[Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: George W. Bush (2006, Book I)]
[February 21, 2006]
[Pages 300-310]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office www.gpo.gov]



Remarks in a Discussion on Energy Conservation and Efficiency in Golden, 
Colorado
February 21, 2006

    The President. Thank you all. Please be seated. Thanks for having 
me. I am honored to be at the National Renewable Energy Lab, which will 
be henceforth called NREL. [Laughter] I have come today to discuss 
unbelievable opportunities for our country to achieve a great national 
goal, and that is to end our addiction on oil.
    I know it sounds odd for a Texan to say that. [Laughter] But I have 
spent a lot of time worrying about the national security implications of 
being addicted to oil, particularly from parts of the world where people 
may not agree with our policy or our way of life, and the economic 
security implications of being hooked on oil, particularly since the 
demand for oil is rising faster than the supply of oil. And any time 
that happens, it creates the conditions for what could be--price 
disruption and price spikes at home are like hidden taxes on the working 
people of our country.
    And so we're here to discuss ways to achieve this really important 
national goal. And there's no better place to come than NREL, and I want 
to thank you all for hosting me. I appreciate--I really appreciate the 
scientists and dreamers and, more importantly, doers who work here to 
help achieve this important goal.
    I recognize that there has been some interesting--let me say--mixed 
signals when it comes to funding. The issue, of course, is whether or 
not good intentions are met with actual dollars spent. Part of the issue 
we face, unfortunately, is that there are sometimes decisions made, but 
as a result of the appropriations process, the money may not end up 
where it was supposed to have gone. I was talking to Dan about our mutual desire to clear up any discrepancies in 
funding, and I think we've cleaned up those discrepancies. My message to 
those who work here is: We want you to know how important your work is; 
we appreciate what you're doing; and we expect you to keep doing it; and 
we want to help you keep doing it.
    I want to thank Dan. He's going to be saying 
some stuff here in a minute, so we're not going to--I'm just going to 
thank him. I want to thank your staff for hosting us. It's a pain to 
host the President. [Laughter] But anyway, you've done a fine job. And I 
want to thank the Governor of the State of Colorado, Bill Owens, for joining us. The United States Senator Ken Salazar--thanks for coming, Ken. I appreciate 
it. The Congressman from this district, Bob 
Beauprez--I appreciate you being here. The Congressman from the 
adjoining district, Mark Udall--Mark, there you 
go. Thanks for coming.
    We got all kinds of people--we got the mayor--appreciate you coming, 
Mayor Baroch. Thanks for coming, mayor. 
Just fill the potholes. [Laughter] You got a great city; thanks for 
having us. I appreciate the statehouse folks, Senator Andy 
McElhany and Joe Stengel, from this district. I think that's right. Appreciate you 
coming. Thank you, Andy. Good to see you. I want to thank the 
directors--thank everybody. [Laughter]
    So the challenge is, what do we do to achieve objectives? In other 
words, we set goals--so what do we need to do? What do we need to do as 
a nation to meet the goal? How can we fulfill our responsibilities that 
really say we understand the problems we face? So here's what we need to 
do.
    First, we need to make sure we're the leader of technology in the 
world. I don't mean just relative to previous times in American history. 
I think this country needs to lead the world and continue to lead the 
world. And so, how do you do that? First,

