    [United States Senate Manual, 104th Congress]
    [S. Doc. 104-1]
    [Historical Documents]
    [Pages 907-927]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]

    [[Page 907]]

                                            [770]

                ____________________________________________________________

                articles in addition to, and amendment of, the constitution
                    of the united states of america, proposed by congress,
                    and ratified by the legislatures of the several states,
                    pursuant to the fifth article of the original
                    constitution\1\

                    \1\In Dillon v. Gloss, 256 U.S. 368[1921], the Supreme
                Court stated that it would take judicial notice of the date
                on which a State ratified a proposed constitutional
                amendment. Accordingly the Court consulted the State
                journals to determine the dates on which each house of the
                legislature of certain States ratified the Eighteenth
                amendment. It, therefore, follows that the date on which the
                governor approved the ratification, or the date on which the
                secretary of state of a given State certified the
                ratification, or the date on which the Secretary of State of
                the United States received a copy of said certificate, or
                the date on which he proclaimed that the amendment had been
                ratified are not controlling. Hence, the ratification date
                given on the following pages is the date on which the
                legislature of a given State approved the particular
                amendment (signature by the speaker or presiding officers of
                both houses being considered a part of the ratification of
                the ``legislature''). When that date is not available, the
                date given is that on which it was approved by the governor
                or certified by the secretary of state of the particular
                State. In each case such fact has been noted. Information as
                to ratification is based on data supplied by the Department
                of State and the General Services Administration.

                ____________________________________________________________
           771                        AMENDMENT [I]\2\

                    Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment
                of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or
                abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the
                right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition
                the Government for a redress of grievances.
                    \2\Brackets enclosing an amendment number indicate that
                the number was not specifically assigned in the resolution
                proposing the amendment. It will be seen, accordingly, that
                only amendments XIII, XIV, XV, and XVI were thus technically
                ratified by number.

           772                         AMENDMENT [II]

                    A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the
                security of a free State, the right of the people to keep
                and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

    [[Page 908]]

           773                         AMENDMENT [III]

                    No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any
                house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war,
                but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

           774                         AMENDMENT [IV]

                    The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
                houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches
                and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall
                issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
                affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be
                searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

           775                          AMENDMENT [V]

                    No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or
                other wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or
                indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the
                land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual
                service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any
                person be subject for the same offenses to be twice put in
                jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any
                criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be
                deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process
                of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use,
                without just compensation.

           776                         AMENDMENT [VI]

                    In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy
                the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury
                of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been
                committed, which district shall have been previously
                ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and
                cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
                against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining
                witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of
                Counsel for his defence.

           777                         AMENDMENT [VII]

                    In suits at common law, where the value in controversy
                shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury
                shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be
                otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than
                according to the rules of the common law.

    [[Page 909]]

           778                        AMENDMENT [VIII]

                    Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive
                fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

           779                         AMENDMENT [IX]

                    The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights,
                shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained
                by the people.

           780                          AMENDMENT [X]

                    The powers not delegated to the United States by the
                Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are
                reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

                    The first 10 amendments\3\ to the Constitution (i.e.
                nos. 3 to 12 of those proposed) were ratified by the several
                State legislatures on the following dates: New Jersey,
                November 20, 1789; Maryland, December 19, 1789; North
                Carolina, December 22, 1789; South Carolina, January 19,
                1790; New Hampshire, January 25, 1790; Delaware, January 28,
                1790; New York, February 27, 1790; Pennsylvania, March 10,
                1790; Rhode Island, June 7, 1790; Vermont, November 3, 1791;
                Virginia, December 15, 1791; Massachusetts, March 2, 1939;
                Georgia, March 18, 1939; Connecticut, April 19, 1939.
                    \3\The first 10 amendments, along with 2 others, were
                proposed by Congress on September 25, 1789, when they passed
                the Senate [1 Ann. Cong. (1st Cong., 1st sess.) 90], having
                previously passed the House on September 24 [Id., 948]. They
                appear officially in 1 Stat. 97. Ratification was completed
                on December 15, 1791, when the eleventh State (Virginia)
                approved these amendments, there being then 14 States in the
                Union. On March 1, 1792, Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of
                State, addressed letters to the Governors of the several
                States, advising them of the said ratifications (National
                Archives, Department of State, American Letters, IV, 355).
                    Proposal no. 1 prescribed the ratio of representation to
                population in the House and was ratified by 10 states (1
                short of the requisite number). Proposal no. 2 later
                achieved ratification and became Amendment XXVII, Senate
                Manual Section 797.
                    *By Council of Revision. State legislature approved Feb.
                24, 1790.

           781                         AMENDMENT [XI]

                    The Judicial power of the United States shall not be
                construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced
                or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens
                of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign
                State.
                    The eleventh amendment\4\ was ratified by the several
                State legislatures on the following dates: New York, March
                27, 1794; Rhode Island,

    [[Page 910]]

                March 31, 1794; Connecticut, May 8, 1794; New Hampshire,
                June 16, 1794; Massachusetts, June 26, 1794; Vermont,
                between October 9 and November 9, 1794; Virginia, November
                18, 1794; Georgia, November 29, 1794; Kentucky, December 7,
                1794; Maryland, December 26, 1794; Delaware, January 23,
                1795; North Carolina, February 7, 1795; South Carolina,
                December 4, 1797 [State Department, Press Releases, vol.
                XII, p. 247 (1935)].
                    \4\The eleventh amendment was proposed by Congress on
                March 4, 1794, when it passed the House [4 Ann. Cong. (3d
                Cong., 1st sess.) 477, 478], having previously passed the
                Senate on January 14 [Id., 30, 31]. It appears officially in
                1 Stat. 402. Ratification was completed on February 7, 1795,
                when the twelfth State (North Carolina) approved the
                amendment, there being then 15 States in the Union. Official
                announcement of ratification was not made until January 8,
                1798, when President John Adams in a message to Congress
                stated that the eleventh amendment had been adopted by
                three-fourths of the States and that it ``may now be deemed
                to be part of the Constitution'' [1 Mess. and Papers of
                Pres. 250]. In the interim South Carolina had ratified, and
                Tennessee had been admitted into the Union as the sixteenth
                State.

