    [Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: George H. W. Bush (1991, Book I)]
    [April 16, 1991]
    [Pages 378-385]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office www.gpo.gov]

    Remarks on Assistance for Iraqi Refugees and a News Conference
    April 16, 1991

        The President. I have a brief statement here, and then I'll be glad
    to take a few questions.
        Eleven days ago, on April 5th, I announced that the United States
    would initiate what soon became the largest U.S. relief effort mounted
    in modern military history. Such an undertaking was made necessary by
    the terrible human tragedy unfolding in and around Iraq as a result of
    Saddam Hussein's brutal treatment of Iraqi citizens.
        Within 48 hours, our operation was providing scores of tons of food,
    water, coats, tents, blankets, and medicines to the Iraqi Kurds in
    northern Iraq and southern Turkey. The scale of this effort is truly
    unprecedented. Yet the fact remains that the scale of the problem is
    even greater. Hundreds of thousands of Iraqi Kurds are in difficult-to-
    reach mountain areas in southern Turkey and along the Turkish-Iraq
    border.
        The Government of Turkey, along with U.S., British, and French
    military units, and numerous international organizations, have launched
    a massive relief operation. But despite these efforts, hunger,
    malnutrition, disease, and exposure are taking their grim toll. No one
    can see the pictures or hear the accounts of this human suffering--men,
    women, and most painfully of all, innocent children--and not be deeply
    moved.
        It is for this reason that this afternoon, following consultations
    with Prime Minister Major, President Mitterrand, President Ozal of
    Turkey, Chancellor Kohl this morning,

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    U.N. Secretary-General Perez de Cuellar, I'm announcing a greatly
    expanded and more ambitious relief effort. The approach is quite simple:
    If we cannot get adequate food, medicine, clothing, and shelter to the
    Kurds living in the mountains along the Turkish-Iraq border, we must
    encourage the Kurds to move to areas in northern Iraq where the
    geography facilitates rather than frustrates such a large-scale relief
    effort.
        Consistent with United Nations Security Council Resolution 688 and
    working closely with the United Nations and other international relief
    organizations and our European partners, I have directed the U.S.
    military to begin immediately to establish several encampments in
    northern Iraq where relief supplies for these refugees will be made
    available in large quantities and distributed in an orderly way.
        I can well appreciate that many Kurds have good reason to fear for
    their safety if they return to Iraq. And let me reassure them that
    adequate security will be provided at these temporary sites by U.S.,
    British, and French air and ground forces, again consistent with United
    Nations Security Council Resolution 688. We are hopeful that others in
    the coalition will join this effort.
        I want to underscore that all that we are doing is motivated by
    humanitarian concerns. We continue to expect the Government of Iraq not
    to interfere in any way with this latest relief effort. The prohibition
    against Iraqi fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft flying north of the 36th
    parallel thus remains in effect.
        And I want to stress that this new effort, despite its scale and
    scope, is not intended as a permanent solution to the plight of the
    Iraqi Kurds. To the contrary, it is an interim measure designed to meet
    an immediate, penetrating humanitarian need. Our long-term objective
    remains the same: for Iraqi Kurds and, indeed, for all Iraqi refugees,
    wherever they are, to return home and to live in peace, free from
    repression, free to live their lives.
        I also want to point out that we're acutely concerned about the
    problem of the Iraqi refugees now along the Iran-Iraq border and in
    Iran. I commend the members of the European Community for their efforts
    to alleviate hardship in this area. We, ourselves, have offered to
    contribute to international efforts designed to meet this humanitarian
    challenge.
        As I stated earlier, the relief effort being announced here today
    constitutes an undertaking different in scale and approach. What is not
    different is basic policy. All along, I have said that the United States
    is not going to intervene militarily in Iraq's internal affairs and risk
    being drawn into a Vietnam-style quagmire. This remains the case. Nor
    will we become an occupying power with U.S. troops patrolling the
    streets of Baghdad.
        We intend to turn over the administration of and security for these
    sites as soon as possible to the United Nations, just as we are
    fulfilling our commitment to withdraw our troops and hand over
    responsibility to U.N. forces along Iraq's southern border, the border
    with Kuwait.
        But we must do everything in our power to save innocent life. This
    is the American tradition, and we will continue to live up to that
    tradition.
        Q. Mr. President, your administration estimates that up to 1,000
    Kurds are dying each day. How do you respond to critics who say that
    you've acted too little, too late, and that you've turned your backs on
    the very people that you inspired to rise up against Saddam Hussein?
        The President. I don't think we have responded too little, too late.
    It is an extraordinarily difficult logistical problem. And we have been,
    as I said in my statement, sending lots of humanitarian relief in
    there--not just the United States, incidentally, other countries as
    well, a lot of private relief organizations helping out. So, this has
    been our policy. But I think we have a better chance to facilitate the
    relief and to get the Kurds in more sanitary conditions by this new
    program I've announced here today. There's been an awful lot of
    consultation with the Turks and others going into this. And in terms of
    the other, I simply don't accept that.
        Q. How long do you think that it will be before the United Nations
    forces can take over from the U.S. and other allies?
        The President. You mean in this new op-