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there's a Federal commitment to spending research dollars. In my State 
of the Union, I called on Congress to double the research in basic 
sciences at the Federal level. This will help places like NREL. It will 
continue this grand tradition of the Federal Government working with the 
private sector to spend valuable research money in order to make sure we 
develop technologies that keep us as the leader.
    In order for us to achieve this national goal of becoming less 
dependent on foreign sources of oil, we've got to spend money. And the 
best place to do that is through research labs such as NREL. Now, we 
also got to recognize that two-thirds of the money spent on research in 
the United States comes from the private sector. See? So it's one thing 
for the Federal Government to make a commitment of doubling the funding 
over a 10-year period, but we've got to recognize that most of the money 
is done through corporate America, through the private sector.
    And one thing that seems like a smart thing to do, for me, is to 
make the tax rules clear. The research and development tax credit 
expires on an annual basis. It doesn't make any sense to say to 
corporate America or the private sector, ``Plan for the long run, but 
we're not going to tell you whether or not the Tax Code is going to be 
the same from year to year.'' And so, in order to encourage that two-
thirds of the investment in the private sector--necessary to help us 
achieve national goals and objectives, one of which is to stay on the 
leading edge of innovation--is to have the research and development tax 
credit a permanent part of our Tax Code.
    Now, in order to get us less addicted to oil, we got to figure out 
where we use oil, and that's pretty easy, when you think about it. We 
use a lot of oil for our transportation needs. And so if we can change 
the way we drive our cars and our trucks, we can change our addiction to 
oil. And laboratories such as this are doing unbelievably interesting 
work on helping us change the way we drive our automobiles. And you're 
going to hear some interesting discussion with people who are on the 
frontlines of these technological changes.
    Just--I want to tell the American people three ways that we can 
change the way we drive our automobiles. One is through the use of 
hybrid vehicles. And Congress wisely increased the tax credit available 
to those who purchase hybrid vehicles. In other words, we're trying to 
increase demand for hybrid vehicles. You can get up to a $3,400 tax 
credit now if you buy a hybrid vehicle. Hybrid vehicles are vehicles 
that use a gasoline engine to help charge a battery, and when the 
battery is charged, the battery kicks in, and if the battery gets low, 
the gasoline engine kicks back in to charge the battery. It's a hybrid--
in other words, two sources of power for the engine.
    The new technological breakthrough, however, is going to be when we 
develop batteries that are able to enable an automobile to drive, say, 
the first 40 miles on electricity alone. Those are what we call plug-in 
hybrid vehicles. And yesterday I was at Johnson Controls, which is one 
of the private-sector companies that are developing the new technologies 
to enable cars to be able to not need the gasoline engine to charge the 
battery. Now, that saves a lot of--you can begin to think about how this 
new technology is going to enable us to save on gasoline use, which 
makes us less dependent on crude oil, since crude oil is the feedstock 
for gasoline.
    The idea is to have an automobile, say, that can drive 40 miles on 
the battery, as I mentioned. But if you're living in a big city, that's 
probably all you're going to need for that day's driving. And then you 
can get home and plug your car right into the outlet in your house. This 
is coming. I mean, we're close to this. It's going to require more 
research dollars. The budget I submitted to the Congress does have money 
in it for this type of research for

