    [Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: WILLIAM J. CLINTON (1999, Book II)]
    [November 20, 1999]
    [Pages 2120-2125]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office www.gpo.gov]

    Remarks to Business and Community Leaders in Athens
    November 20, 1999

        President Stephanopoulos;
    Prime Minister Simitis, thank you for
    that fine speech. Mrs. Simitis, Mr.
    Mayor, Ministers of the Government,
    members of the opposition, to all the leaders of the church who are
    here, the dean of the diplomatic corps, distinguished citizens of
    Greece, it is a great honor for all of us to be here--my wife and
    daughter, the Secretary of State, members of the White House, two
    Members of the United States Congress, Representatives
    Kingston and Maloney.
        And I should say that, as I did last night at the state dinner, I
    have, in my entourage here, ample evidence of the ties between our two
    countries. Not only the vast array of Greek-American business people who
    have made this trip either to hold my hand or make sure I made no
    critical error--[laughter]--but also a group of people who have served
    me so well in the White House, beginning with my Chief of Staff, John
    Podesta; my speechwriter, Paul
    Glastris, who helped to prepare these remarks

    [[Page 2121]]

    today; Elaine Shocas; and Lisa Kountoupes.
    Those are just four of the many Greek-
    Americans who have worked for me in the White House, and as I have often
    said, the Greek-American community has been overrepresented in the
    Clinton administration, and America is better for it.
        Early this morning, in the wind and the rain, I had the privilege of
    visiting the Acropolis. I was filled with a unique sense of awe but also
    familiarity, perhaps because the setting has been described to me so
    often and so glowingly by my Greek-American friends; perhaps because I
    studied the history of Athens and read Plato and Aristotle as a young
    man; perhaps because America has been so inspired and influenced by the
    ancient Greeks in everything from politics and philosophy to
    architecture.
        For whatever reason, standing there in the rain on the Acropolis
    this morning, I was even more grateful for the deep ties of history,
    kinship, and values that bind America and other freedom-loving nations
    to Greece, ties that prove the truth of Shelley's famous line, Eimaste
    olee Ellines, ``We are all Greeks.'' We are all Greeks, not because of
    monuments and memories but because what began here 2\1/2\ thousand years
    ago has at last, after all the bloody struggles of the 20th century,
    been embraced all around the world.
        Today, for the first time in human history, more than half the
    world's people live under governments of their own choosing. Yet,
    democracy still remains a truly revolutionary idea; people still fight
    and die for it, from Africa to Asia to Europe. Its advance is still the
    key to building a better global society in this most modern of ages.
        Another great civic virtue has its roots here in Athens: openness to
    the cultural differences among us that make life more interesting. In
    Thucydides' account of his famous funeral oration, Pericles declares,
    ``We lay Athens open to all and at no time evict or keep the stranger
    away.'' Two and a half thousand years later Greece is still open to the
    world, and we pray that everywhere in the world someday everyone will
    say, ``We do not keep the stranger away.''
        Meanwhile, as all of you know, Greeks have made their way into every
    corner of the world, and wherever they go, they adapt to local culture
    yet retain immense pride in their traditions, their religion, their
    Hellenic identity. No nation has been more blessed by this phenomenon
    than the United States, with its vital and successful Greek-American
    community. This is true in ways large and small. Last night at the state
    dinner I had the opportunity to acknowledge the contributions of some of
    the most famous Greek-Americans, those who achieved wealth and fame and
    power and influence.
        But what I want to say today is that I am even more grateful that
    Greek-Americans have enriched every single part and every single person
    in America. As a boy growing up in a small town in Arkansas, my very
    favorite place to eat with my father was the Pappas Brothers Cafe; and
    my very best friend for 45 years was a man named David Leopoulos who,
    after 45 years, still every single week sends me an E-mail about Greece
    and Greek issues to make sure I don't stray too far from the fold.
        The Prime Minister talked about the modern world in which we are
    living. I think it quite ironic that in this era of global markets and
    modern wonders, when more than half the world's people live in
    democracies for the first time in history, the world is still bedeviled
    by the oldest of human evils: the fear of the other, those who are
    different from us.
        The clearest manifestation in modern times is the ethnic and
    religious hatred we see rampant, from Northern Ireland to the Middle
    East to the tribal wars in Africa to the Balkans. How much of our
    history has been shaped by the struggle between those who accept with
    self-confidence the interesting differences among people because they
    are strong enough to affirm the common humanity, which is more
    important, and those who live their lives in constant fear or loathing
    of those who are different?
        My wife had, a few weeks ago, to
    the White House two brilliant men for a conversation. One of them was one of the founders
    of the Internet; the other is one of the most distinguished American
    scholars of the study of the human genome, the gene structure. The
    biologist said nothing could have been discovered about the structure of
    the gene without the computer revolution; but that all this high
    technology had revealed an interesting fact, that all of us, all human
    beings, genetically are 99.9 percent the same, and furthermore, that if
    you take different groups of people--let's take the three most
    prominently here discussed, the Greeks, the Turks, the Irish--me.
    [Laughter] And if you put 100 Greeks, 100 Turks, and 100 Irish in 3
    different groups, the genetic differences among the