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    eration? We don't know that. We don't know that, but clearly the sooner
    the better. The United Nations forces will be coming down into the
    south--the Blue Helmets. And we hope and expect that to be accomplished
    in a very few days. But this one we're just starting, but we'll have to
    see what we do. And it may require for a U.N. peacekeeping force in
    there--or U.N. Blue Helmets--a new resolution from the Security Council.
    And that's a complicated problem, given the fact that some of the
    members who were steadfastly with us in the coalition might have
    problems with something of this nature.
        Q. Mr. President, you keep absolving yourself of any responsibility,
    and yet time after time you are on the record of calling on the Iraqis
    to take the matter in their own hands, and you never said, not you the
    Kurds, not you the Shiites. So, how can you really continue to justify
    that in your own mind when the world's conscience--go ahead.
        The President. No, go ahead, finish your question.
        Q. Well, the world's conscience has been aroused by this, and we are
    seeing pictures of this terrible suffering.
        The President. Well, I think all Americans--yes----
        Q. Obviously, you were taken by surprise, and you have no long-term
    policy for what is going to happen eventually. Will they be refugees for
    the rest of their lives?
        The President. I hope not. We've got enough--what looks like
    permanent refugees, and we're trying to do something about that in
    various areas. The objectives were set out very early on. And the
    objectives never included going into Baghdad, never included the demise
    and destruction of Saddam personally. You had many people that were
    telling me early on, let sanctions work. Let sanctions work. Don't do
    anything about the aggression at all. We led an international coalition
    of unprecedented, historic proportions and achieved objectives.
        And you're asking me if I foresaw the size of the Kurdish refugee
    problem? The answer is: No, I did not. But do I think that the United
    States should bear guilt because of suggesting that the Iraqi people
    take matters into their own hands, with the implication being given by
    some that the United States would be there to support them militarily?
    That was not true. We never implied that. Do I think the answer is now
    for Saddam Hussein to be kicked out? Absolutely. Because there will not
    be----
        Q. Is he----
        The President. May I finish, please? There will not be normalized
    relations with the United States--and I think this is true for most
    coalition partners--until Saddam Hussein is out of there. And we will
    continue the economic sanctions.
        Q. Do you concede you encouraged the revolt and the exodus?
        The President. I don't concede encouraging an exodus. I did
    suggest--and it's well documented--what I thought would be good is if
    the Iraqi people would take matters into their own hands and kick Saddam
    Hussein out. I still feel that way, and I still hope they do.
        Q. You have hundreds of thousands of refugees which will require a
    large number of forces. How many allied and U.S. forces will be involved
    inside northern Iraq?
        The President. I think rather small numbers because I don't think
    Saddam Hussein, given the assurances he made today to the United Nations
    in Iraq--they had some representatives there--would venture to use
    force. But the problem isn't what we think about it; the problem is what
    do these Kurdish refugees who have been brutalized by this man think.
    And what they think is, look, we don't want to take his word. We need
    some security.
        Q. Mr. President, have you actually formally notified Iraq that this
    is what you're going to do--set up encampments?
        The President. No.
        Q. Well, I mean, so this is the first word they've received of it?
        The President. Well, I think they're talking with the United Nations
    people about encampments being set up. But this is the first word they
    know as to what the United States is going to do about it--authoritative
    word.
        Q. Are you sure that they're not going to respond militarily to
    seeing force come in?
        The President. They should not respond