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new types of batteries. But I want the people to know we're close. The 
hybrid vehicles you're buying today are an important part of making sure 
you save money when it comes to driving. But they're going to change 
with the right research and development. Technology will make it so that 
the hybrid vehicles are even better in getting us less addicted on oil 
and making it good for the consumer's pocketbook.
    Secondly, there is a fantastic technology brewing--I say brewing; 
it's kind of a catch on words here--[laughter]--called ethanol. I mean, 
it's--there's a lot of folks in the Midwest driving--using what's called 
E-85 gasoline. It means 85 percent of the fuel they're putting in their 
car is derived from corn. This is exciting news for those of us worried 
about addiction to oil. I mean, you grow a lot of corn; you're less 
dependent on foreign sources of energy. Using corn for fuel helps our 
farmers and helps our foreign policy at the same time. It's a good deal.
    The problem is, we need more sources of ethanol. We need more--need 
to use different products than just corn. Got to save some corn to eat, 
of course. [Laughter] Corn flakes without corn is kind of--[laughter]. 
And so one of the interesting things happening in this laboratory and 
around the country is what's called the development of cellulosic 
ethanol. That's a fancy word for using switchgrass, corn--or wood 
products, stuff that you generally allow to decompose, to become a 
source of energy.
    And as our fellow citizens begin to think to whether or not it makes 
sense to spend research, imagine--dollars on this technology, imagine 
people in the desert being able to grow switchgrasses that they can then 
convert into energy for ethanol for the cars that they're driving there 
in Arizona. I mean, all of a sudden, the whole equation about energy 
production begins to shift dramatically. And we're going to hear a lot 
about cellulosic ethanol.
    Finally, hydrogen fuel cells--it's not a short-term solution or an 
intermediate-term solution, but it's definitely a long-term solution. It 
will help us achieve grand objectives: less dependence on oil and the 
production of automobiles that have zero emissions that could harm our 
air. And we'll talk a lot about hydrogen fuel cells.
    Finally, I do want to talk about technologies that will enable us to 
change the way we power our homes and businesses, which is the second 
part of the strategy, the Advanced Energy Initiative strategy.
    First of all, there's huge pressure on natural gas; people in 
Colorado know what I'm talking about. We've been using a lot of natural 
gas for the generation of electricity. And we got to change that. 
Natural gas is important for manufacturing. It's important for 
fertilizers. But to use it for electricity is causing enormous pressure, 
because we're not getting enough natural gas produced.
    One way to alleve [alleviate]* the pressure on price is to expand 
the use of liquefied natural gas through new terminals. And I want to 
thank the Congress for passing new siting rights in the energy bill that 
will enable us to have more terminals for us to be able to receive 
liquefied natural gas from parts of the world that can produce it 
cheaply--liquefy it, and then ship it to the United States.???
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    *White House correction.
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    But the other way to take the price off of gas is to better use 
coal, nuclear power, solar and wind energy. Now, when you hear people 
say coal, it causes people to shudder, because coal--it's hard to burn 
it. But we have got--we're spending about $2 billion over a 10-year 
period to develop clean coal technologies. If technology can help the 
way we live, technology can certainly help change the way we utilize 
coal. And it's important that we spend money on new technologies so we 
can burn coal cleanly, because we got 250 years worth of coal reserves.

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    One way to take the pressure off natural gas is to use coal more 
efficiently. We believe by 2015, we'll have developed the first zero-
emission coal-fire electricity plant. We're making progress. We're 
spending money; research is good. The American taxpayers have got to 
know that by spending money on this vital research, that we're going to 
be able to use our abundant sources of coal in an environmentally 
friendly way and help with your electricity bills.
    Secondly, we've got to use nuclear power more effectively and more 
efficiently. We haven't built a plant since the 1970s. You're seeing 
now, France has built a lot of plants since the 1970s. They get about 85 
percent of their electricity from nuclear power. And technology has 
changed dramatically, and I believe we can build plants in a safe way 
and, at the same time, generate cost-effective electricity that does 
not--that the process of which won't pollute.
    And so we've begun to, in the energy bill, begun to provide 
incentives for the nuclear power industry to start siting plants. It 
just doesn't make any sense to me that we don't use this technology if 
we're interested in becoming less dependent on foreign sources of energy 
and we want to protect our environment.
    And finally, solar and wind technologies--we're also going to talk 
about that. NREL is doing a lot of important work on solar and wind 
technology. The vision for solar is, one day, each home becomes a little 
power unit unto itself, that photovoltaic processes will enable you to 
become a little power generator, and that if you generate more power 
than you use, you can feed it back into the grid.
    I was, yesterday, in Michigan, and went to United Solar, and they've 
got some fantastic technologies. Dan was quick to 
remind me, others have fantastic technologies as well. [Laughter] I just 
hadn't seen them firsthand. But the American people need to know, with 
additional research dollars, which we're proposing to Congress, we're 
close to some important breakthroughs--to be able to use this technology 
to help folks power their homes by the Sun.
    And finally, wind--we don't have a lot of turbines in Washington, 
but there's a lot of wind there, I can assure you of that. [Laughter] 
But there are parts of the country where there are turbines. They say to 
me that there's about 6 percent of the country that's perfectly suited 
for wind energy, and that if the technology is developed further, that 
it's possible we could generate up to 20 percent of our electricity 
needs through wind and turbine.
    What I'm talking about is a comprehensive strategy. In other words, 
we're not relying upon one aspect of renewable energy to help this 
country become less dependent; we're talking about a variety of fronts. 
And we're willing to work with both the public sector and private sector 
to make sure that we achieve breakthroughs. And I'm fired up about it 
and so should the American people be. I mean, we're close to changing 
the way we live in an incredibly positive way. And therefore, I want to 
thank the folks at NREL for being a part of this exciting movement. It's 
got to be pretty interesting to be one of these guys working on how to 
make switchgrass go to fuel. I mean, it's got to make you feel good 
about your work, because you're doing the country a great service.
    And so with that in mind, I've asked Dan Arvizu to join us. He's the director of the NREL. That means 
he's--that means you're the boss? [Laughter]
    Dan Arvizu. Only part of the time.
    The President. Only part of the time.
    Mr. Arvizu. Until I get home. [Laughter]
    The President. Why don't you tell the folks--that's a smart man. 
[Laughter] Why don't you tell the folks what you do here so people can 
understand.

