[U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual]
[Chapter 15 - Footnotes, indexes, contents, and outlines]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]


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             15. FOOTNOTES, INDEXES, CONTENTS, AND OUTLINES

                     FOOTNOTES AND REFERENCE MARKS

  15.1. Text footnotes follow the style of the text with the 
exception of those things noted in ``Abbreviations and Letter 
Symbols.'' Footnotes appearing in tabular material follow the 
guidelines set forth in ``Tabular Work.''

  15.2. In a publication divided into chapters, sections, or 
articles, each beginning a new page, text footnotes begin with 
1 in each such division. In a publication without such 
divisional grouping, footnotes are numbered consecutively from 
1 to 99, and then begin with 1 again. However, in supplemental 
sections, such as appendixes and bibliographies, which are not 
parts of the publication proper, footnotes begin with 1.

  15.3. Copy preparers must see that references and footnotes 
are plainly marked.

  15.4. If a reference is repeated on another page, it should 
carry the original footnote; but to avoid repetition of a long 
note, the copy preparer may use the words ``See footnote 3 (6, 
10, etc.) on p. --.'' instead of repeating the entire footnote.

  15.5. Unless the copy is otherwise marked: (1) Footnotes to 
12-point text are set in 8 point; (2) footnotes to 11-point 
text are set in 8 point, except in Supreme Court reports, in 
which they are set in 9 point; (3) footnotes to 10- and 8-point 
text are set in 7 point.

  15.6. Footnotes are set as paragraphs at the bottom of the 
page and are separated from the text by a 50-point rule, set 
flush left, with no less than 2 points of space above and below 
the rule.

  15.7. Footnotes to indented matter (other than excerpt 
footnotes) are set full measure.

  15.8. To achieve faithful reproduction of indented excerpt 
material (particularly legal work) containing original 
footnotes, these footnotes are also indented and placed at the 
bottom of the excerpt, separated by 6 points of space. No side 
dash is used. Reference numbers are not changed to fit the 
numbering sequence of text footnotes.

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  15.9. Footnotes must always begin on the page where they are 
referenced. If the entire footnote will not fit on the page 
where it is cited, it will be continued at the bottom of the 
next page.\1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  \1\ When a footnote breaks from an odd (right-hand) page to an even 
(left-hand) page, the word (Continued) is set inside parentheses in 
italic below the last line of the footnote where the break occurs.
  A 50-point rule is used above each part of the footnote.
  When a footnote break occurs on facing pages, i.e., from an even page 
to an odd page, the (Continued) line is not set, but the 50-point rule 
is.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  15.10. Footnotes to charts, graphs, and other illustrations 
should be placed immediately beneath such illustrative 
material.

  15.11. A cutoff rule is not required between a chart or graph 
and its footnotes.

  15.12. For reference marks use: (1) Roman superior figures, 
(2) italic superior letters, and (3) symbols. Superior figures 
(preferred), letters, and symbols are separated from the words 
to which they apply by thin spaces, unless immediately preceded 
by periods or commas.

  15.13. Where reference figures might lead to ambiguity (for 
example, in matter containing exponents), asterisks, daggers, 
etc., or italic superior letters may be used.

  15.14. When symbols or signs are used for footnote reference 
marks, their sequence should be (*) asterisk, () 
dagger, (=) double dagger, and (Sec. ) section mark. Should 
more symbols be needed, these may be doubled or tripled, but 
for simplicity and greater readability, it is preferable to 
extend the assortment by adding other single-character symbols.

  15.15. Symbols with established meanings, such as the percent 
sign (%) and the number mark (#), are likely to cause confusion 
and should not be used for reference marks.

  15.16. To avoid possible confusion with numerals and letters 
frequently occurring in charts and graphs, it is preferable in 
such instances to use symbols as reference marks.

  15.17. When items carry several reference marks, the 
superior-figure reference precedes an asterisk, dagger, or 
similar character used for reference.

  15.18. A superior reference mark follows all punctuation 
marks except a dash, but falls inside a closing parenthesis or 
bracket if applying only to matter within the parentheses or 
brackets.

  15.19. Two or more superior footnote references occurring 
together are separated by thin spaces.

                     INDEXES AND TABLES OF CONTENTS

  15.20. Indexes and tables of contents are set in the same 
style as the text, except that See and see also are set in 
italic.

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  15.21. Where a word occurs in an index page column, either 
alone or with a figure, it is set flush on the right. If the 
word extends back into the leaders, it is preceded by an en 
space.
                                                                    Page
Explanatory diagram........................................ Frontispiece
General instructions..............................................  viii
Capitalization (see also Abbreviations)...........................    16
Correct imposition (diagram).................................. Facing 34
Legends. (See Miscellaneous rules.)
Appendixes A, B, C, and D, maps, illustrations,
  and excerpts................................... In supplemental volume

  15.22. For better appearance, Roman numerals should be set in 
small caps in the figure columns of tables of contents and 
indexes.