           782                         AMENDMENT [XII]

                    The electors shall meet in their respective states, and
                vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of
                whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state
                with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person
                voted for, as President, and in distinct ballots the person
                voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct
                lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all
                persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of
                votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and
                transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United
                States, directed to the President of the Senate;--The
                President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate
                and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and
                the votes shall then be counted;--The person having the
                greatest number of votes for President, shall be the
                President, if such number be a majority of the whole number
                of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority,
                then from the persons having the highest numbers not
                exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President,
                the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by
                ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the
                votes shall be taken by states the representation from each
                state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall
                consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the
                states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary
                to a choice.\5\ [And if the House of Representatives shall
                not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall
                devolve upon

    [[Page 911]]

                them, before the fourth day of March next following, then
                the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of
                the death or other constitutional disability of the
                President.]--The person having the greatest number of votes
                as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such
                number be a majority of the whole number of Electors
                appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the
                two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the
                Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of
                two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority
                of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no
                person constitutionally ineligible to the office of
                President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the
                United States.
                    \5\The part included in heavy brackets has been
                superseded by section 3 of amendment XX, Senate Manual
                section 790.3.
                    The twelfth amendment\6\ was ratified by the several
                State legislatures on the following dates: North Carolina,
                December 22, 1803; Maryland, December 24, 1803; Kentucky,
                December 27, 1803; Ohio, between December 5 and December 30,
                1803; Pennsylvania, January 5, 1804; Vermont, January 30,
                1804; Virginia, between December 20, 1803 and February 3,
                1804; New York, February 10, 1804; New Jersey, February 22,
                1804; Rhode Island, between February 27 and March 12, 1804;
                South Carolina, May 15, 1804; Georgia, May 19, 1804; New
                Hampshire, June 15, 1804; Tennessee, July 27, 1804. The
                amendment was rejected by Delaware on January 18, 1804; and
                by Connecticut at its session begun May 10, 1804;
                Massachusetts ratified this amendment in 1961 (after having
                rejected it on February 3, 1804).
                    \6\The twelfth amendment was proposed by Congress on
                December 9, 1803, when it passed the House [13 Ann. Cong.
                (8th Cong., 1st sess.) 775, 776], having previously passed
                the Senate on December 2 [Id., 209]. It was not signed by
                the presiding officers of the House and Senate until
                December 12. It appears officially in 2 Stat. 306.
                Ratification was probably completed on June 15, 1804, when
                the legislature of the thirteenth State (New Hampshire)
                approved the amendment, there being then 17 States in the
                Union. The Governor of New Hampshire, however, vetoed this
                act of the legislature on June 20, and the act failed to
                pass again by two-thirds vote then required by the State
                constitution. Inasmuch as article V of the Federal
                Constitution specifies that amendments shall become
                effective ``when ratified by the legislatures of three-
                fourths of the several States or by conventions in three-
                fourths thereof,'' it has been generally believed that an
                approval or veto by a Governor is without significance. If
                the ratification by New Hampshire be deemed ineffective,
                then the amendment became operative by Tennessee's
                ratification on July 27, 1804. On September 25, 1804, in a
                circular letter to the Governors of the several States,
                Secretary of State Madison declared the amendment ratified
                by three-fourths of the States.

           783                         AMENDMENT XIII

         783.1      Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
                except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall
                have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United
                States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

    [[Page 912]]

         783.2      Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this
                article by appropriate legislation.
                    The thirteenth amendment\7\ was ratified by the several
                State legislatures on the following dates: Illinois,
                February 1, 1865; Rhode Island, February 2, 1865; Michigan,
                February 2, 1865; Maryland, February 3, 1865; New York,
                February 3, 1865; West Virginia, February 3, 1865; Missouri,
                February 6, 1865; Maine, February 7, 1865; Kansas, February
                7, 1865; Massachusetts, February 7, 1865; Pennsylvania,
                February 8, 1865; Virginia, February 9, 1865; Ohio, February
                10, 1865; Louisiana, February 15 or 16, 1865; Indiana,
                February 16, 1865; Nevada, February 16, 1865; Minnesota,
                February 23, 1865; Wisconsin, February 24, 1865; Vermont,
                March 9, 1865 (date on which it was ``approved'' by
                Governor); Tennessee, April 7, 1865; Arkansas, April 14,
                1865; Connecticut, May 4, 1865; New Hampshire, June 30,
                1865; South Carolina, November 13, 1865; Alabama, December
                2, 1865 (date on which it was ``approved'' by Provisional
                Governor); North Carolina, December 4, 1865; Georgia,
                December 6, 1865; Oregon, December 11, 1865; California,
                December 15, 1865; Florida, December 28, 1865 (Florida again
                ratified this amendment on June 9, 1868, upon its adoption
                of a new constitution); Iowa, January 17, 1866; New Jersey,
                January 23, 1866 (after having rejected the amendment on
                March 16, 1865); Texas, February 17, 1870; Delaware,
                February 12, 1901 (after having rejected the amendment on
                February 8, 1865); Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after having
                rejected the amendment on February 24, 1865). The amendment
                was rejected by Mississippi on December 2, 1865.
                    \7\The thirteenth amendment was proposed by Congress on
                January 31, 1865, when it passed the House [Cong. Globe
                (38th Cong., 2d sess.) 531], having previously passed the
                Senate on April 8, 1864 [Id. (38th cong., 1st sess.) 1490].
                It appears officially in 13 Stat. 567 under date of February
                1, 1865. Ratification was completed on December 6, 1865,
                when the legislature of the twenty-seventh State (Georgia)
                approved the amendment, there being then 36 States in the
                Union. On December 18, 1865, Secretary of State Seward
                certified that the thirteenth amendment had become a part of
                the Constitution [13 Stat. 774].
                    A ``thirteenth amendment'' depriving of United States
                citizenship any citizen who should accept any title, office,
                or emolument from a foreign power, was proposed by Congress
                on May 1, 1810, when it passed the House [21 Ann. Cong.
                (11th Cong., 2d sess.) 2050], having previously passed the
                Senate on April 27 [20 Ann. Cong. (11th Cong., 2d sess.)
                672]. It appears officially in 2 Stat. 613. It failed of
                adoption, being ratified by but 12 States up to December 10,
                1812 [2 Miscell. Amer. State Papers, 477-479; 2 Doc. Hist.
                Const. 454-499], there then being 18 in all.
                    Another ``thirteenth amendment'', forbidding any future
                amendment that should empower Congress to interfere with the
                domestic institution of any State, was proposed by Congress
                on March 2, 1861, when it passed the Senate [Cong. Globe
                (36th Cong., 2d sess.) 1403], having previously passed the
                House on February 28 [Id., 1285]. It appears officially in
                12 Stat. 2512. It failed of adoption, being ratified by but
                three States: Ohio, May 13, 1861 [58 Laws Ohio 190];
                Maryland, January 10, 1862 [Laws Maryland (1861-62) 21];
                Illinois, February 14, 1862 [2 Doc. Hist. Const., 518]
                irregular, because by convention instead of by legislature
                as authorized by Congress.

