    [Constitution, Jefferson's Manual, and the Rules of the House of Representatives, 117th Congress]
    [117th Congress]
    [House Document 116-177]
    [Jeffersons Manual of ParliamentaryPractice]
    [Pages 157-161]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                               sec. xi--committees

    [[Page 158]]

    of courtesy; every committee having a right to elect their own chairman,
    who presides over them, puts questions, and reports their proceedings to
    the House. 4 inst., 11, 12; Scob., 9; 1 Grey, 122.

    Sec. 317. Appointment of standing committees; and
    designation and duties of chairs thereof.

      Standing  committees, as of Privileges
    and Elections, &c., are usually appointed at the first meeting, to
    continue through the session. The person first named is generally
    permitted to act as chairman. But this is a matter

      Before the 62d Congress, standing as well as select committees and
    their chairs were appointed by the Speaker, but under the present form
    of rule X, adopted in 1911, continued as a part of the Legislative
    Reorganization Act of 1946, and revised under the Committee Reform
    Amendments of 1974 (H. Res. 988, 93d Cong., Oct. 8, 1974, p. 34470),
    standing committees and their respective chairs are elected by the House
    (IV, 4448; VIII, 2178). Owing to their number and size, committees are
    not usually elected immediately, but resolutions providing for such
    elections are presented by the majority and minority parties pursuant to
    clause 5 of rule X as soon as they are able to perfect the lists. A
    committee may order its report to be made by the chair, or by some other
    member (IV, 4669), even by a member of the minority party (IV, 4672,
    4673), or by a Delegate (July 1, 1958, p. 12871 (Burns of Hawaii)); and
    the chair sometimes submits a report in which the chair has not
    concurred (IV, 4670). Clause 2 of rule XIII requires that a report that
    has been approved by the committee must be filed with the House within
    seven calendar days after a written request from a majority of the
    committee is submitted to the committee clerk.

    Sec. 318. Parliamentary law as to debate in standing and
    select committees.

      At  these committees the members are to speak standing,
    and not sitting; though there is reason to conjecture it was formerly
    otherwise. D'Ewes, 630, col. 1; 4 Parl. Hist., 440; 2 Hats., 77.

    Sec. 319. Secrecy of committee procedure.

      Their  proceedings
    are not to be published, as they are of no force till confirmed by the
    House. Rushw., part 3, vol. 2, 74; 3 Grey, 401; Scob., 39.* * *

    [[Page 159]]

    a complaint that certain remarks that might be uttered in debate would
    improperly disclose executive-session material of a committee is not
    cognizable as a point of order in the House if the Chair is not aware of
    the executive-session status of the information (Nov. 5, 1997, p.
    24648). On one occasion a Member was permitted to refer to the
    unreported executive session proceedings of a subcommittee to justify
    his point of order that a resolution providing for a select committee to
    inquire into action of the subcommittee was not privileged (June 30,
    1958, p. 12690). In one case the House authorized the clerk of a
    committee to disclose by deposition its proceedings (III, 2604).
      In the House it is entirely within rule and usage for a committee to
    conduct its proceedings in secret (III, 1694, 1732; IV, 4558-4564; see
    also clause 2(g) of rule XI), and the House may not abrogate the secrecy
    of a committee's proceedings except by suspending the rule (IV, 4565).
    The House has no information concerning the proceedings of a committee
    not officially reported by the committee (VII, 1015) and it is not in
    order in debate to refer to executive session proceedings of a committee
    that have not formally been reported to the House (V, 5080-5083; VIII,
    2269, 2485, 2493; June 24, 1958, pp. 12120, 12122; Apr. 5, 1967, p.
    8411). However,

      Under clause 2(g) of rule XI, hearings and business meetings conducted
    by a standing committee (other than the Committee on Ethics) must be
    open to the public except when a committee determines to close the
    meeting or hearing for that day for the reasons stated in that clause.
    In addition, clause 2(k) of rule XI establishes a procedure for closing
    a hearing because of defamatory, degrading, or incriminating testimony.

