, February 7, 1865; Kansas, February 
            7, 1865; Massachusetts, February 7, 1865; Pennsylvania, 
            February 8, 1865; Virginia, February 9, 1865; Ohio, February 
            10, 1865; Louisiana, February 15 or 16, 1865; Indiana, 
            February 16, 1865; Nevada, February 16, 1865; Minnesota, 
            February 23, 1865; Wisconsin, February 24, 1865; Vermont, 
            March 9, 1865 (date on which it was ``approved'' by 
            Governor); Tennessee, April 7, 1865; Arkansas, April 14, 
            1865; Connecticut, May 4, 1865; New Hampshire, June 30, 
            1865; South Carolina, November 13, 1865; Alabama, December 
            2, 1865 (date on which it was ``approved'' by Provisional 
            Governor); North Carolina, December 4, 1865; Georgia, 
            December 6, 1865; Oregon, December 11, 1865; California, 
            December 15, 1865; Florida, December 28, 1865 (Florida again 
            ratified this amendment on June 9, 1868, upon its adoption 
            of a new constitution); Iowa, January 17, 1866; New Jersey, 
            January 23, 1866 (after having rejected the amendment on 
            March 16, 1865); Texas, February 17, 1870; Delaware, 
            February 12, 1901 (after having rejected the amendment on 
            February 8, 1865); Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after having 
            rejected the

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            amendment on February 24, 1865). The amendment was rejected 
            by Mississippi on December 2, 1865.
                \7\The thirteenth amendment was proposed by Congress on 
            January 31, 1865, when it passed the House [Cong. Globe 
            (38th Cong., 2d sess.) 531], having previously passed the 
            Senate on April 8, 1864 [Id. (38th cong., 1st sess.) 1490]. 
            It appears officially in 13 Stat. 567 under date of February 
            1, 1865. Ratification was completed on December 6, 1865, 
            when the legislature of the twenty-seventh State (Georgia) 
            approved the amendment, there being then 36 States in the 
            Union. On December 18, 1865, Secretary of State Seward 
            certified that the thirteenth amendment had become a part of 
            the Constitution [13 Stat. 774].
                A ``thirteenth amendment'' depriving of United States 
            citizenship any citizen who should accept any title, office, 
            or emolument from a foreign power, was proposed by Congress 
            on May 1, 1810, when it passed the House [21 Ann. Cong. 
            (11th Cong., 2d sess.) 2050], having previously passed the 
            Senate on April 27 [20 Ann. Cong. (11th Cong., 2d sess.) 
            672]. It appears officially in 2 Stat. 613. It failed of 
            adoption, being ratified by but 12 States up to December 10, 
            1812 [2 Miscell. Amer. State Papers, 477-479; 2 Doc. Hist. 
            Const. 454-499], there then being 18 in all.
                Another ``thirteenth amendment'', forbidding any future 
            amendment that should empower Congress to interfere with the 
            domestic institution of any State, was proposed by Congress 
            on March 2, 1861, when it passed the Senate [Cong. Globe 
            (36th Cong., 2d sess.) 1403], having previously passed the 
            House on February 28 [Id., 1285]. It appears officially in 
            12 Stat. 2512. It failed of adoption, being ratified by but 
            three States: Ohio, May 13, 1861 [58 Laws Ohio 190]; 
            Maryland, January 10, 1862 [Laws Maryland (1861-62) 21]; 
            Illinois, February 14, 1862 [2 Doc. Hist. Const., 518] 
            irregular, because by convention instead of by legislature 
            as authorized by Congress.

       784                          AMENDMENT XIV

     784.1      Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United 
            States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are 
            citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they 
            reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall 
            abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the 
            United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of 
            life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor 
            deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal 
            protection of the laws.
     784.2      Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among 
            the several States according to their respective numbers, 
            counting the whole number of persons in each State, 
            excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at 
            any election for the choice of electors for President and 
            Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in 
            Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or 
            the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of 
            the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years 
            of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way 
            abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other 
            crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced 
            in the proportion which the number of such male citizens 
            shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one 
            years of age in such State.
     784.3      Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or 
            Representative in Congress, or elector of President and 
            Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under 
            the United States, or under any State, who, having 
            previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an 
            officer of the United States, or as a member of any State 
            legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any 
            State, to support the Constitution of the United States, 
            shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
            same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But 
            Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove 
            such disability.
     784.4      Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United 
            States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for 
            payment of pensions and bounties for services in sup

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            pressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. 
            But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or 
            pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection 
            or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the 
            loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, 
            obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
     784.5      Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by 
            appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
                The fourteenth amendment\8\ was ratified by the several 
            State legislatures on the following dates: Connecticut, June 
            30, 1866; New Hampshire, July 7, 1866; Tennessee, July 19, 
            1866; New Jersey, September 11, 1866 (the New Jersey 
            Legislature on February 20, 1868, ``withdrew'' its consent 
            to the ratification; the Governor vetoed that bill on March 
            5, 1868, and it was repassed over his veto on March 24, 
            1868; and on Nov. 12, 1980, the Legislature expressed 
            support for the amendment); Oregon, September 19, 1866 
            (Oregon ``withdrew'' its consent on October 15, 1868); 
            Vermont, October 30, 1866; New York, January 10, 1867; Ohio, 
            January 11, 1867 (Ohio ``withdrew'' its consent on January 
            15, 1868), Illinois, January 15, 1867; West Virginia, 
            January 16, 1867; Michigan, January 16, 1867; Kansas, 
            January 17, 1867; Minnesota, January 17, 1867; Maine, 
            January 19, 1867; Nevada, January 22, 1867; Indiana, January 
            23, 1867; Missouri, January 26, 1867 (date on which it was 
            certified by the Missouri secretary of state); Rhode Island, 
            February 7, 1867; Pennsylvania, February 12, 1867; 
            Wisconsin, February 13, 1867 (actually passed February 7, 
            but not signed by legislative officers until February 13); 
            Massachusetts, March 20, 1867; Nebraska, June 15, 1867; 
            Iowa, March 9, 1868; Arkansas, April 6, 1868; Florida, June 
            9, 1868; North Carolina, July 2, 1868 (after having rejected 
            the amendment on December 13, 1866); Louisiana, July 9, 1868 
            (after having rejected the amendment on February 6, 1867); 
            South Carolina, July 9, 1868 (after having rejected the 
            amendment on December 20, 1866); Alabama, July 13, 1868 
            (date on which it was ``approved'' by the Governor); 
            Georgia, July 21, 1868 (after having rejected the amendment 
            on November 9, 1866--Georgia ratified again on February 2, 
            1870); Virginia, October 8, 1869 (after having rejected the 
            amendment on January 9, 1867); Mississippi, January 17, 
            1870; Texas, February 18, 1870 (after having rejected the 
            amendment on October 27, 1866); Delaware,

