[Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: WILLIAM J. CLINTON (2000, Book II)]
[August 9, 2000]
[Pages 1584-1590]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office www.gpo.gov]



Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom
August 9, 2000

    The President.  Thank you. Good afternoon. Welcome to the White 
House. I want to join Hillary in 
welcoming all those who have been acknowledged and all the other family 
and friends of our honorees today. And I want to thank her for many 
things but especially for the conversations that we had leading up to 
this day about people who should be selected and the reasons there. Some 
of them reflect, now that we've been here 8 years and been involved in 
public life for nearly three decades, a lot of personal experiences that 
we have had. And we had a lot of good times talking about who should be 
here today and why.
    More than 60 years ago, President Franklin Roosevelt said, ``Freedom 
cannot be bestowed. It must be achieved.'' From the founding of our 
Nation, it has been the duty of each generation to achieve freedom all 
over again, to expand it, to deepen its meaning, to widen the circle of 
those who are included as full citizens.
    Today we honor 15 men and women who have done exactly that. They 
have helped America to achieve freedom. It is my honor, on behalf

[[Page 1585]]

of a proud nation, to award each of them the Presidential Medal of 
Freedom, our highest civilian honor. In the words of our Constitution, 
they have helped us to secure the blessings of liberty by acts of 
bravery, conscience, and creativity. I am grateful for those who are 
here and for those who are being honored who are not here today.
    When Jim Burke was just starting out in 
business, his boss called him into the office and told him to shut the 
door. He had just made a mistake, and he was convinced he was about to 
be fired. Instead, his boss congratulated him, saying his mistake meant 
he was making decisions and taking risks. Over the years, his 
willingness to make the tough call in times of crisis and to put the 
public interest above all else has placed a higher premium on candor and 
corporate citizenship in the business world.
    In an age when many look only to the bottom line, he draws his values from a deeper well. Jim took a risk when 
he became chairman of the Partnership for a Drug-Free America. Most 
people think that's a problem you can talk about but not much you can do 
about. There are clearly few challenges tougher and few more vital than 
teaching our young people about the dangers of drugs, helping more to 
avoid them, helping more to overcome addiction, once they have become 
involved.
    Like every other challenge in his life, he met it head on. Among other things, he's raised billions 
of dollars in private resources to help do the job. He has worked 
closely with administrations, both Democratic and Republican, with the 
Office of National Drug Control and Prevention.
    Last year the teen drug use rate fell substantially, thanks in no 
small measure to years and years and years of passionate devotion by Jim 
Burke. Thanks to him, our families are 
healthier; our communities are safer; our Nation is stronger.
    Commander, read the citation.

[Comdr. Michael M. Gilday, USN, Navy Aide 
to the President, read the citation, and the President presented the 
medal.]

    The President.  In the fall of 1951, in the mountains of North 
Korea, a young marine made himself a promise: Whatever he faced in 
battle, he would strive to act just as his commander would act. His 
commander's name: John Chafee.
    Captain Chafee set the standard for bravery, decency, and integrity, 
not only in war but later in a long and distinguished career: first as 
Governor of Rhode Island; later, Secretary of the Navy; then in 1976, by 
election of the people of Rhode Island, a United States Senator, where 
he would serve with distinction until his death 9 months ago. All of us 
who love public service and believe in America still miss him very much.
    Senator Chafee took on the tough issues, from health care to child 
care to, most of all, the environment, even when it meant that he had to 
take on people in his own party. He proved that politics can be an 
honorable profession. He embodied the decent and vital center that puts 
progress in the public interest above partisanship.
    Today we offer this tribute to the man most people called Senator, 
but whose riflemen still proudly called Captain. His wonderful wife, 
Ginny, and his whole family are here on his 
behalf. We welcome them all.
    Commander, read the citation.

[Commander Gilday read the citation, and 
the President presented the medal.]

