[Constitution, Jefferson's Manual, and the Rules of the House of Representatives, 104th Congress]
[104th Congress]
[House Document 103-342]
[The United States Constitution]
[Pages 61-72]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]



 

                              ARTICLE II.




Sec. 149. Terms of the President and 
VicePresident.

  Section 1. \1\ The  executive Power shall be vested in a President of the 
United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of 
four years, and together with the Vice President, chosen for the same 
Term, be elected, as follows:



[[Page 62]]
inauguration ceremony on the steps of the East Front of the Capitol on 
Monday, January 21, 1957. A similar scenario was followed at the 
beginning of President Reagan's second term, with the oath being given 
at the White House on January 20, 1985, followed by a public ceremony on 
Monday, January 21, in the Rotunda of the Capitol. The 22d amendment 
provides that no person shall be elected President more than twice.

-  \2\ Each <> State shall appoint, in such Manner as the 
Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole 
Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be 
entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or Person 
holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be 
appointed an Elector.



Sec. 150. Commencement of President's term of 
office.

  George  Washington took the oath of office, as the first President on 
April 30, 1789 (III, 1986). The two Houses of the First Congress found, 
after examination by a joint committee, that by provisions made in the 
Federal Constitution and by the Continental Congress, the term of the 
President had, notwithstanding begun on March 4, 1789 (I, 3). The 20th 
amendment, declared to have been ratified on February 6, 1933, provides 
that Presidential terms shall end and successor terms shall begin at 
noon on January 20. Thus, Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term began on 
March 4, 1933, but ended at noon on January 20, 1937. Formerly, when 
March 4 fell on Sunday, the public inauguration of the President 
occurred at noon on March 5 (III, 1996; VI, 449). Following ratification 
of the 20th amendment, the first time inauguration day fell on Sunday 
was January 20, 1957, and Dwight David Eisenhower took the oath for his 
second term in a private ceremony at the White House on that day 
followed by a public 





Sec. 152. Questions as to qualifications of 
electors.

  Questions  of the qualifications of electors have arisen, and in one 
instance certain ones were found disqualified, but as their number was 
not sufficient to affect the result and as there was doubt as to what 
tribunal should pass on the question the votes were counted (III, 1941). 
In other cases there were objections, but the votes were counted (III, 
1972-1974, 1979). In one instance an elector found to be disqualified 
resigned both offices, whereupon he was made eligible to fill the 
vacancy thus caused among electors (III, 1975).



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all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person 
having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such 
Number be a majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed: and if 
there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number 
of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by 
Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then 
from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like manner 
chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be 
taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A 
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two 
thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be 
necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, 
the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be 
the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have 
equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice-
President.]



Sec. 152a. Original provision for failure of 
electoral college to choose, superseded by 12th amendment.

  \3\ [The  Electors 
shall meet in their respective States and vote by Ballot for two 
Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same 
State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons 
voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall 
sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of Government of the 
United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of 
the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of 
Representatives, open 



<>   \4\ The Congress may determine the Time of chusing 
the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which 
Day shall be the same throughout the United States.

  This third clause of article II, section 1 was superseded by the 12th 
amendment (see Secs. 219-223, infra).


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place in each State as the legislature of such State shall direct'' 
(III, 1914; VI, 438; 3 U.S.C. 1, 7). The statutes also provide for 
transmitting to the President of the Senate certificates of the 
appointment of the electors and of their votes (III, 1915-1917; VI, 439; 
3 U.S.C. 11).

  The time for choosing electors has been fixed on ``the Tuesday next 
after the first Monday in November, in every fourth year''; and the 
electors in each State ``meet and give in their votes on the first 
Monday after the second Wednesday in December next following their 
appointment, at such 



Sec. 154. Qualifications of President of the United 
States.

  \5\ No  Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the 
United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall 
be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be 
eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty 
five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United 
States.-





Sec. 155. Succession in case of removal, death, 
resignation, or disability of President and VicePresident.

  \6\ In  Case of the 
Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or 
Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the 
Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law 
provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both 
of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then 
act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the 
Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.



[[Page 65]]



Sec. 156. Resignation of the President.

