[Constitution, Jefferson's Manual, and the Rules of the House of Representatives, 115th Congress]
[115th Congress]
[House Document 114-192]
[Rules of the House of Representatives]
[Pages 363-385]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]






                                 Rule II


Elections
                      other officers and officials


[[Page 364]]

ment concerned provided for by law. The Clerk, Sergeant-at-Arms, and 
Chief Administrative Officer may be removed by the House or by the 
Speaker.



640. Election, oath, and removal of officers.

  1.  There 
shall be elected at the commencement of each Congress, to continue in 
office until their successors are chosen and qualified, a Clerk, a 
Sergeant-at-Arms, a Chief Administrative Officer, and a Chaplain. Each 
of these officers shall take an oath to support the Constitution of the 
United States, and for the true and faithful exercise of the duties of 
the office to the best of the knowledge and ability of the officer, and 
to keep the secrets of the House. Each of these officers shall appoint 
all of the employees of the depart


  When the House recodified its rules, it consolidated former rules II 
through VII, former clauses 10 and 11 of rule I, former clause 6 of rule 
XIII, and former clause 5 of rule XVI under rule II (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 
1999, p. 47). A rudimentary form of this clause was adopted in 1789, and 
was amended several times before 1880, when it assumed the form it 
retained for more than a century (I, 187). During the 102d Congress, the 
House Administrative Reform Resolution of 1992 amended the clause to 
abolish the Office of the Postmaster (see Sec. 668, infra) and to 
empower the Speaker to remove certain elected officers (H. Res. 423, 
Apr. 9, 1992, p. 9039). The 104th Congress made conforming changes to 
the clause to reflect the abolishment of the Office of the Doorkeeper 
and the establishment of an elected Chief Administrative Officer (sec. 
201(a), H. Res. 6, Jan. 4, 1995, p. 463). Clerical and stylistic changes 
were effected when the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress 
(H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 1999, p. 47). Gender-based references were 
eliminated in the 111th Congress (sec. 2(l), H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 2009, p. 
7). For a discussion of the former Office of the Doorkeeper, see Sec.  
663b, infra; and for a discussion of the evolution of the Chief 
Administrative Officer (an elected officer) from the former Director of 
Non-legislative and Financial Services (an officer appointed jointly by 
the Speaker and the Majority and Minority Leaders under clause 1 of rule 
VI of the 103d Congress), see Sec. 664, infra.


[[Page 365]]

  The House having discarded a theory that the rules might be imposed by 
one House on its successor (V, 6743-6745), it follows that this clause 
is not operative at the organization before the rules are adopted. 
Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, the House 
was required under former rule II to elect its Speaker and other 
officers by a viva voce vote following nominations (I, 204, 208). 
However, the officers mentioned in the rule, other than Speaker, were, 
even then, usually chosen by resolution, which is not a viva voce 
election (I, 193, 194). A majority vote is required for the election of 
officers of both Houses of Congress (VI, 23). The oath is administered 
by the Speaker to the officers (I, 81; Sec. 198, supra). The requirement 
that the officers be sworn to keep the secrets of the House had become 
obsolete (I, 187), but the 104th Congress adopted a requirement that 
Members, officers, and employees subscribe an oath of secrecy regarding 
classified information (clause 13 of rule XXIII). Clause 4(d)(1)(A) of 
rule X requires the Committee on House Administration to provide policy 
direction for, and oversight of, the Chief Administrative Officer and 
the Inspector General, and oversight of the Clerk and Sergeant-at-Arms 
(see Sec. 752, infra).


Clerk
  The Speaker has removed an officer prospectively (Speaker Ryan, Dec. 
16, 2015, p. _). The House has declined to interfere with the Clerk's 
power of removing subordinates (I, 249). Employees under the Clerk and 
other officers are to be assigned only the duties for which they are 
appointed (V, 7232). The Sergeant-at-Arms having died, the Clerk was 
elected by the House to serve temporarily also as Sergeant-at-Arms 
without additional compensation (July 8, 1953, p. 8242). The Legislative 
Reorganization Act of 1946 (2 U.S.C. 5501) authorizes the Speaker to 
fill temporary vacancies in the offices of Clerk, Sergeant-at-Arms, 
Chief Administrative Officer, and Chaplain. A former version of the Act 
also permitted temporary appointments to the former offices of 
Doorkeeper and Postmaster. The Speaker has exercised the authority to 
fill temporary vacancies in the offices of Sergeant-at-Arms (Jan. 6, 
1954, p. 8; June 30, 1972, p. 23665; Feb. 28, 1980, p. 4350; and Mar. 
12, 1992, p. 5519), Clerk (Nov. 15, 1975, p. 36901; Jan. 6, 1999, p. 
257; Nov. 18, 2005, p. 27489), Chaplain (Mar. 14, 1966, p. 5712; Mar. 
23, 2000, p. 3481), Doorkeeper (Dec. 20, 1974, p. 41855), and Chief 
Administrative Officer (Jan. 9, 1997, p. 279; July 15, 2010, p. 13111; 
Dec. 16, 2015, p. _). A resolution electing a House officer is presented 
as a question of privilege (July 31, 1997, p. 17021; Speaker Hastert, 
Dec. 6, 2005, p. 27569; May 25, 2011, p. 7885; Jan. 7, 2014, p. _) even 
when prospective (Feb. 6, 2007, p. 3156; Speaker Ryan, July 13, 2016, p. 
_). The Speaker may administer the oath to an officer elected 
prospectively (Speaker Albert, June 26, 1972, p. 22387; Speaker Ryan, 
July 13, 2016, p. _). The resignation of an elected officer of the House 
is subject to acceptance by the House (Mar. 23, 2000, p. 3480; Feb. 6, 
2007, p. 3156) and may be prospective (July 15, 2010, pp. 13110, 13111) 
or retroactive (May 25, 2011, pp. 7884, 7885).


[[Page 366]]

order, subject to appeal by a Member, Delegate, or Resident 
Commissioner.



