[Constitution, Jefferson's Manual, and the Rules of the House of Representatives, 108th Congress]
[108th Congress]
[House Document 107-284]
[The United States Constitution]
[Pages 82-86]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]


 

                               ARTICLE VI.



Sec. 194. Validity of debts and engagements.

  \1\All  Debts 
contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this 
Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this 
Constitution, as under the Confederation.



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any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary 
notwithstanding.


Sec. 195. Constitution, laws, and treaties the supreme 
law of the land.

  \2\This  Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which 
shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which 
shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the 
supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound 
thereby,





Sec. 196. Oaths of public officers; and prohibition of 
religious tests.

  \3\The  Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and 
the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and 
judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, 
shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but 
no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any 
Office or public Trust under the United States.




Sec. 197. Form of oath.

  The  form of the oath is prescribed 
by statute (5 U.S.C. 3331; I, 128): ``I, AB, do solemnly swear (or 
affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United 
States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true 
faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, 
without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion, and that I will 
well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am 
about to enter. So help me God.''




Sec. 198. Administration of oath at organization.

  The  Act of 
June 1, 1789 (2 U.S.C. 25), provides that on the organization of the 
House and previous to entering on any other business the oath shall be 
administered by any Member (generally the Member with longest continuous 
service) (I, 131; VI, 6) to the Speaker and by the Speaker to the other 
Members and Clerk (I, 130). The Act, has at times been considered in the 
House as directory merely (I, 118, 242, 243, 245; VI, 6); but at other 
times has been observed carefully (I, 118, 140). The Act was cited by 
the Clerk in recognizing for nominations for Speaker as being of higher 
constitutional privilege than a resolution to postpone the election of a 
Speaker and instead provide for the election of a Speaker pro tempore 
pending the disposition of certain ethics charges against the nominee of 
the majority party (Jan. 7, 1997, p. 115).



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  Previously it was the custom to administer the oath by State 
delegations, but beginning with the 71st Congress Members-elect have 
been sworn in en masse (VI, 8). The Clerk supplies printed copies of the 
oath to Members and Delegates who have taken the oath in accordance with 
law, which shall be subscribed by the Members and Delegates and 
delivered to the Clerk to be recorded in the Journal and Congressional 
Record as conclusive proof of the fact that the signer duly took the 
oath in accordance with law (2 U.S.C. 25). See Deschler, ch. 2. The 
Speaker has requested that guests in the gallery rise with the Members 
during the administration of the oath of office to a Member-elect (Nov. 
12, 1991, p. 31255).



Sec. 199. Functions of the Speaker in administering the 
oath.

  The  Speaker possesses no arbitrary power in the administration of 
the oath (I, 134), and when objection is made the question must be 
decided by the House and not by the Chair (I, 519, 520). An objection 
prevents the Speaker from administering the oath of his own authority, 
even though the credentials be regular in form (I, 135-138). The Speaker 
has frequently declined to administer the oath in cases wherein the 
House has, by its action, indicated that he should not do so (I, 139, 
140). And in case of doubt he has waited the instruction of the House 
(I, 396; VI, 11). There has been discussion as to the competency of a 
Speaker pro tempore to administer the oath (I, 170), and in the absence 
of the Speaker a Member-elect waited until the Speaker should be present 
(I, 179), but in 1920 a Speaker pro tempore whose designation by the 
Speaker had been approved by the House, administered the oath to a 
Member (VI, 20). The House may authorize the Speaker to administer the 
oath to a Member away from the House (I, 169), or may, in such a case, 
authorize another than the Speaker to administer the oath (I, 170; VI, 
14). For forms used in this procedure see (VI, 14).




Sec. 200. Administration of the oath as related 
to the quorum.

  Members-elect  have been sworn at the beginning of a second session 
before the ascertainment of a quorum (I, 176-178), but when the Clerk 
called the second session of the 87th Congress to order, Members-elect 
were not sworn prior to ascertainment of a quorum and election of 
Speaker McCormack to succeed Speaker Rayburn, who had died during the 
sine die adjournment (Jan. 10, 1962, p. 5). Members-elect have also been 
sworn where a roll call or other ascertainment has shown the absence of 
a quorum (I, 178, 181, 182; VI, 21) but in one instance, however, the 
Speaker declined to administer the oath under such circumstances (II, 
875).



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Sec. 201. Privilege of administration of the 
oath.

  A  proposition to administer the oath to a Member is a matter of 
high privilege (VI, 14), and the oath has been administered during a 
call of the roll on a motion to agree to rules at the time of 
organization (I, 173; VI, 22), before the reading of the Journal (I, 
172), in the absence of a quorum (VI, 22), on Calendar Wednesday (VI, 
22), before a pending motion to amend the Journal (I, 171), and after 
the previous question has been ordered on a bill reported back to the 
House from the Committee of the Whole (Oct. 3, 1969, p. 28487). A 
division being demanded on a resolution for seating several claimants, 
the oath may be administered to each as soon as his case is decided (I, 
623). Where a Member-elect whose right to a seat has been determined by 
the House presents himself to take the oath, his right to be sworn is 
complete and cannot be deferred even by a motion to adjourn (I, 622), 
but the Speaker has entertained the motion to adjourn after adoption of 
a seating resolution but before the Member-elect was present in the 
Chamber to take the oath (May 1, 1985, p. 10019).