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    militarily. And they underestimated the United States once before on
    that, and they shouldn't do it again. And I don't think they will. And
    the United Nations people who have been talking to them in Baghdad don't
    think that there will be a military response. And since we said no
    action north of the 36th parallel, in fairness, there hasn't been any
    military action north of the 36th parallel.
        Q. You said before that you didn't like the idea of a protected
    enclave within Iraq itself. But doesn't this, in effect, establish for
    months and the foreseeable future the United States military protecting
    Kurdish refugees in that area? And do you want to continue to leave it
    ambiguous what the U.S. would do in case there is any effort by the
    Iraqis against the Kurdish refugees?
        The President. I hope we're not talking about a long-term effort.
    We're working with the French, who've taken a leadership role in a
    policy to encourage the Kurds to return to the cities. There's some talk
    about trying to get a U.N. presence along these various way stations as
    they go back. That would be a very useful idea, and I told Mr.
    Mitterrand I supported him strongly on that.
        But in this one, I don't think it has to be long-term. The main
    thing, long-term or short-term, from the very beginning we've been
    trying to save the lives of these women and children and men. And now
    this is a logical next step to get it done much more sanitarily, get it
    done in a safe and sensible way.
        And some might argue that this is an intervention into the internal
    affairs of Iraq. But I think the humanitarian concern, the refugee
    concern is so overwhelming that there will be a lot of understanding
    about this.
        Q. Will the American military be militarily protecting these areas?
    And what will they do if there is any attack on the refugees?
        The President. Well, that was the question I used to get before the
    war started against--what are you going to do; how are you going to
    respond to this? And I won't give you any details, but I will simply
    suggest that these people will be protected. We are not going to say to
    them, ``Come down from the mountains; you will be protected,'' and then
    not protect them.
        Q. Mr. President, given the condition of many of these refugees, how
    are you going to get them to these new camps? How far away or how far
    distance are we talking about moving them, and what role might the U.S.
    or the allies play in getting them there?
        The President. We're going to have what you call a supply train.
    There will be strong--I mean, not train in the sense of railroad train,
    but a supply train--and there will be a lot of international support for
    that. The Turks will facilitate this. I can't give you--there will be
    maybe five or six camps in these so-called--what Ozal calls ``flat
    areas''--but I can't give you an exact estimate on the mileage.
        It's not too far in terms of long distances. But what we've got to
    do now is get in there and build these camps and keep our commitment to
    be sure that they are safe, and I think they will be. And then you ask a
    very good question, because how you talk these scared people into coming
    down, that's another question. But we will be doing our level-best, and
    we have very good people on the ground there now.
        Q. Mr. President, how many troops do you envision being involved in
    this, and how certain are you of their safety?
        The President. Relatively small numbers, and I'm very confident of
    their safety. We'll have air power around there if needed. We'll be able
    to protect not only our own people but we'll be able to protect the
    people that we're setting out to protect, which is these refugees.
        Q. May I follow up on that, sir? You feel certain enough of their
    safety that you feel this is not inconsistent with your earlier
    statements about not putting one U.S. soldier's life on the line?
        The President. Yes, I do. I think this is entirely different, and I
    just feel it's what's needed in terms of helping these people. Some may
    interpret it that way; I don't. I think it's purely humanitarian. And I
    think representations have been made as recently as today that these
    people would be safe, so I hope it proves that way.
        Q. Mr. President, you haven't mentioned

