[Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: WILLIAM J. CLINTON (1999, Book II)]
[November 20, 1999]
[Pages 2120-2125]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office www.gpo.gov]



Remarks to Business and Community Leaders in Athens
November 20, 1999

    President Stephanopoulos; 
Prime Minister Simitis, thank you for 
that fine speech. Mrs. Simitis, Mr. 
Mayor, Ministers of the Government, 
members of the opposition, to all the leaders of the church who are 
here, the dean of the diplomatic corps, distinguished citizens of 
Greece, it is a great honor for all of us to be here--my wife and 
daughter, the Secretary of State, members of the White House, two 
Members of the United States Congress, Representatives 
Kingston and Maloney.
    And I should say that, as I did last night at the state dinner, I 
have, in my entourage here, ample evidence of the ties between our two 
countries. Not only the vast array of Greek-American business people who 
have made this trip either to hold my hand or make sure I made no 
critical error--[laughter]--but also a group of people who have served 
me so well in the White House, beginning with my Chief of Staff, John 
Podesta; my speechwriter, Paul 
Glastris, who helped to prepare these remarks

[[Page 2121]]

today; Elaine Shocas; and Lisa Kountoupes. 
Those are just four of the many Greek-
Americans who have worked for me in the White House, and as I have often 
said, the Greek-American community has been overrepresented in the 
Clinton administration, and America is better for it.
    Early this morning, in the wind and the rain, I had the privilege of 
visiting the Acropolis. I was filled with a unique sense of awe but also 
familiarity, perhaps because the setting has been described to me so 
often and so glowingly by my Greek-American friends; perhaps because I 
studied the history of Athens and read Plato and Aristotle as a young 
man; perhaps because America has been so inspired and influenced by the 
ancient Greeks in everything from politics and philosophy to 
architecture.
    For whatever reason, standing there in the rain on the Acropolis 
this morning, I was even more grateful for the deep ties of history, 
kinship, and values that bind America and other freedom-loving nations 
to Greece, ties that prove the truth of Shelley's famous line, Eimaste 
olee Ellines, ``We are all Greeks.'' We are all Greeks, not because of 
monuments and memories but because what began here 2\1/2\ thousand years 
ago has at last, after all the bloody struggles of the 20th century, 
been embraced all around the world.
    Today, for the first time in human history, more than half the 
world's people live under governments of their own choosing. Yet, 
democracy still remains a truly revolutionary idea; people still fight 
and die for it, from Africa to Asia to Europe. Its advance is still the 
key to building a better global society in this most modern of ages.
    Another great civic virtue has its roots here in Athens: openness to 
the cultural differences among us that make life more interesting. In 
Thucydides' account of his famous funeral oration, Pericles declares, 
``We lay Athens open to all and at no time evict or keep the stranger 
away.'' Two and a half thousand years later Greece is still open to the 
world, and we pray that everywhere in the world someday everyone will 
say, ``We do not keep the stranger away.''
    Meanwhile, as all of you know, Greeks have made their way into every 
corner of the world, and wherever they go, they adapt to local culture 
yet retain immense pride in their traditions, their religion, their 
Hellenic identity. No nation has been more blessed by this phenomenon 
than the United States, with its vital and successful Greek-American 
community. This is true in ways large and small. Last night at the state 
dinner I had the opportunity to acknowledge the contributions of some of 
the most famous Greek-Americans, those who achieved wealth and fame and 
power and influence.
    But what I want to say today is that I am even more grateful that 
Greek-Americans have enriched every single part and every single person 
in America. As a boy growing up in a small town in Arkansas, my very 
favorite place to eat with my father was the Pappas Brothers Cafe; and 
my very best friend for 45 years was a man named David Leopoulos who, 
after 45 years, still every single week sends me an E-mail about Greece 
and Greek issues to make sure I don't stray too far from the fold.
    The Prime Minister talked about the modern world in which we are 
living. I think it quite ironic that in this era of global markets and 
modern wonders, when more than half the world's people live in 
democracies for the first time in history, the world is still bedeviled 
by the oldest of human evils: the fear of the other, those who are 
different from us.
    The clearest manifestation in modern times is the ethnic and 
religious hatred we see rampant, from Northern Ireland to the Middle 
East to the tribal wars in Africa to the Balkans. How much of our 
history has been shaped by the struggle between those who accept with 
self-confidence the interesting differences among people because they 
are strong enough to affirm the common humanity, which is more 
important, and those who live their lives in constant fear or loathing 
of those who are different?
    My wife had, a few weeks ago, to 
the White House two brilliant men for a conversation. One of them was one of the founders 
of the Internet; the other is one of the most distinguished American 
scholars of the study of the human genome, the gene structure. The 
biologist said nothing could have been discovered about the structure of 
the gene without the computer revolution; but that all this high 
technology had revealed an interesting fact, that all of us, all human 
beings, genetically are 99.9 percent the same, and furthermore, that if 
you take different groups of people--let's take the three most 
prominently here discussed, the Greeks, the Turks, the Irish--me. 
[Laughter] And if you put 100 Greeks, 100 Turks, and 100 Irish in 3 
different groups, the genetic differences among the