  15.23. In indexes set with leaders, if the page numbers will 
not fit in the leader line, the first number only is set in 
that line and the other numbers are overrun. If the entry makes 
three or more lines and the last line of figures is not full, 
do not use a period at the end.

If page folios overrun due to an excessive amount of figures use 
  this form......................................................  220,
                                                     224, 227, 230, 240
And this way when overrun folios make two or more lines..........  220,
                                224-225, 230-240, 245, 246, 250-255, 
                                258, 300, 320, 330, 350, 360, 370, 380, 
                                390, 400, 410-500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 
                                550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600-620, 630, 
                                640, 650, 660, 670, 680, 690, 700
  (For examples of item indentions in a reading column of 
indexes set with leaders, see index in this Manual.)

  15.24. Overrun page numbers are indented 3\1/2\ ems in 
measures not over 20 picas and 7 ems in wider measures, more 
than one line being used if necessary. These indentions are 
increased as necessary to not less than 2 ems more than the 
line immediately above or below.

  15.25. When copy specifies that all overs are to be a certain 
number of ems, the runovers of the figure column shall be held 
in 2 ems more than the specified indention.

  15.26. Examples of block-type indexes:

 
                 Example 1                            Example 2
 
Medical officer, radiological defense, 3    Brazil--Continued
Medicolegal dosage, 44                        Exchange restrictions--
                                            Continued
Military Liaison Committee, 4                   Williams mission (see
Monitoring, 58                                 also  Williams,
  Air, 62                                         John  H.,  special
  Personnel, 59                              mission),  efforts
                                                  in connection  with
                                             exchange  con-
                                                  trol situation, 586-
                                             588
    Civilian, 60                              Trade  agreement  with
    Military, 59                               United  States,
                                                  proposed:
  Sea, 61                                       Draft text, 558-567
  Ship, 61                                      Proposals for:
Monitors, radiological defense, 3                 Inclusion of all
                                               clauses, 531
 


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  15.27. In index entries the following forms are used:

          Brown, A.H., Jr. (not Brown, Jr., A.H.)
          Brown, A.H., & Sons (not Brown & Sons, A.H.)
          Brown, A.H., Co. (not Brown Co., A.H.)
          Brown, A.H., & Sons Co. (not Brown & Sons Co., A.H.)

  15.28. In a table of contents, where chapter, plate, or 
figure is followed by a number and period, an en space is used 
after the period. The periods are aligned on the right.

                                                                    Page
Chapter
      Introduction.....................................................i
      Summary..........................................................1
      Conclusions......................................................7

  15.29. Subheads in indexes and tables of contents are 
centered in the full measure.

  15.30. In contents using two sizes of lightface type, or a 
combination of boldface and lightface type, all leaders and 
page numbers will be set in lightface roman type. Contents set 
entirely in boldface will use boldface page numbers. All page 
numbers will be set in the predominant size.

                                                                    Page
Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security.........................     5
    Disarmament...................................................     6
    Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy................................     7

Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security.........................     5
    Disarmament...................................................     6
    Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy................................     7

Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security.........................     5
    Disarmament...................................................     6
    Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy................................     7

                                OUTLINES

  15.31. Outlines vary in appearance because there is no one 
set style to follow in designing them. The width of the 
measure, the number of levels required for the indentions, and 
the labeling concept selected to identify each new level all 
contribute to its individuality.

  The following sample outline demonstrates a very basic and 
structured arrangement. It uses the enumerators listed in rule 
8.108 to identify each new indented level.

  The enumerators for the first four levels are followed by a 
period and a fixed amount of space. The enumerators for the 
second four levels are set in parentheses and followed by the 
same amount of fixed space.

  Each new level indents 2 ems more than the preceding level 
and data that runs over to the next line aligns with the first 
word following the enumerator.

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   Outline example:
   I.  Balancing a checkbook
        A.  Open your check register
             1.            Verify all check numbers
                  a.  Verify no check numbers were duplicated
                  b.  Verify no check numbers were skipped
        B.  Open your bank statement
             1.            Put canceled checks in sequence
             2.            Compare amounts on checks to those in 
                 register
                  a.  Correct any mistakes in register
                  b.  Indicate those check numbers cashed
                      (1)  Mark off check number on the statement
                           (a)  Verify amount of check
                                (i)  Highlight discrepancies on statement
                                    (aa)  Enter figures on back
                               (ii)  Enter missing check numbers on back with 
                                     amounts
                                    (aa)  Identify missing check numbers in 
                                          register
                                    (bb)  Verify those check numbers were not 
                                          cashed previously
    
    
    

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                            NOTES