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    anything about the situation in the south where there are thousands of
    Shiites who are equally concerned about what happens when Americans
    withdraw.
        The President. Exactly.
        Q. Can we offer the same kind of assurances that they won't be
    attacked?
        The President. The United Nations will be in there soon, and we
    think that will be very good assurance that they will not be attacked.
    People forget that the United States has been doing a wonderful job for
    those refugees for a long time. I've seen no credit given to our troops
    that are handling that with great concern and compassion. They have done
    a superb job.
        So, what we want to do is see--in that neutral zone--see the Blue
    Helmets come in there, and then I will continue to keep moving our
    people out as rapidly as possible. I want to bring them home.
        Q. But if the U.N. forces aren't enough to deter Iraqi problems down
    there, is there some kind of an allied coalition commitment to those
    people as well?
        The President. I think there will be enough. I think that we're
    operating on the assumption that they will not be attacked with the
    United Nations in there. I think that would be a serious problem for
    Saddam Hussein if he took on the entire United Nations, having agreed to
    these cease-fire conditions. So, I would just stand with that.

    President Saddam Hussein of Iraq

        Q. Mr. President, your wife suggested yesterday--Mrs. Bush suggested
    that Saddam Hussein be tried for war crimes and hanged. Do you agree?
        The President. I seldom differ with my wife, and I don't know that I
    would differ with her here. I'll tell you what's the most important
    thing, however, and that is to get Saddam Hussein out of there. So, if
    you came to me as a broker and you said, I can get him out of there, but
    he'd have to be able to live a happy life forevermore in some third
    country with all kinds of conditions never to go back and brutalize his
    people again, I'd have to think about it, but I might be willing to say,
    well, as far as our pressing charges, we'd be willing to get him out. We
    want him out of there so badly, and I think it's so important to the
    tranquillity of Iraq that under that condition we might.
        But his crimes--do I think he's guilty of war crimes? The
    environmental terror, the rape and pillage of Kuwait, what he's done to
    his own people? I would think there would be plenty of grounds under
    which he would be prosecuted for war crimes.
        Q. Former President Nixon suggested a little bit earlier that maybe
    you should put out a contract and have Saddam Hussein assassinated. What
    about that?
        The President. I think that's unacceptable. I'm not sure that's
    exactly what President Nixon said, either.

    Situation in Iraq

        Q. Mr. President, here you are, talking about getting rid of Saddam
    Hussein, putting additional U.S. forces back into Iraq. How can you be
    sure that the U.S. is not going to get entangled in that internal
    situation there, that civil war that you so much want to avoid?
        The President. Well, I'm positive in my own mind--put it this way--
    in my own mind, my judgment is--and I think it's the collective judgment
    of the people that figured the war out pretty well--is that he won't
    risk this. And Saddam Hussein is not going to want to reengage in that
    nature. So, we'll have to see. But certainly, any U.S. forces--and we're
    not talking about large numbers, I don't know exactly what the numbers
    are--will be protected. And they will be protected vigorously. But I
    don't anticipate that. I don't expect, and I don't think the French
    President expects that; I don't think the British Prime Minister expects
    it; I don't think the United Nations Secretary-General expects it; the
    President of Turkey--and we've got a lot of people working this problem.
        It is the collective judgment--and they've been right far more than
    wrong on these matters--that this will not take place. But we're
    prepared if any force should be used against these helpless people in
    the refugee camps.
        Q. And, Mr. President, some in Congress who voted against the war
    resolution to begin with now say that you didn't complete the job and
    have, in fact, created another Vietnam. What's your reaction on