           784                          AMENDMENT XIV

         784.1      Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United
                States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are
                citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they

    [[Page 913]]

                reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall
                abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the
                United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of
                life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor
                deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal
                protection of the laws.
         784.2      Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among
                the several States according to their respective numbers,
                counting the whole number of persons in each State,
                excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at
                any election for the choice of electors for President and
                Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in
                Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or
                the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of
                the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years
                of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way
                abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other
                crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced
                in the proportion which the number of such male citizens
                shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one
                years of age in such State.
         784.3      Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or
                Representative in Congress, or elector of President and
                Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under
                the United States, or under any State, who, having
                previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an
                officer of the United States, or as a member of any State
                legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any
                State, to support the Constitution of the United States,
                shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the
                same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But
                Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove
                such disability.
         784.4      Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United
                States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for
                payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing
                insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But
                neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay
                any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or
                rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the
                loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts,
                obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

    [[Page 914]]

         784.5      Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by
                appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
                    The fourteenth amendment\8\ was ratified by the several
                State legislatures on the following dates: Connecticut, June
                30, 1866; New Hampshire, July 7, 1866; Tennessee, July 19,
                1866; New Jersey, September 11, 1866 (the New Jersey
                Legislature on February 20, 1868, ``withdrew'' its consent
                to the ratification; the Governor vetoed that bill on March
                5, 1868, and it was repassed over his veto on March 24,
                1868; and on Nov. 12, 1980, the Legislature expressed
                support for the amendment); Oregon, September 19, 1866
                (Oregon ``withdrew'' its consent on October 15, 1868);
                Vermont, October 30, 1866; New York, January 10, 1867; Ohio,
                January 11, 1867 (Ohio ``withdrew'' its consent on January
                15, 1868), Illinois, January 15, 1867; West Virginia,
                January 16, 1867; Michigan, January 16, 1867; Kansas,
                January 17, 1867; Minnesota, January 17, 1867; Maine,
                January 19, 1867; Nevada, January 22, 1867; Indiana, January
                23, 1867; Missouri, January 26, 1867 (date on which it was
                certified by the Missouri secretary of state); Rhode Island,
                February 7, 1867; Pennsylvania, February 12, 1867;
                Wisconsin, February 13, 1867 (actually passed February 7,
                but not signed by legislative officers until February 13);
                Massachusetts, March 20, 1867; Nebraska, June 15, 1867;
                Iowa, March 9, 1868; Arkansas, April 6, 1868; Florida, June
                9, 1868; North Carolina, July 2, 1868 (after having rejected
                the amendment on December 13, 1866); Louisiana, July 9, 1868
                (after having rejected the amendment on February 6, 1867);
                South Carolina, July 9, 1868 (after having rejected the
                amendment on December 20, 1866); Alabama, July 13, 1868
                (date on which it was ``approved'' by the Governor);
                Georgia, July 21, 1868 (after having rejected the amendment
                on November 9, 1866--Georgia ratified again on February 2,
                1870); Virginia, October 8, 1869 (after having rejected the
                amendment on January 9, 1867); Mississippi, January 17,
                1870; Texas, February 18, 1870 (after having rejected the
                amendment on October 27, 1866); Delaware, February 12, 1901
                (after having rejected the amendment on February 8, 1867);
                Maryland, April 4, 1959 (after having rejected the amendment
                on March 23, 1867); California, May 6, 1959; Kentucky, March
                18, 1976 (after having rejected the amendment on January 8,
                1867).
                    \8\The fourteenth amendment was proposed by Congress on
                June 13, 1866, when it passed the House [Cong. Globe (39th
                Cong., 1st sess.) 3148, 3149], having previously passed the
                Senate on June 8 [Id., 3042]. It appears officially in 14
                Stat. 358 under date of June 16, 1866. Ratification was
                probably completed on July 9, 1868, when the legislature of
                the twenty-eighth State (South Carolina or Louisiana)
                approved the amendment, there being then 37 States in the
                Union. However, Ohio and New Jersey had prior to that date
                ``withdrawn'' their earlier assent to this amendment.
                Accordingly, Secretary of State Seward on July 20, 1868,
                certified that the amendment had become a part of the
                Constitution if the said withdrawals were ineffective [15
                Stat. 706-707]. Congress at once (July 21, 1868) passed a
                joint resolution declaring the amendment a part of the
                Constitution and directing the Secretary to promulgate it as
                such. On July 28, 1868, Secretary Seward certified without
                reservation that the amendment was a part of the
                Constitution. In the interim, two other States, Alabama on
                July 13 and Georgia on July 21, 1868, had added their
                ratifications.

    [[Page 915]]

           785                          AMENDMENT XV

         785.1      Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to
                vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or
                by any State on account of race, color, or previous
                condition of servitude.
         785.2      Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this
                article by appropriate legislation.
                    The fifteenth amendment\9\ was ratified by the several
                State legislatures on the following dates: Nevada, March 1,
                1869; West Virginia, March 3, 1869; North Carolina, March 5,
                1869; Louisiana, March 5, 1869 (date on which it was
                ``approved'' by the Governor); Illinois, March 5, 1869;
                Michigan, March 5, 1869; Wisconsin, March 5, 1869; Maine,
                March 11, 1869; Massachusetts, March 12, 1869; South
                Carolina, March 15, 1869; Arkansas, March 15, 1869;
                Pennsylvania, March 25, 1869; New York, April 14, 1869 (New
                York ``withdrew'' its consent to the ratification on January
                5, 1870, which action it rescinded on March 30, 1970);
                Indiana, May 14, 1869; Connecticut, May 19, 1869; Florida,
                June 14, 1869; New Hampshire, July 1, 1869; Virginia,
                October 8, 1869; Vermont, October 20, 1869; Alabama,
                November 16, 1869; Missouri, January 7, 1870 (Missouri had
                ratified the first section of the 15th Amendment on March 1,
                1869; it failed to include in its ratification the second
                section of the amendment); Minnesota, January 13, 1870;
                Mississippi, January 17, 1870; Rhode Island, January 18,
                1870; Kansas, January 19, 1870 (Kansas had by a defectively
                worded resolution previously ratified this amendment on
                February 27, 1869); Ohio, January 27, 1870 (after having
                rejected the amendment on May 4, 1869); Georgia, February 2,
                1870; Iowa, February 3, 1870; Nebraska, February 17, 1870;
                Texas, February 18, 1870; New Jersey, February 15, 1871
                (after having rejected the amendment on February 7, 1870);
                Delaware, February 12, 1901 (date on which approved by
                Governor; Delaware had previously rejected the amendment on
                March 18, 1869); Oregon, February 24, 1959 (after having
                rejected the amendment on October 26, 1870); California,
                April 3, 1962 (after having rejected the amendment on
                January 28, 1870); Maryland, May 7, 1973 (date on which
                approved by Governor; Maryland had previously rejected the
                amendment on February 26, 1870); Kentucky, March 18, 1976
                (after having rejected the amendment on March 12, 1869). The
                amendment was rejected by Tennessee on November 16, 1869.
                    \9\The fifteenth amendment was proposed by Congress on
                February 26, 1869, when it passed the Senate [Cong. Globe
                (40th Cong., 3d sess.) 1641], having previously passed the
                House on February 25 [Id., 1563, 1564]. It appears
                officially in 15 Stat. 346 under date of February 27, 1869.
                Ratification was probably completed on February 3, 1870,
                when the legislature of the twenty-eighth State (Iowa)
                approved the amendment, there being then 37 States in the
                Union. However, New York had prior to that date
                ``withdrawn'' its earlier assent to this amendment. Even if
                this withdrawal were effective, Nebraska's ratification on
                February 17, 1870, authorized Secretary of State Fish's
                certification of March 30, 1870, that the 15th amendment had
                become a part of the Constitution [16 Stat. 1131].