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            February 12, 1901 (after having rejected the amendment on 
            February 8, 1867); Maryland, April 4, 1959 (after having 
            rejected the amendment on March 23, 1867); California, May 
            6, 1959; Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after having rejected the 
            amendment on January 8, 1867).
                \8\The fourteenth amendment was proposed by Congress on 
            June 13, 1866, when it passed the House [Cong. Globe (39th 
            Cong., 1st sess.) 3148, 3149], having previously passed the 
            Senate on June 8 [Id., 3042]. It appears officially in 14 
            Stat. 358 under date of June 16, 1866. Ratification was 
            probably completed on July 9, 1868, when the legislature of 
            the twenty-eighth State (South Carolina or Louisiana) 
            approved the amendment, there being then 37 States in the 
            Union. However, Ohio and New Jersey had prior to that date 
            ``withdrawn'' their earlier assent to this amendment. 
            Accordingly, Secretary of State Seward on July 20, 1868, 
            certified that the amendment had become a part of the 
            Constitution if the said withdrawals were ineffective [15 
            Stat. 706-707]. Congress at once (July 21, 1868) passed a 
            joint resolution declaring the amendment a part of the 
            Constitution and directing the Secretary to promulgate it as 
            such. On July 28, 1868, Secretary Seward certified without 
            reservation that the amendment was a part of the 
            Constitution. In the interim, two other States, Alabama on 
            July 13 and Georgia on July 21, 1868, had added their 
            ratifications.

       785                          AMENDMENT XV

     785.1      Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to 
            vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or 
            by any State on account of race, color, or previous 
            condition of servitude.
     785.2      Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this 
            article by appropriate legislation.
                The fifteenth amendment\9\ was ratified by the several 
            State legislatures on the following dates: Nevada, March 1, 
            1869; West Virginia, March 3, 1869; North Carolina, March 5, 
            1869; Louisiana, March 5, 1869 (date on which it was 
            ``approved'' by the Governor); Illinois, March 5, 1869; 
            Michigan, March 5, 1869; Wisconsin, March 5, 1869; Maine, 
            March 11, 1869; Massachusetts, March 12, 1869; South 
            Carolina, March 15, 1869; Arkansas, March 15, 1869; 
            Pennsylvania, March 25, 1869; New York, April 14, 1869 (New 
            York ``withdrew'' its consent to the ratification on January 
            5, 1870, which action it rescinded on March 30, 1970); 
            Indiana, May 14, 1869; Connecticut, May 19, 1869; Florida, 
            June 14, 1869; New Hampshire, July 1, 1869; Virginia, 
            October 8, 1869; Vermont, October 20, 1869; Alabama, 
            November 16, 1869; Missouri, January 7, 1870 (Missouri had 
            ratified the first section of the 15th Amendment on March 1, 
            1869; it failed to include in its ratification the second 
            section of the amendment); Minnesota, January 13, 1870; 
            Mississippi, January 17, 1870; Rhode Island, January 18, 
            1870; Kansas, January 19, 1870 (Kansas had by a defectively 
            worded resolution previously ratified this amendment on 
            February 27, 1869); Ohio, January 27, 1870 (after having 
            rejected the amendment on May 4, 1869); Georgia, February 2, 
            1870; Iowa, February 3, 1870; Nebraska, February 17, 1870; 
            Texas, February 18, 1870; New Jersey, February 15, 1871 
            (after having rejected the amendment on February 7, 1870); 
            Delaware, February 12, 1901 (date on which approved by 
            Governor; Delaware had previously rejected the amendment on 
            March 18, 1869); Oregon, February 24, 1959 (after having 
            rejected the amendment on October 26, 1870); California, 
            April 3, 1962 (after having rejected the amendment on 
            January 28, 1870); Maryland, May 7, 1973 (date on which 
            approved by Governor; Maryland had previously rejected the 
            amendment on February 26, 1870); Kentucky, March 18, 1976 
            (after having rejected the amendment on

[[Page 952]]

            March 12, 1869). The amendment was rejected by Tennessee on 
            November 16, 1869.
                \9\The fifteenth amendment was proposed by Congress on 
            February 26, 1869, when it passed the Senate [Cong. Globe 
            (40th Cong., 3d sess.) 1641], having previously passed the 
            House on February 25 [Id., 1563, 1564]. It appears 
            officially in 15 Stat. 346 under date of February 27, 1869. 
            Ratification was probably completed on February 3, 1870, 
            when the legislature of the twenty-eighth State (Iowa) 
            approved the amendment, there being then 37 States in the 
            Union. However, New York had prior to that date 
            ``withdrawn'' its earlier assent to this amendment. Even if 
            this withdrawal were effective, Nebraska's ratification on 
            February 17, 1870, authorized Secretary of State Fish's 
            certification of March 30, 1870, that the 15th amendment had 
            become a part of the Constitution [16 Stat. 1131].

