[Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: George H. W. Bush (1991, Book I)]
[January 9, 1991]
[Pages 17-23]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office www.gpo.gov]



The President's News Conference on the Persian Gulf Crisis
January 9, 1991

    The President. I have a brief opening statement, and then I will
take a few questions.
    I have spoken with Secretary of State Jim Baker, who reported to me 
on his nearly 7 hours of conversation with Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq 
`Aziz. Secretary Baker made it clear that he discerned no evidence 
whatsoever that Iraq was willing to comply with the international 
community's demand to withdraw from Kuwait and comply with the United 
Nations resolutions.
    Secretary Baker also reported to me that

[[Page 18]]

the Iraqi Foreign Minister rejected my letter to Saddam Hussein--refused 
to carry this letter and give it to the President of Iraq. The Iraqi 
Ambassador here in Washington did the same thing. This is but one more 
example that the Iraqi Government is not interested in direct 
communications designed to settle the Persian Gulf situation.
    The record shows that whether the diplomacy is initiated by the 
United States, the United Nations, the Arab League, or the European 
Community, the results are the same, unfortunately. The conclusion is 
clear: Saddam Hussein continues to reject a diplomatic solution.
    I sent Secretary Jim Baker to Geneva not to negotiate but to 
communicate. And I wanted Iraqi leaders to know just how determined we 
are that the Iraqi forces leave Kuwait without condition or further 
delay. Secretary Baker made clear that by its full compliance with the 
12 relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions, Iraq would gain 
the opportunity to rejoin the international community. And he also made 
clear how much Iraq stands to lose if it does not comply.
    Let me emphasize that I have not given up on a peaceful outcome--
it's not too late. I've just been on the phone, subsequent to the Baker 
press conference, with King Fahd, with President Mitterrand--to whom 
I've talked twice today--Prime Minister Mulroney. And others are 
contacting other coalition partners to keep the matter under lively 
discussion. It isn't too late. But now, as it's been before, the choice 
of peace or war is really Saddam Hussein's to make.
    And now I'd be glad to take a few questions.
    Q. Mr. President, you said in an interview last month that you 
believed in your gut that Saddam Hussein would withdraw from Kuwait by 
January 15th. After the failure of this meeting today, what does your 
gut tell you about that? And in your gut, do you believe that there's 
going to be war or peace?
    The President. I can't misrepresent this to the American people. I 
am discouraged. I watched much of the `Aziz press conference, and there 
was no discussion of withdrawal from Kuwait. The United Nations 
resolutions are about the aggression against Kuwait. They're about the 
invasion of Kuwait, about the liquidation of a lot of the people in 
Kuwait, about the restoration of the legitimate government to Kuwait. 
And here we were listening to a 45-minute press conference after the 
Secretary of State of the United States had 6 hours worth of meetings 
over there, and there was not one single sentence that has to relate to 
their willingness to get out of Kuwait.
    And so, Terry [Terence Hunt, Associated Press], I'd have to say I 
certainly am not encouraged by that, but I'm not going to give up. And I 
told this to our coalition partners--and I'll be talking to more of them 
when I finish here--we've got to keep trying. But this was a total 
stiff-arm. This was a total rebuff.
    Q. Let me follow up on that. Let me follow up. Have you decided in 
your mind to go to war if he's not out of there by the 15th?
    The President. I have not made up my decision on what and when to 
do. I am more determined than ever that the United Nations resolutions 
including 678 is implemented fully.
    Yes, Helen [Helen Thomas, United Press International]?
    Q. Mr. President, `Aziz made a pledge that he would not make the 
first attack. Would you match that? And also, what's wrong with a Middle 
East conference if it could avoid a bloody war?
    The President. No, I wouldn't make it. And we oppose linkage. The 
coalition opposes linkage. And the argument with Saddam Hussein is about 
Kuwait. It is about the invasion of Kuwait, the liquidation of a member 
of the United Nations, a member of the Arab League. And it has long been 
determined by not just the Security Council but by the entire United 
Nations that this is about Kuwait. And that is the point that was 
missing from his explanations here today. And so, there will be no 
linkage on these items. And that's been the firm position of all of the 
allies, those with forces there, and, indeed, of the United Nations--the 
General Assembly----
    Q. So, you feel free to attack?
    The President. ----so when he talked about his allies there, I don't 
know who