    The President.  In March of 1999, as Slobodan Milosevic unleashed 
his army and police on the people of Kosovo, General Wesley 
Clark, NATO's Supreme Commander, was given 
the first military mission of its kind, directing the forces of a 19-
nation alliance to end a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing.
    The stakes were monumental. Almost a million people had been driven 
from their homes solely because of their ethnic and religious 
backgrounds. Success would save lives, strengthen NATO, advance the 
cause of freedom, democracy, and unity in Europe. Failure would leave 
much of the continent awash in a sea of refugees and end the 20th 
century on a note of helpless indignation in the face of evil.
    Wes Clark well understood the perils of 
the Balkans, for he had already played a vital role in ending the war in 
Bosnia and beginning the long process of building a stable, multiethnic 
democracy in that country. He summoned every ounce of his experience and 
expertise as a strategist, a soldier, and a statesman to wage our 
campaign in Kosovo. He prevailed, miraculously, without the loss of a 
single combat casualty.
    At the apex of a long and distinguished military career that goes 
back to his outstanding performance as a cadet at West Point over 30

[[Page 1586]]

years ago, he was assigned a challenge many 
experts thought was ``mission impossible.'' Instead, thanks to General 
Clark, we now can declare it ``mission accomplished.''
    Commander, read the citation.

[Commander Gilday read the citation, and 
the President presented the medal.]

    The President.  As a young officer, Bill Crowe seemed to seize every opportunity for a 
nontraditional Navy career. He took a leave to earn a master's in 
education. He passed up an invitation to join the nuclear submarine 
program so he could earn a Ph.D. in politics at Princeton. A few years 
later, when Dr. Crowe found himself named Rear Admiral Crowe, he was 
quite surprised. Only later did he learn that Admiral Zumwalt that year 
had ordered all naval promotion boards to consider, and I quote, 
``iconoclasts.'' [Laughter]
    Bill Crowe has always been an innovative 
and independent thinker. He was the first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs 
with a mandate to promote greater cooperation among the Armed Forces, 
along with the power to reshape their respective roles and missions. He 
used that power to build a military more agile and efficient for the 
global age.
    From that chairmanship to his ambassadorship at the Court of Saint 
James in our administration, Bill Crowe has 
been the right leader for changing times. Even more, he has, himself, 
helped to change the times, to enhance our strength, advance the peace, 
and quicken the march of freedom. He is an iconoclast but an immensely 
patriotic one.
    Commander, read the citation.

[Commander Gilday read the citation, and 
the President presented the medal.]

    The President.  Her namesake is Marian Anderson, one of the greatest 
American singers of all time. The power and range of this 
Marian's voice is even greater. It 
brought Robert Kennedy to Mississippi, helped to organize the Poor 
People's Campaign, inspired Hillary and thousands of other citizens, 
young and old, to join her through the years in the crusade that has 
become known as the Children's Defense Fund, the base from which she has 
changed the future for millions of America's children, by grassroots 
actions and successful lobbying in Congress, for health care, child 
care, education, and so much more.
    Marian Wright Edelman has lived a 
life of giving. In the process, she has built a family of distinguished 
citizen-givers. She is a tireless advocate, a driving force, a crusader 
of conscience. Like her namesake, Marian's voice is always strong and 
true, singing that we are all children of God and, therefore, must 
protect all our children.
    Commander, read the citation.

[Commander Gilday read the citation, and 
the President presented the medal.]

    The President.  The first thing you notice about John Kenneth 
Galbraith is neither his wit nor his 
intellect; those are the second and third things. First, you notice his 
height--[laughter]--which, like his passion for public service, is a 
legacy of his father. The elder Galbraith once told him, ``We are 
obliged because of our enormous size to alter the world to our 
specifications.'' [Laughter] That is just what Professor Galbraith has 
spent a lifetime doing. From the lecture halls of Harvard to wartime 
Washington to a diplomatic post in India, he has altered our world, 
making it better, nobler, more just.
    It is ironic that John Kenneth Galbraith actually coined the term ``conventional wisdom,'' since he 
spent his entire life challenging it. [Laughter] He once said he always 
suspected President Kennedy sent him to India just to be free of his 
political advice and policy ideas. [Laughter] Actually, President 
Kennedy drew a lot from those ideas, as have generations of American 
leaders and thinkers ever since.
    Professor Galbraith writes with such 
eloquence and clarity that his ideas are accessible to all of us, 
helping us not just to understand the economy but also to remember that 
it is the providence of more than a privileged few.
    Commander, read the citation.