  Amendment  XXV 
provides for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President and, 
when the President is unable to perform the duties of his office, for 
the Vice President to assume those powers and duties as Acting 
President. During the 93d Congress, President Richard M. Nixon resigned 
from office on August 9, 1974, by delivering a signed resignation to the 
office of the Secretary of State, pursuant to 3 U.S.C. 20. Pursuant to 
amendment XXV, Vice President Gerald R. Ford became President and the 
House and Senate confirmed his nominee, Nelson A. Rockefeller, to become 
Vice President (December 19, 1974, p. 41516). 



  Congress has also provided for the performance of the duties of the 
President in case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of 
the President and Vice President (3 U.S.C. 19).




Sec. 157. Compensation of President.

  \7\ The  President 
shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which 
shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he 
shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any 
other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.



  The compensation of the President is fixed at $200,000 per annum (3 
U.S.C. 102). In addition the law provides an expense allowance of 
$50,000 (3 U.S.C. 102; P.L. 91-1), and authorizes a travel allowance of 
not to exceed $100,000 (3 U.S.C. 103).




Sec. 158. Oath of the President.

  \8\ Before  he enter on the 
Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or 
Affirmation:--``I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 
execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the 
best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the 
United States.''



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Jan. 20, 1981. Because of extreme cold, the public administration of 
the oath was for the first time held in the Rotunda of the Capitol, 
rather than on the West Front, as scheduled, on January 21, 1985. 
Permission for such use was authorized by S. Con. Res. 144, 98th 
Congress.



Sec. 159. Inauguration of the President.

  The  taking of this 
oath, which is termed the inauguration, is made the occasion of certain 
ceremonies which are arranged for by a joint committee of the two Houses 
(III, 1998, 1999; VI, 451). For many years the oath was normally taken 
at the east portico of the Capitol, although in earlier years it was 
taken in the Senate Chamber or Hall of the House (III, 1986-1995). On 
March 4, 1909, owing to inclemency of the weather, the President-elect 
took the oath and delivered his inaugural address in the Senate Chamber 
(VI, 447). And when Vice-President Fillmore succeeded to the vacancy in 
the office of President, Congress being in session, he took the oath in 
the Hall of the House in the presence of the Senate and House (III, 
1997). In 1945 Franklin D. Roosevelt, who had been elected for his 
fourth term as President, took the oath of office on the south portico 
at the White House. On August 9, 1974, Gerald R. Ford, who as Vice 
President succeeded to the Presidency following the resignation of 
President Nixon on that day, was sworn in in the East Room of the White 
House. The west front of the Capitol was first used for the inaugural 
ceremony for Ronald W. Reagan, 





Sec. 160. The President the Commander in 
Chief.

  Section 2. \1\ The  President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of 
the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called 
into the actual Service of the United States; he may require 
the <> Opinion, 
in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive 
Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their 
respective <> Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and 
Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of 
Impeachment.




Sec. 163. War powers of Congress and the President.

  In  the 
93d Congress, the Congress passed over the President's veto Public Law 
93-148, relating to the power of Congress to declare war under article 
I, section 8, clause 11 (Sec. 127, supra) and the power of the President 
as Commander in Chief. For further discussion of the reports to Congress 
required and the procedure for Congressional action provided under 
Public Law 93-148, see Sec. 128, supra.





Sec. 164. Pardon of former President.

  In  1974, President 
Ford exercised his power under the last phrase of this clause by 
pardoning former President Nixon for any crimes he might have committed 
during a certain period in office (Proclamation 4311, September 8, 
1974). The former President had resigned following an impeachment 
inquiry in the House and the decision of the Committee on the Judiciary 
to report to the House recommending his impeachment by the House (August 
20, 1974, p. 29219).



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Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, <> other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the 
Supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose 
Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be 
established by Law; but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of 
such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in 
the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.



Sec. 165. President makes treaties.

  \2\ He  shall have Power, 
by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, 
provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall 
nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the 



  The power of the President to appoint diplomatic representatives to 
foreign governments and to determine their rank is derived from the 
Constitution and may not be circumscribed by statutory enactments (VII, 
1248). In Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976) the Supreme Court held 
that any appointee exercising significant authority (not merely internal 
delegable authorities within the Legislative Branch) pursuant to the 
laws of the United States is an Officer of the United States and must 
therefore be appointed pursuant to this clause, and that Congress cannot 
by law vest such appointment authority in its own officers or require 
that Presidential appointments be subject to confirmation by both 
Houses.




