[Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton (1998, Book II)]
[October 27, 1998]
[Pages 1875-1880]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office www.gpo.gov]



Remarks in a Roundtable Discussion on Women and Retirement Security
October 27, 1998

    The President. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to the White 
House. I want to thank the Vice President, the members of the 
administration, Congressman Cardin, all the panelists who are here, the 
satellite audience at the 12 other sites across our country. I'd like to 
say a special word of appreciation and welcome to Betty Freidan, who has 
written with such insight and appreciation for the challenges women face 
as they grow older.
    We're here to talk about the special impact of the challenge to 
Social Security on the women of the United States. I would like to put 
it in, if I might, a larger context. Six years ago, when the Vice 
President and I came here, we brought a new vision of Government against 
a backdrop of a $290 billion deficit and the kind of problem we're here 
to talk about today that we knew was looming in the future. We believed 
that we could give the American people a Government that would live 
within its means but at the same time invest in and empower our people.
    It led to an array of new policies in education and the economy, the 
budget, the environment, in health care, in crime, in welfare reform. 
Indeed, it led to the very effort to reinvent Government, to use the 
Vice President's phrase, and the great effort that he made in that 
regard. But over the last 6 years, we have been more active, among other 
things, in family matters and health matters and a whole range of 
domestic areas, while giving the American people the smallest Federal 
establishment since President Kennedy was here.
    And the results, I think, have been quite good for our people, in 
terms of prosperity. Opportunity is abundant; communities are stronger; 
families are more secure. This year, all year long, I have told the 
American people and done my best to persuade the Congress that it is 
terribly important to build on this prosperity and its newfound 
confidence to meet the remaining challenges this country faces on the 
edge of a new century, particularly, and perhaps most important, the 
need to save Social Security and to prepare for the retirement of the 
baby boomers.
    On December 8th and 9th we will hold the first-ever White House 
Conference on Social Security, with a goal of paving the way toward a 
truly bipartisan national solution early next year. Social Security, as 
many of you know from your own experience and as all our panelists will 
be able to discuss in one way or the other, is more than a monthly check 
or an ID number. It represents a sacred trust among the generations. It 
represents a trust not only between grandparents, parents, and children, 
those in retirement and those that work, but also the able-bodied and 
those who are disabled. It is our obligation to one another, and it 
reflects our deepest values as Americans. And it must maintain a rock-
solid guarantee.
    We have a great opportunity to save Social Security. As all of you 
know, just this month we closed the books on our first balanced budget 
and surplus in 29 years. It is the product of hardworking Americans who 
drive the most powerful economic engine our country has had in a 
generation, the product of hard choices by lawmakers who put our 
Nation's long-term economic interest very often above their own short-
term political interest. It is an achievement that all Americans can be 
proud of.
    But we have to ask ourselves, to what end has this been done? Of 
course, balancing the budget is essential for our own prosperity in this 
time of intense global competition. But it also gives us a chance to do 
something meaningful for future generations by strengthening Social 
Security. And doing that will help to keep our economy sound and help to 
keep our budget balanced as we honor our duty to our parents and our 
children.
    As the Vice President said, soon there will be many more older 
Americans. I hope that he and I will be among them--[laughter]--2

[[Page 1876]]