[Commander Gilday read the citation, and 
the President presented the medal.]

    The President.  Monsignor George Higgins believes in the dignity of work, and he's not shy about 
fighting for it. For more than 60 years now, he has organized, marched, 
prayed, and bled for the social and economic justice of working 
Americans.
    He spoke a fundamental truth when he 
said, ``Work is an important way in which we exercise our humanity. In 
return, society offers us not

[[Page 1587]]

only our daily bread but a sense that we, ourselves, are honored for the 
contributions we make.''
    Today we honor Monsignor Higgins for 
his work, for defending the right of working Americans to organize in 
factories, foundries, and fields and to better their own lives through 
collective action. His faith and his courage have strengthened not only 
our Nation's labor unions but our American Union.
    Commander, read the citation.

[Commander Gilday read the citation, and 
the President presented the medal.]

    The President. You are now about to witness one of the best things 
about this ceremony; for a change, I don't have to follow Jesse 
Jackson. [Laughter] But the truth is, America 
has followed Reverend Jackson, as he marched with Dr. King, walked the 
picket lines, ran for our Nation's highest office, instilling hope and 
inspiring millions, beginning with his own remarkable family.
    From the streets of Watts to the hollows of Appalachia, as my 
Special Envoy to Africa and the leader of Rainbow/PUSH, he has walked the walk of freedom. When I think of 
Rainbow/PUSH, I think of two things: Rainbow means we've all got a place 
at the table; push is what Jesse does when he thinks I'm not doing 
right. [Laughter]
    He has used his legendary prowess at 
persuading people to do things they are otherwise disinclined to do to 
free innocents imprisoned around the world, including American 
servicemen from the Middle East to the Balkans. With his Wall Street 
Project, he is forging the next frontier of freedom, economic freedom, 
reminding us that when we limit opportunities for some Americans, we 
limit possibilities for all Americans.
    His work for years has been an inspiration 
to the new markets initiative that I have undertaken, along with the 
Republican and Democratic leaders of the House and Senate, and when it 
becomes law, it will be in no small measure the result of the powerful 
example that he has set year after year.
    Dr. King said, ``Human progress never rolls on the wheels of 
inevitability. It comes through the tireless efforts of those willing to 
be co-workers with God.'' The cause of justice has no greater co-worker 
than Jesse Jackson. It's hard to imagine how 
we could have come as far as we have without the creative power, the 
keen intellect, the loving heart, and the relentless passion of Jesse 
Louis Jackson. And God isn't done with him yet.
    Commander, read the citation.

[Commander Gilday read the citation, and 
the President presented the medal.]

    The President.  As a Catholic schoolgirl, Millie Jeffrey dodged the stones of neighborhood bigots and 
watched as Klansmen marched through town with a burning cross. As a 
union organizer in Mississippi, she stood bravely as company men snapped 
bullwhips at her feet. Clearly, they didn't know whom they were up 
against. She may be small in stature and humble in manner, but she is 
very strong.
     She worked for Walter Reuther 
and counseled the Kennedys, influencing all with her courage and her 
unflagging commitment to social justice. To meet the need for more women 
in public office, she started the National Women's Political Caucus and 
sparked the effort to nominate Geraldine Ferraro 16 years ago.
    For countless women around the world, she remains an inspiration. Her impact will be felt for 
generations and her example never forgotten.
    Commander, read the citation.

[Commander Gilday read the citation, and 
the President presented the medal.]

    The President.  Nearly 20 years ago, very few researchers even knew 
what AIDS was. Even fewer had the courage to speak out about it. Dr. 
Mathilde Krim was one of the first to grasp 
its terrible implications. But she was not content simply to raise the 
alarm. She marshalled others to establish the American Foundation for 
AIDS Research, raising awareness, raising millions for research, and 
raising the hopes of countless people bravely confronting this deadly 
disease.
    Despite some promising scientific breakthroughs, we know the fight 
against AIDS is nowhere near won. As she 
reminds us, we must not grow complacent. She said recently, we're about 
halfway on a long road. Thanks to her vision, her ability to inspire, 
her enduring compassion for those in need, we now travel that road 
united and determined to prevail.
    Commander, read the citation.