Sec. 167. President's power to fill vacancies during 
recess of the Senate.

  \3\ The  President shall have Power to fill up all 
Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting 
Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.





Sec. 168. Messages from the President.

  Section 3.  He shall 
from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the 
Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall 
judge necessary and expedient; * * *



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son. A message in writing is usually communicated to both Houses on the 
same day, but an original document accompanying can of course be sent to 
but one House (V, 6616, 6617). The President's State of the Union 
message delivered in person to the 95th Congress, second Session, 
together with separate hand-delivered written messages, were referred on 
motion to the Union Calendar and ordered printed (Jan. 19, 1978, p. 
152). In early years confidential messages were often sent and 
considered in secret session of the House (V, 7251, 7252).
  In the early years of the Government the President made a speech to 
Congress on its assembling (V, 6629), but in 1801 President Jefferson 
discontinued this practice and transmitted a message ``in writing.'' 
This precedent was followed until April 8, 1913, when the custom of 
addressing Congress in person was resumed by President Wilson and, with 
the exception of President Hoover (VIII, 3333) has been followed 
generally by subsequent Presidents. Only messages of major importance 
are delivered in per



Sec. 169. Messages required by law.

  By  law (31 U.S.C. 1105), 
the President is required to transmit the Budget to Congress on or after 
the first Monday in January but not later than the first Monday in 
February each year. In addition, he is required to submit a supplemental 
budget summary by July 16 each year (31 U.S.C. 1106). Submission of the 
Economic Report of the President is required within 10 days after the 
submission of the January budget (15 U.S.C. 1022). The Congressional 
Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-344; 88 Stat. 297) 
requires the transmittal to Congress by the President of amendments and 
revisions related to the budget on or before April 10 and July 15 of 
each year (sec. 601). In addition, the Act provides for the transmittal 
of messages proposing rescissions and deferrals of budget authority 
(sec. 1012-1014).


  When the President has indicated that he will address Congress in 
person a concurrent resolution is passed by both Houses arranging for a 
joint session to receive the message. At the appointed hour the Members 
of the Senate arrive and occupy the three front rows of the House. The 
President of the Senate (the Vice President) sits to the right of the 
Speaker, but in the absence of the Vice President, the President pro 
tempore sits to the left of the Speaker (Nov. 27, 1963, p. 22838). The 
Speaker presides.


* * * <> he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both 
Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, 
with Respect to the 

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Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think 
proper; * * *



Sec. 170. Reception of messages from the 
President.

  The  ceremony of receiving a message in writing is simple (V, 
6591), and may occur during consideration of a question of privilege (V, 
6640-6642) or before the organization of the House (V, 6647-6649) and in 
the absence of a quorum (V, 6650; VIII, 3339; clause 6 of rule XV).
But, with the exception of vetoes, messages are regularly laid before 
the House only at the time prescribed by the rule for the order of 
business (V, 6635-6638) within the discretion of the Speaker (VIII, 
3341). While a message of the President is always read in full the 
latest rulings have not permitted the reading of the accompanying 
documents to be demanded as a matter of right (V, 5267-5271; VII, 1108). 
A concurrent resolution providing for a joint session to receive the 
President's message was held to be of the highest privilege (VIII, 
3335).



* * * <> he shall receive Ambassadors and other 
public Ministers; he shall take Care That the Laws be faithfully 
executed, and shall Commission all the officers of the United States.

  In certain exigencies the President may convene Congress at a place 
other than the seat of government (I, 2; 2 U.S.C. 27). Congress has 
frequently been convened by the President (I, 10, 11; Nov. 17, 1947, p. 
10578; July 26, 1948, p. 9362), and in one instance, when Congress had 
provided by law for meeting, the President called it together on an 
earlier day (I, 12). The Congress having adjourned on July 27, 1947, p. 
10521, and on June 20, 1948, p. 9350, to a day certain, the President 
called it together on an earlier date than that to which it adjourned 
(Nov. 17, 1947, p. 10577, and July 26, 1948, p. 9362). There has been 
some discussion as to whether or not there is a distinction between a 
session called by the President and other sessions of Congress (I, 12, 
footnote).




