**Endnotes**








1(1) The Role of Science in Making Good Decisions, June 10, 1998

(2) Communicating Science and Engineering in a Sound-Bite World, May 14, 1998

(3) The Irreplaceable Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research, April
22, 1998

(4) Math and Science Education Part II: Attracting and Graduating
Scientists and Engineers Prepared to Succeed in Academia and Industry, April 1,
1998

(5) International Science, March 25, 1998

(6) Defining Successful Partnerships and Collaborations in Scientific
Research, March 11, 1998

(7) Math and Science Education 1: Maintaining the Interest of Young
Kids in Science, March 4, 1998

Other Science Committee hearings on K12 education:

(8) Science, Math, Engineering, and Technology (SMET) Education in
America--Collaboration and Coordination of Federal Agency Efforts in K12
SMET Education, October 29, 1997

(9) The Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)--A
Comprehensive Analysis of Elementary and Secondary Math and Science Education,
October 8, 1997

(10) Science, Math, Engineering, and Technology (SMET) Education in
America--What Are We Trying to Teach, to Whom, and for What Purposes?, September
24, 1997

(11) The State Of Science, Math, Engineering, And Technology Education
in America, July 23, 1997



2
Vannevar Bush, *Science: The Endless Frontier*
(Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1945).

3
Francis Narin, Kimberly S. Hamilton, and Dominic Olivastro,
"The Increasing Linkage between U.S. Technology and Public Science," *Research
Policy 27* (1997): 317-330.

4 Committee for Economic Development, *America's Basic
Research: Prosperity Through Discovery* (New York: Committee on Economic
Development, 1998) 11.

5 M.I. Nadiri, *Innovations and Technical Spillovers *
Working Paper no. 4423 (Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993).

6 Congressional Budget Office, *The Economic Effects of
Federal Spending on Infrastructure and Other Investments* (Washington:
Congressional Budget Office, 1998) 25.

7 Zvi Griliches, "The Search for R&D Spillovers,"
*Scandinavian Journal of Economics 94,* Supplement (1992) S29-S47.

8 Kenan Patrick Jarboe and Robert D. Atkinson, "The Case for
Technology in the Knowledge Economy," Policy Brief (Washington: Progressive
Policy Institute, 1998) 9.

9 Michael J. Boskin and Lawrence J. Lau, "Capital, Technology,
and Economic Growth," Nathan Rosenberg, Ralph Landau, and David C. Mowery (eds.),
*Technology and the Wealth of Nations *(Stanford: Stanford University Press,
1992).

10 George Conrades, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable
Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, U.S.
House of Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.

11 National Science Board, *Science and Engineering
Indicators--1998* (Arlington: National Science Foundation, 1998) A-176.

12 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, *
Main Science and Technology Indicators 1998/1* (Paris: OECD, 1998) 16.

13 George Conrades, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable
Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, U.S.
House of Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.

14 Michael Doyle, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable
Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, U.S.
House of Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.

15 Homer Neal, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable Federal
Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, U.S. House of
Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.

16 George Conrades, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable
Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, House
of Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.

17 Claude Barfield, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable
Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, U.S.
House of Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.

18 George Conrades, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable
Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, House
of Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.

19 Department of Defense, *Financial Management Regulation,
Volume 2B, Budget Formulation and Presentation* (Washington: Department of
Defense, 1998) 5-2.

20 National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources
Studies, *Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 1995, 1996,
and 1997, Volume 45, Detailed Statistical Tables* (Arlington: National Science
Foundation, 1997) 94.

21 Department of Defense, Office of the Director, Defense
Research and Engineering.

22 Study of Federal Health Related Research and Development,
Office of Representative George R. Nethercutt, Jr.

23 Institute of Medicine, Committee on the NIH Research
Priority-Setting Process, Health Sciences Policy Program, Health Sciences
Section, *Scientific Opportunities and Public Needs: Improving Priority
Setting and Public Input at the National Institutes of Health* (Washington:
National Academy Press, 1998).