       786                          AMENDMENT XVI

                The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes 
            on incomes, from whatever source derived, without 
            apportionment among the several States, and without regard 
            to any census or enumeration.
                The sixteenth amendment\10\ was ratified by the several 
            State legislatures on the following dates: Alabama, August 
            10, 1909; Kentucky, February 8, 1910; South Carolina, 
            February 19, 1910; Illinois, March 1, 1910; Mississippi, 
            March 7, 1910; Oklahoma, March 10, 1910; Maryland, April 8, 
            1910; Georgia, August 3, 1910; Texas, August 16, 1910; Ohio, 
            January 19, 1911; Idaho, January 20, 1911; Oregon, January 
            23, 1911; Washington, January 26, 1911; Montana, January 27, 
            1911; Indiana, January 30, 1911; California, January 31, 
            1911; Nevada, January 31, 1911; South Dakota, February 1, 
            1911; Nebraska, February 9, 1911; North Carolina, February 
            11, 1911; Colorado, February 15, 1911; North Dakota, 
            February 17, 1911; Michigan, February 23, 1911; Iowa, 
            February 24, 1911; Kansas, March 2, 1911; Missouri, March 
            16, 1911; Maine, March 31, 1911; Tennessee, April 7, 1911; 
            Arkansas, April 22, 1911 (after having rejected the 
            amendment at the session begun January 9, 1911); Wisconsin, 
            May 16, 1911; New York, July 12, 1911; Arizona, April 3, 
            1912; Minnesota, June 11, 1912; Louisiana, June 28, 1912; 
            West Virginia, January 31, 1913; Delaware, February 3, 1913; 
            Wyoming, February 3, 1913; New Mexico, February 3, 1913; New 
            Jersey, February 4, 1913; Vermont, February 19, 1913; 
            Massachusetts, March 4, 1913; New Hampshire, March 7, 1913 
            (after having rejected the amendment on March 2, 1911). The 
            amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by 
            Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Utah.
                \10\The sixteenth amendment was proposed by Congress on 
            July 12, 1909, when it passed the House [44 Cong. Rec. (61st 
            Cong., 1st sess.) 4390, 4440, 4441], having previously 
            passed the Senate on July 5 [Id., 4121]. It appears 
            officially in 36 Stat. 184. Ratification was completed on 
            February 3, 1913, when the legislature of the thirty-sixth 
            State (Delaware, Wyoming, or New Mexico) approved the 
            amendment, there being then 48 States in the Union. On 
            February 25, 1913, Secretary of State Knox certified that 
            this amendment had become a part of the Constitution [37 
            Stat. 1785].

       787                        AMENDMENT [XVII]

     787.1      The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 
            Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for 
            six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The 
            electors in each State shall have the qualifications 
            requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the 
            State legislatures.

[[Page 953]]


     787.2      When vacancies happen in the representation of any State 
            in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall 
            issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, 
            That the legislature of any State may empower the executive 
            thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill 
            the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
                This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect 
            the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes 
            valid as part of the Constitution.
                The seventeenth amendment \11\ was ratified by the 
            several State legislatures on the following dates: 
            Massachusetts, May 22, 1912; Arizona, June 3, 1912; 
            Minnesota, June 10, 1912; New York, January 15, 1913; 
            Kansas, January 17, 1913; Oregon, January 23, 1913; North 
            Carolina, January 25, 1913; California, January 28, 1913; 
            Michigan, January 28, 1913; Iowa, January 30, 1913; Montana, 
            January 30, 1913; Idaho, January 31, 1913; West Virginia, 
            February 4, 1913; Colorado, February 5, 1913; Nevada, 
            February 6, 1913; Texas, February 7, 1913; Washington, 
            February 7, 1913; Wyoming, February 8, 1913; Arkansas, 
            February 11, 1913; Illinois, February 13, 1913; North 
            Dakota, February 14, 1913; Wisconsin, February 18, 1913; 
            Indiana, February 19, 1913; New Hampshire, February 19, 
            1913; Vermont, February 19, 1913; South Dakota, February 19, 
            1913; Maine, February 20, 1913; Oklahoma, February 24, 1913; 
            Ohio, February 25, 1913; Missouri, March 7, 1913; New 
            Mexico, March 13, 1913; Nebraska, March 14, 1913; New 
            Jersey, March 17, 1913; Tennessee, April 1, 1913; 
            Pennsylvania, April 2, 1913; Connecticut, April 8, 1913; 
            Louisiana, June 5, 1914. The amendment was rejected by Utah 
            on February 26, 1913.
                \11\ The seventeenth amendment was proposed by Congress 
            on May 13, 1912, when it passed the House [48 Cong. Rec. 
            (62d Cong., 2d sess.) 6367], having previously passed the 
            Senate on June 12, 1911 [47 Cong. Rec. (62d Cong., 1st 
            sess.) 1925]. It appears officially in 37 Stat. 646. 
            Ratification was completed on April 8, 1913, when the 
            thirty-sixth State (Connecticut) approved the amendment, 
            there being then 48 States in the Union. On May 31, 1913, 
            Secretary of State Bryan certified that it had become a part 
            of the Constitution [38 Stat. 2049].
                *Amendment XVIII was repealed by amendment XXI, Senate 
            Manual section 791.

       788                      [AMENDMENT [XVIII]]*

     788.1      [Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this 
            article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of 
            intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, 
            or the exportation thereof from the United States and all 
            territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage 
            purposes is hereby prohibited.
     788.2      [Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall 
            have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate 
            legislation.