641. Clerk; commencement of first session.

  2.  (a) At the 
commencement of the first session of each Congress, the Clerk shall call 
the Members, Delegates, and Resident Commissioner to order and proceed 
to record their presence by States in alphabetical order, either by call 
of the roll or by use of the electronic voting system. Pending the 
election of a Speaker or Speaker pro tempore, and in the absence of a 
Member acting as Speaker pro tempore pursuant to clause 8(b)(3)(A) of 
rule I, the Clerk shall preserve order and decorum and decide all 
questions of


  In 1880 several rules, adopted at different periods from 1794 to 1846, 
were consolidated into this clause, which, before the House recodified 
its rules in the 106th Congress, was found in rule III (H. Res. 5, Jan. 
6, 1999, p. 47). Paragraph (a) was initially framed in 1880, on a basis 
furnished by a rule of 1860 (I, 64), and amended in 1911. It was amended 
in the 115th Congress to clarify that the authority of the Clerk to 
preside is subordinate to a Member serving as Speaker pro tempore under 
clause 8(b)(3)(A) of rule I (sec. 2(g), H. Res. 5, Jan. 3, 2017, p. _).



Sec. 642. Other duties of the Clerk.

  Various  administrative 
duties, similar to those specified in this clause, are imposed on the 
Clerk by law (I, 253; Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, 60 Stat. 
812), such as: furnishing stationery, blank books, etc., to the 
committees and officers of the House (V, 7322); exercising discretionary 
authority as to reprinting of bills and documents (V, 7319); and 
receiving testimony taken in election contests (I, 703, 705; see also 
Federal Contested Election Act, P.L. 91-138, 83 Stat. 284). The Clerk 
has served temporarily also as Sergeant-at-Arms (July 8, 1953, p. 8242).




Sec. 643. Clerk's duties at organization.

  As  rules are not 
usually adopted until after the election of the Speaker, this paragraph 
is not in force at the time of organization of a new House. The 
procedure at organization does, however, follow a practice conforming to 
the terms of the paragraph (I, 81), although the House may depart from 
it. For a discussion of procedure in the House before the adoption of 
rules, including the procedure by which the Clerk conducts the election 
of the Speaker, see Sec. Sec. 27, 60, supra. The Clerk, in presiding 
before the election of the Speaker, recognizes Members-elect (I, 74). 
The Members-elect have on one occasion, before the election of the 
Speaker or adoption of rules, authorized the Clerk and Sergeant-at-Arms 
of the last House to preserve order (I, 101).


  Although the Speaker ceases to be an officer of the House with the 
expiration of a Congress, the Clerk, by old usage, continues in a new 
Congress (I, 187, 188, 235, 244).-


[[Page 367]]



Sec. 644. The roll of Memberselect.

  The  roll of Members is 
made up by the Clerk from the credentials, in accordance with a 
provision of law (I, 14-62; VI, 2; 2 U.S.C. 26). A certificate of 
election in due form having been filed, the Clerk placed the name of the 
Member-elect on the roll, although he was subsequently advised that a 
State Supreme Court had issued a writ restraining the Secretary of State 
from issuing such certificate (Jan. 3, 1949, p. 8). The call of the roll 
may not be interrupted, especially by one not on that roll (I, 84), and 
a person not on the roll may not be recognized (I, 86). A motion to 
proceed to the election of the Speaker is of higher privilege than a 
motion to correct the roll (I, 19-24). The House has declined to permit 
enrollment by the Clerk to be final as to prima facie right (I, 376, 
589, 592).




Sec. 645. Clerk as presiding officer at 
organizations.

  In  early years the authority of the Clerk to decide 
questions of order pending the election of a Speaker was questioned (I, 
65). The Clerks often declined to make decisions (I, 68-72; V, 5325). 
However, in 1855 and 1997 the Clerk decided a question of order; and in 
1997 the Clerk was sustained on appeal (I, 91; Jan. 7, 1997, pp. 115, 
116). During the existence of a rule that applied the rules of a prior 
House to a successor House (1860 through 1890) (I, 64; V, 6743-6747) the 
Clerks made several rulings (I, 76, 77; VI, 623).


  Before clause 8(b)(3) of rule I, this clause operated also in the case 
of a vacancy in the Office of Speaker arising during a Congress. For 
example, upon the death of the Speaker during an adjournment sine die of 
the first session of the 87th Congress, the Clerk called the House to 
order on the first day of the second session (Jan. 10, 1962, p. 5). 
However, clause 8(b)(3) of rule I now requires the Speaker to deliver to 
the Clerk a list of Members in the order in which each shall act as 
Speaker pro tempore in the case of a vacancy.


  The Clerk having died, and in the absence of the Sergeant-at-Arms, the 
Doorkeeper of the 79th Congress presided at organization of the 80th 
Congress (Jan. 3, 1947, p. 33). The Clerk, having been appointed 
pursuant to 2 U.S.C. 5501 by the previous Speaker at the end of the 
105th Congress to fill a vacancy caused by resignation of the Clerk 
elected for that Congress, presided at the organization of the 106th 
Congress (Jan. 6, 1999, p. 41).




Sec. 646. Clerk furnishes a list of reports.

  (b)  At the 
commencement of every regular session of Congress, the Clerk shall make 
and cause to be delivered to each Member, Delegate, and the Resident 
Commissioner a list of the reports that any officer or Department is 
required to make to Congress, citing the law or resolution in which the 
requirement may be contained and placing under the name of each officer 
the list of reports required to be made by such officer.




[[Page 368]]


  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, this 
provision was found in former clause 2 of rule II (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 
1999, p. 47). The paragraph was initially adopted in 1822 (I, 252). It 
was amended in the 107th Congress to permit the Clerk to publish the 
list in a form other than printed (sec. 2(a), H. Res. 5, Jan. 3, 2001, 
p. 25). A gender-based reference was eliminated in the 111th Congress 
(sec. 2(l), H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 2009, p. 7).

  (c) The Clerk shall--



Sec. 647. Clerk's duty as to Journal and 
documents.

      (1) note  all questions of order, with the decisions thereon, the 
record of which shall be appended to the Journal of each session;


      (2) enter on the Journal the hour at which the House adjourns;

      (3) complete the distribution of the Journal to Members, 
Delegates, and the Resident Commissioner, together with an accurate and 
complete index, as soon as possible after the close of a session; and


      (4) send a copy of the Journal to the executive of and to each 
branch of the legislature of every State as may be requested by such 
State officials.