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individuals within each group would be greater than the genetic profile 
between the Greeks or the Turks or the Irish.
    Isn't it interesting how many bodies have been piled up over human 
history because of that one-tenth of one percent difference, when we 
should have been embracing all along the 99.9 percent. Whether we take 
maximum advantage of the unparalleled promise of the new millennium 
depends in no small measure on whether we can find a way to get beyond 
that one-tenth of 1 percent difference to the common humanity that 
unites us all.
    I've been thinking a lot about what unites Greeks and Americans. In 
1821, when the Greeks rose to reassert their liberty, they captured the 
imagination of Americans. Thomas Jefferson wrote to the Greek patriot 
and scholar Adamandios Korais these words: ``No people sympathize more 
freely than ours with the sufferings of your countrymen. None offer more 
sincere and ardent prayers to heaven for their success.''
    Of course, we were still a young country then, preoccupied with our 
own experiment in democracy, reluctant to involve ourselves in distant, 
dangerous struggles. But thousands of ordinary Americans way back in 
1821 sent money and supplies to Greece. A few actually sailed here and 
joined the freedom fighters, men like the brave Boston doctor Samuel 
Gridley Howe and a black former slave from Baltimore, Maryland, named 
James Williams. Over a century later, when fascism seemed ready to crush 
the last embers of freedom in Europe, it was Greece which said no and 
handed the Axis powers their very first major defeat in battle. America 
joined with Greece and the Allies and together, we won a mighty victory.
    Twice since World War II, battles between democracy and despotism 
have again been played out on Greek soil; each time--thank God--
democracy emerged victorious. I have been thinking about that history 
today again in both its painful as well as its proud aspects. When the 
junta took over in 1967 here, the United States allowed its interests in 
prosecuting the cold war to prevail over its interests--I should say, 
its obligation to support democracy, which was, after all, the cause for 
which we fought the cold war. It is important that we acknowledge that.
    When we think about the history of Greece and the history of the 
United States, all the troubled ups and downs just of the last 50 years, 
it is easy to understand why some of those people who have demonstrated 
in the last few days have done so and easy to understand the source of 
their passion. I can be glad as an American and as a free human being 
that they have the fundamental right to say their piece. If the people 
of every country, in the Balkans for example, had the institutions and 
habits of democracy, if they, too, could proudly express and settle 
their differences peacefully and proudly and democratically, if the 
fundamental human rights of all those people were respected, there might 
not have been a war over Bosnia or Kosovo.
    I've been thinking about all this because, of all the people in the 
world, surely the Greeks know best that history matters. We cannot 
understand the present unless we know history. On the other hand, we 
cannot move into the future if we are paralyzed by history.
    In this era of historic sweeping change, we cannot afford paralysis. 
That was implicit in the Prime Minister's remarks. Surely, the Greeks demonstrate this 
every day as you build a bustling modern economy with a booming stock 
market and one of the fastest growth rates in Europe, on the verge of 
joining the EMU. If there were Olympic gold medals for economic revival, 
Greece would surely get the very first one.
    American companies and investors are taking notice that Greece 
clearly is on the right economic path. I believe we can do better, and 
so in the presence of all these business leaders today, I would like to 
make three modest proposals. First, I think we should double trade 
between our two countries in the next 5 years. Second, I ask Greek and 
American business leaders to match the money our Government is putting 
into the Fulbright exchange program. And third, I ask that one of these 
grants honor Yannos Kranidiotis, the gifted diplomat and former 
Fulbright scholar. He was a great citizen, a great friend of the United 
States, who died with his son in a tragic accident while promoting peace 
in the Balkans. His life and work exemplify the positive, new role 
Greece has begun to play in this vital region of Europe.
    The whole world is beginning to see Greece in a new light, no longer 
as one of Europe's poorest nations but as southeast Europe's wealthiest 
nation, its beacon of democracy, a