24 Jim McGroddy, testimony, hearing on "The Defining Successful
Partnerships and Collaborations in Scientific Research," Committee on Science,
U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 11 Mar. 1998.

25 George Conrades, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable
Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, House
of Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.

26 Secretary of Energy Advisory Board, Task Force on Alternative
Futures for the Department of Energy National Laboratories, *Alternative
Futures for the Department of Energy National Laboratories* (Washington:
Department of Energy, 1995).

27 P.L. 103-62


28 Jim McGroddy, testimony, hearing on "The Defining Successful
Partnerships and Collaborations in Scientific Research," Committee on Science,
U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 11 Mar. 1998.

29 Lewis Branscomb, testimony, hearing on "Defining Successful
Partnerships and Collaborations in Scientific Research," Committee on Science,
U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 11 Mar. 1998.

30 David Mowery, testimony, hearing on "Defining Successful
Partnerships and Collaborations in Scientific Research," Committee on Science,
U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 11 Mar. 1998.

31 Charles Vest, testimony, hearing on "Defining Successful
Partnerships and Collaborations in Scientific Research," Committee on Science,
U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 11 Mar. 1998.

32 Caroline Wagner, testimony, hearing on "International
Science," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 25
Mar. 1998.

33 Homer Neal, testimony, hearing on "International Science,"
Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 25 Mar. 1998.

34 Bruce Alberts, testimony, hearing on "International Science,"
Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 25 Mar. 1998.

35 Admiral James Watkins, testimony, hearing on "International
Science," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 25
Mar. 1998.

36 J. Thomas Ratchford, testimony, hearing on "International
Science," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 25
Mar. 1998.

37 National Science Board, *Science and Engineering
Indicators--1998 (Arlington: National Science Foundation, 1998) 6-31.
*

38 P.L. 105-34


39 William Todd, testimony, hearing on "The Irreplaceable
Federal Role in Funding Basic Scientific Research," Committee on Science, U.S.
House of Representatives, Washington, 22 Apr. 1998.

40 National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources
Studies, *Data Brief: Six States Account for Half the Nation's R&D*
(Arlington: National Science Foundation, 1998).

41
http://www.rand.org/radius/


42
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/overview.html


43 P.L. 96-517


44 Roger McClellan, testimony, hearing on "The Role of Science in Making Good
Decisions," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington,
10 Jun. 1998.


45 Lindley Darden, "The Nature of Scientific Inquiry," http://www.inform.umd.


46 Dennis Barnes, testimony, hearing on "The Role of Science in Making Good
Decisions," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington,
10 Jun. 1998.


47 John Graham, testimony, hearing on "The Role of Science in Making Good
Decisions," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington,
10 Jun. 1998.


48 Stephen G. Breyer, "The Interdependence of Science and Law",
address, American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting and
Science Innovation Exposition, Philadelphia, 16 Feb. 1998.

49 Mark Frankel, testimony, hearing on "The Role of Science in Making Good
Decisions," Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington,
10 Jun. 1998.


50 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 92-102, U.S. Supreme
Court, 1993.


51 Ina V.S. Mullis, Michael O. Martin, Albert E. Beaton, Eugenio
J. Gonzalez, Dana L. Kelly, and Teresa A. Smith, *Mathematics and Science
Achievement in the Final Year of Secondary School: IEA's Third International
Mathematics and Science Study* (TIMSS) (Chestnut Hill: TIMSS International Study
Center, Boston College, 1998).

52 Bill Nye, testimony, hearing on "Math & Science Education
I: Maintaining the Interest of Young Kids in Science," Committee on Science, U.S.
House of Representatives, Washington, 4 Mar. 1998.

53 Willam Schmidt, testimony, hearing on "The Third
International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)--A comprehensive analysis of
elementary and secondary math and science education," Committee on Science, U.S.
House of Representatives, Washington, 8 Oct., 1997.

54Michael Peralta, testimony, hearing on Math & Science
Education II: Attracting and Graduating Scientists and Engineers Prepared to
Succeed in Academia and Industry," Committee on Science, U.S. House of
Representatives, Washington, 1 Apr. 1998.