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    that?
        The President. I've got to be careful about my reaction to some of
    that because--maybe you could help me by explaining which people--from
    what view? The ones that wanted sanctions to work, or ones that didn't
    want use of military force ever under any condition? Which ones are you
    talking about?
        Q. There were some in Congress who had--well, Senator Kennedy, for
    example, yesterday in a public statement said that you didn't go far
    enough to complete the job.
        The President. Well, he's entitled to his opinion. I think we
    completed the objectives that we spelled out; they were fulfilled. And I
    think the whole world knows that. Now we have another problem, a problem
    that's a recurring problem. This man has brutalized these people before,
    and now he's doing it again.
        I think I would call to the attention of the critics what the
    objectives were, what the United Nations resolutions called for. And I
    think that they were admirably completed. And I am surprised at some who
    strongly oppose the use of force now sound to me, from some of their
    clarion calls, that they want to use force to solve the matters in
    Baghdad, and that is not what we are going to do. And if you did do it,
    you'd certainly want to go back through the diplomatic approach, and
    certainly I would not want to do that without having a lot of these
    people on the record in terms of support.
        But I don't think that's needed. I don't believe that's what we
    ought to be doing. I think the American people want their sons and
    daughters to come home, and they're going to come home. And the only
    little difficulty now in terms of coming home is that we have a
    responsibility to do what we can to help these refugees. We've been
    doing it from day one. And now, as the problem gets worse and as we see
    the fear in these people's hearts about coming down out of the
    mountains, we're taking this next step.
        But the fundamental policy is to bring our men and women home, and
    that's exactly what we're doing in the south. Gerry [Gerald Seib, Wall
    Street Journal] asked the right question: What guarantee? The guarantee
    is the agreement itself that was enacted by the United Nations and
    agreed to by Iraq, and the presence of Blue Helmets of the United
    Nations peacekeeping force.
        Q. In all fairness to Senator Kennedy, his reference was to the use
    of helicopter gunships against the rebels after they had apparently felt
    that they were encouraged by your remarks to rebel against Saddam.
        The President. So, what does he want us to do? I just haven't
    followed what he's been saying on this subject.
        Q. His criticism was that you didn't go ahead and shoot down those
    helicopter gunships.
        The President. You know, I can understand people thinking that. I
    can understand their criticism. And then, how do you take care of the
    tanks and the riflemen and the other parts of the divisions that
    remained in northern Iraq? Helicopters is but a part of it.
        You can say, well, if you'd have done that, maybe he'd have stopped.
    I don't believe that, but I don't fault him for that, if that's what his
    position was.
        Q. Mr. President, the Kurds say that they want an independent
    Kurdistan. They were promised one after World War II. Why shouldn't they
    have that?
        The President. I said early on that it was not an objective of the
    United States to see a fractured, destabilized Iraq. And that is the
    position of our Government, the position of our coalition forces. That's
    the answer.
        Q. I'm sorry, that was after World War I they were promised one.
    Doesn't that bear any weight with you?
        The President. A promise from World War I?
        Q. Yes.
        The President. No. I say, no, I believe Iraq ought to live in peace
    and reconciliation with the various factions in Iraq. You've got the
    Shiites in the south, you've got the center--the Sunis and the Baathists
    and whoever in the center, and you have the Kurds in the north. They
    should reconcile their differences and keep that country, with its proud
    traditions, intact.
        But that's a matter that we are not going to try to suggest that it
    be divided up, if

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    that's what your question is. And I hope I've made that clear from the
    very beginning.
        Q. But can they ever go back to their homes as long as Saddam
    Hussein is in power?
        The President. Yes, I hope they can. Well, good question. They're
    scared to death to come down out of the mountains. But that's a very
    good question. But they've got to figure that out. And I think one of
    the things we're--I'm most hopeful about is that this plan by Francois
    Mitterrand bears some fruit--this way station approach so people can
    come back.
        Now, Saddam Hussein has said for them to come back; they don't
    believe him. They've been betrayed by him. So, I would hope, yes, that
    someday they would be able to go back. A lot of them aren't country
    people. I've heard yesterday on some of the news of city people who were
    lawyers and doctors and have fled from their rather pleasant lives.
        So, I would hope that there could be a reconciliation. And the
    easiest way for the country to be reconciled is to have a new leader.
    There's no question about that.

    President Saddam Hussein of Iraq

        Q. Mr. President, are there any behind-the-scenes negotiations going
    on about Saddam Hussein's future? Are there any brokers coming to you?
        The President. No, not that I know of, Maureen [Maureen Santini, New
    York Daily News].
        Q. Is he any closer today to leaving power?
        The President. I would think so, but I can't prove it.
        Q. And no one has even come to discuss brokering a deal?
        The President. Well, there's a lot of people, a lot of resistance
    groups, that would like to see him out of there. They haven't come to me
    about it. But there's no question about a lot of people that are Iraqis
    that want to see him out. No question about that. But if you're asking
    if they've come here to the White House or proposals of that nature, I
    don't believe so.