    [[Page 916]]

           786                          AMENDMENT XVI

                    The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes
                on incomes, from whatever source derived, without
                apportionment among the several States, and without regard
                to any census or enumeration.
                    The sixteenth amendment\10\ was ratified by the several
                State legislatures on the following dates: Alabama, August
                10, 1909; Kentucky, February 8, 1910; South Carolina,
                February 19, 1910; Illinois, March 1, 1910; Mississippi,
                March 7, 1910; Oklahoma, March 10, 1910; Maryland, April 8,
                1910; Georgia, August 3, 1910; Texas, August 16, 1910; Ohio,
                January 19, 1911; Idaho, January 20, 1911; Oregon, January
                23, 1911; Washington, January 26, 1911; Montana, January 27,
                1911; Indiana, January 30, 1911; California, January 31,
                1911; Nevada, January 31, 1911; South Dakota, February 1,
                1911; Nebraska, February 9, 1911; North Carolina, February
                11, 1911; Colorado, February 15, 1911; North Dakota,
                February 17, 1911; Michigan, February 23, 1911; Iowa,
                February 24, 1911; Kansas, March 2, 1911; Missouri, March
                16, 1911; Maine, March 31, 1911; Tennessee, April 7, 1911;
                Arkansas, April 22, 1911 (after having rejected the
                amendment at the session begun January 9, 1911); Wisconsin,
                May 16, 1911; New York, July 12, 1911; Arizona, April 3,
                1912; Minnesota, June 11, 1912; Louisiana, June 28, 1912;
                West Virginia, January 31, 1913; Delaware, February 3, 1913;
                Wyoming, February 3, 1913; New Mexico, February 3, 1913; New
                Jersey, February 4, 1913; Vermont, February 19, 1913;
                Massachusetts, March 4, 1913; New Hampshire, March 7, 1913
                (after having rejected the amendment on March 2, 1911). The
                amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by
                Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Utah.
                    \10\The sixteenth amendment was proposed by Congress on
                July 12, 1909, when it passed the House [44 Cong. Rec. (61st
                Cong., 1st sess.) 4390, 4440, 4441], having previously
                passed the Senate on July 5 [Id., 4121]. It appears
                officially in 36 Stat. 184. Ratification was completed on
                February 3, 1913, when the legislature of the thirty-sixth
                State (Delaware, Wyoming, or New Mexico) approved the
                amendment, there being then 48 States in the Union. On
                February 25, 1913, Secretary of State Knox certified that
                this amendment had become a part of the Constitution [37
                Stat. 1785].

           787                        AMENDMENT [XVII]

         787.1      The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
                Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for
                six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The
                electors in each State shall have the qualifications
                requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the
                State legislatures.
         787.2      When vacancies happen in the representation of any State
                in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall
                issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided,
                That the legislature of any State may empower the executive
                thereof to make temporary appointments

    [[Page 917]]

                until the people fill the vacancies by election as the
                legislature may direct.
                    This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect
                the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes
                valid as part of the Constitution.
                    The seventeenth amendment\11\ was ratified by the
                several State legislatures on the following dates:
                Massachusetts, May 22, 1912; Arizona, June 3, 1912;
                Minnesota, June 10, 1912; New York, January 15, 1913;
                Kansas, January 17, 1913; Oregon, January 23, 1913; North
                Carolina, January 25, 1913; California, January 28, 1913;
                Michigan, January 28, 1913; Iowa, January 30, 1913; Montana,
                January 30, 1913; Idaho, January 31, 1913; West Virginia,
                February 4, 1913; Colorado, February 5, 1913; Nevada,
                February 6, 1913; Texas, February 7, 1913; Washington,
                February 7, 1913; Wyoming, February 8, 1913; Arkansas,
                February 11, 1913; Illinois, February 13, 1913; North
                Dakota, February 14, 1913; Wisconsin, February 18, 1913;
                Indiana, February 19, 1913; New Hampshire, February 19,
                1913; Vermont, February 19, 1913; South Dakota, February 19,
                1913; Maine, February 20, 1913; Oklahoma, February 24, 1913;
                Ohio, February 25, 1913; Missouri, March 7, 1913; New
                Mexico, March 13, 1913; Nebraska, March 14, 1913; New
                Jersey, March 17, 1913; Tennessee, April 1, 1913;
                Pennsylvania, April 2, 1913; Connecticut, April 8, 1913;
                Louisiana, June 5, 1914. The amendment was rejected by Utah
                on February 26, 1913.
                    \11\The seventeenth amendment was proposed by Congress
                on May 13, 1912, when it passed the House [48 Cong. Rec.
                (62d Cong., 2d sess.) 6367], having previously passed the
                Senate on June 12, 1911 [47 Cong. Rec. (62d Cong., 1st
                sess.) 1925]. It appears officially in 37 Stat. 646.
                Ratification was completed on April 8, 1913, when the
                thirty-sixth State (Connecticut) approved the amendment,
                there being then 48 States in the Union. On May 31, 1913,
                Secretary of State Bryan certified that it had become a part
                of the Constitution [38 Stat. 2049].
                    *Amendment XVIII was repealed by amendment XXI, Senate
                Manual section 791.

           788                      [AMENDMENT [XVIII]]*

         788.1      [Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this
                article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of
                intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into,
                or the exportation thereof from the United States and all
                territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage
                purposes is hereby prohibited.
         788.2      [Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall
                have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate
                legislation.
         788.3      [Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it
                shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution
                by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in
                the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the
                submission hereof to the States by the Congress.]

    [[Page 918]]

                    The eighteenth amendment\12\ was ratified by the several
                State legislatures on the following dates: Mississippi,
                January 8, 1918; Virginia, January 11, 1918; Kentucky,
                January 14, 1918; North Dakota, January 28, 1918 (date on
                which approved by Governor); South Carolina, January 29,
                1918; Maryland, February 13, 1918; Montana, February 19,
                1918; Texas, March 4, 1918; Delaware, March 18, 1918; South
                Dakota, March 20, 1918; Massachusetts, April 2, 1918;
                Arizona, May 24, 1918; Georgia, June 26, 1918; Louisiana,
                August 9, 1918 (date on which approved by Governor);
                Florida, November 27, 1918; Michigan, January 2, 1919; Ohio,
                January 7, 1919; Oklahoma, January 7, 1919; Idaho, January
                8, 1919; Maine, January 8, 1919; West Virginia, January 9,
                1919; California, January 13, 1919; Tennessee, January 13,
                1919; Washington, January 13, 1919; Arkansas, January 14,
                1919; Kansas, January 14, 1919; Illinois, January 14, 1919;
                Indiana, January 14, 1919; Alabama, January 15, 1919;
                Colorado, January 15, 1919; Iowa, January 15, 1919; New
                Hampshire, January 15, 1919; Oregon, January 15, 1919;
                Nebraska, January 16, 1919; North Carolina, January 16,
                1919; Utah, January 16, 1919; Missouri, January 16, 1919;
                Wyoming, January 16, 1919; Minnesota, January 17, 1919;
                Wisconsin, January 17, 1919; New Mexico, January 20, 1919;
                Nevada, January 21, 1919; New York, January 29, 1919;
                Vermont, January 29, 1919; Pennsylvania, February 25, 1919;
                Connecticut, May 6, 1919; New Jersey, March 9, 1922. The
                amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by
                Rhode Island.
                    \12\The eighteenth amendment was proposed by Congress on
                December 18, 1917, when it passed the Senate [Cong. Rec.
                (65th Cong., 2d sess.) 478], having previously passed the
                House on December 17 [Id., 470]. It appears officially in 40
                Stat. 1050. Ratification was completed on January 16, 1919,
                when the thirty-sixth State approved the amendment, there
                being then 48 States in the Union. On January 29, 1919,
                Acting Secretary of State Polk certified that this amendment
                had been adopted by the requisite number of States [40 Stat.
                1941]. By its terms this amendment did not become effective
                until 1 year after ratification.

