[Constitution, Jefferson's Manual, and the Rules of the House of Representatives, 118th Congress]
[118th Congress]
[House Document 117-161]
[Jeffersons Manual of ParliamentaryPractice]
[Pages 243-252]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]



                 for the parliamentary: the senate uses:

                                            Postponement to a day beyond 
Postponement indefinite,                E   the session.

                                            Postponement to a day within 
Adjournment,                            E   the session.


                                            Postponement indefinite. 
Lying on table,                         E   Lying on the table.


  In their eighth rule, therefore, which declares that while a question 
is before the Senate no motion shall be received, unless it be for the 
previous question, or to postpone, commit, or amend the main question, 
the term postponement must be understood according to their broad use of 
it, and not in its parliamentary sense. Their rule, then, establishes as 
privileged questions the previous question, postponement, commitment, 
and amendment.


  The House governs these motions by clause 4 of rule XVI.



Sec. 448. Obsolete provision as to priority of 
privileged motions.

  But it may  be asked: Have these questions any privilege among 
themselves? or are they so equal that the common principle of the 
``first moved first put'' takes place among them? This will need 
explanation. Their competitions may be as follows:
1. Previous question and postpone             


                    commit              <3-l  }>

                    amend                   In the first, second, and 
2. Postpone and previous question           third classes, and the first 

                    commit                  member of the fourth class, 

                    amend                   the rule ``first moved first 
3. Commit and previous question         <3-lput'' takes place.

                    postpone

                    amend
4. Amend and previous question

                    postpone





                    commit              <3-ln }>



                                        <3-ln }>


  In the first class, where the previous question is first moved, the 
effect is peculiar; for it not only prevents the after motion to 
postpone or commit from being put to question before it, but also from 
being put after it; for if the previous question be decided 
affirmatively, to wit, that the main question shall now be put, it would 
of course be against the decision to postpone or commit; and if it be 
decided negatively, to wit, that the main question shall not now be put, 
this puts the House out of possession of the main question, and 
consequently there is nothing before them to postpone or commit. So that 
neither voting for nor against the previous question will enable the 
advocates for postponing or committing to get at their object. Whether 
it may be amended shall be examined hereafter.


  Although clause 4 of rule XVI now governs the priority of motions, 
these provisions of the Manual remain of interest because of the 
parliamentary theory they present.




Sec. 449. General principles of priority of 
motions.

  Second class.  If postponement be decided affirmatively, the proposition is 
removed from before the House, and consequently there is no ground for 
the previous question, commitment or amendment; but if decided 
negatively (that it shall not be postponed), the main question may then 
be suppressed by the previous question, or may be committed, or amended.



  The previous question is used now for bringing a vote on the main 
question and not for suppressing it.

  The third class is subject to the same observations as the second.


  The fourth class. Amendment of the main question first moved, and 
afterwards the previous question, the question of amendment shall be 
first put.


  In present practice of the House the question on the previous question 
would be put first, and being decided affirmatively would force a vote 
on the amendment and then on the main question.

  Amendment and postponement competing, postponement is first put, as 
the equivalent proposition to adjourn the main question would be in 
Parliament. The reason is that the question for amendment is not 
suppressed by postponing or adjourning the main question, but remains 
before the House whenever the main question is resumed; and it might be 
that the occasion for other urgent business might go by, and be lost by 
length of debate on the amendment, if the House had it not in their 
power to postpone the whole subject.


  Amendment and commitment. The question for committing, though last 
moved shall be first put; because, in truth, it facilitates and 
befriends the motion to amend. Scobell is express: ``On motion to amend 
a bill, anyone may notwithstanding move to commit it, and the question 
for commitment shall be first put.'' Scob., 46.


  These principles of priority of privileged motions are recognized in 
the House, and are provided for by clause 4 of rule XVI.



Sec. 450. Applications of the previous question to 
debatable secondary and privileged motions.