[[Page 954]]


     788.3      [Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it 
            shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution 
            by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in 
            the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the 
            submission hereof to the States by the Congress.]
                The eighteenth amendment \12\ was ratified by the 
            several State legislatures on the following dates: 
            Mississippi, January 8, 1918; Virginia, January 11, 1918; 
            Kentucky, January 14, 1918; North Dakota, January 28, 1918 
            (date on which approved by Governor); South Carolina, 
            January 29, 1918; Maryland, February 13, 1918; Montana, 
            February 19, 1918; Texas, March 4, 1918; Delaware, March 18, 
            1918; South Dakota, March 20, 1918; Massachusetts, April 2, 
            1918; Arizona, May 24, 1918; Georgia, June 26, 1918; 
            Louisiana, August 9, 1918 (date on which approved by 
            Governor); Florida, November 27, 1918; Michigan, January 2, 
            1919; Ohio, January 7, 1919; Oklahoma, January 7, 1919; 
            Idaho, January 8, 1919; Maine, January 8, 1919; West 
            Virginia, January 9, 1919; California, January 13, 1919; 
            Tennessee, January 13, 1919; Washington, January 13, 1919; 
            Arkansas, January 14, 1919; Kansas, January 14, 1919; 
            Illinois, January 14, 1919; Indiana, January 14, 1919; 
            Alabama, January 15, 1919; Colorado, January 15, 1919; Iowa, 
            January 15, 1919; New Hampshire, January 15, 1919; Oregon, 
            January 15, 1919; Nebraska, January 16, 1919; North 
            Carolina, January 16, 1919; Utah, January 16, 1919; 
            Missouri, January 16, 1919; Wyoming, January 16, 1919; 
            Minnesota, January 17, 1919; Wisconsin, January 17, 1919; 
            New Mexico, January 20, 1919; Nevada, January 21, 1919; New 
            York, January 29, 1919; Vermont, January 29, 1919; 
            Pennsylvania, February 25, 1919; Connecticut, May 6, 1919; 
            New Jersey, March 9, 1922. The amendment was rejected (and 
            not subsequently ratified) by Rhode Island.
                \12\ The eighteenth amendment was proposed by Congress 
            on December 18, 1917, when it passed the Senate [Cong. Rec. 
            (65th Cong., 2d sess.) 478], having previously passed the 
            House on December 17 [Id., 470]. It appears officially in 40 
            Stat. 1050. Ratification was completed on January 16, 1919, 
            when the thirty-sixth State approved the amendment, there 
            being then 48 States in the Union. On January 29, 1919, 
            Acting Secretary of State Polk certified that this amendment 
            had been adopted by the requisite number of States [40 Stat. 
            1941]. By its terms this amendment did not become effective 
            until 1 year after ratification.

       789                         AMENDMENT [XIX]

     789.1      The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall 
            not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any 
            State on account of sex.
     789.2      Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
            appropriate legislation.
                The nineteenth amendment \13\ was ratified by the 
            several State legislatures on the following dates: Illinois, 
            June 10, 1919 (readopted

[[Page 955]]

            June 17, 1919); Michigan, June 10, 1919; Wisconsin, June 10, 
            1919; Kansas, June 16, 1919; New York, June 16, 1919; Ohio, 
            June 16, 1919; Pennsylvania, June 24, 1919; Massachusetts, 
            June 25, 1919; Texas, June 28, 1919; Iowa, July 2, 1919 
            (date on which approved by Governor); Missouri, July 3, 
            1919; Arkansas, July 28, 1919; Montana, August 2, 1919 (date 
            on which approved by Governor); Nebraska, August 2, 1919; 
            Minnesota, September 8, 1919; New Hampshire, September 10, 
            1919 (date on which approved by Governor); Utah, October 2, 
            1919; California, November 1, 1919; Maine, November 5, 1919; 
            North Dakota, December 1, 1919; South Dakota, December 4, 
            1919 (date on which certified); Colorado, December 15, 1919 
            (date on which approved by Governor); Kentucky, January 6, 
            1920; Rhode Island, January 6, 1920; Oregon, January 13, 
            1920; Indiana, January 16, 1920; Wyoming, January 27, 1920; 
            Nevada, February 7, 1920; New Jersey, February 9, 1920; 
            Idaho, February 11, 1920; Arizona, February 12, 1920; New 
            Mexico, February 21, 1920 (date on which approved by 
            Governor); Oklahoma, February 28, 1920; West Virginia, March 
            10, 1920; Washington, March 22, 1920; Tennessee, August 18, 
            1920; Connecticut, September 14, 1920 (confirmed September 
            21, 1920); Vermont, February 8, 1921; Delaware, March 6, 
            1923 (after having rejected it on June 2, 1920); Maryland, 
            March 29, 1941 (after having rejected it on February 24, 
            1920, ratification certified on February 25, 1958); 
            Virginia, February 21, 1952 (after having rejected it on 
            February 12, 1920); Alabama, September 8, 1953 (after having 
            rejected it on September 22, 1919); Florida, May 13, 1969; 
            South Carolina, July 1, 1969 (after having rejected it on 
            January 29, 1920); Georgia, February 20, 1970 (after having 
            rejected it on July 24, 1919); Louisiana, June 11, 1970 
            (after having rejected it on July 1, 1920); North Carolina, 
            May 6, 1971; Mississippi, March 22, 1984 (after having 
            rejected it on March 29, 1920).
                \13\ The nineteenth amendment was proposed by Congress 
            on June 4, 1919, when it passed the Senate [Cong. Rec. (66th 
            Cong., 1st sess.) 635], having previously passed the House 
            on May 21 [Id., 94]. It appears officially in 41 Stat. 362. 
            Ratification was completed on August 18, 1920, when the 
            thirty-sixth State (Tennessee) approved the amendment, there 
            being then 48 States in the Union. On August 26, 1920, 
            Secretary of State Colby certified that it had become a part 
            of the Constitution [41 Stat. 1823].