of the 75 million baby boomers who will be retiring over the next 30 
years. By the year 2013, what Social Security takes in will no longer be 
enough to fund what it pays out. And then we'll have to dip into the 
Trust Fund as provided by law. But by 2032, as this chart on the left 
makes clear, the Trust Fund itself will be empty, and the money Social 
Security takes in will soon be only enough to pay 72 percent of 
benefits.
    Now, that's the big reason I wanted to reserve the surplus until we 
decide what to do about Social Security. Every American must have 
retirement security in the sunset years. We plan for it, count on it, 
should be able to rely on it. That holds true for women as well as men. 
But in the case of women, Social Security is especially important. On 
average, women live longer than men; women make up 60 percent of all 
elderly recipients of Social Security, 72 percent of all recipients over 
the age of 85, as you can see here.
    For elderly women, Social Security makes up more than half their 
income. And for many, it is literally all that stands between them and 
the ravages of poverty. You can see what the poverty rate is for elderly 
women. It's 13.1 percent with Social Security; without it, it would be 
over 50 percent. Study after study shows us that women face greater 
economic challenges in retirement than men do, for three reasons.
    First, women live longer. A woman 65 years of age has a life 
expectancy of 85 years. A man 65 years of age has a life expectancy of 
81 years. Second, for comparable hours of work, women still have lower 
lifetime earnings than men, although we're working on that. Third, women 
reach retirement with smaller pensions and other assets than men do.
    Now, Social Security has a number of features to help women meet 
these challenges. And we have done a lot of work over the last 6 years 
to try to help make it easier for people to take out their own pensions 
and to make it more attractive for small businesses to help to provide 
pensions for their employees, which could have a disproportionate 
impact, positive impact, for women in the years ahead. But the hard fact 
remains that too many retired women, after providing for their families, 
are having trouble providing for themselves.
    Now, we have worked these last 6 years to expand pension coverage, 
to make the pensions more secure, to simplify the management of pension 
plans. We've worked for the economic empowerment of women, to end wage 
discrimination, and strengthen enforcement of the Equal Pay Act. But we 
must do more until women earn one dollar for every dollar men earn for 
the same work, and today we're only three-quarters of the way there. We 
must work harder to give retired women the security they deserve that 
they could not get for themselves in the years they were working.
    Today I am announcing two concrete steps we must take. First, I 
propose that workers who take time off under the Family and Medical 
Leave Act should be able to count that time toward retirement plan 
vesting and eligibility requirements. Sometimes the few months spent at 
home with a child mean the difference between pension benefits and no 
pension benefits. That is precisely the wrong message to send to people 
who are trying to balance work and family. Millions and millions of 
people have now taken advantage of the family leave act when a family 
member was desperately ill or a baby was born. None of them should have 
lost time for retirement vesting and eligibility benefits.
    Second, I am proposing that families be given the choice to receive 
less of their pension when both spouses are living, leaving more for the 
surviving spouse if the breadwinner dies. That should help keep elderly 
widows out of poverty in their twilight years. And the poverty rate for 
single women, for elderly widows is much higher--almost--about 40 
percent higher than that 13 percent figure there.
    These proposals build on the work of Congressman David Price of 
North Carolina and Senator Barbara Boxer and Senator Carol Moseley-
Braun. They will make a difference for our mothers, our wives, our 
sisters, and someday for our daughters. But let me emphasize again the 
most important thing we can do for future generations is to strengthen 
Social Security overall.
    When I said in my State of the Union Address I would reject any 
attempt to spend any surplus until we save Social Security, I knew the 
congressional majority wanted to drain billions from the surplus even 
before it appeared on the books, much less having the ink dry, and not 
just this year but permanently. Now, I am not opposed to tax cuts; in my 
balanced budget we had tax cuts for education, for child care, for the 
environment, and for making it easier for people to get pensions. I'm 
just opposed to

[[Page 1877]]

using the surplus to fund tax cuts until we have used all we need of it 
to save the Social Security system for the 21st century.
    The threat of a veto put a stop to that effort in this last 
Congress. The next Congress will be the Congress I call upon actually to 
move to save Social Security for the 21st century. It should not be a 
partisan issue, and we should not have another partisan fight to save 
the surplus until we reform Social Security.
    But recently, Republican leaders are still saying the surplus should 
go to fund tax cuts first, and the Senate majority leader has suggested 
that he may not even be willing to work with me to save Social Security. 
Well, I hope that's just election season rhetoric. After all, they were 
willing to work with the insurance lobbyists to kill the Patients' Bill 
of Rights. [Laughter] And then they worked with the tobacco companies to 
kill our teen smoking bill to protect our children from the dangers of 
tobacco. And they were happy to work with the special interests who were 
determined to kill campaign finance reform. I think the Senate majority 
leader will be able to find time to work with me to save Social 
Security. And I certainly hope so.
    I say this partly with a smile on my face but in dead seriousness. 
This issue will not have the kind of money behind it that the tobacco 
interests can marshal or the health insurance companies could marshal 
against the Patients' Bill of Rights. And everybody here with an opinion 
is going to have to give up a little of it if we're going to make the 
right kind of decision to get there. This is the sort of decision that 
requires us to open our minds, open our eyes, open our ears, open our 
hearts, think about what America will be like 30 years from now, not 
just what it's like today, and imagine what it will be like when those 
of us who aren't retired will be retired and our children will be 
raising our grandchildren--increasingly, when those of us who are 
retired will be looking after our great-grandchildren, as the life 
expectancy goes up and up.
    This requires imagination. And it will be hard enough under the best 
of circumstances. It would be foolish to take this projected structural 
surplus that has been built in through 6 hard years of effort and 
squander it, until we know what it will cost to have a system that all 
Americans, without regard to party, can be proud of.
    Now, this is an issue that offers us that kind of choice, between 
progress and partisanship; moving forward, turning back; putting people 
over politics. In 11 days we will elect a Congress that will determine 
the future of Social Security. We need one that is 100 percent committed 
to saving Social Security first; to putting the long-term security of 
the American people, our parents and our children, ahead of the short-
term politics.
    Now let me say, I am eager to hear from our panelists. I think it's 
important to note on this day with this subject that one of America's 
first great advocates for Social Security was the Secretary of Labor, 
Frances Perkins. As Secretary Herman would tell you, Frances Perkins' 
name now graces the Department of Labor building, just down Pennsylvania 
Avenue. She was the first woman to hold that office or any other Cabinet 
office. Years later, on the 25th anniversary of Social Security, Frances 
Perkins looked ahead and said this: ``We will go forward into the future 
a stronger Nation because of the fact that we have this basic rock of 
security under all our people.''
    That foundation, that rock, was laid by Frances Perkins and Franklin 
Roosevelt. It is up to all of us together, women and men, to make sure 
that rock will hold up all our people in the 21st century. Thank you 
very much.
    Molly, why don't you go first? Tell us your story and your family's 
experience with Social Security.