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regional leader for stability, prosperity, and freedom, helping to 
complete the democratic revolution that ancient Greece began, our long-
held dream of a Europe undivided, free, and at peace for the first time 
in history.
    And the remaining challenges to that long-held dream are all at play 
here in this region of Europe: the challenge of bringing stability, 
prosperity, and full democracy to the Balkans; the challenge of creating 
a lasting peace in the Aegean and genuine reconciliation between Greece 
and Turkey; the challenge of integrating a democratic Russia into 
Europe; the challenge of building bridges between and among the world's 
three great faiths which come together in southeastern Europe: Islam and 
the Eastern and Western branches of Christianity.
    To finally create that Europe undivided, free, and at peace, we must 
help this region meet five main challenges. The first and, I would 
argue, most urgent is to stabilize Kosovo and the Balkans and build the 
democratic institutions necessary so that all the people of Kosovo can 
live in safety and freedom, including the Serbs of Kosovo.
    I know there is still much anger and anguish in Greece about the 
course of action NATO took and about the leadership role of the United 
States in that action. I do not expect to change what many here believe. 
But I must say what I believe. I believe we made the right decision, 
because at the end of this tumultuous century, in which so much blood 
has been shed, at a moment when peace and democracy have triumphed 
almost everywhere else in Europe and increasingly throughout the world, 
I do not believe we could have allowed an entire people to be exiled 
from their homes or extinguished from the Earth simply because of their 
ethnic heritage or how they worship God. I believe we had a moral and a 
strategic obligation to act, and that in acting, we saved thousands of 
lives and enabled almost a million people to go home.
    In Bosnia, where the world showed more reluctance and took 4 years 
to act, Mr. Milosevic and his allies 
killed a quarter of a million people, created 2.5 million refugees, and 
many of them still have not gone home.
    In spite of our differences, I want to thank the Greek Government 
for staying with its NATO Allies during a crisis which was far harder on 
you than on any other country in our Alliance. I want to thank you for 
getting aid to the civilians in Kosovo regardless of their ethnic 
backgrounds while the fighting raged. I want to thank you for committing 
resources to the reconstruction of Kosovo, just as you have contributed 
to the rebuilding of Bosnia and Albania.
    Our work there is far from over. Together with the U.N., we must 
continue to build the democratic institutions that can provide safety 
and freedom to all the people of Kosovo. As we do, we can take pride in 
our troops from both countries serving together in the same sector to 
keep the peace holding.
    Our second challenge is equally great. We have to strengthen the 
forces of democracy in Serbia and pave the way for Serbia's eventual 
integration into southeastern Europe and the European community as a 
whole. Greece can lead the revitalization of the economy and the 
political and civic life of southeastern Europe, but the work will never 
be complete until Serbia is a part of the process.
    There is no reason this can not happen. The people of Serbia have a 
rich and noble history, a deep love of freedom, and a rightful place in 
the table of European unity. It is a tragedy they are not sitting at 
that table now, a tragedy that they have suffered and still suffer from 
fear and privation, an even greater tragedy that it might have all been 
so very different if not for the choices made by Mr. 
Milosevic. We may disagree about the best 
way to have responded to the action of this now indicted war criminal, 
but surely we can agree that the people of Serbia deserve better than to 
be suffering under the last living relic of Europe's dictatorial past.
    That is why the international community must maintain pressure on 
Mr. Milosevic's regime, while also aiding 
the democratic aspirations of the Serbian people; why America has 
invested nearly $12 million since July to promote a free press, 
independent labor unions, a pro-democracy network of nongovernmental 
organizations in Serbia, on top of the $25 million we have devoted to 
humanitarian aid there. It is why we support the Serbian democratic 
opposition's call for early, fair, and free elections, and why we 
support lifting entirely the fuel oil embargo and flight ban on Serbia 
as soon as those free and fair elections are held.
    The third challenge we face together in creating a stable, 
prosperous, and free southeast Europe is to help every nation in the 
region

