The following is a list of individuals who were interviewed by Commission Staff or members of the Commission. Affiliations listed reflect the individual's primary association with the Intelligence Community as of the date of the interview. The list does not include the numerous briefings provided to members of the Commission and Commission Staff by various U.S. Government officials both in the United States and abroad.

**Kenneth Michael Absher**, *former Central Intelligence
Agency official*

**Gordon Adams**, *Associate Director, National Security
& International Affairs, Office of Management & Budget
*

**Madeleine Albright**, *Ambassador to the United Nations
*

**Dr. John Alger**, *Dean, School of Information Warfare
and Strategy, National Defense University*

**Joseph Amato**, *former National Security Agency official
*

**Duane P. Andrews**, *Vice President, SAIC; former Assistant
Secretary of Defense, C 3I *

**Minoru Sam Araki**,* President, Lockheed Martin Missiles
& Space Company, Inc.*,* Lockheed Martin*

**Bernard Aronson**, *former Assistant Secretary of State
for Inter-American Affairs*

**Allen B. Ashby**, *Business Development Director, Boeing
Space Systems*

**Norm Augustine**, *CEO, Lockheed Martin*

**Charles Battaglia**,* Staff Director, Senate Select Committee
on Intelligence*

**Frederick Berghoff**, *Chairman, National SIGINT Committee
*

**Richard A. Best**, *Analyst in National Defense, Congressional
Research Service, Library of Congress*

**Richard K. Betts**, *Professor, Columbia University*

**James Blaker**,* Special Assistant to the Vice Chairman,
Joint Chiefs of Staff*

**James W. Boginis**, *Vice President, Management & Data
Systems, Washington Special Projects Office, Lockheed Martin*

**Nancy Bone**, *Director, National Photographic Interpretation
Center*

**James V. Boone**, *Vice President, TRW Corporation*

**Adm. Jeremy Boorda, USN**, *Chief of Naval Operations*

**L. Paul Bremer, III**, *former Ambassador and State Department
official*

**Kenneth Brody**, *President & Chairman, Export-Import
Bank*

**Rear Adm. Thomas A. Brooks, USN (Ret.)**,* Vice President,
AT&T Corporation*

**Robert Bryant**,** ***Assistant Director, National Security
Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation*

**Jon H. Bryson**, *Vice President, National Systems Group,
Aerospace Corporation*

**Greg Burns**, *Senior Program Manager, Interactive Television,
Microsoft Corporation*

**George Bush**,* former President of the United States*

**Albert Carnesale**, *Provost and Dean, John F. Kennedy
School of Government, Harvard University*

**Vice Adm. Arthur K. Cebrowski, USN**, *Director for Command,
Control, Communications & Computer Systems (J-6), The Joint
Staff*

**George G. Chadwick**, *CEO, Deskin Research Group*

**Richard Cheney**, *former Secretary of Defense*

**A. R. Cinquegrana**, *Deputy Inspector General for Investigations,
Central Intelligence Agency*

**Richard A. Clarke**,* Special Assistant to President for
Global Issues, National Security Council Staff*

**Duane Clarridge**, *former Central Intelligence Agency
official*

**Eileen Claussen**, *Special Assistant to the President
and Senior Director for Global & Environmental Affairs, National
Security Council Staff*

**Tyrus W. Cobb**, *President & CEO, Business Executives
for National Security*

**Vance Coffman**, *President & COO, Space & Strategic
Missiles Sector, Lockheed Martin*

**Charles Cogan**, *former Central Intelligence Agency official
*

**William E. Colby**, *former Director of Central Intelligence
*

**Raymond Colloday**, *Vice President, Business Development
& Advanced Programs, Lockheed Martin*

**Frank Conahan**, *Special Assistant to Comptroller General
for National Security & International Affairs, General Accounting
Office*