[At this point, Mr. Arvizu, director, National Renewable Energy 
Laboratory, made brief remarks.]

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    The President. I think what he's saying is, 
one of these days, we're going to take wood chips--[laughter]--put them 
through the factory, and it's going to be fuel you can put in your car. 
Is that right?
    Mr. Arvizu. That's absolutely true. 
[Laughter]
    The President. Stuff that would normally--[applause]. That's the 
difference between a Ph.D. and the C student. [Laughter]
    Mr. Arvizu. I didn't want to say that.
    The President. Yes, right. [Laughter] Anyway, keep going. [Laughter]
    Mr. Arvizu. One of the other areas that we're 
tremendously excited by is photovoltaics. You mentioned the 
photovoltaics.
    The President. Explain what photovoltaics are. I threw it out there 
as kind of, you know, showing off, but tell people what it means.
    Mr. Arvizu. Photovoltaics is actually the 
direct conversion of sunlight to electricity through a semiconductor 
material, and it's essentially what we use in computers for chips that 
power those things. And to a large degree, it's a technology that's been 
around a long time, but it has become much closer to commercialization. 
Now, in high-value markets, it is commercial today.

[Mr. Arvizu continued his remarks.]

    The President. See, what's changed is, the global supply for fossil 
fuels is outstripping the--the global demand is outstripping the global 
supply. And so you're seeing a price of the feedstock of normal energy 
going up, and technology driving the price of alternatives down. And 
that's why this is a really interesting moment that we're going to see. 
It's changed a lot of thinking. The price of natural gas and the price 
of crude oil has absolutely made these competitive alternative sources 
of energy real. And the question is, do we have the technological 
breakthroughs to make it such that it can get to your gas tanks?

[Mr. Arvizu made further remarks.]

    The President. Thank you, sir. Larry Burns, why don't you explain to folks what you do for a living.
    Lawrence D. Burns. Well, I'm 
responsible for research and development and strategic planning for 
General Motors. And I've been doing that, working for General Motors, 
for 37 years, actually.
    The President. Thirty-seven years?
    Mr. Burns. Yes. I started out in 
kindergarten.
    The President. Yes, I was going to say. [Laughter] You're obviously 
not in politics because your hair is not gray. [Laughter]
    You know, it's interesting--I bet you people don't know this--a lot 
of people don't know--there are 4.5 million automobiles on the road 
today that can either burn gasoline or ethanol--called flex-fuel 
vehicles. Isn't that interesting? And people don't know that. In other 
words, the technology is available.
    Pick it up from there. I'm trying to give you--[laughter].

[Mr. Burns, vice president of research and development and strategic 
planning, General Motors, made brief remarks.]