[Molly Lozoff described how Social Security had helped her family 
survive after her husband had a disabling stroke in 1955, in particular, 
the disability insurance for minor children of a disabled income 
provider. Ms. Lozoff said that as a senior citizen, she again depended 
on Social Security for basic living expenses.]

    The President. I'd just like to say, I think I speak for everyone in 
this room. I guess some bad things happen to everybody in life, and a 
lot of us were probably feeling nonetheless that we can't imagine how we 
would have dealt with what you have obviously dealt with so 
magnificently. And if Social Security helped, then I think we can all be 
grateful that it did. But we thank you very much.

[Vice President Al Gore introduced Howard University student Tyra Brown, 
an AmeriCorps volunteer, who described how the Social Security survivors 
benefit had helped her following her mother's death when Tyra was 15 
years old.]

[[Page 1878]]

    The President. We have heard from a student and a retiree. Now I'd 
like to call on someone who is working and planning for retirement. And 
I'd like to mention something that I mentioned in my opening remarks, to 
which the Vice President also referred, and that is that 60 percent of 
women workers, both part- and full-time, work at jobs that do not 
provide a pension. And as I said, we have worked very hard on this for 
the last 6 years, and we've tried to come up with all kinds of proposals 
that would facilitate more employers providing pensions. And we will do 
more on that.
    But meanwhile, we are where we are. Most Americans, even on Social 
Security, have some other source of income. But as you see from the 
chart, over half the women in this country who are retired would be in 
poverty but for Social Security.
    So I'd like for Bernice Myer to talk a little bit about the 
challenges that she's facing and how she's trying to deal with the 
prospect of retirement in the job that she's in.
    Bernice.

[Bernice Myer, a home-care aide, explained that since she had a low-wage 
job with no pension, she planned to rely on Social Security when she 
retired.]

    The President. One of the questions that we'll be asked to deal 
with, that most younger people who are interested in this will ask us to 
deal with, is the question of how much flexibility individual citizens 
should be given, and should there be alternative investment strategies 
for the Social Security fund. There will be a lot of these questions 
asked by young people, particularly.
    And I think it is important to keep in mind that there is always a 
balance between greater flexibility with the prospects of greater return 
on the Trust Fund and rock solid certainty. And ironically, to people in 
Bernice's position, she'd actually be better off with both, because if 
you don't have a pension, you need a higher income out of Social 
Security; but if you don't have a pension, you have very little room for 
risk.
    And there are--if you think about it, our society, for decades, by 
and large, made a bargain with our critical service workers, the people 
that pick up our trash every day or the police that patrol our streets 
or the teachers that teach our children. We say, ``Okay, we'll get you 
the best pay we can, but even though you'll never get rich, at least 
you'll have a pension as well as Social Security.''
    Now, there's been an explosion, in the last 10 years especially, in 
America, of trying to provide more direct services to people in-home. 
And most everybody believes that's a good thing. It promotes more 
independence, a greater sense of security of the people receiving the 
services. But there are huge numbers of Americans like Bernice out there 
who are performing critical services and taking our country in a 
direction most people who study this believe we need to do more of. And 
one day, eventually, they'll all be covered by some kind of an 
organizational system that will give them a decent retirement plan. But 
meanwhile, you've got people like Bernice that are out there doing 
things that we should have been doing as a society long before, that are 
making this a better place, that don't yet either have the bargaining 
power, the political support, or whatever necessary to have the pensions 
that they need; either that or the economics of reimbursing for the 
service are not sufficient to support a pension. It is wrong to let 
people like her do all this work for us and not at least be able to rely 
on an adequate Social Security system in retirement.
    This is not an isolated story. This is a person who represents a 
growing number of Americans, not a shrinking number of Americans, doing 
something that most experts believe is making us a better society.
    I didn't want to take so much time, but I just think it's very 
important that you understand we picked these people--they're very 
compelling, I think, all of the panelists, but they're also 
representative, not isolated cases. And I think it's important to think 
about this when we make these plans for the future.

[Vice President Gore made brief remarks and introduced Wilma Haga, who 
described how she and her husband had worked hard to put their children 
through college. She said she had retired with a pension of $200 a month 
and an additional $300 a month from Social Security, but when her 
husband died, her Social Security payment rose an additional $600 a 
month at a time when it was really needed.]