       790                         AMENDMENT [XX]

     790.1      Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice-President 
            shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms 
            of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of 
            January, of the years in which such terms would have ended 
            if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of 
            their successors shall then begin.
     790.2      Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in 
            every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d 
            day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different 
            day.
     790.3      Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of 
            the term of the President, the President elect shall have 
            died, the Vice-President elect shall become President. If a 
            President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed 
            for the beginning of his term, or if the President

[[Page 956]]

            elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice-President 
            elect shall act as President until a President shall have 
            qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case 
            wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice-President elect 
            shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as 
            President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be 
            selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a 
            President or Vice-President shall have qualified.
     790.4      Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case 
            of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of 
            Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of 
            choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of 
            the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may 
            choose a Vice-President whenever the right of choice shall 
            have devolved upon them.
     790.5      Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 
            15th day of October following the ratification of this 
            article.
     790.6      Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it 
            shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution 
            by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States 
            within seven years from the date of its submission.
                The twentieth amendment \14\ was ratified by the several 
            State legislatures on the following dates: Virginia, March 
            4, 1932; New York, March 11, 1932; Mississippi, March 16, 
            1932; Arkansas, March 17, 1932; Kentucky, March 17, 1932; 
            New Jersey, March 21, 1932; South Carolina,

[[Page 957]]

            March 25, 1932; Michigan, March 31, 1932; Maine, April 1, 
            1932; Rhode Island, April 14, 1932; Illinois, April 21, 
            1932; Louisiana, June 22, 1932; West Virginia, July 30, 
            1932; Pennsylvania, August 11, 1932; Indiana, August 15, 
            1932; Texas, September 7, 1932; Alabama, September 13, 1932; 
            California, January 4, 1933; North Carolina, January 5, 
            1933; North Dakota, January 9, 1933; Minnesota, January 12, 
            1933; Arizona, January 13, 1933; Montana, January 13, 1933; 
            Nebraska, January 13, 1933; Oklahoma, January 13, 1933; 
            Kansas, January 16, 1933; Oregon, January 16, 1933; 
            Delaware, January 19, 1933; Washington, January 19, 1933; 
            Wyoming, January 19, 1933; Iowa, January 20, 1933; South 
            Dakota, January 20, 1933; Tennessee, January 20, 1933; 
            Idaho, January 21, 1933; New Mexico, January 21, 1933; 
            Georgia, January 23, 1933; Missouri, January 23, 1933; Ohio, 
            January 23, 1933; Utah, January 23, 1933; Colorado, January 
            24, 1933; Massachusetts, January 24, 1933; Wisconsin, 
            January 24, 1933; Nevada, January 26, 1933; Connecticut, 
            January 27, 1933; New Hampshire, January 31, 1933; Vermont, 
            February 2, 1933; Maryland, March 24, 1933; Florida, April 
            26, 1933.
                \14\ The twentieth amendment was proposed by Congress on 
            March 2, 1932, when it passed the Senate [Cong. Rec. (72d 
            Cong., 1st sess.) 5086], having previously passed the House 
            on March 1 [Id., 5027]. It appears officially in 47 Stat. 
            745. Ratification was completed on January 23, 1933, when 
            the thirty-sixth State approved the amendment, there being 
            then 48 States in the Union. On February 6, 1933, Secretary 
            of State Stimson certified that it had become a part of the 
            Constitution [47 Stat. 2569].
                A proposed amendment which would authorize Congress to 
            limit, regulate, and prohibit the labor of persons under 18 
            years of age was passed by Congress on June 2, 1924. This 
            proposal at the time it was submitted to the States was 
            referred to as ``the proposed 20th Amendment.'' It appears 
            officially in 43 Stat. 670.
                The status of this proposed amendment is a matter of 
            conflicting opinion. The Kentucky Court of Appeals in Wise 
            v. Chandler (270 Ky. 1 [1937]) has held that it is no longer 
            open to ratification because: (1) Rejected by more than one-
            fourth of the States; (2) a State may not reject and then 
            subsequently ratify, at least when more than one-fourth of 
            the States are on record as rejecting; and (3) more than a 
            reasonable time has elapsed since it was submitted to the 
            States in 1924 (for subsequent litigation in the Chandler 
            case see 303 U.S. 634 and 307 U.S. 474). The Kansas Supreme 
            Court in Coleman v. Miller (146 Kan. 390 [1937]) came to the 
            opposite conclusion.
                On October 1, 1937, 27 States had ratified the proposed 
            amendment. Of these States 10 had previously rejected the 
            amendment on one or more occasions. At least 26 different 
            States have at one time rejected the amendment.

       791                         AMENDMENT [XXI]

     791.1      Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the 
            Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.
     791.2      Section 2. The transportation or importation into any 
            State, Territory, or possession of the United States for 
            delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in 
            violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.
     791.3      Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it 
            shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution 
            by conventions in the several States, as provided in the 
            Constitution, within seven years from the date of the 
            submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
                The twenty-first amendment \15\ was ratified by the 
            several State conventions on the following dates: Michigan, 
            April 10, 1933; Wisconsin, April 25, 1933; Rhode Island, May 
            8, 1933; Wyoming, May 25, 1933; New Jersey, June 1, 1933; 
            Delaware, June 24, 1933; Indiana, June 26, 1933; 
            Massachusetts, June 26, 1933; New York, June 27, 1933; 
            Illinois, July 10, 1933; Iowa, July 10, 1933; Connecticut, 
            July 11, 1933; New Hampshire, July 11, 1933; California, 
            July 24, 1933; West Virginia, July 25, 1933; Arkansas, 
            August 1, 1933; Oregon, August 7, 1933; Alabama, August 8, 
            1933; Tennessee, August 11, 1933; Missouri, August 29, 1933; 
            Arizona, September 5, 1933; Nevada, September 5, 1933; 
            Vermont, September 23, 1933; Colorado, September 26, 1933; 
            Washington, October 3, 1933; Minnesota, October 10, 1933; 
            Idaho, October

[[Page 958]]

            17, 1933; Maryland, October 18, 1933; Virginia, October 25, 
            1933; New Mexico, November 2, 1933; Florida, November 14, 
            1933; Texas, November 24, 1933; Kentucky, November 27, 1933; 
            Ohio, December 5, 1933; Pennsylvania, December 5, 1933; 
            Utah, December 5, 1933; Maine, December 6, 1933; Montana, 
            August 6, 1934. The amendment was rejected by a convention 
            in the State of South Carolina, on December 4, 1933. The 
            electorate of the State of North Carolina voted against 
            holding a convention at a general election held on November 
            7, 1933.
                \15\ The twenty-first amendment was proposed by Congress 
            on February 20, 1933, when it passed the House [76 Cong. 
            Rec. (72d Cong., 2d sess.) 4516], having previously passed 
            the Senate on February 16 [Id., 4231]. It appears officially 
            in 47 Stat. 1625. Ratification was completed on December 5, 
            1933, when the thirty-sixth State (Utah) approved the 
            amendment, there being then 48 States in the Union. On 
            December 5, 1933, Acting Secretary of State Phillips 
            certified that it had been adopted by the requisite number 
            of States [48 Stat. 1749].
       792                        AMENDMENT [XXII]