           789                         AMENDMENT [XIX]

         789.1      The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall
                not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any
                State on account of sex.
         789.2      Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
                appropriate legislation.
                    The nineteenth amendment\13\ was ratified by the several
                State legislatures on the following dates: Illinois, June
                10, 1919 (readopted June 17, 1919); Michigan, June 10, 1919;
                Wisconsin, June 10, 1919; Kansas, June 16, 1919; New York,
                June 16, 1919; Ohio, June 16, 1919; Pennsylvania, June 24,
                1919; Massachusetts, June 25, 1919; Texas, June 28, 1919;
                Iowa, July 2, 1919 (date on which approved by Governor);
                Missouri, July 3, 1919; Arkansas, July 28, 1919; Montana,
                August 2,

    [[Page 919]]

                1919 (date on which approved by Governor); Nebraska, August
                2, 1919; Minnesota, September 8, 1919; New Hampshire,
                September 10, 1919 (date on which approved by Governor);
                Utah, October 2, 1919; California, November 1, 1919; Maine,
                November 5, 1919; North Dakota, December 1, 1919; South
                Dakota, December 4, 1919 (date on which certified);
                Colorado, December 15, 1919 (date on which approved by
                Governor); Kentucky, January 6, 1920; Rhode Island, January
                6, 1920; Oregon, January 13, 1920; Indiana, January 16,
                1920; Wyoming, January 27, 1920; Nevada, February 7, 1920;
                New Jersey, February 9, 1920; Idaho, February 11, 1920;
                Arizona, February 12, 1920; New Mexico, February 21, 1920
                (date on which approved by Governor); Oklahoma, February 28,
                1920; West Virginia, March 10, 1920; Washington, March 22,
                1920; Tennessee, August 18, 1920; Connecticut, September 14,
                1920 (confirmed September 21, 1920); Vermont, February 8,
                1921; Delaware, March 6, 1923 (after having rejected it on
                June 2, 1920); Maryland, March 29, 1941 (after having
                rejected it on February 24, 1920, ratification certified on
                February 25, 1958); Virginia, February 21, 1952 (after
                having rejected it on February 12, 1920); Alabama, September
                8, 1953 (after having rejected it on September 22, 1919);
                Florida, May 13, 1969; South Carolina, July 1, 1969 (after
                having rejected it on January 29, 1920); Georgia, February
                20, 1970 (after having rejected it on July 24, 1919);
                Louisiana, June 11, 1970 (after having rejected it on July
                1, 1920); North Carolina, May 6, 1971; Mississippi, March
                22, 1984 (after having rejected it on March 29, 1920).
                    \13\The nineteenth amendment was proposed by Congress on
                June 4, 1919, when it passed the Senate [Cong. Rec. (66th
                Cong., 1st sess.) 635], having previously passed the House
                on May 21 [Id., 94]. It appears officially in 41 Stat. 362.
                Ratification was completed on August 18, 1920, when the
                thirty-sixth State (Tennessee) approved the amendment, there
                being then 48 States in the Union. On August 26, 1920,
                Secretary of State Colby certified that it had become a part
                of the Constitution [41 Stat. 1823].

           790                         AMENDMENT [XX]

         790.1      Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice-President
                shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms
                of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of
                January, of the years in which such terms would have ended
                if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of
                their successors shall then begin.
         790.2      Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in
                every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d
                day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different
                day.
         790.3      Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of
                the term of the President, the President elect shall have
                died, the Vice-President elect shall become President. If a
                President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed
                for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect
                shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice-President elect
                shall act as President until a President shall have
                qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case
                wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice-President elect
                shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as
                President, or the manner in which one who is

    [[Page 920]]

                to act shall be selected, and such person shall act
                accordingly until a President or Vice-President shall have
                qualified.
         790.4      Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case
                of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of
                Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of
                choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of
                the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may
                choose a Vice-President whenever the right of choice shall
                have devolved upon them.
         790.5      Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the
                15th day of October following the ratification of this
                article.
         790.6      Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it
                shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution
                by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States
                within seven years from the date of its submission.
                    The twentieth amendment\14\ was ratified by the several
                State legislatures on the following dates: Virginia, March
                4, 1932; New York, March 11, 1932; Mississippi, March 16,
                1932; Arkansas, March 17, 1932; Kentucky, March 17, 1932;
                New Jersey, March 21, 1932; South Carolina, March 25, 1932;
                Michigan, March 31, 1932; Maine, April 1, 1932; Rhode
                Island, April 14, 1932; Illinois, April 21, 1932; Louisiana,
                June 22, 1932; West Virginia, July 30, 1932; Pennsylvania,
                August 11, 1932; Indiana, August 15, 1932; Texas, September
                7, 1932; Alabama, September 13, 1932; California, January 4,
                1933; North Carolina, January 5, 1933; North Dakota, January
                9, 1933; Minnesota, January 12, 1933; Arizona, January 13,
                1933; Montana, January 13, 1933; Nebraska, January 13, 1933;
                Oklahoma, January 13, 1933; Kansas, January 16, 1933;
                Oregon,

    [[Page 921]]