[[Page 369]]


  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, this 
paragraph (except subparagraph (2)) was found in former clause 3 of rule 
III (I, 251); and subparagraph (2) was found in former clause 5 of rule 
XVI (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 1999, p. 47). Subparagraph (2) was adopted 
initially in 1837 and amended in 1880 (V, 6740). Former provisions 
directing the Clerk to make all contracts, keep contingent and 
stationery accounts, and pay officers and employees were stricken by the 
House Administrative Reform Resolution of 1992 (H. Res. 423, Apr. 9, 
1992, p. 9050) to relieve the Clerk of functions to be transferred to 
the Director of Non-legislative and Financial Services pursuant to that 
resolution (see Sec. 664, infra). Clerical corrections were effected at 
the beginning of the 104th Congress (sec. 223(f), H. Res. 6, Jan. 4, 
1995, p. 469) and the 106th Congress (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 1999, p. 47). 
During the 104th Congress the requirement to send a printed copy of the 
Journal to each branch of every State legislature was changed to an 
authorization to send such copies on request (H. Res. 254, Nov. 30, 
1995, p. 35077). Subparagraphs (3) and (4) were amended in the 107th 
Congress to permit the Clerk to publish the Journal in a form other than 
printed (sec. 2(a), H. Res. 5, Jan. 3, 2001, p. 25).



Sec. 648. Attests and seals process and certifies 
passage of bills; oversees engrossment and enrollment process.

  (d)(1)  The 
Clerk shall attest and affix the seal of the House to all writs, 
warrants, and subpoenas issued by order of the House and certify the 
passage of all bills and joint resolutions.



  (2) The Clerk shall examine all bills, amendments, and joint 
resolutions after passage by the House and, in cooperation with the 
Senate, examine all bills and joint resolutions that have passed both 
Houses to see that they are correctly enrolled and forthwith present 
those bills and joint resolutions that originated in the House to the 
President in person after their signature by the Speaker and the 
President of the Senate, and report to the House the fact and date of 
their presentment.

  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, 
subparagraph (1) was found in former clause 3 of rule III (H. Res. 5, 
Jan. 6, 1999, p. 47). When the House issues an order or warrant, the 
Speaker must issue the summons under the Speaker's hand and seal, and it 
must be attested by the Clerk; but when the power is granted to a 
committee to send for persons and papers under clause 2(m) of rule XI, a 
summons signed by the chair of the committee is sufficient (III, 1668).

  The enrollment process was originally the responsibility of the 
Committee on Enrolled Bills, which was created in 1789 by a joint rule 
of the two Houses (IV, 4350). This joint rule lapsed in 1876 with other 
joint rules, but in 1880 the Rules of the House were amended to again 
recognize the Committee on Enrolled Bills (IV, 4350, 4416; VII, 2099). 
Responsibility for the engrossment and enrollment process was given to 
the Committee on House Administration when that committee was created 
effective January 2, 1947 as part of the Legislative Reorganization Act 
of 1946 (60 Stat. 812) as an enumerated subject of legislative 
jurisdiction. That responsibility was transferred from the committee's 
legislative jurisdiction to its special oversight jurisdiction (see 
former clause 4(d)(1)(A) of rule X) by the Committee Reform Amendments 
of 1974, effective January 3, 1975 (H. Res. 988, 93d Cong., Oct. 8, 
1974, p. 34470) and was transferred to the Clerk in the 107th Congress 
(sec. 2(b), H. Res. 5, Jan. 3, 2001, p. 28).


[[Page 370]]

of a given contingency does not violate subparagraph (2) (Apr. 13, 2011, 
p. 5873).

  A special order of business reported by the Committee on Rules 
directing the Clerk to refrain from certifying an enrollment pending the 
resolution




Sec. 649. Calendars distributed.

  (e)  The Clerk shall cause 
the calendars of the House to be distributed each legislative day.



  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, paragraph 
(e) was found in former clause 6 of rule XIII (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 1999, 
p. 47). This paragraph was adopted initially in the 62d Congress, April 
5, 1911 (VI, 743), and amended December 8, 1931 (pp. 10, 83). It was 
amended in the 107th Congress to permit the Clerk to publish the 
calendars in a form other than printed (sec. 2(a), H. Res. 5, Jan. 3, 
2001, p. 25).

  (f) The Clerk shall--



Sec. 650. Documents.

      (1) retain  in the library at the 
Office of the Clerk for the use of the Members, Delegates, Resident 
Commissioner, and officers of the House, and not to be withdrawn 
therefrom, two copies of all the books and printed documents deposited 
there; and



      (2) deliver to any Member, Delegate, or the Resident Commissioner 
an extra copy of each document requested by that Member, Delegate, or 
Resident Commissioner that has been printed by order of either House of 
Congress in any Congress in which the Member, Delegate, or Resident 
Commissioner served.



[[Page 371]]


  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, 
paragraphs (c) and (f) were found in former clause 3 of rule III (H. 
Res. 5, Jan. 6, 1999, p. 47). They were amended in the 92d Congress to 
include Delegates and the Resident Commissioner among those entitled to 
the listed services (H. Res. 5, Jan. 22, 1971, pp. 140-44; H. Res. 1153, 
Oct. 13, 1972, pp. 36013-15). Paragraph (f) was amended in the 107th 
Congress to permit the Clerk to distribute documents by a method other 
than mail and in a form other than bound (sec. 2(a), H. Res. 5, Jan. 3, 
2001, p. 25).




Sec. 651. Official to act as Clerk upon designation.

  (g)  The 
Clerk shall provide for the temporary absence or disability of the Clerk 
by designating an official in the Office of the Clerk to sign all papers 
that may require the official signature of the Clerk and to perform all 
other official acts that the Clerk may be required to perform under the 
rules and practices of the House, except such official acts as are 
provided for by statute. Official acts performed by the designated 
official shall be under the name of the Clerk. The designation shall be 
in writing and shall be laid before the House and entered on the 
Journal.