  We have  hitherto considered the 
case of two or more of the privileged questions contending for privilege 
between themselves, when both are moved on the original or main 
question; but now let us suppose one of them to be moved, not on the 
original primary question, but on the secondary one, e.g.:



  Suppose a motion to postpone, commit, or amend the main question, and 
that it be moved to suppress that motion by putting a previous question 
on it. This is not allowed, because it would embarrass questions too 
much to allow them to be piled on one another several stories high; and 
the same result may be had in a more simple way--by deciding against the 
postponement, commitment, or amendment. 2. Hats., 81, 2, 3, 4.


  Although the general principle that one secondary or privileged motion 
should not be applied to another is generally recognized in the House, 
the entire change in the nature of the previous question (V, 5445) from 
a means of postponing a matter to a means of compelling an immediate 
vote, makes obsolete the parliamentary rule. Because the motions to 
postpone and amend are debatable, the modern previous question of course 
applies to them (clause 1 of rule XIX).



Sec. 451. Motion to postpone not applicable to other 
secondary motions.

  Suppose a  motion for the previous question, or commitment or 
amendment of the main question, and that it be then moved to postpone 
the motion for the previous question, or for commitment or amendment of 
the main question. 1. It would be absurd to postpone the previous 
question, commitment, or amendment, alone, and thus separate the 
appendage from its principal; yet it must be postponed separately from 
its original, if at all; because the eighth rule of the Senate says that 
when a main question is before the House no motion shall be received but 
to commit, amend, or pre-question the original question, which is the 
parliamentary doctrine also. Therefore the motion to postpone the 
secondary motion for the previous question, or for committing or 
amending, can not be received. 2. This is a piling of questions one on 
another; which, to avoid embarrassment, is not allowed. 3. The same 
result may be had more simply by voting against the previous question, 
commitment, or amendment.



  Suppose a commitment moved of a motion for the previous question, or 
to postpone or amend. The first, second, and third reasons, before 
stated, all hold against this.


  The principles of this paragraph are in harmony with the practice of 
the House, which provides further that a motion to suspend the rules may 
not be postponed (V, 5322).



Sec. 452. The motion to amend not applicable to the 
previous question.

  Suppose an  amendment moved to a motion for the previous 
question. Answer: The previous question can not be amended. 
Parliamentary usage, as well as the ninth rule of the Senate, has fixed 
its form to be, ``Shall the main question be now put?''--i.e., at this 
instant; and as the present instant is but one, it can admit of no 
modification. To change it to to-morrow, or any other moment, is without 
example and without utility. * * *



  Although the nature of the previous question has entirely changed, the 
principle of the parliamentary law applies to the new form.



Sec. 453. Motion to amend applicable to 
motions to postpone or refer.

  * * * But suppose a  motion to amend a motion for 
postponement, as to one day instead of another, or to a special instead 
of an indefinite time. The useful character of amendment gives it a 
privilege of attaching itself to a secondary and privileged motion; that 
is, we may amend a postponement of a main question. So, we may amend a 
commitment of a main question, as by adding, for example, ``with 
instructions to inquire,'' &c. * * *



  This principle is recognized in the practice of the House (V, 5521).




Sec. 454. Amendment in the third degree not in 
order.

  * * * In like  manner, if an amendment be moved to an amendment, it is 
admitted; but it would not be admitted in another degree, to wit, to 
amend an amendment to an amendment of a main question. This would lead 
to too much embarrassment. The line must be drawn somewhere, and usage 
has drawn it after the amendment to the amendment. The same result must 
be sought by deciding against the amendment to the amendment, and then 
moving it again as it was wished to be amended. In this form it becomes 
only an amendment to an amendment.



  This rule of the parliamentary law is considered fundamental in the 
House (clause 6 of rule XVI).




Sec. 455. Filling blanks; and amendment to 
numbers.

