    [Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton (1997, Book II)]
    [September 24, 1997]
    [Pages 1219-1226]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office www.gpo.gov]

    Remarks to the AFL-CIO Convention in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
    September 24, 1997

        Thank you very much. I am delighted to be here. Thank you for the
    warm welcome. Thank you for the fast introduction. [Laughter]
        The last time I spoke at your convention it was 2 days before you
    elected John and Rich and Linda. And I must say, from the outside, it
    seems to me that they have done a remarkable job, and I know that you
    must be very, very proud of them.
        I am delighted to be here with Secretary Herman and Deputy Secretary
    Kitty Higgins and Secretary Slater, a number of other members of the
    administration. I should mention one other, the successor at the White
    House to Alexis Herman, former Assistant Secretary of Labor for Wage and
    Hours Maria Echaveste. We're all glad to be here.
        I also want to say right at the outset that I am very glad that you
    voted to support campaign finance reform. Now there will be a vote on
    the Senate floor, and that will be a time of testing. But I have made
    clear where I stand. All 45 of our Democratic Senators have made clear
    where they stand. You have now made clear where you stand. We will soon
    see where the Senate stands and then where the House stands. This is a
    good time to make our campaign finance laws better, and I thank you for
    your crucial role in it.
        On a very personal word, I might say, I came in a few moments ago,
    and I was able to hear

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    Sandy Feldman and hear your tribute to our friend Al Shanker. And I
    cannot tell you how much I appreciate that. Under his leadership and
    Sandy's, the AFT has been a constant supporter of educational
    opportunity and educational excellence--a clear signal that working
    professionals can be organized for the objectives, the legitimate
    objectives of the union movement. And one of these objectives would be
    excellence on the job. And there is no more important place to have
    excellence on the job than in educating our children. So I'm very, very
    grateful for the AFT and for Sandy Feldman.
        With your new leadership team and the new energy I feel, of the
    presidents who are here on this great stage and all of you in the
    audience, your members back home, it is clear that American labor once
    again has a clear voice, and you are making it heard. You made it heard
    loud and proud in the boardrooms of United Parcel Service. You made it
    heard in the halls of the Capitol, standing up to a barrage of
    antiworker legislation. You're making it heard in the strawberry and
    mushroom fields of California, in the fiery tones of Arturo Rodriguez,
    with noble echoes of Cesar Chavez. You're making it heard in nursing
    homes in Minnesota, giving new strength to women workers. And you're
    making it heard right here in Pittsburgh through the steelworkers'
    biggest organizing campaign in more than 60 years. This must be a proud
    time for the men and women of the AFL-CIO.
        Our Nation can clearly see and hear that American labor is back.
    Thanks in no small part to your leadership in the workplace and your
    involvement in the political process, America is back, too.
        Six years ago, when I announced my candidacy for President, I said
    that America had a vital mission for the 21st century: to keep the
    American dream alive for every person responsible enough to work for it;
    to keep America the world's strongest force for peace and freedom and
    prosperity; and to bring our people together, across all the lines that
    divide us, into one America. America's oldest, most incandescent
    ideals--opportunity for all, responsibility from all, a community of
    all--that is what has to illuminate our path as we stride forward to
    address the challenges of a new era.
        I pledged then to take America in a new direction--toward the
    future, not the past; toward unity, not division; with America leading,
    not following; putting people and values, not power politics, first;
    reforming Government, not to do everything or do nothing but to give all
    our people the tools they need to make the most of their own lives; and
    beginning by building an economy that works for all, not the few.
        We started with a new economic policy for the new economy, putting
    in place a bold new strategy to shrink the deficit and balance the
    budget, invest in our people, and lower unfair trade barriers to our
    goods and services. The philosophy was solid and simple: Remove the
    impediments that have restrained the American people and give them the
    tools and training to help them race ahead. By reducing the Nation's
    massive deficits, we could free our people of the deadweight that slowed
    their every step from the early 1980's. By investing in their education
    and health, we would enable them to run fast and strong over the long
    run. By reducing trade barriers, we would knock down the unfairly high
    hurdles that we have had to leap over for far too long, and build
    bridges to new democracies with growing economies to ensure our
    leadership for peace and freedom well into the next century.
        The strategy has succeeded: nearly 13 million new jobs; America
    leading the world in auto production once again; unemployment below 5
    percent; over a million new construction jobs, a half a million
    transportation jobs, a half a million new jobs for machine operators,
    auto jobs having the fastest increase since Lyndon Johnson's
    administration; the biggest drop in welfare rolls in history, with
    welfare reform that is tough on work, but pro-child and pro-family;
    dramatic drops in crime year after year, putting 100,000 more community
    police officers on the street and the Brady bill preventing 250,000
    sales of handguns to people with criminal or mental health histories
    that indicates they should not have them. We know we have more to do,
    but together we have made progressive government work again.
        Let's look at three crucial elements of our economic strategy,
    reducing the deficit, investing in our people, expanding exports. First,
    deficit reduction. Back in 1993, when I introduced our first deficit
    reduction plan, we both knew it was important to get our fiscal house in
    order, and we did it the right way. We did it while increasing
    investments in our people. And we did it without a single Republican
    vote, cutting