**Larry Cox**, *Vice President, Washington Operations, David
Sarnoff Research Center*

**Rear Adm. Michael W. Cramer, USN**, *Director of Naval
Intelligence*

**Lt. Gen. Donald Cromer, USAF (Ret.)**, *President, Hughes
Space and Communications Company*

**William Crowell**, *Deputy Director, National Security
Agency*

**Charles Curtis**, *Under Secretary of Energy*

**W. Bowman Cutter**, *Deputy Assistant to the President
for Economic Policy, National Economic Council*

**Brian Dailey**, *Vice President, Business Development/Washington
Operations, Space & Strategic Missiles Sector, Lockheed Martin
*

**Paul Daly**, *Assistant Administrator for Intelligence,
Drug Enforcement Administration*

**Dennis Deconcini**, *former Senator and Chairman, Senate
Select Committee on Intelligence*

**Joan Dempsey**, *Director, National Military Intelligence
Production Center, Defense Intelligence Agency*

**Jack Devine**, *Associate Deputy Director for Operations,
Central Intelligence Agency*

**John P. Devine**, *former Deputy Director for Technology
& Systems, National Security Agency*

**Arnold Donahue**, *former Chief, Intelligence Branch, Office
of Management and Budget*

**Peggy H. Donnelly**, *Director, Agency Information Staff,
Central Intelligence Agency*

**Darwin R. Drewyer, III**, *former Director of Personnel,
Central Intelligence Agency*

**McClellan (Guy) DuBois**,* Director, Operations and Tasking
Directorate, Central Imagery Office*

**Lawrence Eagleburger**, *former Secretary of State*

**Lt. Gen. Albert J. Edmonds, USAF**, *Director, Defense
Information Systems Agency*

**Dawn R. Eilenburger**, *Director, Equal Employment Opportunity
Office, Central Intelligence Agency*

**Fritz Ermarth**, *former Chairman, National Intelligence
Council*

**Lt. Gen. Howell Estes, III, USAF**, *Director of Operations
(J-3), The Joint Staff*

**Martin Faga**, *Senior Vice President, MITRE Corporation;
former Director, National Reconnaissance Office *

**Lt. Gen. Lincoln D. Faurer, USAF (Ret.)**, *former Director,
National Security Agency*

**Gen. Ronald Fogleman, USAF**, *Chief of Staff, U.S. Air
Force*

**Gary Foster**, *former Deputy Director for Planning and
Coordination, Central Intelligence Agency*

**Robert Gallager**, *Office of Intelligence Liaison, Department
of Commerce*

**Robert L. Gallucci**, *Ambassador-at-Large*

**Robert M. Gates**, *former Director of Central Intelligence
*

**Toby T. Gati**, *Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence
& Research*

**Robert Gelbard**, *Assistant Secretary of State for International
Narcotics & Law Enforcement Affairs*

**Richard Genet**, *Program Director, Imagery & Information
Systems, GDE Systems*

**Regina Genton**, *Director for Intelligence Programs, National
Security Council Staff*

**Clair George**, *former Deputy Director for Operations,
Central Intelligence Agency*

**Roy Godson**, *Professor, Georgetown University*

**Daniel Goldin**, *Director, National Aeronautics &
Space Administration*

**Allan E. Goodman**, *Professor, Georgetown University*

**Gary W. Goodrich**, *Associate Deputy Director for Science
& Technology, Central Intelligence Agency*

**Jamie Gorelick**, *Deputy Attorney General of the United
States *

**Art Grant**, *staff member, Senate Select Committee on
Intelligence*

**Capt. William Gravell, USN**,* Chief of Information Warfare,
(J6), The Joint Staff*

**David Gries**, *former Central Intelligence Agency official
*

**Richard Haass**, *former Senior Director for Near East
and South Asian Affairs, National Security Council Staff*

**Keith R. Hall**, *Executive Director, Intelligence Community
Affairs; former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Intelligence
& Security)*

**Morton H. Halperin**, *Special Assistant to the President
and Senior Director for Democracy, National Security Council Staff
*