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build the institutions that make modern democracy thrive. As the only 
member both of NATO and the EU in southeastern Europe, Greece is helping 
to guide this truly historic transformation. The Greek military is 
laying the foundations for peace through its role in southeastern 
Europe's multinational peacekeeping force and through NATO's Partnership 
for Peace. Greek companies are investing in the Balkans, creating jobs 
and higher living standards, and the rest of us must follow your lead.
    The Greek Government is leading the transformation of the region's 
economy, committing $320 million for reconstruction of southeastern 
Europe, and the rest of us must follow your lead if the Stability Pact 
is to have true meaning.
    You are breaking down barriers to trade and transportation through 
the southeastern Europe cooperation initiative and providing crucial 
seed capital through the Black Sea Trade and Development Bank. 
Thessaloniki is a city long known for its beauty and history. Now is it 
becoming known as the commercial hub of the Balkans. I am pleased that 
next month our Government will open in Thessaloniki our office for 
Balkan reconstruction. I have also asked the U.S.-Greece Business 
Council to undertake an investment mission to the Balkans.
    Finally, I am pleased to announce that our two Governments will 
fulfill a dream of Prime Minister Simitis by giving Greek and American companies a chance 
to jointly apply their technical knowledge to the region's challenges, 
from cleaning up pollution on the Danube to wiring Balkan villages for 
the Internet.
    Our fourth challenge is to build a genuine reconciliation between 
Greece and Turkey. I know how much history lies behind that troubled 
relationship, but people in both nations are beginning to see the 
possibilities of forging a new and better future. The world will never 
forget the humanity Greeks and Turks displayed toward one another when 
the tragic earthquake struck you both in August and then in Turkey again 
last week.
    But this is more than just seismic diplomacy. For several months, 
Foreign Ministers Papandreou and 
Cem have been holding a dialog on trade, tourism, 
and the environment. Prime Ministers Simitis and Ecevit had an 
important meeting just 2 days ago. Greek and Turkish troops in NATO have 
joined together in a southeast Europe peacekeeping brigade. You are 
serving together now in Kosovo. Greece has taken bold steps. In many 
ways, these steps have been harder for Greece than for Turkey, but both 
sides are now showing the vision necessary to move forward.
    I believe it is very much in your interest to see Turkey become a 
candidate for membership in the European Union; for that will reinforce 
Turkey's secular, democratic, modernizing path, showing Turkey how much 
it has to gain by making progress on issues like Cyprus and the Aegean 
matters. It will prove to Turkey that there is a place in Europe for a 
predominantly Muslim country as long as it respects the rights of its 
people--all its people--and advances the cause of peace. For many of 
these same reasons, we in the United States have also strongly supported 
the EU's decision to start accession talks with Cyprus.
    Now, I know that many Greeks are anxious that if Turkey becomes a 
candidate for membership, the momentum in improving its relationship 
with Greece and actually solving these problems will slow. Having just 
spoken with President Demirel and Prime 
Minister Ecevit, I do not believe that will 
happen. But I can tell you this, I will do everything in my power to 
encourage both countries to continue building on the progress you have 
made.
    I am going to keep working hard to promote a just and lasting 
settlement in Cyprus. I am very pleased that last Sunday the parties in 
Cyprus accepted Secretary-General Annan's 
invitation to start proximity talks, to prepare the ground for 
meaningful negotiations that will lead to a comprehensive settlement of 
the Cyprus problem. I hope these talks will bring us a step closer to 
lasting peace. I will keep pressing for a settlement that meets the 
fundamental interests of the parties, including real security for all 
Cypriots and an end to the island's division.
    The status quo is unacceptable. I will say here only what I said in 
Turkey at every turn--before the Turkish National Assembly, before the 
business group, before earthquake survivors, and in every private 
meeting--I think it is very good for the future of the world for Turkey 
to be integrated into Europe. But Turkey cannot be fully integrated 
successfully into Europe without solving its difficulties with Greece. 
We must put these behind us.
    Our fifth and final challenge is to renew the old and profoundly 
important partnership between our two countries and our two peoples. We 
should promote more tourism, more cultural