    The President. Tell people what a flex-fuel vehicle is. What is it? 
Tell them what it is.
    Mr. Burns. What it is, it's a vehicle 
that can burn both gasoline and E-85 ethanol. As you explained, it's 85 
percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline. So any mixture between gasoline 
and E-85, the vehicle can burn. And in fact, E-85 burns cleaner and 
yields higher horsepower than gasoline. It's renewable, and it can be 
homegrown. So we think it's an ideal fuel.
    The President. Does it cost much----
    Mr. Burns. Well, from a cost 
standpoint----
    The President. ----to make the engine----
    Mr. Burns. No, no, actually not. It's 
a pretty straightforward thing for us to do. The fuel injectors in your 
engine have to be changed, but this is one of the reasons

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we can do it in high volume and give our customers the choice for----
    The President. In other words, this isn't something that's going to 
be real expensive to the consumer, if somebody wants a flex-fuel 
vehicle?
    Mr. Burns. No, not in terms of the 
vehicle.

[Mr. Burns continued his remarks.]

    The President. Yes, just one quick point--sorry to interrupt. But 
people are sitting there saying, ``Well, okay, maybe you've manufactured 
the fuel from different sources, but do you have the automobiles to use 
it?'' And the point is, the technology is already advanced. I mean, 
they're out there, people on the road using it. So the question is, now, 
can we get the fuel manufactured close to where people are driving flex-
fuel vehicles, or vice versa, so that we can get this technology 
expanded throughout the country? Go ahead.

[Mr. Burns made further remarks.]

    The President. That's great. We're spending $1.2 billion over a 5-
year period on--or 10-year period for hydrogen research. I would warn 
folks that I think the hybrid battery and the ethanol technologies will 
precede hydrogen. Hydrogen is a longer-term opportunity. It's going to 
take awhile for hydrogen automobiles to develop, plus the infrastructure 
necessary to make sure people can actually have convenience when it 
comes to filling up your car with hydrogen. But nevertheless, I'm 
pleased to hear that GM is like--joining the Federal Government on the 
leading edge of technological change.
    Mr. Burns. The important part about 
that battery, too, is it's a stepping stone to the fuel-cell vehicle. 
We'll imagine our fuel-cell vehicles will have some form of storing 
energy, because as your car slows down, you want to capture that energy 
and store it. So it's not like we're making one investment here that 
doesn't help another one. They all come together--the ethanol, the 
batteries, and the fuel cells are really one in the same roadmap to get 
to the future that offers a lot of alternatives for our Nation.
    The President. Great. Thanks for joining us.
    Mr. Burns. Thank you.
    The President. Patty Stulp.
    Patty Stulp. Hi. Good morning, Mr. 
President.
    The President. You've got an interesting business.
    Ms. Stulp. I do, thank you. I blend ethanol 
for gasoline refiner.
    The President. You blend ethanol for a gasoline refinery.
    Ms. Stulp. Would you like me to tell you 
about it?
    The President. I wish you would. [Laughter] Please don't ask me to 
tell you about it. [Laughter]
    Ms. Stulp. I've been involved in the ethanol 
industry for over 20 years. I grew up on a farm in Yuma County. I need 
to point out that Yuma County is the number one corn-producing county in 
the Nation most years. I'm a fourth generation----
    The President. Number one corn-producing county in the country.
    Ms. Stulp. It's in Colorado.
    The President. Really?
    Ms. Stulp. We grow a lot of corn, about----
    The President. That's not what they told me in Iowa, but that's all 
right. [Laughter] I believe you.

[Ms. Stulp, president, Ethanol Management Co., made brief remarks.]

    The President. Well said. Our economy--a strong economy is one that 
needs a good farm economy. And the more markets there are for our 
farmers, the stronger the economy is going to be. And ethanol is just 
another market.
    Ms. Stulp. Mr. President, we really 
appreciate your support of this program.
    The President. Well, listen, it makes sense. Anybody who doesn't 
support it

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doesn't quite understand the problems we face. But thanks. Good job. 
You're a pioneer yourself.
    Ms. Stulp. Thank you.
    The President. Colorado is famous for pioneers. [Laughter]
    Bill Frey, straight out of Delaware, is that 
right?
    William Frey. Straight out of Delaware, yes.
    The President. Welcome.
    Mr. Frey. Thank you.
    The President. Tell people what you do.

[Mr. Frey, global business director, DuPont Biobased Materials, made 
brief remarks.]