                January 16, 1933; Delaware, January 19, 1933; Washington,
                January 19, 1933; Wyoming, January 19, 1933; Iowa, January
                20, 1933; South Dakota, January 20, 1933; Tennessee, January
                20, 1933; Idaho, January 21, 1933; New Mexico, January 21,
                1933; Georgia, January 23, 1933; Missouri, January 23, 1933;
                Ohio, January 23, 1933; Utah, January 23, 1933; Colorado,
                January 24, 1933; Massachusetts, January 24, 1933;
                Wisconsin, January 24, 1933; Nevada, January 26, 1933;
                Connecticut, January 27, 1933; New Hampshire, January 31,
                1933; Vermont, February 2, 1933; Maryland, March 24, 1933;
                Florida, April 26, 1933.
                    \14\The twentieth amendment was proposed by Congress on
                March 2, 1932, when it passed the Senate [Cong. Rec. (72d
                Cong., 1st sess.) 5086], having previously passed the House
                on March 1 [Id., 5027]. It appears officially in 47 Stat.
                745. Ratification was completed on January 23, 1933, when
                the thirty-sixth State approved the amendment, there being
                then 48 States in the Union. On February 6, 1933, Secretary
                of State Stimson certified that it had become a part of the
                Constitution [47 Stat. 2569].
                    A proposed amendment which would authorize Congress to
                limit, regulate, and prohibit the labor of persons under 18
                years of age was passed by Congress on June 2, 1924. This
                proposal at the time it was submitted to the States was
                referred to as ``the proposed 20th Amendment.'' It appears
                officially in 43 Stat. 670.
                    The status of this proposed amendment is a matter of
                conflicting opinion. The Kentucky Court of Appeals in Wise
                v. Chandler (270 Ky. 1 [1937]) has held that it is no longer
                open to ratification because: (1) Rejected by more than one-
                fourth of the States; (2) a State may not reject and then
                subsequently ratify, at least when more than one-fourth of
                the States are on record as rejecting; and (3) more than a
                reasonable time has elapsed since it was submitted to the
                States in 1924 (for subsequent litigation in the Chandler
                case see 303 U.S. 634 and 307 U.S. 474). The Kansas Supreme
                Court in Coleman v. Miller (146 Kan. 390 [1937]) came to the
                opposite conclusion.
                    On October 1, 1937, 27 States had ratified the proposed
                amendment. Of these States 10 had previously rejected the
                amendment on one or more occasions. At least 26 different
                States have at one time rejected the amendment.

           791                         AMENDMENT [XXI]

         791.1      Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the
                Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.
         791.2      Section 2. The transportation or importation into any
                State, Territory, or possession of the United States for
                delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in
                violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.
         791.3      Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it
                shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution
                by conventions in the several States, as provided in the
                Constitution, within seven years from the date of the
                submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
                    The twenty-first amendment\15\ was ratified by the
                several State conventions on the following dates: Michigan,
                April 10, 1933; Wisconsin, April 25, 1933; Rhode Island, May
                8, 1933; Wyoming, May 25, 1933; New Jersey, June 1, 1933;
                Delaware, June 24, 1933; Indiana, June 26, 1933;
                Massachusetts, June 26, 1933; New York, June 27, 1933;
                Illinois, July 10, 1933; Iowa, July 10, 1933; Connecticut,
                July 11, 1933; New Hampshire, July 11, 1933; California,
                July 24, 1933; West Virginia, July 25, 1933; Arkansas,
                August 1, 1933; Oregon, August 7, 1933; Alabama, August 8,
                1933; Tennessee, August 11, 1933; Missouri, August 29, 1933;
                Arizona, September 5, 1933; Nevada, September 5, 1933;
                Vermont, September 23, 1933; Colorado, September 26, 1933;
                Washington, October 3, 1933; Minnesota, October 10, 1933;
                Idaho, October 17, 1933; Maryland, October 18, 1933;
                Virginia, October 25, 1933; New Mexico, November 2, 1933;
                Florida, November 14, 1933; Texas, November 24, 1933;
                Kentucky, November 27, 1933; Ohio, December 5, 1933;
                Pennsylvania, December 5, 1933; Utah, December 5, 1933;
                Maine, December 6, 1933; Montana, August 6, 1934. The
                amendment was rejected by a convention in the State of South
                Carolina, on December 4, 1933. The

    [[Page 922]]

                electorate of the State of North Carolina voted against
                holding a convention at a general election held on November
                7, 1933.
                    \15\The twenty-first amendment was proposed by Congress
                on February 20, 1933, when it passed the House [76 Cong.
                Rec. (72d Cong., 2d sess.) 4516], having previously passed
                the Senate on February 16 [Id., 4231]. It appears officially
                in 47 Stat. 1625. Ratification was completed on December 5,
                1933, when the thirty-sixth State (Utah) approved the
                amendment, there being then 48 States in the Union. On
                December 5, 1933, Acting Secretary of State Phillips
                certified that it had been adopted by the requisite number
                of States [48 Stat. 1749].
           792                        AMENDMENT [XXII]

         792.1      Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of
                the President more than twice, and no person who has held
                the office of President, or acted as President, for more
                than two years of a term to which some other person was
                elected President shall be elected to the office of the
                President more than once. But this Article shall not apply
                to any person holding the office of President when this
                Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent
                any person who may be holding the office of President, or
                acting as President, during the term within which this
                Article becomes operative, from holding the office of
                President or acting as President during the remainder of
                such term.
         792.2      Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it
                shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution
                by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States
                within seven years from the date of its submission to the
                States by the Congress.
                    The twenty-second amendment\16\ was ratified by the
                several State legislatures on the following dates: Maine,
                March 31, 1947; Michigan, March 31, 1947; Iowa, April 1,
                1947; Kansas, April 1, 1947; New Hampshire, April 1, 1947;
                Delaware, April 2, 1947; Illinois, April 3, 1947; Oregon,
                April 3, 1947; Colorado, April 12, 1947; California, April
                15, 1947; New Jersey, April 15, 1947; Vermont, April 15,
                1947; Ohio, April 16, 1947; Wisconsin, April 16, 1947;
                Pennsylvania, April 29, 1947; Connecticut, May 21, 1947;
                Missouri, May 22, 1947; Nebraska, May 23, 1947; Virginia,
                January 28, 1948; Mississippi, February 12, 1948; New York,
                March 9, 1948; South Dakota, January 21, 1949; North Dakota,
                February 25, 1949; Louisiana, May 17, 1950; Montana, January
                25, 1951; Indiana, January 29, 1951; Idaho, January 30,
                1951; New Mexico, February 12, 1951; Wyoming, February 12,
                1951; Arkansas, February 15, 1951; Georgia, February 17,
                1951; Tennessee, February 20, 1951; Texas, February 22,
                1951; Utah, February 26, 1951; Nevada, February 26, 1951;
                Minnesota, February 27, 1951; North Carolina, February 28,
                1951; South Carolina, March 13, 1951; Maryland, March 14,
                1951; Flor-

    [[Page 923]]

                ida, April 16, 1951; Alabama, May 4, 1951. The amendment was
                rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Oklahoma in June
                1947, and Massachusetts on June 9, 1949.
                    \16\The twenty-second amendment was proposed by Congress
                on March 24, 1947, when the House agreed to Senate amendment
                [93 Cong. Rec. (80th Cong., 1st sess.) 2389], having
                previously been passed in the House of Representatives on
                February 6, 1947 [93 Cong. Rec. (80th Cong., 1st sess.)
                872], and in the Senate on March 12, 1947, with an amendment
                [93 Cong. Rec. (80th Cong., 1st sess.) 1978]. Ratification
                was completed on February 27, 1951, when the legislature of
                the thirty-sixth State (Minnesota) approved the amendment,
                there being then forty-eight States in the Union. On March
                1, 1951, the Administrator of General Services, Jess Larson,
                certified that this amendment had become a part of the
                Constitution.