  [In filling  a blank with a sum, the largest sum shall be first put to the 
question, by the thirteenth rule of the Senate, contrary to the rule of 
Parliament, which privileges the smallest sum and longest time. 5 Grey, 
179; 2 Hats., 8, 83; 3 Hats., 132, 133.] And this is considered to be 
not in the form of an amendment to the question, but as alternative or 
successive originals. In all cases of time or number, we must consider 
whether the larger comprehends the lesser, as in a question to what day 
a postponement shall be, the number of a committee, amount of a fine, 
term of an imprisonment, term of irredeemability of a loan, or the 
terminus in quem in any other case; then the question must begin a 
maximo. Or whether the lesser includes the greater, as in questions on 
the limitation of the rate of interest, on what day the session shall be 
closed by adjournment, on what day the next shall commence, when an act 
shall commence or the terminus a quo in any other case where the 
question must begin a minimo; the object being not to begin at that 
extreme which, and more, being within every man's wish, no one could 
negative it, and yet, if he should vote in the affirmative, every 
question for more would be precluded; but at that extreme which would 
unite few, and then to advance or recede till you get to a number which 
will unite a bare majority. 3 Grey, 376, 384, 385. ``The fair question 
in this case is not that to which, and more, all will agree, but whether 
there shall be addition to the question.'' 1 Grey, 365.



  The thirteenth rule of the Senate has been dropped. The House has no 
rule on the subject other than this provision of the parliamentary law. 
It is very rare for the House to fill blanks for numbers. When a number 
in pending text is to be changed by amendment, the practice of the House 
permits to be pending: the alternative number proposed in the amendment 
to the text; a second alternative number as an amendment to the 
amendment; a third as a substitute; and a fourth as an amendment to the 
substitute. Thus, if the pending text itself states a number, then five 
alternative numbers may be pending simultaneously. With respect to a 
concurrent resolution on the budget (which is considered as read and 
open to amendment at any point and to which amendments must be 
mathematically consistent under clause 10 of rule XVIII), adoption of a 
perfecting amendment changing several figures precludes further 
amendment merely changing those figures, but does not preclude more 
comprehensive amendments changing other portions of the resolution that 
have not been amended as well (Apr. 27, 1977, p. 12485). In recent 
practice an amount in an appropriation bill has been changed by 
inserting a parenthetical ``increased by'' or ``decreased by'' after the 
amount rather than by directly changing the number.




Sec. 456. Priority of amendments over motions to 
strike or agree.

  Another  exception to the rule of priority is when a motion 
has been made to strike out, or agree to, a paragraph. Motions to amend 
it are to be put to the question before a vote is taken on striking out 
or agreeing to the whole paragraph.



  In the House the principle that a text should be perfected before a 
question is taken on striking it, and that an amendment should be 
perfected before agreeing to it, is well established. But in considering 
bills, even by paragraphs, the House does not agree to the paragraphs 
severally; but after amending one passes to the next, and the question 
on agreeing is taken only on the whole bill by the several votes on 
engrossment and passage.




Sec. 457. Incidental questions, like points of 
order, that intervene during consideration of the main question.

  But there  are 
several questions which, being incidental to every one, will take place 
of every one, privileged or not; to wit, a question of order arising out 
of any other question must be decided before that question. 2 Hats., 88.


  This principle governs the procedure of the House, but a question of 
order arising after a motion for the previous question must be decided 
without debate (clause 1 of rule XIX).




Sec. 458. Matters of privilege as intervening 
questions.

  A matter of  privilege arising out of any question, or from a quarrel 
between two Members, or any other cause, supersedes the consideration of 
the original question, and must be first disposed of. 2 Hats., 88.


  Rule IX and the practice thereunder confirm and amplify the principles 
of this provision of the parliamentary law.


[[Page 252]]



Sec. 459. Intervention of questions relating to reading of 
papers.

    Reading papers relative to the question before the House. This 
question must be put before the principal one. 2 Hats., 88.



  This provision formerly applied in the House to the reading of papers 
other than those on which the House was to vote. That was under an 
earlier form of clause 6 of rule XVII, which now applies only to the use 
of exhibits in debate. For a history of the former rule on reading 
papers and an explanation of the earlier practice, see Sec. Sec. 963-
965, infra.




Sec. 460. Withdrawal of motions.

  Leave asked  to withdraw a 
motion. The rule of Parliament being that a motion made and seconded is 
in the possession of the House, and can not be withdrawn without leave, 
the very terms of the rule imply that leave may be given, and, 
consequently, may be asked and put to the question.




  The House does not vote on the withdrawal of motions, but provides by 
clause 2 of rule XVI and clause 5 of rule XVIII the conditions under 
which a Member may of right withdraw a motion.