Sec. 173. Impeachment of civil officers.

  Section 4.  The 
President, Vice President, and all civil Officers of the United States, 
shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, 
Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.



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vote held a Commissioner of the District of Columbia not to be a civil 
officer subject to impeachment under the Constitution (VI, 548).


Sec. 174. As to the officers who may be impeached.

  In  the 
Blount trial the managers contended that all citizens of the United 
States were liable to impeachment, but this contention was not admitted 
(III, 2315), and in the Bellknap trial both managers and counsel for 
respondent agreed that a private citizen, apart from offense in an 
office, might not be impeached (III, 2007). But resignation of the 
office, does not prevent impeachment for crime or misdemeanor therein 
(III, 2007, 2317, 2444, 2445, 2459, 2509). In Blount's case it was 
decided that a Senator was not a civil officer within the meaning of the 
impeachment provisions of the Constitution (III, 2310, 2316). Questions 
have also arisen as to whether or not the Congressional Printer (III, 
1785), or a vice-consul-general (III, 2515), might be impeached. 
Proceedings for the impeachment of territorial judges have been taken in 
several instances (III, 2486, 2487, 2488), although various opinions 
have been given that such an officer is not impeachable (III, 2022, 
2486, 2493). A committee of the House by majority 




Sec. 175. Nature of impeachable offenses.

  As  to what are 
impeachable offenses there has been much discussion (III, 2008, 2019, 
2020, 2356,-2362, 2379-2381, 2405, 2406, 2410, 2498, 2510; VI, 455; 
Impeachment of Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States, 
Committee on the Judiciary, H. Rept. 93-1305, August 20, 1974, p. 29219; 
Associate Justice William O. Douglas, Final Report by the Special 
Subcommittee on H. Res. 920, Committee on the Judiciary, September 17, 
1970). For a time the theory that indictable offenses only were 
impeachable was stoutly maintained and as stoutly denied (III, 2356, 
2360-2362, 2379-2381, 2405, 2406, 2410, 2416); but on the tenth and 11th 
articles of the impeachment of the President (Andrew Johnson) the House 
concluded to impeach for other than indictable offenses (III, 2418), and 
in the Swayne trial the theory was definitely abandoned (III, 2019). 
While there has not been definite concurrence in the claim of the 
managers in the trial of the President that an impeachable offense is 
any misbehavior that shows disqualification to hold and exercise the 
office, whether moral, intellectual, or physical (III, 2015), yet the 
House has impeached judges for improper personal habits (III, 2328, 
2505), and in the impeachment of the President one of the articles 
charged him with ``intemperate, inflammatory, and scandalous harangues'' 
in public addresses, tending to the harm of the Government (III, 2420). 
There was no conviction under these charges except in the single case of 
Judge Pickering, who was charged with intoxication on the bench (III, 
2328-2341). As to the impeachment of judges for other delinquencies, 
there has been much contention as to whether they may be impeached for 
any breach of good behavior (III, 2011, 2016, 2497), or only for 
judicial misconduct occurring in the actual administration of justice in 
connection with the court (III, 2010, 2013, 2017). The intent of the 
judge (III, 2014, 2382) as related to mistakes of the law, and the 
relations of intent to conviction have been discussed at length (III, 
2014, 2381, 2382, 2518, 2519). The statutes make nonresidence of a judge 
an impeachable offense, and the House has taken steps to impeach for 
this cause (III, 2476, 2512). There has, however, been some question as 
to the power of Congress to make an impeachable offense (III, 2014, 
2015, 2021, 2512). Usurpation of power has been examined several times 
in its relations as a cause for impeachment (III, 2404, 2508, 2509, 
2516, 2517). There has also been discussion as to whether or not there 
is distinction between a misdemeanor and a high misdemeanor (III, 2270, 
2367, 2492). Review of impeachments in Congress showing the nature of 
charges upon which impeachments have been brought and judgments of the 
Senate thereon (VI, 466).