    Sec. 320. Reception of petitions by committees.

        * * * Nor
    can they receive a petition but through the House. 9 Grey, 412.

    Sec. 321. Parliamentary law of procedure when a committee
    inquiry involves a Member.

      When  a committee is charged with an inquiry, if
    a Member prove to be involved, they can not proceed against him but must
    make a special report to the House; whereupon the Member is heard in his
    place, or at the bar, or a special authority is given to the committee
    to inquire concerning him. 9 Grey, 523.

    [[Page 160]]

    might prefer (III, 1845), but reported recommendations for expulsion
    without first seeking the order of the House (II, 1275; III, 1844). In
    1859 and 1892 a similar procedure occurred (III, 1831, 2637). But the
    House, in a case wherein an inquiry had incidentally involved a Member,
    evidently considered the parliamentary law as applicable, because it
    admitted as of privilege and agreed to a resolution directing the
    committee to report the charges (III, 1843). And in cases wherein
    testimony taken before a joint committee incidentally impeached the
    official characters of a Member and a Senator, the facts in each case
    were reported to the House interested (III, 1854). A select committee,
    appointed to report upon the right of a Member-elect to be sworn (H.
    Res. 1, 90th Cong., pp. 14-27, Jan. 10, 1967), invited him to appear, to
    testify, and permitted him to be accompanied by counsel (see H. Rept.
    90-27).

    Sec. 322. Practice of House when a committee inquiry
    involves a Member.

      Although  the authority of this principle has not been
    questioned by the House, there have in special instances been deviations
    from it. Thus, in 1832, when a Member had been slain in a duel, and the
    fact was notorious that all the principals and seconds were Members of
    the House, the committee, charged only with investigating the causes and
    whether or not there had been a breach of privilege, reported with their
    findings recommendations for expulsion and censure of the Members found
    to be implicated. There was criticism of this method of procedure as
    deviating from the rule of Jefferson's Manual, but the House did not
    recommit the report (II, 1644). In 1857, when a committee charged with
    inquiring into accusations against Members not named found certain
    Members implicated, they gave them copies of the testimony and
    opportunities to explain to the committee, under oath or otherwise, as
    they individually

    Sec. 323. Inquiries involving Members of other
    House.

      And  where one House, by a committee, has found a Member of the
    other implicated, the testimony has been transmitted (II, 1276; III,
    1850, 1852, 1853). Where such testimony was taken in open session of the
    committee, it was not thought necessary that it be under seal when sent
    to the other House (III, 1851).

    Sec. 324. Duty of chair of a committee when the House
    sits.

      So  soon as the House sits, and a committee is notified of it, the
    chairman is in duty bound to rise instantly, and the members to attend
    the service of the House. 2 Nals., 319.

      For the current practice, see clauses 2(i) and 2(m)(1) of rule XI.

    Sec. 325. Action of joint committees.

      It  appears that on
    joint committees of the Lords and Commons each committee acted
    integrally in the following instances: 7 Grey, 261, 278, 285, 338; 1
    Chandler, 357, 462. In the following instances it does not appear
    whether they did or not: 6 Grey, 129; 7 Grey, 213, 229, 321.

    [[Page 161]]

    number rather than a majority of the membership of each House (IV,
    4424). The first named of the Senate members acted as chair in one
    notable instance (IV, 4424), and in another the joint committee elected
    its chair (IV, 4447).

      It is the practice in Congress that joint committees shall vote per
    capita, and not as representatives of the two Houses (IV, 4425),
    although the membership from the House is usually, but not always (IV
    4410), larger than that from the Senate (III, 1946; IV, 4426-4431). But
    ordinary committees of conference appointed to settle differences
    between the two Houses are not considered joint committees, and the
    managers of the two Houses vote separately (V, 6336), each House having
    one vote. A quorum of a joint committee seems to have been considered to
    be a majority of the whole