     792.1      Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of 
            the President more than twice, and no person who has held 
            the office of President, or acted as President, for more 
            than two years of a term to which some other person was 
            elected President shall be elected to the office of the 
            President more than once. But this Article shall not apply 
            to any person holding the office of President when this 
            Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent 
            any person who may be holding the office of President, or 
            acting as President, during the term within which this 
            Article becomes operative, from holding the office of 
            President or acting as President during the remainder of 
            such term.
     792.2      Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it 
            shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution 
            by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States 
            within seven years from the date of its submission to the 
            States by the Congress.
                The twenty-second amendment \16\ was ratified by the 
            several State legislatures on the following dates: Maine, 
            March 31, 1947; Michigan, March 31, 1947; Iowa, April 1, 
            1947; Kansas, April 1, 1947; New Hampshire, April 1, 1947; 
            Delaware, April 2, 1947; Illinois, April 3, 1947; Oregon, 
            April 3, 1947; Colorado, April 12, 1947; California, April 
            15, 1947; New Jersey, April 15, 1947; Vermont, April 15, 
            1947; Ohio, April 16, 1947; Wisconsin, April 16, 1947; 
            Pennsylvania, April 29, 1947; Connecticut, May 21, 1947; 
            Missouri, May 22, 1947; Nebraska, May 23, 1947; Virginia, 
            January 28, 1948; Mississippi, February 12, 1948; New York, 
            March 9, 1948; South Dakota, January 21, 1949; North Dakota, 
            February 25, 1949; Louisiana, May 17, 1950; Montana, January 
            25,

[[Page 959]]

            1951; Indiana, January 29, 1951; Idaho, January 30, 1951; 
            New Mexico, February 12, 1951; Wyoming, February 12, 1951; 
            Arkansas, February 15, 1951; Georgia, February 17, 1951; 
            Tennessee, February 20, 1951; Texas, February 22, 1951; 
            Utah, February 26, 1951; Nevada, February 26, 1951; 
            Minnesota, February 27, 1951; North Carolina, February 28, 
            1951; South Carolina, March 13, 1951; Maryland, March 14, 
            1951; Florida, April 16, 1951; Alabama, May 4, 1951. The 
            amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by 
            Oklahoma in June 1947, and Massachusetts on June 9, 1949.
                \16\ The twenty-second amendment was proposed by 
            Congress on March 24, 1947, when the House agreed to Senate 
            amendment [93 Cong. Rec. (80th Cong., 1st sess.) 2389], 
            having previously been passed in the House of 
            Representatives on February 6, 1947 [93 Cong. Rec. (80th 
            Cong., 1st sess.) 872], and in the Senate on March 12, 1947, 
            with an amendment [93 Cong. Rec. (80th Cong., 1st sess.) 
            1978]. Ratification was completed on February 27, 1951, when 
            the legislature of the thirty-sixth State (Minnesota) 
            approved the amendment, there being then forty-eight States 
            in the Union. On March 1, 1951, the Administrator of General 
            Services, Jess Larson, certified that this amendment had 
            become a part of the Constitution.

       793                        AMENDMENT [XXIII]

     793.1      Section 1. The District constituting the seat of 
            Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner 
            as the Congress may direct:
                A number of electors of President and Vice President 
            equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in 
            Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were 
            a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; 
            they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, 
            but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the 
            election of President and Vice President, to be electors 
            appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District 
            and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article 
            of amendment.
     793.2      Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this 
            article by appropriate legislation.
                The twenty-third amendment \17\ was ratified by the 
            several State legislatures on the following dates: Hawaii, 
            June 23, 1960 (technical correction, June 30, 1960); 
            Massachusetts, August 22, 1960; New Jersey, December 19, 
            1960; New York, January 17, 1961; California, January 19, 
            1961; Oregon, January 27, 1961; Maryland, January 30, 1961; 
            Idaho, January 31, 1961; Maine, January 31, 1961; Minnesota, 
            January 31, 1961; New Mexico, February 1, 1961; Nevada, 
            February 2, 1961; Montana, February 6, 1961; Colorado, 
            February 8, 1961; Washington, February 9, 1961; West 
            Virginia, February 9, 1961; Alaska, February 10,

[[Page 960]]

            1961; Wyoming, February 13, 1961; South Dakota, February 14, 
            1961 (date of filing in Office of Secretary of State of 
            South Dakota); Delaware, February 20, 1961; Utah, February 
            21, 1961; Wisconsin, February 21, 1961; Pennsylvania, 
            February 28, 1961; Indiana, March 3, 1961; North Dakota, 
            March 3, 1961; Tennessee, March 6, 1961; Michigan, March 8, 
            1961; Connecticut, March 9, 1961; Arizona, March 10, 1961; 
            Illinois, March 14, 1961; Nebraska, March 15, 1961; Vermont, 
            March 15, 1961; Iowa, March 16, 1961; Missouri, March 20, 
            1961; Oklahoma, March 21, 1961; Rhode Island, March 22, 
            1961; Kansas, March 29, 1961; Ohio, March 29, 1961; New 
            Hampshire, March 30, 1961 (date in official notice; preceded 
            by ratification on March 29, 1961, which was annulled and 
            then repeated March 29). Arkansas rejected the proposal on 
            January 24, 1961.
                \17\ The twenty-third amendment was proposed by Congress 
            on June 16, 1960, when the Senate agreed to S.J. Res. 39, 
            86th Cong., as passed by the House of Representatives on 
            June 14; which action consisted of substituting H.J. Res. 
            757 for the original text of S.J. Res. 39 [106 Cong. Rec. 
            (86th Cong., 2d sess.) 12571]. S.J. Res. 39 as approved by 
            the Senate on February 2, 1960 [106 Cong. Rec. (86th Cong., 
            2d sess.) 12850-58], for the first time since 1789, proposed 
            several unrelated articles of amendment, though several 
            amendments cover several points in sections of an article; 
            as finally proposed it dealt with a single matter. It 
            appears officially in 74 Stat. 1057 under date of June 16, 
            1960. Ratification was completed on March 29, 1961, when the 
            legislature of the thirty-eighth State (Ohio) approved the 
            amendment, there being then fifty States in the Union. The 
            identity of the thirty-eighth State was in doubt until New 
            Hamphire by ``official notice'' determined March 30 as the 
            date of its ratification. On April 3, 1961, the 
            Administrator of General Services, John L. Moore, certified 
            that this amendment had become a part of the Constitution 
            (26 F.R. 2808 and 75 Stat. 847).