  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, this 
paragraph was found in former clause 4 of rule III (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 
1999, p. 47). It was adopted initially on January 18, 1912 (VI, 25) and 
was amended January 3, 1953 (p. 16). Form of designation of a Clerk pro 
tempore (VI, 26). Technical corrections were effected in the 108th 
Congress (sec. 2(u), H. Res. 5, Jan. 7, 2003, p. 7). A gender-based 
reference was eliminated in the 111th Congress (sec. 2(l), H. Res. 5, 
Jan. 6, 2009, p. 7).




Sec. 652. Authority to receive messages.

  (h)  The Clerk may 
receive messages from the President and from the Senate at any time when 
the House is in recess or adjournment.




[[Page 372]]


  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, this 
paragraph was found in former clause 5 of rule III (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 
1999, p. 47). It was adopted in the 97th Congress (H. Res. 5, Jan. 5, 
1981, pp. 98-113) and amended in the 111th Congress to apply to recesses 
as well as adjournments (sec. 2(m), H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 2009, p. 9) to 
reflect current practice (see Dec. 22, 1987, p. 37966). In the case of 
Kennedy v. Sampson, 511 F.2d 430 (D.C. Cir. 1974) (see Sec. 113, supra, 
accompanying Const., art. I, sec. 7, cl. 2) a United States court of 
appeals held that a bill could not be pocket-vetoed by the President 
during an ``intrasession'' adjournment of Congress to a day certain for 
more than three days, where the House of origin has made appropriate 
arrangements for the receipt of Presidential messages during the 
adjournment.



Sec. 653. Administration of vacant Member's 
office.

  (i)(1)  The Clerk shall supervise the staff and manage the office of a 
Member, Delegate, or Resident Commissioner who has died, resigned, or 
been expelled until a successor is elected. The Clerk shall perform 
similar duties in the event that a vacancy is declared by the House in 
any congressional district because of the incapacity of the person 
representing such district or other reason. When acting as a supervisory 
authority over such staff, the Clerk shall have authority to terminate 
employees and, with the approval of the Committee on House 
Administration, may appoint such staff as is required to operate the 
office until a successor is elected.



  (2) For 60 days following the death of a former Speaker, the Clerk 
shall maintain on the House payroll, and shall supervise in the same 
manner, staff appointed under House Resolution 1238, Ninety-first 
Congress (as enacted into permanent law by chapter VIII of the 
Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1971) (2 U.S.C. 5128).


-  (j) In <> addition to any other 
reports required by the Speaker or the Committee on House 
Administration, the Clerk shall report to the Committee on House 
Administration not later than 45 days following the

[[Page 373]]

close of each semiannual period ending on June 30 or on December 31 on 
the financial and operational status of each function under the 
jurisdiction of the Clerk. Each report shall include financial 
statements and a description or explanation of current operations, the 
implementation of new policies and procedures, and future plans for each 
function.
  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, this 
paragraph was found in former clause 6 of rule III (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 
1999, p. 47). It was adopted initially in the 98th Congress (H. Res. 5, 
Jan. 3, 1983, p. 34). It was amended in the 104th and 106th Congresses 
to reflect changes in the name of the Committee on House Administration 
(sec. 202(b), H. Res. 6, Jan. 4, 1995, p. 464; H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 1999, 
p. 47). A gender-based reference was eliminated in the 111th Congress 
(sec. 2(l), H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 2009, p. 7).




Sec. 655. Cooperation with others.

  (k)  The Clerk shall fully 
cooperate with the appropriate offices and persons in the performance of 
reviews and audits of financial records and administrative operations.



Sergeant-at-Arms--
  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, 
paragraphs (j) and (k) were found in former clauses 7 and 8 of rule III 
(H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 1999, p. 47). They were adopted initially in the 
104th Congress (sec. 201(b), H. Res. 6, Jan. 4, 1995, p. 463). A 
conforming change was effected at the beginning of the 106th Congress in 
the name of the Committee on House Administration (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 
1999, p. 47).




656. SergeantatArms enforces authority of House.

  3. (a)   
The Sergeant-at-Arms shall attend the House during its sittings and 
maintain order under the direction of the Speaker or other presiding 
officer. The Sergeant-at-Arms shall execute the commands of the House, 
and all processes issued by authority thereof, directed to the Sergeant-
at-Arms by the Speaker.



[[Page 374]]

the Virgin Islands and the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico as 
well as for Members (H. Res. 5, Jan. 22, 1971, p. 144; H. Res. 1153, 
Oct. 13, 1972, pp. 36013-15) were stricken by the House Administrative 
Reform Resolution of 1992 (H. Res. 423, Apr. 9, 1992, p. 9039) to 
relieve the Sergeant-at-Arms of functions transferred to the Director of 
Non-legislative and Financial Services pursuant to that resolution (see 
Sec. 664, supra). In the 94th Congress, the provisions of House 
Resolution 732, directing the Sergeant-at-Arms to enter into agreements 
with State officials, with the approval of the Committee on House 
Administration, to withhold State income taxes from the pay of each 
Member subject to such State income tax and requesting such withholding, 
were enacted into permanent law (90 Stat. 1448; 2 U.S.C. 4556). During 
the 102d Congress, the House adopted a resolution presented by the 
Majority Leader as a question of the privileges of the House to 
terminate all bank and check-cashing operations in the Office of the 
Sergeant-at-Arms and direct the Committee on Standards of Official 
Conduct (now Ethics) to review GAO audits of such operations (Oct. 3, 
1991, p. 25435). When former rule IV was rewritten in the 104th 
Congress, clause 1 was restated without change (sec. 201(c), H. Res. 6, 
Jan. 4, 1995, p. 463). The Chair may enlist the Sergeant-at-Arms to 
assist the Chair in maintaining decorum (Sept. 17, 1997, p. 19027; Mar. 
28, 2012, p. _).
  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, this 
paragraph was found in former clause 1 of rule IV (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 
1999, p. 47). It was adopted initially in 1789, with additions and 
amendments in 1838, 1877, 1890 (I, 257), 1911 (VI, 29), and 1971. A 
gender-based reference was eliminated in the 111th Congress (sec. 2(l), 
H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 2009, p. 7). Amendments adopted in the 92d Congress 
to clarify the responsibility of the Sergeant-at-Arms to keep the 
accounts for the pay and mileage of the Delegates from the District of 
Columbia, Guam, and

  The Sergeant-at-Arms is authorized to make payments from the 
contingent fund of the House (now referred to as ``applicable accounts 
of the House described in clause 1(k)(1) of rule X''), under rules 
prescribed by the Committee on House Administration, to defray the 
expenses of the funeral of a deceased Member of the House and the 
expenses of any delegation of Members of Congress duly appointed to 
attend (76 Stat. 686; 2 U.S.C. 5606).