[Commander Gilday read the citation, and 
the President presented the medal.]

[[Page 1588]]

    The President.  His roots lie deep in 
the South Dakota soil, in small-town farms, and the faith of his father, 
a Methodist pastor. After more than a half century in public life, 
George McGovern still draws on those teachings and traditions, and he 
still imparts them to the rest of us by the power of his example, the 
courage of his convictions, and his proud legacy of public service.
    Long before he became a Congressman 
or Senator or a United States Ambassador, he became a hero. His brave 
exploits in the skies above Europe earned him the Distinguished Flying 
Cross and, more important to him, the gratitude of the men he brought 
safely to ground. Returning home, he taught history, and then set out to 
make a little history himself, first, winning a seat in Congress, then a 
few years later creating the Food For Peace program, one of the great 
achievements of the Kennedy era.
    By the time he ran for President in 1972, Senator McGovern was not only a hero in war but a stalwart voice for 
peace in Vietnam. Hillary and I and several others in this room, 
including the National Security Adviser, Mr. Berger, and Eli Segal, who started 
AmeriCorps and our welfare-to-work partnership, were honored to embrace 
his conviction that we could move our country forward.
    For decades, his conviction never 
wavered. Nor has his early commitment to bringing food to the hungry. 
Today, he serves as our Ambassador to the U.N. Food and Agriculture 
Organization, and he has pledged to feed half a billion of the world's 
ill-fed. Senator McGovern and Senator Dole have come together to 
persuade me, along with Congressman McGovern and Senator McGovern's Senator, Tom Daschle, that the United States should lead the world to get 
one nutritious meal to every child in every poor country in the world. 
And I just announced a couple of days ago our first $300 million 
contribution to that goal.
    This initiative could not only feed hungry children but lead to the 
enrollment of millions of children not now in school, especially girls 
in poor countries. So, George McGovern's 
work continues.
    Commander, read the citation.

[Commander Gilday read the citation, and 
the President presented the medal.]

    The President.  On the wall of his Senate office are two framed magazine covers. One 
says, ``Moynihan: The Conscience of a Neo-conservative.'' The other 
says: ``Moynihan: Neo-liberal.'' [Laughter] I think he suspects that a 
great deal of his success in life has come as a result of keeping the 
rest of us slightly confused. [Laughter] But whatever label is assigned 
to him, not a day goes by when Daniel Patrick Moynihan is not 
brilliantly, dynamically, uniquely himself.
    He is Hell's Kitchen and the 
London School of Economics; a sailor in uniform and a professor in 
tweeds; a subtle, sophisticated wit, and a tough, blunt critic of social 
injustice; a man of ideas and a man of action. By this dazzling 
collection of qualities, Pat Moynihan has served and survived four 
successive Presidencies, the only American ever to have done so. Most of 
the people who work for me are glad to have survived one. [Laughter]
    He represented American 
interests in India. He has stood up for our ideals powerfully in the 
United Nations. New York sent him to the Senate in America's 
Bicentennial Year, and in the quarter-century since, he has championed 
diversity and waged without relent the War on Poverty he helped to 
launch.
    I was interested to learn, as Hillary said, that Senator 
Moynihan actually helped to create 
the medal he is about to receive. President Kennedy charged him with 
that task. And as the President decreed, the standard of achievement was 
set very high, indeed. I know that every American will agree that in the 
four decades since, Senator Moynihan has exceeded the standards set by 
every conceivable measure.
    Commander, read the citation.

[Commander Gilday read the citation, and 
the President presented the medal.]