**John Harney**, *former Assistant Director for Policy and
Liaison, National Security Agency*

**Jeffrey K. Harris**, *Director, National Reconnaissance
Office & Assistant Secretary of Air Force for Space*

**Richard L. Haver**, *Executive Director, Intelligence Community
Affairs*

**Charles Hawkins**, *former Assistant to Secretary of Defense
for Intelligence Oversight*

**Leo Hazlewood**, *Executive Director, Central Intelligence
Agency*

**Donald J. Healey**, *former Central Intelligence Agency
official*

**Terry Heil**, *Senior Vice President, E-Systems Corporation
*

**Richard M. Helms**, *former Director of Central Intelligence
*

**Jan P. Herring**, *The Futures Group*

**Philip B. Heymann**, *Professor of Criminal Law, Harvard
Law School and former U.S. Deputy Attorney General*

**Michael Higgins**,** ***Technical Director, SAIC*

**Jimmie Hill**, *Deputy Director, National Reconnaissance
Office*

**James Hirsch**, *former Deputy Director for Science &
Technology, Central Intelligence Agency*

**Frederick P. Hitz**, *Inspector General, Central Intelligence
Agency*

**Col. Douglas Hotard, USAF**,* Director, Information Warfare,
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for C 3I*

**Maj. Gen. Patrick M. Hughes, USA**, *Director for Intelligence
(J-2)*, *The Joint Staff*

**Samuel P. Huntington**, *Professor, Harvard University
*

**William Hyland**, *former Deputy Assistant to the President
for National Security Affairs*

**Karl F. Inderfurth**, *U.S. Delegation to the United Nations
*

**Adm. Bob R. Inman, USN (Ret.)**,* former Deputy Director
of Central Intelligence; former Director, National Security Agency
*

**Rear Adm. Lowell Jacoby, USN**, *Director for Intelligence
(J-2), U.S. Pacific Command*

**Walter Jajko**, *Assistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence
Oversight*

**Robert Jervis**, *Professor, Columbia University*

**Frederick M. Kaiser**, *Specialist in American National
Government, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress
*

**Joseph Kammerer**, *Director for Planning, National Security
& International Affairs Division, General Accounting Office
*

**Ambassador Mickey Kantor**, *United States Trade Representative
*

**Barry Kelly**, *former Special Assistant to the President
and Senior Director for Intelligence Programs, National Security
Council Staff*

**Richard J. Kerr**, *former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
*

**Robert Kimmitt**, *former Under Secretary of State for
Policy and former Ambassador*

**Ken Kobayashi**, *General Manager, Systems Applications,
Hughes Space and Communications Company*

**Ken Kodama**, *staff member, House Permanent Select Committee
on Intelligence*

**Dr. Annette Krygiel**, *Director, Central Imagery Office
*

**Ellen Laipson**,* Director for Near East & South Asian
Affairs, National Security Council Staff*

**Melvin Laird**, *former Secretary of Defense*

**John Larabee**, *Director, International and Commercial
Affairs/OSA, National Reconnaissance Office*

**Donald Latham**, *Vice President, Loral Corporation; former
Assistant Secretary of Defense, C 3I*

**Maj. Gen. Jack Leide**,** USA**, *Director, National
Military Intelligence Collection Center, Defense Intelligence
Agency*