  The Speaker ordered that documents received in a communication from an 
independent counsel advising the House of substantial and credible 
information that may constitute grounds for impeachment of the President 
be kept under armed guard of the Sergeant-at-Arms until the House 
determined which documents to make available to the public (Sept. 9, 
1998, p. 19769).

  At the organization of the House in a new Congress, the Speaker may 
maintain decorum before adoption of rules by directing the Sergeant-at-
Arms to present the mace as the traditional symbol of order (Jan. 3, 
1991, p. 58). Before the election of Speaker, a special rule may be 
adopted conferring the authority of this paragraph, as was done in 1849 
and 1859 (I, 101, 102).


[[Page 375]]

8, 1953, p. 8263). The Clerk having died, and in the absence of the 
Sergeant-at-Arms, the Doorkeeper of the 79th Congress presided at the 
organization of the 80th Congress (Jan. 3, 1947, p. 33). In the 83d 
Congress the Sergeant-at-Arms having died, the Clerk was elected to 
serve temporarily both as Clerk and Sergeant-at-Arms (July 8, 1953, p. 
8242), and upon resignation by the Clerk from the additional position of 
Sergeant-at-Arms, the Speaker, pursuant to 2 U.S.C. 5501, appointed a 
temporary Sergeant-at-Arms (Jan. 6, 1954, p. 8). The Sergeant-at-Arms 
having resigned in the 96th Congress, the Speaker appointed a temporary 
Sergeant-at-Arms pursuant to the statute (Feb. 28, 1980, pp. 4349-50); 
and the same occurred in the 102d Congress (Mar. 12, 1992, p. 5519).

--   <> (b) The symbol of the Office of the Sergeant-at-Arms shall be 
the mace, which shall be borne by the Sergeant-at-Arms while enforcing 
order on the floor.

  Duties imposed on the Sergeant-at-Arms by law (I, 258) include control 
of the Capitol Police; and the making up of the roll of Members-elect 
and presiding over the organization of a new Congress in case of vacancy 
in the Office of the Clerk, or the absence or disability of that officer 
(2 U.S.C. 26). The death of the Sergeant-at-Arms being announced, the 
House passed appropriate resolutions and adjourned as a mark of respect 
(VI, 32; July


  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, this 
paragraph was found in former clause 2 of rule IV (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 
1999, p. 47). It was adopted initially in 1789 (II, 1346). When former 
rule IV was rewritten entirely in the 104th Congress, the paragraph was 
restated without change (sec. 201(c), H. Res. 6, Jan. 4, 1995, p. 463). 
A gender-based reference was eliminated in the 111th Congress (sec. 
2(l), H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 2009, p. 7). Extreme disorder arising on the 
floor, the Speaker directed the Sergeant-at-Arms to enforce order with 
the mace (VI, 258; VIII, 2530), but an attempt to enforce order without 
the mace has been questioned as illegitimate (II, 1347).



Sec. 658. Doorkeeping.

  (c)  The Sergeant-at-Arms shall 
enforce strictly the rules relating to the privileges of the Hall of the 
House and be responsible to the House for the official conduct of 
employees of the Office of the Sergeant-at-Arms.




[[Page 376]]


  (d) The Sergeant-at-Arms may not allow a person to enter the room over 
the Hall of the House during its sittings and, from 15 minutes before 
the hour of the meeting of the House each day until 10 minutes after 
adjournment, shall see that the floor is cleared of all persons except 
those privileged to remain.


-  (e) <> In addition to any other 
reports required by the Speaker or the Committee on House 
Administration, the Sergeant-at-Arms shall report to the Committee on 
House Administration not later than 45 days following the close of each 
semiannual period ending on June 30 or on December 31 on the financial 
and operational status of each function under the jurisdiction of the 
Sergeant-at-Arms. Each report shall include financial statements and a 
description or explanation of current operations, the implementation of 
new policies and procedures, and future plans for each function.
  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, 
paragraphs (c) and (d) were found in former clauses 3 and 4 of rule IV 
(H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 1999, p. 47). They were adopted initially in the 
104th Congress to transfer functions incident to the abolishment of the 
Office of the Doorkeeper (sec. 201(c), H. Res. 6, Jan. 4, 1995, p. 463). 
Gender-based references were eliminated in the 111th Congress (sec. 
2(l), H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 2009, p. 7). For the history of the Office of 
the Doorkeeper, see Sec. 663b, infra.




Sec. 660. Cooperation with others.

  (f) The  Sergeant-at-Arms 
shall fully cooperate with the appropriate offices and persons in the 
performance of reviews and audits of financial records and 
administrative operations.



  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, 
paragraphs (e) and (f) were found in former clauses 5 and 6 of rule IV 
(H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 1999, p. 47). They were adopted initially in the 
104th Congress (sec. 201(c), H. Res. 6, Jan. 4, 1995, p. 463). A 
conforming change was effected at the beginning of the 106th Congress in 
the name of the Committee on House Administration (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 
1999, p. 47).


[[Page 377]]

audio or visual recording or broadcasting in contravention of clause 5 
of rule XVII and any applicable Speaker's announced policy on electronic 
devices.


Sec. 660a. Duties regarding electronic devices.

  (g)(1)  The 
Sergeant-at-Arms is authorized and directed to impose a fine against a 
Member, Delegate, or the Resident Commissioner for the use of an 
electronic device for still photography or for


  (2) A fine imposed pursuant to this paragraph shall be $500 for a 
first offense and $2,500 for any subsequent offense.