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stood up at the General Assembly of the United Nations and stood against 
the resolution that so overwhelmingly passed condemning Iraq. So, there 
will be no linkage, put it that way.
    Q. Mr. President?
    The President. Yes, Brit [Brit Hume, ABC News].
    Q. Tariq `Aziz, on the subject of the letter, suggested that it was 
rude in its use of language and somehow inappropriate to a diplomatic 
communication. I wonder, sir, if you are willing to release the letter, 
now that it has run its course, apparently? And if, whether you are or 
not, would you characterize it for us and tell us what it said?
    The President. Well, let me first describe why I wanted to send a 
letter. It has been alleged, fairly or unfairly, that those around 
Saddam Hussein refuse to bring him bad news or refuse to tell it to him 
straight. And so, I made the determination that I would write a letter 
that would explain as clearly and forcefully as I could exactly what the 
situation is that he faces. The letter was not rude. The letter was 
direct. And the letter did exactly what I think is necessary at this 
stage.
    But to refuse to even pass a letter along seems to me to be just one 
more manifestation of the stonewalling that has taken place. We gave him 
15 dates for the Secretary of State to meet with him. And he's off 
meeting with Mr. A and Mr. B and Mr. C and has no time for that.
    So, the letter was proper--I've been around the diplomatic track for 
a long time--the letter was proper, it was direct, and it was what I 
think would have been helpful to him to show him the resolve of the rest 
of the world--certainly of the coalition.
    In terms of releasing it, Brit, I haven't given much thought to 
that. It was written as a letter to him. But let me think about it. I 
might be willing to do it; I might not. I just don't know. If I thought 
it would help get the message out to him in an indirect way maybe it 
makes some sense, although we've been saying essentially the same thing 
over and over again that was in the letter.
    Q. Well, Mr. President, was the refusal by the Ambassador here to 
even accept the letter--was that prior to or simultaneous with the 
refusal of Tariq `Aziz? I mean, is it your impression----
    The President. I think it was after he had made that--I think it was 
after the letter had been rejected at the table there in Geneva. Just 
one more effort to try to get this direct communication to him. I'm not 
sure on that, but I believe that's correct.
    Q. Mr. President, there are reports that you are considering a 
callup of up to a million reservists to reinforce the forces that are 
serving in the Persian Gulf. What can you tell us about that?
    The President. I can tell you nobody has ever suggested that to me.
    Q. Is there any reserve callup being contemplated at this point?
    The President. I'll tell you what I'll do. I'll ask the Secretary of 
Defense to respond to that question when I get finished here.
    Q. Can you tell us what your attitude now is about the use-of-force 
resolution that you asked for yesterday with the Congress?
    The President. Well, I had a good meeting with certain Members of 
Congress. I've talked to all four leaders this afternoon--Senator 
Mitchell, Senator Dole, Speaker Foley, Congressman Michel--I talked to 
him in person here. And I'm not sure where it stands. I am anxious to 
see and would certainly welcome a resolution that says we are going to 
implement the United Nations resolutions to a tee.
    I don't think it's too late to send a consolidated signal to Saddam 
Hussein. And I think that would be a consolidated signal. I think it 
would be helpful still. I've told the Congressmen back in December, as I 
think I told everyone in this room, that I would have welcomed a 
resolution back then, provided it would send this solid signal. But if 
it can do it today, I would welcome it.
    So, I don't know exactly where it stands, but I know that there is a 
good feeling up there. I think people see that the American people are 
supportive of the policy of this country. I think they see that we have 
tried the diplomatic track. I hope they know that I am as committed to 
peace as anyone. But I hope they also know that I am firmly determined 
to see that this aggression not stand. And I think they're backing me in

