[Constitution, Jefferson's Manual, and the Rules of the House of Representatives, 104th Congress]
[104th Congress]
[House Document 103-342]
[The United States Constitution]
[Pages 91-95]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]



 

                          AMENDMENT XIV.a


[[Page 92]]
State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which 
shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United 
States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or 
property, without due process of 

[[Page 93]]
law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal 
protection of the laws.


Sec. 225. Citizenship security and 
equal protection of citizens.

  Section 1. All  persons born or naturalized in the 
United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of 
the United States and of the 


  a The 14th amendment to the Constitution of the United States was 
proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the 39th Congress, 
on June 15, 1866. On July 20, 1868, the Secretary of State issued a 
proclamation that the 14th amendment was a part of the Constitution if 
withdrawals of ratification were ineffective. On July 21, 1868, Congress 
adopted and transmitted to the Department of State a concurrent 
resolution declaring that ``the legislatures of the States of 
Connecticut, Tennessee, New Jersey, Oregon, Vermont, New York, Ohio, 
Illinois, West Virginia, Kansas, Maine, Nevada, Missouri, Indiana, 
Minnesota, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Iowa, Arkansas, 
Florida, North Carolina, Alabama, South Carolina, and Louisiana, being 
three-fourths and more of the several States of the Union, have ratified 
the fourteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United 
States, duly proposed by two-thirds of each House of the Thirty-ninth 
Congress: Therefore Resolved, That said fourteenth article is hereby 
declared to be a part of the Constitution of the United States, and it 
shall be duly promulgated as such by the Secretary of State.'' The 
Secretary of State accordingly issued a proclamation, dated July 28, 
1868, declaring that the proposed 14th amendment had been ratified, in 
the manner hereafter mentioned, by the legislatures of 28 States. The 
dates of ratification were: Connecticut, June 30, 1866; New Hampshire, 
July 6, 1866; Tennessee, July 18, 1866; New Jersey, September 11, 1866 
(subsequently, on February 20, 1868, the legislature rescinded its 
ratification, and on March 24, 1868, readopted its resolution of 
rescission over the Governor's veto); Oregon, September 19, 1866; New 
York, January 10, 1867; Ohio, January 11, 1867 (subsequently rescinded 
its ratification on January 13, 1868); Illinois, January 15, 1867; West 
Virginia, January 16, 1867; Michigan, January 16, 1867; Minnesota, 
January 16, 1867; Kansas, January 17, 1867; Maine, January 19, 1867; 
Nevada, January 22, 1867; Indiana, January 23, 1867; Missouri, January 
25, 1867; Pennsylvania, February 6, 1867; Rhode Island, February 7, 
1867; Wisconsin, February 13, 1867; Massachusetts, March 20, 1867; 
Nebraska, June 15, 1867; Iowa, March 16, 1868; Arkansas, April 6, 1868; 
Florida, June 9, 1868; North Carolina, July 4, 1868 (after having 
rejected the amendment December 14, 1866); Louisiana, July 9, 1868 
(after having rejected the amendment February 6, 1867); South Carolina, 
July 9, 1868 (after having rejected the amendment December 20, 1866). 
Ratification was completed on July 9, 1868. The amendment was 
subsequently ratified by Alabama, July 13, 1868; Georgia, July 21, 1868 
(after having rejected it on November 9, 1866); Virginia, October 8, 
1869 (after having rejected it on January 9, 1867); Mississippi, January 
17, 1870; Texas, February 18, 1870 (after having rejected it on October 
27, 1866); Delaware, February 12, 1901 (after having rejected it on 
February 8, 1867); Maryland, April 4, 1959 (after having rejected it on 
March 23, 1867); California, May 6, 1959; Kentucky, March 30, 1976 
(after having rejected it on January 10, 1867).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------




Sec. 226. Apportionment of 
representation.

  Section 2.  Representatives shall be apportioned among the several 
States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number 
of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the 
right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President 
and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, 
the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the 
Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such 
State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, 
or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other 
crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the 
proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the 
whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.