  (3)(A) The Sergeant-at-Arms shall promptly notify the Member, 
Delegate, or the Resident Commissioner, the Speaker, the Chief 
Administrative Officer, and the Committee on Ethics of any such fine.

  (B) Such Member, Delegate, or Resident Commissioner may appeal the 
fine in writing to the Committee on Ethics not later than 30 calendar 
days or five legislative days, whichever is later, after notification 
pursuant to subdivision (A).

  (C) Upon receipt of an appeal pursuant to subdivision (B), the 
Committee on Ethics shall have 30 calendar days or five legislative 
days, whichever is later, to either dismiss the fine or allow it to 
proceed. Upon a determination regarding the appeal or if no appeal has 
been filed at the expiration of the period specified in subdivision (B), 
the chair of the Committee on Ethics shall promptly notify the Member, 
Delegate, or the Resident Commissioner, the Speaker and the Chief 
Administrative Officer. The Speaker shall promptly lay such notification 
before the House.



[[Page 378]]


  (4) The Sergeant-at-Arms and the Committee on Ethics are authorized to 
establish policies and procedures for the implementation of this 
paragraph.


Chief Administrative Officer
  This clause was added in the 115th Congress (sec. 2(a)(1), H. Res. 5, 
Jan. 3, 2017, p. _). Immediately following its adoption, the Chair 
announced procedures regarding its enforcement (Jan. 3, 2017, p. _) and 
the Speaker inserted in the Record announced policies on electronic 
devices under clause 5 of rule XVII and on the implementation of this 
clause (Jan. 3, 2017, p. _). For annotations under clause 5 of rule 
XVII, see Sec. 962, infra.



661. Duties.

  4.  (a) The Chief Administrative Officer shall 
have operational and financial responsibility for functions as assigned 
by the Committee on House Administration and shall be subject to the 
policy direction and oversight of the Committee on House 
Administration.-




Sec. 662. Semiannual reports.

  (b)  In addition to any other 
reports required by the Committee on House Administration, the Chief 
Administrative Officer shall report to the Committee on House 
Administration not later than 45 days following the close of each 
semiannual period ending on June 30 or December 31 on the financial and 
operational status of each function under the jurisdiction of the Chief 
Administrative Officer. Each report shall include financial statements 
and a description or explanation of current operations, the 
implementation of new policies and procedures, and future plans for each 
function.



[[Page 379]]



Sec. 663. Cooperation with others.

  (c)  The Chief 
Administrative Officer shall fully cooperate with the appropriate 
offices and persons in the performance of reviews and audits of 
financial records and administrative operations.




Sec. 663a. Deduction from salary for certain 
fines.

  (d)(1)  Upon notification from the chair of the Committee on Ethics 
pursuant to clause 3(g)(3)(C), the Chief Administrative Officer shall 
deduct the amount of any fine levied under clause 3(g) from the net 
salary otherwise due the Member, Delegate, or the Resident Commissioner.



  (2) The Chief Administrative Officer is authorized to establish 
policies and procedures for such salary deductions.

  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, clause 4 
was found in former rule V (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 1999, p. 47). It was 
adopted initially in this form in the 104th Congress (sec. 201(c), H. 
Res. 6, Jan. 4, 1995, p. 463). It was amended in the 105th Congress to 
eliminate the supervisory role of the Speaker over the Chief 
Administrative Officer (H. Res. 5, Jan. 7, 1997, p. 121). A conforming 
change was effected at the beginning of the 106th Congress in the name 
of the Committee on House Administration (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 1999, p. 
47). Paragraph (a) was amended in the 107th Congress to reflect the 
removal of the requirement that the Committee on House Administration 
provide policy direction to the Chief Administrative Officer (sec. 2(g), 
H. Res. 5, Jan. 3, 2001, p. 25), but that change was reversed in the 
114th Congress (sec. 2(a)(3)(B), H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 2015, p. _). 
Paragraph (d) was added in the 115th Congress (sec. 2(a)(2), H. Res. 5, 
Jan. 3, 2017, p. _). The earlier form of the rule enumerated the duties 
of the Doorkeeper, which were transferred to the Sergeant-at-Arms 
incident to the abolishment of the Office of the Doorkeeper. The Chief 
Administrative Officer makes certain reports on receipts and 
expenditures (2 U.S.C. 4108, 4109), which are available to the public. 
However, members of the public have no statutory or constitutional right 
to examine the actual financial records that are used in preparing such 
reports. Trimble v. Johnston, 173 F. Supp. 651 (D.C. Cir. 1959).


[[Page 380]]

of the 79th Congress presided at the organization of the 80th Congress 
(Jan. 3, 1947, p. 33). In the 78th Congress, the House adopted a 
resolution on the death of the Doorkeeper and appointed a committee to 
attend his funeral (Jan. 28, 1943, pp. 421, 422).-


Sec. 663b. Former Office of Doorkeeper.

  Before  the 104th 
Congress (sec. 201(c), H. Res. 6, Jan. 4, 1995, p. 463), rule V 
enumerated the duties of the Doorkeeper, who enforced the rules relating 
to the privileges of the Hall of the House. The earlier form of the rule 
was adopted in 1838 and amended in 1869, 1880 (I, 260), and 1890 (V, 
7295). By law the Doorkeeper was assigned certain administrative duties 
(I, 262), including certain housekeeping functions. Through employees 
and appointees, the Doorkeeper also discharged various duties not 
enumerated in the law or in the rules, such as announcing at the door of 
the Hall of the House all messengers from the President and the Senate 
(V, 6591). The Clerk having died, and the Sergeant-at-Arms having been 
absent, the Doorkeeper



Chaplain


Sec. 664. Former Director of Nonlegislative and 
Financial Services.