Sec. 202. Challenge of the right to take the oath.

  The  right 
of a Member-elect to take the oath is sometimes challenged and the 
Speaker requests the Member-elect to stand aside temporarily (VI, 9-11, 
174; VIII, 3386). This usually occurs at the time of organization of the 
House. The challenge proceeds from some Member, but the fact that he has 
not yet taken the oath himself does not debar him from making the 
challenge (I, 141). The Member challenging does so on his responsibility 
as a Member or on the strength of documents (I, 448) or on both (I, 443, 
474). And where an objection was sustained neither by affidavit nor on 
the responsibility of the Member objecting, the House declined to 
entertain it (I, 455).




Sec. 203. Consideration of an objection to the taking of 
the oath.

  It  has been held, although not uniformly, that in cases where 
the right of a Member-elect to take the oath is challenged, the Speaker 
may direct the Member to stand aside temporarily (I, 143-146, 474; VI, 
9, 174; VIII, 3386). The Member so challenged is not thereby deprived of 
any right (I, 155). Similarly, the seating of a Member-elect does not 
prejudice a pending contest, brought under the Federal Contested 
Elections Act (2 U.S.C. 381-396), over final right to the seat (Jan. 7, 
1997, p. 120). When several are challenged and stand aside 
the question is first taken on the Member-elect first required to stand 
aside (I, 147, 148). In 1861 it was held that the House might direct 
contested names to be passed over until the other Members-elect had been 
sworn in (I, 154). Motions and debate are in order on the questions 
involved in a challenge, and in a few cases other business has 
intervened by unanimous consent (I, 149, 150). By unanimous consent the 
consideration of a challenge is sometimes deferred until after the 
completion of the organization (I, 474), and by unanimous consent also 
the House has sometimes proceeded to legislative business pending 
consideration of the right of a Member to be sworn (I, 151-152).



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initial as well as final right to the Committee on House Administration 
(H. Res. 1, Jan. 3, 1985, pp. 380-87). After a recount of the votes was 
conducted by that committee, the House on its recommendation declared 
the candidate without the certificate entitled to the seat (H. Res. 146, 
May 1, 1985, p. 9998). The House also may defer the oath when a question 
of qualifications arises (I, 474), but it may investigate qualifications 
after the oath is taken (I, 156-159, 420, 462, 481), and after 
investigation unseat the Member by majority vote (I, 428).


Sec. 204. Relation of credentials to the right to 
take the oath.

  Although  the House has emphasized the impropriety of swearing-in 
a Member without credentials (I, 162-168), yet it has been done in cases 
wherein the credentials are delayed or lost and there is no doubt of the 
election (I, 85, 176-178; VI, 12, 13), or where the governor of a State 
has declined to give credentials to a person whose election was 
undoubted and uncontested (I, 553). A certificate of election in due 
form having been filed, the Clerk placed the name of the Member-elect on 
the roll, although he was subsequently advised that a State Supreme 
Court had issued a writ restraining the Secretary of State from issuing 
such certificate (Jan. 3, 1949, p. 8). Where the prima facie right is 
contested the Speaker declines to administer the oath (I, 550), but the 
House admits on his prima facie showing and without regard to final 
right a Member-elect from a recognized constituency whose credentials 
are in due form and whose qualifications are unquestioned (I, 528-534). 
If the status of the constituency is in doubt, the House usually defers 
the oath (I, 361, 386, 448, 461). In the 99th Congress, the House 
declined to give prima facie effect to a certificate of election, the 
results of the election being in doubt, and referred the issue of




Sec. 205. Sanity, loyalty, and 
incapacity as related to the oath.

  Questions  of sanity (I, 441) and 
loyalty (I, 448) seem to pertain to the competency to take the oath 
rather than to the question of qualifications, although there has been 
not a little debate on this subject (I, 479). In one case a Member-elect 
who had not taken the oath, was excluded from the House because of 
disloyalty, where the resolution of exclusion and the committee report 
thereon concluded that he was ineligible to take a seat as a 
Representative under the express provisions of section 3 of the 14th 
amendment (VI, 56-59). This action by the House was cited in the Supreme 
Court decision of Powell v. McCormack (395 U.S. 486, 545 fn. 83) which 
denied the power of the House to exclude Members-elect by a majority 
vote for other than failure to meet the express qualifications stated in 
the Constitution. In Bond v. Floyd, 385 U.S. 116 (1966), the Supreme 
Court held that the exclusion by a State legislature of a member-elect 
of that body was unconstitutional, where the legislature had asserted 
the power to judge the sincerity with which the Member-elect could take 
the oath to support the Constitution of the United States. In the 97th 
Congress, the House declared vacant by majority vote the 
seat of a Member-elect unable to take the oath because of 
illness, where the medical prognosis showed no likelihood of improvement 
to permit the Member-elect to take the oath or assume the duties of a 
Representative (H. Res. 80, Feb. 24, 1981, pp. 2916-18).







Sec. 206. Decisions of the Court.

  Decisions  of the Supreme 
Court of the United States: McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 
316 (1819); Ex parte Garland, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 333 (1867); Davis v. 
Beason, 133 U.S. 333 (1890); Mormon Church  v. United States, 136 U.S. 1 
(1890).