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into scandal and disrepute and to destroy public confidence in his 
court and in the judicial system (Impeachment by the House, March 2, 
1936, p. 3091; Conviction by the Senate, April 17, 1936, p. 5606). 
Following his conviction by the Senate, former Judge Ritter brought an 
action for back salary, contending that the Senate had tried and 
convicted him for non-impeachable offenses. The U.S. Court of Claims 
held that the Senate's power to try impeachments was exclusive and not 
subject to judicial review. Ritter v. United States, 84 Ct. Cls. 293 
(1936), cert. denied, 300 U.S. 668 (1937).


Sec. 176. Later impeachment inquiries.

  The  articles of 
impeachment adopted by the House in 1936 against Judge Ritter charged a 
variety of judicial misconduct, including violations of criminal law; 
the seventh and general article, upon which Judge Ritter was convicted 
by the Senate, charged general misconduct to bring his court 


  In 1970, a special subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary 
considered charges of impeachment against Associate Justice Douglas of 
the Supreme Court. The subcommittee recommended against his impeachment 
but concluded that a federal judge could be impeached (1) for judicial 
conduct which is a serious dereliction from public duty and (2) for 
nonjudicial conduct which is criminal in nature (Associate Justice 
William O. Douglas, Final Report by the Special Subcommittee on H. Res. 
920, Committee on the Judiciary, September 17, 1970).

  In 1974, the Committee on the Judiciary investigated charges of 
impeachment against President Nixon, and determined to recommend his 
impeachment to the House. The President having resigned, the committee 
reported to the House without submitting a resolution of impeachment, 
and the House accepted the report by resolution (H. Res. 1333, August 
20, 1974, p. 29361). The report of the committee included the text of 
the three articles of impeachment adopted by the committee. The 
committee had concluded that impeachable offenses need not be indictable 
offenses and had impeached the President (1) for violating his oath of 
office and his duty under the Constitution by preventing, obstructing, 
and impeding the administration of justice; (2) for engaging in a course 
of conduct violating the constitutional rights of citizens, impairing 
the administration of justice, and contravening the laws governing 
executive agencies; and (3) for failing to honor subpoenas issued by the 
Committee on the Judiciary in the course of its impeachment inquiry 
(Impeachment of Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States, 
Committee on the Judiciary, H. Rept. 93-1305, Aug. 20, 1974, printed in 
full in the Cong. Record, Aug. 22, 1974, p. 29219).


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the Senate, Judge Claiborne was convicted on three of the four articles 
of impeachment and removed from office on October 9, 1986.
  In 1986, for the first time since 1936, the House agreed to a 
resolution impeaching a federal district judge. Judge Harry Claiborne 
had been convicted of falsifying federal income tax returns. His final 
appeal was denied by the Supreme Court in April, and he began serving 
his prison sentence in May. Because he declined to resign, however, 
Judge Claiborne was still receiving his judicial salary and, absent 
impeachment, would resume the bench on his release from prison. 
Consequently, a resolution of impeachment was introduced on June 3, and 
on July 16, the Committee on the Judiciary reported to the House four 
articles of impeachment against Judge Claiborne. On July 22, the 
resolution was called up as a question of privilege and agreed to by a 
recorded vote of 406 yeas, 0 nays. After trial in 

  In 1988, the House agreed to a resolution reported from the Committee 
on the Judiciary and called up as a question of the privileges of the 
House impeaching Federal district judge Alcee L. Hastings for high 
crimes and misdemeanors specified in 17 articles of impeachment, some of 
them addressing allegations on which the judge had been acquitted in a 
federal criminal trial (H. Res. 499, 100th Cong., Aug. 3, 1988, p. 
20206). No trial in the Senate was had before the adjournment of the 
100th Congress. In the 101st Congress, the House reappointed managers to 
conduct this impeachment in the Senate (Jan. 3, 1989, p. 84); the Senate 
began its deliberations on March 15, 1989 (p. 4219); conviction and 
removal from office occurred on October 20, 1989 (p. 25335). Also in the 
101st Congress, the Senate convicted Federal district judge Walter L. 
Nixon on two of the three impeachment charges brought against him (Nov. 
3, 1989, p. ----). For further discussion of the continuance of 
impeachment proceedings in a succeeding Congress, see Sec. 620, infra.




  For further discussion of impeachment proceedings, see Deschler's 
Precedents, vol. 3, ch. 14.