    [[Page 1221]]

    the huge deficit of $290 billion 87 percent before the new balanced
    budget law passed.
        After a new majority took control of Congress in 1994, they tried to
    cut the deficit in the wrong way. They sent me a budget that made
    unjustifiably deep cuts in Medicare, that increased taxes on working
    Americans, that allowed corporations to raid their workers' pensions,
    that cut enforcement of worker safety laws, that slashed funding for
    education and training by $30 billion. With your support, I vetoed that
    budget and the veto was upheld.
        Later, when they pushed a balanced budget with a harmful independent
    contractor provision, a misguided privatization scheme for Medicaid, and
    a shameful plan to deny workfare participants the minimum wage, you and
    I stood firm together. We stood firm together. And I thank you for your
    support for that opposition.
        I believe this balanced budget that I signed honors our workers and
    our values and our future. And I will explain by going to the second
    element of our economic strategy, investing in our people. In the new
    economy, the most precious resources America has are the skills and
    securities of working Americans. Here, too, we are succeeding. After
    decades of working harder and longer for lower wages, millions of
    working Americans finally are getting a raise. And it's about time.
        Since I took office, the yearly income of the typical family is up
    $1,600. Wages are rising again. In 1995 and 1996, over half the new jobs
    created in this economy paid above the average wage. With your strong
    support, we also increased the minimum wage and dramatically increased
    the earned-income tax credit. It is now worth about $1,000 a year to the
    typical family of four with an income of less than $30,000. And this
    summer, I signed into law a $500-per-child tax credit that will mean
    $1,000 in take-home pay for a typical family with two children. And I
    didn't sign the bill until we made it work for rookie police officers,
    teachers, and others of modest means the Republican majority would have
    left out of their budget and tax cut plans.
        From 1945 until the mid-1970's, all of us grew together in America.
    Each group of our economy, from the lowest 20 percent to the highest,
    increased their incomes. But actually, in percentage terms, those in the
    bottom 40 percent grew slightly faster than those in the upper 40
    percent. And that was as it should have been. We were sharing our
    prosperity and growing together.
        Then, unfortunately, we began to grow apart, partly because of
    developments in the global economy, historic developments that could not
    be reversed and offer us great opportunity if we seize them, partly I
    believe, because of wrong-headed policies in the United States
    Government throughout the 1980's.
        Fortunately, now it looks like our hard work and your hard work is
    paying off and America is starting to grow together again. I believe the
    general sense that this should be so is one of the reasons for the
    renewed success and receptivity of the efforts that you are making all
    over America.
        But we cannot rest. We cannot rest until every single American has a
    fair chance to reap the rewards of the American economy. That is why,
    above all, investing in people means giving every American the best
    education in the world.
        Our balanced budget includes the largest increase in aid to
    education since 1965, when President Johnson was in office, and the
    biggest increase to help people go on to college since the GI bill was
    passed 50 years ago. The budget has a billion dollars more for Head
    Start; more money to help our schools achieve excellence; the America
    Reads program to mobilize a million volunteers, organized by our
    national service program, AmeriCorps, which has already given 70,000
    young people a chance to work and serve in their communities and earn
    the money for college. It contains money to help connect every classroom
    and library in this country to the Internet by the year 2000. It also
    contains a new HOPE scholarship to guarantee access to all Americans to
    at least 2 years of college; other tuition tax credits for all college
    and skills training; an IRA you can withdraw from, tax-free, to pay for
    your own education or your children's education; the biggest increase in
    Pell grants in two decades; a million, total, work-study slots now; and
    doubling aid for dislocated workers.
        When you put all this together, we can really say for the first time
    in the history of this country, we have opened the doors of college
    education to every American who is willing to work for it. Money will
    not be an obstacle again.
        There is still a lot to do. First of all, we have to pass every year
    for the next 5 years the funds necessary to make good on the budget
    agreement. Secondly, we have got to increase the quality of education in
    our public schools.