    Iran-U.S. Relations

        Q. Mr. President, you made mention of the situation in Iran as being
    equally difficult. But your plan seems to only deal with the situation
    in Iraq and perhaps to help your friend, President Ozal. Why is there no
    component here for the refugees in Iran, which are even greater in
    number?
        The President. We've offered to help in Iran. And as you know, we
    have different difficult relations with the State of Iran. The Germans
    have stepped up to the tune of several hundred million----
        Mr. Scowcroft. Two hundred and fifty million deutsche marks.
        The President. Two hundred and fifty million deutsche marks to help
    there. The EC has taken on that in a coalition way. We've had the
    individual charitable organizations--Americare has been in there with
    medicine already. So, we want to help there. But you've got to be a
    realist. I mean, the Iranians still have strained relations with the
    United States of America. And they make that clear to various visitors
    that go there. But others are stepping into that breach and helping,
    just as we're helping with the Shiites in the south and have been to the
    tune of 30,000 refugees, through American compassion and American
    largess. Others are pitching in on the Iranian side.
        Q. Is there an opportunity here to improve your relations with Iran?
        The President. I would hope so. I've said over and over again I'd
    like to see improved relations with Iran. They know what our bottom line
    is, and our bottom line is those hostages. I am not going to forget
    those Americans that are held hostage. And I'm not suggesting Iran holds
    them, but I am suggesting Iran could have a great deal of influence in
    getting them out of there.
        But yes, I hope we will have better relations. And maybe there is,
    Charles [Charles Bierbauer, Cable News Network], out of the plight of
    these refugees, maybe working together--and we are in a sense. We're
    helping in various areas; they're helping--that we can have common
    ground. And maybe that will lead to a better relationship.
        You've got to remember this about Iran: Iran from day one was
    worried to death

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    about a U.S. military presence in the Gulf. Their whole problem from day
    one, even though the military would eventually be used against their
    major enemy, Saddam Hussein--they just didn't believe we'd come out.
    They just didn't believe we'd come out of the Gulf. And I would hope
    that if they see our forces, several hundred thousand of them home
    already, I believe, and more coming as rapidly as possible, that that
    fear that has separated Iran from the United States--one of the things
    that has separated--will be allayed. And I think it will.
        Mr. Fitzwater. Final question, please.

    Soviet-U.S. Summit

        Q. Mr. President, what can you tell us about the progress toward a
    summit? Have you and President--the summit with President Gorbachev--
    have you and he talked? Is there----
        The President. Not recently.
        Q. What do you think are the chances?
        The President. Well, I like to think they're reasonably good. There
    are two concerns that he has and that I have. We both want to see a CFE
    agreement--see that fully implemented. There is an agreement, but
    they've backed away--in our view--backed away a little bit, and we're
    trying to resolve those differences.
        Secondly, we have predicated this particular summit on a START
    agreement. But we're working at it. I talked to Rick Burt, who's just
    leaving--he's been the negotiator on this, and he's not pessimistic. But
    we've said all along that's what it would take.
        But I don't want to say that under--if those two things didn't
    happen I would never sit down with Mr. Gorbachev. We've got a lot of
    common problems and concerns. One of them is this whole Middle East area
    and the problem of these refugees. But I think we should keep our focus
    on having the summit, but having an ability to say, hey, CFE's in good
    shape and to sign a START agreement.
        So, that's where I am on it. In other words, I'm backing both of
    Marlin's positions. [Laughter.]
        Thank you all very much.

                        Note: President Bush's 80th news conference began at
                            6:04 p.m. in the Briefing Room at the White
                            House. In his remarks, he referred to President
                            Saddam Hussein of Iraq; Prime Minister John
                            Major of the United Kingdom; President Francois
                            Mitterrand of France; President Turgut Ozal of
                            Turkey; Chancellor Helmut Kohl of Germany;
                            United Nations Secretary-General Javier Perez de
                            Cuellar de la Guerra; former President Richard
                            M. Nixon; Senator Edward M. Kennedy; President
                            Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union; and
                            Richard R. Burt, former Chief START Negotiator.
                            Brent Scowcroft was Assistant to the President
                            for National Security Affairs, and Marlin
                            Fitzwater was Press Secretary to the President.