           793                        AMENDMENT [XXIII]

         793.1      Section 1. The District constituting the seat of
                Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner
                as the Congress may direct:
                    A number of electors of President and Vice President
                equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in
                Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were
                a State, but in no event more than the least populous State;
                they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States,
                but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the
                election of President and Vice President, to be electors
                appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District
                and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article
                of amendment.
         793.2      Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this
                article by appropriate legislation.
                    The twenty-third amendment\17\ was ratified by the
                several State legislatures on the following dates: Hawaii,
                June 23, 1960 (technical correction, June 30, 1960);
                Massachusetts, August 22, 1960; New Jersey, December 19,
                1960; New York, January 17, 1961; California, January 19,
                1961; Oregon, January 27, 1961; Maryland, January 30, 1961;
                Idaho, January 31, 1961; Maine, January 31, 1961; Minnesota,
                January 31, 1961; New Mexico, February 1, 1961; Nevada,
                February 2, 1961; Montana, February 6, 1961; Colorado,
                February 8, 1961; Washington, February 9, 1961; West
                Virginia, February 9, 1961; Alaska, February 10, 1961;
                Wyoming, February 13, 1961; South Dakota, February 14, 1961
                (date of filing in Office of Secretary of State of South
                Dakota); Delaware, February 20, 1961; Utah, February 21,
                1961; Wisconsin, February 21, 1961; Pennsylvania, February
                28, 1961; Indiana, March 3, 1961; North Dakota, March 3,
                1961; Tennessee, March 6, 1961; Michigan, March 8, 1961;
                Connecticut, March 9, 1961; Arizona, March 10, 1961;
                Illinois,

    [[Page 924]]

                March 14, 1961; Nebraska, March 15, 1961; Vermont, March 15,
                1961; Iowa, March 16, 1961; Missouri, March 20, 1961;
                Oklahoma, March 21, 1961; Rhode Island, March 22, 1961;
                Kansas, March 29, 1961; Ohio, March 29, 1961; New Hampshire,
                March 30, 1961 (date in official notice; preceded by
                ratification on March 29, 1961, which was annulled and then
                repeated March 29). Arkansas rejected the proposal on
                January 24, 1961.
                    \17\The twenty-third amendment was proposed by Congress
                on June 16, 1960, when the Senate agreed to S.J. Res. 39,
                86th Cong., as passed by the House of Representatives on
                June 14; which action consisted of substituting H.J. Res.
                757 for the original text of S.J. Res. 39 [106 Cong. Rec.
                (86th Cong., 2d sess.) 12571]. S.J. Res. 39 as approved by
                the Senate on February 2, 1960 [106 Cong. Rec. (86th Cong.,
                2d sess.) 12850-58], for the first time since 1789, proposed
                several unrelated articles of amendment, though several
                amendments cover several points in sections of an article;
                as finally proposed it dealt with a single matter. It
                appears officially in 74 Stat. 1057 under date of June 16,
                1960. Ratification was completed on March 29, 1961, when the
                legislature of the thirty-eighth State (Ohio) approved the
                amendment, there being then fifty States in the Union. The
                identity of the thirty-eighth State was in doubt until New
                Hamphire by ``official notice'' determined March 30 as the
                date of its ratification. On April 3, 1961, the
                Administrator of General Services, John L. Moore, certified
                that this amendment had become a part of the Constitution
                (26 F.R. 2808 and 75 Stat. 847).

           794                        AMENDMENT [XXIV]

         794.1      Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to
                vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice
                President, for electors for President or Vice President, or
                for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be
                denied or abridged by the United States or any State by
                reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.
         794.2      Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this
                article by appropriate legislation.
                    The twenty-fourth amendment\18\ was ratified by the
                several State legislatures on the following dates: Illinois,
                November 14, 1962; New Jersey, December 3, 1962; Oregon,
                January 25, 1963; Montana, January 28, 1963; West Virginia,
                February 1, 1963; New York, February 4, 1963; Maryland,
                February 6, 1963; California, February 7, 1963; Alaska,
                February 11, 1963; Rhode Island, February 14, 1963; Indiana,
                February 19, 1963; Utah, February 20, 1963; Michigan,
                February 20, 1963; Colorado, February 21, 1963; Ohio,
                February 27, 1963; Minnesota, February 27, 1963; New Mexico,
                March 5, 1963; Hawaii, March 6, 1963; North Dakota, March 7,
                1963; Idaho, March 8, 1963; Washington, March 14, 1963;
                Vermont, March 15, 1963; Nevada, March 19, 1963;
                Connecticut, March 20, 1963; Tennessee, March 21, 1963;
                Pennsylvania, March 25, 1963; Wisconsin, March 26, 1963;
                Kansas, March 28, 1963; Massachusetts, March 28, 1963;
                Nebraska, April 4, 1963; Florida, April 18, 1963; Iowa,
                April 24, 1963; Delaware, May 1, 1963; Missouri, May 13,
                1963; New Hampshire, June 16, 1962; Kentucky, June 27, 1963;
                Maine, January 16, 1964; South Dakota, January 23, 1964;
                Virginia, February 25, 1977; North Carolina, May 3, 1989.
                Mississippi rejected the proposal on December 20, 1962.
                    \18\The twenty-fourth amendment was proposed by Congress
                on August 27, 1962, when it passed the House [108 Cong. Rec.
                (87th Cong., 2d sess.) 1767], having previously passed the
                Senate on March 27, 1962 [Id., 5105]. It appears officially
                in 76 Stat. 1259 under date of August 29, 1962. Ratification
                was completed on January 23, 1964, when the legislature of
                the thirty-eighth State (South Dakota) approved the
                amendment, there being then fifty States in the Union. On
                February 4, 1964, the Administrator of General Services,
                Bernard L. Boutin, certified that this amendment had become
                a part of the Constitution (29 F.R. 1715).