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that.
    So, maybe that ingredient, which hasn't always been quite as clear 
as it is now, will help as this debate, proper debate, goes forward in 
the Congress.
    Q. Do you think you need such a resolution? And if you lose it, 
would you be bound by that?
    The President. I don't think I need it. I think Secretary Cheney 
expressed it very well the other day. There are different opinions on 
either side of this question, but Saddam Hussein should be under no 
question on this: I feel that I have the authority to fully implement 
the United Nations resolutions.
    Q. And the question of being bound--the second part of that?
    The President. I still feel that I have the constitutional 
authority--many attorneys having so advised me.
    Q. Sir, I want to ask you about Francois Mitterrand. But Wyatt's 
[Wyatt Andrews, CBS News] question opens up a whole area. Let me just 
ask you: You talk about you don't want this to be another Vietnam.
    The President. It won't be another Vietnam.
    Q. If the Congress of the United States refuses to give you a 
resolution that--refuses to even give you a Gulf of Tonkin-type 
resolution, how can you go to war?
    The President. I don't think they're going to refuse.
    Q. Okay. Let me ask you about Francois Mitterrand. You say the----
    The President. There have been 200--I'll just repeat for the record 
that there have been a lot of uses of force in our history and very few 
declarations of war. But I have tried. I have done more consultation 
with the Congress than any other President. Some of these Democratic 
Members have told me that. And I have tried to reach out to them in 
various ways, and I will continue to do it, because I want to see a 
solid front here as we stand up against this aggressor.
    Q. Let me ask you about that solid front----
    The President. And I think it enhances the peace. I really believe, 
John [John Cochran, NBC News], that he is living under a delusion. I 
think he doesn't think that force will be used against him. I think he's 
misinterpreted the debate. I also think he's under a delusion about what 
would happen if a conflagration breaks out. I believe that firmly, and 
I've had many, many people whom I respect tell me that. So, I would hope 
that what we're talking about here would dissuade him from that.
    This is a followup.
    Q. You've said that the coalition is united against any linkage on 
the Palestinian question. You've talked to Francois Mitterrand twice 
today. But in public he says he is for this international peace 
conference, and he seems to have no objection at all if Saddam Hussein 
wants to use that as a figleaf to pull out of Kuwait. You do have an 
objection. Mitterrand also says that apparently the European Community 
foreign ministers are going to meet with `Aziz apparently in Algiers. 
What if they go in there and say, well, we have no objection to an 
international peace conference on the Mideast?
    The President. The foreign ministers of the EC have been very solid, 
and so has President Francois Mitterrand, that there will be no linkage. 
So you're asking me a hypothetical question that I won't have to answer 
because he's not going to do that.
    Q. He said today he disagrees with you on the international peace--
--
    The President. The French Government and the United States 
Government over the years have had some differences on how the best way 
to bring peace to the Middle East is. We had a very active initiative 
underway by Jim Baker. But that doesn't have anything to do with the 
invasion of Kuwait. And Francois Mitterrand knows that it doesn't have 
to do with the invasion of Kuwait and the aggression against Kuwait. And 
I know he knows this. And he's been very forthright about it.
    But, yes, he's very frank in saying countries have a different 
approach to how you solve another very important problem. I would simply 
refer you back to what I've said on that subject. I think you were with 
us over in the joint press conference with President Gorbachev when I 
addressed myself to this. But I am going to avoid linkage.
    I listened to that `Aziz meeting, and all he tried to do is 
obfuscate, to confuse, to

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make everybody think this had to do with the West Bank, for example. And 
it doesn't. It has to do with the aggression against Kuwait--the 
invasion of Kuwait, the brutalizing of the people in Kuwait. And it has 
to do with a new world order. And that world order is only going to be 
enhanced if this newly-activated peacekeeping function of the United 
Nations proves to be effective. That is the only way the new world order 
will be enhanced.
    Q. You say that Saddam Hussein doesn't understand yet. Why not a 
meeting face to face? Why refuse any meeting face to face?
    The President. Because he's had every opportunity. We finally said 
this is the last step. We tried 15 dates in Baghdad. We tried to set up 
these meetings. And now we tried this one, and there wasn't one single 
reason to make me think that another meeting between the United States 
and Saddam Hussein--and the Iraqis would do any good at all. If I felt 
it would, fine. But it will not.
    I talked to the Secretary-General of the United Nations today, and 
there is a chance that he might undertake such a mission. Certainly we'd 
have no objection. There's one other reason--and I cite that because 
this is not Iraq against the United States. It is Iraq against the rest 
of the world. It is the United Nations that passed 12 resolutions, not 
the United States. It is the General Assembly of the United Nations--
100-plus countries standing solidly against the dictator. And therefore, 
it doesn't need to be a bilateral negotiation here. We tried that. And 
we were stiff-armed by an intransigent Foreign Secretary.
    And so the answer is, if diplomacy can be effective now, let's keep 
it in the context in which these resolutions were passed. And I would 
hope that maybe it would have an effect, but I'd have to level with the 
American people: Nothing I saw today--nothing--leads me to believe that 
this man is going to be reasonable. So, back to Terry's question, I have 
less of a feeling that he'll come around. But we ought to keep trying. 
We ought to keep trying right down to the wire.
    Q. You've repeated the ``keep trying.'' You've cited the Secretary-
General of the United Nations. Secretary of State Baker cited him three 
times. What exactly could his mission be if there is no alternative to 
what Secretary Baker----
    The President. I'm not sure. What would a mission of Jim Baker have 
been? It might have been to convince the man that he is up against an 
immovable force. He's up against something that is not going to yield. 
He is up against a situation under which there will be no compromise; 
and there will be none. But because, you see, Ann [Ann Compton, ABC 
News], I go back to my point, I don't think he has felt this up until 
now--on both points. I don't think he's felt that force will be used 
against him, and I think he has felt that if it were, he'd prevail. He's 
wrong on both counts.
    Q. Mr. President, there have been reports that Saddam believes that 
if it comes to war, even if he's driven out of Kuwait militarily, he can 
survive in power. Is he wrong?
    The President. I think he's wrong on all of his assumptions about 
what would happen if it came to war--God forbid.
    In the middle, and back here. And then we've got three more, and 
then I've got to go. These--Ellen [Ellen Warren, Knight-Ridder]?
    Q. Would he be killed, Mr. President? Would he be killed if it came 
to war?
    The President. I'm not going to answer that. I don't know the answer 
to that question.
    Q. Mr. President, you seem to have ruled out further diplomacy as 
a----
    The President. No, you missed what I said, ma'am--Ellen, about the 
Secretary-General, possibly. The EC has tried--I'll get back to you. Let 
me finish this one train of thought and then I'll come to your 
question--the EC has tried, and, indeed, we see `Aziz saying no, he 
wouldn't meet with the foreign ministers. You've seen President Chadli 
Bendjedid of Algeria to try.
    I told the Congressmen, I want to see us go the last step for peace. 
I want to use everything at my power to encourage people to try. And, 
indeed, there have been. Arab League has tried. Over and over again, 
people have tried. And they run up against the same answer. I remember 
the speculation that came out here in our