       794                        AMENDMENT [XXIV]

     794.1      Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to 
            vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice 
            President, for electors for President or Vice President, or 
            for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be 
            denied or abridged by the United States or any State by 
            reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.
     794.2      Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this 
            article by appropriate legislation.
                The twenty-fourth amendment \18\ was ratified by the 
            several State legislatures on the following dates: Illinois, 
            November 14, 1962; New Jersey, December 3, 1962; Oregon, 
            January 25, 1963; Montana, January 28, 1963; West Virginia, 
            February 1, 1963; New York, February 4, 1963; Maryland, 
            February 6, 1963; California, February 7, 1963; Alaska, 
            February 11, 1963; Rhode Island, February 14, 1963; Indiana, 
            February 19, 1963; Utah, February 20, 1963; Michigan, 
            February 20, 1963; Colorado, February 21, 1963; Ohio, 
            February 27, 1963; Minnesota, February 27, 1963; New Mexico, 
            March 5, 1963; Hawaii, March 6, 1963; North Dakota, March 7, 
            1963; Idaho, March 8, 1963; Washington, March 14, 1963; 
            Vermont, March 15, 1963; Nevada, March 19, 1963; 
            Connecticut, March 20, 1963; Tennessee, March 21, 1963; 
            Pennsylvania, March 25, 1963; Wisconsin, March 26, 1963; 
            Kansas, March 28, 1963; Massachusetts, March 28, 1963; 
            Nebraska, April 4, 1963; Florida, April 18, 1963; Iowa, 
            April 24, 1963; Delaware, May 1, 1963; Missouri, May 13, 
            1963; New Hampshire, June 16, 1962; Kentucky, June 27, 1963; 
            Maine, January 16, 1964; South Dakota, January 23, 1964; 
            Virginia, February 25,

[[Page 961]]

            1977; North Carolina, May 3, 1989. Mississippi rejected the 
            proposal on December 20, 1962.
                \18\ The twenty-fourth amendment was proposed by 
            Congress on August 27, 1962, when it passed the House [108 
            Cong. Rec. (87th Cong., 2d sess.) 1767], having previously 
            passed the Senate on March 27, 1962 [Id., 5105]. It appears 
            officially in 76 Stat. 1259 under date of August 29, 1962. 
            Ratification was completed on January 23, 1964, when the 
            legislature of the thirty-eighth State (South Dakota) 
            approved the amendment, there being then fifty States in the 
            Union. On February 4, 1964, the Administrator of General 
            Services, Bernard L. Boutin, certified that this amendment 
            had become a part of the Constitution (29 F.R. 1715).

       795                         AMENDMENT [XXV]

     795.1      Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from 
            office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President 
            shall become President.
     795.2      Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of 
            the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice 
            President who shall take office upon confirmation by a 
            majority vote of both Houses of Congress.
     795.3      Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the 
            President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the 
            House of Representatives his written declaration that he is 
            unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and 
            until he transmits to them a written declaration to the 
            contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the 
            Vice President as Acting President.
     795.4      Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of 
            either the principal officers of the executive departments 
            or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, 
            transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the 
            Speaker of the House of Representatives their written 
            declaration that the President is unable to discharge the 
            powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall 
            immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as 
            Acting President.
                Thereafter, when the President transmits to the 
            President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the 
            House of Representatives his written declaration that no 
            inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of 
            his office unless the Vice President and a majority of 
            either the principal officers of the executive department or 
            of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit 
            within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate 
            and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their 
            written declaration that the President is unable to 
            discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon 
            Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-
            eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the 
            Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter 
            written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, 
            within twenty-one days after Congress is required to 
            assemble,

[[Page 962]]

            determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the 
            President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of 
            his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge 
            the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall 
            resume the powers and duties of his office.
                The twenty-fifth amendment \19\ was ratified by the 
            several State legislatures on the following dates: Nebraska, 
            July 12, 1965; Wisconsin, July 13, 1965; Oklahoma, July 16, 
            1965; Massachusetts, August 9, 1965; Pennsylvania, August 
            18, 1965; Kentucky, September 15, 1965; Arizona, September 
            22, 1965; Michigan, October 5, 1965; Indiana, October 20, 
            1965; California, October 21, 1965; Arkansas, November 4, 
            1965; New Jersey, November 29, 1965; Delaware, December 7, 
            1965; Utah, January 17, 1966; West Virginia, January 20, 
            1966; Maine, January 24, 1966; Rhode Island, January 28, 
            1966; Colorado, February 3, 1966; New Mexico, February 3, 
            1966; Kansas, February 8, 1966; Vermont, February 10, 1966; 
            Alaska, February 18, 1966; Idaho, March 2, 1966; Hawaii, 
            March 3, 1966; Virginia, March 8, 1966; Mississippi, March 
            10, 1966; New York, March 14, 1966; Maryland, March 23, 
            1966; Missouri, March 30, 1966; New Hampshire, June 13, 
            1966; Louisiana, July 5, 1966; Tennessee, January 12, 1967; 
            Wyoming, January 25, 1967; Washington, January 26, 1967; 
            Iowa, January 26, 1967; Oregon, February 2, 1967; Minnesota, 
            February 10, 1967; Nevada, February 10, 1967; Connecticut, 
            February 14, 1967; Montana, February 15, 1967; South Dakota, 
            March 6, 1967; Ohio, March 7, 1967; Alabama, March 14, 1967; 
            North Carolina, March 22, 1967; Illinois, March 22, 1967; 
            Texas, April 25, 1967; Florida, May 25, 1967.
                \19\ The twenty-fifth amendment was proposed by Congress 
            on July 6, 1965, when the Senate agreed to a conference 
            report, to which the House had previously agreed on June 30, 
            1965. It appears officially in 79 Stat. 1327. Ratification 
            was completed on February 10, 1967, when the legislature of 
            the thirty-eighth State (Nevada) approved the amendment, 
            there being then fifty States in the Union. On February 23, 
            1967, the Administrator of General Services, Lawson B. 
            Knott, Jr., certified that this amendment had become a part 
            of the Constitution (32 F.R. 3287).

       796                        AMENDMENT [XXVI]

     796.1      Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, 
            who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be 
            denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on 
            account of age.
     796.2      Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this 
            article by appropriate legislation.
                The twenty-sixth amendment \20\ was ratified by the 
            several State legislatures on the following dates: 
            Connecticut, March 23, 1971; Dela

[[Page 963]]

            ware, March 23, 1971; Minnesota, March 23, 1971; Tennessee, 
            March 23, 1971; Washington, March 23, 1971; Hawaii, March 
            24, 1971; Massachusetts, March 24, 1971; Montana, March 29, 
            1971; Arkansas, March 30, 1971; Idaho, March 30, 1971; Iowa, 
            March 30, 1971; Nebraska, April 2, 1971; New Jersey, April 
            3, 1971; Kansas, April 7, 1971; Michigan, April 7, 1971; 
            Alaska, April 8, 1971; Maryland, April 8, 1971; Indiana, 
            April 8, 1971; Maine, April 9, 1971; Vermont, April 16, 
            1971; Louisiana, April 17, 1971; California, April 19, 1971; 
            Colorado, April 27, 1971; Pennsylvania, April 27, 1971; 
            Texas, April 27, 1971; South Carolina, April 28, 1971; West 
            Virginia, April 28, 1971; New Hampshire, May 13, 1971; 
            Arizona, May 14, 1971; Rhode Island, May 27, 1971; New York, 
            June 2, 1971; Oregon, June 4, 1971; Missouri, June 14, 1971; 
            Wisconsin, June 22, 1971; Illinois, June 29, 1971; Alabama, 
            June 30, 1971; Ohio, June 30, 1971; North Carolina, July 1, 
            1971; Oklahoma, July 1, 1971; Virginia, July 8, 1971; 
            Wyoming, July 8, 1971; Georgia, October 4, 1971.
                \20\ The twenty-sixth amendment was proposed by Congress 
            on March 23, 1971, when it passed the House [117 Cong. Rec. 
            (92d Cong., 1st sess.) 7570], having previously passed the 
            Senate on March 10, 1971 [Id., 5830]. It appears officially 
            in 85 Stat. 825. Ratification was completed on July 1, 1971, 
            when the legislature of the thirty-eighth State (North 
            Carolina) approved the amendment, there being then fifty 
            States in the Union. On July 5, 1971, the Administrator of 
            General Services, Robert L. Kunzig, certified that this 
            amendment had become a part of the Constitution (36 F.R. 
            12725).

       797                        AMENDMENT [XXVII]

     797.1      No law, varying the compensation for the services of the 
            Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an 
            election of Representatives shall have intervened.
     797.2      The twenty-seventh amendment \21\ was ratified by the 
            following States: Maryland, December 19, 1789; North 
            Carolina, December 22, 1789; South Carolina, January 19, 
            1790; Delaware, January 28, 1790; Vermont, November 3, 1791; 
            Virginia, December 15, 1791; Ohio, May 6, 1873; Wyoming, 
            March 6, 1978; Maine, April 27, 1983; Colorado, April 22, 
            1984; South Dakota, February 21, 1985; New Hampshire, March 
            7, 1985; Arizona, April 3, 1985; Tennessee, May 23, 1985, 
            Oklahoma, July 10, 1985; New Mexico, February 14, 1986; 
            Indiana, February 24, 1986; Utah, February 25, 1986; 
            Arkansas, March 6, 1987; Montana, March 17, 1987; 
            Connecticut, May 13, 1987; Wisconsin, July 15, 1987; 
            Georgia, February 2, 1988; West Virginia, March 10, 1988; 
            Louisiana, July 7, 1988; Iowa, February 9, 1989; Idaho, 
            March 23, 1989; Nevada, April 26, 1989; Alaska, May 6, 1989; 
            Oregon, May 19, 1989, Minnesota, May 22, 1989; Texas, May 
            25, 1989; Kansas, April 5, 1990; Florida, May 31, 1990; 
            North Dakota, March 25, 1991; Alabama, May 5, 1992; 
            Missouri, May 5, 1992; Michigan, May 7, 1992; New Jersey, 
            May 7, 1992; Illinois, May 12, 1992; California, June 26, 
            1992; Rhode Island, June 10, 1993.
                \21\ The twenty-seventh amendment was the second of 
            twelve articles proposed by the First Congress on Sept. 25, 
            1789. Ratification was completed on May 7, 1992, when the 
            legislatures of the thirty-eighth and thirty-ninth States 
            (Michigan and New Jersey) approved the amendment, there 
            being then fifty States in the Union. On May 18, 1992, the 
            Archivist of the United States declared this amendment to 
            have become valid. (F.R. Doc. 92-11951, 57 F.R. 21187).