The following is a list of witnesses who appeared before the Commission in open or closed sessions. Affiliations listed are as of the date of the appearance.


**Richard L. Haver**,* Executive Director, Intelligence Community
Affairs*

**Adm. William O. Studeman, USN**,* Acting Director of Central
Intelligence; Deputy * *Director of Central Intelligence;
former Director, National Security Agency*

**Lt. Gen. James R. Clapper, Jr., USAF**, *Director, Defense
Intelligence Agency*

**William P. Crowell**, *Deputy Director, National Security
Agency*

**Maj. Gen. Brett Dula, USAF**, *Deputy Director, Central
Imagery Office*

**Louis J. Freeh**, *Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation
*

**Toby T. Gati**, *Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence
and Research*

**Keith R. Hall**, *Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense,
Intelligence & Security*

**Jeffrey K. Harris**, *Director, National Reconnaissance
Office & Assistant Secretary* *of the Air Force for Space
*

**Leo Hazlewood**,* Executive Director, Central Intelligence
Agency*

**Nancy Bone**, *Director, National Photographic Interpretation
Center*

**Dr. Annette Krygiel**, *Director, Central Imagery Office
*

**Maj. Gen. John A. Leide, USA**, *Director, National Military
Intelligence Collection Center, Defense Intelligence Agency*

**Vice Adm. John M. McConnell, USN**, *Director, National
Security Agency*

**Hugh E. Price**, *Deputy Director for Operations, Central
Intelligence Agency*

**Joan Dempsey**,* Director, National Military Intelligence
Production Center, Defense Intelligence Agency*

**Toby T. Gati**, *Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence
and Research*

**Jeffrey K. Harris**, *Director, National Reconnaissance
Office & Assistant Secretary* *of the Air Force for Space
*

**Maj. Gen. John A. Leide, USA**, *Director, National Military
Intelligence Collection Center, Defense Intelligence Agency*

**Dr. Joseph Markowitz**, *Director, Community Open Source
Program Office, Central Intelligence Agency*

**Douglas J. MacEachin**, *Deputy Director for Intelligence,
Central Intelligence Agency*

**Dr. Christine Williams**,* Chair, National Intelligence
Council*

**Graham T. Allison, Jr.**, *Professor, John F. Kennedy School
of Government, Harvard University*

**Robert Art**, *Professor, Brandeis University*

**Michael C. Desch**, *Professor, Olin Institute for Strategic
Studies, Harvard University*

**Samuel P. Huntington**,* Professor and Director of the
Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, Harvard University*

**Ernest R. May**, *Professor and Director of the Warren
Center for Studies in American History, Harvard University*

**Anthony G. Oettinger**, *Professor, Harvard University
*

**Richard Pipes**, *Professor, Harvard University*

**Steven P. Rosen**, *Professor and Associate Director of
the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, Harvard University*

**Harvey M. Sapolsky**, *Professor, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology*

**Philip Zelikow**, *Associate Professor, John F. Kennedy
School of Government, Harvard University*

**Tim Cullen**, *President, Government Programs Division,
Blue Cross & Blue Shield United of Wisconsin*

**Kristine M. Krause**, *Vice President, Wisconsin Electric
Power Company*

**James A. Wier**, *Executive Vice President, Briggs &
Stratton Corporation*

**John Yingling**, *Vice President and Director, Government
Affairs, Firstar Corporation*

**Lt. Gen. James R. Clapper, Jr., USAF**, *Director, Defense
Intelligence Agency*

**Leo Hazlewood**,* Executive Director, Central Intelligence
Agency*

**Robert M. Gates**, *former Director of Central Intelligence
*

**Dr. Joseph S. Nye, Jr.***, Assistant Secretary of Defense
for International Security Affairs; former Chairman, National
Intelligence Council*

**Dr. William J. Perry**, *Secretary of Defense*

**Lt. Gen. Brent Scowcroft, USAF (Ret.)**, *former Assistant
to the President for National Security Affairs*

**Ronald H. Brown**, *Secretary of Commerce*

**Ambassador Robert L. Gallucci**, *Ambassador-at-Large*

**Ambassador Mickey Kantor**, *United States Trade Representative
*

**Adm. William A. Owens, USN**, *Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs
of Staff*

**Richard M. Helms**, *former Director of Central Intelligence
*

**Douglas J. MacEachin**, *Deputy Director for Intelligence,
Central Intelligence Agency*

**John N. McMahon**, *former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
*

**Judge William H. Webster**, *former Director of Central
Intelligence; former Director, Federal Bureau* *of Investigation
*