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papers in this country about a visit by a French delegate that was going 
over there. The hopes were raised. Nothing happened. So, I just had to 
argue with the premise because there has been a lot of diplomacy and 
there may be more.
    Now, excuse me for interrupting you.
    Q. Sir, you seem to be very skeptical that further diplomacy would 
work. And yet you've said here today that you haven't given up on a 
peaceful solution. I wonder where it is you find this hope for a 
peaceful solution?
    The President. I'm not sure I have great hope for it. But I think 
when human life is at stake, you go the extra mile for peace. And that's 
what we have tried to do. And I will continue to think of reasons--I 
told President Mitterrand, I said, look, if you think of a new approach, 
or I do, please, let's one or the other get on the phone and try. But we 
remain determined that these resolutions are going to be complied with. 
I am very concerned that sanctions--I know sanctions alone aren't going 
to get this job done. And so we're pushing here, and that's what the 
Baker meeting with `Aziz was about. I'm not going to give up, though.
    Karen [Karen Hosler, Baltimore Sun]?
    Q. A lot of people, in looking at the situation, on the outside will 
say, there must be more than this. There must be some back-channel 
diplomacy. There must be something going on. We can't be rushing 
headlong into war this way. Can you tell us that there is nothing, that 
it is what we appear to be getting--that Saddam isn't going to move and 
we're going to war?
    The President. I'm not going to use that phrase. I am going to say, 
if Saddam doesn't move, we are going to fully implement Resolution 678. 
And it will be fully complied with.
    But I wish I could tell you I'm more hopeful. There is no back 
channel. We've tried it directly. I've had to level, and properly so, 
with our coalition partners as to what I'm doing, and they've leveled 
with us, leveled with the United Nations Security Council members who 
are not involved in the coalition with force--for example, the Soviets. 
A lot of avenues have been tried. But I can't tell you that there's any 
hidden agenda out there, secret negotiations--there is not. And it 
wouldn't be right for us to be off telling you one thing openly here and 
then going around behind the corner with some secret channel. So, I 
would like to say if there's any feeling that that's happening, it isn't 
happening.
    Q. So, the entire hope for peace then rests on Saddam backing off 
from his----
    The President. And it has since August 2d--exactly. Because this 
aggression is not going to stand. And there's an awful lot at stake in 
terms of the new world order that it doesn't stand. And there's a lot at 
stake in terms of a lot of human life in Kuwait that it doesn't stand. 
And there's a lot at stake in terms of how the coalition looks at this 
that it doesn't stand. So, it won't.
    Q. Mr. President, you said that when you first proposed high-level 
talks between Iraq and the United States that it was because you were 
convinced the message had not gotten through, had not gotten across. Are 
you now convinced that the message had gotten across?
    The President. Well, I did listen carefully to Mr. `Aziz, who I 
thought spoke quite well. I didn't agree with what he was trying to do, 
obviously, to confuse the issue by refusing to discuss the point at 
hand, which is the invasion of Kuwait, but I thought he did it well. 
[Laughter] I thought he kind of sent a signal that they do understand 
what's up against them, but I still don't believe that they think the 
world coalition will use force against them. I may be wrong, but that's 
what I think in here. And I also still believe, as I said earlier, that 
he somehow has this feeling that he will prevail or that he will 
prolong. This will not be that. I've heard some wild predictions on this 
horrible human equation that might be involved if force were used, and I 
would say I don't agree with some who are arguing the loudest because 
it's putting the worst case out in terms of loss of human life; I must 
say that. I don't know. I think `Aziz understands it, but I'm not sure 
that Saddam Hussein does.
    Q. If I could follow, Mr. President----
    The President. A followup question. I'm sorry, I'm going to have one 
more, and then Charles [Charles Bierbauer, Cable News Network]--I told 
him, and then I'm leaving. Thank you very much, though.

