[U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual]
[Chapter 15 - Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Outlines]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]
Footnotes and reference marks
15.1. Text footnotes follow the style of the text with the exception
of those things noted in Chapter 9 ``Abbreviations and Letter
Symbols.'' Footnotes appearing in tabular material follow the
guidelines set forth in Chapter 13 ``Tabular Work.''
15.2. In a publication divided into chapters, sections, or articles,
each beginning a new page, text footnotes begin with 1 in each
such division. In a publication without such divisional
grouping, footnotes are numbered consecutively from 1 to 99,
and then begin with 1 again. However, in supplemental sections,
such as appendixes and bibliographies, which are not parts of
the publication proper, footnotes begin with 1.
15.3. Copy preparers must see that references and footnotes are
plainly marked.
15.4. If a reference is repeated on another page, it should carry the
original footnote; but to avoid repetition of a long note, the
copy preparer may use the words ``See footnote 3 (6, 10, etc.)
on p.--.'' instead of repeating the entire footnote.
15.5. Unless the copy is otherwise marked: (1) Footnotes to 12-point
text are set in 8 point; (2) footnotes to 11-point text are set
in 8 point, except in Supreme Court reports, in which they are
set in 9 point; (3) footnotes to 10- and 8-point text are set
in 7 point.
15.6. Footnotes are set as paragraphs at the bottom of the page and
are separated from the text by a 50-point rule, set flush
left, with no less than 2 points of space above and below the
rule.
15.7. Footnotes to indented matter (other than excerpt footnotes) are
set full measure.
15.8. To achieve faithful reproduction of indented excerpt material
(particularly legal work) containing original footnotes, these
footnotes are also indented and placed at the bottom of the
excerpt, separated
by 6 points of space. No side dash is used.
Reference numbers are not changed to fit the numbering sequence
of text footnotes.
15.9. Footnotes must always begin on the page where they are
referenced. If the entire footnote will not fit on the page
where it is cited, it will be continued at the bottom of the
next page.\1\
15.10. Footnotes to charts, graphs, and other illustrations should be
placed immediately beneath such illustrative material.
15.11. A cutoff rule is not required between a chart or graph and its
footnotes.
15.12. For reference marks use: (1) Roman superior figures, (2) italic
superior letters, and (3) symbols. Superior figures
(preferred), letters, and symbols are separated from the words
to which they apply by thin spaces, unless immediately preceded
by periods or commas.
15.13. Where reference figures might lead to ambiguity (for example,
in matter containing exponents), asterisks, daggers, etc., or
italic superior letters may be used.
15.14. When symbols or signs are used for footnote reference marks,
their sequence should be (*) asterisk, (�) dagger, (�) double
dagger, and () section mark. Should more symbols be needed,
these may be doubled or tripled, but for simplicity and greater
readability, it is preferable to extend the assortment by
adding other single-character symbols.
15.15. Symbols with established meanings, such as the percent sign (%)
and the number mark (#), are likely to cause confusion and
should not be used for reference marks.
15.16. To avoid possible confusion with numerals and letters
frequently occurring in charts and graphs, it is preferable in
such instances to use symbols as reference marks.
/1/ When a footnote breaks from an odd (right-hand) page to an even
(left-hand) page, the word (Continued) is set inside parentheses in
italic below the last line of the footnote where the break occurs.
A 50-point rule is used above each part of the footnote.
When a footnote break occurs on facing pages, i.e., from an even page
to an odd page, the (Continued) line is not set, but the 50-point rule
is duplicated.
15.17. When items carry several reference marks, the superior-figure
reference precedes an asterisk, dagger, or similar character
used for reference.
15.18. A superior reference mark follows all punctuation marks except
a dash, but it falls inside a closing parenthesis or bracket if
applying only to matter within the parentheses or brackets.
15.19. Two or more superior footnote references occurring together are
separated by thin spaces.
Indexes and tables of contents
15.20. Indexes and tables of contents are set in the same style as the
text, except that See and see also are set in italic.
15.21. Where a word occurs in an index page column, either alone or
with a figure, it is set flush on the right. If the word
extends back into the leaders, it is preceded by an en space.
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15.22. For better appearance, Roman numerals should be set in small
caps in the figure columns of tables of contents and indexes.
15.23. In indexes set with leaders, if the page numbers will not fit
in the leader line, the first number only is set in that line
and the other numbers are overrun. If the entry makes three or
more lines and the last line of figures is not full, do not use
a period at the end.
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15.24. Overrun page numbers are indented 3 1/2 ems in measures not
over 20 picas and 7 ems in wider measures, more than one line
being used if necessary. These indentions are increased as
necessary to not less than 2 ems more than the line immediately
above or below.
15.25. When copy specifies that all overs are to be a certain number
of ems, the runovers of the figure column shall be held in 2
ems more than the specifi ed indention.
15.26. Examples of block-type indexes:
Example 1 Example 2
Medical officer, radiological
defense, 3 Brazil-Continued
Medicolegal dosage, 44 Exchange restrictions-Continued
Military Liaison Committee, 4 Williams mission (see also
Monitoring, 58 Williams, John H., special
Air, 62 mission), exchange control
Personnel, 59 situation, 586-588
Civilian, 60 Trade agreement with United
Military, 59 States, proposed:
Sea, 61 Draft text, 558-567
Ship, 61 Proposals for:
Monitors, radiological defense, 3 Inclusion of all clauses,
531
15.27. In index entries the following forms are used:
Brown, A.H., Jr. (not Brown, Jr., A.H.)
Brown, A.H., & Sons (not Brown & Sons, A.H.)
Brown, A.H., Co. (not Brown Co., A.H.)
Brown, A.H., & Sons Co. (not Brown & Sons Co., A.H.)
15.28. In a table of contents, where chapter, plate, or figure is
followed by a number and period, an en space is used after the
period. The periods are aligned on the right.
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15.29. Subheads in indexes and tables of contents are centered in the
full measure.
15.30. In contents using two sizes of lightface type, or a combination
of boldface and lightface type, all leaders and page numbers
will be set in lightface roman type. Contents set entirely in
boldface will use boldface page numbers. All page numbers will
be set in the predominant size.
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Outlines
15.31. Outlines vary in appearance because there is no one set style
to follow in designing them. The width of the measure, the
number of levels required for the indentions, and the labeling
concept selected to identify each new level all contribute to
its individuality.
The following sample outline demonstrates a very basic and
structured arrangement. It uses the enumerators listed in rule
8.108 to identify each new indented level.
The enumerators for the first four levels are followed by a
period and a fixed amount of space. The enumerators for the
second four levels are set in parentheses and followed by the
same amount of fixed space.
Each new level indents 2 ems more than the preceding level, and
data that runs over to the next line aligns with the first word
following the enumerator.
Outline example:
I. Balancing a checkbook
A. Open your check register
1. Verify all check numbers
a. Verify no check numbers were duplicated
b. Verify no check numbers were skipped
B. Open your bank statement
1. Put canceled checks in sequence
2. Compare amounts on checks to those in register
a. Correct any mistakes in register
b. Indicate those check numbers cashed
(1) Mark off check number on the statement
(a) Verify amount of check
(i) Highlight discrepancies on statement
(aa) Enter figures on back
(ii) Enter missing check numbers on back
with amounts
(aa) Identify missing check numbers
in register
(bb) Verify those check numbers were
not cashed previously