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    I have sought to provide more options to parents in public school
    through public school choice and allowing teachers to organize new
    charter schools within public school districts. But I also know we need
    national standards. Every other major economy in the world educates its
    children according to national academic standards. And I have called for
    national standards and voluntary national exams to begin with fourth
    grade reading and eighth grade math to see how our children are doing--
    voluntary exams developed not by politicians but by a non-political
    board, not by the Department of Education but financially supported by
    the Department of Education.
        There are those who say no to this, no to standards, no to the idea
    that we ought to have accountability. Some of them, frankly, don't
    believe all our children can learn. Some of them see some dark plot to
    take over local schools. All I see is, reading is the same in Minnesota
    as it is in Maine, and mathematics is the same in Washington as it is in
    Florida. And our children had better know it if they expect to compete
    in the world of the 21st century.
        There are also those in the Congress who say no to every effort we
    make to expand educational opportunity--those who failed to close the
    Department of Education but would still like to cut it down; those who
    still would reduce our commitment to scholarships and grants and shut
    down completely innovative initiatives, like America Reads, even though
    we know--we know--that 40 percent of our third graders still cannot read
    independently on their own. We know that, and we cannot afford to back
    up. We need to bear down.
        So I need to ask your help again on education in the tough days
    ahead. With your help we can open up opportunity, build up education,
    and shake up the status quo crowd that fights every effort we make to
    lift up our children.
        We are making progress in this country in education. The teachers of
    this country are doing a better job; the principals are doing a better
    job; parents are steadily getting more involved. We are learning how to
    come to grips with all the social problems that our kids bring to
    school. This year, on international exams, a representative sample of
    our children by race, by region, by income--for the first time the
    fourth graders scored above the global average in mathematics and
    science. So I know all children can learn, and I know we've got people
    who can do the job. We just have to support them and bear down and do
    more of the kinds of things that we know will work.
        Al Shanker, for his whole adult life, advocated national standards
    and meaningful measures and then all the efforts necessary to give every
    kid in this country a chance to learn. And I am not going to back away
    from this if it takes me every last minute of the next 3 years and
    however many months and days I've got left. And you ought to be there,
    too, because there's nothing more important for the future of this
    country than giving our kids a decent education.
        Investing in our people also means protecting the rights of workers,
    to demand their rights. Over the past 4 years, we've defeated callous
    attempts to repeal prevailing wage laws, to bring back company unions,
    to weaken occupational safety laws. We cracked down on sweatshops and
    fought to protect your pension funds and make pensions more portable. I
    have vetoed every piece of antilabor legislation that has crossed my
    desk, and I will continue to do so. [Applause] Thank you.
        A lot of the people pushing these bills have missed the main point.
    The key to success in tomorrow's economy is people, and you cannot move
    into the 21st century by restoring the labor policies of the 19th
    century. I will oppose it, you will oppose it, and we will prevail.
        In that context, let me just say one more word about the UPS strike.
    I and, indeed, my entire administration believe deeply in the collective
    bargaining process. In the UPS strike, collective bargaining worked. UPS
    and the Teamsters reached an historic settlement that recognizes that
    companies have to invest in their workers in order to be competitive in
    the 21st century. I did the right thing to let the process work. The
    parties got together, they worked through it, and we got a good result.
    [Applause] Thank you.
        Investing in people also means expanding access to health care,
    quality health care. The family and medical leave law that you worked so
    hard for, the very first bill I signed as President, ensures that
    millions of people don't have to choose between being good parents and
    good workers. I still hear from citizens as I travel across the country
    and just stop at airports, or in crowds in communities and shake hands--
    people still come up to me and say, ``That law changed my life, saved my
    family, has meant more to me than anything the Government has