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exchanges. We should continue in the United States to supply our NATO 
Ally, Greece, with advanced weaponry. We should be working together to 
fight global threats that know no borders, including the scourge of 
terrorism. Terrorists have struck within the borders of the United 
States; they have struck here claiming American and Greek lives. The 
American people and the Greek people deserve justice and the strongest 
possible efforts by our Governments to end this menace. I am grateful 
that we are working more closely to do just that.
    Let me say to you that as I have traveled this region, first in 
Turkey and now here in Greece, it is impossible for me, as it would be 
for anyone, not to feel the weight of history on the decisions all of 
you face today. We are human. We can never wholly forget the injustices 
done to us, nor can we ever escape reminders of the mistakes we, 
ourselves, have made. But it is possible to be shaped by history without 
being a prisoner to it. That, too, is a Greek idea. It was wise 
Demosthenes who said, ``It is necessary to think of the future to enable 
us to set our ways straight.''
    Earlier this week in Istanbul, Hillary, Chelsea, and I had the honor 
of visiting the Ecumenical Patriarch. 
My heart is still moved by that experience and by the beautiful gift 
that His All-Holiness Patriarch Bartholomew presented to me, a 
magnificent piece of parchment on which is written, in Byzantine Greek 
lettering, one of my favorite Bible passages, the first verse of the 
11th chapter of Hebrew: ``Faith is the substance of things hoped for, 
the evidence of things unseen.''
    Elsewhere in the Bible is the marvelous verse: ``Where there is no 
vision, the people perish.'' Vision is to have faith and to imagine the 
things you hope for, and that faith is a real thing, unseen but real and 
tangible, more important than all the accumulated anxieties and wounds 
and worries and hurts, for it allows us to be human by going forward 
every day and looking toward a new tomorrow. With faith and sober 
realism, we can imagine a wonderful future for Greece, for southeastern 
Europe, for this whole part of the world, one in which Greek and Turkish 
business people work together, from the Balkans to central Asia; one in 
which Bosnians work across ethnic lines for a common economic and 
political future; one in which new democracies, from Slovenia to Romania 
to Bulgaria and, yes, to Serbia, meet the standards for entry into NATO 
and the European Union; one in which there is a Europe where everyone 
understands that being open and generous to those who are different does 
not diminish one's own identity but enhances it; a Europe where everyone 
practices an ancient Greek trait still alive in Greece today, filoxenia; 
one in which children can be raised to be proud of their heritage and 
proud of their faith without fearing or hatred, hating those who are 
different.
    Soon, the world will have an opportunity to look at Greece and many 
to come to Greece to participate in filoxenia, when they see Athens 
throw open the gates of the city to the Olympics in 2004. By then, I 
want all the world to see what we know today. Greece is a force for 
freedom, democracy, stability, growth, the dignity of the individual--
assuming yet again the ancient role of the Greeks--to inspire a more 
humane world.
    Two thousand four isn't that far away, and we have a lot of work to 
do. But I have faith that we can do it.
    Thank you very much.

Note: The President spoke at 3:15 p.m. in the ballroom at the 
Intercontinental Hotel. In his remarks, he referred to President 
Konstandinos Stephanopoulos, Prime Minister Konstandinos Simitis, and 
Minister of Foreign Affairs Yeoryios Papandreou of Greece; Prime 
Minister Simitis' wife, Daphne; Mayor Dimitrios Avramopoulos of Athens; 
Representative Carolyn B. Maloney; Peruvian Ambassador to Greece Martin 
Yrigoyen, dean of the diplomatic corps in Greece; Minister of Foreign 
Affairs Ismail Cem, Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit, and President Suleyman 
Demirel of Turkey; United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan; 
President Slobodan Milosevic of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 
(Serbia and Montenegro); Vinton G. Cerf, senior vice president for 
Internet architecture and technology, MCI WorldCom; Eric Lander, 
director, Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research. The 
President also referred to the EMU, the European Monetary Union. The 
transcript released by the Office of the Press Secretary also included 
the remarks of Prime Minister Simitis.