[[Page 94]]
ber of districts equal to the number of such Representatives, and that 
Representatives shall be elected only from the single-Member districts 
so established. (Hawaii and New Mexico were excepted from the operation 
of this statute for the elections to the 91st Congress by Public Law 90-
196; see 2 U.S.C. 2c). After any apportionment, until a State is 
redistricted in a manner provided by its own law and in compliance with 
the Congressional mandate, the question of whether its Representatives 
shall be elected by districts, at large, or by a combination of both, is 
determined by the Apportionment Act of 1941 (2 U.S.C. 2a). See 
Deschler's Precedents, vol. 2, ch. 8 for apportionment and districting.


Sec. 227. Law governing the establishment of 
districts.

  There  has been a readjustment of House representation each ten 
years except during the period 1911 to 1929 (VI, 41; footnote). From 
March 4, 1913, permanent House membership has remained fixed at 435 (VI, 
40, 41; 37 Stat. 13). Upon admission of Alaska and Hawaii to state-hood, 
total membership was temporarily increased to 437 until the next 
reapportionment (72 Stat. 339, 345; 73 Stat. 8). Congress has by law 
provided for automatic apportionment of the 435 Representatives among 
the States according to each census including and after that of 1950 (2 
U.S.C. 2a). The Apportionment Act formerly provided that the districts 
in a State were to be composed of contiguous and compact territory 
containing as nearly as practicable an equal number of inhabitants (I, 
303; VI, 44); but subsequent apportionment Acts, those of 1929 (46 Stat. 
26) and 1941 (55 Stat. 761), omitted such provisions (see Wood v. Broom, 
287 U.S. 1 (1932)). Congress has by law provided that for the 91st and 
subsequent Congresses each State entitled to more than one 
Representative shall establish a num




Sec. 228. Questions as to elections.

  The  House has always 
seated Members elected at large in the States, although the law required 
election by districts (I, 310, 519). Questions have arisen from time to 
time when a vacancy has occurred soon after a change in districts, with 
the resulting question whether the vacancy should be filled by election 
in the old or new district (I, 311, 312, 327). The House has declined to 
interfere with the act of a State in changing the boundaries of a 
district after the apportionment has been made (I, 313).


  The Attorney General has stated that all Indians are subject to 
taxation. 39 Op. Att'y Gen. 518 (1940).




Sec. 229. Requirement that districts be equally 
populated.

  The Supreme  Court has ruled that Congressional districts must be as 
equally populated as practicable. Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1 
(1964); Kirkpatrick v. Preisler, 385 U.S. 450 (1967). The Court has made 
clear that variances in population among Congressional districts within 
a State may be considered de minimis only if they cannot practicably be 
avoided. If such variances, no matter how mathematically miniscule, 
could have been reduced or eliminated by a good faith effort, then they 
may be justified only on the basis of a consistent, rational State 
policy. Karcher v. Daggett, 462 U.S. 725 (1983). The Court has also made 
evident that it will take judicial review of a claims that apportionment 
schemes lack consistent, rational bases. Davis v. Bandemer, 478 U.S. 109 
(1986) (holding political gerrymandering complaint justiciable under 
equal protection clause).



[[Page 95]]
State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have 
engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or 
comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds 
of each House, remove such disability.

-  Congress <> has by law removed generally the 
disabilities arising from the Civil War (30 Stat. L., p. 432). Soon 
after the war various questions arose under this section (I, 386, 393, 
455, 456). For disloyalty to the United States, for giving aid and 
comfort to a public enemy, for publication of expressions hostile to the 
Government a Member-elect was denied a seat in the House (VI, 56, 58). 
As to the meaning of the words ``aid or comfort'' as used in the 14th 
amendment (VI, 57).



Sec. 230. Loyalty as a qualification of Senators 
and Representatives.

  Section 3.  No person shall be a Senator or Representative in 
Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any 
office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, 
who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an 
officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, 
or as an executive or judicial officer of any 



<>   Section 5. The 
Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the 
provisions of this article.



Sec. 232. Validity of the national debt, etc.

  Section 4.  The 
validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, 
including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for 
services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be 
questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or 
pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion 
against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of 
any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held 
illegal and void.







  Congress may legislate under this section to protect voting rights by 
pre-empting state qualifications for electors which are discriminatory 
(Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641 (1966)), and may lower the voting 
age in federal (but not State) elections (Oregon v. Mitchell, 400 U.S. 
112 (1970)).