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    done in my life.'' It is a good thing, and I thank you for your support
    of it.
        The Kennedy-Kassebaum law helps millions to keep their health care
    if they take a new job or if someone in their family gets sick. The new
    balanced budget spends $24 billion to expand health care to 5 million of
    the most vulnerable Americans--5 million children, almost all in working
    families, without health insurance. That is the largest investment in
    health care since the creation of Medicaid in 1965. Never--never--would
    this have happened unless you had helped me wage the fight we waged and
    lost to give health insurance to every American family that doesn't have
    it. And sometimes you have to lose a battle. I'm glad we fought for it.
    I'm proud that you helped me. And those kids are going to get insurance
    because of the issues we raised in 1994.
        Finally, I ask for your support to help me pass sweeping legislation
    to keep tobacco, our number one health problem, out of the hands of our
    children. The health of our children is my bottom line, and I believe it
    should be the bottom line of the tobacco industry as well.
        The final component of our three-part economic strategy, one that is
    just as essential for the future growth and the future wage growth of
    our economy, is our continuing work to open new markets and give
    American workers a fair break. I know we don't see eye-to-eye on fast
    track, but I think I owe it to you to tell you exactly why I feel so
    passionately about it. And I think I've earned the right to be heard on
    it.
        Fast-track authority is a tool that has been given by Democratic
    Congresses to Republican Presidents and Presidents, indeed, of both
    parties for more than 20 years now. It simply says that if the President
    or his representative, his trade representative, negotiates a trade
    agreement, then the Congress has to vote on it if it rises to the level
    of comprehensive agreement, but must vote it up or down, so that the
    other country does not believe it is having to negotiate with 535 people
    in addition to the person with whom they negotiated.
        We cannot create enough good jobs and increase wages if we don't
    expand trade. There's a simple reason why. Indeed, about a third of the
    economic growth that has produced 13 million new jobs over the past 4\1/
    2\ years has come from selling more American products overseas. Here's
    why: We have 4 percent of the world's population and we enjoy 22 percent
    of the world's wealth. If we want to keep the 22 percent of the wealth
    we have as 4 percent of the world's people, we have to sell something to
    the other 96 percent.
        And this did not happen by accident. There were over 220 trade
    agreements signed in the first 4 years of this administration. In the
    over 20 agreements signed with Japan, in those areas, our exports went
    up by over 80 percent.
        The information technology agreement that we just signed, worldwide,
    covering 90 percent of information technology services in the world,
    under residual fast-track authority that covered that area, amounts to a
    $5 billion tax or tariff cut on American products--high value-added
    products, many of which are made by union workers.
        Now, in the next 15 years, the developing countries in Latin America
    and Asia will grow three times as fast as the United States, Europe, and
    Japan. As I told the United Nations a couple of days ago, early in the
    next century, about 20 nations comprising half of the world's people
    will move from the ranks of low income nations to middle income nations.
    They are going to grow in a world economy. We are going to participate
    in that growth to a greater or lesser extent. The more fair trade deals
    we have to allow us entry into their markets, where we've been at a
    significant disadvantage for too long, the more we will participate.
        You know that our own markets are among the most open in the world.
    We were able to get 220 trade agreements in the first 4 years because we
    made people know that if they wanted access to our open markets, they
    were going to have to open theirs. We have to insist upon this
    treatment. If we don't act and we don't lead, nobody else will level the
    playing field for us.
        Indeed, our competitors in the other wealthy countries, in Europe
    and Japan, would just as soon we not make these trade agreements. They
    can make them because they read the same predictions we do; they know
    that their economies are only going to grow a third as fast as the ones
    in Latin America and Asia as well, and they are looking for some way in
    to protect their workers and their longtime economic security.
        We can compete if given a fair chance. Last year, I had a chance to
    visit the Jeep Cherokee plant in Toledo, a UAW plant producing tens