  The Chief  Administrative Officer supplanted the Director of 
Non-legislative and Financial Services formerly provided for under 
clause 1 of rule VI in the 103d Congress, which corresponded to an 
erstwhile rule LII of the 102d Congress. Certain functions and entities 
formerly within the purview of elected officers were transferred to the 
Director of Non-legislative and Financial Services pursuant to the House 
Administrative Reform Resolution of 1992 (H. Res. 423, Apr. 9, 1992, p. 
9040), which also vested the Committee on House Administration with 
authority to prescribe regulations providing for the orderly transfer of 
such functions and entities and any other transfers necessary for the 
improvement of non-legislative and financial services in the House, so 
long as not transferring a function or entity within the jurisdiction of 
the committee under rule X. Pursuant to clause 1 of rule VI of the 103d 
Congress (then still designated as rule LII of the 102d Congress), the 
Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader jointly appointed 
the first Director of Non-legislative and Financial Services on October 
23, 1992 (Oct. 29, 1992, p. 34802).





665. Duties of the Chaplain.

  5. The  Chaplain shall offer a 
prayer at the commencement of each day's sitting of the House.


  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, this 
clause was found in former rule VII (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 1999, p. 47). It 
was adopted initially in 1880 (I, 272), but the sessions of the House 
were opened with prayer from the first, and the Chaplain was an officer 
of the House before the adoption of the rule (I, 273-282). The Chaplain 
takes the oath prescribed for the officers of the House (VI, 31; Feb. 1, 
1950, p. 1311). Prayer by the Chaplain is not business requiring the 
presence of a quorum and the Speaker declines to entertain a point of no 
quorum before prayer is offered (VI, 663; clause 7 of rule XX). There is 
no precedent for prayer to be offered by the Chaplain during a 
continuous session of the House, absent an adjournment or recess 
(compare Apr. 22 and 23, 1985, pp. 8753 and 8959). Form of resignation 
of the Chaplain (Feb. 28, 1921, p. 4075; Jan. 30, 1950, p. 1097; Mar. 
23, 2000, p. 3480; May 25, 2011, pp. 7884, 7885). Form of resolution 
electing a Chaplain emeritus (VI, 31; Jan. 30, 1950, p. 1095; Nov. 10, 
1999, p. 29493).


[[Page 381]]

Chambers, 463 U.S. 783 (1983). The Court of Appeals cited the Marsh 
decision as controlling authority in a similar challenge to the House 
Chaplain. Murray v. Buchanan, 729 F.2d 689 (D.C. Cir. 1983). The House 
adopted a privileged resolution articulating its position in the Murray 
case (H. Res. 413, Mar. 30, 1982, p. 5890). During the 113th Congress, 
the Supreme Court held that the practice of opening a town board meeting 
with a prayer offered by a member of the clergy did not violate the 
Establishment Clause in part because of the tradition long followed by 
Congress and state legislatures. Town of Greece v. Galloway, 572 U.S. _ 
(2014).

Office of Inspector General
  During the 97th Congress, the Supreme Court held that employment of a 
chaplain for the legislative body of Nebraska did not violate the 
Establishment Clause of the first amendment to the Constitution. Marsh 
v.



667. Inspector General.

  6. (a)  There is established an 
Office of Inspector General.


  (b) The Inspector General shall be appointed for a Congress by the 
Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, acting jointly.

  (c) Subject to the policy direction and oversight of the Committee on 
House Administration, the Inspector General shall only--

      (1) provide audit, investigative, and advisory services to the 
House and joint entities in a manner consistent with government-wide 
standards;

      (2) inform the officers or other officials who are the subject of 
an audit of the results of that audit and suggesting appropriate 
curative actions;


[[Page 382]]

      (3) simultaneously notify the Speaker, the Majority Leader, the 
Minority Leader, and the chair and ranking minority member of the 
Committee on House Administration in the case of any financial 
irregularity discovered in the course of carrying out responsibilities 
under this clause;

      (4) simultaneously submit to the Speaker, the Majority Leader, the 
Minority Leader, and the chair and ranking minority member of the 
Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on House Administration a 
report of each audit conducted under this clause; and


      (5) report to the Committee on Ethics information involving 
possible violations by a Member, Delegate, Resident Commissioner, 
officer, or employee of the House of any rule of the House or of any law 
applicable to the performance of official duties or the discharge of 
official responsibilities that may require referral to the appropriate 
Federal or State authorities under clause 3(a)(3) of rule XI.

  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, this 
clause was found in former rule VI (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 1999, p. 47). It 
was adopted initially in this form at the beginning of the 104th 
Congress (sec. 201(c), H. Res. 6, Jan. 4, 1995, p. 463). Later in the 
104th Congress and in the 106th Congress it was amended to effect a 
technical correction (H. Res. 254, Nov. 30, 1995, p. 35077; H. Res. 5, 
Jan. 6, 1999, p. 47). Its predecessor form was composed in the 103d 
Congress (H. Res. 5, Jan. 5, 1993, p. 49) by combining two rules adopted 
in the House Administrative Reform Resolution of 1992 (H. Res. 423, Apr. 
9, 1992, p. 9040). Paragraph (c)(1) was amended, and gender-based 
references were eliminated, in the 111th Congress (secs. 2(a), 2(l), H. 
Res. 5, Jan. 6, 2009, p. 7). Paragraph (c)(5) was amended in the 112th 
Congress to reflect a change in committee name (sec. 2(e)(8), H. Res. 5, 
Jan. 5, 2011, p. 80). Paragraph (c)(4) was amended in the 113th Congress 
to add the Committee on Appropriations (sec. 2(f), H. Res. 5, Jan. 3, 
2013, p. _).


[[Page 383]]

quirements for simultaneous reporting (paragraphs (c)(3) and (4), 
formerly clauses 2(c)(3) and (4)); delete a provision relating to 
classification of employees (formerly clause 2(d)); and add the 
responsibility to report certain information to the Committee on Ethics 
(paragraph (c)(5)) (sec. 201, H. Res. 6, Jan. 4, 1995, p. 464). The 
104th Congress also mandated that the Inspector General, in consultation 
with the Speaker and the Committee on House Administration, procure an 
independent and comprehensive audit of House financial records and 
administrative operations and report the results thereof in accord with 
this rule (sec. 107, H. Res. 6, Jan. 4, 1995, p. 463).