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    individuals within each group would be greater than the genetic profile
    between the Greeks or the Turks or the Irish.
        Isn't it interesting how many bodies have been piled up over human
    history because of that one-tenth of one percent difference, when we
    should have been embracing all along the 99.9 percent. Whether we take
    maximum advantage of the unparalleled promise of the new millennium
    depends in no small measure on whether we can find a way to get beyond
    that one-tenth of 1 percent difference to the common humanity that
    unites us all.
        I've been thinking a lot about what unites Greeks and Americans. In
    1821, when the Greeks rose to reassert their liberty, they captured the
    imagination of Americans. Thomas Jefferson wrote to the Greek patriot
    and scholar Adamandios Korais these words: ``No people sympathize more
    freely than ours with the sufferings of your countrymen. None offer more
    sincere and ardent prayers to heaven for their success.''
        Of course, we were still a young country then, preoccupied with our
    own experiment in democracy, reluctant to involve ourselves in distant,
    dangerous struggles. But thousands of ordinary Americans way back in
    1821 sent money and supplies to Greece. A few actually sailed here and
    joined the freedom fighters, men like the brave Boston doctor Samuel
    Gridley Howe and a black former slave from Baltimore, Maryland, named
    James Williams. Over a century later, when fascism seemed ready to crush
    the last embers of freedom in Europe, it was Greece which said no and
    handed the Axis powers their very first major defeat in battle. America
    joined with Greece and the Allies and together, we won a mighty victory.
        Twice since World War II, battles between democracy and despotism
    have again been played out on Greek soil; each time--thank God--
    democracy emerged victorious. I have been thinking about that history
    today again in both its painful as well as its proud aspects. When the
    junta took over in 1967 here, the United States allowed its interests in
    prosecuting the cold war to prevail over its interests--I should say,
    its obligation to support democracy, which was, after all, the cause for
    which we fought the cold war. It is important that we acknowledge that.
        When we think about the history of Greece and the history of the
    United States, all the troubled ups and downs just of the last 50 years,
    it is easy to understand why some of those people who have demonstrated
    in the last few days have done so and easy to understand the source of
    their passion. I can be glad as an American and as a free human being
    that they have the fundamental right to say their piece. If the people
    of every country, in the Balkans for example, had the institutions and
    habits of democracy, if they, too, could proudly express and settle
    their differences peacefully and proudly and democratically, if the
    fundamental human rights of all those people were respected, there might
    not have been a war over Bosnia or Kosovo.
        I've been thinking about all this because, of all the people in the
    world, surely the Greeks know best that history matters. We cannot
    understand the present unless we know history. On the other hand, we
    cannot move into the future if we are paralyzed by history.
        In this era of historic sweeping change, we cannot afford paralysis.
    That was implicit in the Prime Minister's remarks. Surely, the Greeks demonstrate this
    every day as you build a bustling modern economy with a booming stock
    market and one of the fastest growth rates in Europe, on the verge of
    joining the EMU. If there were Olympic gold medals for economic revival,
    Greece would surely get the very first one.
        American companies and investors are taking notice that Greece
    clearly is on the right economic path. I believe we can do better, and
    so in the presence of all these business leaders today, I would like to
    make three modest proposals. First, I think we should double trade
    between our two countries in the next 5 years. Second, I ask Greek and
    American business leaders to match the money our Government is putting
    into the Fulbright exchange program. And third, I ask that one of these
    grants honor Yannos Kranidiotis, the gifted diplomat and former
    Fulbright scholar. He was a great citizen, a great friend of the United
    States, who died with his son in a tragic accident while promoting peace
    in the Balkans. His life and work exemplify the positive, new role
    Greece has begun to play in this vital region of Europe.
        The whole world is beginning to see Greece in a new light, no longer
    as one of Europe's poorest nations but as southeast Europe's wealthiest
    nation, its beacon of democracy, a