    The President.  Cruz Reynoso is the son of 
Mexican immigrants who spent summers working with his family in the 
fields of the San Joaquin valley. As a child, he loved reading so much, 
his elementary school classmates called him El Profe, the Professor.
    Later, some told him to put aside his 
dreams of college, saying bluntly, they will never let you in. But with 
faith in himself and the values of our country, Cruz Reynoso went on to 
college and to law school but never forgot his roots. He worked for the 
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and led the pioneering 
California Rural Legal Assistance Program. In 1976

[[Page 1589]]

he was appointed Associate Justice of the California Court of Appeals 
and rose to become the first Latino to serve on the State's highest 
court.
    Today, he continues to labor in the fields 
of justice, serving as Vice Chair of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission, 
opening new doors for Latino lawyers and teaching a new generation of 
students the world of law. Not long ago, the person his classmates once 
called El Profe, was voted by his own students Professor of the Year.
    Commander, read the citation.

[Commander Gilday read the citation, and 
the President presented the medal.]

    The President.  In the New Testament Book of Romans, it is written: 
``And how shall they hear without a preacher?'' The Lord may have had 
that passage in mind the day Gardner Taylor was born, or once again, years later, when a terrible car 
accident convinced him to abandon law school and enter the ministry. His 
eloquence has inspired generations, helping us to see the hard 
challenges of life in the revealing light of Scripture.
    As founder of the Progressive National Baptist Convention, Reverend 
Taylor helped to galvanize black churches 
all across America in the struggle for human rights. As a pastor in 
Brooklyn, he has worked to repair the breach, whether racial, political, 
or economic. He speaks not just from the Scriptures but from his soul. 
The gift God gave him, he, in turn, has shared with us.
    For at least 20 years now, if anyone made a list of the five or six 
greatest preachers in America, Gardner Taylor would always be at the top. For those of us who heard him 
preach, and those of us whom he has counseled in his private wisdom, we 
know we have been in the presence of not only a man of God but a great 
American citizen.
    Commander, read the citation.

[Commander Gilday read the citation, and 
the President presented the medal.]

    The President.  ``When millions were murdered, why was I allowed to 
live?'' For more than half a century, Simon Wiesenthal has asked himself this question again and again. To 
those who know his story, one of miraculous survival and of relentless 
pursuit of justice, the answer is apparent. From the unimaginable 
horrors of the Holocaust, only a few voices survived to bear witness, to 
hold the guilty accountable, to honor the memory of those who were 
killed. Only if we heed these brave voices can we build a bulwark of 
humanity against the hatred and indifference that is still all too 
prevalent in this world of ours.
    I'm struck by another question Mr. Wiesenthal once posed: How does one explain to a young person what 
freedom means when he has been born to freedom? Answering this question 
is our common moral responsibility and our enduring challenge.
    Mr. Wiesenthal is 91 years old now, and 
he had a little fall last week and, regrettably, couldn't be here with 
us today. He's all the way over in Europe, in Vienna, but he is 
listening to us by telephone. Rabbi Marvin Hier 
will receive the award on his behalf. We thank him for a lifetime of 
service and example and reminder and for the astonishing work of the 
Wiesenthal Center. And after the citation has been read, I want you to 
have a little extra umphf in your applause so he'll be able to hear it 
all the way over in Europe.
    Commander, read the citation.

[Commander Gilday read the citation, and 
the President presented the medal.]

    The President.  You know, today's honorees come from an astonishing 
array of backgrounds. Their experiences and their service are remarkably 
different. Yet they share in common a devotion to freedom and its 
expansion, to being good citizens, to serving their fellow human beings. 
Everyone in our country has been enriched by the service of everyone on 
this stage.
    President Johnson said when he first presented this award that no 
words could add to the distinction of the men and women being honored 
today; rather, their names add distinction to this award. Even more, I 
believe, that is true today. They have added distinction, richness, 
depth, and freedom to American life. For that, the rest of us are proud, 
ennobled, and grateful.
    Hillary and I again want to thank you all for coming. We ask you to 
join us now in the State Dining Room for a reception. But first I ask 
you to express your support and gratitude once more for this remarkable 
group of citizens. [Applause]

[[Page 1590]]

Note: The President spoke at 3:42 p.m. in the East Room at the White 
House. In his remarks, he referred to President Slobodan Milosevic of 
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro); former 
Senator Bob Dole; and Rabbi Marvin Hier, dean, Simon Wiesenthal Center.