  In the form of the rule adopted in the 103d Congress, paragraph (a) 
(formerly clause 1) corresponded to an erstwhile rule LII of the 102d 
Congress (relating to the Director of Non-legislative and Financial 
Services, who in the 104th Congress was supplanted by the Chief 
Administrative Officer; see clause 4 of rule II, Sec. Sec. 661-663a, 
supra), and paragraph (b) (formerly clause 2) corresponded to an 
erstwhile rule LIII of the 102d Congress (relating to the Inspector 
General). The 104th Congress rewrote clause 2 of rule VI (as it was 
composed in the 103d Congress) to occupy all of rule VI and to: broaden 
the auditing responsibilities beyond the offices of the elected officers 
(paragraph (c)(1), formerly clause 2(c)(1)); add re


Office of the Historian


Sec. 668. Former Office of the Postmaster.

  Until  the 102d 
Congress, former rule VI provided for an Office of the Postmaster, which 
supervised the post offices of the House and the delivery of its mail. 
The earlier form of the rule was adopted in 1838 and amended in 1880 (I, 
270), 1911 (VI, 34), 1971 (H. Res. 5, Jan. 21, 1971, p. 15), and 1972 
(H. Res. 1153, Oct. 13, 1972, pp. 36013, 36014). The Office of the 
Postmaster was abolished during the 102d Congress by the House 
Administrative Reform Resolution of 1992 (H. Res. 423, Apr. 9, 1992, p. 
9040).





669. Historian.

  7.  There is established an Office of the 
Historian of the House of Representatives. The Speaker shall appoint and 
set the annual rate of pay for employees of the Office of the Historian.



[[Page 384]]

an oral history of the House as told by its Members and former Members 
(2 U.S.C. 183a).

Office of General Counsel
  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, this 
provision was found in former clause 10 of rule I (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 
1999, p. 47). It was adopted initially in the 101st Congress (H. Res. 5, 
Jan. 3, 1989, p. 72). The second sentence was added in the 106th 
Congress (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 1999, p. 47). An earlier form of this 
clause provided for the seven-year establishment of an Office for the 
Bicentennial to coordinate the commemoration of the 200th anniversary of 
the House of Representatives (H. Res. 621, Dec. 17, 1982, p. 31951). The 
management, supervision, and administration of the office was under the 
direction of the Speaker and was staffed by a professional historian 
appointed by the Speaker on a nonpartisan basis. In 1984 the office was 
removed from the standing rules and established for the remainder of its 
existence by P.L. 98-367. Apart from the Office of the Historian, the 
History of the House Awareness and Preservation Act requires the 
Librarian of Congress to prepare a new and complete written history of 
the House in consultation with the Committee on House Administration (2 
U.S.C. 183). The Act also requires the Librarian to accept for deposit, 
preserve, maintain, and make accessible




670. General Counsel.

  8. (a)  There is established an Office 
of General Counsel for the purpose of providing legal assistance and 
representation to the House. Legal assistance and representation shall 
be provided without regard to political affiliation. The Speaker shall 
appoint and set the annual rate of pay for employees of the Office of 
General Counsel. The Office of General Counsel shall function pursuant 
to the direction of the Speaker, who shall consult with the Bipartisan 
Legal Advisory Group.


  Before the House recodified its rules in the 106th Congress, this 
provision was found in former clause 11 of rule I (H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 
1999, p. 47). It was adopted initially in the 103d Congress (H. Res. 5, 
Jan. 5, 1993, p. 49). The previous year, in the House Administrative 
Reform Resolution of 1992 (H. Res. 423, Apr. 9, 1992, p. 9040), the 
House had directed the Committee on House Administration to provide for 
an Office of General Counsel in a manner ensuring appropriate 
coordination with and participation by both the majority and minority 
leaderships in matters of representation and litigation. It was amended 
in the 114th Congress to move composition of the Bipartisan Legal 
Advisory Group to a new paragraph (b) (sec. 2(b), H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 
2015, p. _).


  The General Counsel is authorized by law to appear in any proceeding 
before a State or Federal court (except the United States Supreme Court) 
without compliance with admission requirements of such court (2 U.S.C. 
5571(a)). Furthermore, the law requires the Attorney General to notify 
the General Counsel of a determination not to appeal a court decision 
affecting the constitutionality of an Act (2 U.S.C. 5571(b)). The House 
may authorize the General Counsel to represent the House or a committee 
or take other action in a judicial proceeding (Feb. 14, 2008, p. 2191; 
sec. 4(f), H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 2009, p. 10; June 28, 2012, p. _; sec. 
4(a)(2), H. Res. 5, Jan. 3, 2013, p. _; July 30, 2014, p. _; secs. 
3(f)(1), 3(f)(2), H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 2015, p. _).


[[Page 385]]

nority leaderships. Unless otherwise provided by the House, the 
Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group speaks for, and articulates the 
institutional position of, the House in all litigation matters.



Sec. 670a. Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group.

  (b)  There is 
established a Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group composed of the Speaker 
and the majority and mi



  This paragraph was added in the 114th Congress to affirmatively 
establish the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group, whose composition was 
previously included in what is now paragraph (a) (sec. 2(b), H. Res. 5, 
Jan. 6, 2015, p. _). The second sentence reflected a separate order of 
the House of the 113th Congress, which also authorized the Bipartisan 
Legal Advisory Group to continue certain civil actions begun in the 
previous Congress (sec. 4(a)(1), H. Res. 5, Jan. 3, 2013, p. _).




Sec. 670b. Continuing litigation authority.

  (c)  The House, 
the Speaker, a committee or the chair of a committee authorized during a 
prior Congress to act in a litigation matter is authorized to act as the 
successor in interest to the House, the Speaker, such committee or the 
chair of such committee of a prior Congress, respectively, with respect 
to such litigation matter, and to take such steps as may be appropriate 
to ensure continuation of such litigation matter.





  This paragraph was added in the 115th Congress (sec. 2(h), H. Res. 5, 
Jan. 3, 2017, p. _). Previously, authority to continue judicial 
proceedings had been granted by separate orders for specific matters 
(e.g., sec. 4(f), H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 2009, p. 10; sec. 4(a)(2), H. Res. 
5, Jan. 3, 2013, p. _; secs. 3(f)(1), 3(f)(2), H. Res. 5, Jan. 6, 2015, 
p. _).