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    regional leader for stability, prosperity, and freedom, helping to
    complete the democratic revolution that ancient Greece began, our long-
    held dream of a Europe undivided, free, and at peace for the first time
    in history.
        And the remaining challenges to that long-held dream are all at play
    here in this region of Europe: the challenge of bringing stability,
    prosperity, and full democracy to the Balkans; the challenge of creating
    a lasting peace in the Aegean and genuine reconciliation between Greece
    and Turkey; the challenge of integrating a democratic Russia into
    Europe; the challenge of building bridges between and among the world's
    three great faiths which come together in southeastern Europe: Islam and
    the Eastern and Western branches of Christianity.
        To finally create that Europe undivided, free, and at peace, we must
    help this region meet five main challenges. The first and, I would
    argue, most urgent is to stabilize Kosovo and the Balkans and build the
    democratic institutions necessary so that all the people of Kosovo can
    live in safety and freedom, including the Serbs of Kosovo.
        I know there is still much anger and anguish in Greece about the
    course of action NATO took and about the leadership role of the United
    States in that action. I do not expect to change what many here believe.
    But I must say what I believe. I believe we made the right decision,
    because at the end of this tumultuous century, in which so much blood
    has been shed, at a moment when peace and democracy have triumphed
    almost everywhere else in Europe and increasingly throughout the world,
    I do not believe we could have allowed an entire people to be exiled
    from their homes or extinguished from the Earth simply because of their
    ethnic heritage or how they worship God. I believe we had a moral and a
    strategic obligation to act, and that in acting, we saved thousands of
    lives and enabled almost a million people to go home.
        In Bosnia, where the world showed more reluctance and took 4 years
    to act, Mr. Milosevic and his allies
    killed a quarter of a million people, created 2.5 million refugees, and
    many of them still have not gone home.
        In spite of our differences, I want to thank the Greek Government
    for staying with its NATO Allies during a crisis which was far harder on
    you than on any other country in our Alliance. I want to thank you for
    getting aid to the civilians in Kosovo regardless of their ethnic
    backgrounds while the fighting raged. I want to thank you for committing
    resources to the reconstruction of Kosovo, just as you have contributed
    to the rebuilding of Bosnia and Albania.
        Our work there is far from over. Together with the U.N., we must
    continue to build the democratic institutions that can provide safety
    and freedom to all the people of Kosovo. As we do, we can take pride in
    our troops from both countries serving together in the same sector to
    keep the peace holding.
        Our second challenge is equally great. We have to strengthen the
    forces of democracy in Serbia and pave the way for Serbia's eventual
    integration into southeastern Europe and the European community as a
    whole. Greece can lead the revitalization of the economy and the
    political and civic life of southeastern Europe, but the work will never
    be complete until Serbia is a part of the process.
        There is no reason this can not happen. The people of Serbia have a
    rich and noble history, a deep love of freedom, and a rightful place in
    the table of European unity. It is a tragedy they are not sitting at
    that table now, a tragedy that they have suffered and still suffer from
    fear and privation, an even greater tragedy that it might have all been
    so very different if not for the choices made by Mr.
    Milosevic. We may disagree about the best
    way to have responded to the action of this now indicted war criminal,
    but surely we can agree that the people of Serbia deserve better than to
    be suffering under the last living relic of Europe's dictatorial past.
        That is why the international community must maintain pressure on
    Mr. Milosevic's regime, while also aiding
    the democratic aspirations of the Serbian people; why America has
    invested nearly $12 million since July to promote a free press,
    independent labor unions, a pro-democracy network of nongovernmental
    organizations in Serbia, on top of the $25 million we have devoted to
    humanitarian aid there. It is why we support the Serbian democratic
    opposition's call for early, fair, and free elections, and why we
    support lifting entirely the fuel oil embargo and flight ban on Serbia
    as soon as those free and fair elections are held.
        The third challenge we face together in creating a stable,
    prosperous, and free southeast Europe is to help every nation in the
    region