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    of thousands of right-wheel-drive Jeeps for export to Japan and other
    markets we thought hard to open up for them. They have 700 new jobs at
    that plant, and I think it's the oldest auto plant in the United States
    of America still operating. The global economy is working for them. I am
    determined to see that it works for everyone.
        Should we ask other people to adhere to global standards on the
    environment? Of course we should. I think you could make a strong case
    that no administration has done more to preserve and protect the
    environment against onslaughts than ours has. Should we acknowledge that
    global trade can pull the rug out from some of our people? Of course it
    could. At every period of economic change in our country's history, that
    has happened to people. The difference is that we have to be committed
    to give more aid, to do more for people who are suffering, who are
    displaced. Because nobody should be left behind in the global economy--
    nobody. That's why we double funding for displaced workers. That's why I
    know we have to do more. We don't have to leave people behind. Everybody
    should have the right to keep a good job and to go into tomorrow.
        But we can only do that with a growing population if we continue to
    grow the economy. So the trick is to get the right economic growth
    package, to create the right mix of new jobs, to try to make sure always
    more than half of your new jobs are paying above average wage, and not
    leave people behind. It's not easy to do, but this administration is
    committed to doing it. And I think we have demonstrated that commitment
    time and again.
        We also have to recognize that the global economy is on a fast
    track. It is changing amazingly. For example, every month--every month--
    millions and millions of new contacts are made on the Internet--every
    single month. It's exploding like nothing ever has, creating all kinds
    of networks of commerce and bringing people close together in new and
    unusual ways. We have to figure out how to make this work for us. If it
    doesn't work for us, it will work against us.
        I believe leaving our trade relations on hold with the fastest
    growing economies in the world will not create a single job in America,
    and it certainly won't raise environmental standards or labor standards
    in other countries. This year--this year alone, so far, two-thirds of
    the increase in America's trade has come from Canada to the southern tip
    of South America, our neighbors--two-thirds. We could do better. This
    year, leaders from Europe have gone to South America to tell them that
    the United States no longer cares about their markets or the cooperation
    and leadership that goes along with working with them. They say that
    their future should be with Europe, and they should organize to give
    Europe considerations and breaks in opening their markets and leave us
    out.
        Now, think about it. Think about Chile or Brazil or Argentina. Their
    markets are more closed to us than ours are to them. We still are
    selling more just because they're growing so much. But we know they'll
    grow a lot more over the next 10 to 20 years. They now need things that
    we sell and things that your people produce better than any other group
    of people in the world.
        This is not about NAFTA or factories moving there to sell back to
    here. I think all of us agree it is highly unlikely anyone will move a
    factory to Chile to sell back to here. This is about how we can best
    seize our opportunities in the economy that is emerging and how 4
    percent of the world's people can continue to maintain 20 to 22 percent
    of the world's wealth and continue to grow the economy so incomes can
    rise and new jobs can be created.
        Now, I know this is a difficult debate, and I know we disagree about
    it. But the debate over fair trade and fast track should itself be fair.
    It should also be open and honest. I have personally sat alone in the
    White House and listened to talk shows where your representatives were
    on the shows, because I wanted to hear the arguments and hear the
    concerns and know the things that you want. And you know we have had
    exhaustive numbers of meetings between the administration and leaders of
    the labor movement. We ought to have an open, fair, and honest debate.
    We are trying to move as much as we can on a lot of the concerns that
    you have raised.
        But I also want to say that I think we share too many values and
    priorities to let this disagreement damage our partnership. You just
    think of all of the things that I reeled off that we've done together
    and all of the things we've stood against in the last 5 years. I have
    worked to make this economy work for middle class Americans. I care
    about making sure everybody has a chance and making sure nobody is left

