[Background Material and Data on Programs within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means (Green Book)]
[Front Matter]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
106th Congress WMCP:
2d Session COMMITTEE PRINT 106-14
_______________________________________________________________________
COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
__________
2000 GREEN BOOK
BACKGROUND MATERIAL AND DATA ON PROGRAMS WITHIN THE JURISDICTION OF THE
COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED]CONGRESS.#13
OCTOBER 6, 2000
Prepared for the use of Members of the Committee on Ways and Means by
members of its staff. This document has not been officially approved by
the Committee and may not reflect the views of its Members
COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
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ONE HUNDRED SIXTH CONGRESS
BILL ARCHER, Texas, Chairman
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A.L. Singleton, Chief of Staff
This document was prepared by the majority staff of the
Committee on Ways and Means and is issued under the authority
of Chairman Bill Archer. This document has not been reviewed or
officially approved by the Members of the Committee.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
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U.S. House of Representatives,
Committee on Ways and Means,
Washington, DC, September 13, 2000
Hon. Bill Archer,
Chairman, Committee on Ways and Means,
House of Representatives, Washington, DC.
Dear Chairman Archer: Since 1981, the Committee on Ways and
Means has published the Green Book which presents background
material and statistical data on the major entitlement programs
and other activities within the Committee's jurisdiction.
Information on major social programs outside the Committee's
jurisdiction is also included.
Since its inception 19 years ago, the Green Book has
become a valuable resource for Members of the Committee, other
Members of Congress, analysts in the various legislative
agencies, officials in the executive departments, scholars who
study these programs, and citizens interested in government
social programs.
On behalf of all those who worked on this, the 17th
edition, I am pleased to transmit to you and other Members of
the Committee on Ways and Means the 2000 Green Book.
The Committee staff who worked on the 2000 Green Book wish
to call to your attention, and to the attention of Green Book
users, the superb help we have received from many individuals
and organizations. These include:
The Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress:
David Koitz, Coordinator
Jennifer O'Sullivan, Coordinator (Health Programs)
Craig W. Abbey Frances Larkins Richard Rimkunas
Evelyne Baumrucker Ann Lordeman Alix Salinas
Vee Burke Bob Lyke Gary Sidor
Alice Butler Carolyn Merck Madeleine Smith
Hinda Chaikind Paulette C. Morgan Pam Smith
Christine Devere Dawn Nuschler Denny Snook
Gene Falk Carol Carmen Solomon-
Celinda Franco O'Shaughnessy Fears
Thomas P. Gabe Richard Price Karen Spar
Melinda Gish Pat Purcell Emilie Stoltzfus
Shannon Harper Edward Rappaport James Storey
Jean Hearne Bernice Sibyl Tilson
Lisa Herz Reyes-Akinbileje Ruth Ellen Wasem
Rachel Kelly Joe Richardson Heidi Yacker
Geoffrey Kollmann
The Congressional Budget Office:
Bruce Vavrichek, Coordinator
Charles Betley Cyndi Dudzinski Christi Hawley
Michael Birmbaum Carol Frost Sadoti
Tom Bradley Susan Labovich William Terry
Julia Christensen Taman Morris Chris Topoleski
Sandy Christensen Carla Pedone David Weiner
Paul Cullinan John Peterson Roberton Williams
Jeanne De Sa Eric Rollins Dorothy Rosenbaum
The Census Bureau of the Department of Commerce:
Charles T. Nelson, Coordinator
Joseph Dalaker Jack McNeil Bernadette Proctor
Tim Grall Martin O'Connell Kristin Smith
Diana Marz
The Department of Health and Human Services:
Julia Isaacs, Coordinator
Linda Adams Paula Higger Robert Pruim
Julie Alberino Sean Hurley James Rich
Karen Beebe Renee Jackson Mae Robinson
Lisa Bernhardt Roger Keene Howard Rolston
Sharon Brown G. Wilson Kirby Kathy Sagel
Roger Buchanan John Klemm Lou Schiro
Sue Castleberry George D. Lintzeris Clarence Small
Gil Crouse Elizabeth Lower- Stephen Smith
Maria Diacogiannis Basch Reuben Snipper
Janice Drexler Clare McFarland Bill Surine
Denise Franz Evelyne Mills Craig Turner
Cindy Foltz Audrey Mirsky- Stephanie Ventura
Janet Fox Ashby John Wandishin
John Gaudiosi Solomon Mussey Carter Warfield
Betsy Hanczaryk Charles Owen Andrew Young
John Hargrove Leo Porter
The Department of Labor:
John Colbert, Coordinator
Erica Cantor Jim Giuliano Bill Rabung
Gerri Fiala Cheryl Kerr Sherri Spencer
The Social Security Administration:
Webster Phillips, Coordinator
Ed Book Arthur Kahn Karen McKenna
Alfreda Brooks Lenna Kennedy Shirley Queen
Mike Cronin Jeff Kunkel Rozzie Rosensweig
Terry Dodson Charlie Lanak Ed Ryan
Ruth Fell Barbara Lingg Cathy McDonald
Shirley Georgia-Solomon Mary McKay
The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation:
Joseph Grant, Coordinator
Michael Rae
The Joint Committee on Taxation:
Joseph W. Nega, Coordinator
The Railroad Retirement Board Staff
Many members of the Committee's majority staff made major
contributions to the preparation and publication of this
document. Ron Haskins, Staff Director of the Subcommittee on
Human Resources, assisted by Cassie Statuto Bevan and Margo
Smith of the Subcommittee staff, edited the 2000 Green Book.