**R. James Woolsey**, *former Director of Central Intelligence
*

**Larry Cox**, *Vice President, Washington Operations, David
Sarnoff Research Center*

**Dr. Richard O. Hundley**, *Senior Physical Scientist,
RAND Corporation*

**Anthony Lake**, *Assistant to the President for National
Security Affairs*

**Robert D. Steele**, *President, Open Source Solutions Group
*

**Minoru Sam Araki**, *President, Lockheed Martin Missiles
& Space Company, Inc*., *Lockheed Martin*

**James W. Boginis**,* Vice President, Management & Data
Systems, Washington Special Projects Office, Lockheed Martin*

**John M. Deutch**, *Director of Central Intelligence*

**Ken K. Kobayashi**, *General Manager, Systems Applications,
Hughes Space & Communications Company*

**Tidal W. McCoy**, *Vice President for Government Relations,
Thiokol Corporation*

**Randolph Pherson**, *Global Visions Group*

**Paul J. Redmond, Jr.**, *Associate Deputy Director for
Operations/Counterintelligence, Central Intelligence Agency*

**Jeffrey T. Richelson**, *Author*

**Maj. Gen. William R. Usher, USAF (Ret.)**, *Director, Washington
Special Projects Office, Lockheed Martin*

**Michael J. Waguespack**, *Director, National Counterintelligence
Center*

**David Wise**, *Author*

**David S.C. Chu**,* RAND Corporation*

**Arnold Kanter**,* RAND Corporation*

**John Y. Schrader**, *RAND Corporation*

**Maj. Gen. Bowen Ballard, USAF**, *Assistant Chief of Staff,
Intelligence, U.S. Air Force*

**Richard D. Calder**, *Chief, Operations and Resources Management
Staff, Directorate of Operations, Central Intelligence Agency
*

**Jeremy Clark**, *Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense,
Intelligence & Security*

**Rear Adm. Michael W. Cramer, USN**, *Director of Naval
Intelligence*

**Dennis Fitzgerald**, *Director, Office of Systems Applications,
National Reconnaissance Office*

**Maj. Gen. Patrick M. Hughes**, **USA**, *Director for
Intelligence (J-2), The Joint Staff*

**Lt. Gen. Paul E. Menoher**, **USA**,* Deputy Chief of
Staff for Intelligence*,* U.S. Army*

**Lt. Gen. Kenneth Minihan**, **USAF**, *Director, Defense
Intelligence Agency*

**Maj. Gen. David Richwine, USMC**,* Assistant Chief of Staff,
Command, Control, Communications, Computer and Intelligence; Director
of Intelligence, U.S. Marine Corps*

**Eugene Armstrong**, *Ames Damage Assessment Team, Central
Intelligence Agency*

**Vice Adm. Dennis C. Blair, USN**, *Associate Director of
Central Intelligence for Military Support*

**Dr. Richard N. Cooper**, *Chairman, National Intelligence
Council*

**Jack Davis**, *former analyst, Central Intelligence Agency
*

**Lloyd Feldman**, *Ames Damage Assessment Team, Central
Intelligence Agency*

**Allan E. Goodman**, *Professor, Georgetown University*

**John E. McLaughlin**, *Vice Chairman for Estimates, National
Intelligence Council*

**William P. Barr**, *Senior Vice President and General Counsel,
GTE Corporation; former Attorney General*

**Frank C. Carlucci**, *Chairman, Carlyle Group; former Secretary
of Defense; former Assistant to the President for National Security
Affairs; former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence*

**Hank Cohen**,** ***representing the American Foreign
Service Association; former Ambassador*

**Dr. Richard N. Haass**, *Director of National Security
Programs and Senior Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations; former
Senior Director for Near East and South Asian Affairs, National
Security Council Staff*

**Adm. Bob R. Inman, USN (Ret.)**, *former Director, National
Security Agency; former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
*

**James R. Lilley**, *Director of Asian Studies, American
Enterprise* *Institute; former Ambassador to the People's
Republic of China and Ambassador to the Republic of Korea*

**Dr. Joseph S. Nye, Jr.**, *Dean, John F. Kennedy School
of Government, Harvard University; former Assistant Secretary
of Defense for International Security Affairs; former Chairman,
National Intelligence Council*

**John M. Deutch**, *Director of Central Intelligence*