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    behind. But I can't build a better future without the tools to do the
    job, and America can't lead if it's bringing up the rear. At the moment
    of our greatest economic success in an entire generation, we shouldn't
    be reluctant about the future. We ought to seize it and shape it.
        And I think I also have to say to you that there are a lot of good
    Members of Congress who agree with me about our trade policy who also
    stood for the minimum wage. They agree with me about our trade policy,
    but they fought to provide health care for 5 million more kids. They
    support open trade, but they also fought to protect Medicare and
    Medicaid and education and the environment and to open the doors of
    college to all Americans. And when the majority in Congress wanted to do
    so, they stood against them and fought with you against the contract on
    America. They fought with you against attempts to repeal the prevailing
    wage laws, to weaken unions and workplace health and safety laws. They
    did so in the face of intense pressure. They have fought for you and for
    all working people, and they deserve our support. If they were to lose
    their positions because they stood up for what they believe was right
    for America's future, who would replace them and how much harder would
    it be to get the necessary votes in Congress to back the President when
    he stands by you against the majority?
        America is far better off when the friends of working people stand
    together without letting one issue trump all the others. Friends and
    allies don't participate in the politics of abandonment. They band
    together, disagreeing when they must but banding together.
        I pledge to do that and hope you will, too. We've got a lot to do in
    education, in making sure Medicare and Social Security are there for the
    next generation of parents, in bridging the divide of race and all of
    the differences that are now taking place in this country. That's an
    area where you've always been out front, and I want to close with that,
    because you can help, perhaps more than almost any other group in
    America, to bridge the divides and to preserve the bonds of community.
        When I leave you, I'm going home to Arkansas, and tomorrow I will
    try to focus our Nation on a haunting but hopeful moment in our
    country's struggle to make America the Nation live up to America the
    idea--a day, 40 years ago, when nine brave African-American boys and
    girls, shielded from a hateful crowd by United States Army paratroopers,
    walked through the doors of Little Rock Central High School for the
    first time. I will honor the courage and vision of those whose eyes were
    fixed on the prize of equal educational opportunity without regard to
    race.
        There are still a lot of doors we have to open. There are still some
    doors we have to open wider. And now, unfortunately, there are some
    doors we've got to work hard from being shut again. There is also a new
    reality we're all going to have to come to grips with that very few
    Americans have thought about. It will change the workplace. It will
    change communities. It will change the way we do our business as
    citizens. That reality is that we are not simply a black/white nation;
    we are not simply a black/Hispanic/Native-American/white nation.
    Instead, we are a nation now of nearly all the peoples of the world,
    with greater diversity in how we work and live together and greater
    integration in how we work and live together than virtually any other
    democracy on Earth. And within the ranks of Caucasians and blacks and
    Latinos and Asians, there is increasing ethnic and cultural diversity.
        As we become the most diverse democracy on Earth--and make no
    mistake about it, we are becoming that. Today, only Hawaii has no
    majority race. Within a decade, probably within 4 or 5 years,
    California, our largest State with 13 percent of our population, will
    have no majority race. And sometime before the next century is half
    done, America will have no majority race. Are we going to embrace this?
    Are we going to say that we celebrate our diversity, but we're united by
    something more important? Or are we going to let it get away from us and
    drift off into little enclaves and weaken our country and our future and
    our children's future? You're in a unique position to help.
        Labor has a tradition here, established by visionaries like A.
    Philip Randolph and Walter Reuther. Labor has helped generations of
    African-Americans and new immigrants to gain dignity and respect. Your
    members reached across racial and ethnic lines to fight for a common
    future and personal dignity. Few institutions in America can claim
    anything like the record of the labor movement in fighting for equal
    opportunity.
        It was for that reason and for her own merit that I appointed your
    executive vice president,

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    Linda Chavez-Thompson, a member of my race advisory commission. She has
    seen discrimination firsthand. She knows discrimination is not a thing
    of the past, but she is determined to see that it has no place in our
    future. I am grateful for her help, and I ask you for yours.
        A century ago, the working men and women of labor imagined an
    America where older people had health security, where African-Americans
    enjoyed equal protection under the law, where working people had the
    right to organize and fight for a better life. Because they imagined it
    and because they worked for it, it's the America we're living in today.
        Now it is up to us to imagine the America of the 21st century. And
    on every issue I discussed today, that is all I ask you to do. Imagine
    it, based on what we now know. Imagine an America in which every child
    has a world-class education, in which every family can fairly balance
    the demands of work and childrearing, in which we lift living standards
    here and around the world, in which we learn to grow our economy and
    preserve the common environment which is our home, in which our oldest
    values of opportunity, responsibility and community guide us into a new
    time of greatest opportunity.
        As American working men and women have shown time and time again, if
    we imagine it and we work at it, we will build it, an America for our
    children, always eager for tomorrow. You have brought new energy to the
    labor movement. You have brought new energy to America. Let us work to
    build that into a future we can be proud of.
        Thank you, and God bless you.

    Note: The President spoke at 10:25 a.m. in the Convention Hall at the
    David Lawrence Convention Center. In his remarks, he referred to John J.
    Sweeney, president, Richard Trumka, secretary general, and Linda Chavez-
    Thompson, vice president, AFL-CIO; Sandra Feldman, president, American
    Federation of Teachers; and Arturo Rodriguez, president, United Farm
    Workers of America.