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    build the institutions that make modern democracy thrive. As the only
    member both of NATO and the EU in southeastern Europe, Greece is helping
    to guide this truly historic transformation. The Greek military is
    laying the foundations for peace through its role in southeastern
    Europe's multinational peacekeeping force and through NATO's Partnership
    for Peace. Greek companies are investing in the Balkans, creating jobs
    and higher living standards, and the rest of us must follow your lead.
        The Greek Government is leading the transformation of the region's
    economy, committing $320 million for reconstruction of southeastern
    Europe, and the rest of us must follow your lead if the Stability Pact
    is to have true meaning.
        You are breaking down barriers to trade and transportation through
    the southeastern Europe cooperation initiative and providing crucial
    seed capital through the Black Sea Trade and Development Bank.
    Thessaloniki is a city long known for its beauty and history. Now is it
    becoming known as the commercial hub of the Balkans. I am pleased that
    next month our Government will open in Thessaloniki our office for
    Balkan reconstruction. I have also asked the U.S.-Greece Business
    Council to undertake an investment mission to the Balkans.
        Finally, I am pleased to announce that our two Governments will
    fulfill a dream of Prime Minister Simitis by giving Greek and American companies a chance
    to jointly apply their technical knowledge to the region's challenges,
    from cleaning up pollution on the Danube to wiring Balkan villages for
    the Internet.
        Our fourth challenge is to build a genuine reconciliation between
    Greece and Turkey. I know how much history lies behind that troubled
    relationship, but people in both nations are beginning to see the
    possibilities of forging a new and better future. The world will never
    forget the humanity Greeks and Turks displayed toward one another when
    the tragic earthquake struck you both in August and then in Turkey again
    last week.
        But this is more than just seismic diplomacy. For several months,
    Foreign Ministers Papandreou and
    Cem have been holding a dialog on trade, tourism,
    and the environment. Prime Ministers Simitis and Ecevit had an
    important meeting just 2 days ago. Greek and Turkish troops in NATO have
    joined together in a southeast Europe peacekeeping brigade. You are
    serving together now in Kosovo. Greece has taken bold steps. In many
    ways, these steps have been harder for Greece than for Turkey, but both
    sides are now showing the vision necessary to move forward.
        I believe it is very much in your interest to see Turkey become a
    candidate for membership in the European Union; for that will reinforce
    Turkey's secular, democratic, modernizing path, showing Turkey how much
    it has to gain by making progress on issues like Cyprus and the Aegean
    matters. It will prove to Turkey that there is a place in Europe for a
    predominantly Muslim country as long as it respects the rights of its
    people--all its people--and advances the cause of peace. For many of
    these same reasons, we in the United States have also strongly supported
    the EU's decision to start accession talks with Cyprus.
        Now, I know that many Greeks are anxious that if Turkey becomes a
    candidate for membership, the momentum in improving its relationship
    with Greece and actually solving these problems will slow. Having just
    spoken with President Demirel and Prime
    Minister Ecevit, I do not believe that will
    happen. But I can tell you this, I will do everything in my power to
    encourage both countries to continue building on the progress you have
    made.
        I am going to keep working hard to promote a just and lasting
    settlement in Cyprus. I am very pleased that last Sunday the parties in
    Cyprus accepted Secretary-General Annan's
    invitation to start proximity talks, to prepare the ground for
    meaningful negotiations that will lead to a comprehensive settlement of
    the Cyprus problem. I hope these talks will bring us a step closer to
    lasting peace. I will keep pressing for a settlement that meets the
    fundamental interests of the parties, including real security for all
    Cypriots and an end to the island's division.
        The status quo is unacceptable. I will say here only what I said in
    Turkey at every turn--before the Turkish National Assembly, before the
    business group, before earthquake survivors, and in every private
    meeting--I think it is very good for the future of the world for Turkey
    to be integrated into Europe. But Turkey cannot be fully integrated
    successfully into Europe without solving its difficulties with Greece.
    We must put these behind us.
        Our fifth and final challenge is to renew the old and profoundly
    important partnership between our two countries and our two peoples. We
    should promote more tourism, more cultural