Mike Compson provided editorial assistance. Margaret Pratt
coordinated our contacts with the agencies that participated in
the preparation of sections and tables, typed and retyped much
of the text and all the tables, assisted in preparation of the
final manuscript, and generally handled the numerous details
that accompany a major undertaking of this type. Suzanne Kayne
spent endless hours preparing the final manuscript for
printing. Alix Salinas, Angela Napili, and Victoria Agee (Agee
Indexing Service) did an exemplary job of overseeing
preparation of the index under serious time pressures. Other
staff members who assisted with individual chapters or
appendixes included: Dennis Chavarro, Nick Gwyn, Kim Hildred,
Jennifer Hetzel, Malay Majmundar, Janice Mays, William (Mac)
McKenney, Jeff McLynch, Chris Smith, Carl Taylor, Matt
Weidinger, and Jennifer Whitson. In addition, useful comments
on Appendix L were provided by: Richard Bavier, Peter Germanis,
Mark Greenberg, Judy Gueron, Larry Mead, William Passero,
Wendell Primus, and Julie Strawn.
Sincerely,
A.L. ``Pete'' Singleton,
Chief of Staff.
P R E F A C E
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After 16 previous editions, the Green Book has become a
standard reference source on American social policy. It is
widely used by Members of Congress and their staffs, analysts
in congressional and administrative agencies, members of the
media, scholars, and citizens interested in the Nation's social
policy.
This edition of the Green Book follows the basic pattern
of previous editions. The volume is divided into two parts,
Program Descriptions and Appendixes. In the Program Description
part, separate sections are devoted to the major programs under
jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means: Social
Security; Medicare; Supplemental Security Income; Unemployment
Compensation; Earned Entitlements for Railroad Employees; Trade
Adjustment Assistance; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
(Aid to Families with Dependent Children in previous editions);
Child Support Enforcement; Child Care; Title XX Social Services
Block Grant; Child Protection; Foster Care and Adoption
Assistance; Social Welfare Programs in the Territories; Tax
Provisions Related to Retirement, Health, Poverty, Employment,
Disability, and Other Social Issues; and the Pension Benefit
Guaranty Corporation. A final section summarizes major social
programs that are not under jurisdiction of the Committee
(including food stamps, Medicaid, the State Children's Health
Insurance Program, Federal housing assistance, School Lunch and
Breakfast Programs, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program
for Women, Infants, and Children, the Child and Adult Care Food
Program, the Workforce Investment Act, Head Start, the Low-
Income Home Energy Assistance Program, veterans benefits and
services, and workers' compensation).
The Appendixes include information directly related to the
programs under Committee jurisdiction, including: health care
of the elderly; long-term care health care expenditures;
Medicare reimbursements for hospitals and physicians; the
Medicare+Choice Program; data on employment earnings, and
unemployment; data on families and poverty; Federal budget
tables; benefits available to noncitizens and spending on
income-tested benefits in recent decades; a literature review
of studies of the effects of welfare reform; and information
about nonmarital births and Federal strategies to reduce
nonmarital pregnancies.
This year's Green Book contains several changes from the
1998 edition. In addition to updating data and legislative
changes in all the sections and appendixes, a number of the
sections have been substantially rewritten. The new section on
the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program that was
created by the 1996 welfare reform law is almost completely
new. In addition, the sections on Social Security and child
protection have been extensively reorganized and revised.
Finally, three new appendixes have been added. One new appendix
provides detailed information about the Medicare+Choice
Program. Another new appendix, on which we received very
helpful comments from many scholars and policy experts, reviews
the large and growing research on welfare reform. The new
appendix on nonmarital births, included in the Green Book at
the suggestion of Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, provides a
useful overview of historical trends in nonmarital births and
recent actions taken by Congress to combat these trends.
C O N T E N T S
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Page
Letter of Transmittal............................................ iii
Preface.......................................................... vi
P R O G R A M D E S C R I P T I O N S
Section 1. Social Security: The Old-Age, Survivors, and
Disability Insurance Programs.................................. 1
Section 2. Medicare.............................................. 97
Section 3. Supplemental Security Income (SSI).................... 211
Section 4. Unemployment Compensation............................. 279
Section 5. Earned Entitlements for Railroad Employees............ 315
Section 6. Trade Adjustment Assistance........................... 337
Section 7. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)........ 351
Section 8. Child Support Enforcement Program..................... 463
Section 9. Child Care............................................ 571
Section 10. Title XX Social Services Block Grant Program......... 633
Section 11. Child Protection, Foster Care, and Adoption
Assistance..................................................... 645
Section 12. Social Welfare Programs in the Territories........... 761
Section 13. Tax Provisions Related to Retirement, Health,
Poverty, Employment, Disability, and Other Social Issues....... 777
Section 14. The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation............. 845
Section 15. Other Programs....................................... 861
A P P E N D I X E S
Appendix A. Data on the Elderly.................................. 991
Appendix B. Health Status and Expenditures of the Elderly, and
Background Data on Long-Term Care.............................. 1007
Appendix C. National and International Health Care Expenditures
and Health Insurance Coverage.................................. 1033
Appendix D. Medicare Reimbursement to Hospitals and Physicians... 1081
Appendix E. Medicare+Choice...................................... 1179
Appendix F. Data on Employment, Earnings, and Unemployment....... 1223
Appendix G. Data on Families..................................... 1235
Appendix H. Data on Poverty...................................... 1281
Appendix I. Budget Tables........................................ 1329
Appendix J. Welfare Benefits for Noncitizens..................... 1361
Appendix K. Spending for Income-Tested Benefits, Fiscal Years
1968-98........................................................ 1393
Appendix L. Monitoring the Effects of Pre- and Post-TANF Welfare
Reform Initiatives............................................. 1405
Appendix M. Data on Nonmarital Births to Adults and Teenagers and
Federal Strategies to Reduce Nonmarital Pregnancies............ 1519
Acronyms......................................................... 1533
Index............................................................ 1539