**Edward Levine**, *staff member, Senate Select Committee
on Intelligence*

**Winston Lord**, *Assistant Secretary of State for East
Asian and Pacific Affairs*

**Mark Lowenthal**, *Staff Director, House Permanent Select
Committee on Intelligence*

**Brad Lucas**, *Deputy Director, Operations and Tasking
Directorate, Central Imagery Office*

**John Lueders**,** **Principal, Booz Allen & Hamilton,
Inc.

**Peter A. Marino**, *Senior Vice President, E-Systems Corporation
*

**Henry Marsden**, *Acting Deputy Director for Supply Reduction,
Office of National Drug Control Policy*

**David Martin**,* Reporter, *CBS News

**Ernest R. May**, *Professor, John F. Kennedy School of
Government, Harvard University*

**Kirk McConnell**, *staff member, House Permanent Select
Committee on Intelligence*

**Tidal W. McCoy**, *Vice President for Government Relations,
Thiokol Corporation*

**J. Kenneth McDonald**, *former Chief, History Staff, Central
Intelligence Agency*

**Lt. Gen. Paul E. Menoher, USA**, *Deputy Chief of Staff
for Intelligence, U.S. Army*

**Maj. Gen. Kenneth A. Minihan, USAF**, *Assistant Chief
of Staff, Intelligence, U.S. Air Force*

**John N. Moore**, *Professor, University of Virginia*

**Gen. Thomas Moorman, USAF**, *Vice Chief of Staff, U.S.
Air Force*

**L. A. Motley**, *former Assistant Secretary of State for
Inter-American Affairs and former Ambassador*

**Senator Daniel P. Moynihan**, *United States Senator*

**Dennis Nagy**, *Director, C 4I Integration Support Activity,
Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense C 3I*

**William A. Nitze**, *Assistant Administrator for International
Activities, Environmental Protection Agency*

**Edmund Nowinski**, *Director, Imagery Systems Acquisition
and Operations Directorate, National Reconnaissance Office*

**Maj. Gen. Philip Nuber, USAF**, *Director, Defense Mapping
Agency*

**Dr. Joseph S. Nye, Jr.**, *Assistant Secretary of Defense,
International Security Affairs; former Chairman, National Intelligence
Council*

**Robert Oakley**, *former Ambassador and State Department
official*

**Lt. Gen. William Odom**,** USA (Ret.)**, *former Director,
National Security Agency*

**Anthony Oettinger**, *Professor, Harvard University*

**Lionel Olmer**, *former Under Secretary of Commerce for
International Trade*

**Michael J. O'Neil**, *Chief of Staff, Central Intelligence
Agency*

**Marvin Ott**, *Professor, National Defense University*

**Gardner Peckham**, *Foreign Policy & National Security
Affairs Advisor to Speaker of the House of Representatives*

**Edwin J. Pechous**, *retired senior government official
(CIA)*

**Walter Pforzheimer**, *former Legislative Counsel, Central
Intelligence Agency*

**Richard Pipes**, *Professor, Harvard University*

**Kevin Powers**, *Deputy General Counsel, National Security
Agency*

**Hugh E. Price**,* former Deputy Director for Operations,
Central Intelligence Agency*

**Anthony Quainton**, *Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic
Security*

**Harry Howe Ransom**, *Professor, Vanderbilt University
*

**Paul J. Redmond**,* Assistant Deputy Director for Operations/CI,
Central Intelligence Agency*

**Condoleeza Rice**, *former Special Assistant to the President
& Director for Soviet & East European Affairs, National
Security Council Staff*

**Elizabeth R. Rindskopf**, *former General Counsel, Central
Intelligence Agency*

**Alice Rivlin**, *Director, Office of Management and Budget
*

**Stephen Robinson**, *Deputy General Counsel, Federal Bureau
of Investigation*

**Rita Rodriguez**, *Director, Export-Import Bank*

**Lt. Gen. Ervin Rokke, USAF**, *President, National Defense
University*

**Michael L. Romey**, *Special Assistant to the Secretary
(National Security) Department of the Treasury*

**Steven P. Rosen**, *Professor, Harvard University*

**Maj. Gen. Robert A. Rosenberg, USAF (Ret.)**, *Executive
Vice President, SAIC*

**Nicholas Rostow**, *former Legal Advisor,* *National
Security Council*

**Harvey M. Sapolsky**, *Professor, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology*

**Steven Schanzer**, *Director, Intelligence Systems Secretariat,
Community Management Staff*

**Michael P. Schulhof**, *President & CEO, Sony Corporation
of America*

**Lt. Gen. Brent Scowcroft, USAF (Ret.)**,** ***former
Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs*

**Rear Adm. Sumner Shapiro, USN (Ret.)**,** ***former
Director of Naval Intelligence*

**Rear Adm. Edward Sheafer, USN (Ret.)**, *former Director
of Naval Intelligence; former Deputy Director, Defense Intelligence
Agency*