    [[Page 925]]

           795                         AMENDMENT [XXV]

         795.1      Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from
                office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President
                shall become President.
         795.2      Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of
                the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice
                President who shall take office upon confirmation by a
                majority vote of both Houses of Congress.
         795.3      Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the
                President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the
                House of Representatives his written declaration that he is
                unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and
                until he transmits to them a written declaration to the
                contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the
                Vice President as Acting President.
         795.4      Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of
                either the principal officers of the executive departments
                or of such other body as Congress may by law provide,
                transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the
                Speaker of the House of Representatives their written
                declaration that the President is unable to discharge the
                powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall
                immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as
                Acting President.
                    Thereafter, when the President transmits to the
                President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the
                House of Representatives his written declaration that no
                inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of
                his office unless the Vice President and a majority of
                either the principal officers of the executive department or
                of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit
                within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate
                and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their
                written declaration that the President is unable to
                discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon
                Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-
                eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the
                Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter
                written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session,
                within twenty-one days after Congress is required to
                assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that
                the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties
                of his office, the Vice President shall continue to
                discharge

    [[Page 926]]

                the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall
                resume the powers and duties of his office.
                    The twenty-fifth amendment\19\ was ratified by the
                several State legislatures on the following dates: Nebraska,
                July 12, 1965; Wisconsin, July 13, 1965; Oklahoma, July 16,
                1965; Massachusetts, August 9, 1965; Pennsylvania, August
                18, 1965; Kentucky, September 15, 1965; Arizona, September
                22, 1965; Michigan, October 5, 1965; Indiana, October 20,
                1965; California, October 21, 1965; Arkansas, November 4,
                1965; New Jersey, November 29, 1965; Delaware, December 7,
                1965; Utah, January 17, 1966; West Virginia, January 20,
                1966; Maine, January 24, 1966; Rhode Island, January 28,
                1966; Colorado, February 3, 1966; New Mexico, February 3,
                1966; Kansas, February 8, 1966; Vermont, February 10, 1966;
                Alaska, February 18, 1966; Idaho, March 2, 1966; Hawaii,
                March 3, 1966; Virginia, March 8, 1966; Mississippi, March
                10, 1966; New York, March 14, 1966; Maryland, March 23,
                1966; Missouri, March 30, 1966; New Hampshire, June 13,
                1966; Louisiana, July 5, 1966; Tennessee, January 12, 1967;
                Wyoming, January 25, 1967; Washington, January 26, 1967;
                Iowa, January 26, 1967; Oregon, February 2, 1967; Minnesota,
                February 10, 1967; Nevada, February 10, 1967; Connecticut,
                February 14, 1967; Montana, February 15, 1967; South Dakota,
                March 6, 1967; Ohio, March 7, 1967; Alabama, March 14, 1967;
                North Carolina, March 22, 1967; Illinois, March 22, 1967;
                Texas, April 25, 1967; Florida, May 25, 1967.
                    \19\The twenty-fifth amendment was proposed by Congress
                on July 6, 1965, when the Senate agreed to a conference
                report, to which the House had previously agreed on June 30,
                1965. It appears officially in 79 Stat. 1327. Ratification
                was completed on February 10, 1967, when the legislature of
                the thirty-eighth State (Nevada) approved the amendment,
                there being then fifty States in the Union. On February 23,
                1967, the Administrator of General Services, Lawson B.
                Knott, Jr., certified that this amendment had become a part
                of the Constitution (32 F.R. 3287).

           796                        AMENDMENT [XXVI]

         796.1      Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States,
                who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be
                denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on
                account of age.
         796.2      Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this
                article by appropriate legislation.
                    The twenty-sixth amendment\20\ was ratified by the
                several State legislatures on the following dates:
                Connecticut, March 23, 1971; Delaware, March 23, 1971;
                Minnesota, March 23, 1971; Tennessee, March 23, 1971;
                Washington, March 23, 1971; Hawaii, March 24, 1971;
                Massachusetts, March 24, 1971; Montana, March 29, 1971;
                Arkansas, March

    [[Page 927]]

                30, 1971; Idaho, March 30, 1971; Iowa, March 30, 1971;
                Nebraska, April 2, 1971; New Jersey, April 3, 1971; Kansas,
                April 7, 1971; Michigan, April 7, 1971; Alaska, April 8,
                1971; Maryland, April 8, 1971; Indiana, April 8, 1971;
                Maine, April 9, 1971; Vermont, April 16, 1971; Louisiana,
                April 17, 1971; California, April 19, 1971; Colorado, April
                27, 1971; Pennsylvania, April 27, 1971; Texas, April 27,
                1971; South Carolina, April 28, 1971; West Virginia, April
                28, 1971; New Hampshire, May 13, 1971; Arizona, May 14,
                1971; Rhode Island, May 27, 1971; New York, June 2, 1971;
                Oregon, June 4, 1971; Missouri, June 14, 1971; Wisconsin,
                June 22, 1971; Illinois, June 29, 1971; Alabama, June 30,
                1971; Ohio, June 30, 1971; North Carolina, July 1, 1971;
                Oklahoma, July 1, 1971; Virginia, July 8, 1971; Wyoming,
                July 8, 1971; Georgia, October 4, 1971.
                    \20\The twenty-sixth amendment was proposed by Congress
                on March 23, 1971, when it passed the House [117 Cong. Rec.
                (92d Cong., 1st sess.) 7570], having previously passed the
                Senate on March 10, 1971 [Id., 5830]. It appears officially
                in 85 Stat. 825. Ratification was completed on July 1, 1971,
                when the legislature of the thirty-eighth State (North
                Carolina) approved the amendment, there being then fifty
                States in the Union. On July 5, 1971, the Administrator of
                General Services, Robert L. Kunzig, certified that this
                amendment had become a part of the Constitution (36 F.R.
                12725).

           797                        AMENDMENT [XXVII]

         797.1      No law, varying the compensation for the services of the
                Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an
                election of Representatives shall have intervened.
         797.2      The twenty-seventh amendment\21\ was ratified by the
                following States: Maryland, December 19, 1789; North
                Carolina, December 22, 1789; South Carolina, January 19,
                1790; Delaware, January 28, 1790; Vermont, November 3, 1791;
                Virginia, December 15, 1791; Ohio, May 6, 1873; Wyoming,
                March 6, 1978; Maine, April 27, 1983; Colorado, April 22,
                1984; South Dakota, February 21, 1985; New Hampshire, March
                7, 1985; Arizona, April 3, 1985; Tennessee, May 23, 1985,
                Oklahoma, July 10, 1985; New Mexico, February 14, 1986;
                Indiana, February 24, 1986; Utah, February 25, 1986;
                Arkansas, March 6, 1987; Montana, March 17, 1987;
                Connecticut, May 13, 1987; Wisconsin, July 15, 1987;
                Georgia, February 2, 1988; West Virginia, March 10, 1988;
                Louisiana, July 7, 1988; Iowa, February 9, 1989; Idaho,
                March 23, 1989; Nevada, April 26, 1989; Alaska, May 6, 1989;
                Oregon, May 19, 1989, Minnesota, May 22, 1989; Texas, May
                25, 1989; Kansas, April 5, 1990; Florida, May 31, 1990;
                North Dakota, March 25, 1991; Alabama, May 5, 1992;
                Missouri, May 5, 1992; Michigan, May 7, 1992; New Jersey,
                May 7, 1992; Illinois, May 12, 1992; California, June 26,
                1992; Rhode Island, June 10, 1993.
                    \21\The twenty-seventh amendment was the second of
                twelve articles proposed by the First Congress on Sept. 25,
                1789. Ratification was completed on May 7, 1992, when the
                legislatures of the thirty-eighth and thirty-ninth States
                (Michigan and New Jersey) approved the amendment, there
                being then fifty States in the Union. On May 18, 1992, the
                Archivist of the United States declared this amendment to
                have become valid. (F.R. Doc. 92-11951, 57 F.R. 21187).