    The President. Are you dedicating a lot of dollars to research and 
development? I know you are in general, but how about to alternative 
sources of energy?
    Mr. Frey. Absolutely. Absolutely. And we're 
doing it in two regards. Most of the discussion so far has been around 
the issue of fuels as an output. We do a lot of work in terms of using 
cellulose-based or using corn-based raw materials to make materials as 
well.

[Mr. Frey continued his remarks.]

    The President. Good. Let's see what I can ask you here. [Laughter] 
What is your relationship--what is the nature of the relationship with 
NREL? When you say you work with NREL, tell people how the private 
sector and government entities interface.
    Mr. Frey. So everyone--people have mentioned 
biorefinery--I think probably everyone so far has mentioned 
biorefinery--and we're working very closely with NREL. NREL, of course, 
has had a number of years of being in the space looking at renewable 
energy, doing a lot of the foundation work that allows us to now look at 
how we're going to commercialize cellulosics. So we're doing a lot of 
work in the area of biorefinery with NREL, looking at how we can take a 
process which, today, has challenges associated with the economics of 
doing it, so it's an issue of economic. It's not a technology issue; the 
technology works. It's the economics of that technology. So we're 
spending a lot of time on trying to solve those problems.
    The President. Do you have people here from your company coming----
    Mr. Frey. Actually, there are people meeting 
today offsite, because of this particular event. [Laughter]
    The President. I said I was a pain. Look, I said it up front. 
[Laughter]

[Mr. Frey made further remarks.]

    The President. Part of it's the process of converting the 
switchgrass to fuel, and part of it's to make sure the manufacturing 
process yields a cost-effective product. And that's a lot of what you're 
discussing, which is important.
    Mr. Frey. And it's important, I think, also, 
for a lot of the constituents to know that there isn't an either/or 
situation as it relates to the type of work that we're doing with 
cellulose. There's some confusion at times, as to is cellulosic going to 
take the place of corn-based ethanol, and of course, it's not going to 
at all.
    The President. The answer is, no. We have plenty of demand. I mean, 
there's going to be a lot of cars. We've only got 4.5 million cars--what 
are there, 220 million cars in America? And by the way, just to make 
sure everybody's expectations are set, our fleet is not going to change 
overnight. It takes awhile. When you get new technologies available for 
people to buy--hybrid vehicles or flex-fuel vehicles--it takes awhile to 
change a 220-million car fleet to a modern fleet.
    And so what we're talking about is an evolution, so people don't 
have the expectations that overnight, there's going to be millions of 
people driving hybrid vehicles or--we want them to be. It's just going 
to--from a practical perspective, it takes awhile. Thanks.

[Mr. Frey made further remarks.]

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    The President. I think the Nation--part of this deal today is to 
help develop national will. Most Americans understand the problems. And 
so good, thanks for joining. You did a fine job. Tell them back--hello 
there in Delaware.
    Mr. Frey. All right. I'm sure they're watching 
so----
    The President. They're watching. Well, give them a wave.
    Mr. Frey. Okay. [Laughter]
    The President. Lori Vaclavik.
    Lori Vaclavik. Vaclavik.
    The President. Vaclavik. It's a very--you're an interesting addition 
to the panel. Besides being a fine person, tell people what you do. I 
think people will find this interesting.

[Ms. Vaclavik, executive director, Habitat for Humanity of Metro Denver, 
made brief remarks.]

    The President. Great, thanks--well-spoken. If anybody in the Denver 
area wants to contribute to help somebody's life be better life, join 
Habitat for Humanity. I mean, it's--if you want to--the truth of the 
matter is, I was just thinking about--we're talking about power and 
power sources and everything; the true power of the country is the 
hearts and souls of citizens who volunteer to help change people's 
lives. So, thanks. Beautiful statement--using some technology to help 
somebody. But you're right; the great source of inspiration is the fact 
that we got a new homeowner. Yes, that's neat.
    Welcome. Dale, step forth. [Laughter]
    Dale Gardner. I'm here, sir.
    The President. Good. Reporting for duty. Are you gainfully employed?
    Mr. Gardner. I am. [Laughter] As long as 
you're kind to my boss, Mr. President. [Laughter]
    The President. As long as Congress quits earmarking, anyway.
    Mr. Gardner. Well, we could talk about that 
too. [Laughter] I am here at NREL, but I directly support the hydrogen 
program back at the Department of Energy.
    The President. Great.