    The President. We asked Lucy Sanchez to come here to talk about the 
Family and Medical Leave Act and its effect on her life, because I think 
it's important to point out that while both men and women are equally 
eligible for

[[Page 1879]]

the Family and Medical Leave Act, women are far more likely to take 
advantage of it. And they should not lose a year of eligibility, in 
terms of retirement vesting, when they do.
    Keep in mind, if men and women all had retirement systems in 
addition to Social Security and they were more or less equal, then our 
task of dealing with handling the baby boomers in the retirement system 
would be much, much easier. And so anything we can do now to equalize 
the impact of retirement earnings among similarly situated people 20 
years from now will change and make less difficult the changes we are 
going to have to make anyway in the Social Security system.
    I think it's very important for everybody to kind of keep that in 
mind. So when I announced earlier today, a few moments ago, that we 
wanted people not to lose credit in retirement vesting when they access 
the Family and Medical Leave Act, I think it's important. We have an 
illustration of why it's important to have this law on the books and why 
it is inconsistent with being pro-work or pro-family to disallow 
retirement vesting just because people are taking advantage of the law.
    Lucy?

[Lucy Sanchez described how the Family and Medical Leave Act ensured her 
job stability throughout the previous year, when she had to take 90 days 
off to care for her husband and when her 85-year-old mother was 
hospitalized. Ms. Sanchez said she was concerned that her time off would 
affect her employee pension plan, and she expressed support for the 
President's proposal to count such time off toward retirement plan 
vesting and eligibility requirements.]

    The President. Well, thank you for sharing your story with us. We 
can all see how recent it has been and how difficult it has been for 
you, and you were very brave to come here and talk with us today. And we 
thank you for that very much.
    We believe, the Vice President and I and our spouses, that the 
family leave law ought to be expanded some. We've tried in two 
Congresses to do that and haven't gotten very far. But we'll keep 
plugging away at it, because I think unless people have been in this 
situation where they're afraid they're going to lose their job or wreck 
their retirement because they're just doing what's necessary to hold 
their families together, they can't imagine it. And the law is actually 
a great--it's actually good for businesses, too, because it doesn't put 
any employers at a competitive disadvantage if it applies to all 
employers equally. It tends to minimize the cost, the burden of risk, 
for that. And I thank you very much for what you said.
    But I think if we can take this whole family leave issue out of the 
whole--just eliminate it in terms of whether your retirement vests or 
not, I think it would be a good thing to do, modest cost to the 
retirement systems, enormous benefit to the stability of families. So I 
thank you very, very much for that.
    Well, I think our panelists have done a great job, and I want to 
thank them for that. Again, what we attempted to do today was to show 
that on the present facts, that women have a disproportionate interest 
in the stability of the Social Security system and in the adequacy of 
the benefit because they are disproportionately likely to need it and 
more likely to have other assets--or less likely to have other assets.
    We also wanted to emphasize the disability and child survivor 
benefits, which our panelists have so eloquently done. None of this, 
however, is an excuse to avoid making the hard decisions we have to make 
because of the demographic changes that are occurring. It is just that 
we have to be mindful of it.
    And what I'm hoping we did today was not to confuse anyone, that 
we've still got hard decisions to make, but to say we ought to be 
especially sensitive to how these decisions affect women, number one. 
And number two, we ought to be steely in our determination not to let 
the surplus go until we figure how much cost is involved and how we're 
going to balance all the difficult choices that have to be made and the 
risks that will have to be taken, because we've got to maintain the 
social cohesion that Social Security has given us.
    Think about what we got out of Molly being able to live her life 
under the circumstances and raise her children. Think about what society 
got out of that. Think about what society is going to get out of Tyra 
Brown because she was not abandoned, when her mother suddenly passed 
away, at the age of 15. And we were all sitting there watching her talk, 
just feeling better being Americans, weren't we, every one of us. Don't 
you think it was worth it to take care of her, help her grandmother take 
care of her for 3 years? We all got something out of that, and she's got 
60 years or more of giving

[[Page 1880]]

back to society, that we're all going to benefit from that.
    So I think as we--we identified, all of us, with each one of these 
panelists as they talked to us about their lives. And so I'll say again, 
none of this lets us off the hook for making the hard decisions, but it 
ought to make us determined to be more sensitive to how they affect 
women, number one, and determined not to let the surplus go, in case we 
need it to fill in the patches of the decisions to make sure that we can 
have more stories like this 10, 20, 30, 40 years from now.
    Thank you very much.

Note: The roundtable began at 2:30 p.m. in the East Room at the White 
House. The transcript released by the Office of the Press Secretary also 
included the opening remarks of Vice President Al Gore. In his remarks, 
the President referred to feminist Betty Freidan.