**Brian Sheridan**, *Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense
for Drug Enforcement Policy & Support*

**Abram Shulsky**, *RAND Corporation*

**Walter Slocombe**, *Under Secretary of Defense for Policy
*

**Albert Smith**, *President, Space Division, Lockheed Martin
Missiles & Space Company, Inc., Lockheed Martin *

**David A. Spetrino**, *Intelligence Liaison to the U.S.
Trade Representative*

**Gen. B. E. Spivy, USA (Ret.)**, *former Director, Strategic
Plans & Policy (J-5)*,*
The Joint Staff*

**Richard Stolz**, *former Deputy Director for Operations,
Central Intelligence Agency*

**Wayne Strand**, *Deputy Director, Imagery Systems Acquisition
and Operations Directorate, National Reconnaissance Office*

**Chris Straub**, *staff member, Senate Select Committee
on Intelligence*

**Dr. Terry A. Streaeter**,* President, GDE Systems, Inc.
*

**Adm. William O. Studeman, USN**,* Acting Director of Central
Intelligence and Deputy Director of Central Intelligence; former
Director, National Security Agency*

**Mary Sturtevant**, *staff member, Senate Select Committee
on Intelligence*

**Gen. Gordon R. Sullivan, USA (Ret.)**, *former Chief of
Staff of the Army*

**Peter Tarnoff**, *Under Secretary of State for Policy*

**George J. Tenet**,** ***Special Assistant to the President
and Senior Director for Intelligence Programs, National Security
Council Staff*

**Eric Thoemmes**, *staff member, Senate Armed Services Committee
*

**Maj. Gen. Jack E. Thomas, USAF (Ret.)**, *Consultant on
Intelligence to the Office of the Secretary of Defense*

**Alvin Toffler**, *Author*

**Amy Tozzi**, *Senior Training Officer, Central Intelligence
Agency*

**Lt. Gen. Bernard E. Trainor, USMC (Ret.)**, *Director of
National Security Executive Programs, John F. Kennedy School of
Government, Harvard University *

**Gregory F. Treverton**, *former Vice Chairman, National
Intelligence Council*

**Adm. Stansfield Turner, USN (Ret.)**,* former Director
of Central Intelligence*

**Lt. Gen. Paul K. Van Riper, USMC**, *former* *Assistant
Chief of Staff, Command, Control, Communications, Computer and
Intelligence; Director of Intelligence, Headquarters, U.S. Marine
Corps*

**Maj. Gen. Don Walker, USAF**, *Director, Space Systems
Acquisition and Operations Directorate, National Reconnaissance
Office*

**Richard B. Wallace**, *Deputy Director, Center for Information
Strategy & Policy, SAIC*

**Judge William H. Webster**, *former Director of Central
Intelligence; former Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation
*

**H. Bradford Westerfield**, *Professor, Yale University
*

**Jon Wiant**,** ***Chief, National HUMINT Requirements
Tasking Center*

**Rear Adm. Thomas A. Wilson, USN**, *Vice Director for Intelligence
(J-2), The Joint Staff*

**Donald C. Winter**, *Vice President, Space & Electronics,
TRW*

**Ira Wolf**, *former Assistant U.S. Trade Representative
for Japan and China*

**Bob Woodward**, The Washington Post

**R. James Woolsey**, *former Director of Central Intelligence
*

**William Working**, *Chief of Staff, Central Imagery Office
*

**Leneice N. Wu**, *Coordinator of Division Research, Foreign
Affairs & National Defense Division, Library of Congress*

**Eugene F. Yeates**, *Senior Vice President, SAIC*;*former
Executive Director, President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory
Board*

**Milton Zaslow**, *former Deputy Director for Telecommunications
& Computer Services,* *National Security Agency*

**Philip Zelikow**, *former Director for European Affairs,
National Security Council Staff*

**Robert Zoellick**,** **former Department of State and
Department of Treasury official