[Mr. Gardner, associate lab director for systems integration, National 
Renewable Energy Laboratory, made brief remarks.]

    The President. So, like if you got a 2-year-old child, when the 
person gets to be 12, maybe thinking about driving a car, all of a 
sudden, the technology becomes more real--pretty close. For a guy 59, 10 
years is a lot. [Laughter] If you're 2, it's not all that much. 
[Laughter] It's conceivable that a 2-year-old today could be taking a 
driver's test in a hydrogen-powered automobile.
    Keep going.
    Mr. Gardner. So here's what we're doing. 
The major technological challenges--I can boil them up into three areas. 
There are many, but here is a good way to think about it. The first is 
production of hydrogen. Hydrogen, even though it's the most common 
element in the universe, here on Earth, it's not found freely. It's 
bound up into these larger molecules, and therefore, it takes us energy 
and dollars to break it free. So that's the main thing.
    The President. One reason why we need to expand nuclear power is to 
be able to help manufacture ample quantities of hydrogen to help change 
the way we live.
    Mr. Gardner. That's exactly right. We can 
take that electricity from a nuclear powerplant, electrolyze water, 
which just means break the hydrogen free from the oxygen, and then have 
it for a fuel source. So production is one of our big goals. And the 
goal there, of course, is to make the cost of the hydrogen competitive 
with gasoline today; otherwise, you and I won't want to buy it at the 
filling station.
    The President. Correct.
    Mr. Gardner. The second area is storage. 
This is really an interesting one. Because hydrogen is the simplest 
element, it has the complexity that affects us in terms of using 
hydrogen in vehicles. We have to go

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put hydrogen in a tank, just as we do gasoline. Well, because it's so 
light and its density is so low, it's really hard to pack enough of it 
into a tank that's not the size of your whole trunk, such that we can 
get 300 miles down the road. And for Larry to sell a car to one of us, 
we want to go at least 300 miles more, especially when you're driving in 
Texas--a long way between filling stations. [Laughter]
    The President. Yes. And we want more than one seat in the 
automobile. [Laughter]

[Mr. Gardner made further remarks.]

    The President. So you've been looking at this for 3 years. Is this 
like science fiction, or are we talking about something that you think 
will come to fruition?
    Mr. Gardner. This is going to happen.
    The President. Pretty exciting, isn't it?
    Mr. Gardner. It's going to be out in the 
middle of the century. It's not going to be something that's going to 
happen in the next 15 or 20 years, but it's going to be the way our kids 
and our grandkids view the energy structure of our country. It's very 
exciting work.
    The President. In 1981, I don't think anybody ever thought there 
would be such a thing as e-mail. Matter of fact, we were still writing 
letters longhand, if I recall. Typewriters were kind of the--now it's 
computer. It's amazing what research and development can do to the way 
we live; pay phones to cell phones in 20 years. I think what we're 
hearing is change of lifestyle in incredibly important ways in the 
research that's taking place.
    You can't have--we live in an instant gratification world, so we got 
to be wise about how we make investments. Part of the strategy is 
intermediate term, part of the strategy is long term. And thanks for 
explaining an important long-term strategy. You did a fine job, kind of 
boiled it down, simplified it--point one, two, three. [Laughter]
    Mr. Gardner. I heard what you said today 
on----
    The President. That's good, yes. Thank you for joining us. Thanks 
for your work on that.
    Finally, Pat Vincent, the president 
and CEO of----
    Patricia K. Vincent. Public Service 
Company of Colorado.
    The President. Great. Thanks for joining us.
    Ms. Vincent. Thank you.
    The President. You have a vested interest in all this.