[[Page 23]]

    Q. When you were listening to Foreign Secretary `Aziz, did you get 
any kind of particular feelings of anger or----
    The President. No, I didn't. I thought it was a very rational 
presentation, but wrong. I must say, I thought his style was good. From 
talking to Jim Baker, I thought he--I mean, when I talked to Jim, he 
said, look, the man presented his case. Clearly, we didn't agree with 
it. I thought he was quite complimentary of the way the Secretary of 
State did it. So, the atmospherics, I think, were all right, but he 
doesn't have it. He doesn't understand it. At least from what he said, 
he doesn't. Because this is not about some other question of linkage. 
This is about the invasion and the aggression about Kuwait--the 
dismantling of Kuwait, the brutality about Kuwait. So, I didn't get a 
sense of security from listening to that. But I will say that I thought 
that he presented his views in a reasonable way. He had a tough agenda. 
He had some tough talking points there. He works for a tough man.
    Q. What exactly are you trying to convey here to Saddam Hussein on 
what he does have to lose? Is it the decimation of his society? Is it 
the liquidation of his military? Is it losing his own power? Can you be 
specific on that?
    The President. I can't be more specific, but I can be that he will 
get out of Kuwait, and he will get out of Kuwait entirely, and he will 
get out of Kuwait without concession. That, I think, is the underlying 
part of the message.
    Q. Mr. President, a question on Israel. Tariq `Aziz was emphatic 
that if Iraq is attacked, Israel will be attacked. What are your 
obligations to Israel? Are you prepared to fight a war throughout the 
Middle East?
    The President. That is too hypothetical a question for me to answer. 
We are prepared to do what we need to do to fully implement 678. And I 
would think that he'd think long and hard before he started yet another 
war. There is one war on--that's his war against Kuwait. That's his 
aggression against Kuwait. And I don't think he wants to start another 
one. So, I'm not going to buy into that hypothesis that the United 
States would obviously feel that that was a most provocative act, most 
provocative.
    Q. If I may, I don't believe it was a hypothetical question. The 
question was, what are your obligations to Israel?
    The President. We have friends all over the world. We have friends 
in this coalition. And I'm determined that the United States will fill 
our obligations there. Clearly, if a friend in that area was attacked, 
wantonly attacked for no cause whatsoever, not only the United States 
but I think many people around the world would view that as a flagrant 
provocation. And I'll leave it stand right there.
    Thank you all very much. Thank you.

                    Note: President Bush's 68th news conference began at 
                        3:55 p.m. in the Briefing Room at the White 
                        House. In his remarks, he referred to Secretary 
                        of State James A. Baker III; Foreign Minister 
                        Tariq `Aziz and President Saddam Hussein of 
                        Iraq; Mohamed Sadiq al-Mashat, Iraqi Ambassador 
                        to the United States; King Fahd bin Abd al-`Aziz 
                        Al Sa`ud of Saudi Arabia; President Francois 
                        Mitterrand of France; Prime Minister Brian 
                        Mulroney of Canada; Secretary of Defense Dick 
                        Cheney; George J. Mitchell, Senate majority 
                        leader; Robert Dole, Senate Republican leader; 
                        Thomas S. Foley, Speaker of the House of 
                        Representatives; Robert H. Michel, House 
                        Republican leader; President Mikhail Gorbachev 
                        of the Soviet Union; Javier Perez de Cuellar de 
                        la Guerra, Secretary-General of the United 
                        Nations; and President Chadli Bendjedid of 
                        Algeria.