55 National Science Board, *Science and Engineering
Indicators--1998* (Arlington: National Science Foundation, 1998)
1-23-24.

56 President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology
report, Panel on Educational Technology, *Report to the President on the Use
of Technology to Strengthen K-12 Education in the United States*
(Washington: Executive Office of the President of the United States, 1997) 96.

57 David Billington, testimony, hearing on "Math & Science
Education II: Attracting and Graduating Scientists and Engineers Prepared to
Succeed in Academia and Industry," Committee on Science, U.S. House of
Representatives, Washington,
1 Apr. 1998.

58 David L. Goodstein, testimony, hearing on "Math & Science
Education II: Attracting and Graduating Scientists and Engineers Prepared to
Succeed in Academia and Industry," Committee on Science, U.S. House of
Representatives, Washington, 1 Apr. 1998.

59 Earl Dowell, testimony, hearing on "Math & Science
Education II: Attracting and Graduating Scientists and Engineers Prepared to
Succeed in Academia and Industry," Committee on Science, U.S. House of
Representatives, Washington, 1 Apr. 1998.

60 National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of
Engineering, Institute of Medicine, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public
Policy, *Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers*
(Washington: National Academy Press, 1995) 144.

61 Patrick J. Mulvey and Starr Nicholson, American Institute of
Physics, *Enrollments and Degrees Report* (College Park: American Institute
of Physics, 1998) 5.

62 Elizabeth Marincola and Frank Solomon, "The Career Structure
in Biomedical Research: Implications for Training and Trainees," Molecular
Biology of the Cell, in press (1998).

63 Sharon L. Hays, Biomedical Association of Stanford Students,
*At the Edge of a New Frontier: A Profile of
the Stanford University Biomedical Ph.D. Class of 1996 and Recommendations for
the Future* (Stanford: Biomedical Association of Stanford Students 1996)
36-37.

64 Patrick J. Mulvey and Starr Nicholson, American Institute of
Physics, *Enrollments and Degrees Report*
(College Park: American Institute of Physics, 1998) 3.

65 National Science Board, *Science and Engineering Indicators--1998*
(Arlington: National Science
Foundation, 1998) 2-18.

66 National Science Board, *Science and Engineering
Indicators--1998* (Arlington: National Science
Foundation, 1998) 2-16.

67 Catharine Johnson, testimony, hearing on "Math & Science
Education II: Attracting and Graduating Scientists and Engineers Prepared to
Succeed in Academia and Industry," Committee on Science, U.S. House of
Representatives, Washington, 1 Apr. 1998.

68 National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of
Engineering, Institute of Medicine, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public
Policy, *Reshaping the Graduate Education of
Scientists and Engineers* (Washington: National Academy Press, 1995) 77-84.

69 Phillip Griffiths, testimony, hearing on " Math & Science
Education II: Attracting and Graduating Scientists and Engineers Prepared to
Succeed in Academia

and Industry," Committee on Science, U.S. House of
Representatives, Washington,

1 Apr. 1998.

70 Association of American Universities, Committee on
Postdoctoral Education, Report(Washington: Association of American Universities,
1998) 2.

71 House Report 105-562, Part I.


72 National Research Council, Office of Scientific and
Engineering Personnel, *Summary Report 1996:
Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities* (Washington: National
Academy Press, 1998) 22-23.

73 Rick Chappell and Jim Hartz, testimony, hearing on
"Communicating Science and Engineering in a Sound-Bite World," Committee on
Science, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, 14 May 1998.

74 Deborah Blum, testimony, hearing on "Communicating Science
and Engineering in a Sound-Bite World," Committee on Science, U.S. House of
Representatives, Washington, 14 May 1998.

75 Dr. Stuart Zola, testimony, hearing on "Communicating Science
and Engineering in a Sound-Bite World," Committee on Science, U.S. House of
Representatives, Washington, 14 May 1998.