[Ms. Vincent, president and chief executive officer, Public Service Co. 
of Colorado, made brief remarks.]

    The President. First let me--before you--what is the main source of 
your power today?
    Ms. Vincent. It's a mix between coal 
and natural gas.
    The President. Coal--right, right--50-50?
    Ms. Vincent. We have some nuclear in 
Minnesota, depends on the State. Here in Colorado, it's predominantly 
natural gas.
    The President. And what States do you cover?
    Ms. Vincent. We cover 10 States. We 
cover the panhandle of Texas.
    The President. Do you?
    Ms. Vincent. We do. Oklahoma----
    The President. People paying their bills down there? [Laughter]
    Ms. Vincent. They are; they are.
    The President. That's good. A fine part of the country, I want to 
you know. Well, you don't need to name them all, a 10-State area.
    Ms. Vincent. Yes, 10 States.
    The President. And you're based where?
    Ms. Vincent. I'm based here in 
Denver, and this is our largest utility company here--is in Colorado. 
And we have a wind source program that's been around since 1998.

[Ms. Vincent continued her remarks.]

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    The President. So, like, when you analyze the wind turbine 
technology, is it advancing rapidly? Is there more advances being made--
or am I getting you out of your lane here?
    Ms. Vincent. No, it's advancing 
rapidly. And what we're finding is like Dan talked about, the demand for 
solar--is that the demand for the turbines is starting to outstrip the 
supply. And a lot of it's going overseas. The production tax credit 
really helps us here because it kind of goes in boom and bust cycles, so 
that has really helped us levelize the demand and make them commercially 
feasible. And people like GE are making big strides in wind technology.
    The President. Good.
    Ms. Vincent. Second programs we have 
are with NREL, and we have two. And the first one is a wind to hydrogen 
program. And I don't know about your experience with wind, but it does 
blow intermittently here in Colorado and----
    The President. It does in Washington too. [Laughter]
    Ms. Vincent. I wasn't sure if it was 
all the time or just intermittently.
    The President. Lately, all the time. [Laughter]

[Ms. Vincent made further remarks.]

    The President. By the way, this may interest you if you are--these 
people manufacturing photovoltaic products can't make enough. I mean, 
the demand for these things is huge. And there's just not enough 
capacity. The plant we were at yesterday is going to double in size. 
They're making neat roofing materials, by the way. I'm not their 
marketing guy--[laughter]--just happens to be on my mind. What's 
interesting about the discussion is the utility industry needs 
alternative sources of energy in order for them to be able to do their 
job. I think that's what you're saying.
    Ms. Vincent. Yes, and it's good for 
our customers. It's good for the communities; it's good for us----
    The President. Absolutely.
    Ms. Vincent. ----our shareholders.
    The President. It's good for your customers; it's good for you.
    Ms. Vincent. Yes.
    The President. And I know you feel that way. Managing peak 
electricity loads with alternative sources of energy makes a lot of 
sense.
    Ms. Vincent. Yes, it does.
    The President. Good. You did a fine job.
    Ms. Vincent. Thank you.
    The President. So that's why we're here, to talk about a variety of 
options to achieve a great national goal. And there's no doubt in my 
mind we're going to achieve it. And it's exciting. It's exciting times 
to be involved with all aspects of this strategy. And you heard some of 
our fellow citizens describe to you what they're doing to be a part of 
this giant effort to change the way we live, so that future generations 
of Americans will look back at this period and say, ``Thank goodness 
there was yet another generation of pioneers and entrepreneurs willing 
to think differently on behalf of the country.''
    Thanks for coming. God bless. Good job.

Note: The President spoke at 9:19 a.m. at the National Renewable Energy 
Laboratory. In his remarks, he referred to Mayor Charles J. Baroch of 
Golden, CO; Colorado State Senator Andy McElhany; and Joe Stengel, 
minority leader, Colorado State House of Representatives. The Office of 
the Press Secretary also released a Spanish language transcript of these 
remarks.

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