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    exchanges. We should continue in the United States to supply our NATO
    Ally, Greece, with advanced weaponry. We should be working together to
    fight global threats that know no borders, including the scourge of
    terrorism. Terrorists have struck within the borders of the United
    States; they have struck here claiming American and Greek lives. The
    American people and the Greek people deserve justice and the strongest
    possible efforts by our Governments to end this menace. I am grateful
    that we are working more closely to do just that.
        Let me say to you that as I have traveled this region, first in
    Turkey and now here in Greece, it is impossible for me, as it would be
    for anyone, not to feel the weight of history on the decisions all of
    you face today. We are human. We can never wholly forget the injustices
    done to us, nor can we ever escape reminders of the mistakes we,
    ourselves, have made. But it is possible to be shaped by history without
    being a prisoner to it. That, too, is a Greek idea. It was wise
    Demosthenes who said, ``It is necessary to think of the future to enable
    us to set our ways straight.''
        Earlier this week in Istanbul, Hillary, Chelsea, and I had the honor
    of visiting the Ecumenical Patriarch.
    My heart is still moved by that experience and by the beautiful gift
    that His All-Holiness Patriarch Bartholomew presented to me, a
    magnificent piece of parchment on which is written, in Byzantine Greek
    lettering, one of my favorite Bible passages, the first verse of the
    11th chapter of Hebrew: ``Faith is the substance of things hoped for,
    the evidence of things unseen.''
        Elsewhere in the Bible is the marvelous verse: ``Where there is no
    vision, the people perish.'' Vision is to have faith and to imagine the
    things you hope for, and that faith is a real thing, unseen but real and
    tangible, more important than all the accumulated anxieties and wounds
    and worries and hurts, for it allows us to be human by going forward
    every day and looking toward a new tomorrow. With faith and sober
    realism, we can imagine a wonderful future for Greece, for southeastern
    Europe, for this whole part of the world, one in which Greek and Turkish
    business people work together, from the Balkans to central Asia; one in
    which Bosnians work across ethnic lines for a common economic and
    political future; one in which new democracies, from Slovenia to Romania
    to Bulgaria and, yes, to Serbia, meet the standards for entry into NATO
    and the European Union; one in which there is a Europe where everyone
    understands that being open and generous to those who are different does
    not diminish one's own identity but enhances it; a Europe where everyone
    practices an ancient Greek trait still alive in Greece today, filoxenia;
    one in which children can be raised to be proud of their heritage and
    proud of their faith without fearing or hatred, hating those who are
    different.
        Soon, the world will have an opportunity to look at Greece and many
    to come to Greece to participate in filoxenia, when they see Athens
    throw open the gates of the city to the Olympics in 2004. By then, I
    want all the world to see what we know today. Greece is a force for
    freedom, democracy, stability, growth, the dignity of the individual--
    assuming yet again the ancient role of the Greeks--to inspire a more
    humane world.
        Two thousand four isn't that far away, and we have a lot of work to
    do. But I have faith that we can do it.
        Thank you very much.

    Note: The President spoke at 3:15 p.m. in the ballroom at the
    Intercontinental Hotel. In his remarks, he referred to President
    Konstandinos Stephanopoulos, Prime Minister Konstandinos Simitis, and
    Minister of Foreign Affairs Yeoryios Papandreou of Greece; Prime
    Minister Simitis' wife, Daphne; Mayor Dimitrios Avramopoulos of Athens;
    Representative Carolyn B. Maloney; Peruvian Ambassador to Greece Martin
    Yrigoyen, dean of the diplomatic corps in Greece; Minister of Foreign
    Affairs Ismail Cem, Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit, and President Suleyman
    Demirel of Turkey; United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan;
    President Slobodan Milosevic of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
    (Serbia and Montenegro); Vinton G. Cerf, senior vice president for
    Internet architecture and technology, MCI WorldCom; Eric Lander,
    director, Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research. The
    President also referred to the EMU, the European Monetary Union. The
    transcript released by the Office of the Press Secretary also included
    the remarks of Prime Minister Simitis.