[Constitution, Jefferson's Manual, and the Rules of the House of Representatives, 117th Congress]
[117th Congress]
[House Document 116-177]
[Jeffersons Manual of ParliamentaryPractice]
[Pages 319-322]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]



* * * * *
                           sec. lii--treaties



Sec. 593. General nature of 
treaties.

  Treaties are  legislative acts. A treaty is the law of the land. It 
differs from other laws only as it must have the consent of a foreign 
nation, being but a contract with respect to that nation. In all 
countries, I believe, except England, treaties are made by the 
legislative power; and there, also, if they touch the laws of the land 
they must be approved by Parliament. Ware v. Hylton, 3 Dallas's Rep., 
223. It is acknowledged, for instance, that the King of Great Britain 
cannot by a treaty make a citizen of an alien. Vattel, b. 1, c. 19, sec. 
214. An act of Parliament was necessary to validate the American treaty 
of 1783. And abundant examples of such acts can be cited. In the case of 
the treaty of Utrecht, in 1712, the commercial articles required the 
concurrence of Parliament; but a bill brought in for that purpose was 
rejected. France, the other contracting party, suffered these articles, 
in practice, to be not insisted on, and adhered to the rest of the 
treaty. 4 Russell's Hist. Mod. Europe, 457; 2 Smollet, 242, 246.



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defined in detail by the Constitution; nor are we entirely agreed among 
ourselves. 1. It is admitted that it must concern the foreign nation 
party to the contract, or it would be a mere nullity, res inter alias 
acta. 2. By the general power to make treaties, the Constitution must 
have intended to comprehend only those subjects which are usually 
regulated by treaty, and can not be otherwise regulated. 3. It must have 
meant to except out of these the rights reserved to the States; for 
surely the President and Senate can not do by treaty what the whole 
Government is interdicted from doing in any way. 4. And also to except 
those subjects of legislation in which it gave a participation to the 
House. This last exception is denied by some on the ground that it would 
leave very little matter for the treaty power to work on. The less the 
better, say others. The Constitution thought it wise to restrain the 
executive and Senate from entangling and embroiling our affairs with 
those of Europe. Besides, as the negotiations are carried on by the 
executive alone, the subjecting to the ratification of the 
representatives such articles as are within their participation is no 
more inconvenient than to the Senate. But the ground of this exception 
is denied as unfounded. For examine, e.g., the treaty of commerce with 
France, and it will be found that, out of thirty-one articles, there are 
not more than small portions of two or three of them which would not 
still remain as subjects of treaties, untouched by these exceptions.


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Sec. 594. Jefferson's discussion of treaties under the 
Constitution.

  By the  Constitution of the United States this department of 
legislation is confined to two branches only of the ordinary 
legislature--the President originating and the Senate having a negative. 
To what subjects this power extends has not been




Sec. 595. General action of the House as to 
treaties.

  The  participation of the House in the treaty-making power has 
been often examined since Jefferson's Manual was written. The House has 
in several instances taken action in carrying into effect, terminating, 
enforcing, and suggesting treaties (II, 1502-1505, 1520-1522), although 
sometimes the propriety of requesting the executive to negotiate a 
treaty has been questioned (II, 1514-1517).




Sec. 596. Authority of the House as to treaties in 
general.

  The exact  authority of the House in the making of general treaties has 
been the subject of differences of opinion. In 1796 the House affirmed 
that, when a treaty related to subjects within the power of Congress, it 
was the constitutional duty of the House to deliberate on the expediency 
of carrying such treaty into effect (II, 1509); and in 1816, after a 
discussion with the Senate, the House maintained its position that a 
treaty must depend on a law of Congress for its execution as to such 
stipulations as relate to subjects constitutionally entrusted to 
Congress (II, 1506). In 1868 the House's assertion of right to a voice 
in carrying out the stipulations of certain treaties was conceded in a 
modified form (II, 1508). Again, in 1871, the House asserted its 
prerogative (II, 1523). In 1820 and 1868 there were discussions of the 
House's functions as to treaties ceding or acquiring foreign territory 
(II, 1507, 1508), and at various other times there have been discussions 
of the general subject (II, 1509, 1546, 1547; VI, 324-326).




Sec. 597. Authority of the House as to revenue 
treaties.

  After long and  careful consideration the Judiciary Committee of the House 
decided, in 1887, that the executive branch of the Government might not 
conclude a treaty affecting the revenue without the assent of the House 
(II, 1528-1530), and a Senate committee after examination concluded that 
duties were more properly regulated with the publicity of congressional 
action than by treaties negotiated by the President and ratified by the 
Senate in secrecy (II, 1532). In practice the House has acted on revenue 
treaties (II, 1531, 1533); and in 1880 it declared the negotiation of a 
revenue treaty an invasion of its prerogatives (II, 1524). At other 
times the subject has been discussed (II, 1525-1528, 1531, 1533).




Sec. 598. House approves Indian 
treaties.

  After long  discussion the House, in 1871, successfully asserted its 
right to a voice in approving Indian treaties (II, 1535, 1536), although 
in earlier times this prerogative had been jealously guarded by the 
executive (II, 1534).



  There have been various conflicts with the executive over requests of 
the House for papers relating to treaties (II, 1509-1513, 1518, 1519, 
1561).


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cordingly the process adopted in the case of France in 1798.



Sec. 599. Treaties abrogated by 
law.

  Treaties being  declared, equally with the laws of the United States, to be the 
supreme law of the land, it is understood that an act of the legislature 
alone can declare them infringed and rescinded. This was ac



  Notice to a foreign government of the abrogation of a treaty is 
authorized by a joint resolution (V, 6270). A resolution alleging an 
unconstitutional abrogation of a treaty by the President, and calling on 
the President to seek the approval of Congress before such abrogation, 
does not constitute a question of the privileges of the House under rule 
IX (June 6, 2002, pp. 9492-98 (sustained by tabling of appeal)).



Sec. 600. Procedure of the Senate as to 
treaties.

  It has  been the usage for the Executive, when it communicates a 
treaty to the Senate for their ratification, to communicate also the 
correspondence of the negotiators. This having been omitted in the case 
of the Prussian treaty, was asked by a vote of the House of February 12, 
1800, and was obtained. And in December, 1800, the convention of that 
year between the United States and France, with the report of the 
negotiations by the envoys, but not their instructions, being laid 
before the Senate, the instructions were asked for and communicated by 
the President.



  The mode of voting on questions of ratification is by nominal call.




  The Senate now has rules governing its procedure on treaties.